Conversions 

Useful in Fish 

Culture and 

Fishery Research 

and Management

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Moore, Brenda Rodgers.

Conversions useful in fish culture and fishery research

and management.

(Fish and wildlife leaflet ; 10)

Supt of Docs no.: 149.13/5:10

1. Fisheries––Tables. 2. Fish-culture––Tables.

3. Metric system––Conversion table. I. Mitchell, Andrew J. 

II. Title. III. Series.

SH331.5.M58M66 1987 639'.2'0212 87-600400
Conversions 

Useful in Fish 

Culture and 

Fishery Research 

and Managment

Compiled by Brenda Rodgers Moore1

Andrew J. Mitchell

Fish Farming Experimental Station

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Stuttgart, AK 72160-0860

l

present address: 3008 Covewood Dr., Highpoint, NC 

27260.

Leaflet 10

Washington, DC

1987

Revised January 2008
Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

acre (A). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

acre-foot (A-ft). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

ångström (Å). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

are (a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 

barrel, U.S. fruits and vegetables. . . . 1 

barrel, U.S. liquid (bbl). . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

barrel, U.S. petroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

bushel, B.I. (bUBI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

bushel, U.S. (bu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

centare or centiare (ca). . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 

centigram (cg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

centiliter (cL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

centimeter (cm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

centimeter of mercury (cm Hg). . . . . . 3

centimeters per second (cm/s). . . . . . . 3

centner (zentner). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

cubic centimeter (cm3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

cubic decimeter (dm3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 

cubic foot (ft3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

cubic feet per minute (ft3/min). . . . . . . 4 

cubic feet per second (ft3/s). . . . . . . . . . 4 

cubic inch (in3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

cubic meter (m3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

cubic millimeter (mm3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

cubic yard (yd3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

cubic yards per minute (yd3/min). . . . . 5

cup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

decare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

deciare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

decigram (dg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

deciliter (dL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

decimeter (dm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

decistere (dst). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

dekagram (dag). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

dekaliter (daL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

dekameter (dam). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

dekastere (dast). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

doppel zentner (dz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

dram, avdp (dr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

dram, fluid, B.I. (fl drbi). . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

dram, fluid, U.S. (fl dr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

fathom (fath). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

foot (ft). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

foot of water pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

feet per minute (ft/min). . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

feet per second (ft/s). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

gallon, B.I. (galbi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Page
gallon, U.S. (gal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

gallons per minute (gal/min). . . . . . . . . 8

gill, B.I. (gibi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

gill, U.S. (gi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

grain, avdp (grain). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

grain, troy (grain tr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

grains per B.L gallon (grain/galbi). . . 9

grains per U.S. gallon (grain/gal). . . . . 9

gram (g). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

grams per liter (g/L). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

hectare (ha). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

hectogram (hg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

hectoliter (hL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

hectometer (hm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

hundredweight, long (cwt, long). . . . . 10

hundredweight, short (cwt, short). . . 10

inch (in). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

inch of mercury (in Hg). . . . . . . . . . . . 10

inch of water (in H2O). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

kilogram (kg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

kilograms per hectare (kg/ha). . . . . . 11

kiloliter (kL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

kilometer (km). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

knot (kn). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

liter (L). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

liters per minute (L/min). . . . . . . . . . . 12

meter (m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

meters per minute (m/min). . . . . . . . . 12

meters per second (m/s). . . . . . . . . . . 12

microgram (μg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

microliter (μL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 

micrometer (μm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 

mile (mi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

miles per hour (mph). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

miles per minute (mi/min). . . . . . . . . . 13

milligram (mg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

milligrams per liter (mg/L). . . . . . . . . 13

milliliter (mL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

millimeter (mm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

million gallons per day. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

minim, B.I. (minimbi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

minim, U.S. (minim) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

myriagram (myg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

myrialiter (myL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 

myriameter (mym). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

myriare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

nanogram (ng). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

nanometer (nm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

nautical mile (INM). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

ounce, avdp (oz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Page
ounce, fluid, B.I. (fl ozbi). . . . . . . . . . . 15

ounce, fluid, U.S. (fl oz). . . . . . . . . . . . 15

ounce, troy (oz tr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

parts per billion (ppb). . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

parts per hundred (pph). . . . . . . . . . . 16

parts per million (ppm). . . . . . . . . . . . 16

parts per thousand (ppt). . . . . . . . . . . 17

parts per trillion (pptr). . . . . . . . . . . . 17

peck, B.I. (pkbi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

peck, U.S. (pk). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

pennyweight, troy (dwt). . . . . . . . . . . 17

picogram (pg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

pint, B.I. (Ptbi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

pint, U.S. dry (pt, dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

pint, U.S. liquid (pt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

pound, avdp (lb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

pound, troy (lb tr). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

pounds per acre (lb/A). . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

pounds per million gallons. . . . . . . . . . 19

pounds of water per minute. . . . . . . . 19

quart, B.I. (qtbi). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

quart, U.S. dry (qt, dry). . . . . . . . . . . . 19

quart, U.S. liquid (qt). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

quintal (ql). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

square centimeter (cm2). . . . . . . . . . . . 20

square decimeter (dm2). . . . . . . . . . . . 20

square dekameter (dam2). . . . . . . . . . 20

square foot (ft2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

square hectometer (hm2

). . . . . . . . . . . 20

square inch (in2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

square kilometer (km2). . . . . . . . . . . . 20

square meter (m2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

square mile (mi2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

square millimeter (mm2). . . . . . . . . . . 21

square rod (rod2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

square yard (yd2). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 

stere (st). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

stone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

tablespoon (tbsp). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

teaspoon (tsp). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

ton, long. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

ton, metric (t). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

ton, short. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

ton (short) of water per 24 h. . . . . . . . 22

yard (yd). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Page
Conversion tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Distance (miles and kilometers). . . . . 23

Capacity (gallons and liters). . . . . . . . 24

Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

 Fahrenheit to Celsius. . . . . . . . . . . . 25

 Celsius to Fahrenheit. . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Abbreviations not defined in the lists of conversions.

Page

atmosphere (atm)

avoirdupois (avdp)

British Imperial (B.I.)

Celsius (C)

day (d)

Fahrenheit (F)

hour (h)

international nautical

 mile (INM)

Kelvin (K)

mercury (Hg)

minute (min)

per (/)

percent (0/0)

per mille (0/00)

Rankine (R)

second (s)

United States (U.S.; only 

 with measurement)

water (H2O)
1

Conversions 

These tables of conversions from metric to English and 

English to metric measurements, as well as to metric and 

English from other systems such as British Imperial and 

troy, are primarily designed for use by fish farmers, fish 

culturists, and fishery technicians and scientists. 

The lists are compiled in the form we have found to be 

most useful. Also included are tables for conversion of 

Fahrenheit to Celsius temperatures, gallons to liters, and 

miles to kilometers.

acre (A) = 4,046.9 m2

40.469 a

0.405 ha

43,560 ft2

4,840 yd2

160 rod2

0.00156 mi2

circle 235.4 ft diameter

square 208.71 ft/side

acre-foot (A-ft) = 1,233,500 L

1233.5 m3

1.233 dam3

1,233.500 kg H2O

2,718,000 lb H2O

325,850 gal

43,560 ft3

1 A of surface covered with 1 ft H2O

ångström (Å) = 0.1 nm

0.0000000001 m

10-10 m 

are (a) = 119.6 yd2

3.954 rod2

0.0247 A

100 m2

1.00 dam2

100 ca

0.01 ha

barrel, U.S. fruits 115.62 L

and vegetables = 13.12 pk

3.28 bu

30.55 gal

7,056 in3

4.083 ft3
2

barrel, U.S. 119.24 L

liquid (bbL) = 262.8 lb H2O

26.23 galbi

31.5 gal

4.21 ft3

barrel, U.S. 158.98 L

petroleum = 34.97 galbi

42 gal

bushel, B.I. 36.368 L

(bubi) = 0.036 m3

9.607 gal

1.032 bu

2,219.36 in3

1.284 ft3

8 galbi

4 pkbi

bushel, U.S. 35.238 L

(bu) = 35,238 cm3

64 pt, dry

32 qt, dry

4 pk

2,150.42 in3

1.244 ft3

centare or 1,549.9 in2

centiare (ca) = 10.764 ft2

1.196 yd2

1.0 m2

0.01 a

centigram (cg) = 0.154 grain

0.000353 oz

3.53 x 10-4 oz

10 mg

0.01 g

centiliter (cL) = 0.338 fl oz

10 mL

0.01 L

centimeter (cm) = 0.394 in

0.0328 ft

0.0109 yd

10 mm

0.01 m
3

centimeter of 0.444 ft H2O

mercury 0.193 lb/in2

(cm Hg) = 27.74 lb/ft2

135.462 kg/m2

0.0132 atm

centimeter per 0.0328 ft/s

second (cm/s) = 1.969 ft/min

0.000373 mi/min

3.73 x 10-4 mi/min

0.0224 mph

0.6 m/min

0.036 km/h

centner 50 kg

(zentner) = 

cubic centimeter 0.0338 fl oz

(cm3) = 0.00211 pt

0.00106 qt

0.000264 gal

2.64 x 10-4 gal

0.061 in3

0.0000353 ft3

3.53 x 10-5 ft3

0.00000131 yd3

1.31 x 10-6 yd3

0.0353 oz H2O

1.0 g H2O

1.0 mL

0.001 L

1,000 mm3

0.000001 m3

10-6 m3

cubic decimeter 61.023 in3

(dm3) = 0.0353 ft3

1,000 cm3

0.001 m3

1.0 L
4

cubic foot (ft3) = 28,317 mL

28,317 cm3

28.317 L

28.317 dm3

0.0283 m3

28,317 g H2O

28,317 kg H2O

957.5 fl oz

59.84 pt

29.92 qt

7.481 gal

1,728 in3

0.037 yd3

436,984 grain H2O

998.85 oz H2O

62.427 lb H2O

cubic feet per 471.9 cm3/s

minute (ft3/min) = 0.472 L/s

28.317 L/min

1,699 L/h

29.92 qt/min

1,795.32 qt/h

0.125 gal/s

7.481 gal/min

448.83 gal/h

10,772 gal/d

60 ft3/h

998.85 oz H2O/min

62.427 lb H2O/min

cubic feet per 28.317 L/s

second (ft3

/s) = 1,699 L/min

101,941 L/h

7.481 gal/s

448.83 gal/min

26,930 gal/h

60 ft3/min

3,600 ft3/h

646,400 gal/d
5

cubic inch (in

3

) = 16.387 g H

2

O

16.387 mL

0.0164 L

16.387 cm

3

0.00001639 m

3

1.639 x 10-5 m

3

0.554 fl oz

0.0346 pt

0.0173 qt

0.00433 gal

0.000579 ft

3

5.79 x 10-4 ft

3

0.00002143 yd

3

2.143 x 10-5 yd

3

0.578 oz H

2

O

0.036 lb H

2

O

cubic meter (m

3

) = 33,815 fl oz

2,113 pt

1,057 qt

264.2 gal

61,023 in

3

35.31 ft

3

1.308 yd

3

2,204.6 lb H

2

O

1,000,000 g H

2

O

1,000,000 mL

1,000,000 cm

3

1,000 dm

3

1,000 L

1 st

cubic millimeter 0.001 mL

(mm

3

) = 

cubic yard (yd

3

) = 764.559 L

764,600 cm

3

0.7646 m

3

0.7646 st

1,615.79 pt

807.89 qt

201.97 gal

46,656 in

27 ft

3

1,685.5 lb H

2

O

cubic yards per 12.743 L/s

minute (yd

3

/min) = 764.559 L/min

3.37 gal/s

201.97 gal/min

0.45 ft

3

/s

27 ft

3

/min
6

cup = 236.58 mL

236.58 cm3

48 tsp

16 tbsp

8 fl oz

2 gi

8.344 oz H2O

decare = 1,196 yd2

0.2471 A

1,000 m2

10 a

0.1 ha

deciare = 11.96 yd2

10 m2

decigram (dg) = 1.5432 grain

100 mg

10 cg

0.1 g

deciliter (dL) = 3.381 fl oz

0.211 pt

0.106 qt

6.103 in3

100 mL

10 cL

0.1 L

decimeter (dm) = 3.937 in

0.328 ft

10 cm

0.1 m

decistere (dst) = 3.531 ft3

0.1 m3

0.1 st

dekagram (dag) = 0.353 oz

10 g

dekaliter (daL) = 2.642 gal

1.135 pk

0.284 bu

610.25 in3

0.3531 ft3

10 L
7

dekameter (dam) = 393.7 in

32.808 ft

1,000 cm

10 m

dekastere (dast) = 353.1 ft

3

13.08 yd

3

10 m

3

10 st

doppel zentner 100 kg

(dz) = 1.0 qL

220.46 lb

dram, avdp (dr) = 1.771 g

27.343 grain

0.0625 oz

dram, fluid, B.I. 3.552 cm

3

(tL drbi) = 0.961 fl dr

0.217 in

3

60 minimbi

dram, fluid, U.S. 3.696 mL

(fl dr) = 60 minim

0.125 fl oz

0.225 in

3

fathom (fath) = 1.829 m

6 ft

2 yd

foot (ft) = 304.8 mm

30.480 cm

0.305 m

12 in

0.333 yd

foot of water 304.79 kg/m

2

pressure = 0.434 lb/in

2

62.427 lb/ft

2

0.886 in Hg

0.0295 atm

feet per minute 0.5080 cm/s

(ft/min) = 0.305 m/min

18.29 m/h

0.0183 km/h

0.0167 ft/s

0.0114 mph
8

feet per second 30.48 cm/s

(ft/s) = 18.29 m/min

1.097 km/h

0.0114 mi/min

0.682 mph

0.593 kn

gallon, B.I. 4.545 L

(galbl) = 4.803 qt

1.201 gal

277.420 in3

0.161 ft3

4 qtbi

gallon, U.S. (gal) = 3,785.4 mL

3.785 L

3,785.4 cm3

0.00379 m3

3,785.4 g H2O

3.785 kg H2O

256 tbsp

128 f1 oz

32 gi

8 pt

4 qt

0.833 galbi

231 in3

0.134 ft3

0.00495 yd3

58.416 grain H2O

133.52 oz H2

O

8.345 lb H2O

gallons per minute 0.0631 L/s

(gal/min) = 3.875 L/min

5.45 t H2O/d

6.009 ton short H2O/d

0.134 ft3/min

8.021 ft3/h

0.00223 ft3/ s

1,000 gal/min flow 

 yields 1 A-ft in 5 h 26 min

gill, B.I. (gibi) = 142.066 cm3

8.669 in3

1.665 cup

1.201 gi

5 fl ozbi
9

gill, U.S. (gi) = 118.291 mL

0.118 L

4 fl oz

0.25 pt

7.218 in

3

0.5 cup

8 tbsp

grain, avdp 64.8 mg

(grain) = 0.0648 g

0.0000648 kg

6.48 x 10-5 kg

1.0 grain tr

0.0417 dwt

0.0366 dr

0.00229 oz

0.00208 oz tr

0.000143 lb

1.43 x 10-4 lb

grain, troy 1.0 grain

(grain tr) =

grains per B.I. 14.26 ppm

gallon (grain/galbi) =

grains per U.S. 17.12 ppm

gallon (grain/gal) = 142.86 lb/1,000,000 gal

gram (g) = 15.432 grain

0.564 dr

0.0353 oz

0.0322 oz tr

0.0022 lb

0.0338 fl oz H

2

O

0.0021 pt H

2

O

1,000,000 μg

1,000 mg

10 dg

0.001 kg

1.0 mL H

2

O

1.0 cm

3

 H

2

O

0.001 L H

2

O

grams per liter 58.416 grain/gal

(g/L) = 0.134 oz/gal

0.999 oz/ft

3

8.345 lb/1,000 gal

0.0624 lb/ft

3

1,000 ppm

3.785 g/gal
10

hectare (ha) = 107,640 ft2

2.471 A

10,000 m2

10,000 ca

100 a

1.0 hm2

hectogram (hg) = 3.527 oz

0.220 lb

100 g

10 dag

0.1 kg

hectoliter (hL) = 26.418 gal

3.531 ft3

2.838 bu

100 L

10 daL

0.1 m3

hectometer (hm) = 328 ft 1 in

109.36 yd

100 m

10 dam

hundredweight, 50.802 kg

long (cwt, long) = 0.0508 t

1,792 oz

112 lb

0.05 ton, long

1.12 cwt, short

hundredweight, 45.359 kg

short (cwt, short) = 0.0454 t

1,600 oz

100 lb

0.05 ton, short

0.893 cwt, long

inch (in) = 25,400 μm

25.40 mm

2.540 cm

0.0254 m

0.0833 ft

0.0278 yd

inch of mercury 344.07 kg/m2

(in Hg) = 0.489 lb/in2

70.45 lb/ft2

1.129 ft H2O

0.0334 atm
11

inch of water 25.40 kg/m

2

(in H

2

O) = 0.578 oz/in

2

0.0361 lb/in

2

5.201 lb/ft

2

0.0735 in Hg

0.00246 atm

kilogram (kg) = 15,432 grain

35,274 oz

2.2046 lb

0.0011 ton, short

1.057 qt H

2

O

1,000,000 mg

1,000 g

10 hg

0.001 t

1.0 L H

2

O

kilograms per 0.892 lb/A

hectare (kg/ha) =

kiloliter (kL) = 264.17 gal

35.314 ft

3

1,000,000 mL

1,000 L

10 hL

1.0 m

3

2,204.6 lb H

2

O

1,000 kg H

2

O

kilometer (km) = 3,280.84 ft

1,093.61 yd

0.621 mi

0.540 INM

100,000 cm

1,000 m

10 hm

0.1 mym

knot (kn.) = 1.0 INM/h

1.15 mph

liter (L) = 202.9 tsp

67.6 tbsp

33.81 fl oz

4.23 cup

2.113 pt

1.057 qt

0.908 qt, dry

0.264 gal

35.27 oz H

2

O

2.2046 lb H

2

O
12

liter (L) continued = 61.025 in3

0.0353 ft3

0.00131 yd3

1,000 mL

1,000 cm3

10 dL

1.0 dm3

0.001 m3

1000 g H2O

1.0 kg H2O

liters per minute 0.0044 gal/s

(L/min) = 0.264 gal/min

15.852 gal/h

0.0353 ft3/min

2.119 ft3/h

meter (m) = 39.37 in

3.281 ft

1.094 yd

0.199 rod

1,000 mm

100 cm

10 dm

0.001 km

0.0001 mym

meters per minute 0.0547 ft/s

(m/min) = 3.281 ft/min

0.0373 mph

1.667 cm/s

0.06 km/h

meters per second 3.281 ft/s

(m/s) = 196.86 ft/min

0.0373 mi/min

2.237 mph

0.06 km/min

3.60 km/h

microgram (μg) = 0.00001543 grain

1.543 x 10-5 grain

0.001 mg

0.000001 g

10-6 g

microliter (μL) = 0.001 mL

0.000001 L

10-6 L

1.0 mm3
13

micrometer (μm) = 0.00003937 in

3.937 x 10-5 in

1,000 nm

0.001 mm

0.000001 m

10-6 m

mile (mi.) = 160,935 cm

1,609.35 m

1.609 km

0.161 mym

5,280 ft

1,760 yd

320 rod

0.870 INM

miles per hour 44.70 cm/s

(mph) = 26.82 m/min

1,609 km/h

1,467 ft/s

88 ft/min

0.870 kn

miles per minute 2,682.25 cm/s

(mi/min) = 1.609 km/min

96.561 km/h

88 ft/s

60 mph

milligram (mg) = 0.0154 grain

1,000 μg

0.001 g

milligrams per liter 1 ppm (by weight)

(mg/L) of water =

milliliter (mL) = 0.203 tsp

0.0338 fl oz

0.002 pt

0.001 qt

0.061 in3

0.035 oz H2O

0.002 lb H2

O

1,000 mm3

1.0 cm3

0.001 L

1.0 g H2O

20 drops (±, depending on viscosity

temperature, dropper bore, and 

force of propulsion)
14

millimeter (mm) = 0.0394 in

1,000,000 nm

1,000 μm

0.1 cm

0.001 m

million gallons 43.81 L/s

per day = 2,628.75 L/min

11.57 gal/s

694.44 gal/min

41,667 gal/h

1.547 ft3

/s

92.83 ft3/min

5,569.67 ft3/h

133,700 ft3/d

minim, B.I. 59.194 mm3

(minimbi) = 0.0592 cm3

0.961 minim

0.00361 in3

0.0167 fl drbi

minim, U.S. 0.0616 mL

(minim) = 0.00376 in3

0.0167 fl dr

myriagram 22.046 lb

(myg) = 10,000 g

10 kg

myrialiter 2,641.7 gal

(myL) = 353.14 ft3

283.78 bu

83.86 bbL

10,000 L

myriameter 6.214 mi.

(mym) = 10,000 m

10 km

myriare = 247.1 A

1,000,000 m2

100 ha

nanogram (ng) = 0.000000001 g

10-9 a

nanometer (nm) = 0.000000001 m

10-9 m

10 Å
15

nautical mile 1,852 m

(INM) = 1.852 km

6,076.115 ft

2,025.37 yd

1.151 mi

ounce, avdp (oz) = 28.3495 g

0.02835 kg

0.00002835 t

2.835 x 10-5 t

437.5 grain

16 dr

0.0625 lb

0.00003125 ton, short

3.125 x 10-5 ton, short

0.00002790 ton, long

2.790 x 10-5 ton, long

0.911 oz tr

0.959 fl oz H

2

O

ounce, fluid, B.I. 28.416 cm

3

(fl ozbi) = 1.734 in

3

0.961 fl oz

8 fL drbi

ounce, fluid, U.S. 29.573 g H

2

O

(fl oz) = 29.573 mL

0.0296 L

29.573 cm

3

0.00002957 m

3

2.957 x 10-5 m

3

1.043 oz H

2

O

0.0652 lb H

2

O

8 fl dr

0.125 cup

0.0625 pt

0.0313 qt

0.00781 gal

6 tsp

2 tbsp

1.804 in

3

0.00104 ft

3

ounce, troy (oz tr) = 31.103 g

480 grain

17.555 dr

20 dwt

1.097 oz

0.0833 lb tr
16

parts per billion 1.0 ng/mL H2O

(ppb), by weight = 1.0 μg/L H2O

3.785 μg/gal H2O

28.316 μg/ft3 H2O

0.001 mg/L H2O

1.233 g/A-ft H2O

0.001 ppm (by weight)

0.0000001 0/0

10-7 0/0

0.000001 0/00

10-6 0/00

parts per hundred 1.0 g/100 mL H2O

(pph), by weight = 10 g/1,000 mL H2O

10 g/L H2O

4.54 gL lb

4.73 g/pt H2O

37.85 g/gal H2O

283.17 g/ft3 H2O

10 mL/1,000 mL

10 mL/L

37.85 mL/gal

10 cm3/L

37.85 cm3/gal

1.28 fl oz/gal

1.34 oz/gal H2O

9.988 oz/ft3 H2O

0.624 lb/ft3 H2O

1.0 0/0

10 0/00

parts per million 1.0 μg/mL H2O

(ppm), by weight = 1.0 mg/L H2O

1.0 mg/kg

3.785 mg/gal H2O

0.001 g/L H2O

0.00378 g/gal H2O

0.0283 g/ft3 H2O

0.378 g/100 gal H2O

1.0 g/m3 H2O

1,233 g/A-ft

0.001 mL/L

0.00378 mL/gal

0.378 mL/100 gal

1.0 mL/1,000,000 mL

1.0 mL/1,000 L

0.0584 grain/gal H2

O

0.0702 grain/galbi H2O

0.437 grain/ft3 H2O

0.134 oz/1,000 gal H2O

0.999 oz/1,000 ft3 H2O

1.0 lb/1,000,000 lb H2

O
17

0.0000624 lb/ft

3

 H

2

O

6.24 x 10-5 lb/ft

3

 H

2

O

2.718 lb/A-ft H

2

O

8.345 lb/10

6

 gal H

2

O

0.008 pt/1,000 gal

0.0599 pt/1,000 ft

3

1.303 qt/A-ft

0.326 gal/A-ft

0.0001 

0/0

0.001 

0/00

parts per thousand 1.0 mg/mL H

2

O

(ppt), by weight = 1.0 g/L H

2

O

3.785 g/gal H

2

O

28.316 g/ft

3

 H

2

O

15.432 grain/L H

2

O

0.134 oz/gal H

2

O

0.999 oz/ft

3

 H

2

O

0.1 

0/0

1.0 

0/00

parts per trillion 1.0 pg/mL H

2

O

(pptr), by weight = 1.0 ng/L H

2

O

0.001 μg/L H

2

O

0.000001 ppm (by weight)

10-6 ppm (by weight)

0.0000000001 

0/0

10-10

0/0

0.000000001 

0/00

10-9

0/00

peck, B.I. (pkbi) = 9,092 cm

3

0.00909 m

3

1.032 pk

554.84 in

3

0.321 ft

3

8 qtbi

2 galbi

peck, U.S. (pk) = 8.810 L

8 qt, dry

0.25 bu

537.605 in

3

0.311 ft

3

pennyweight, troy 1.555 g

(dwt) = 24 grain

0.05 oz tr

0.00417 lb tr

parts per million

(ppm), by weight,

continued =
18

picogram (pg) = 0.000000000001 g

10-12 g

pint, B.I. (ptbi) = 568.26 cm3

34.678 in3

1.201 pt

1.032 pt, dry

4 gibi

pint, U.S. dry 550.6 cm3

(pt, dry) = 0.551 L

33.600 in3

1.164 pt

0.582 qt

0.5 qt, dry

pint, U.S. liquid 473.17 mL

(pt) = 473.17 cm3

0.473 L

0.000473 m3

4.73 x 10-4 m3

473.17 g H2O

32 tbsp

16 fl oz

4 gi

2 cup

0.859 pt dry

0.430 qt, dry

0.5000 qt

0.1250 gal

28.875 in3

0.0167 ft3

16.688 oz H2O

1.043 lb H2O

pound, avdp (lb) = 453.592 g

0.454 kg

0.000454 t

4.54 x 10-4 t

453.592 mL H2O

453.592 cm3 H2O

0.454 L H2O

7,000 grain

256 dr

16 oz

14.583 oz tr

1.215 lb tr

0.0005 ton, short

15.338 fl oz H2

O

0.959 pt H2

O

0.479 qt H2O

0.120 gal H2O

27.680 in3 H2O

0.0160 ft3 H2O
19

pound, troy (lb tr) = 373.241 g

0.373 kg

0.000373 t

3.73 x 10-4 t

5,760 grain

240 dwt

210.66 dr

13.166 oz

12 oz tr

0.823 lb

0.000411 ton, short

4.11 x 10-4 ton, short

0.000367 ton, long

3.67 x 10-4 ton, long

pounds per acre

(lb/A) = 1.121 kg/ha

pounds per million

gallons of water = 0.120 ppm (by weight)

pound of water 0.4536 L/min

per minute = 0.120 gal/min

0.0160 ft

3

/min

quart, B.I. (qtbi) = 1.136 L

1.201 qt

1.032 qt, dry

69.355 in

3

2 ptbi

quart, U.S. dry 1,101 cm

3

(qt, dry) = 1.101 L

2.328 pt

2 pt, dry

1.164 qt

67.200 in

3

quart, U.S. liquid 946.34 g H

2

O

(qt) = 946.34 mL

0.946 L

946.34 cm

3

0.000946 m

3

9.46 x 10-4 m

3

64 tbsp

32 fl oz

8 gi

4 cup

2 pt

0.859 qt, dry

0.25 gal

57.749 in

3

0.0334 ft

3

33.376 oz H

2

O

2.086 lb H

2

O
20

quintal (qL) = 220.46 lb

100,000 g

100 kg

10 myg

1.0 dz

rod = 5.029 m

198 in

16.5 ft

5.50 yd

square centimeter 0.155 in2

(cm2) = 0.00108 ft2

100 mm2

0.0001 m2

square decimeter 15.50 in2

(dm2) = 100 cm2

0.01 m2

square dekameter 119.6 yd2

(dam2) = 100 m2

square foot (ft2) = 929.03 cm2

0.0929 m2

144 in2

0.111 yd2

0.00002296 A

2.296 x 10-5 A

0.00000003587 mi2

3.587 x 10-8 mi2

square 12 in per side

square hectometer 107,600 ft2

(hm2) = 2.471 A

10,000 m2

100 dam2

100 a

1.0 ha

square inch (in2

) = 645.16 mm2

6.452 cm2

0.00694 ft2

0.00077 yd2

square kilometer 10,764,000 ft2

(km2) = 1,196,000 yd2

247.1 A

0.386 mi2

1,000,000 m2

10,000 a

100 hm2

100 ha
21

square meter (m

2

) = 1,550.007 in

2

10.764 ft

2

1.196 yd

2

0.000247 A

2.47 x 10-4 A

0.0000003861 mi

2

3.861 x 10-7 mi

2

10,000 cm

2

100 dm

2

1.0 ca

0.01 a

square mile (mi

2

) = 2,590,000 m

2

259 ha

2.590 km

2

27,878,000 ft

2

3,098,000 yd

2

102,400 rod

2

640 A

square millimeter 0.00155 in

2

(mm

2

) = 0.01 cm

2

square rod (rod

2

) = 25.29 m

2

25.29 ca

0.253 a

272.25 ft

2

30.25 yd

2

square yard (yd

2

) = 8,361.3 cm

2

0.836 m

2

1,296 in

2

9 ft

2

0.000207 A

2.07 x 10-4 A

0.0000003228 mi

2

3.228 x 10-7 mi

2

stere (st) = 1.308 yd

3

1.0 m

3

stone = 6.350 kg

14 lb

tablespoon (tbsp) = 14.79 mL

14.79 cm

3

3 tsp

0.50 fl oz

teaspoon (tsp) = 4.929 mL

4.929 cm

3

0.333 tbsp

0.167 fl oz
22

ton, long = 1,016.05 kg

1.016 t

35,840 oz

2,240 lb

20 cwt, long

1.120 ton, short

ton, metric (t) = 2,204.62 lb

0.984 ton, long

1.102 ton, short

1,000 kg

1,000 L H2

O

10 qL

10 dz

ton, short = 907.184 kg

0.907 t

32,000 oz

29,167 oz tr

2430.56 lb tr

2,000 lb

20 cwt, short

0.893 ton, long

ton (short) of water 0.907 t/24 h

per 24 h = 37.80 L/h

83.333 lb/h

0.166 gal/min

9.986 gal/h

1.335 ft3

/h

yard (yd) = 91.44 cm

0.914 m

36 in

3 ft

0.182 rod

0.000568 mi

5.68 x 10-4 mi
23

Conversion Tables

Distance (miles and kilometers) 

Miles to Kilometers

Kilometers to Miles

miles km

1......................1.61

2......................3.22

3......................4.83

4......................6.44

5......................8.05

6......................9.66

7....................11.27

8....................12.87

9....................14.48

miles km

10..................16.09

20..................32.19

30..................48.28

40..................64.37

50..................80.47

60..................96.56

70................112.65

80................128.75

90................114.84

 miles km

 100 ..........160.94

 150 ..........241.40

 200 ..........321.87

 300 ..........482.80

 400 ..........643.74

 500 ..........804.67

 600 ..........965.61

 700 .......1,126.54

 800 .......1,287.48

 900 .......1,448.41

1,000 .......1,609.35

km miles

1......................0.62

2......................1.24

3......................1.86

4......................2.49

5......................3.11

6......................3.73

7......................4.35

8......................4.97

9......................5.59

km miles

10....................6.21

20..................12.43

30..................18.64

40..................24.85

50..................31.07

60..................37.28

70..................43.50

80..................49.71

90..................55.92

 km miles

 100 ............62.14

 150 ............93.21

 200 ..........124.27

 300 ..........186.41

 400 ..........248.55

 500 ..........310.68

 600 ..........372.82

 700 ..........434.96

 800 ..........497.10

 900 ..........559.23

1,000 ..........621.37
24

Capacity (Gallons and Liters) 

Gallons to Liters

Liters to Gallons

gallons liters

1.................................... 3.785

2.................................... 7.571

3.................................. 11.356

4.................................. 15.141

5.................................. 18.927

6.................................. 22.712

7.................................. 26.497

8.................................. 30.283

9.................................. 34.068

 gallons liters

 10...............................37.853

 20...............................75.707

 30.............................113.560

 40.............................151.413

 50.............................189.267

 60.............................227.120

 70.............................264.973

 80.............................302.827

 90.............................340.680

100 ............................378.533

liters gallons

1.................................... 0.264

2.................................... 0.528

3.................................... 0.793

4.................................... 1.057

5.................................... 1.321

6.................................... 1.585

7.................................... 1.849

8.................................... 2.114

9.................................... 2.378

 liters gallons

 10.................................2.642

 20.................................5.284

 30.................................7.926

 40...............................10.568

 50...............................13.209

 60...............................15.852

 70...............................18.494

 80...............................21.136

 90...............................23.778

100 ..............................26.417
25

Temperaturea

Fahrenheit to Celsius

oF oC

212.0 ............................ 100.0

200.0 .............................. 93.3

190.0 .............................. 87.8

180.0 .............................. 82.2

170.0 .............................. 76.7

160.0 .............................. 71.1

150.0 .............................. 65.6

140.0 .............................. 60.0

130.0 .............................. 54.4

120.0 .............................. 48.9

110.0 .............................. 43.3

100.0 .............................. 37.8

98.6............................... 37.0

95.0............................... 35.0

90.0............................... 32.2

89.0............................... 31.7

88.0............................... 31.1

87.0............................... 30.6

86.0............................... 30.0

85.0............................... 29.4

84.0............................... 28.9

83.0............................... 28.3

82.0............................... 27.8

81.0............................... 27.2

80.0............................... 26.7

79.0............................... 26.1

78.0............................... 25.6

77.0............................... 25.0

76.0............................... 24.4

oF oC

75.0............................... 23.9

74.0............................... 23.3

73.0............................... 22.8

72.0............................... 22.2

71.0............................... 21.7

70.0............................... 21.1

69.0............................... 20.6

68.0............................... 20.0

67.0............................... 19.4

66.0............................... 18.9

65.0............................... 18.3

64.0............................... 17.8

63.0............................... 17.2

62.0............................... 16.7

61.0............................... 16.1

60.0............................... 15.6

59.0............................... 15.0

58.0............................... 14.4

57.0............................... 13.8

56.0............................... 13.3

55.0............................... 12.8

50.0............................... 10.0

45.0................................. 7.2

40.0................................. 4.4

35.0................................. 1.7

32.0.................................... 0

0.0..............................-17.8

-40.0 ..............................-40.0

a

 Formula for conversion of temperatures:

oF = (oC x 9/5) + 32

oC = (oF - 32) x 5/9

1.8 oC = oF - 32

oK = oC + 273

oR = oF = 460
26

Celsius to Fahrenheit

oC oF

100.0 ............................ 212.0

99.0............................. 210.2

98.0............................. 204.8

97.0............................. 206.6

96.0............................. 204.8

95.0............................. 203.0

94.0............................. 201.2

93.0............................. 199.4

92.0............................. 197.6

91.0............................. 195.8

90.0............................. 194.0

89.0............................. 192.2

88.0............................. 190.4

87.0............................. 188.6

86.0............................. 186.8

85.0............................. 185.0

84.0............................. 183.2

83.0............................. 181.4

82.0............................. 179.6

81.0............................. 177.8

80.0............................. 176.0

79.0............................. 174.2

78.0............................. 172.4

77.0............................. 170.6

76.0............................. 168.8

75.0............................. 167.0

74.0............................. 165.2

73.0............................. 163.4

72.0............................. 161.6

71.0............................. 159.8

70.0............................. 158.0

69.0............................. 156.2

68.0............................. 154.4

67.0............................. 152.6

66.0............................. 150.8

65.0............................. 149.0

64.0............................. 147.2

63.0............................. 145.4

62.0............................. 143.6

61.0............................. 141.8

60.0............................. 140.0

59.0............................. 138.2

58.0............................. 136.4

57.0............................. 134.6

56.0............................. 132.8

55.0............................. 131.0

54.0............................. 129.2

53.0............................. 127.4

52.0............................. 125.6

51.0............................. 123.8

oC oF

50.0............................. 122.0

49.0............................. 120.2

48.0............................. 118.4

47.0............................. 116.6

46.0............................. 114.8

45.0............................. 113.0

44.0............................. 111.2

43.0............................. 109.4

42.0............................. 107.6

41.0............................. 105.8

40.0............................. 104.0

39.0............................. 102.2

38.0............................. 100.4

37.0............................... 98.6

36.0............................... 96.8

35.0............................... 95.0

34.0............................... 93.2

33.0............................... 91.4

32.0............................... 89.6

31.0............................... 87.8

30.0............................... 86.0

29.0............................... 84.2

28.0............................... 82.4

27.0............................... 80.6

26.0............................... 78.8

25.0............................... 77.0

24.0............................... 75.2

23.0............................... 73.4

22.0............................... 71.6

21.0............................... 69.8

20.0............................... 68.0

19.0............................... 66.2

18.0............................... 64.4

17.0............................... 62.6

16.0............................... 60.8

15.0............................... 59.0

14.0............................... 57.2

13.0............................... 55.4

12.0............................... 53.6

11.0............................... 51.8

10.0............................... 50.0

9.0............................... 48.2

8.0............................... 46.4

7.0............................... 44.6

6.0............................... 42.8

5.0............................... 41.0

4.0............................... 39.2

3.0............................... 37.4

2.0............................... 35.6

1.0............................... 33.8

0.0............................... 32.0
27

Bibliography

CBE Style Manual Committee. 1983. CBE style manual:

a guide for authors, editors, and publishers in the

biological sciences, 5th ed. Council of Biology Editors,

Inc., Bethesda, MD

Cheremisinoff, N. P., and P. N. Cheremisinoff. 1980.

Unit conversions and formulas manual. Ann Arbor

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U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Office of Information Transfer

1025 Pennock Place, Suite 212

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http://www.fws.gov

January 2008