# Patent

## Title
Personal audio system and earphone for same

## Abstract

This invention was made with U.S. Government support under Veterans Administration Contract V674-P-857 and V674-P-1736 and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Research Grant No. NAG10-0040. The U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention.

## Background
Copyright .COPYRGT.1988 Central Institute for the Deaf. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document of the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

The present invention relates to a noise reduction circuit for a sound reproduction system and, more particularly, to an adaptive noise reduction circuit for a hearing aid.

A common complaint of hearing aid users is their inability to understand speech in a noisy environment. In the past, hearing aid users were limited to listening-in-noise strategies such as adjusting the overall gain via a volume control, adjusting the frequency response, or simply removing the hearing aid. More recent hearing aids have used noise reduction techniques based on, for example, the modification of the low frequency gain in response to noise. Typically, however, these strategies and techniques have not achieved as complete a removal of noise components from the audible range of sounds as desired.

In addition to reducing noise effectively, a practical ear-level hearing aid design must accommodate the power, size and microphone placement limitations dictated by current commercial hearing aid designs. While powerful digital signal processing techniques are available, they require considerable space and power such that most are not suitable for use in a hearing aid. Accordingly, there is a need for a noise reduction circuit that requires modest computational resources, that uses only a single microphone input, that has a large range of responses for different noise inputs, and that allows for the customization of the noise reduction according to a particular user's preferences.

Among the several objects of the present invention may be noted the provision of a noise reduction circuit which estimates the noise components in an input signal and reduces them; the provision of such a circuit which is small in size and which has minimal power requirements for use in a hearing aid; the provision of such a circuit having a frequency response which is adjustable according to a user's preference; the provision of such a circuit having a frequency response which is adjustable according to an expected noise environment; the provision of such a circuit having a gain which is adjustable according to a user's preference; the provision of such a circuit having a gain which is adjustable according to an existing noise environment; and the provision of such a circuit which produces a noise reduced output signal.

Generally, in one form the invention provides a noise reduction circuit for a sound reproduction system having a microphone for producing an input signal in response to sound in which noise components are present. The circuit includes an adaptive filter comprising a variable filter responsive to the input signal to produce a noise estimating signal and further comprising a first combining means responsive to the input signal and the noise-estimating signal to produce a composite signal. The parameters of the variable filter are varied in response to the composite signal to change its operating characteristics. The circuit further includes a second filter which responds to the noise-estimating signal to produce a modified noise-estimating signal and also includes means for delaying the input signal to produce a delayed signal. The circuit also includes a second combining means which is responsive to the delayed signal and the modified noise-estimating signal to produce a noise-reduced output signal. The variable filter may include means for continually sampling the input signal during predetermined time intervals to produce the noise-estimating signal. The circuit may be used with a digital input signal and may include a delaying means for delaying the input signal by an integer number of samples N to produce the delayed signal and may include a second filter comprising a symmetric FIR filter having a tap length of 2N+1 samples. The circuit may also include means for adjusting the amplitude of the modified noise-estimating signal.

Another form of the invention is a sound reproduction system having a microphone for producing an input signal in response to sound in which noise components are present and a variable filter which is responsive to the input signal to produce a noise-estimating signal. The system has a first combining means responsive to the input signal and the noise-estimating signal to produce a composite signal. The parameters of the variable filter are varied in response to the composite signal to change its operating characteristics. The system further comprises a second filter which responds responsive to the noise-estimating signal to produce a modified noise-estimating signal and also includes means for delaying the input signal to produce a delayed signal. The system additionally has a second combining means responsive to the delayed signal and the modified noise-estimating signal to produce a noise-reduced output signal and also has a transducer for producing sound with a reduced level of noise components as a function of the noise-reduced output signal. The variable filter may include means for continually sampling the input signal during predetermined time intervals to produce the noise-estimating signal. The system may be used with a digital input signal and may include a delaying means an for delaying the input signal by an integer number of samples N to produce the delayed signal and may include a second filter comprising a symmetric FIR filter having a tap length of 2N+1 samples. The system may also include means for adjusting the amplitude of the modified noise-estimating signal.

An additional form of the invention is a method of reducing noise components present in an input signal in the audible frequency range which comprises the steps of filtering the input signal with a variable filter to produce a noise-estimating signal and combining the input signal and the noise-estimating signal to produce a composite signal. The method further includes the steps of varying the parameters of the variable filter in response to the composite signal and filtering the noise-estimating signal according to predetermined parameters to produce a modified noise-estimating signal. The method also includes the steps of delaying the input signal to produce a delayed signal and combining the delayed signal and the modified noise-estimating signal to produce a noise-reduced output signal. The method may include a filter parameter varying step comprising the step of continually sampling the input signal and varying the parameters of said variable filter during predetermined time intervals. The method may be used with a digital input signal and may include a delaying step comprising delaying the input signal by an integer number of samples N to produce the delayed signal and may include a noise-estimating signal filtering step comprising filtering the noise-estimating signal with a symmetric FIR filter having a tap length of 2N+1 samples. The method may also include the step of selectively adjusting the amplitude of the modified noise-estimating signal.

Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a noise reduction circuit of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a sound reproduction system of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates the present invention embodied in a headset.

FIG. 4 illustrates a hardware implementation of the block diagram of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an analog hearing aid adopted for use with the present invention.

A noise reduction circuit of the present invention as it would be embodied in a hearing aid is generally indicated at reference numeral 10 in FIG. 1. Circuit 10 has an input 12 which may be any conventional source of an input signal such as a microphone, signal processor, or the like. Input 12 also includes an analog to digital converter (not shown) for analog inputs so that the signal transmitted over a line 14 is a digital signal. The input signal on line 14 is received by an N-sample delay circuit 16 for delaying the input signal by an integer number of samples N, an adaptive filter within dashed line 18, a delay 20 and a signal level adjuster 36.

Adaptive filter 18 includes a signal combiner 22, and a variable filter 24. Delay 20 receives the input signal from line 14 and outputs a signal on a line 26 which is similar to the input signal except that it is delayed by a predetermined number of samples. In practice, it has been found that the length of the delay introduced by delay 20 may be set according to a user's preference or in anticipation of an expected noise environment. The delayed signal on line 26 is received by variable filter 24. Variable filter 24 continually samples each data bit in the delayed input signal to produce a noise-estimating signal on a line 28 which is an estimate of the noise components present in the input signal on line 14. Alternatively, if one desires to reduce the signal processing requirements of circuit 10, variable filter 24 may be set to sample only a percentage of the samples in the delayed input signal. Signal combiner 22 receives the input signal from line 14 and receives the noise-estimating signal on line 28. Signal combiner 22 combines the two signals to produce an error signal carried by a line 30. Signal combiner 22 preferably takes the difference between the two signals.

Variable filter 24 receives the error signal on line 30. Variable filter 24 responds to the error signal by varying the filter parameters according to an algorithm. If the product of the error and delayed sample is positive, the filter parameter corresponding to the delayed sample is increased. If this product is negative, the filter parameter is decreased. This is done for each parameter. Variable filter 24 preferably uses a version of the LMS filter algorithm for adjusting the filter parameters in response to the error signal. The LMS filter algorithm is commonly understood by those skilled in the art and is more fully described in Widrow, Glover, McCool, Kaunitz, Williams, Hearn, Ziedler, Dong and Goodlin, Adaptive Noise Cancelling.: Principles and Applications, Proceedings of the IEEE, 63(12), 1692-1716 (1975), which is incorporated herein by reference. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other adaptive filters and algorithms could be used within the scope of the invention. The invention preferably embodies the binary version of the LMS algorithm. The binary version is similar to the traditional LMS algorithm with the exception that the binary version uses the sign of the error signal to update the filter parameters instead of the value of the error signal. In operation, variable filter 24 preferably has an adaption time constant on the order of several seconds. This time constant is used so that the output of variable filter 24 is an estimate of the persisting or stationary noise components present in the input signal on line 14. This time constant prevents the system from adapting and cancelling incoming transient signals and speech energy which change many times during the period of one time constant. The time constant is determined by the parameter update rate and parameter update value.

A filter 32 receives tile noise estimating signal from variable filter 24 and produces a modified noise-estimating signal. Filter 32 has preselected filter parameters which may be set as a function of the user's hearing impairment or as a function of an expected noise environment. Filter 32 is used to select the frequencies over which circuit 10 operates to reduce noise. For example, if low frequencies cause trouble for the hearing impaired due to upward spread of masking, filter 32 may allow only the low frequency components of the noise estimating signal to pass. This would allow circuit 10 to remove the noise components through signal combiner 42 in the low frequencies. Likewise, if the user is troubled by higher frequencies, filter 32 may allow only the higher frequency components of the noise-estimating signal to pass which reduces the output via signal combiner 42. In practice, it has been found that there are few absolute rules and that the final setting of the parameters in filter 32 should be determined on the basis of the user's preference.

When circuit 10 is used in a hearing aid, the parameters of filter 32 are determined according to the user's preferences during tile fitting session for the hearing aid. The hearing aid preferably includes a connector and a data link as shown in FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,082 for setting the parameters of filter 32 during the fitting session. The fitting session is preferably conducted as more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,082, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Filter 32 outputs the modified noise-estimating signal on a line 34 which is received by a signal level adjuster 36. Signal level adjuster 36 adjusts the amplitude of the modified noise-estimating signal to produce an amplitude adjusted signal on a line 38. If adjuster 36 is manually operated, the user can reduce the amplitude of the modified noise-estimating signal during quiet times when there is less need for circuit 10. Likewise, the user can allow the full modified-noise estimating signal to pass during noisy times. It is also within the scope of the invention to provide for the automatic control of signal level adjuster 36. This is done by having signal level adjuster 36 sense the minimum threshold level of the signal received from input 12 over line 14. When the minimum threshold level is large, it indicates a noisy environment which suggests full output of the modified noise-estimating signal. When the minimum threshold level is small, it indicates a quiet environment which suggests that the modified noise-estimating signal should be reduced. For intermediate conditions, intermediate adjustments are set for signal level adjuster 36.

N-sample delay 16 receives the input signal from input 12 and outputs the signal delayed by N-samples on a line 40. A signal combiner 42 combines the delayed signal on line 40 with the amplitude adjusted signal on line 38 to produce a noise-reduced output signal via line 43 at an output 44. Signal combiner 42 preferably takes the difference between the two signals. This operation of signal combiner 42 cancels signal components that are present both in the N-sample delayed signal and the filtered signal on line 38. The numeric value of N in N-sample delay 16 is determined by the tap length of filter 32, which is a symmetric FIR filter with a delay of N-Samples. For a given tap length L, L=2N+1. The use of this equation ensures that proper timing is maintained between the output of N-sample delay 16 and the output of filter 32.

When used in a hearing aid, noise reduction circuit 10 may be connected in series with commonly found filters, amplifiers and signal processors. FIG. 2 shows a block diagram for using circuit 10 of FIG. 1 as the first signal processing stage in a hearing aid 100. Common reference numerals are used in the figures as appropriate. FIG. 2 shows a microphone 50 which is positioned to produce an input signal in response

PATENT to sound external to hearing aid 100 by conventional means. An analog to digital converter 52 receives the input signal and converts it to a digital signal. Noise reduction circuit 10 receives the digital signal and reduces the noise components in it as more fully described in FIG. 1 and the accompanying text. A signal processor 54 receives the noise reduced output signal from circuit 10. Signal processor 54 may be any one or more of the commonly available signal processing circuits available for processing digital signals in hearing aids. For example, signal processor 54 may include the filter-limit-filter structure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,082. Signal processor 54 may also include any combination of the other commonly found amplifier or filter stages available for use in a hearing aid. After the digital signal has passed through the final stage of signal processing, a digital to analog converter 56 converts the signal to an analog signal for use by a transducer 58 in producing sound as a function of the noise reduced signal.

In addition to use in a traditional hearing aid, the present invention may be used in other applications requiring the removal of stationary noise components from a signal. For example, the work environment in a factory may include background noise such as fan or motor noise. FIG. 3 shows circuit 10 of FIG. 1 installed in a headset 110 to be worn over the ears by a worker or in the worker's helmet for reducing the fan or motor noise. Headset 110 includes a microphone 50 for detecting sound in the work place. Microphone 50 is connected by wires (not shown) to a circuit 112. Circuit 112 includes the analog to digital converter 52, noise reduction circuit 10 and digital to analog converter 56 of FIG. 2. Circuit 112 thereby reduces the noise components present in the signal produced by microphone 50. Those skilled in the art will recognize that circuit 112 may also include other signal processing as that found in signal processor 54 of FIG. 2. Headset 110 also includes a transducer 58 for producing sound as a function of the noise reduced signal produced by circuit 112.

FIG. 4 shows a hardware implementation 120 of an embodiment of the invention and, in particular, it shows an implementation of the block diagram of FIG. 2, but simplified to unity gain function with the omission of signal processor 54. Hardware 120 includes a digital signal processing board 122 comprised of a TMS 32040 14-bit analog to digital and digital to analog converter 126, a TMS 32010 digital signal processor 128, and an EPROM and RAM memory 130, which operates in real time at a sampling rate of 12.5 khz. Component 126 combines the functions of converters 52 and 56 of FIG. 2 while 128 is a digital signal processor that executes the program in EPROM program memory 130 to provide the noise reduction functions of the noise reduction circuitry 10. Hardware 120 includes an ear module 123 for inputting and outputting acoustic signals. Ear module 123 preferably comprises a Knowles EK 3024 microphone and preamplifier 124 and a Knowles ED 1932 receiver 134 packaged in a typical behind the ear hearing aid case. Thus microphone and preamplifier 124 and receiver 134 provide the functions of microphone 50 and transducer 58 of FIG. 2.

Circuit 130 includes EPROM program memory for implementing the noise reduction circuit 10 of FIG. 1 through computer program "NRDEF.320" which is set forth in Appendix A hereto and incorporated herein by reference. The NRDEF.320 program preferably uses linear arithmetic and linear adaptive coefficient quantization in processing the input signal. Control of the processing is accomplished using the serial port communication routines installed in the program.

In operation, the NRDEF.320 program implements noise reduction circuit 10 of FIG. 1 in software. The reference characters used in FIG. 1 are repeated in the following description of FIG. 4 to correlate the block from FIG. 1 with the corresponding software routine in the NRDEF.320 program which implements the block. Accordingly, the NRDEF.320 program implements a 6 tap variable filter 24 with a single delay 20 in the variable filter path. Variable filter 24 is driven by the error signal generated by subtracting the variable filter output from the input signal. Based on the signs of the error signal and corresponding data value, the coefficient of variable filter 24 to be updated is incremented or decremented by a single least significant bit. The error signal is used only to update the coefficients of variable filter 24, and is not used in further processing. The noise estimate output from the variable filter 24 is low pass filtered by an 11 tap linear phase filter 32. This lowpass filtered noise estimate is then scaled by a multiplier (default=1) and subtracted from the input signal delayed 5 samples to produce a noise-reduced output signal.

FIG. 5 illustrates the use of the present invention with a traditional analog hearing aid. FIG. 5 includes an analog to digital converter 52, an acoustic noise reduction circuit 10, and a digital to analog converter 56, all as described above. Circuit 10 and converters 52 and 56 are preferably mounted in an integrated circuit chipset by conventional means for connection,between a microphone 50 and an amplifier 57 in the hearing aid.

In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.

As various changes could be made in the above constructions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. ##SPC1##

## Claims

1. A noise reduction circuit for a sound reproduction system having a microphone for producing an input signal in response to sound in which a noise component is present, said circuit comprising: signal for producing a noise-estimating signal and further including a first combining means responsive to the input signal and the noise-estimating signal for producing a composite signal; composite signal to change the operating characteristics thereof; filtered noise-estimating signal; noise-estimating signal to attenuate noise components in the delayed signal and for producing a noise-reduced output signal.

2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein the variable filter comprises means for sampling a percentage of the input signal to produce the noise-estimating signal which is a function of the noise components during said time intervals.

3. The circuit of claim 1 or 2 wherein the input signal is a digital signal; wherein the delaying means comprises means for delaying the input signal by an integer number of samples N to produce the delayed signal; and wherein the second filter comprises a symmetric FIR filter having a tap length of 2N+1 samples.

4. The circuit of claim 1 or 2 further comprising means for adjusting the amplitude of the filtered noise-estimating signal to produce an amplitude adjusted signal, and wherein the second combining means is responsive to the delayed input signal and the amplitude adjusted signal.

5. The circuit of claim 4 wherein the input signal is a digital signal and wherein the circuit further comprises means for delaying the input signal by a preset number of samples to produce a preset delayed signal; and wherein the variable filter is responsive to the preset delayed signal to produce the noise-estimating signal.

6. The circuit of claim 1 or 2 wherein the first combining means comprises means for taking the difference between the input signal and the noise-estimating signal and wherein the second combining means comprises means for taking the difference between the delayed input signal and the filtered noise-estimating signal.

7. The circuit of claim 1 or 2 wherein the input signal is a digital signal and wherein the circuit further comprises means for delaying the input signal by a preset number of samples to produce a preset delayed signal, and wherein the variable filter is responsive to the preset delayed signal to produce the noise-estimating signal.

8. The circuit of claim 1 or 2 wherein the sound reproduction system is a hearing aid for use by the hearing impaired and wherein the second filter has filter parameters which are selected as a function of a user's hearing impairment.

9. The circuit of claim 1 or 2 wherein the second filter has filter parameters which are selected as a function of expected noise components.

10. A sound reproduction system comprising: noise components are present; noise-estimating signal; noise-estimating signal for producing a composite signal; composite signal to change the operating characteristics thereof; filtered noise-estimating signal; noise-estimating signal to attenuate noise components in the delayed signal and for producing a noise-reduced output signal; and as a function of the noise-reduced output signal.

11. The system of claim 10 wherein the variable filter comprises means for sampling a percentage of the input signal to produce the noise-estimating signal which is a function of the noise component during said time intervals.

12. The system of claim 10 or 11 wherein the input signal is a digital signal; wherein the delaying means comprises means for delaying the input signal by an integer number of samples N to produce the delayed signal; and wherein the second filter comprises a symmetric FIR filter having a tap length of 2N+1 samples.

13. The system of claim 10 or 11 further comprising means for adjusting the amplitude of the filtered noise-estimating signal to produce an amplitude adjusted signal, and wherein tile second combining means is responsive to the delayed input signal and the amplitude adjusted signal.

14. The system of claim 13 wherein the input signal is a digital signal and wherein the system further comprises means for delaying the input signal by one sample to produce a predetermined delayed signal; and wherein the variable filter is responsive to the predetermined delayed signal to produce the noise-estimating signal.

15. The system of claim 10 or 11 wherein the first combining means comprises means for taking the difference between tile input signal and the noise-estimating signal and wherein the second combining means comprises means for taking the difference between the delayed input signal and the filtered noise-estimating signal.

16. The system of claim 10 or 11 wherein the input signal is a digital signal and wherein the system further comprises means for delaying the input signal by one sample to produce a predetermined delayed signal; and wherein the variable filter is responsive to the predetermined delayed signal to produce the noise-estimating signal.

17. The system of claim 10 or 11 wherein the sound reproduction system is a hearing aid for use by the hearing impaired and wherein the second filter has filter parameters which are selected as function of a user's hearing impairment.

18. The system of claim 10 or 11 wherein the second filter has filter parameters which are selected as a function of expected noise components.

19. A method of reducing noise components present in an input signal in the audible frequency range comprising the steps of: noise-estimating signal; composite signal; signal; to produce a filtered noise-estimating signal; attenuate noise components in the delayed signal to produce a noise-reduced output signal.

20. The method of claim 19 wherein the filter parameter varying step comprises the step of continually sampling the input signal and varying the parameters of said variable filter during predetermined time intervals, whereby said variable filter produces the noise-estimating signal which is a function of the noise components during said time intervals.

21. The method of claim 19 or 20 wherein the input signal is a digital signal; wherein the delaying step comprises delaying the input signal by an integer number of samples N to produce the delayed signal; and wherein the noise-estimating signal filtering step comprises filtering the noise-estimating signal with a symmetric FIR filter having a tap length of 2N+1 samples.

22. The method of claim 19 or 20 further comprising the step of selectively adjusting the amplitude of the filtered noise-estimating signal to produce an amplitude-adjusted signal, and wherein the second stated combining step comprises combining the delayed signal and the amplitude-adjusted signal.

23. The method of claim 22 wherein the input signal is a digital signal and wherein the method further comprises the step of delaying the input signal by a predetermined number of samples to produce a predetermined delayed signal; and wherein the first stated filtering step comprises filtering the predetermined delayed signal to produce the noise-estimating signal.

24. The method of claim 19 or 20 wherein the first stated combining step comprises taking the difference between the input signal and the noise-estimating signal and wherein the second stated combining step comprises taking the difference between the delayed input signal and the filtered noise-estimating signal.

25. The method of claim 19 or 20 wherein the input signal is a digital signal and wherein the method further comprises the step of delaying the input signal by a predetermined number of samples to produce a predetermined delayed signal; and wherein the first stated filtering step comprises filtering the predetermined delayed signal to produce the noise-estimating signal.

26. The method of claim 19 or 20 as utilized in a sound reproduction system for use by the hearing impaired and wherein the noise-estimating signal filtering step comprises selecting the predetermined filter parameters as a function of a user's hearing impairment.

27. The method of claim 19 or 20 wherein the noise-estimating signal filtering step comprises selecting the predetermined filter parameters as a function of expected noise components.

28. The method of claim 22 wherein the step of adjusting the amplitude of the filtered noise-estimating signal comprises the step of making the adjustment as a function of the amplitude of the input signal.

29. The system of claim 10 or 11 further comprising a headband for a user's head and wherein the transducer is positioned on the headband adjacent the user's ear.

30. A hearing aid comprising: noise components are present; noise-estimating signal; noise-estimating signal for producing a composite signal; composite signal to change the operating characteristics thereof; filtered noise-estimating signal; noise-estimating signal to attenuate noise components in the delayed signal and for producing a noise-reduce output signal; and as a function of the noise-reduced output signal.

31. The hearing aid of claim 30 wherein the variable filter comprises means for sampling a percentage of the input signal to produce the noise-estimating signal which is a function of the noise components during said time intervals.

32. The hearing aid of claim 30 or 31 wherein the input signal is a digital signal; wherein the delaying means comprises means for delaying the input signal by an integer number of samples N to produce the delayed signal; and wherein the second filter comprises a symmetric FIR filter having a tap length of 2N+1 samples.

33. The hearing aid of claim 30 or 31 further comprising means for adjusting the amplitude of the filtered noise-estimating signal to produce an amplitude adjusted signal, and wherein the second combining means is responsive to the delayed input signal and the amplitude adjusted signal.

34. The hearing aid of claim 33 wherein the input signal is a digital signal and wherein the hearing aid further comprises means for delaying the input signal by one sample to produce a predetermined delayed signal; and wherein the variable filter is responsive to the predetermined delayed signal to produce the noise-estimating signal.

35. The hearing aid of claim 30 or 31 wherein the first combining means comprises means for taking the difference between the input signal and the noise-estimating signal and wherein the second combining means comprises means for taking the difference between the delayed input signal and the filtered noise-estimating signal.

36. The hearing aid of claim 30 or 31 wherein the input signal is a digital signal and wherein the hearing aid further comprises means for delaying the input signal by one sample to produce a predetermined delayed signal; and wherein the variable filter is responsive to the predetermined delayed signal to produce the noise-estimating signal.

37. The hearing aid of claim 30 or 31 for use by the hearing impaired and wherein the second filter has filter parameters which are selected as a function of a user's hearing impairment.

38. The hearing aid of claim 30 or 31 wherein the second filter has filter parameters which are selected as a function of expected noise components.

39. A noise reduction circuit for a sound reproduction system having a microphone for producing an input signal in response to sound in which a noise component is present, said circuit comprising: signal for producing a noise-estimating signal and further including a first combining means responsive to the input signal and the noise-estimating signal for producing a composite signal; composite signal to change the operating characteristics thereof; an amplitude adjusted signal; and adjusted signal to attenuate noise components in the input signal and for producing a noise-reduced output signal.