NEWS OF THE NATIONS DIVERSE CULTURAL HERITAGE 

HERITAGE MATTERS 

The Japanese 

American Theme Study 

Cassandra Lachica, Cultural 

Resources Diversity Intern 2000 

The Japanese American Theme Study 

was initiated in the summer of 2000. 

Authorized by the U.S. Congress, P.L. 

102-240, this theme study wiU identify 

and document historic properties 

associated with Japanese Americans 

that have not been adequately reflected 

in National Historic Landmark (NHL) 

designations and National Register 

listings. When completed, the theme 

study will result in new and upgraded 

NHL designations and new National 

Register listings. It also can be used in 

broader educational initiatives and 

provide the basis for the preparation 

of technical assistance materials on 

how to prepare NHL and National 

Register nominations on diverse historic properties. 

During the summer of 2000, I participated in this research project by examining the ten "relocation camps," or 

"interment camps" used to house 

Manzanar Barracks 

Thousands of Americans of Japanese 

descent were involuntarily moved from 

their homes to camps, and housed 

in barracks, like those pictured here. 

The Japanese American Theme Study 

will document the historic properties 

associated with Japanese Americans. 

Photo courtesy of the 

National Histonc Landmark Files 

Japanese American citizens during 

World War II. During 1942, the United 

States Government carried out one 

of the largest controlled migrations in 

history, in rapid fashion, and without 

much resistance. This involved the 

movement of I l0,000 people of Japanese descent from their homes in an 

area bordering the Pacific Coast into 

war-time "relocation centers," constructed in remote areas around the 

country. 

To date, six of the ten relocation camps 

are listed in the National Register. The 

remaining four should be documented 

and evaluated for possible listing. Each 

of the ten camps serves as a reminder 

and a chance to reflect on what happened at each site during World War 

II. The Language School of the United 

States Army, opened November l , 

1941, at the Presidio in San Francisco 

to utilize their Japanese enlisted men 

in the service also should be included 

in this study. 

Closely related to the story of the 

camps are the heroics of the 442nd 

Regiment and the 100th Battalion 

Brigade, the only all-Japanese American units to fight in World War II. The 

men who fought in this regiment and 

brigade became the most decorated 

soldiers in military service. They gave 

their lives to prove their loyalty to their 

country that imprisoned them for 

their ancestry. This unit suffered many 

losses and disappointments. The unit 

was an all-volunteer group that was 

exposed to prejudice and incarceration 

after returning from the war. Many of 

the displaced soldiers were placed back 

into the internment camps after serving their country. 

l was glad to have an opportunity to 

participate in this study as a member 

of the NPS Cultural Resources Diversity Internship Program. I learned more 

about the NHL and the National Register programs in general, and the possibilities of using historical research to 

reveal the complex nature of national 

ideals and actual historical events. The 

Japanese American Theme Study 

touches on many universal themes in 

American history. This summer's experience helped me understand the 

continued on page 2 

page 1 
Streets of Manzanar 

This "street" in the Manzanar Relocation camp separated blocks of barracks. 

In the background is the Sierra Nevada mountain range. 

Photo courtesy of lhe National H1stonc Landmark Files 

National Park 

Service Activities 

co11ti,u1ed from page I 

potential of historic preservation work. 

I plan to continue my studies in historic preservation in order to participate in research ing important aspects 

of American history and communicating the findings to the public. 

For more information on the Japanese American Theme Study, contact John Sprinkle at 

202/343-8166, e-mail: john_sprinkle@nps.gov 

National Register 

Outreach Programs: 

The Travel Itinerary 

Initiative 

Maya Catherine Harris, 

National Council for Preservation 

Education Intern 2000 

Established in the fall of 1995, the 

Travel Itinerary Initiative is an outreach program of the National Register 

of Historic Places. The travel itinerary 

incorporates information on historic 

properties listed in the Nationa l Register of Historic Places in an accessible 

Web or print format. Produced under 

the direction of Patrick Andrus, 

page 2 

National Register historian and Heritage Tourism Director, these travel itineraries are based on either a geographic 

location or a related theme. They provide historic and tourist information on 

listed sites and can enrich a vacation or 

day trip for travelers and tourists. The 

itineraries help to make family outings 

meaningful, memorable, and most 

importantly educational, by providing 

opportunities for visitors to learn more 

about the place that they have chosen to 

make a part of their vacation or outing. 

Travel itineraries such as "Aboard the 

Underground Railroad" and "We Shall 

Overcome: Historic Places of the Civil 

Rights Movement" are examples of the 

range of topic matter covered. The 

diversity of the American experience, 

specific in this case to the African American experience, is available to visitors. 

Sites can be selected on their geographical and thematic proximity, to enhance 

the learning experience for visitors. 

Authorized under the National Historic 

Preservation Act of I 966, the National 

Register of Historic Places was established as the nation's official list of cultural resources worthy of preservation 

administered by the National Park 

Service. More than 72,000 districts, 

sites, buildings, structures, and objects 

significant in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, and 

culture currently are listed in the 

National Register. Each nomination 

file includes written documentation 

on the property's physical appearance 

and significance, photographs, and 

maps. However, the public could not 

benefit directly from the wealth of 

information contained in these nominations unti l the outreach programs 

were established. 

Through the summer internship with 

the National Register, History, and 

Education program of the National 

Park Service, I was introduced to the 

Travel Itinerary program, the Teaching 

with Historic Places program, and 

others that produce on-line and printed publications. These are part of an 

ongoing effort to demonstrate to the 

general public how and why our shared 

heritage does in fact matter to us all. 

As an anthropology student currently 

in my senior year at Howard University, 

my work on the Travel Itinerary program proved to be invaluable as it offered 

me an opportunity to see first-hand the 

results of the work of historians and 

other social scientists. I gained practical experience as a historian, using 

skills I developed as a student and saw 

their use in a professional, public history environment. 

For more information on the National 

Register's Travel Itinerary Program, 

contact Patrick Andrus at 202/343-9519, 

e-mail: Patrick_ Andrus@nps.gov 

Diversifying the 

National Register 

of Historic Places 

Antoinette J. Lee , 

Special Projects Manager, 

National Center lor Cultural 

Resources, NPS 

A roundtable of National Park Service, 

state historic preservation office 

(SHPO), and local government staff 

met on March 27, 2000, to discuss how 

more diverse historic places could be 

identified, evaluated, and listed in the 

National Register of Historic Places. 

The session was part of the annual 

meeting of the National Conference 

of State Historic Preservation Officers 

(NCSHPO) in Washington, DC. 

The roundtable speakers shared examples of successes and challenges in 

reaching out to diverse communities 

and incorporating diverse resources 

into their programs. Jon Smith of the 

Indiana SHPO, related his office's sponsorship of a statewide conference on 

the Underground Railroad. The UGRR 

conference attracted a much more 

diverse audience than has been customary with historic preservation conferences. Ruth Pierpont of the New York 

SHPO related the state's efforts to 

increase the number of recognized historic properties associated with African 

Americans, women, and gays and lesbians. In Ra leigh, NC, Dan Becker of 

the Raleigh Historic Districts Commission described a survey and publication 

project that addressed African American communities in Raleigh. 

Other state representatives described 

diversity-related studies of historic 

properties. Allyson Brooks of Washington related her experience with traditional cultural properties associated 

with American Indian tribes. Ray Luce 

of Georgia described the work of the 

Georgia African American Heritage 

commission and the Women's history 

context study. Barbara Mattick of 

Florida described her state program's 

use of folklore scholars to bring about 

National Register listing for Eatonville, 

other African American properties, 

and Jewish and Hispanic historic places. 

Daniel Abeyta of California and Terry 

Collie of Texas described efforts of their 

offices to reach out to diverse communities. Abeyta recommended that the 

preservation field focus on the recent 

past in order to address the heritage of 

newer immigrant groups. 

Carol Shull, John Sprinkle, and Toni 

Lee of the National Park Service 

_described a variety of bureau programs. 

Shull discussed the current demographics of the National Register of Historic 

Places and the program's efforts to 

promote diversity education through 

the World Wide Web and publications. 
Sprinkle provided updates on the several National Historic Landmark theme 

studies, including those that deal with 

racia l desegregation of public schools 

and the Japanese American Theme 

Study. Lee desc ribed the work of the 

Cultural Resources Diversity Initiative 

that developed the Cultural Resources 

Diversity Internship Program and other 

programs to attract diverse persons to 

the preservation field. 

For more information on this roundtable, 

contact Sarah Pope of the National 

Register of Historic Places at 202/343-9534, 

e-mail: Sarah_Pope@nps.gov 

Lessons in Diversity 

Beth M. Boland, Lead Historian, 

Teaching with Historic Places, 

National Register of Historic 

Places, NPS 

America is rich with many peoples 

and cultures, as is reflected in approximately I 00 classroom-ready lesson 

plans developed by the National 

Register's Teaching with Historic Places 

(TwHP). More than 40 lessons are online, over half of which illuminate roles 

of African Americans, American Indians, 

Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, 

and women. Explore the sampling 

below at www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp. 

TwH P lessons detail aspects of slavery, 

freedom, segregation, self-sufficiency, 

and pro perity in African American 

History. "When Rice Was King" reveals 

how ri ce cultiva tion promoted the 

South's dependence on plantation 

economy. "From Canterbury to Little 

Rock" examines Prudence Crandall's 

challenge to prevailing New England 

attitudes before the Civil War, and the 

long struggle involved in securing equal 

educational opportunities. Investi gating 

"Chicago's Black Metropolis" imparts 

an understanding of African-American 

communities during the Great Migration . "Two American Entrepreneurs" 

compares attributes and decisions that 

helped make Madam C. J. Walker a millionaire with those of J.C. Penney. 

Interaction between American Indians 

and Europeans was more complex than 

textbooks often convey. A lesson on 

"San Antonio Missions" presents evidence about Spanish influence on 

native peoples and Texas culture. "The 

Battle of Horseshoe Bend: Collision 

of Cultures" encourages ana lysis of 

ea rly 19th century differences between 

European Americans and reek Indians. 

TwHP supplements commonly told 

stories with those less known. "Locke 

and Walnut Grove" discusses experiences 

of early Asian immigrants in two 

National Register's Teaching with Historic Places 

The TwHP lesson plan on Eleanor Roosevelt's New York home, Val Kill, focuses on her 

passionate Interest in people all over the world and In human rights. Here Roosevelt 

hosts overseas visitors in August 1961. 

Photo by George Brown, Franklin D Roosevelt Museum and LJbrary Collect1on 

California communities and the obstacles they encountered in earning a living and finding their place in American 

society. 

Another lesser known narrative involves 

Hispanic Americans in "Ybor City: 

Cigar Capital of the World." Immigra nt 

Cuban cigar makers in lampa, Florida, 

adapted to life in the United States in 

the 19th and 20th century while maintaining their ethnic identity. 

The course of American history is 

cast by both the famous and common. There is much to lea rn from 

places associated with each, be it 

" Iara Barton's House: Home of 

the American Red Cross;' or "The 

M'Clintock House;' which witnessed 

creation of an important document 

in American Women's History. Study 

"Adeline Hornbek and the Homestead 

Act" to discover how a single mother 

of fo ur defied traditional gender roles 

to become a successful ranch owner 

under the Homestead Act. Read Rose 

Kennedy's words about the "Birthplace 

of John F. Kennedy" to consider the 

influence of fam ily and a mother's role 

in the development of a future president's personality, character, and values. 

For more information, contact Beth M. Boland 

at 202/343-9545, e-mail: beth_boland@nps.gov 

Places of Cultural 

Memory Conference 

to be held in Atlanta 

Brian D. Joyner, National Center 

for Cultural Resources, NPS 

The "Places of Cultural Memory: 

African Reflections on the American 

Landscape" conference, focusing on 

African isms - aspects of African heritage retained by the enslaved peoples 

and transported to the Americas and 

imprinted on the built environment -

will be held on May 9-12, 200 I, at the 

Renaissance Atlanta Hotel Downtown. 

Among the noted scholars speaking 

at this conference are Robert Farris 

Thompson, Col. John Trumbull, 

Professor of the History of Art, Yale 

University, and Joseph E. Harris, 

Distinguished Professor of History, 

Howard University. 

Previously, little was acknowledged of 

the ex.istence of Africanisms in African 

American and American culture. 

Recent scholarship demonstrates the 

survival of African traditions despite 

the harshness of the forced migration 

that was slavery, and identifies tl1eir 

manifestations in the cultural heritage 

of the Americas through examinations 

of places of Diaspora, agricultural technology and methods, architecture and 

community building, burial practices, 

and place names. The goal of "Places of 

Cultural Memory" is to explore recent 

scholarship and determine how it can 

assist in the fuller identification, evaluation, documentation, preservation 

and interpretation of buildings, sites, 

districts, structures, and objects. 

The major themes and paper 

topics fo r the conference are: 

Memorializing Places of Diaspora 

"F eedom's Trail: The Florida 

Cuba Connection," Ralph B. Johnson, 

Florida Atlantic University. 

"T e Order of Places: Housing 

Enslaved People in Charleston, SC 

and Anomaboe, Ghana;' Gina Haney, 

US/I COM OS. 

"Africa nisms Upon the La nd: A 

Study of African Influenced Places 

and Names of the USA," Annette I. 

Kashif, National Association of Black 

Reading and Learning Ed ucators, 

Washington, DC. 

Black Cultural 

Landscapes and Institutions 

"Afr ca ni s in the 'Old Ship of Zion': 

What Are Their Forms and Why Do 

They Persist;' Audrey Brown, National 

Park Service. 

Interwoven Traditions: the Conjurer's Cabin and the African American 

Cemetery at the Levi Jordan Plantation," 

Kenneth L. Brown, University of 

Houston. 

■ "Some Evidence of African Cultural 

Traditions Among the Residents of 

Black Church Centered Farming Communities in North Central Louisiana;' 

Joe Lewis Caldwell, University of New 

Orleans. 

conti,wed 011 page 4 

page 3 
National Park 

Service Activities 

continued from pngc J 

Agricultural Lifeways 

and Technologies 

■ "Rice, Slaves and Landscapes of 

Cultural Memory;' Judith Carney, 

UCLA. 

■ "Transfer of African Technologies 

to the Americas;' Candice Go ucher, 

Washington State University, 

Vancouver. 

■ "Bounded Yards and Fluid Borders: 

Landscapes of Slavery at Poplar Forest;' 

Barbara J. Heath, Thomas Jefferson's 

Poplar Forest. 

Legacies of Urban Realms 

and Rural Communities 

■ "Traditional African Architecture 

and Its Impact on Place Making: 

Case Studies From Africa and Africa 

American Communities," Abimbola 

Asojo, University of Oklahoma. 

■ "African Influences on Puerto Rican 

Architecture," Arleen Pab6n, Florida 

A&M University and the University 

of Puerto Rico. 

■ "Garden ing, Yard Decoration, and 

Agriculture Traditions Among People 

of African Descent in the Rural South 

and the Cayma n Islands;' Richard 

Westmacott, University of Georgia . 

In addition, the conference will feature 

panels on the African Burial Ground 

in New York City, and the Gullah/ 

Geechee Culture and will include a 

panel of international experts who will 

respond to the conference as a whole. 

The "Places of Cu ltural Memory" 

conference seeks to encourage participation by individuals and organizations throughout the Diaspora. The 

conference provides a forum for interdisciplinary scholars and preservation 

professionals, both as presenters 

page 4 

and attendees. It is hoped that the 

conference will further enhance 

the understanding of the significant 

contributions of Africans to the cultural landscape of the Americas. 

The National Park Service is coordinating the conference in coope ratio n 

with the National Park Foundation, the 

Georgia Trust for Historical Preservation, US/ICOMOS, Howard University, 

the Slave Route Project of UNESCO, 

the Smithsonian Institution, and other 

national, state, regional, and local 

sponsors. 

For more information on the conferencet 

contact Brian Joyner, 202/343-1000, 

e-mail: brianjoyner@nps.gov 

Cultural Resources 

Diversity Internship 

Program Sponsors 

12 Students in the 

Summer of 2000 

Moriba N. McDonald, 

Historian, National Center for 

Cultural Resources, NPS 

The Cultural Resources Diversity 

Internship Program was established 

with three interns in the summer 

of 1999. Its purpose is to introduce 

diverse undergraduate and graduate 

students to cultural resources/historic 

preservation work. This I 0-week summer program exposes students to the 

many ways in which they can adapt 

their educational backgrounds and 

interest in history to the work of historians, curators, interpreters, and 

archeologists employed in historic site 

administration, historic property surveys and research, and interpretive 

programs. The Cultural Resources 

Diversity Internship Program is oriented around professional projects that 

can be completed in the I 0-week period and assists students with building 

their resumes of professional work in 

this field. 

During the summer of 2000, the 

Cultural Resources Diversity Internship Program included 12 undergraduate and graduate students from 

around the country. They were placed 

in Nationa l Park Services admin istrative offices, national parks units, and 

partnership organizations at the state 

and federal levels. Students worked 

with National Park Service programs, 

such as the National Historic Landmarks Survey Program offices and 

national park units, such as the Boston 

African American Na tional Historic 

Site, Acadia Nationa l Park, Lowell 

National Historic Site, and the Martin 

Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site. 

They also were placed wit h state parks 

and historic preservation offices, such 

as Philipse Manor Hall State Historic 

Site in New York and the Louisiana 

Division of Historic Preservation. 

Additionally, one student was placed 

with the U.S. Forest Service. 

Student projects included a range of 

cu ltural resources projects, such as 

research on the activities of American 

Indian tribes in Revolutionary War 

militia units at Yorktown, Virgin ia. 

Another intern upgraded the registration records on the historical coll ections at Arlington House in Virginia, 

while another conducted archeological 

investigations on the Patowmack Canal 

at Great Falls National Park in Maryland. Other interns conducted research 

on the Japanese American Theme Study 

and the Earl iest Americans Theme 

Study as part of the National Historic 

Landmark Survey Program. 

For the summer of 200 I, the Cultural 

Resources Diversity Internship Program 

will include at least 15 interns. Interns 

will be placed with National Park 

Service administrative offices, national 

park units, and partnership organizations in the public and private sectors. 

Students enrolled at Historically Black 

Colleges and Universities, Hispanic 

Serving Institutions, Tribal Colleges, 

other minority-based schools and academic departments, and other colleges 

and universities are encouraged to 

apply to participate in this program. 

The program is a part of the NPS 

Cultural Resources Diversity Initiative, 

which is a comprehensive effort to 

diversify the cultural resources professions. For the summer of 2000, the 

cost of each intern was shared between 

the intern sponsors and the National 

Park Service's Challenge Cost Share 

Program, the National Park Foundation, the John S. a nd James L. Knight 

Fou ndation . 

For further information on the 

internship program, contact 

Moriba N. McDonald at 202/ 343-2331, 

e-mail: Moriba_McDonald@nps.gov 

Student applications for internships 

should be directed to: The Student 

Conservation Association, 1800 N. Kent 

Street, Arlington, VA 22209 or visit SCA 

over the internet at: www.sca-inc.org 

Gender and Cultural 

Diversity in the 

lntermountain Region 

Jill Cowley, 

Historical Landscape Architect, 

lntermountain Support Office, 

Santa Fe, NPS 

Gender roles and dynamics play an 

important role in shaping cultural 

landscapes within a nd outside National Park units. It is helpful to consider 

gender along with race, ethnicity, class, 

age, and other diversity variable when 

trying to understand how landscapes 

evolve over time. Recent servicewide 

activities in the field of women's history include the 1989 National Historic 

Landmark theme study which identified additional places important to 

women and N PS co-sponsorship of the 

Women in Historic Preservation conference series. 
Within the lntermountain Region, a 

number of NPS staff and park partners 

are involved in researching the role of 

women's history and gender roles within specific cultural landscapes: 

■ The staff at Tumacacori National 

Historical Park is updating its interpretive program to better reflect the diversity of historic and contemporary communities associated with the park, 

including the stories of Mexican and 

Indian women. The Southwest Institute 

for Research on Women at the University of Arizona recently received a 

grant to research the park garden and 

women's stories related to the use of 

plants in healing and food preparation. 

■ Related to Cultural Landscape Inventory work at Fort Bowie National Historic Site, Professor Lauri Johnson at 

the University of Arizona completed 

research on Apache women significant 

for their association with historical 

events at Fort Bowie. 

■ NPS Archeologist Cathy Spude's ongoing work compares Alaskan saloon 

and brothel artifact assemblages at 

tl1e turn of the century in an effort 

to understand the different selections 

of material culture made by men 

and women. 

The new National Register nomination for the historic district at Pipe 

Spring National Monument, being 

completed by NPS Historian Kathy 

McKoy, includes women's history as 

an area of significance. Pipe Spring 

served as a political refuge and hiding 

place for Mormon polygamists and 

plural wives throughout its history. 

■ NPS Historical Landscape Architect 

Intern Lisa Nicholas' masters thesis 

addresses the impact of the Sisters of 

Loretto, a teaching order of Catholic 

nuns, on the physical and social landscape of Bernalillo, New Mexico. In 

New Mexico, tlie Sisters of Loretto 

community included Anglo and 

Hispanic women. 

■ The involvement of Anglo women 

with western ranching landscapes is 

being researched and interpreted in 

a number of Intermountain parks, 

including Chiricahua National 

Monument and Grant Kohrs Ranch 

National Historic Site. 

In these examples, the interrelationship 

of gender and cultural diversity makes 

our understanding of landscape evolution richer and more inclusive. 

For information, contact Jill Cowley at 

505/988-6899, e-mail: Jill_Cowley@nps.gov 

The Underground 

Railroad Network 

to Freedom Program 

Diane Miller, Coordinator, 

Underground Railroad Network 

to Freedom Program, NPS 

The Underground Railroad refers to the 

effort of enslaved African An1ericans 

to gain their freedom through escaping 

bondage. Their acts of self-emancipation 

made them fugitives according to the 

law of the times. While most freedom 

seekers began their journey unaided 

and many completed their self-emancipation without assistance, each decade 

in which slavery was legal in the United 

States saw an increase in active efforts 

to assist their escape. In many cases 

the decision to assist a fugitive may 

have been a spontaneous reaction as 

the situation presented itself. However, 

in some places, and particularly after 

the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, the 

Underground Railroad was deliberate 

and organized. 

Despite the illegality of their actions, 

and without regard to their own personal danger, people of all races, classes 

and genders participated in this early 

form of civil disobedience. Wherever 

slavery existed, there were efforts to 

escape, at first to maroon communities 

in swamps or other rugged terrain on 

the edge of settled areas. Spanish territories to the south in Florida, British 

areas to the north in Canada, Mexico, 

the Caribbean, and other foreign countries offered additional destinations for 

freedom. Free black communities in 

urban areas in both the South and the 

North were destinations for some free -

dom seekers. 

The maritime industry was an important source for spreading information 

as well as offering transportation and 

employment. Through ties with the 

whaling industry, California became 

a destination, as did possibly, Alaska. 

Military service provided another 

avenue as thousands of African 

An1ericans joined the military, from 

the colonial era to the Civil War, as a 

means to gain their freedom. During 

the Civil War, many fugitives sought 

protection and freedom by escaping 

to the United States army. 

The National Park Service is engaged 

in implementing the provisions of the 

National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Act of 1998. NPS is 

directed to create a Network of sites, 

programs and facilities with verifiable 

associations to the Underground Railroad. After consultation with a variety 

of partners on the State and local levels, 

NPS developed criteria, a process, and 

an application form. We also developed a unique logo that will be used 

to identify elements of the Network. 

In partnership with the National Park 

Foundation, we developed a Web site 

and database that highlights the many 

stories of the Underground Railroad 

in communities across the country. 

On October 12, a series of events in 

Philadelphia highlighted the official 

launch of the Underground Railroad 

Network to Freedom. 

For more information, contact Diane Miller, 

National Coordinator, at 402/221-3749, 

e-mail: diane_miller@nps.gov 

page 5 
MATTERS 

Old Fort Apache: 

A Tribe's Struggle to 

Take the Best Parts of 

the Past into the Future 

John Welch, Archaeologist 

and Historic Preservation Officer, 

Heritage Program, 

White Mountain Apache Tribe 

In 1993, Fort Apache Indian Reservation, a beautiful 1.7 million acre landscape, featuring an array of landforms 

and biota, became the foc us of the 

White Mo un ta in Apache Tribe and 

their preservation efforts. With a mandate to breathe new life into Fort 

Apache, the Tribe opened a casino and 

began the process of developing a historic park, with the intent of perpetuating Apache traditions and finding new 

uses for places of cultural significance 

within the reservation. 

The Tribe adopted a Master Plan for 

the Fort Apache Historic Park. Envisioning a bold integration of cultural educa tion, historic preservation, 

The Kinsihba Ruins 

community health, and tourism initiatives, the Plan lays out a strategy 

for boosting tribal revenues by putting Fort Apache back to work fo r 

the reservation community. The 

Tribe needed a new culture center 

that would stand apart from the federal government buildi ngs and better represent the Apache commun ity. The new fac ility opened in 1997, 

with funding from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, offering classroom, crafts 

production, and exhibit space, as 

well as secure storage for the Tribe's 

growing collections. Recent exhibits 

include work by illustrator and storyteller Michael Laca pa, and the 

Museum will be featuring a new 

exhibition of work by the late Chiricahua artist, "Allan Houser: An 

Apache Presence." 

In accord with the Master Pl an, the 

Tribe is committed to using Fort 

Apache's name recognition and 

national significance in order to 

draw attention to Apache perspectives on Apache history and to 

The Kinsihba Ruins are the remains of a Pueblo village dating from A.D. 1250 to 

A.D. 1400. "Kinsihba" is an anglicized Apache phrase that translates to "brown house". 

They are being integrated in to the plans for the Fort Apache National Historic District, 

which will serve as a hub for heritage tourism in upland central Arizona. 

Photo courtesy of National H1stonc Landmark Flies 

celebrate local traditions. The Tribe 

initiated a seri es of interpretive and 

site development projects intended to 

return Fort Apache to active duty. The 

Fort Apache Historic Park includes the 

fo rmer military cemetery, a badly disturbed ceremonial cave ("Geronimo's 

Cave"), and Kinishba Ruins Na tional 

Historic Landmark, a partially reconstructed fourteenth century pueblo. 

It is an official Save America's Treasures project, as recognized by the 

White House Millennium Council. 

Additionally, the Rivers and Trails 

Conservation Assistance Division of 

the National Park Service is providing 

technical support for an ambitious 

interpretive planning effort made 

possible by the National Endowment 

for the Humanities. 

For additional information, call John Welch 

at the Culture Center and Museum at 

520/338-4625; e-mail: JohnWelch@bia.gov 

Contact the Heritage Foundation 

regarding the Tribe's effort to restore and 

revitalize Fort Apache through the Historic 

Preservation Office, PO Box 507, Fort 

Apache, Arizona, 85926, 520/338-3033. 

THPOs Increase 

in Number 

More and more, Indian tribes are 

assuming responsibility for managing 

their cultural heritage. The National 

Historic Preservation Act, amended in 

1992, provides tribes the opportunity to 

control their cultural destiny. The number of tribes assuming State Historic 

Preservation Officers' responsibilities is 

increasi ng. To date, there are 22 tribes 

with Tribal Historic Preservation Officers' (THPO) status, and there are 

another five tribes awaiting the Director's approva l. 

The National Historic Preservation Act 

of 1966, sets fo rth a national program 

aimed at preserving places significant 

in American history, architecture, 

archeology, engi neering, and culture. 

The Act authorizes the Historic Preservation Fund from whi ch the Congress 

appropriates ann ual matching grants 

to support state historic preserva tion 

programs. The amendments made 

it possible for tribes to control their 

cultural heritage and to encourage the 
Tribal Historic Preservation Officers' Status 

Five New Tribes Pending the Director's Approval - Seneca Nation 

of Indians (New York), Lac Courie Oreilles Band of Lake Superior, Chippewa 

Indians of Wisconsin, Catawba Indian Nation (South Carolina), Skokomish 

Indian Tribe (Washington State), Makah Tribe (Washington State). 

Twenty-two Current Tribes with THPO Status - Cheyenne River Sioux 

Tribe (South Dakota), Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation 

(Washington), Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North Carolina), Hualapai 

Tribe (Arizona), Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians 

(Wisconsin), Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians (Minnesota), Menominee 

Indian Tribe of Wisconsin, Mescalero Apache Tribe (New Mexico), Mille Lacs 

Band of Ojibwe Indians (Minnesota), Narragansett Indian Tribe (Rhode Island), 

Navajo Nation (Arizona), Poarch Band of Creek Indians (Alabama), Conferated 

Salish and Koontenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation (Montana), Spokane 

Tribe of Indians (Washington), Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (North Dakota), 

Tunica-Biloxi Indians of Louisiana, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla 

Reservation (Oregon), Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah, 

Massachusetts), Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation in 

Oregon, White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona), Yurok Tribe (California). 

development of historic preservation 

efforts within their communities. 

The national historic preservation 

program is designed to ( I) identify 

historic properti.es, (2) determine the 

significance of those properties, and 

(3) preserve those properties that are 

deemed worthy of protection. 

The 1992 amendment to the Act, 

Section I0I (d)(2), provides that 

"Upon approval by the Park Service, 

a tribe may assume all or any part 

of the functions of a State Historic 

Preservation Officer ... " and become 

a THPO. 

Tribes that assume functions of an 

SHPO become eligible for financial 

assistance, as appropriated by the 

Congress from the Historic Preservation Fund, in order to carry out those 

functions. The amendment is built 

on the premise that forma lly adding 

Indian tribes to the national preservation partnership will result in an 

enhanced effort to identify and protect historic and cultural resources 

on tribal lands. 

For more information, contact 

H. Bryan Mitchell at 202/343-9558, 

or e-mail: bryan_mitchell@nps.gov 

Preserving Culture: 

The American Indian 

Council of Architects 

and Engineers 

Lou Weller, 

American Indian Council of 

Architects and Engineers 

Contemporary American Indian architecture is evolving in new directions 

by incorporating the culture of Indian 

tribes into the design of tribal buildings. Traditional cultural elements, such 

as orientation, ca rdinal directions, 

dwelling form, colors, and symbols are 

being interpreted into design features 

that are recognized and embraced by 

tribal members. 

This new direction in architecture is 

a significant step towards preserving 

the cultures of the American Indian. 

Some of the leaders in this evolving 

architecture are members of the 

American Indian Council of Architects 

and Enginee rs, a professional organization consisting of over 30 Indianowned firms, which provide professional services in architecture, engineering, landscape architecture, 

interiors, and related fi elds. 

Each of the member firms has worked 

with Indian tribes on various building 

projects including schools, medical 

facilities, housing, cultural centers, and 

museums. Because each of the firm's 

owners have Indian background, there 

is a unique sensitivity to the wants 

and needs of their tribal clients and 

how to interpret culture into building 

fea tures. 

AICAE firms have designed and consulted on many building projects using 

this contemporary cultural approach 

that contributes to the preservation of 

native va lues and traditions. Notable 

exampl es include the fo llowing: 

■ The Taos- Picuris HeaJth Center 

at Taos Pueblo, New Mexico, designed 

by Weller Architects, which incorporates the Pueblo style of building form 

and material, and a circular wa iting 

area with a wood column and beams, 

a manifestation of the ceremon ial kiva. 

The Maka.h De'a.ht Elders Center 

in Washington State, by Jones and 

Jones reflects the traditional wood 

construction and form of the Makah 

longhouse, symbolizing the renewal 

of the tribe's values, traditions, and 

architecture. 

The Alamo Multi-Purpose Complex 

by Sloa n Architects uses the hogan 

shape of the traditional Navajo dwelling in its design. 

Tr ditional designs for the Columbia 

River Treaty Fishing Access structures 

along the river are currently being produced by the joint venture of Cooper 

Consultants and White Shield, Inc. 

The Smithsonian's National Museum 

of the American Indian has incorporated many of the commonalities of 

American Indian cultures in two projects, the CulturaJ Resources Center in 

Suitland, Ma ryland and the NationaJ 

Museum on the Washington D.C. 

Mall, with consultation and assistance 

by members of the AICAE, who 

formed the Native American Design 

Collaborative for these projects. Both 

projects demonstrate a respect for 

nature and the site and include colorfu l 

interiors and exteriors, reference to 

native cosmology, circular gathering 

spaces, and other cultural features. 

For information, contact Stuart Fricke, 

President, AICAE, 509/882-1144, 

or e-mail: sfricke@whiteshield.com 

Cultural Resources Center of the National Museum of the American Indian 

Embracing the woodlands of the site, the Cultural Resources Center of the National 

Museum of the American Indian displays forms found in nature and respected in Indian 

culture, such as in the circular welcoming area and the nautilus-shaped roof over the 

collections area. 

Photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution 

page 7 
MATTERS 

Angel Island Receives 

$500,000 to Preserve 

Barracks, Poetic Record 

Situated on an island in the middle of 

the San Francisco Bay, Angel Island 

Imm igration Station is as symbolic to 

Asian American immigration in the 

United States as Ellis Island is to European Americans. From 1910 to 1940, 

the immigration station represented 

the first experience with the Un ited 

States for more than one million people. Japanese "picture brides" passed 

through the station before coming 

state-side or conti nuing on to Hawa ii, 

and refugees from the Russian Revolution emigrated from Hong Kong, after 

traveling across Siberia. The largest 

group of emigres was the Chinese, who 

termed the United States "gam saan" or 

Gold Mountain, in reference to the Gold 

Rush of the late I 800s, which brought 

thousands of workers to these shores. 

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and 

the Immigration Act of 1924, limited 

Chinese and Japanese immigration 

to the United States. The result was 

the forced detainment of Chinese and 

Japanese immigrants in barracks at 

Angel Island for weeks or months 

until their paperwork was processed. 

Estimates are that as many as 250,000 

Chinese and 150,000 Japanese were 

detained at Angel Island over the immigration sta tion's 30 years of use. Some 

of the Ch inese immigrants left records 

of their detainment through the poetry 

on the walls of the barracks. The first 

generation of poems, done with ink 

Angel Island 

and brush, was painted over, but later 

poems were carved into the redwood 

walls. Their words provide an invaluable historical record of the Pacific 

immigration experience. 

The Angel Island Immigration Station 

was designated as a National Historic 

Landmark in 1997. Over the years, deterioration and water damage posed a 

serious threat to the structural integrity 

of the buildings. Many of the inscriptions have weathered to the point that 

they are barely legible. Fortunately, a 

$500,000 grant from the National Park 

Service's Save America's Treasures 

Program for FY 2000 will help with 

stabilizing and conserving the barracks 

buildings and ensure that this important place in the history of Asian 

American immigration is not lost. 

For more information, visit the Angel Island 

State Park Site at http://www.cr.nps.gov/ 

history/diversity 

Place Matters: 

A Project of the 

Municipal Art Society 

of New York and City Lore 

Antoinette J_ Lee, 

Special Projects Manager, 

National Center for Cultural 

Resources, NPS 

Place Matters is a New York City-based 

project that is building public appreciation fo r places that matter to people and 

communities. A project of the Municipal Art Society of New York and City 

Lore, Place Matters was inaugurated in 

1998, fo llowing the 1996 conference, 

The grant from NPS's Save America's Treasures Program will help restore the Angel 

Island complex to its former integrity, allowing it to better tell the tale of Asian immigration 

to America in the twentieth century. This ariel view of the main complex dates to 1930. 

Courtesy of California Department of Parks and Recreation, Angel Island Immigration Station 

"History Happened Here;' which attracted 300 attendees who were interested 

in broadening the historic preservation 

fie ld beyond architectural values. 

Place Matters solicits nominations to 

the Census of Places that Matte r, a citywide inventory of New York's places of 

history, story, and tradition. 'Ioday, the 

census includes more than 400 properties. They include places such as the 

Casita Rincon Criollo in the Bronx, 

which recalls the look and feel of the 

Puerto Rican countryside. Here, neighbors gather, garden, hold community 

events, and pass down musical and cultural traditions. Another census place 

is the Quong Yuen Shing & Company 

building on Mott Street in Manhattan, 

the oldest general store in Chinatown. 

Dating from 1899, this store sold herbs, 

groceries, and silk to local Chinese 

residents. Today, the interior is little 

changed from its appearance more 

than a century ago. 

The Place Matters program suggests 

strategies for preserving the places that 

matter and commemorating their 

importance to residents and visitors. 

Place Matters is an important effort to 

include new voices, different perspectives, and partnerships across communities and disciplines and could serve 

as a model for other cities and communities nationwide. 

Place Matters is supported by the Joyce 

Mertz-Gilmore Foundation, Rockefeller 

Brothers Fund, the Booth Ferris Foundation, the New York Foundation, the 

New York State Council on the Arts, 

the E.H.A. Foundation, the New York 

Community Trust, and the Samuel H. 

Kress Foundation. 

For additional information, contact 

Place Matters, c/o Municipal Art Society, 

457 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10022, 

e-mail: placematters@mas.org 

Saving the Allen Home 

Henry Allen, Sr. and his son Henry 

"Red" Allen, Jr. represent the jazz tradition of New Orleans, and more specifically the neighborhood of Algiers. Now, 

the Allen fa mily home is in dire need 

of restoration. 

Algiers is the home of the New Orleans 

Jazz Walk of Fame. Opened on April 13, 

2000, the park-like stretch offers a 
Phillips School Added to Nationa l Register 

Although a simple unassuming building, the Phillips School played a major role in the 

lives of African American children in the Emden area of Winn Parish, Louisiana, from 

1918-1955. The only educational opportunity available to blacks, the one-room, oneteacher school taught life skills such as discipline and cooking, as well as academic 

subjects like read ing and math. The Phillips School was added to the National Register 

February 1 o, 2000. Members of the nomination committee held a plaque dedication 

ceremony on May 6. 

Photo courtesy of the National Register of H1stonc Places Files 

commanding view of downtown New 

Orleans. The walk is lined with "singing 

lampposts" whi ch allow visito rs to listen to na rratives abo ut the city's most 

famo us musicians. The first of these 

lampposts, revea led at the o utset of the 

project in November 1997, was that 

of Henry "Red" Allen. Others, like 

Lester Young and Manuel Manetta are 

a pa rt of the musical fa mily borne of 

Algiers, as well, but the Allen Fami ly 

is indica tive of the bo nd of the community to the art form. "Red" Allen 

played with Joe "King" Olive r, and 

Louis Armstro ng, to international 

acclaim until his death in I 967. The 

senio r Allen led the Allen Brass Band 

fro m 1907 into the I 940s, with Oliver, 

Armstrong, and Stanley Bechet known 

to sit in o n occasion. His was the lo ngest 

continuo usly operating brass band 

under a single leader in New Orlea ns. 

Currently owned by members of the 

Allen fa mily, the Allen home is in 

a state of disrepair. The West Ba nk 

Historic Art and Music Preservatio n 

(WHAM P) has been negotiating with 

the fa mily in New York to purchase 

th e home and turn it into a neighborhood museum devoted to the legacy 

of both Henry Sr. and Henry Jr. The 

home has been pl aced o n a list of properties signifi cant to the histo ry of jazz 

in New Orleans, compiled by the 

Preservatio n Resource Center of New 

Orl eans (PRC). The project's attempt 

is to have not only the Allen home, 

but also the homes of o ther musicians, 

given historic designation status. 

For more information, call Annie Avery of 

the PRC at 504/523-4064, or Keith Jones 

of WHAMP at 504/361 -4424. 

River Road African 

American Museum 

Establjshed in 1994 by Katherine 

Hambrick, the River Road African 

Am erican Museum tells the story of 

black Lo uisiani ans and their history -

a subject too often previo usly ignored. 

The o ne-room museum, located in 

Ascension Pa rish o n Tezcuco Plantation, 

abo ut fo rty miles southeast of Ba to n 

Rogue, evokes an emo tio nal respo nse 

fro m many visitors. Operation Comeback's Assistant Director of Neighborhoods Annie Ave ry observed that the 

collectio n of artwo rk, objects, and 

photographs, "brings tea rs to some 

people's eyes. One picture was diffic ult 

to look at. It is large photo of a beaten 

slave's back. It looks like a roadmap -

some of the welts o n his back are as 

thi ck as fi ngers." 

The museum is also resource center. 

It ho uses census records for St. James 

Pa rish, slaves rosters fo r St. James and 

Ascension parishes, and a registry of 

African American Civil Wa r Anny 

Veterans fro m 1890. 

Currentl y, the museum is undergoing 

expansion, with the addition of two 

other sites to complement Tezcuco location. Central Elementary, a fou r-room 

schoolho use built in the I 930s to educa te black fa rmers and their children 

in St. James Parish, was recently divided 

in two and transpo rted across the 

Mississippi River to a location in Donaldsonville. It will house a permanent 

exhibit on rural educatio n in Louisiana. 

The museum also plans a jazz Heritage 

Plaza adjacent to the Central Elementary 

building. The plaza will host li ve jazz 

perfo rmances and sto rytelli ng - a nod 

to the nea rby True Friends Benevolent 

Society, where jazz musicians fro m 

ru ral communities traditionally came 

to play. The second site is located in 

Da rrow, just o ne mi le from Tezcuco. 

Four acres, do nated by Texaco, will 

host art and history camps. 

For more information call, 225/644-7955, 

e-mail: mailto:aamuseum@eatel.net 

Danzante Community 

Art Center 

Da nzante is a non-profit, inner city, arts 

based, juvenile delinquency preventio n, 

and educa tional community o rgan izatio n in residence fo r 20 years in the 

hea rt of the Hispa nic communi ty in 

Harrisburg, Pen nsylva nia. All of 

Danzante's programs and activities 

emphasize the complex and varied 

contributions of the three major 

cultures - the European (Spanish and 

Portuguese), the Africa n, and the Native 

Am eri can - whi ch make up the Latin 

American cultural matri x. The curriculum, teachi ng materials, specific dance 

fo rms, music, costumes, and thea tri ca l 

works are chosen to illustrate the wide 

va riety of cultural fo rms in Spain, the 

Ca ribbean, Mexico, the Amazo n 

Regio n, the Andean Regio n, and the 

Southern Cone. 

Within the fiscal yea r I 998- 1999, 

Danzante accomplished the fo llowing: 

■ It moved into its new community 

art center at 200 Crescent Street, Ha rrisburg, which provides space fo r the 

organiza tio n to continue fostering artistic, cultural, and educatio nal communica tio n and understanding between 

di ve rse racial and ethnic communities 

thro ughout Central Pennsylva nia. 

■ Danzante was com missio ned by the 

Whitaker Center fo r Sc ience and the 

Arts to develop a piece on physics 

and dance. 

■ It was one of 15 groups in Pennsylvania 

to receive an award from the Pennsylvania Project for Community Building to 

provide a community crime preventio n 

program, Art At Wo rk, that will teach 

entrepreneurial and employment skills 

to teenagers. 

■ In additio n, Danzante was one of 13 

arts o rganizations in the United States 

to receive an internatio nal exchange 

residency awa rd with Ireland and 

No rthern Ireland from Americans For 

The Arts to provide da nce and poetry 

programs to communi ty youth in 

Harrisburg and No rthern Ireland. 

■ In total, Danzante reached a total of 

37,869 individuals in the I 998/99 fiscal 

yea r thro ugh o ur community- based 

programs, arts in educatio n programs, 

performances, and wo rksho ps. 

For more information, contact 

Camille Erice at 717/232-2615, 

e-mail: camilleerice@paonline.com 

Cash Awards Available to 

Save Outdoor Sculpture! 

Seventy-o ne monuments and public 

sculptures in 40 states and the District 

of Columbia are o n the road to recovery thanks to conservation treatment 

awa rds totali ng $960,000. These awards 

are made possible through Save Outdoor Sculpture! (SOS!) with suppo rt 

fro m Ta rget Stores and the Natio nal 

Endowment for the Arts. The awa rds 

can help diverse gro ups preserve vestiges of their cultural heritage within 

the community. 

To be considered, the works must be 

artistically o r histo rica lly significant, 

in urgent need and owned by no nfedera l, non-collecting instit·utions, 

with two exceptions, public art agencies 

and federall y recogni zed tribal communities and tribes. Eligibility and review 

criteria a re mo re fully explained in the 

application. 

SOS! is a program of the Washington, 

DC-based Heritage Preservatio n O rganizatio n. The final deadline fo r the 

competitio n is November 30, 2000. 

For information and an application, 

call 1-888-SOS-SCULP (767-7285), 

e-mail: sos!2000@heritagepreservation.org 

page 9 
MATTERS 

Winner Chosen for the 

African Burial Ground 

Interpretive Center 

Design 

Congressman Charles Rangel of New 

York announced that a team, lead by 

ID! Construction Company, Inc., will 

design and build an interpretive center 

for the African Burial Ground at a 

press conference held by the General 

Services Administration on March 13, 

2000. "The !DI design/build team plays 

an important part in restoring the 

history of the only group of people 

brought to this country by force. And 

yet, in spite of all the hardships, these 

same people have played an extremely 

important role in bu ilding America," 

stated Congressman Rangel, member 

of the Ways and Means Committee 

Member of the U.S. House of Representatives. "The African Burial Ground 

Interpretive Center design provides an 

opportunity to reveal a legacy we can 

be proud of;' said the Congressman. 

On April 6th, 2000, the General 

Services Administration delivered a 

"Notice to Proceed" to the team lead 

by ID! Construction Company (ID!). 

"We want this interpretive center to be 

a ground-breaking exhibition," said 

Museum Studies Professor Gretchen 

SuUjvan Sorin, one of the team selection 

committee members. "We have great 

confidence in the team and we think 

the final design is going to be fabulous!" 

The primary concept for the African 

Burial Ground Interpretive center is 

"journey;' which symbolizes the physical movement and cultural dispersal 

defining the African "Diaspora." This 

journey unfolds in four phases: birth, 

maturity, death, and rebirth. These four 

phases are represented architecturally 

in four learning spaces: Orientation, 

Studio, Transformation, and Reclamation. 

The African Burial Ground, located just 

one block away from City Hall at 290 

Broadway, New York City, was used 

during the 1700's. It was long forgotten 

at the time of its re-discovery in 199 1 

during the pre-construction survey for 

the Foley Courthouse. A group African 

American New Yorkers worked with 

politicians including Mayor David 

Dinkins, Senator David Patterson, and 

Congressman Augustus Savage to prevent this discovery from slipping into 

oblivion. Legislation was passed by 

Congress, appropriating $3 million, to 

assure that a portion of the site would 

be reserved fo r a proper memorialization of the African Burial Ground. 

For more information about the African 

Burial Ground Interpretive Center, contact 

Elizabeth Geary-Archer at 21 2/726-8512, 

e-mail: ega@outoftheboxmarketing.net 

Using Comprehensive 

Plans to Protect Cultural 

Resources 

Wendy L. Price, Assistant Professor, 

Mary Washington College 

The need to protect cultural resources 

within diverse communities has led to 

increased activity on the local level. As 

local advocates undertake the process 

of preserving their cultural heritage, a 

comprehensive plan, outlined at the 

beginning, will provide the best method 

of ensuring those resources are adequately ca red for. 

Local preservation ordinances and designation of local historic districts have 

proven effective, but are not the only 

tools available to advocates. While survey docwnentation is always a vital step 

in identifying cultural resources, perhaps the most underutilized tool is the 

local comprehensive plan. In most 

jurisdictions, the comprehensive plan is 

considered an advisory or policy document. It does not have the force of law, 

but is used to gujde legislature to reflect 

the goal of the local planning policy in 

a legally enforceable way. 

To promote more widespread recognition and protection of resources in 

ruverse communities, surveys and 

research should be conducted to provide information for the historic 

preservation section of a comprehensive plan. Once such a document has 

been officially adopted by the local 

government, there is a very solid 

argument fo r amending the local 

preservation ordinance to specifically 

address, for example, the preservation 

of African-American resources or for 

designating a hjstorically black neighborhood as a local historic district. 

Frequently, there is a need fo r education on the part of local government 

offi cials as to the important role these 

resources played in the community's 

history. The key is to bring recognition 

to these resources before they are 

threatened, instilling a sense of appreciation that leads to acknowledgment 

and protection. 

For information, contact Wendy Price 

at wprice@mwc.edu 

C. B. King Honored with 

a Federal Courthouse 

In a small, private ceremony held at 

the White House on May 2, 2000, 

President Clinton signed into law a 

measure naming the federal courthouse in Albany, GA fo r Cheven Bowers 

King, an attorney active in the civil 

rights movement, who served as counsel to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 

C. B. King directed legal efforts to desegregate schools in southwest Georgia, 

as well as fighting to end segregated 

polling booths, implement equal employment practices in local government, and ensure blacks were adequately represented in jury selection. 

" It's a long time overdue," said U.S. 

Senator Max Cleland, a Senate sponsor 

of the bill. "It's a great tribute to a wonderful civil rights leader who put his 

life on the line several times:' 

King, no relation to Dr. King, Jr., was 

not a household name, but his work 

of behalf of those suffering under segregation led to him to being called 

"everybody's lawyer." "His tenacity was 

legendary. Once he entered the fray, you 

knew he would be in the thick of the 

battle until the end;' said Sanford 

Bishop, D-Albany. Bishop's communications director, Selby McCash 

added, "All of that occurred in southwest Georgia and much of his civil 

rights work occurred in the federal 

courthouse, which makes it a fi tting 

gesture to nam e it in his memory." King 

was the first recipient of the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. State Humanitarian 

Award fo r the state of Georgia. 

King's widow, Ca rol, said 'Tm really 

excited and grateful because he worked 

so hard and gave so much of his life to 

helping his brothers and sisters - be 

they black or white or whatever, this 

community and around Georgia." 

The information for this article was complied 

from the Associated Press, the Albany Herald, 

and the Atlanta Constitution. 
MATTERS 

Excavating the Boston 

Saloon Site in Virginia City 

Terri McBride, Archaeologist , 

Nevada State Historic 

Preservation Office 

The Comstock Archaeology Center 

excavated an African American sa loon 

site in Nevada during Summer 2000. 

The center will provide site tours a nd 

welcome public parti cipatio n during 

the project. 

The Boston Saloon, in Virgin ia City, 

Nevada , was an African Am erica n business that thri ved ca. 1864- 1875, during 

the boom caused by the discovery of 

the Comstock Lode in 1859. The lode 

in northern Nevada was one of the 

richest gold and silver deposits in history. Subsequently, tens o f thousands of 

immigrants arrived in Virginia City, 

hoping to make their fo rtune in the 

mines o r the thriving business distri cts; 

the substanti al mix of ethni cities and 

races made burgeoning Virgini a City a 

remarkably cosmopolitan community. 

Opened in 1864 by William A.G. 

Brown, o ri ginally of Massachusetts, the 

Bosto n Saloo n offered a social center 

fo r African Americans on the Comstock. 

The Boston Saloon site is cu rrentl y 

overl aid by an asphalt parking lot, in a 

well-preserved state. The excavatio n of 

a site occupied by African Americans 

in one of the natio n's largest histo ri c 

districts affords an oppo rtunity to fill 

an information ga p left in the predominantly white Euro-American written 

record. The resea rch at the Bosto n 

Saloon was conducted Jul y-August, 

2000, by the Comstock Archaeology 

Center, a private no n-pro fit corpo ration composed of archaeologists, historians, and other professionals. 

The Comstock Archaeology Center is 

committed to public archaeology, 

through the use of volunteers from the 

public, site tours, a nd the return of 

information ga ined through exhibits 

and other forms of public educa tion. 

The Bosto n Sa loon project provides a 

unique oppo rtunity to explore a segment of Ameri ca's diverse past, and the 

nineteenth-century African American 

experience in the Far West. 

For more information, contact 

Terri McBride at 775/684-3445, 

e-mail: tmcbride@clan.lib.nv. us 

Virginia City 4th Ward School 

The 1883 Graduating class of Virginia City 4th Ward School, included Clarence Sands, 

the first African American born in the community. 

Photo courtesy of University of Nevada-Reno, Special Collect1ons 

Standards and Practice 

for Historic Site 

Administration Available 

Heather Pa rme nter, 

Heritage Investment Program, 

Preservation Alliance for 

Greater Philadelphia 

The Tri-State Coalition o f Histori c 

Places, a consortium that serves nea rly 

300 historic sites in greater Philadelphia, 

published Standards and Practi ces 

for Historic Site Administratio n. The 

Standards and Practices were developed 

by a committee of seasoned professionals and volunteers who serve as executive directors, curators, and boa rd 

members al histo ric sites that va ry in 

ownership and management. The document is a va luable resource fo r diverse 

communities and their advoca tes. 

Throughout the development of the 

document, the Tri-State Coalition 

wo rked closely with the Heritage 

Investment Program, whi ch is administered by the Preservation Al liance for 

Grea ter Philadelphi a. Funded by The 

Pew Charitable Trusts, the Heritage 

Investment Program is a fo ur-yea r, 

$4. 175 millio n initiative that provides 

professional services and regrant funds 

to assist histori c sites. 

The Standards and Practices offer 

benchmarks of achievement in all areas 

of historic site administration including 

mission, governa nce, interpretation, 

and stewardship. The Standards and 

Practices present a blueprint fo r ac ti on 

as historic sites strive to recruit new 

board members, cultivate ties with 

funding sources, and reach out to their 

surrounding communities. The Stan -

dards and Practices are $ 12, plus $3 for 

shipping a nd handling. To order, send a 

check made payable to the Tri-State 

Coalition of Historic Places to the 

Preservation All iance for Greater 

Philadelphia, 1616 Walnut Street, Suite 

2 110, Philadelphia, PA 19 I 03. 

For information, contact Heather 

Parmenter at 215/546-1146, extension 13, 

e-mail: hparmenter@juno.com 

Caring for Your 

Family Treasures 

Cnri11gfor Your Fnmily Treasures will 

be ava ilable in bookstores this fal l. 

71-ensures is the third title in Washingto n, DC-based Heritage Preservation's 

accl aimed Cnri11g se ries. The new volume is a concise guide to ca ring for 

objects kept for sentimental interest in 

nearl y every home. With a n accessible, 

brief text and lots of photos, the book 

brings home the best advice from professio nal conservators for the ca re of 

prec ious family mementoes such as 

photo albums, home movies, scrapbooks, toys, quilts, and wedding dresses. 

Cn ri11g fo r Yo ur Fnmily 'frensures is 

uniq ue from other books because it is 

approved by professional conservators, 

covers a wide variety of materia ls and 

appea ls to a broad audience. 

For more information, contact 

Heritage Preservation at 888/388-6789, 

or http://www.heritagepreservation.org 

page 11 
MATTERS 

National Park Service 

1849 C Street, NW, Suite 350NC 

Washington, DC 20240 

October 2000 

page 1 

Nationa l Park Service Activities 

The Japanese American Theme Study 

National Register Outreach Programs: 

The Travel Itinerary Initiative 

Diversifying the National Register of 

Historic Places 

Lessons in Diversity 

Places of Cultural Memory Conference 

to be held in Atlanta 

Cultural Resources Diversity Internship 

Program Sponsors 12 Students in the 

Summer of 2000 

Gender and Cultural Diversity in the 

lntermountain Region 

The Underground Railroad Network 

to Freedom Program 

page 6 

Tribal Preservation 

Old Fort Apache: A Tribe's Struggle to Take 

the Best Parts of the Past into the Future 

THPOs Increase in Number 

Preserving Culture: The American Indian 

Council of Architects and Engineers 

page 8 

Community Initiatives 

Angel Island Receives $500,000 

to Preserve Barracks, Poetic Record 

Place Matters: A Project of the Municipal 

Art Society of New York and City Lore 

Saving the Allen Home 

River Road African American Museum 

Danzante Community Art Center 

Cash Awards Available to Save 

Outdoor Sculpture! 

page 10 

Federal/Local News 

Winner Chosen for the African Burial 

Ground Interpretive Center Design 

Using Comprehensive Plans 

to Protect Cultural Resources 

C. B. King Honored with 

a Federal Courthouse 

page 11 

Research, Reports, 

and Publications 

Excavating the Boston Saloon 

Site in Virginia City 

Standards and Practice for Historic 

Site Administration Available 

Caring for Your Family Treasures 

Mission of the National Park Service 

The National Park Service is dedicated to conserving unimpaired the natural and cultural 

resources and the values of the National Park 

System for the enjoyment, education and inspiration of this and future generations. The Service 

is also responsible for managing a great variety 

of national and international programs designed 

to help extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recrea~ 

tion throughout this country and the world. 

Heritage Matters , sponsored by the Cultural 

Resources Programs of the National Park 

Service, is published twice-a-year and is free 

of charge. Readers are invited to submit short 

articles and notices for inclusion. (Limit submissions to fewer than 400 words and include 

author's name and affiliation. Black and white 

photographs or slides are welcome. Photocopied images will not be accepted.) Please 

submit newsletter items in writing or electronically to: Brian D. Joyner, Editor, Heritage Matters , 

DOI/National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, 

Suite 350NC, Washington, DC 20240. Phone: 

202/343-1000, e-mail: Brian_Joyner@nps.gov 

The Newsletter was produced in cooperation 

with the National Park Foundation. 

V1s1t the new Web site for the NPS 

Cultural Resources D1vers1ty lnit1at1ve· 

www.cr.nps.gov/crdi