# Patent

## Title
Liquid level control system and carbonator

## Abstract

This application is a continuation-in-part of our co-pending application Ser. No. 449,781 filed Mar. 11, 1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,435, which itself is a continuation of Ser. No. 183,015 filed Sept. 23, 1971 now abandoned.

## Background
This invention relates to a method of evaporative heat exchange in which water from which heat is to be extracted is sprayed in such fashion as to induce concurrent air flow with resulting mixing, heat exchange and partial evaporation of the water and more particularly such a method in which the water is repeatedly sprayed in a series of stages each involving inducing a new supply of air to the heat exchange.

In general, an evaporative heat exchanger is designed to deal with certain load conditions which are imposed by the needs of the use to which the apparatus is put. These include volume of water to be cooled per unit time, the amount or range cooling of said water and air temperatures both absolute and relative to the temperatures of the water to be cooled.

To meet a higher load condition the designer of a conventional cooling tower has the option to increase the physical size of the unit or to a limited extent increase the air quantity with a resultant increase in input energy or both. In the case of an injector cooling tower (as described in application Ser. No. 144,853, filed in the U.S. Patent Office on May 19, 1971), much more flexibility is possible by changes in the pressure of the water spray, and therefore input energy to drive the water pumps.

Suprisingly it has been found, as a part of this invention, that with injector cooling towers one can meet higher designed heat load conditions wihout increase in equipment and without increase in input energy to drive the water pumps.

In an injector type cooling tower in which the water itself pumps the air, the air and water necessarily flow concurrently and therefore the initial temperature differences between the air and water tends to decrease as the fluids flow together through the apparatus. Since temperature difference has an effect on the efficiency of the heat exchange, it is apparent that this type of apparatus suffers from the effects of low temperature difference as the designed approach temperature is reached. Yet, according to the method of the present invention it is possible to reduce this effect of low temperature differential in injector type cooling towers by exposing the water to a series of stages thereby taking advantage of large air-water initial or entering temperature differences. This advantage along with the greatly increased heat transfer efficiencies achieved by series exposure to water and air dramatically decrease the size of unit necessary to deal with a particular heat load and without increase in pumping energy.

Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description thereof in conjunction with the annexed drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 is an isometric view of two injector type cooling towers connected to operate in accordance with the principles of the present invention; and

FIG. 2 is a graph in which physical size of the injector is plotted against heat loads to demonstrate the advantages of the method of the present invention in comparison to conventional methods.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a three stage cooling tower system connected to operate in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is an isometric view of two injector type cooling towers connected to operate similar to FIG. 1 but where the second pump is eliminated by utilizing gravity feed.

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of four injector type cooling towers connected to operate similar to FIG. 4 but where the capacity per unit height of the installation is maximized.

Referring first to FIG. 1, it will be seen that two injector type evaporative cooling towers are illustrated. The details of the injector towers of FIG. 1 are shown in application Ser. No. 144,853, filed May 19, 1971. While the units shown are structurally identical, to facilitate distinguishing them in the following discussion, the left unit as viewed in FIG. 1 will be referred to as the first stage whereas the right one will be referred to as the second stage. Reference numerals for like parts will bear the subscript "a"  when referring to the second stage.

Each unit of each stage comprises an air entry mouth 10, 10a, a throat 11, 11a, and downstream of the throat a diffusion or expansion region 12, 12a. Beyond the expansion region there is a bank of mist eliminators 13, 13a, and an air exhaust region, 14, 14a, provided with vanes 15, 15a to direct the exhausting air upwardly and outwardly from the apparatus.

Water to have heat extracted from it is pumped by a pump 16 from a heat load to header 17 of the first stage of the present method. Header 17 supplies a series of horizontal conduits 18 extending across the air entry mouth 10 of the unit. Each of the conduits 18 is provided with nozzles 19 spaced along its length. The water to have heat extracted from it is sprayed from these nozzles into the throat 11, and this has the effect of drawing in air from the surrounding atmosphere which thus constitutes the source of air for the present system. The air and water co-mingle, some of the water evaporates, the air is exhausted through the outlet 14 and the water is collected in a sump 20. This water is extracted from the sump 20, drawn through a pipe 21 by a pump 22 which delivers it to the manifold 17a of the second unit, said manifold 17a serving the pipes 18a each of which are provided with nozzles 19a in the manner of the first stage. The heat exchange process of the first stage is repeated in the second stage with the difference that the water supplied through the nozzles 19a is water which has already had heat extracted from it in passage through the first stage. The source of air for the two units is, however, the same so that water issuing from nozzles 19 and 19a is exposed to the same temperature air. The water issuing from the second unit is collected in a sump 20a and delivered through a pipe 23 to the heat load.

In order better to demonstrate the value of the multistage operations constituting the present invention, reference is made to the following examples.

Suppose a load of 100,000 GPM (gallons per minute) with a required water temperature reduction of 40.degree. F. from 125.degree. F. to 85.degree. F. Suppose also an ambient air wet bulb temperature of 72.degree. F. at entry (mouth 10 of FIG. 1). A single unit of the type shown in FIG. 1 adequate to deal with such a load would require a throat cross section area (11 of FIG. 1) of about 80,640 square feet and 2900 BHP (brake horsepower) with a 79.4.degree. F. wet bulb at exhaust (14 of FIG. 1). Such a unit is very large and proportionately expensive to build and maintain. Yet if instead of using such a unit, the staging method of the present invention is employed, the following dramatic reduction in size is achieved: First Stage Flow         100,000 GPM Load         125.degree. to 97.5.degree. F. Throat area  15,120 square feet Energy       1450 BHP Air temperature 72.degree. F. wet bulb at 10 of FIG. 1 Air temperature 90.1.degree. F. wet bulb at 14 of FIG. 1 Second Stage Flow         100,000 GPM Load         97.5.degree. to 85.degree. F. Throat area  15,120 square feet Energy       1450 BHP Air Temperature 72.degree. F. wet bulb at 10a of FIG. 1 Air temperature 81.2.degree. F. wet bulb at 14a of FIG. 1 ______________________________________

Throat area, first stage, 15,120 square feet+ throat area, second stage, 15,120 square feet= 30,240 square feet. Throat area single unit less sum of throat areas of stages 1 and 2 is: 80,640 square feet- 2(15,120)= 50,400 square feet or 62% saved in unit size by practicing the present method.

Thus, it is seen that the reduction in needed throat cross section is more than 50,000 square feet.

When two stages are connected in series as shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings it is apparent that energy is put into the water at two places. If half of the energy required by a large single unit is put in at each of these places the total will be the same. Brake horsepower is a function of pressure for any given flow (GPM); thus, if half the pressure is applied in each of two places in series the sum will be the same (1450 BHP+ 1450 BHP= 2900 BHP).

Hence, in this example, there is no increase in BHP along with a savings of 50,400 square feet in throat area or 62%.

A second example dealing with a much smaller water flow is further demonstrative of the savings in size to be achieved by practicing the present method: ______________________________________ Single Unit Flow              1000 GPM Load ##STR1## Throat area       360 square feet Energy            41.2 BHP Wet bulb air temperature at entry 78.degree. F. Wet bulb air temperature at exit 82.9.degree. F. First Stage Flow              1000 GPM Load              103 - 91.degree. F. Throat area       95 square feet Energy            20.6 BHP Wet bulb air temperature at entry 78.degree. F. Wet bulb air temperature at exit 87.6.degree. F. Second Stage Flow              1000 GPM Load              91 - 85.degree. F. Throat area       95 square feet Energy            20.6 BHP Wet bulb air temperature at entry 78.degree. F. Wet bulb air temperature at exit 82.9.degree. F. ______________________________________

Thus for this second example, there is achieved a savings of 170 square feet or about 47.2% in throat area at the same brake horsepower.

To illustrate further the effects of the present invention reference is made to FIG. 2. Here is plotted for both single and series staging of injector cooling towers, physical size index as the ordinate versus range as the abscissa. This plot is for a constant design approach temperature. To be sure that FIG. 2 and the examples above are understood, the term "range" is used to define the range of cooling to which the water is to be subjected. To cool water from 125.degree. to 100.degree. is a range of 25.degree.. The expression "approach temperature" means the difference between the wet bulb temperature of the entering air, see FIG. 1, mouths 10-10a, and the leaving water temperature, see FIG. 1 at sumps 20-20a.

In FIG. 2, the ordinate is an index of physical size. Since certain proportions are necessary in injector cooling towers, a practical index of size is the throat area if a venturi is used and if water is sprayed into a tube of uniform section then the area of that section is an index of size. Ts- Tf means simply range as defined above,

Thus, by staging, the input energy can be decreased substantially from that of the single unit before the value of the index of physical size of staging becomes equal to that of the single unit.

FIG. 1 illustrates two stages of cooling with the water in series, it is contemplated as a part of the invention that stages in excess of two will be used to meet certain operating conditions. As shown in FIG. 3 for example, there are provided three stages connected in series by a common water line 30 with individual pumps 32a, 32b and 32c interposed in the line 30 in advance of each stage.

In addition, the pumps in advance of the second and successive stages may be eliminated by mounting the first stage vertically above the second, the second above the third and so forth, and using the liquid head created to produce the operating pressure of the lower stage. This arrangement is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5.

FIG. 4 shows a two stage arrangement wherein the liquid feed to the second stage originates from a collecting sump in the upper stage and is transported by a downcomer of approximate height h to the lower stage. The operating pressure of the second stage is equivalent to h plus the sump operating level above it, less any frictional losses. The operating pressure is dependent on h and therefore versatility is possible by increasing or decreasing the distance h between stages to meet specific design conditions.

FIG. 5 shows two sets of two stage units. The first stage A is coupled with the second stage A in a manner similar to FIG. 4. The first stage B is also coupled to second stage B in a manner similar to FIG. 4. The insertion of the first stage B of height h between the two A stages serves to utilize this area. In comparing FIGS. 4 and 5; if the height of the stage is equal to h in FIG. 4, the total cooling capacity for a total height of 3 h in FIG. 4. is one half of that for FIG. 5 with a height of 4 h. Therefore by inserting stages between the stages the capacity can be doubled for a 33% height increase. It should be recognized that first stages A and B are cooling in parallel relationship and second stages A and B also are cooling in parallel relationship.

The arrangements shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 can be advantageous when compared to FIGS. 1 and 3. The pump arrangement of FIGS. 1 and 3 require that all the pumps be handling identical flow rates otherwise overflowing or pumping dry one of the sumps can occur. By gravity feed, a constant flow rate from the pump to the first stage, first stage to second stage, second stage to successive stages is assured.

The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics hereof. The embodiment and the modification described are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.

## Claims

1. A multiple stage injector type liquid cooling system comprising first and second injector type liquid cooling units with each unit itself containing two or more individual units, said first unit being above said second unit, each of the individual units of said first unit containing a confined region having an end open to a source of first gas at a wet bulb temperature lower than that of the spray liquid, liquid spray means positioned to direct liquid sprays into said confined regions to induce flow of first gas from said source therethrough for mixing and partial evaporation of said liquid, separator means positioned in said confined regions downstream of said liquid spray means for separating said liquid from said first gas exiting from said confined regions, liquid collection means positioned below said separator means to collect the separated liquid at a first temperature above the wet bulb temperature of the separated first gas, gravity flow means for passing the liquid from the liquid collection means of each individual unit in the first unit to the liquid spray means of an individual unit in the second unit, each of said individual units of said second unit containing a confined region having an open end to a source of second gas at a wet bulb temperature no higher that that of the first gas at said first mentioned source, said liquid spray means of said confined regions in each of said individual cooling units of said second unit being positioned to cause said sprays to induce flow of said second gas from said source into said confined regions for mixing and partial evaporation of said liquid, separator means in said confined regions of each of said individual cooling units of said second unit positioned in said confined region downstream of said liquid spray means for separating said second gas and liquid and liquid collection means positioned below said separator means in said confined regions of each of said individual units of said second unit for collecting the liquid at a second temperature above the wet bulb temperature of the separated second gas but below the wet bulb temperature of the separated first gas, the combined total cross sectional area at the open ends of said confined regions being less than the cross sectional area of a single similar confined region capable of cooling said liquid to said second temperature.

2. A multiple stage injector type liquid cooling system comprising four injector type liquid cooling units stacked one above the other, the first being on the lowest level and the fourth on the highest level, said units four and three each containing a confined region having an end open to a source of first gas at a wet bulb temperature lower than that of the spray liquid, liquid spray means positioned to direct liquid sprays into said confined regions to induce a flow of first gas from said source therethrough for mixing and partial evaporation of said liquid, separator means positioned in said confined regions downstream of said liquid spray means for separating said liquid from said first gas exiting from said confined regions, liquid collection means positioned below said separator means to collect the separated liquid at a first temperature above the wet bulb temperature of the separated first gas, gravity means for passing the liquid from the liquid collection means of the fourth and third liquid cooling units to a liquid spray means of the second and first cooling units respectively, said second and first cooling units containing a confined region having an open end to a source of second gas at a wet bulb temperature no higher than that of the first gas at said first mentioned source, said liquid spray means of said confined region in said second and first cooling units being positioned to cause said sprays to induce flow of said second gas from said source into said confined region for mixing and partial evaporation of said liquid, separator means in said confined region of said second and first units positioned in said confined region downstream of said liquid spray means for separating said second gas and liquid and liquid collection means positioned below said separator means in said confined region of said second and first units for collecting the liquid at a second temperature above the wet bulb temperature of the separated second gas but below the wet bulb temperature of the separated first gas, the combined total cross sectional area at the open ends of all said confined regions being less than the cross sectional area at the open end of a single similar confined region capable of cooling said liquid to said second temperature.