Minerals Management Service – Alaska Region

U.S. Department of the Interior

Argonne National Laboratory 
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LITERATURE AND INFORMATION RELATED TO 

THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN OF ALASKA 

prepared by 

Environmental Science Division 

Argonne National Laboratory 

Argonne, Illinois 

for 

U.S. Department of Interior 

Minerals Management Service 

Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region 

Anchorage, Alaska 

MMS OCS 2007-066 

December 2007 
ii 
iii 

CONTENTS 

NOTATION........................................................................................................................... iv 

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 

2 OCEANOGRAPHY AND ECOSYSTEMS.................................................................... 3 

3 FISH AND FISHERIES .................................................................................................. 19 

4 SEABIRDS, SHOREBIRDS, AND WATERFOWL ...................................................... 37 

5 MARINE MAMMALS.................................................................................................... 55 

6 SOCIOECONOMICS AND SUBSISTENCE................................................................. 83 

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................ 85 

 7.1. Oceanography and Ecosystems.............................................................................. 85 

 7.2. Fish and Fisheries .................................................................................................. 95 

 7.3. Seabirds, Shorebirds, and Waterfowl..................................................................... 108 

 7.4. Marine Mammals................................................................................................... 121 

 7.5. Socioeconomics and Subsistence........................................................................... 140 

TABLES 

1 Publications from 1996 to 2006 Related to Oceanography and Ecosystems 

 of the North Aleutian Basin ............................................................................................. 6 

2 Publications from 1996 to 2006 Related to Fish and Fisheries of the 

 North Aleutian Basin ....................................................................................................... 22

3 Publications from 1996 to 2006 Related to Seabirds, Shorebirds, and Waterfowl 

 of the North Aleutian Basin ............................................................................................. 40 

4 Publications from 1996 to 2006 Related to Marine Mammals of the 

 North Aleutian Basin ....................................................................................................... 59
iv 

NOTATION 

The following is a list of the acronyms, initialisms, and abbreviations used in this 

document. 

ADFG Alaska Department of Fish and Game 

ADNR Alaska Department of Natural Resources 

AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme 

Argonne Argonne National Laboratory 

ARRT Alaska Regional Response Team 

AYK-SSI Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative 

BESIS Bering Sea Impact Study 

BEST Bering Ecosystem Study 

BLM Bureau of Land Management 

CIFAR Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research 

CFEC Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission 

DOC U.S. Department of Commerce 

DOD U.S. Department of Defense 

DOI U.S. Department of Interior 

EIS environmental impact statement 

ESA Endangered Species Act 

FWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

GIS geographic information system 

IAI Impact Assessment, Inc. 

MMPA Marine Mammal Protection Act 

MMS Minerals Management Service 

NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service 

NOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration 

NPRB North Pacific Research Board 

OCS Outer Continental Shelf 

UBC University of British Columbia 

USGS U.S. Geological Survey 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 1 December 2007 

Information Summary 

LITERATURE AND INFORMATION RELATED TO 

THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN OF ALASKA 

prepared by 

Elisabeth A. Stull, Ihor Hlohowskyj, and Kirk E. LaGory 

Environmental Science Division 

Argonne National Laboratory 

Argonne, Illinois 

1 INTRODUCTION 

 The North Aleutian Basin Planning Area of the Minerals Management Service (MMS) is 

a large geographic area with significant natural resources. The Basin includes most of the 

southeastern part of the Bering Sea Outer Continental Shelf, including all of Bristol Bay. The 

area supports important habitat for a wide variety of species and globally significant habitat for 

birds and marine mammals, including a number of federally listed species. Villages and 

communities of the Alaska Peninsula and other areas bordering or near the Basin rely on its 

natural resources (especially commercial and subsistence fishing) for much of their sustenance 

and livelihood. The offshore area of the North Aleutian Basin is considered to have important 

hydrocarbon reserves, especially natural gas. 

 In 2006, the MMS released a draft proposed program, Outer Continental Shelf Oil and 

Gas Leasing Program, 2007–2012 and an accompanying draft programmatic environmental 

impact statement (EIS). The draft proposed program identified two lease sales proposed in the 

North Aleutian Basin in 2010 and 2012, subject to restrictions. The area proposed for leasing in 

the Basin was restricted to the Sale 92 Area in the southwestern portion. The proposed final 

program published in April 2007 scheduled only one sale in the North Aleutian Basin in 2011. 

Additional EISs will be needed to evaluate the potential effects of specific lease actions, 

exploration activities, and development and production plans in the Basin. A full range of 

updated multidisciplinary scientific information will be needed to address oceanography, fate 

and effects of oil spills, marine ecosystems, fish, fisheries, birds, marine mammals, 

socioeconomics, and subsistence in the Basin. 

 Scientific staff at Argonne National Laboratory were contracted to assist MMS with 

identifying and prioritizing information needs related to potential future oil and gas leasing and 

development activities in the North Aleutian Basin. Argonne focused on three related tasks: 

(1) identify and gather relevant literature published since 1996, (2) synthesize and summarize the 

literature, and (3) identify and prioritize remaining information needs. To assist in the latter task, 

MMS convened the North Aleutian Basin Information Status and Research Planning Meeting 

(the Planning Meeting) in Anchorage, Alaska, from November 28 through December 1, 2006. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 2 December 2007 

Information Summary 

That meeting and its results are described in Proceedings of the North Aleutian Basin 

Information Status and Research Planning Meeting (the Planning Meeting report)1. 

 Citations for recent literature (1996–2006) that could provide information to support an 

assessment of the impacts of oil and gas development on natural, cultural, and socioeconomic 

resources in the North Aleutian Basin were entered in a database. The database, a series of 

Microsoft Excel spreadsheets with links to many of the reference materials, was provided to 

MMS prior to the Planning Meeting and was made available for participants to use during the 

meeting. Many types of references were identified and collected from the literature, such as 

workshop and symposium proceedings, personal web pages, web pages of government and 

nongovernmental organizations, EISs, books and articles reporting research results, regulatory 

documents, technical reports, newspaper and newsletter articles, and theses and dissertations. 

The current report provides (1) a brief overview of the literature; (2) descriptions (in tabular 

form) of the databased references, including geographic area covered, topic, and species (where 

relevant); (3) synopses of the contents of the referenced documents and web pages; and (4) a full 

citation for each reference. 

 At the Planning Meeting, subject matter experts with research experience in the North 

Aleutian Basin presented overviews of the area’s resources, including oceanography, fish and 

shellfish populations, federal fisheries, commercial fishery economics, community 

socioeconomics, subsistence, seabirds and shorebirds, waterfowl, seals and sea lions, cetaceans, 

sea otters, and walruses. These presentations characterized the status of the resource, the current 

state of knowledge on the topic, and information needs related to an assessment of the effects of 

oil and gas development. An overview of each presentation and the presentation materials used 

at the meeting are provided in the Planning Meeting report. The reader should refer to that report 

as well as to the information presented in the current report for a more complete understanding of 

each resource. 

 

1

 LaGory, K.E., J.R. Krummel, J.W. Hayse, I. Hlohowskyj, E.A. Stull, and L. Gorenflo. 2007. Proceedings of the 

North Aleutian Basin Information Status and Research Planning Meeting. OCS Study MMS 2007-031, U.S. 

Department of Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region, Anchorage, Alaska. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 3 December 2007 

Information Summary 

2 OCEANOGRAPHY AND ECOSYSTEMS 

 This overview of information on oceanography and ecosystems of the North Aleutian 

Basin and southeastern Bering Sea is based on a collection of about 120 reports, research papers, 

and web-published materials dated from 1996 to 2006. Some literature on oceanography and 

ecosystems for areas outside the southeastern Bering Sea is included because the information is 

relevant to conditions in the North Aleutian Basin. Examples are the effects of the ice edge on 

oceanographic parameters, oceanographic effects of climate variability, regime shift (rapid 

reorganization of an ecosystem from one relatively stable state to another), pollutants, and 

general circulation. A summary of model results related to circulation patterns, water mass 

distribution, and transport in the North Aleutian Basin was presented at the Planning Meeting by 

Wieslaw Maslowski of the Naval Postgraduate School. Application of this model to assessments 

of oil and gas development and information needed to improve the model were also provided. 

 Information on oceanography collected for the current report covers the following topics: 

physical oceanography (bathymetry, circulation, temperature, density, salinity, tides, and 

currents), chemical oceanography (nutrients and pollutants), benthos, biological oceanography 

(productivity, plankton, ecosystems and trophic structure), and coastal areas (shallow water, 

lagoons, estuaries, and islands). Table 1 summarizes the content of recent publications; full 

citations for these references are presented in Section 7.1. 

 In 1997, the bathymetry of the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea was published by the U.S. 

Geological Survey (USGS), and in 2005 the USGS published a database on the coastal 

bathymetry that included the Bering Sea. Recent publications of circulation have included 

regional circulation of the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, coastal currents near the Alaska 

Peninsula and Aleutian Islands, and more detailed studies of currents, turbulence, and fronts 

associated with Aleutian passes. Physical features studied include water transport, water origins, 

circulation (at the surface, intermediate depths, in deep waters, and over the Bering shelf), 

currents, gyres, fronts, tides, flow at the shelf edge, sea ice, and cold pools. 

 Climate and weather studies of the Bering Sea include the effects of solar radiation and 

temperature on sea ice and ocean circulation, and the formation of the cold pool. A sea ice atlas 

has been developed for Alaska and is periodically updated. Weather and climate have been 

evaluated in terms of biological oceanography and the organization of ecosystems. Historical 

data on sea surface temperatures have been studied for interannual changes in weather and 

climate. Modeling studies of water-column mixing have been interpreted in relation to nutrients 

and productivity. 

 Studies of physical oceanography of the Bering Sea have emphasized regional ocean 

circulation, primarily from data obtained in the summer. Evaluations of the potential effects of 

impacts from oil and gas exploration, development, and operations, as well as potential pollutant 

discharges, require circulation data on a relatively local scale and at all seasons of the year. More 

in-depth knowledge of the mechanisms of tidal effects in nearshore areas also is needed for an 

assessment of potential oil and gas development impacts in these nearshore areas. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 4 December 2007 

Information Summary 

 Distribution and transport of nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica), carbon, and 

pollutants have been studied in relation to global climate, circulation, open water currents, 

currents in island passes, water column mixing, the ice edge, cold pools, circulation over the 

shelf, and planktonic productivity. Studies of organic and inorganic pollutants in the Bering Sea 

have included measurements of concentrations in seawater and biota, special distribution and 

transport, and pathways of distribution. 

 A large proportion of the shorebirds of the Western Hemisphere that breed in the Arctic 

use the coastal lagoons on the Aleutian Peninsula as staging areas during migration. Little 

information is available on the tides or currents into and out of these lagoons. These lagoons are 

close to areas of potential future development and should be studied. 

 The marine biology of the Bering Sea has been studied extensively in the last five years. 

Bacterial and viral production, turnover rate, and mortality rate have been measured. An 

experimental study investigated the ability of diatoms to alter the physical property of sea ice. 

The distribution of dinoflagellate cysts was interpreted with respect to sea surface temperature 

and sea ice. Phytoplankton studies have included measurements of primary productivity of the 

Bering Sea shelf edge, the time series of the spring bloom along the ice edge, and development 

of coccolithiphore populations responsible for altering water color. 

Studies relating productivity to climate have identified isotopic evidence for declining 

primary productivity in the Bering Sea. Secondary productivity research has looked at the 

biomass of gelatinous zooplankton, data on composition and abundance of zooplankton and 

ichthyoplankton, the importance of episodic weather events, and the importance of water masses 

and circulation. Zooplankton in the Aleutian passes has been discussed in relation to the 

influence of the Alaska Stream and Alaska Coastal Current. 

 Ecological organization of the Bering Sea has received a great deal of attention, including 

the role of sea ice in organizing the ecosystem. Trophic pathways have been investigated using 

fatty acid signatures. However, the Bering Sea ecosystem has recently experienced changes in 

climate and changes resulting from unusual meteorological conditions. Biomass and diversity 

calculations from fishery trawl data have been used to evaluate regime shifts in the Bering Sea. 

An oscillating-control hypothesis has been proposed to explain changes from bottom-up control 

of ecosystem function in cold regimes to top-down control in warm regimes. This hypothesis has 

been explored with respect to planktonic and benthic production, marine mammals, and fish. 

Various studies of the biological implication of regime shifts have been published. 

Regional atmospheric and hydrographic forcing is related to major changes in various 

components of the northern Bering Sea ecosystem. The effects of ecosystem change and regime 

status on fish population dynamics have been evaluated, emphasizing the walleye pollock 

(Theragra chalcogramma). Coordinated research efforts (e.g., the Bering Sea Ecosystem Study 

and the Bering-Aleutian Salmon International Survey) and workshops have been funded to study 

Bering Sea ecosystems, basin-shelf interactions, and regional changes associated with climate. 

 Studies of Bering Sea benthic environments have examined carbon cycling, the 

importance of echinoderms in carbon remineralization, benthic community organization, 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 5 December 2007 

Information Summary 

productivity and community interactions, the effects of onshore disturbances on offshore benthic 

communities, and sediment oxygen demand in the St. Lawrence Island polynya. The role of the 

Bering Strait in benthic productivity and carbon cycling also has been evaluated. 

 There appear to be no recent studies of contaminants in the sediments or the benthos in 

the potential lease areas of the North Aleutian Basin. This information would be important in 

assessing and monitoring the impacts from oil and gas exploration, development, and operations. 

Benthic organisms of this area include important fishery species, as well as species consumed by 

marine birds and mammals. 

 Studies of the coastal areas of the Bering Sea have investigated the effects of tidal 

currents, fronts, and transport through Aleutian passes on zooplankton and seabirds. The impacts 

of sediment load from land disturbance on nearshore ice and benthic communities also have been 

assessed. No recent information was found on the biota of nearshore and intertidal areas of the 

north shore of the Alaska Peninsula. This information is needed because development of oil and 

gas production and transportation facilities could affect these areas, and because these areas 

would be the areas potentially affected by any spills that may occur. 
TABLE 1. Publications from 1996 to 2006 Related to Oceanography and Ecosystems of the North Aleutian 

Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Abromaitis 2000 Bering Shelf Primary productivity This thesis discusses the primary productiv

Chukchi Sea shelves using stable isotope r

Alexander 1999 Bering Sea Research programs This paper presents an overview of interdi

Bering Sea ecosystems up to about 1997. 

AMAP 1998a Worldwide Climate This chapter presents an overview of clim

radiation, and its effect on the biosphere in 

AMAP 1998b Worldwide Pollutants This chapter discusses the pathways of po

high-latitude environments. 

AMAP 1998c Worldwide Physical This chapter gives a general description of 

geographical characteristic of high latitude

Ambrose et al. 2001 Chukchi Sea Benthos, chemistry Observations of high densities and respira

echinoderms support the conclusion that ethe benthic fauna of Arctic shelves and are remineralization. 

Arzhanova et al. 1996 Bering Sea Chemistry, primary 

productivity 

This paper assesses relationships between nutrients and primary production in the Be

Bailey 2000 Bering Sea Regime shift, secondary 

productivity 

Control of recruitment of walleye pollock in recent years from environmental effects control of juveniles. Ecosystem change anbe considered when evaluating mechanismpopulation dynamics. 

BESIS Project Office 1997 Bering Sea Climate, productivity This report considers the impacts of clima

Sea, including physical and biological par

BEST Planning Group 

2004 Bering Sea Research program This report discusses the development of a 

eastern Bering Sea Ecosystem. 

Bond and Overland 2005 Bering Sea Weather, circulation, 

primary productivity, secondary productivity 

This paper explores the importance of air-associated with episodic weather events to nutrients into the Bering Sea region and assecondary productivity. 
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Brodeur et al. 1999 Bering Sea Secondary productivity This paper reports a nearly 10-fold increas

zooplankton in the Bering Sea from the 19evaluates hypotheses about the cause of th

Broerse et al. 2003 Bering Sea Physical oceanography This paper reports the source of wintertim

suspended particulate matter that reduces t

Budge et al. 2002 Bering Sea Primary productivity, sea ice This presentation used fatty acid signature

pathways of sea ice algae. 

Chen et al. 2003 Bering Sea Carbon flux This paper used isotopic ratios to evaluate 

export fluxes. 

Cherniawsky et al. 2005 Bering Strait Physical This paper reports the results of measuring 

using satellite altimetry. 

Chernyak et al. 1996 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Pollutants This paper reports observations of pesticid

air, ice, fog, seawater, and surface microlaChukchi Seas. 

CIFAR 2003 General Research program This report identifies studies funded in the 

2002/2003) of a cooperative agreement beInstitute for Arctic Research and the NatioAtmospheric Administration (NOAA). Reand publications listed. 

CIFAR 2004 General Research program This report identifies studies funded in the 

2003/2004) of a cooperative agreement beInstitute for Arctic Research and NOAA. Rand publications listed. 

CIFAR 2005 General Research program This report identifies studies funded in the 

2004/2005) of a cooperative agreement beInstitute for Arctic Research and NOAA. Rand publications listed. 

Cokelet and Stabeno 1997 Bering Sea Physical This paper reports mooring observation of 

density stratification, and currents in the sbasin. 
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Cokelet et al. 1996 Bering Sea Physical Acoustic doppler current profiler measurem

measure geotropic circulation in the Berin

Connors et al. 2002 Bering Sea Benthos, regime shift, ecosystem Data on Bering Sea bottom trawl surveys w

of regime shift and ecosystem reorganizat

Cooper et al. 2002 Bering Sea Primary productivity, 

sediment carbon flux 

Data on chlorophyll a and sediment oxygeevaluate whether UV radiation affects proLawrence Island polynya, a region of high 

Coyle 2005 Aleutian Islands Circulation, zooplankton Physical and biological (zooplankton) indi

identify the water masses prevalent in oceand central Aleutian Islands. The central pas an oceanic environment influenced by Awhile the eastern passes were influenced bCurrent. 

Doyle et al. 2002 Bering Sea, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Ichthyoplankton This paper examines data on ichthyoplank

southern Bering Sea, the Gulf of Alaska, acoast. 

Duffy-Anderson et al. 2006 Bering Sea Ichthyoplankton This paper analyzed spatial and temporal p

ichthyoplankton assemblages on the easterinterpreted them in relation to water masse

Gradinger and Bluhm 2005 Beaufort Sea Disturbance This paper discusses the impact of sedime

and benthic communities. Implications for disturbances on nearshore communities ar

Grebmeier 1999 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Ecosystems, benthic productivity 

This paper discusses the role of the Bering productivity and carbon cycling. 

Grebmeier 2006 Beaufort Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Research programs, ecosystems 

This website describes the Western Arctic Interactions Project. This project investigachange and the physical, chemical, and bio

Grebmeier and Dunton 

2000 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Ecosystems, benthic productivity 

This paper discusses the high productivity Chukchi Seas and discusses benthic produinteractions. 
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Grebmeier et al. 2006 Bering Sea Productivity, regime shift This paper shows that northern Bering Sea 

away from the characteristics of extensive high water column and sediment carbon ppelagic-benthic coupling of organic producontemporaneous with changes in regionahydrographic forcing. Geographic displacemammal population distributions has coinbenthic prey populations, an increase in pesea ice, and an increase in air and ocean te

Hare and Mantua 2002 North Pacific, 

Bering Sea 

Regime shift, physical, biological, ecosystem 

This report evaluated 100 physical and bioidentify regime shifts in North Pacific and using atmospheric, terrestrial, oceanic, and 

Herman et al. 2002 Bering Sea Physical This paper describes an eddy-resolving cir

includes both tidal and subtidal dynamics Sea. Modeling results suggest that the pattthis area is strongly affected by both tidal 

Hoff 2006 Bering Sea Biological, regime shift Fishery trawl data were used to evaluate re

Bering Sea, using biomass data for diversi

Hunt et al. 2002 Bering Sea Physical, biological, 

regime shift 

This paper proposes the Oscillating Contropredicts that pelagic ecosystem function in Sea will alternate between primarily bottoregimes and primarily top-down control in discusses this hypothesis with regard to cloceanography, planktonic and benthic promammal and fish populations. 

Hunt and Stabeno 2002 Bering Sea Physical, biological, 

ecosystem 

This paper explores the relationships betwecosystems of the southeast Bering Sea. 

Hunt and Stabeno 2005 Aleutian Islands Physical, biological This paper discusses the differences in oce

of Samalga Pass. The authors conclude thaecological regions, and that there is high vand short time scales. 
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Huntington 2000 Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea Climate, physical, biological This report is a compendium of papers dis

changes in climate and sea ice in the Berinon the marine environment presented at thMammal Commission workshop on chang

Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee 

2005 General Research programs This website maintained by the National S

Office of Polar Programs, provides links tpublication Arctic Research of the United 

Jin et al. 2006 Bering Sea Modeling, primary 

production 

A vertically one-dimensional ecosystem mapplied to the southeastern Bering Sea midsimulation studies showed the effects of tistirring, and thermal stratification on the tithe phytoplankton bloom and gross and ne

Johnson et al. 2004 Bering Sea, 

Aleutian Basin 

Physical Mean circulation and water properties with

the Bering Sea were investigated using hysubsurface pressure displacement data from profiling conductivity-temperature-depth fthe deep signature of the Bering Slope CurSlope Current, and the Bering Slope Currewere derived from the data. 

Kachel et al. 2002 Bering Sea Modeling, physical, primary 

production 

This paper describes the use of a model baand water-column mixing to explain the exassociated with fronts. Tidal and wind mixnutrient reservoir pump nutrients into the pprimary production. 

Kaltin and Anderson 2005 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Physical, chemical This paper presents an evaluation of the re

processes that influence the transport of catransported over the Bering-Chukchi Sea s

Khen 2005 Bering Sea Physical This paper analyzes the temperature, salin

the Bering Sea during 2002–2003.
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

King 2005 Bering Sea Regime shift, physical, biological, ecological This report provides an overview of fisher

responses to recent regime shifts in the Nodetailed chapter on recent changes in tempbiological, and ecosystem components of Sea. 

Kowalik 1999 Bering Sea Physical This paper describes tides and tidal currenKrembs et al. 2002 General Chemical, biological This poster session describes outdoor expe

a diatom to alter the physical properties of 

Ladd et al. 2005a Aleutian Islands Physical, chemical Water properties (salinity, temperature, an

through Aleutian Island passes. These data respect to water movement, origin, and nuPass was identified as the transition betwecentral Aleutian Islands 

Ladd et al. 2005b Aleutian Islands Physical, biological This paper discusses the relationship betw

features of Aleutian passes and observatio

Livingston et al. 1997 Bering Sea Research programs This report contains papers on the Bering 

including past and ongoing research, inveninformation bases, and data gaps and futur

Loughlin and Ohtani 1999 Bering Sea Physical, chemical, 

biological 

This compendium of papers on the Bering reports by many of the important Bering Sphysical, chemical, and biological compon

Lovvorn et al. 2005 Bering Sea Chemical This paper discusses transport of organic m

the north-central Bering Sea. 

Luchin et al. 1999 Bering Sea Physical Vertical structure, temporal variability, an

and spatial structure were analyzed from dsalinity. 

Luchin et al. 2002 Bering Sea Physical, regime shifts This paper discusses long-term and large-s

atmosphere-ice-sea relationships. 

MacDonald et al. 2003 General Climate, pollutants This paper discusses potential relationship

change and long-range transport of persist
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Macklin 1999 Bering Sea Physical, chemical, biological This report presents a multi-author review 

occurring in the Bering Sea during the anosummers of 1997 and 1998. The report incchemical, and biological parameters. 

Merico et al. 2003 Bering Sea Phytoplankton Satellite imagery was used to survey for b

coccolithophorid Emeliania huxleyi in the evidence was found for blooms of this algImagery of the blooms of 1996 and 1997 w

Minobe 2002 Bering Sea Physical This paper discusses interannual and interd

Bering Sea. 

Mizobata and Saitoh 2003 Bering Sea Physical This research used remote sensing to descr

anticyclonic eddies in the southeastern Be1999. 

Mizobata and Saitoh 2004 Bering Sea Physical, primary 

production 

This research used remote sensing to assesand primary productivity along the Bering 1998–2000. 

Mordy et al. 2005 Aleutian Islands Physical, chemical, primary 

production 

This paper presents detailed data on salini(nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid) and primaeastern Aleutian Islands and island passes

Napp et al. 2000 Bering Sea Physical, biological This paper examines the differences in the 

oceanic and shelf waters in the eastern Berconcludes that in the oceanic region, interafor first-feeding pollock larvae is determinshelf region, it is the coupled dynamics of ocean system. 

Napp and Hunt 2001 Bering Sea Climate, physical, biological This paper discusses the linkages among c

and biology in the southeastern Bering Sea

Niebauer 1998 Bering Sea Physical, regime shift This paper examines the variability in Ber

affected by a regime shift in the North Pac1947–1999. 

Niebauer et al. 1996 Bering Sea Biological This paper presents time series of the sprin

Sea ice edge. 
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Niebauer et al. 1999 Bering Sea Physical This paper examines the interactions betw

atmosphere that characterize the Bering Se

NOAA 2006 Bering Sea Climate, ecosystems This web page provides links to Arctic inf

Bering Sea Climate and Ecosystems webs

NPRB 2005 North Pacific, 

Bering Sea, Arctic Ocean 

Biological, ecosystems The science plan identifies eight general c

lower trophic level productivity, fish habitinvertebrates, marine mammals, seabirds, issues, and integrated ecosystem research category, more specific research needs are NPRB’s two statutory priorities –fishery mmarine ecosystem information needs 

Okkonen 2001 Bering Sea Physical This paper discusses the results of current 

Aleutian Basin to the Bering Slope. 

Okkonen et al. 2004 Bering Sea Productivity This paper reports on the use of satellite an

observations of chlorophyll a concentratiofluorescence to describe the surface structuand its relationship to the Bering Slope Cusuggest that eddies are important in causinchlorophyll distribution during the spring Bering Sea. 

Overland and Stabeno 2004 Bering Sea Physical, ecosystems This paper discusses the shift in temperatu

and the effects on the ecosystem. 

Overland et al. 2002 Arctic Physical This report discusses what is known and n

scale atmosphere-cryosphere interactions. pressing scientific questions to be resolved

Radi et al. 2001 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Biological Surface sediment samples from the Bering 

examined for dinoflagellate cysts. Distribuinterpreted with respect to latitude and hydincluding sea ice and sea surface temperat

Reed 1998 Bering Sea Physical This paper describes flow over the southeaReed and Stabeno 1996 Bering Sea Physical This paper describes the climatological me

over the eastern Bering Sea shelf. 
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Reed and Stabeno 1997 Aleutian Islands Physical This paper describes flow along the AleutiReed and Stabeno 1999 Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands Physical This paper describes flow through the Ale

Bering Sea and eastward currents along th

Robertson 1997 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Bathymetry This paper describes bathymetry coverage

Chukchi Seas developed by the USGS. 

Rodionov et al. 2005a Bering Sea Climate This paper discusses the Aleutian low and 

conditions in the Bering Sea. 

Rodionov et al. 2005b Aleutian Islands Climate This paper discusses the spatial and tempo

along the Aleutian chain. 

Rodionov et al. 2005c Bering Sea Physical This paper presents historical and recent d

temperatures of a location near the PribiloSea. 

Sasaki and Minobe 2005 Bering Sea Physical This paper examines interannual variabilit

Sea and its relationship to atmospheric varbetween sea ice and atmospheric circulatiorelationship to large-scale atmospheric cirthe Aleutian low and to relatively local atmassociated with pressure anomalies over Asuggest that in order to understand the intevariability in the Bering Sea, a better undeanomalies over the Bering Sea are importa

Schell 1998 Bering Sea Biological This paper presents isotopic evidence for d

productivity in the Bering Sea. 

Schell 2000 Bering Sea Biological This paper reports the use of isotope ratios 

assess productivity in the Bering Sea. 

Schumacher and Stabeno 

1998 Bering Sea Physical, biological This paper discusses characteristics of the 

Bering Sea. 

Schumacher et al. 2003 Bering Sea Climate, biological Discusses climate change in the southeaste

biological consequences. 

Smith and Lee 2005 Alaska Physical Abstract describing the development of a G

Ice Atlas by the University of Alaska. 
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Springer et al. 1996 Bering Sea Biological This paper discusses primary productivity 

Bering Sea shelf edge. Stabeno and Overland 2001 Bering Sea Physical This paper discusses observations of earlieto spring in the Bering Sea. 

Stabeno et al. 1998 Bering Sea Physical This paper contains under-ice observation

temperature, salinity, and spring phytoplaneastern Bering Sea shelf 

Stabeno et al. 1999 Bering Sea Physical This chapter discusses the physical oceano

Sea, including general circulation, circulatin the upper ocean, interior flow, eddies, dslope exchange, shelf flow, and tidal curre

Stabeno et al. 2001 Bering Sea Physical This paper discusses the various implicatio

variability of the physical environment on Sea. 

Stabeno et al. 2002a Bering Sea Physical, chemical This paper investigates variability of phys

characteristics along the 70-meter isobath Bering Sea. Defines the southeastern cold zone, and the northern cold pool. 

Stabeno et al. 2002b Bering Sea Physical This paper reports investigations of inflow 

Discusses the seasonal effects of freshwat

mixing, and alongshore winds. Discusses with nutrient transport. 

Stabeno et al. 2005a Bering Sea Physical This paper is an introduction to processes 

productivity and ecosystem structure of th

Stabeno et al. 2005b Bering Sea Physical This paper examines temperature, salinity

Aleutian passes. 

Stabeno et al. 2006 Bering Sea Physical This report discusses long-term changes in 

cover of the Bering Sea shelf. 

Steward et al. 1996 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Biological This paper reports measurements of viral a

turnover rate, and mortality rate in seawateChukchi Seas. 
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Strachan et al. 2001 Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea Pollutants This paper presents measurements of orga

in the Chukchi and Bering Seas, with an eDDT. Tynan 1999 Bering Sea Physical, biological This paper discusses the effects of the 199ecosystem of the Bering Sea. This paper lidistributions to shifts in plankton associateNiño or longer term changes. 

University of Alaska 2001 Alaska Physical This web page provides a link to the Alask

related publications. 

USGS 2007 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Bathymetry This web page provides links to the USGS 

bathymetry of the Bering, Chukchi, and B

van Meurs and Stabeno 

1999 Bering Sea Physical, chemical Satellite-tracked drifters showed an episod

in the southeastern Bering Sea. Such flow 

replenishment of nutrients on the shelf. 

Vance et al. 1998 Bering Sea Biological This paper reports aquamarine waters in th

This color anomaly was ascribed to coccoEmiliania huxley.

Vlietstra et al. 2005 Aleutian Islands, 

Bering Sea 

Physical, biological This paper discusses the relationships betw

zooplankton size, and the size of prey used shearwater. 

Wang 1999 Kuskokwim 

River 

Pollutants This report contains investigations of the s

mercury and other chemicals in the Kuskoof chemicals in water and sediments is als

Weller et al. 1998 Alaska, Bering 

Sea 

Climate Regional workshop report on climate chan

Wells et al. 1997 Bering Sea, 

Arctic Ocean 

Chemical This paper discusses transport of organic m

Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean and the effec

Williams 1999 Alaska Physical, biological This thesis discusses the interrelationships 

and physical variables. 
Table 1 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Document Conten

Wirts and Johnson 2005 Aleutian Basin, Bering Sea Physical This paper discusses the implications of te

measurements on circulation of the southeduring 2002–2003. Woodgate and 

Aagaard 

2004 Bering Strait Physical This paper reports measurements of freshw

Bering Strait. 

Woodgate et al. 2005 Bering Strait Physical This paper reports measurements of freshw

Bering Strait. 

Wyllie-Escheverria and Ohtani 

1999 Bering Sea Biological This chapter discusses the role of sea ice i

Sea ecosystem. Two methods of indexing Bering Sea are evaluated and the consequevariability to the ecosystem are discussed. index reflects the duration of ice each year ice index is the southernmost position of s169°W. Both indices were derived from, asatellite data for understanding biotic as w

Wyllie-Escheverria and Wooster 

1998 Bering Sea Biological This paper examines year-to-year variation

and some consequences for fish distributioextension of winter ice cover varies and rechanges in driving forces, especially in the of the winter Aleutian Low Pressure Systedistributions of some fish stocks reflect thconditions. The relationship among climat

cover, subsurface thermal conditions, and provides information on how climate affecand may also have practical application in distributions. 

Yao et al. 2002 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Pollutants This paper reports measurements of organ

seawater of the Bering and Chukchi Seas. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 18 December 2007

Information Summary 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 19 December 2007 

Information Summary 

3 FISH AND FISHERIES 

 This overview of information on fish and fisheries of the North Aleutian Basin and 

southeastern Bering Sea is based on a collection of about 150 reports, research papers, and webpublished materials dated from 1996 to 2006. Some literature on life history, impacts of human 

activity, and ecology for locales outside of the southeastern Bering Sea (such as the Gulf of 

Alaska) is included when the literature adds to the knowledge base for species occurring near the 

North Aleutian Basin. 

Presentations at the Planning Meeting included overviews of (1) federal fisheries by 

Diana Evans of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council, (2) commercial fisheries by 

Gunnar Knapp of the University of Alaska Anchorage, and (3) marine fish abundance and 

distribution by Michael Sigler of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). The 

presentations, which can be found in the Planning Meeting report, summarize available 

information and information needs on these topics relevant to an impact assessment of oil and 

gas development in the Basin. 

 Information on fish and fisheries collected for this report includes general descriptions of 

distribution and habitat; population size, population parameters, and population dynamics; biotic 

relationships, including disease and parasitism and trophic and ecosystem relationships; impacts 

of human activities (such as offshore placer mining) and impacts of commercial fisheries on 

other groups of marine animals such as noncommercial fishes; fishing activity and catch; and 

regulatory status, management, and conservation. Table 2 presents brief summaries of the 

content of recent publications; full citations are provided in Section 7.2. 

 Since 1996, publications have included descriptions of meetings and research programs, 

literature databases or bibliographies on fish species or groups, and general species descriptions. 

Research on walleye pollock and shellfish have perhaps received the most attention. Specific 

studies of life history or general biology have been published for a variety of fishes, including 

arctic cod (Arctogadus glacialis), walleye pollock, and threaded sculpins (Gymnocanthus 

pistilliger), as well as for a variety of shellfish (such as crabs and molluscs). 

 Recent publications evaluating the distributions of some species in the Bering Sea and 

Bristol Bay have been prepared annually for fishery forecasting, fishery trends, and habitat 

management. The relationship between fish distribution and physical oceanographic factors, 

including sea ice and regime shifts, has also been studied. The Alaska Department of Fish and 

Game (ADFG) and the Alaska Department of Natural Resources (ADNR) have produced 

detailed maps of spawning habitats for anadromous fish and Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii). 

Distributions of shellfish, such as king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), snow crab 

(Chionoecetes oplio), and weathervane scallop (Patinopectea caurinus) have been studied to 

support fishery management. In order to understand population fluctuations in many fish species, 

spatial and temporal patterns of larval and early juvenile fish have been studied. The distribution 

of fishes and the identification of sensitive habitat are also important information for oil spill 

response planning for Bristol Bay (ARRT 2001). 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 20 December 2007 

Information Summary 

 Fish population size, population variability, recruitment, and escapement are regularly 

monitored in the southeastern Bering Sea and the streams of the Alaska Peninsula and Bristol 

Bay. Recent publications for salmon have addressed short- and long-term trends in populations, 

escapement goals, escapement surveys, population variation and structure, and genetic 

relationship between populations. Studies of various crab populations have used data from 

population surveys and tagging studies to examine the relationship of population characteristics 

to physical factors and predation by groundfish; growth rates; differential catch rates of males 

and females; and bycatch of females and juveniles. Recent publications for Pacific herring 

include estimates of stocks and studies of the relationship of herring populations to 

environmental and oceanographic variables. Recent studies of walleye pollock have examined 

genetics, egg hatching and egg cannibalism, population distribution and characteristics, and the 

abundance of larval and juvenile fish. Studies of groundfish include trawl surveys and population 

structure of Pacific populations of halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) using parasites as 

population markers. 

 Fish survey data can provide a detailed view of the distribution and abundance of 

important fishery species in the North Aleutian Basin. However, no recent information was 

found for many nearshore species, including those inhabiting the lagoons of the Alaska 

Peninsula. In addition, many fishery studies did not provide a year-round view of the distribution 

of commercially important species, but rather focused primarily on distribution and abundance 

during the harvest season. Because impacts of oil and gas development must be assessed for four 

seasons, more data on abundance and distribution for all four seasons are needed. 

 Recent studies on the ecology of fishes in the Bering Sea have discussed the general 

ecology of a few selected species, the potential effects of climate variability or regime shifts on 

species, the dynamics of ecosystems at the ice edge, predation and parasitism, and factors 

affecting recruitment and population dynamics. Larval fish and juvenile fish are an important 

part of the food base of birds, fish, and mammals, and information on ichthyoplankton 

distribution and abundance is needed for the North Aleutian Basin. Assessments of the impacts 

of oil and gas development on ecological relationships in the North Aleutian Basin have not been 

conducted. 

 Relatively few studies have investigated the impacts of environmental factors on fisheries 

and/or the impact of fisheries activities on other species. Consequently, there is a relatively poor 

understanding of the role that fisheries have on human activities and natural ecosystem of the 

Bering Sea. Incidental catch by fisheries has been studied with respect to population dynamics, 

conservation, and regulation of other fish species, seabirds, and marine mammals. The effects of 

offshore placer mining on crabs, effects of seismic air guns on the behavior of snow crabs, 

interactions between the gillnet fishery and oil and gas activities, and the effects of oil spills on 

various species have been studied. Heavy metal and organic contamination have been measured 

in crabs in the Norton Sound and in freshwater fish. Although there has been considerable work 

done on the effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, relatively little recent information was found on 

the interaction between fisheries and oil and gas development. Further study of the impacts of 

exploration, development, and production on fishery resources of the North Aleutian Basin is 

needed. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 21 December 2007 

Information Summary 

 In general, there are many recent fishery publications for the North Aleutian Basin. 

Commercial and subsistence fisheries for salmon, groundfish, crab species, and other shellfish 

are monitored each season. Population estimates are used to evaluate harvest strategies and 

predict catch. Historical records of catch are evaluated to identify trends in population and catch 

parameters (such as abundance and harvest levels). Some studies have examined the potential 

role of climate and oceanographic conditions on trends in population and catch parameters. 

Catch statistics are gathered to estimate subsistence use and economics of the fishery and to set 

management policies and regulations. The economies of fishing communities also have been 

profiled. 

 Many of the recent studies of fish and fisheries are related to regulations and management 

plans. Regulations have been promulgated to identify fishery seasons, licensing, catch limits, and 

other restrictions and requirements, and in an effort to minimize or control bycatch of other fish, 

seabirds, and marine mammals. Alternative harvest strategies, ecosystems, and sustainability 

have been studied to facilitate the evaluation and establishment of management practices. 

Although fisheries have been well-studied in the southeastern Bering Sea, one subject that has 

not been addressed in depth is the effect of oil and gas activities on the regulation of fishing 

activities. 
TABLE 2. Publications from 1996 to 2006 Related to Fish and Fisheries of the North Aleutian Basin. Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

ADFG 1997a Bristol Bay Management General Bristol Bay commercial fisheries annual ADFG 1997b Western Alaska Management Shellfish Western Region shellfish fisheries annuaADFG 2004 Aleutian Islands Management, impacts General ADFG news release about fishery closur

Ayu oil spill. 

ADFG 2005 Aleutian Islands Management General An announcement of reopening of the M

to commercial fishing. This area was pre

commercial fishing activity due to the Se

ADFG 2006a Bristol Bay Management Salmon Map showing the location of the Bristol BADFG 2006b Alaska Management Salmon Web page providing links to detailed info

on management and forecasts, as well as by ADFG on salmon, including run size 

ADFG 2006c Alaska Fishery Shellfish Website giving links to Alaska shellfish ADFG 2006d Togiak Bay Harvest, 

management, forecast 

Pacific herring A website providing links to historical in

herring fishery, including annual managesummary, announcements and updates, insummary, and preseason forecast. Cover

ADFG 2006e Alaska Distribution Anadromous fishes ADFG catalog and map atlas of statewid

and maps, including the North Aleutian B

ADFG 2006f Alaska Fishery 

subsistence 

General ADFG website with annual subsistence f

2003 (most recent report). 

Adkinson and Finney 

2003 Bristol Bay Fishery Salmon Examines harvests and value of Bristol B

the years 1955–2003. Discusses causes oforecasts of future returns. 

ADNR 2005a Alaska 

Peninsula 

General General Generally describes freshwater and marin

of lease areas of the Alaska Peninsula. 

ADNR 2005b Alaska Distribution Anadromous fish A table listing anadromous fish streams i

species. 

ARRT 2001 Bristol Bay Distribution, 

impacts 

Fishery Describes distribution, habitats, and fishe

Identifies sensitivity areas for oil spill co
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Aydin 2002 Bering Sea Management General Ecosim policy maximization routines we

fishing policies for a mid-1980s model oshelf/slope ecosystem containing 38 funcincluding catch and bycatch. In addition the simulations explored “ecological” ma1/PB index discussed in the workshop as examined mechanisms for increasing pinselective prey manipulation, especially wendangered Steller sea lion. 

AYK-SSI 2006 General Population Salmon This report addresses the trends and caus

abundance and fisheries by assembling egaining new information, and improving restoration techniques through a collaborprocess. Includes life history, populationsubsistence, among others. 

Bailey 2000 General Ecology, 

population 

Walleye pollock Discusses factors influencing recruitmen

Identifies a change from the importance oon larval fish to the importance of predatcod and flatfish. 

Bailey et al. 1997 General Population Walleye pollock Identifies factors in the population biologBailey et al. 2000 General Ecology, 

population 

Walleye pollock Discusses factors affecting the population 

pollock. 

Baker et al. 2006 Bristol Bay Population Salmon Escapement goals for sockeye, chinook, 

salmon for the Bristol Bay area. 

Barnard and Burt 

2006 Bering Sea Fishery Golden king crab, 

scarlet king crab, snow crab, grooved tanner crab 

Summaries of data collected by observerrationalized BSAI crab fisheries in the Bgolden king crab, scarlet king crab, snow tanner crab. 

Barnard and Pengilley 

2006 General Population, 

fishery 

Red king crab This study evaluated the effectiveness of 

federal Crab Rationalization Program to females and juveniles. There was no indiseason of the program reduced bycatch. Dconclusion of increased discarding of leg
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Barnhart 2006 Bering Sea Management, fishery Weathervane scallop Annual management report for weatherv

management, historic background, 2004/status. Barnhart 

and Rosenkranz 

2006 Bering Sea Fishery Weathervane scallop Contains observer data for the 2002/2003 

scallop fishery, including catch-and-effor

Blaylock et al. 

2003 Eastern Pacific, 

Bering Sea 

Population Halibut Statistical analysis of parasite data on fis

California to the Bering Sea supports the major groups of halibut exist and suggestthird group in the central and northern Be

Blood 2002 General Population Walleye pollock Laboratory study of development and tim

walleye pollock eggs. 

Bond and Overland 

2005 Bering Sea Ecology, climate Walleye pollock, tanner 

crab 

Discusses the presumed effect of decadal recruitment of walleye pollock, tanner crcoccolithophorids. 

Bowers et al. 

2005 Bering Sea, 

Bristol Bay 

Fishery, management, population 

Shellfish Annual management report for commerc

shellfish fishery for 2004/2005 contains iAleutian Islands and Bering Sea/Bristol Bof crabs, octopus, sea urchins, sea cucum

Brodeur et al. 

2003 Bering Sea Distribution, 

ecology 

Salmon This article is an extensive literature revi

movement, distribution, food resources, alife history of juvenile salmon, including eastern Bering Sea. 

Buklis 1999 Alaska Fishery, 

socioeconomics 

Salmon Discusses the economics of a mixed subs

salmon fishery subject to supply trends. Dincome. 

Byerly et al. 1999 Alaska Fishery Salmon Data on Alaska commercial salmon catch

from 1878 to 1997. 

Callaway 1997 Alaska Fishing 

communities, subsistence 

General Discusses the potential impact on subsist

climate change, on the basis of pre-1997 
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Cascorbi 2004 General Management Crabs Proposed guidelines for seafood choice b

concerns and support of sustainability go

CFEC 2004 Alaska Management General Describes the decisions and activities of 

Fisheries Entry Commission for 2004, inlicensing, research, and revenue. 

CFEC 2005 Alaska Management General Describes the decisions and activities of 

Fisheries Entry Commission for 2005, inlicensing, research, and revenue. 

Christian et al. 

2003 Bering Sea Impacts Snow crab Field and laboratory studies of the effect

the behavior and physiology of snow craAtlantic populations. 

Clark 2005a Bristol Bay, 

Alagnak River 

Distribution Sockeye salmon Distribution of sockeye salmon in the Al

Bristol Bay. 

Clark 2005b Bristol Bay Management Salmon A review of the Bristol Bay salmon mana

including stock assessment activities. 

Connors et al. 

2002 Bering Sea Ecology, climate General This paper compiles data from bottom tra

from 1963–2000. Time series are presentsoutheastern Bering Sea. All three sites sa shift in benthic biomass and community mid-1980s. The data suggest that a compbenthic and demersal food webs may havtiming of the shift is consistent with effecshift observed in climate indices in 1976–

DeCicco 2003 Alaska Management General Fishery management in the northwest Al

2001–2003. Includes management prograsubsistence, and commercial fisheries. 
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Dieter et al. 2003 Worldwide Fishery impacts General Worldwide annotated bibliography of sci

literature on demersal, mobile fishing gemarine ecosystems. The primary focus is dredging, and raking, and the resulting dmarine habitats and associated biological addressing other topics, such as bycatch seafloor impacts of marine aggregates drextraction, are also referenced. Papers diother activities, such as longline fishing, chemicals, and dynamite blasting, are no

DOC 1997 Alaska Management, 

fishery impacts 

Groundfish Rule establishing exclusive zones for hoo

fisheries to control seabird bycatch is dis

DOC 1998 Alaska Management Halibut Regulations to reduce seabird bycatch by 

described. 

Downton and Miller 

1998 Alaska Fishery Salmon Using multivariate time series models, A

commercial catch of three salmon specieshown to be related to surface temperaturregions of the eastern North Pacific 

DuBois 2002 Arctic-YukonKuskokwim 

Delta 

Population Pacific herring Report on Pacific herring stocks of the A

Kuskokwim Delta region of the Bering S

DuBois 2003 Arctic-YukonKuskokwim 

Delta 

Population Pacific herring Report on the age, sex, and size composi

from coastal spawning sites in the Arcticregion. 

Duffield et al. 

2007 Bristol Bay Socioeconomics, 

subsistence 

Salmon This report provides estimates of the eco

with sustainable use of wild salmon ecosprimarily fisheries and wildlife, of the mBristol Bay region. Both regional economsocial benefit-cost accounting frameworkstudy reviews and summarizes existing ekey sectors in this area and reports findinsurvey data on expenditures, net benefitsmotivations of the angler population. 
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Duffy- Anderson et al. 2006 Eastern Bering Sea Distribution Larval fish Spatial and temporal patterns of larval an

from the eastern Bering Sea were examinmodeled for samples collected during sum

Dunaway and Sonnichsen 

2001 Alaska Fishery 

management 

General Sport fishery management report for 199

management plans affecting fish, major iand management, access programs and oDiscusses sport fishing effort. For each sdescribes fishery history, historical perfothe 1999 fishery, and outlook for 2000. 

Dye et al. 2006 Bristol Bay Fishery, 

management 

Salmon This report summarizes Bristol Bay spor

Fisheries include Alagnak and Nushagaksalmon, Kvichak sockeye salmon, lower Nushagak River rainbow trout, and northfisheries are described, and estimates of sharvest, and escapement are provided. Ofor each fishery are provided, such as perregulations and management plans. 

FailorRounds 2005 Alaska Fishery Sablefish, black rockfish, Greenland 

turbot, arrowtooth flounder, rock sole, yellowfin sole 

Contains a description of the historic bacfishery, and stock status for the Aleutian black rockfish fishery. Also gives harvesturbot, arrowtooth flounder, rock sole, yeflatfish. 

Fall and Krieg 

2006 Bristol Bay Fishery, 

subsistence 

General Discusses the subsistence fishery of Bris

permits, species, and catch. 

Farley et al. 2003 Bering Sea, 

Bristol Bay 

Distribution, population 

Salmon The numbers, distribution, and age comp

salmon were estimated from fall surveys shelf, including Bristol Bay. 

Finney et al. 2000 General Population Salmon Lake sediment records and biological ind

construct a 300-year record of sockeye ab

Flint and Miles 

2002 Alaska Fishery impacts General Describes the relationship between boat h

organic contamination, and Steller’s eide
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Flynn and Hilborn 2004 Port Moller, Bristol Bay Fishery management Sockeye salmon Examined variability in indices for forec

run size. Correcting models for age compand timing may decrease error by as muc

Flynn et al. 2003 Bristol Bay Distribution Sockeye salmon Presents a model using age composition 

distribution of component stocks migrati

FWS 1998 Bering Sea, 

Aleutian Islands 

Management, fishery impacts 

Halibut Biological opinion on the effects of the B

Islands halibut fishery on the short-tailed 

FWS 1999 Bering Sea, 

Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands 

Management, fishery impacts 

Groundfish Endangered Species Act Section 7 consu

2000 hook-and-line groundfish fisheries Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands area. 

FWS 2001 Alaska Fishery, 

subsistence 

General 2000 Fisheries Resource Monitoring Plan 

Regional Advisory Councils and Federal 

Gharrett et al. 

2001 Alaska Population Salmon Genetic variability in coho salmon was m

and Gulf of Alaska stocks. 

Gillispie 1997 Arctic Ecology Arctic cod Thesis on the biology and ecology of the Gravel et al. 2006 General Population Snow crab Over 8,000 large male snow crabs were t

frequency, and catch per unit were record

Gunderson 1996a General Ecology Walleye pollock Discusses the ecology of juvenile walleyGunderson 1996b General General Walleye pollock Identifies research priorities related to juHammond et al. 

2001 Bering Sea Fishery Walleye pollack Applies a Bayesian spatial composition e

Sea acoustic fish survey data to determinestimating abundance ratios of juvenile asuggest the tool may be usefully applied 

Hart and van Tamelen 

2002 Alaska General Shellfish User’s guide to the ADFG’s literature da

Hoff 2000 Bristol Bay Ecology Threaded sculpin Describes the biology and ecology of the 

shallow-water fish found in Bristol Bay aNorth Pacific. 
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Jackson 2006 Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands Fishery Pacific herring History, harvest strategy, and catch of Pa

Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands M2005. Jackson and 

Poetter 

2006 Alaska 

Peninsula, Aleutian Islands 

Fishery Pacific herring Describes the herring fishery for 2004, 2

Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands M

Jewett 1999 General Impacts Crabs Evaluates effects of offshore placer miniJewett and Naidu 

2000 Norton Sound Impacts Red crab Measured heavy metals in tissue and org

Sound to study effects of offshore placer 

Jewett et al. 2003 Alaska Impacts Arctic grayling, 

northern pike, and whitefish 

Mercury concentrations in the flesh of Apike, and whitefish were measured and himplications evaluated. 

Johnson and Wiess 

2006 Alaska 

Peninsula, Bristol Bay 

Distribution Anadromous fish Lists anadromous fish for the lakes and s

region of Alaska, which includes the AlaBristol Bay. 

King 2005 Bering Sea Ecology, climate General This report includes a section on climate 

and subsequent effects on fish communit

Logerwell et al. 

2005 Aleutian Islands Distribution, 

ecology 

Demersal fish Discusses the composition and distributio

populations and communities in the AleuFood habits and growth of these species 

Loher and Armstrong 

2005 Bering Sea Population King crab Distribution and abundance of ovigerous 

investigated using trawl surveys from 19temperatures are presented for 1974–200temperature may be an important factor ispecies. 

Loher et al. 2001 Aleutian 

Islands, Gulf of Alaska 

Population Red king crab Presents in situ growth rate of juvenile re

comparisons to Unalaska and Kodiak Islapre-1996 reference list. 
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Lovvorn et al. 2005 Bering Sea Ecology, oceanography General, planktonic fish, benthic fish Production from spring blooms at the ret

sink to the bottom with little grazing by zsupporting abundant benthic communitieorganic matter pathways to macrobenthounder ice cover in late winter (March–Aplate summer (September) in the north-cen

Lowe and Fritz 

1997 Alaska 

Peninsula 

Fishery Groundfish Projects groundfish stocks and fishery po

Island region for 1998. 

McDermott et al. 

2005 Aleutian Islands Population, 

ecology 

Atka mackerel Tag-recapture methods were used to estim

movement of Atka mackerel in the Aleutof this fish is also discussed. 

McNair and Holder 

2000 Arctic-YukonKuskokwim 

Delta 

Population Salmon Lists by release site all the salmon releas

Kuskokwim area. 

Mecklenburg et al. 2002 Alaska General General A comprehensive guide to the fishes of A

identification keys, family and species acfeatures, geographic range, and an extens

Megrey 1996 General Ecology, 

population 

Walleye pollock Discusses the relationship of juvenile wa

to adult recruitment and linkages with th

Merrick and Calkins 

1996 General Ecology Walleye pollock Discusses the importance of walleye poll

sea lions. 

Meyers et al. 

1996 Alaska Disease Tanner crab Provides results of bitter crab syndrome 

1991. 

MMS 2004 General Impacts General A study of the drift gillnet fishery and oil

mitigation possibilities. 
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Moles and Norcross 1998 General Impacts Flatfishes This paper discusses the effects of oil-lad

flatfishes. Juvenile yellowfin sole (Pleur

(P. bilineatus), and Pacific halibut had re30-90 days of exposure to sediments ladeSlope crude oil. Changes in fish health boccurred at hydrocarbon concentrations (growth. Chronic hydrocarbon pollution osediments could alter growth and health may decline because of increased suscepslower growth. 

Morstad and Baker 

2006 Kvichak River Management Salmon Discusses management and regulatory hi

review and development of an action plathe Kvichak River. 

Mueter et al. 

2006 Eastern Bering 

Sea 

Management, population 

Walleye pollack Presents statistical analyses of leading hy

recruitment variability to biotic and abiotsupport the cold-pool hypothesis that recstronger when winter preceding the age-0 mild. 

Mundy 1998 Alaska Management, 

sustainability 

Salmon A detailed discussion of the principles an

salmon management. 

Murphy 2005 Alaska 

Peninsula 

Management Groundfish Defines the 2005 fishery management pl

the north Alaska Peninsula. 

Murphy and Tschersich 

2005 Alaska 

Peninsula 

Management Salmon Defines the 2006 salmon management pl

Peninsula area. 

Murphy and Tschersich 

2006 Alaska 

Peninsula 

Population, fishery 

Salmon Salmon escapement and harvest data for 

Peninsula area. 

Murphy et al. 

1999 Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts Salmon Discusses recovery of pink salmon spaw

Exxon Valdez oil spill. 

Myers et al. 2000 General Population Salmon Presents factors affecting the ocean prod

Napp and Hunt 

2001 Bering Sea Ecology, climate General Discusses linkages among climate, weath
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Napp et al. 2000 General Ecology Walleye pollock Discusses the biological and physical pro

feeding environment of larval walleye po

Nelson et al. 2006 Alaska Peninsula Management Salmon Discusses escapement goals for the Aleu

Aleutian Islands Management Areas. 

NMFS 2001 Bering Sea, 

Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands 

Management, fishery impacts 

Groundfish Biological opinion regarding incidental t

fisheries. 

NMFS 2003 Bering Sea, 

Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands 

Management, fishery impacts 

Groundfish Supplement to the 2001 biological opinio

from groundfish fisheries. 

NMFS 2006 General Fishery impacts General Draft summary table from stock assessm

estimates of mortality of marine mamma

NPFMC 2006 Alaska Management Multiple Website for the North Pacific Fisheries MO’Connell et al. 

1998 Bering Sea, 

Prince William Sound 

Population Pacific herring Genetic variability of Pacific herring was 

populations from the Bering Sea to Princ

Olsen 2002 General Population Walleye pollock An examination of spatial and temporal g

walleye pollock. 

Oswood et al. 

2000 Alaska Distribution Freshwater fish Biogeography of the freshwater fishes of 

Paul 2000 Bering Sea General Snow crab A bibliography on the snow crab. Paul et al. 2002 General Ecology, 

management 

Crabs Collection of papers on crabs in coldwate

biology, management, and economics. 

Peterson 2000 Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts General A critique of previous studies on the effe

oil spill. 

Rugolo et al. 

2006 Bering Sea Distribution, 

population 

Red king crab Detailed results of trawl surveys of distri

red king crab (Bristol Bay and Pribilof di(Pribilof and Northern districts), tanner csnow crab (all districts), and hair crab (al

Salomone 2006 Bristol Bay Fishery Salmon A summary of effort and harvest of sock

Bay in 2001–2006. 
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Sands 2006 Bristol Bay Fishery Salmon A summary of the Bristol Bay commerci

2004–2006. Schabets- berger et al. 1999 General Population Walleye pollock Discusses egg cannibalism in walleye po

Schumacher and Kruse 

2005 General Management, 

sustainability 

General Examination of issues related to sustaina

Seeb and Crane 

1999 Southwest 

Alaska 

Population Salmon Genetic relationships between 64 popula

southwestern Alaska. 

Sepez et al. 2005 Alaska Fishery, 

socioeconomics 

General Social and economic profiles of 136 fish

Alaska based on 2000 data. Included are (location, demographics, education, locahistory), community infrastructure (curregovernance, and facilities), and involvemfisheries (commercial, subsistence, and r

Spalinger 2006 Alaska 

Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, Gulf of Alaska 

Population Shellfish, groundfish, 

walleye pollock 

Includes data from trawl surveys of the Kand Eastern Aleutian Management Distri2005. Species surveyed included tanner cAverage haul weight and composition of were measured. Groundfish included flatflounder, and walleye pollock. 

Stehn et al. 2001 Alaskan waters Fishery impacts General Discusses incidental catch of seabirds by 

Trudel 2002 Bering Sea Ecology Salmon Discusses sea lice on pink salmon. Tschersich 2006 Alaska 

Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, AtkaAmelia Islands 

Management General Summarizes the 2005 season and historic

concerning management of subsistence aof the Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian IslandsIslands. 

Tschersich and Foster 

2006 Alaska 

Peninsula, Aleutian Islands 

Population Salmon Presents Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian I

Areas escapement and catch sampling re

van Tamelen and Woodby 

2003 General General Crabs Presents the agenda of the December 11–

crab research. Gives a brief bulleted sum
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Vining and Zheng 2006 Bristol Bay Population Red king crab Provides population estimates for red kin

(1972–2005). Webb and Woodby 2006 General General Crabs Summary of the interagency crab researc2005. 

West 2006 Bristol Bay Population Salmon Drift gillnets were used in the Kvichak, E

Rivers to estimate in river abundance. Trestimated. 

West and Fair 

2006 Bristol Bay Population Salmon Abundance, age, size, and gender statisti

2003. 

Westing et al. 

2005 Bristol Bay Fishery General A detailed description for 2004 of the Br

and subsistence salmon fisheries and the 

Westing et al. 

2006a Bristol Bay Fishery Pacific herring A review of the Togiak herring fisheries 

Westing et al. 

2006b Bristol Bay Fishery Salmon, Pacific herring A detailed description for 2005 of the Br

and subsistence salmon fisheries and the 

Williams 1998 General Distribution Salmon Discusses a recent review of a 40-year da

how fluctuating water temperatures affecsalmon. 

Williams 1999 General Population, 

ecology 

Pacific herring Discusses interrelationships of Pacific he

large-scale environmental and oceanogra

Williams and Quinn 

1998 General Population General Presents a parametric bootstrap method f

compositions. 

Witherell 1999 Bering Sea Management, 

ecology 

Groundfish Discusses incorporating ecosystem consi

management of Bering Sea groundfish fi

Wolfe and Utermohl 

2000 Alaska Fishery, 

subsistence 

General Estimates wild food consumption for rur

WyllieEscheverria 1997 Bering Sea Distribution, oceanography, 

climate 

General, walleye pollock, climate 

This dissertation discusses sea ice and fisBering Sea. 
Table 2 (Cont.) Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Conten

Wyllie- Escheverria and Ohtani 1999 Bering Sea Ecology, oceanography, climate General, walleye pollock, Arctic cod, climate This chapter discusses sea ice variability 

ecosystem. The distribution of walleye pmulti-annual scale, while distribution of pressure on age-1 pollock varies interannconditions. 

WyllieEscheverria and Wooster 

1998 Bering Sea Ecology, 

oceanography, distribution, climate 

General, walleye pollock, Arctic cod, climate 

This paper examines year-to-year variatiand some consequences for fish distributextension of winter ice cover varies and rchanges in driving forces, especially in thof the winter Aleutian Low Pressure Systdistributions of some fish stocks reflect tconditions. The relationship among climacover, subsurface thermal conditions, and provides information on how climate affeand may also have practical application idistributions. 

Zheng 2003 General Management Red king crab Evaluates alternative harvest strategies b

modeling of 2002 population status. 

Zheng and Kruse 

2005 Bering Sea Population, 

ecology 

Crabs Presentation on ecosystem effects on Ber

populations. 

Zheng and Kruse 

2006 General Population, 

ecology, climate 

Red king crab Examines the correlations between geogr

variability of crab stock, physical forcingpredation. Results suggest a mix of climain influencing crab recruitment. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 36 December 2007

Information Summary 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 37 December 2007 

Information Summary 

4 SEABIRDS, SHOREBIRDS, AND WATERFOWL 

 This overview of information on seabirds, shorebirds, and waterfowl of the North 

Aleutian Basin and southeastern Bering Sea is based on a collection of about 150 reports, 

research papers, and web-published materials dated from 1996 to 2006. Some literature on the 

life history of species, the impacts of human activity on species, and migration for locales 

outside of the southeastern Bering Sea is included when the literature adds to the knowledge base 

for species occurring in the North Aleutian Basin. 

Presentations at the Planning Meeting included overviews of (1) seabird and shorebird 

populations and distributions by Kathy Kuletz of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and 

(2) waterfowl populations and distributions by William Larned and Christian Dau of the FWS. 

The presentations, which can be found in the Planning Meeting report, summarize available 

information and information needs on these topics relevant to an impact assessment of oil and 

gas development. 

 Information on birds collected for this report includes general species descriptions; 

distribution, migration, and habitat; population size, population parameters, and dynamics; biotic 

relationships, including trophic and ecosystem relationships; impacts of human activities; and 

regulatory status, management, and conservation. Table 3 summarizes the content of recent 

publications, and full citations are provided in Section 7.3. 

 The life histories of birds have been described in detail in The Birds of North America 

Online, published by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology and the American Ornithological 

Union (http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/BNA/). The web articles are written by authorities in the life 

history and ecology of each species. The articles provide details on distribution, systematics, 

migration, habitat, food habits, behavior, breeding, demography and populations, conservation 

and management, and priorities for future research. Descriptions are not yet available for some 

Bering Sea species, such as the short-tailed albatross (Phoebastria albatrus). General life history 

information for the short-tailed shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris), the short-tailed albatross, and 

certain other wide-ranging seabirds is not available at the same level of detail as for other 

species. While these species may not breed in the Bering Sea, the region is an important foraging 

and winter habitat. More study of the distribution and habits of these species may be needed. 

 Distribution, migration, and habitats of seabirds are monitored by the ADFG. In 1997, 

detailed maps were published that included seabird colonies on the Aleutian Islands, Alaska 

Peninsula, and Bristol Bay coastline. USGS and FWS have developed the North Pacific Pelagic 

Seabird Database, which includes observations on species and abundance from ship transects and 

other surveys. The database is an important source of information in assessing population trends, 

distribution, and impact assessment and is being used to produce a seabird atlas. 

 The North Aleutian Basin provides habitat for many seabirds. Surveys of seabirds have 

been accomplished with a variety of techniques, which makes statistical analysis of trends in 

population size and distribution difficult. While the winter range of eiders has been studied, the 

winter range of other species is incomplete or lacking. Several wide-ranging seabirds use the 

Bering Sea as wintering habitat, and resident and migrating Alaskan species are found in coastal 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 38 December 2007 

Information Summary 

lagoons and unfrozen areas of the sea. Determining the relationship between seabird distribution 

and potential oil and gas development in the North Aleutian Basin could be difficult. 

 The North Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database (which includes the North Aleutian Basin) 

contains estimates of the population sizes of nesting seabirds and of seabirds observed at sea. 

Surveys have been conducted on a seasonal and annual basis on waterfowl, including nesting, 

migrating, and wintering populations. These surveys focus on eiders and geese, but observations 

of other waterbirds are included. Survey information has been used to determine breeding status, 

productivity, and trends in populations. Long-term trends of seabird populations in the Aleutian 

Islands have been studied by examining paleoarcheological evidence. Oceanographic conditions 

and changes in prey base have been used to interpret these long-term trends. The genetic 

structure of selected species that could be affected by oil spills has been studied to determine the 

potential for recovery by recolonization. 

 Conservation of waterfowl, shorebirds, and seabirds has received regulatory attention due 

to the threatened or endangered status of their populations. The Steller’s eider, spectacled eider 

(Somateria fischeri), and short-tailed albatross have received the most attention. Critical habitats 

have been designated, regulations governing longline fishing have been promulgated, and 

recovery plans pursuant to implementation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) have been 

enacted. Environmental assessment of oil and gas development has resulted in the development 

of Biological Opinions for listed species. These opinions contain useful information on the 

ecology of the listed species. 

 Two species have been particularly well studied. The ecology of the Kittlitz’s murrelet 

(Brachyramphus brevirostris) and the Steller’s eider (Polysticta stelleri) have received special 

attention due at least in part to the threatened or endangered status of their populations. Studies 

of the Kittlitz’s murrelet have focused on habitat requirements. Studies of the Steller’s eider have 

looked at factors affecting migration, ecological relationships during the winter, and diet. 

 Studies of seabirds have described abundance, feeding behavior, and diet in relation to 

oceanographic features. Fronts and current patterns in Aleutian passes provide important feeding 

habitats for a variety of seabirds. Seabirds have been shown to be affected by recent ecosystem 

changes in the Bering Sea, and have been proposed as sensitive indicators of environmental 

change. Potential impacts to eiders from recent changes in clam populations in wintering 

locations have been studied. Population trends require continued study in order to provide a basis 

for assessment of future potential environmental impact. 

 The coastal lagoons of the Alaska Peninsula form a unique habitat for migrating 

shorebirds and waterfowl. A large proportion of western hemisphere shorebirds use these 

lagoons as staging areas during migration. Few recent studies of these lagoons and their birds 

were found. Since these habitats may be affected by North Aleutian Basin oil and gas 

development, further study of the ecology of these lagoons and their shorebirds may be 

warranted. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 39 December 2007 

Information Summary 

 Three important impacting factors on seabirds and shorebirds have been studied: 

(1) effects of oil spills on populations, (2) presence of inorganic and organic contaminants in 

seabirds, and (3) the effects of construction and development activities. Studies of oil effects 

have largely been conducted in Prince William Sound (as related to the Exxon Valdez oil spill), 

and studies of construction and development effects have focused on the effects of North Slope 

oil and gas development. Contaminant studies have been conducted on populations important in 

subsistence harvest, on Bering Sea islands, and in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. 

 One aspect of oil and gas development that has not been well studied is the effects of oil 

platforms on seabirds. Literature about these effects was found only for the North Atlantic and 

the Gulf of Mexico. The potential for bird collision at a proposed windfarm on St. Lawrence 

Island also has been assessed and the results of that assessment may be relevant. Collisions and 

attraction to lights are of particular concern. Because of the length of winter darkness and the 

importance of the region as habitat for wintering seabirds, studies of both collisions and 

attraction are needed. 
TABLE 3. Publications from 1996 to 2006 Related to Seabirds, Shorebirds, and Waterfowl of the North A

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

ADFG 1997a Bristol Bay Distribution Seabirds, waterfowl Map showing seabird colonies an

distribution of Togiak Bay and th

ADFG 1997b Bristol Bay Distribution Seabirds, waterfowl Map showing seabird colonies an

distribution of Nushagak Bay are

ADFG 1997c Bristol Bay Distribution Seabirds, waterfowl Map showing seabird colonies an

of the Kvichak Bay area. 

ADFG 1997d Bristol Bay Distribution Seabirds, waterfowl Map showing seabird colonies an

distribution of the Egigik Bay are

ADFG 1997e Bristol Bay Distribution Seabirds, waterfowl Map showing waterfowl habitat d

Ugashik Bay area. 

ADFG 1997f Bristol Bay Distribution Seabirds, waterfowl Map showing waterfowl habitat d

River area. 

ADFG 1997g Bristol Bay Distribution Seabirds, waterfowl Map showing waterfowl habitat d

Heiden area. 

ADFG 1997h Bristol Bay Distribution Seabirds, waterfowl Map showing seabird colonies an

distribution of the Kujulik Bay ar

ADNR 2000 Bristol Bay, 

Alaska Peninsula 

Distribution Seabirds Map showing the location and siz

Bristol Bay and the north and souPort Moller and Ikofski. 

Agler and Kendall 

1997 Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts Seabirds, waterfowl This report includes trends in mar

following the Exxon Valdez oil sp

Ainley et al. 2002 General Ecology Common murre This chapter discusses the life his

common murre. 

Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge 

2006 Alaska Population Seabirds Website with links to yearly repo

Population Trends of Seabirds in 2004 (most recent). 

Alaska Natural Heritage Program 

2005 Alaska General Kittlitz’s murrelet A description of the taxonomy, ec

abundance, existing protection, chinventory needs, conservation and and a bibliography. 
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Alaska Shorebird Working Group 

2000 Alaska Conservation Shorebirds Describes conservation regions in 

species priorities, conservation isobjectives, implementation, and cimmediate priority projects for shIdentifies Western Hemisphere ShNetwork Sites in Alaska. 

ARRT 2001 Alaska Distribution Seabirds Presents excerpts from the Alaska 

Catalog in the form of detailed m

BLM 2005 North Slope Impacts Spectacled eider, Steller’s 

eider 

This appendix of the National Pet

EIS discusses the potential sourcepetroleum development on spectaeider. 

Bustnes et al. 2000 Norway Ecology Steller’s eider Paper reporting the diet of winter

Norway. 

Byrd and Dragoo 

1997 Alaska Population Seabirds Report presenting data on breedin

population trends of seabirds in A

Byrd et al. 2005 Aleutian 

Islands 

Population Seabirds This paper discusses seabird popu

ecological factors, including predseabirds near island passes in the 

Causey et al. 2005 Aleutian 

Islands 

Population Seabirds Paleoarcheological data were exa

in marine bird populations in the Although effects of human predata local scale, evidence suggests thand changes in prey base in the peffect on abundance of seabirds. 

Center for Biological Diversity et al. 

2001 General Regulation Kittlitz’s murrelet This petition to add Kittlitz’s mur

species list discusses potential thr

Christopher et al. 

2002 Bering Sea, 

Gulf of Alaska 

Impacts Common murre Reports on measured mercury con

murres from the Bering Sea and G
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Circumpolar Seabird Working Group 

1997 Worldwide Distribution, 

conservation 

Eiders Discusses the worldwide range an

utilization of eiders, and managempopulation trends. Identifies manaactions, and develops managemen

Dau and Mallek 2006 Southwestern 

Alaska 

Population Emperor goose, Brant, 

Steller’s eider, other waterbirds 

Overflights were used to survey pgeese and other waterbirds from KUnimak Island, including both sidduring April and May 2004. Branwere among the species counted. 

Dau et al. 2000 Alaska 

Peninsula 

Distribution Steller’s eider Reports the results of banding and 

Steller’s eiders along the lower A

Day and Nigro 2000 Prince William 

Sound 

Ecology Marbled murrelet Discusses feeding ecology of mar

William Sound. 

Day and Nigro 2003 Prince William 

Sound 

Ecology Kittlitz’s murrelet Evaluates Kittlitz’s murrelet on P

reproductive problems. 

Day et al. 1997a Kenai 

Peninsula 

Impacts General Reports on the effect of the Exxon 

habitat use along the Kenai Penin

Day et al. 1997b Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts General Reports on the effect of the Exxon 

habitat use in Prince William Sou

Day et al 1999 General Ecology Kittlitz’s murrelet This chapter discusses the life his

Kittlitz’s murrelet. 

Day et al. 2000 Prince William 

Sound 

Ecology Kittlitz’s murrelet Describes at-sea habitats of Kittli

William Sound. 

Day et al. 2003a Prince William 

Sound 

Ecology Kittlitz’s murrelet, marbled 

murrelet 

Examines the habitat use and nichKittlitz’s murrelet and marbled mwaters of Prince William Sound. significance of habitat differences morphological differences. 

Day et al. 2003b St. Lawrence 

Island, Bering Sea 

Impacts Eiders, general birds Assesses the potential collision po

other birds near a proposed wind Island in the Bering Sea. 
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Day et al. 2005a Beaufort Sea Impacts Eiders, general Reports the results of studies of m

avoidance of eiders and other bird2001–2004. 

Day et al. 2005b North Slope Ecology Eiders This paper presents observations 

migration of eiders, including wemigrating eiders was determined. 

DOC 1997 Alaska Regulation, 

impacts 

Seabirds Establishes management measure

Exclusive Economic Zone to reduhook-and-line groundfish fisherie

DOC 1998 Alaska Regulation, 

impacts 

Seabirds Establishes management measure

bycatch in halibut fisheries. 

DOD 1999 Beaufort Sea Impacts General Environmental impact statement 

the Northstar project. 

DOI 1997 General Regulation Steller’s eider Final rule for establishing the thre

Alaska breeding population of the 

DOI 2000 General Regulation, habitat Spectacled eider Identifies and supports proposed 

spectacled eider. 

DOI 2001a General Regulation, habitat Spectacled eider Final determination of designated 

spectacled eider. 

DOI 2001b General Regulation, habitat Steller’s eider Final determination of designated 

Alaska-breeding population of th

DOI 2001c General Regulation Aleutian Canada goose Final rule to remove the Aleutian 

federal list of endangered and thr

DOI 2003 General Regulation Steller’s eider Announces the availability of the 

Alaska breeding population of the 

DOI 2005a General Impacts Seabirds This website describes the Seabir

Monitoring Project. 

DOI 2005b General Ecology General This website provides access to th

Digital Data. 

Dragoo et al. 2000 General Population, 

ecology 

Seabirds This report provides information 

population trends of seabirds in A
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Dragoo et al. 2003 General Population, 

ecology 

Seabirds This report provides information 

population trends, and diets of se

Dragoo et al. 2004 General Population, 

ecology 

Seabirds This report provides information 

population trends, and diets of se

Drew and Piatt 2005a North Pacific Population, 

distribution 

Seabirds Report describing the North Pacif

Database. 

Drew and Piatt 2005b North Pacific Distribution Seabirds This presentation describes the cr

Pacific Pelagic Seabird Database used the database. 

Esler et al. 2000 Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts Harlequin duck This paper compares winter survi

ducks in oiled and unoiled areas iimpacts of the Exxon Valdez oil s

Esler et al. 2002 Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts Harlequin duck This paper discusses recovery of 

populations after the Exxon Valderecovery are discussed. 

Estes et al. 1997 Aleutian 

Islands 

Impacts Bald eagles This paper reports data on organo

from the Aleutian Archipelago. 

Flint and Fowler 1998 St. Paul Island Impacts Seabirds This paper discusses experiments 

of wind on recovery of oiled seab

Flint and Miles 2002 Aleutian 

Islands, Alaska Peninsula 

Impacts Steller’s eider This report discusses the effects o

processing, and organic contaminSteller’s eiders. 

Flint et al. 1997 Alaska Impacts Spectacled eider, diving 

ducks 

Discusses lead exposure of diving Alaska. 

Flint et al. 1998 General Population Northern pintail Reports modeling of the producti

growth rate of the northern pintai

Flint et al. 1999 St. Paul Island, 

Bering Sea 

Impacts Seabirds Presents modeling of bird mortali

M/V Citrus oil spill off St. Paul I

Flint et al. 2000 Alaska 

Peninsula 

Population Steller’s eider Reports annual survival and site f

eiders. 
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Flint et al. 2004 General Ecology Long-tailed duck This paper discusses movements 

ducks during wing molt. 

Fowler and Flint 1997 St. Paul Island, 

Bering Sea 

Impacts King eider The persistence of oiled king eide

oil spill was modeled to help dete

Fredrickson 2001 General Ecology Steller’s eider This chapter discusses life history 

eider. 

FWS 1996a Alaska Population Seabirds A catalog of Alaska seabird colonFWS 1996b General Regulation Spectacled eider Recovery plan for the spectacled FWS 1999a Bering Sea, 

Aleutian Islands 

Regulation, impacts 

Short-tailed albatross Biological Opinion on the effects 

Sea/Aleutian Islands fishery on th

FWS 1999b Alaska Population Sea ducks This report discusses population s

trends in sea ducks in Alaska. 

FWS 2000 Alaska 

Peninsula 

Impacts Steller’s eider Biological Opinion on the effects 

on the Steller’s eider. 

FWS 2001 Alaska General Short-tailed albatross This fact sheet describes the shortFWS 2002 Alaska Regulation Steller’s eider Recovery plan for the Steller’s eiFWS 2004a Southwest 

Alaska 

Population Steller’s eider This report presents the Steller’s e

survey in southwest Alaska. 

FWS 2004b Alaska 

Peninsula, Bristol Bay, Bering Sea 

Regulation, habitat Steller’s eider Critical habitat map for the Stelle

Gaston and Hipfner 

2000 General Ecology Thick-billed murre This chapter discusses the life his

thick-billed murre. 

Gilchrist 2001 General Ecology Glaucous gull This chapter discusses the life his

glaucous gull. 

Gill 2004 Alaska General Shorebirds This report contains summaries o

shorebirds ongoing in 2003. 

Gill and McCaffery 

1999 Alaska Population Bar-tailed godwits This paper provides population es

godwits based on observations fro
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Gill and Senner 1996 Alaska Conservation, 

ecology 

Shorebirds This paper discusses the importan

hemisphere shorebirds. 

Golet et al. 2002 Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts Pigeon guillemot This paper discusses the long-term 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill on pige

Goudie et al. 2000 General Ecology Common eider This book chapter describes the li

of the common eider. 

Grand et al. 1998 Alaska Impacts Spectacled eider This paper discusses the effects o

spectacled eider survival rates. 

Grand et al. 2002 Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta Impacts Spectacled eider, common eider This paper presents concentration

the eggs and blood of spectacled 

Guillemette 1998 Gulf of St. 

Lawrence 

Ecology Common eider This paper discusses aspects of fe

digestion of common eiders feediin the winter. 

Guillemette 2001 Gulf of St. 

Lawrence 

Ecology Common eider This paper discusses spring feedin

eiders in the Gulf of St. Lawrence

Handel and Gill 2000 Alaska Ecology Black turnstone This paper discusses monogamy iHandel and Gill 2001 General Ecology Black turnstone This chapter describes the life his

black turnstone. 

Harding et al. 2005 Alaska, Russia Population Horned puffin This paper discusses census meth

puffins. 

Hatch et al. 1996 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Gulf of Alaska 

Population Common murres, thickbilled murres, tufted puffins This report provides estimates of 

habitat use by common murres an

Hatch et al. 2000 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Gulf of Alaska 

Population Common murres, thickbilled murres, tufted puffins This report provides estimates of 

habitat use by common murres, thtufted puffins. 

Hobson 1997 General Ecology Pelagic cormorant This chapter discusses life history 

pelagic cormorant. 

Hodges et al. 1996 Alaska Population Seabirds Reports the results of aerial surve

1994. 
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Hunt et al. 2001 North Pacific Ecology Seabirds This report discusses consumptio

birds in the subarctic North Pacifaggregate estimates by region of prates, biomass, and energy transfecontains estimates of the populatiseabirds. 

Hunt et al. 2005 Gulf of Alaska Ecology Seabirds This paper presents data on prey 

transfer by seabirds (shearwaters, murrelets, auklets, and sea ducks) 

Irons et al. 2000 Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts Seabirds This paper compares populations 

before and after the Exxon Valdez 

interpreted with respect to life his

Jahncke et al. 2005 Aleutian 

Islands 

Distribution, ecology 

Seabirds This paper presents the difference

distribution, and diet between the Aleutian Islands. Oceanographic evaluated. 

Jones et al. 2001 General Ecology Parakeet auklet This book chapter discusses the li

of the parakeet auklet. 

Kitaysky et al. 2006 North Pacific Ecology Red-legged kittiwake This paper discusses the effects o

condition of juvenile red-legged kconclude lipid-poor diets may resdeclines. 

Kucklick et al. 2002 Bering Sea, 

Gulf of Alaska 

Impacts Common murre, thick-billed 

murre 

This presentation discusses the prorganic pollutants in murre eggs. 

Kuletz 2004 Alaska Population Kittlitz’s murrelet This paper discusses the relations

and Kittlitz’s murrelet. 

Kuletz et al. 2003 Prince William 

Sound 

Population Kittlitz’s murrelet This paper discusses the relations

in Prince William Sound and Kitt

Lacroix et al. 2003 Beaufort Sea Impacts Long-tailed duck This paper reports the results of s

underwater seismic surveys on mducks. 
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Ladd et al. 2005 Aleutian 

Islands 

Distribution Seabirds This paper discusses the foraging 

seabirds at the convergence zones water masses in Aleutian passes. 

Lance et al. 2001 Prince William 

Sound 

Population, impacts 

General This paper investigates evidence 

of a wide variety of affected spec

Valdez oil spill. 

Lanctot et al. 1999 Prince William 

Sound 

Population Harlequin duck This study looks at genetic differe

populations to evaluate the potentrepopulate depleted populations. 

Larned 1998 Western 

Alaska 

Population King eider This report presents the results of 

eider molting areas in western Al

Larned 2000a Southwest 

Alaska 

Population Steller’s eider, seabirds This report presents the results of 

Steller’s eiders and other seabirds

Larned 2000b Southwest 

Alaska 

Population Steller’s eider This report presents the results of 

surveys for the Steller’s eider. 

Larned 2002 Southwest 

Alaska 

Population Steller’s eider This report presents the result of 2

surveys for the Steller’s eider. 

Larned 2003 Bering Sea Population Spectacled eider This report presents the results of 

of spectacled eiders in the Bering 

Larned 2004 Southwest 

Alaska 

Population Steller’s eider This report presents the result of 2

surveys for the Steller’s eider. 

Larned 2005 Southwest 

Alaska 

Population Steller’s eider This report presents the result of 2

surveys for the Steller’s eider. 

Larned and Tiplady 

1997 Bering Sea Population Spectacled eider This report presents the results of 

of spectacled eiders in the Bering 

Larned and Tiplady 

1999 Bering Sea Population Spectacled eider This report presents the results of 

of spectacled eiders in the Bering 

Laubhan and Metzner 

1999 Alaska 

Peninsula 

Population Steller’s eider This paper reports the results of s

Steller’s eiders in Izembeck Lago

Litzow et al. 2002 Gulf of Alaska Ecology Pigeon guillemot This paper presents data on surviv

chicks in areas of low-lipid food 
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Lovvorn et al. 2000 Bering Sea Ecology Spectacled eider This study describes the developm

based computer model of the foraspectacled eider that winters soutLawrence Island polynya in the B

Lovvorn et al. 2003 Bering Sea Ecology Spectacled eider This paper presents the results of 

condition of wintering spectacled investigated by examination of st

Mallek and Dau 2004 Southwestern 

Alaska 

Population Emperor goose, seabirds This report presents the results of 

Emperor geese and other seabirds during fall 2002. 

Mallek and Dau 2005 Southwestern 

Alaska 

Population Emperor goose, seabirds This report presents the results of 

Emperor geese and other seabirds during fall 2005. 

McCaffery and Gill 

2001 General Ecology Bar-tailed godwit This book chapter presents the lif

the bar-tailed godwit. 

Meehan et al. 1999 Alaska Ecology, 

population, climate 

Seabirds This paper discusses the importan

populations as indicators of the ecclimate change and environmentadevelopment. 

Melvin et al. 2006 Alaska Distribution Seabirds This report discusses observation

during stock assessments of PacifSpecies composition by region is for longline fishery impacts on se

Murphy et al. 1997 Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts Seabirds, shorebirds, 

waterfowl 

This paper discusses the effects o

spill on birds based on pre- and p

Pearce et al. 2005 Worldwide Population, 

conservation 

Steller’s eider This paper presents studies of gen

among Steller’s eider populations conservation. 

Petersen and Douglas 

2004 Bering Sea Ecology Spectacled eider This study describes the environm

wintering areas for spectacled eidrelationship of these characteristi
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Petersen and Flint 

2002 Bering Sea, 

Beaufort Sea 

Population Common eider This paper describes the degree o

and Beaufort Sea populations of t

Petersen et al. 1998 Bering Sea Ecology Spectacled eider This paper presents data on the di

Petersen et al. 1999 Bering Sea, 

Arctic Alaska, and Russia 

Population Spectacled eider This paper reviews data and obse

eiders to identify seasonal habitatgrounds. 

Piatt and Drew 2004 Aleutian 

Islands 

Population Seabirds This paper uses the North Pacific 

Database to estimate the abundan100 km of the Selendang Ayu gro

Island. 

Piatt and Ford 2000a Alaska Distribution Seabirds This report describes a computeri

for Alaska. 

Piatt and Ford 2000b Alaska Population Seabirds This report describes the use of a 

monitoring seabird populations in development. 

Piatt and Kitaysky 

2002 General Ecology Horned puffin This chapter describes the life his

horned puffin. 

Piatt and Springer 

2004 Bering Sea Ecology Seabirds This paper discusses the factors a

biogeography of seabirds in the B

Piatt et al. 2006 Alaska Distribution, 

population 

Seabirds This atlas was developed from th

Seabird Database. It illustrates dadistribution of 31 species/groups 

Richman and Lovvorn 

2003 Bering Sea Ecology Spectacled eider This paper discusses the characte

that affect the energetics of specta

Robertson and Savard 

2002 General Ecology Long-tailed duck This chapter discusses the life his

long-tailed duck. 

Russell 2005 Gulf of 

Mexico 

Impacts Migrating birds This report gives detailed observa

on offshore gas and oil platforms Mexico. 
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Schauer and Murphy 

1996 Alaska Ecology Common murre This paper presents the results of 

eggs and nestlings of common mu

Sea Duck Joint Venture 

2003 General General Steller’s eider This fact sheet describes the Stell

Solovieva 1999 General Ecology Steller’s eider This dissertation discusses resear

bioenergetics of the Steller’s eide

Springer et al. 1996 Aleutian 

Islands 

Ecology Seabirds This paper discusses seabirds as i

ecosystem conditions. 

Stehn et al. 2001 Alaska Population Seabirds This paper discusses the incidenta

longline fisheries. 

Stephenson and Irons 

2003 Bering Sea, 

Gulf of Alaska 

Population Colonial seabirds This paper discusses differences i

seabird populations in the eastern Alaska using data from the BerinDatabase. 

Stout 2002 Alaska, Russia Impacts Eiders Livers and kidney tissues were co

Alaska and Russia for organic anResults showed that organochlorilevels were below toxic thresholdcases, cadmium, copper, lead and relative to other waterfowl. With local anthropogenic sources for thknown. Although adverse physiolnot been documented in eiders, thcannot be ruled out as contaminanfor some eider species. 

Suydam 2000 General Ecology King eider This chapter describes the life his

king eider. 
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Systad and Bustnes 

2001 Arctic Ecology Common eider, king eider, 

long-tailed duck 

This paper describes the effects otemperatures on winter foraging oeiders, and long-tailed ducks. The eiders and king eiders species remthroughout winter, whereas long-of the area in midwinter. As day lextended their feeding period into The ability to survive when days explained by use of stored nutrienfeeding, or high prey availability. 

Trust et al. 2000 St. Lawrence 

Island, Bering Sea 

Impacts Spectacled eider Inorganic and organic contaminan

spectacled eiders from St. Lawren

Vander Pol et al. 2003 Alaska Impacts Murres This poster discusses trends in co

pollutants in eggs from murre col

Vlietstra et al. 2005 Aleutian 

Islands 

Ecology Short-tailed shearwater This paper associates sizes of pre

passes with respect to the diet of shearwater. 

Ward et al. 1999 Southwestern 

Alaska 

Impacts Brant, Canada goose Observations of the response of f

Canada geese to aircraft overfligh

Wiese and Robertson 

2004 General Impacts Seabirds Presents a computer model for as

chronic exposure of seabirds to lodischarge. 

Wiese et al. 2001 North Atlantic Impacts Seabirds This paper discusses the sources o

congregating at offshore oil platfoaround oil drilling platforms and numbers due to night lighting, flavisual cues. Bird mortality has beimpact on the structure, oiling and flare. Hydrocarbon development could affect both regional and glopopulations. 
Table 3 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Wilbor 1999 Bering Sea Population Long-tailed duck This report discusses the status of Wilson et al. 2004 Alaska Impacts Spectacled eider, king eider Reports the levels of metals and t

the blood of spectacled and king e

Winker and Rocque 

2004 General Impacts Seabirds This report discusses the use of ar

as resources for marine environm

York et al. 2001 General Impacts Seabirds This report discusses the use of ar

and protocols for collecting and b
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 54 December 2007

Information Summary 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 55 December 2007 

Information Summary 

5 MARINE MAMMALS 

 This evaluation of information on marine mammals of the Bering Sea, Bristol Bay, and 

the North Aleutian Basin2

 is based on a collection of about 200 reports, research papers, and 

web-published materials dated from 1996 to 2006. Information is included on 25 species of 

cetaceans (whales, porpoises, and dolphins); pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walrus); and sea 

otters. These species are included because (1) they occur in Bristol Bay and adjoining shores, (2) 

they are wide-ranging in the Bering Sea and cannot be ruled out for regions potentially affected 

by oil and gas development activities, (3) impacts on them may be similar to those on species 

occurring in the North Aleutian Basin, or (4) they are part of the subsistence culture of Alaska 

Natives in Bristol Bay and the southeastern Bering Sea. A few poorly known species, such as the 

beaked whales, are included because they are mentioned in literature pertaining to other species. 

Literature concerning mammals in the Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea is included when the 

results of the studies could potentially be extrapolated to mammals of the southeastern Bering 

Sea. 

Presentations at the Planning Meeting included overviews of (1) important pinniped 

populations by John Bengtson of the National Marine Mammal Laboratory, (2) North Pacific 

right whale (Eubalaena japonica) and other cetaceans by Philip Clapham of the National Marine 

Mammal Laboratory, and (3) northern sea otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) and Pacific walrus 

(Odobenus rosmarus divergens) by Angela Doroff of the FWS. The presentations, which can be 

found in the Planning Meeting report, summarize available information and information needs 

on these topics relevant to an impact assessment of oil and gas development in the Basin. 

 Recent literature on marine mammals identified and collected for this report includes 

general species descriptions; information on distribution and habitat; estimates of population 

size, population parameters, and dynamics; biotic relationships, including trophic and ecosystem 

relationships; impacts of human activities; and regulatory status and management. Table 4 

presents summaries of the content of selected recent publications. Full citations are presented in 

Section 7.4. 

 Since 1996, the regulatory status under the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) and 

the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of certain stocks of marine mammals that inhabit the North 

Aleutian Basin area (e.g., sea otter, North Pacific right whale) has changed. New fishery 

regulations have been implemented to protect critical habitat for the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias 

jubatus), and critical habitat has been designated for the North Pacific right whale. 

Large areas of critical habitat exist for the Steller sea lion in the Bering Sea. In 2005, the 

FWS listed the Southwest Alaska distinct population segment of the northern sea otter as 

threatened under the ESA. In 2006, the NMFS established critical habitat for the North Pacific 

right whale in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, and is proposing to expand the area of these 

habitats and released the draft recovery plan for the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). 

 

2

 Dr. Lisa Rotterman, Minerals Management Service, Anchorage, provided valuable input for the preparation of this 

section. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 56 December 2007 

Information Summary 

 The Marine Mammal Commission prepares annual reports to Congress on the regulation, 

conservation, management, status, and human impacts to marine mammals listed as threatened 

and endangered under the ESA or depleted under the MMPA. The American Cetacean Society 

publishes fact sheets on the general biology, distribution, life history, and status of marine 

mammals. These fact sheets, which include bibliographies, are available for many of the species 

found in Bristol Bay and the Bering Sea, such as the Pacific white-sided dolphin 

(Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), and the harbor porpoise 

(Phocoena phocoena), among others. 

Detailed species information on marine mammals is updated periodically and published 

in Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments. These annual reports contain information on 

many or all of the marine mammals found in the southeastern Bering Sea. These stock 

assessments give good, up-to-date summaries of what is known for each species, including (1) 

stock definition and geographic range; (2) population size, including historic and recent data; (3) 

current and maximum productivity estimates and potential biological removal; (4) annual human 

caused mortality and serious injury, including subsistence and commercial harvest; (5) stock 

status, including regulation and management; and (6) references. The stock assessments also 

identify data gaps and assessments that cannot be made due to missing or incomplete data. 

 The MMPA allows Alaska Natives to harvest marine mammals for subsistence uses. Per 

the MMPA requirements, the FWS has established a Marking, Tagging, and Recording Program 

under which all sea otter and polar bear hides and skulls, and all walrus tusks, are tagged by a 

FWS representative. In addition, the FWS monitors the annual spring walrus hunt in several 

Alaskan villages as part of its Walrus Harvest Monitoring Program. Tagging reports provide 

information on location, age class, and gender. 

 The ADFG publishes detailed habitat maps of nearshore waters including habitats of the 

Pacific walrus, spotted seals (Phoca largha), Steller sea lions, harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), 

beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas), and northern sea otters. These maps identify haulouts for 

walrus, seals, and sea lions, as well as feeding and calving areas for whales. Map coverage 

includes the shores of southeastern Bristol Bay, including the north shore of the Alaska 

Peninsula and Aleutian Islands, the south shore of the Alaska Peninsula, and islands of the Gulf 

of Alaska. 

 Observations and census of pinnipeds and cetaceans by direct observation and remote 

sensing have provided information on distribution patterns and migratory routes, as well as 

population estimates. In 1996, North Pacific right whales were discovered to still be present in 

the southeastern Bering Sea. Subsequent studies by shipboard observations, aerial surveys, and 

acoustic analysis have established the relatively regular presence of these whales in the 

southeastern Bering Sea, including the North Aleutian Basin, during most years. 

 Recent studies of changes in the distribution of cetaceans (North Pacific right whale, fin 

whale, western gray whale [Eschrichtius robustus], and humpback whale [Megaptera 

novaeangliae]) have been evaluated with respect to climate change. Studies published from 1996 

to 2006 discuss the relationship of cetacean, pinniped, walrus, and sea otter distributions to 

bathymetry, oceanic and coastal circulation, sea ice, productivity, and food abundance. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 57 December 2007 

Information Summary 

Observations of Steller sea lions and cetaceans have been related to biophysical variables for the 

Alaska Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, and the Gulf of Alaska. 

 While marine mammals are relatively well studied in the Bering Sea compared with other 

taxonomic groups, little of this information applies specifically to the areas of the North Aleutian 

Basin where oil and gas development could occur. In order to assess the impacts of development 

in the Basin, further study of marine mammal movement, habitat use, reproduction, population 

dynamics, and diet is needed. 

 Visual observations, radiotelemetry, remote sensing, tagging, capture, and passive 

acoustics have been used to monitor the populations of cetaceans, pinnipeds, walrus, and sea 

otters in the Bering Sea, Bristol Bay, and Aleutian Islands. Population parameters studied include 

stock identification, population genetics, population size, population trends, stock productivity, 

reproduction, and sources of mortality. These studies provide a historical perspective on 

population size and change and have been used to predict future population trends and recovery. 

Decreasing numbers of some species such as Steller sea lions have been investigated from the 

perspectives of nutrition, prey availability, natural and hunting mortality, disease, and pollution. 

Various modeling techniques have been developed to assist with assessing population dynamics 

and proposed recovery measures for cetacean species of regulatory concern, such as bowhead 

whales. Remote sensing techniques have been developed for some species, such as the Pacific 

walrus (using airborne thermal sensors) and the spotted seal (using satellite-linked transmitters). 

Few of these data are specific to the North Aleutian Basin, but they could be used for 

assessments if the population sizes and distributions of marine mammals in the Basin have been 

determined. 

 Recent studies of diet and trophic relationships of marine mammals include analyses of 

temporal and geographic variation. Diets of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus), Steller sea 

lions, and sea otters have been investigated to try to better understand observed geographic 

patterns and recent population changes. Levels of organic pollutants in marine mammals have 

been interpreted on the basis of diet. In recent years, food webs have undergone major changes in 

the Bering Sea. Changes in ecosystem structure have been implicated in changes in marine 

mammal body condition, growth, and population size. Declines of prey species and changes in 

ecosystem structure have been hypothesized to be related to interdecadal changes in climate, 

major climate events, and a trend of increasing temperature. Studies of variability in sea ice, 

circulation patterns across the Bering Shelf, and circulation through Aleutian passes have been 

interpreted as affecting selected marine mammal populations. These recent changes in the Bering 

Sea ecosystem create a need for continued study of marine mammal seasonal habitat use, 

seasonal diet, condition, and health status. 

 Oil spill impacts on marine environments have been extensively studied in Prince 

William Sound, including population trends, body condition, and survival of sea otters following 

the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound. Other potential impacts from oil and gas 

development include disturbance by activities on the Outer Continental Shelf, including drilling, 

transportation, and exploration. Contaminants in marine mammals have been studied from the 

perspectives of human health, marine mammal population effects, and food chain transfer. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 58 December 2007 

Information Summary 

Information about the subsistence harvest of seals, sea lions, whales, and sea otters has been 

monitored by the ADFG, FWS, and NMFS (depending on the species). 

Human activities such as oil and gas exploration and production, commercial fisheries, 

Naval activities, and whale watching may affect marine mammals as a result of increases in 

noise and disturbance from breaking ice, vessel traffic and ship strikes, harassment, illegal 

shooting, research seismic surveys, and pollution. Behavioral changes of marine mammals due to 

disturbance by these activities needs further study. Oil and gas exploration, development, and 

production activities will generate noise to which cetaceans and pinnipeds are sensitive. Studies 

of acoustic effects on species that inhabit the North Aleutian Basin should be implemented. 
TABLE 4. Publications from 1996 to 2006 Related to Marine Mammals of the North Aleutian Basin. 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

ADFG 1997a Togiak Bay Distribution Pacific walrus, harbor seal, 

spotted seal, Steller sea lion 

Map of Togiak Bay showing haharbor and spotted seals, and se

ADFG 1997b Nushagak Bay Distribution Harbor seal, spotted seal, beluga 

whale 

Map of Nushagak Bay showing and harbor and spotted seal hau

ADFG 1997c Kvichak Bay Distribution Harbor seal, beluga whale Map of Kvichak Bay showing b

and feeding areas and haulout ar

ADFG 1997d Egigik Bay Distribution Harbor seal, beluga whale Map of Egigik Bay showing bel

areas and harbor seal haulout ar

ADFG 1997e Ugashik Bay Distribution Harbor seal Map of Ugashik Bay showing h

areas. 

ADFG 1997f Cinder River area Distribution Harbor seal Map of the Cinder River area sh

haulout areas. 

ADFG 1997g Port Heiden area Distribution Harbor seal Map of the Port Heiden area sho

haulout areas. 

ADFG 1997h Kujulik Bay area Distribution Steller sea lion, northern sea 

otter 

Map of the Kujulik Bay area shosea otter concentration and Stellareas. 

Agler and Kendall 

1997 Prince William 

Sound 

Impacts Sea otter Report describes trends in sea o

abundance of Prince William SoExxon Valdez oil spill. 

Alaska Fisheries Science Center 

2006 Alaska General Marine mammals A searchable database of all Ala

Center and National Marine Mapublications. 

Alaska Science Center 

2004 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Ecology Pacific walrus Website maintained by the Alas

links to the Pacific walrus intern

Alaska Sea Life Center 

2006 Alaska General Marine mammals Website with a bibliography of 

reviewed publications. 

American Cetacean Society 

2004 Worldwide General Pacific white-sided dolphin Fact sheet describing the biolog

history, and status of the PacificA bibliography is included. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

American Cetacean Society 

2005a Worldwide General Dall’s porpoise Fact sheet describing the biolog

history, and status of the Dall’s bibliography is included. 

American Cetacean Society 

2005b Worldwide General Harbor porpoise Fact sheet describing the biolog

history, and status of the harbor bibliography is included. 

Angliss and Outlaw 

2005 Alaska General Marine mammals Detailed descriptions are provid

stock of marine mammals in Alassessments are updated to 2005stock definitions and geographic and trends, stock productivity, fsubsistence/native harvest, other stock status, and habitat concern

Angliss et al. 2002 Worldwide Regulation Blue whale, North Pacific right 

whale, Steller sea lion, humpback whale 

This report presents the results oworkshop on developing recovewhale species. The workshop re

history and developed a general recovery criteria. 

Antonelis et al. 1997 Bering Sea Ecology Northern fur seal Reports studies of the interislan

of female northern fur seals in th

Baker et al. 2005 North Pacific Population Steller sea lion Genetic analyses of individuals 

significant rookeries found no ebottleneck effects, and found sigbetween eastern and western stobetween Asian rookeries and othrookeries. Recommends three st

Bengtson et al. 1999 Bering Sea Ecology Seals Discusses the life history of sea

interdecadal changes in Bering 

Brownell et al. 2001 North Pacific Conservation North Pacific right whale Discusses the conservation statu

whales. 

Brueggeman 1998 North Aleutian 

Basin 

Distribution Marine mammals Discusses marine habitat use in 

areas of the North Aleutian Basand the Gulf of Alaska. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Buckland and Breiwick 

2002 Eastern Pacific Population Gray whale Discusses trends in abundance o

whales estimated from shore co1995-1996. 

Burek et al. 2005 Gulf of Alaska, 

Aleutian Islands 

Population Steller sea lion Serologic data were examined to 

infectious disease may have plaof Steller sea lions in the Gulf oIslands. 

Burn 1998 Bering Sea Regulation Pacific walrus Estimates hunter compliance wi

Marking, Tagging and Reportin

Burn and Perryman 

1999 Bering Sea Population Pacific walrus Discusses application of remote 

studies in Alaska. 

Burn et al. 2003 Bering Sea Population Pacific walrus This paper reports on tests of air

of Pacific walrus to determine if used to detect walrus groups on the number of walruses present study identified a significant linwalrus group size and the amouthe thermal sensor. Results of than aerial survey using a thermal much as 4 times the area per hougreater reliability than visual ob

Butterworth et al. 

2002a Bering Sea Population Gray whale Discusses dynamic response ana

Pacific gray whale population. 

Butterworth et al.

2002b Bering Sea Population Gray whale Discusses modeling of the North 

population. 

Calambokidis et al. 

1996 North Pacific Population Humpback whale Discusses interchange and isola

whales off California and other grounds. 

Calkins et al. 1998 Alaska Population Steller sea lion Evaluates nutritional stress as a 

numbers of Steller sea lions in tAleutian Islands, and the Bering 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Con

Call and Loughlin 

2005 Aleutian Islands, 

Gulf of Alaska 

Ecology Steller sea lion This paper presents a broad ecolo

of rookeries for the western stock inform management decisions foon habitat, diet, and population trgroup sea lion rookeries into ecoregions. Five distinct classes of rmanagement regions) were ident

Cascadia Research 

2006 North Pacific Abundance, 

population, impacts 

Humpback whale This website presents the results 

Populations, Levels of AbundancHumpbacks” (SPLASH) project population structure, abundance, for humpback whales in the Nort

Castellini et al. 1996 Alaska General Harbor seal Reports annual investigations on 

Alaska. 

Chadwick et al. 

1996 Chukchi Sea Impacts Pacific walrus Reports preliminary research on 

disturbance in the Outer Contine

Chivers 1999 North Pacific Population Pacific walrus This report discusses biological i

to monitor the population status o

Chivers et al. 2002 North Pacific Population Harbor porpoise Molecular genetic analysis is use

scale population structure of east

harbor porpoises. 

Clark and Ellison 

2000 Bering, Chukchi, 

& Beaufort Seas 

Distribution Bowhead whale Acoustic location methods for bo

calibrated and compared. 

Clarke and Moore 

2002 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Distribution Gray whale Report of observations of gray w

Chukchi and northern Bering SeaNovember 1980–1989. 

Clark et al. 1996 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Distribution Bowhead whale An acoustic study was conducted 

Alaska, in spring 1993 as part of to census the Bering-Chukchi-Bewhale population. The offshore dacoustically located whales indicthe 1993 migration period, 86% oanimals were within 4 km of the 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Coffing et al. 1998 YukonKuskokwim 

Delta 

Impacts Bearded seal, ribbon seal, ringed 

seal, spotted seal, Steller sea lion 

The subsistence harvest of seals Alaska Natives in three communKuskowim Delta during 1997–1

Coffing et al. 1999 YukonKuskokwim 

Delta 

Impacts Bearded seal, ribbon seal, ringed 

seal, spotted seal, Steller sea lion 

The subsistence harvest of seals Alaska Natives in three communKuskowim Delta during 1998–1

Coombs et al. 2003 Bering Sea Ecology, 

impacts 

Marine mammals This paper assesses the impact o

marine mammals and human heBering Sea. 

Da Silva et al. 2000 General Population Bowhead whale Capture-recapture techniques us

identification were used to estimpopulation size. 

Dahlheim et al. 2000 Bristol Bay, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Population Harbor porpoise Aerial surveys were used to esti

abundance. 

Dehn et al. 2002 Alaska Ecology, 

impacts 

Ringed seal, spotted seal, bearded seal 

Discusses feeding ecology of arimplications for heavy metal dy

Dehn et al. 2003 Alaska Ecology, 

impacts 

Ringed seal, spotted seal Heavy metals in renal and hepat

bearded, and spotted seals was eage and diet. 

DeMaster et al. 1996 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Population Seals This paper evaluates data on ice

1975 to 1991. 

DeMaster et al. 1997 Alaska Population Ringed seal This paper presents observation

and abundance of ringed seals in May 1996. 

DeMaster et al. 2001 Norton Sound Population Beluga whale This paper evaluates the effect o

estimates of beluga whales, and recommendations for survey me
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

DOC 2002 Bering Sea, 

Beaufort Sea 

Ecology, habitat, regulation 

Bowhead whale In this Federal Register notice, NM

a petition to designate certain areas critical habitat for the Beaufort Sea The determination summarizes the bowhead ecology in the Bering and 

DOC 2006 Bering Sea, Gulf of 

Alaska 

Regulation, habitat 

North Pacific right whale In this Federal Register notice, NM

Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska North Pacific right whale. The dete

summary of the status of the specie

DOD 1999 Beaufort Sea Impacts Marine mammals This final EIS assesses the impact o

for the Northstar project. 

DOI 2000 Aleutian Islands Regulation Northern sea otter This 2000 determination is a notice 

northern sea otter in the Aleutian Isspecies. 

Eberhardt et al. 2005 Aleutian Islands, 

Gulf of Alaska 

Population Steller sea lion This paper attempts to project trend

populations in six subdivisions of tpopulation. Populations were prediareas, decrease in two areas, and be another area. 

Estes et al. 1997 Aleutian Islands Ecology, 

impacts 

Northern sea otter This paper evaluates organochlorin

from the Aleutian Islands. 

Evans et al. 1997 Aleutian Islands Population Northern sea otter This report discusses the distributio

of northern sea otters in the Aleutia

Fadely et al. 2005 Aleutian Islands Ecology Spotted seal This paper evaluated the extent tha

and bathymetry influenced the divisea lions in the eastern Aleutian Islwith diving to >4 m were within 10 and associated with onshelf waters activity varied coincidently with in

temperature and chlorophyll a concage. Immature sea lions developing in the relatively shallow pass areas changes in oceanography and prey 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Fay et al. 1997 Alaska Population Pacific walrus This paper evaluates the status o

population from 1950 to 1989. 

Fedoseev 2000 North Pacific Ecology Seals This report discusses the biolog

seals and their role in North Pac

Ferrero 1996 North Pacific Population Pacific white-sided dolphin This report discusses growth pa

white-sided dolphin in the centr

Ferrero and Walker 

1996 North Pacific Population Pacific white-sided dolphin This paper measures age, growt

patterns of the Pacific white-sidhigh-seas driftnets in the central 

Folkens 2003 General Population, 

climate 

Marine mammals This paper discusses global clim

implications for marine mamma

Forney and Brownell 

1996 Aleutian Islands Population Marine mammals This paper gives a preliminary r

Aleutian Island marine mamma

Fritz and Hinckley 

2005 Gulf of Alaska, 

Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea 

Population Steller sea lion This study evaluated the nutritio

for explaining the decline in the lion population. Little support whypothesis. 

FWS 2006a Alaska Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Polar bear, northern sea otter, Pacific walrus 

FWS Alaska Endangered Speciewebsite. This website provides ivariety of species listed under thvariety of species-specific inform

FWS 2006b Alaska Ecology, 

population, harvest 

Polar bear, northern sea otter, Pacific walrus 

FWS Alaska marine mammals mwith some downloadable reportlisting. 

FWS 2006c Alaska Population, 

subsistence hunting 

Sea otter and walrus Annual Marking, Tagging, and 

the Walrus Harvest Monitoring reports provide location, age claotters and walrus harvested by A

FWS 2006d Alaska Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Northern sea otter FWS website providing informa

Southwest Alaska Distinct Popunorthern sea otter; includes accedocuments and special rules. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Garlich-Miller 1997 Bering Strait Population Pacific walrus This report presents data on age

reproductive status of the Pacifithe Bering Strait region from 19

Garlich-Miller and Burn 

1999 Alaska Population Pacific walrus This paper reports the results of 

the Pacific walrus in Alaska and communities in the Bering Sea, of Alaska. 

Garlich-Miller and Jay 

2000 Alaska Population Pacific walrus This report is the proceedings o

concerning walrus survey metho

Garlich-Miller and Pungowiyi 

1999 Alaska Population, 

impacts 

Pacific walrus This report is the proceedings o

concerning walrus harvest in Al

Garlich-Miller et al. 

2006 Bering Strait Population Pacific walrus This paper reports age and popu

walruses harvested in the Bering years. 

Gelatt 1996 Aleutian Islands Ecology Northern sea otter This thesis presents studies of a

time budgets of sea otters at Am

George et al. 2001 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Ecology Bowhead whale This paper looks at energetic ad

bowhead whale. 

George et al. 2002 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Population Bowhead whale This paper reports the populatio

Chukchi-Beaufort Sea stock of bon the 2001 census off Point Ba

Givens 2000 General Population Bowhead whale Gives an example of strike limit 

optimization. 

Givens 2003 General Population, 

impacts 

Bowhead whale Estimates safe aboriginal whalin

whales. 

Givens and Bravington 

1996 General Population Bowhead whale Evaluates sensitivity and adequa

bowhead whale stocks. 

Goddard and Rugh 

1998 Bering Sea Distribution North Pacific right whale This paper reports a siting of a g

the Bering Sea in July 1996. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Greene et al. 2003 Alaska Population Bowhead whale This report discusses the use of 

locate calling bowhead whales amigration. 

Gudmundson et al. 

2006 Bering Sea Ecology Northern fur seal The diet of northern fur seals wa

examining scat or spews to detecomposition of prey. 

Hastings 2001 Bering Sea Impacts Harbor seal Data from Alaska were compare

seals from other areas to evaluatstudy. 

Hill and DeMaster 

1999 Alaska Population, 

impacts 

Cetaceans This report provides information 

mammal stocks of Alaska under NMFS, and includes a descriptigeographic range, a minimum pcurrent population trends, curren

productivity rates, optimum suslevels and allowable removal leannual human-caused mortality 

Hill et al. 1997 Alaska Population, 

impacts 

Cetaceans This report provides information 

mammal stocks of Alaska under NMFS. Each stock assessment iof the stock’s geographic range, estimate, current population trenmaximum net productivity ratespopulation levels and allowable estimates of annual human-causserious injury through interactiofisheries and subsistence hunter

Hills 2001 Alaska Ecology Pacific walrus This paper discusses movement

Pacific walruses in spring and e

Hirons 1996 Bering Sea, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Ecology Steller sea lion, northern fur seal, 

harbor seal 

This paper reports the use of staisotope analysis to investigate thAlaska pinnipeds in the Bering 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Hirons et al. 2001 Bering Sea, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Ecology Steller sea lion, northern fur seal, 

harbor seal 

This paper reports the use of staisotope analysis to investigate thAlaska pinnipeds in the Bering It examines the hypothesis that trelated to declines of certain pop

Hobson and Sease 

1998 Alaska Ecology Steller sea lion This paper used stable isotope a

dietary records of the Steller sea 

Hoekstra et al. 2002a Alaska Ecology Bowhead whale This paper discusses the trophic 

whales as determined from carbisotope signatures. 

Hoekstra et al. 2002b Beaufort Sea Ecology, 

impacts 

Bowhead whale This paper reports investigation

bioaccumulation of organochlorbowhead whales. 

Houck and Jefferson 

1999 General General Dall’s porpoise This chapter describes the life h

Dall’s porpoise. 

Hunt et al. 2001 Bering Sea Ecology Pinnipeds, cetaceans, and 

northern sea otter 

This data gives quantitative data estimates of energy requirementconsumption for marine mammshelf and pelagic regions of the 

International Whaling Commission 

2006 Worldwide Management Whales This report presents reports of In

Commission observers at variouwhale management. It also summInternational Whaling Commiss

Ivashchenko et al. 

2003 Russia Impacts Gray whale This paper discusses the reactio

whales to seismic surveys. 

Jamison 2001 Bering Sea, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Ecology Harbor seal Scat and stomach contents were 

provide data on the diet of harbodifferences in diet were noted. 

Jamison et al. 2001 Bristol Bay Population Harbor seal Harbor seals were surveyed in N

analyzed with respect to time, wconditions. Trends were comparpopulations in Alaska. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Jay et al. 1998 Bristol Bay Impacts Pacific walrus Responses of Pacific walruses to 

capture and handling activities awere measured at a haulout loca

Kasuya 2002 General General Beaked whales A general description of the natu

of beaked whales. 

Kelly et al. 1999 Bering Sea Population Pacific walrus This paper discusses evidence o

population of the Pacific walrus

Kim et al. 1996 Alaska Impacts Steller sea lion This paper presents results of re

accumulation and distribution oorgans and tissues of the Steller with organochlorine accumulati

Krahn et al. 1997 Alaska Impacts Seals Organochlorine contaminants in 

seal species were discussed in tebiomonitoring and specimen ban

Krahn et al. 1999 Alaska Impacts Beluga whale Concentrations and patterns of p

organochlorine contaminants weAlaska stocks of beluga whales. 

Krahn et al. 2001 North Pacific Impacts Gray whale Organochlorine contaminant co

profiles in the eastern North Pacmeasured. 

Kucey and Trites 

2006 General Impacts Sea lions This paper provides a review of 

disturbance on sea lions, includirecovery. 

Le Boeuf et al. 2000 Bering Sea, 

Pacific 

Ecology Gray whale This paper evaluates the starvati

others, to explain high gray whaamphipod populations in the Beimplicated. 

LeDuc et al. 2000 North Pacific Population North Pacific right whale This report discusses the progre

eastern North Pacific right whal

LeDuc et al. 2001 Bering Sea, 

Bristol Bay 

Population North Pacific right whale This note discusses surveys for 

southeastern Bering Sea. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

LeDuc et al. 2002 North Pacific Population Gray whale This paper discusses genetic dif

western and eastern North Pacifpopulations. 

Lee et al. 1996 Bering Sea, 

Alaska 

Impacts Steller sea lion This paper discusses persistent o

Steller sea lions in Alaska, inclufrom 1976 to 1981. 

Lesage et al. 1999 St. Lawrence 

River 

Impacts Beluga whale This report presents observation

primarily vocalizations of belugpresence of noise from a ferry a

Loughlin and Yorke 

2000 Aleutian Islands, 

Gulf of Alaska 

Population, impacts 

Steller sea lion This paper examines sources of 

western population of Steller sedecline of the population. Mortaestimated for subsistence harvesillegal shooting, research, and pkiller whales. 

Lowry et al. 1998 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Population Spotted seal This paper monitored the movem

satellite-tagged spotted seals cauLagoon in the Chukchi Sea. Moproportion of time spent at haulmonitored for 12 individuals. Seas the Bering Sea sites of ProvidPeninsula and Golovin Bay on t

Lowry et al. 2000a Bering Sea Distribution Spotted seal This paper examines habitat use 

spotted seals in both Alaskan anBering Sea. Seals were fitted wiand followed for August to June 

Lowry et al. 2000b Bering Sea Ecology Spotted seal, bearded seal, 

ringed seal, Pacific walrus, bowhead whale, beluga whale 

Discusses the relationship of maice and evaluates potential chanavailability, and interspecies relchanges in sea ice. 

Maldini et al. 2005 Alaska Population Northern sea otter This report presents papers from 

addressing the decline of the souotter population. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Marine Mammal Commission 

2001 General Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

North Pacific right whale, gray whale, Steller sea lion, Pacific walrus, harbor seal, northern sea otter 

This report addresses the regulamanagement, status, and human mammals listed as threatened anthe ESA or depleted under the M

Marine Mammal Commission 

2002 General Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

North Pacific right whale, gray whale, Steller sea lion, Pacific walrus, harbor seal, northern sea otter, humpback whale, killer whale 

This report addresses the regulamanagement, status, and human mammals listed as threatened anthe ESA or depleted under the M

Marine Mammal Commission 

2003 General Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

North Pacific right whale, gray whale, Steller sea lion, Pacific walrus, harbor seal, northern sea otter, humpback whale, killer whale 

This report addresses the regulamanagement, status, and human mammals listed as threatened anthe ESA or depleted under the M

Marine Mammal Commission 

2004 General Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Killer whale, northern sea otter, beaked whales 

This report addresses the regulamanagement, status, and human mammals listed as threatened anthe ESA or depleted under the M

Marine Mammal Commission 

2005 General Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

North Pacific right whale, beaked whales 

This report addresses the regulamanagement, status, and human mammals listed as threatened anthe ESA or depleted under the M

Marine Mammal Commission 

2006 General Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

North Pacific right whale, killer whale, ice seals, harbor seal, Steller sea lion, northern fur seal, northern sea otter 

This report addresses the regulamanagement, status, and human mammals listed as threatened anthe ESA or depleted under the Mgives special attention to Alaska 

Matkin et al. 2001 Alaska Ecology Steller sea lion, killer whale This paper estimates the predati

Steller sea lions. It examines whcontributes to the continuing derecovery of sea lions, and conclube an important source of mortaare needed to quantify the extencontributes to the lack of recove
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

McDonald and Moore 

2002 Bristol Bay Population North Pacific right whale, fin 

whale, killer whale, sperm whale 

Calls from North Pacific right wduring visual and acoustic surveof the Aleutian Peninsula in July detections numbered 26, and 51Calls were also detected from fiand a sperm whale. 

Merrick and Calkins 

1996 Gulf of Alaska Ecology Steller sea lion This paper discusses the importa

walleye pollock in the diet of Gsea lions. 

Merrick et al. 1997 Alaska Ecology Steller sea lion Investigates the hypothesis that 

decline of the Steller sea lion. 

MMS 2006a Beaufort Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Impacts Bowhead whale, fin whale, 

humpback whale 

This evaluation of the potential leasing in the Beaufort Sea and the topics of acoustic effects, haeffects, and development activitconsidered include bowhead whhumpback whales. The report alliterature on distribution, life hishuman interactions for the speci

MMS 2006b Bering Sea Population Pacific walrus This report presents a final study 

the size of the Pacific walrus powill include aerial photography, satellite tagging of both western Sea populations. 

Moore 2000 Bering Sea Population Whales This paper discusses estimates o

abundance on the central Bering 

Moore 2002 Bering Sea Population Cetaceans The use of acoustics in detecting 

discussed. 

Moore 2005 General Impacts Marine mammals This book chapter discusses the 

long-term environmental change 

Moore 2006 Bering Sea Distribution Fin whale, humpback whale, 

gray whale, North Pacific right whale 

General overview of cetacean d

abundance in the Bering Sea. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Moore and Clarke 

2002 General Impacts Gray whale This paper reviews information 

human activities on the western oil and gas drilling, commercial traffic, and whale watching and discussed. 

Moore et al. 2000 Bering Sea Population Whale This paper discusses baleen wha

associations with prey on the ce

Moore et al. 2001 General Population Gray whale Abundance of gray whales is di

carrying capacity. 

Moore et al. 2002 Bering Sea Population Whales, porpoises Discusses associations of the dis

in the central and southeastern Bbathymetry and prey. 

Moulton et al. 2003 Beaufort Sea Impacts Ringed seal Discusses the effects of offshore 

abundance and distribution of riBeaufort Sea. 

National Marine Mammals Laboratory 

2006 Alaska General Marine mammals National Marine Mammal Labo

contains an extensive collection literature. 

NMFS 2001 Bering Sea, 

Aleutian Islands 

Impacts Steller sea lion This report provides a detailed d

potential effects of fishing and oon Steller sea lions. It discusses management, life history and eceffects, and contains an extensiv

NMFS 2003 Alaska Impacts Steller sea lion This report supplements the 200

on the pollock, cod, and mackerupdates the status of the Steller summarizes Steller sea lion conChanges in the spatial and tempthe possible effects of groundfisfield for sea lions are discussed. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

NMFS 2005 United States General Northern right whale This presentation at a scoping m

EIS on Northern right whale rescompleted in August 1997. 

NMFS 2006a Worldwide Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Fin whale Draft recovery plan for the fin w

NMFS 2006b Alaska Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

North Pacific right whale Proposed rule to list the North P

endangered and designate criticAlaska and Bering Sea. 

NMFS 2006c Alaska Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Steller sea lion This map shows designated criti

Steller sea lion. 

NMFS 2006d Worldwide Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Fin whale This report is a draft recovery p

Atlantic, and North Pacific popuwhale. Taxonomy, species descrstructure, zoogeography, life hisdescribed. The report discusses both human and natural, and defprogram. 

NMFS 2006e Alaska Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Steller sea lion This draft recovery plan for the 

the Steller sea lion describes the structure, life history, and ecolodescribes all sources of threats, natural, and defines a recovery p

NMFS 2006f Alaska Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Marine mammals NOAA website with informatio

activities related to protected spsuch as new fisheries regulationSteller sea lion critical habitat. 

NMFS 2006g Alaska Habitat, 

regulation 

Steller sea lion Website providing information 

critical habitat and no-entry zon
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Nordeen and Lien 

2001 General Impacts Baleen whales This report discusses the effects 

acoustics on the distribution, abof baleen whales. 

Pauly et al. 1998 World Ecology Pinnipeds, cetaceans, and 

northern se otter 

Standardized diet compositions species of marine mammals from of stomach contents, as well as behavioral, and other informatioapportioned among eight catego(benthic invertebrates, large zoolarge squids, small pelagic fishemiscellaneous fishes, and higheTrophic levels were estimated fomarine mammal and compared estimates derived using stable is

Perryman and Lynn 

2002 Pacific Population Gray whale This paper evaluated the nutritiv

reproductive status of migrating 

photogrammetric data. 

Poole and Givens 

2001 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Population Bowhead whale Assessment of the Bering-Chuk

population of bowhead whales. 

Punt and Butterworth 

1996 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Population Bowhead whale Discusses a Bayesian approach 

Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Seas pwhales. 

Punt and Butterworth 

1997 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Population Bowhead whale Discusses maximum likelihood 

approaches to assessing bowheathe Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort Se

Punt and Butterworth 

1999 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Population Bowhead whale Presents a Bayesian approach fo

whale populations. 

Punt and Butterworth 

2000 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Population Bowhead whale Discusses differences in maxim

Bayesian approaches to assessinpopulations. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Punt and Butterworth 

2002 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Population Gray whale Discusses assumptions used in a

gray whale stocks. 

Punt et al. 1997 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea, Beaufort Sea 

Population Bowhead whale Comparison of strike limit algor

Chukchi-Beaufort Seas stock of 

Read and Wade 

2000 Bering Sea, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Population, regulation, impacts 

Steller sea lion, harbor seal This report lists marine mamma

exceeds the potential biological the MMPA. Steller sea lion and seals are listed. 

Ream et al. 2005 Bering Sea, 

North Pacific 

Population, impacts 

Northern fur seal This paper reports results of mo

of 13 female northern fur seals tduring November 2002. Seals mBering Sea through Unimak into far as the California coast and oTwo seals were tracked until theIsland after journeys of more thcharacteristics of fur seals, relatoceanographic features, and detseals at sea are also presented. 

Reeves et al. 1998 Atlantic and 

North Pacific Ocean 

Regulation, impacts 

Fin whale, sei whale This report is a draft recovery p

North Pacific populations of the North Pacific population of the taxonomy, species description, pzoogeography, life history, and discusses all sources of threats, natural, and defines a recovery p

Richardson 1996 Beaufort Sea Impacts Bowhead whale This paper reports the response 

disturbances from vessels, dredgactivities. This paper is followed acoustics and response of whale
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Rugh et al. 1997 Alaska Distribution Spotted seal This paper discusses the spotted Rugh et al. 1999 North Pacific Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Gray whale This document reviews the statu

population of gray whale 5 yearthe list of endangered and threatplants in 1994. It describes abunpopulation trends, reproduction, anthropogenic concerns. 

Rugh et al. 2001 Pacific Distribution Gray whale This paper discusses the timing 

whale southbound migration. 

Schell 2000 Bering Sea Ecology Bowhead whale Isotope ratios in baleen from bo

used to estimate the marine prodcarrying capacity of the Bering 

Scribner et al. 1997 General Population Northern sea otter A review of genetic studies was 

populations of sea otters. 

Seagars and Garlich-Miller 

2001 Bering Sea Ecology, 

impacts 

Pacific walrus This study reported analyses of 

compounds and aliphatic hydrocwalrus blubber. 

Sheffield et al. 2001 Bering Sea Ecology Pacific walrus Controlled digestion studies wer

differential digestion rates of waobjective was to evaluate biases stomach contents. 

Shelden and Rugh 

2002 Worldwide Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Bowhead whale This report describes the histori

the bowhead whale. The study smaking on bowhead whale manESA. 

Shelden et al. 2001 General Population, 

habitat, impacts, regulation 

Bowhead whale This paper discusses considerati

reviewing the status of marine mlisting under the ESA. The bowcase study. 

Shelden et al. 2005 Bering Sea, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Distribution, habitat 

North Pacific right whale This paper uses siting data to ev

current habitat use by North Pac
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Shelden et al. 2006 Bering Sea, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Distribution North Pacific right whale This presentation presents histor

the distribution of North Pacific eastern north Pacific, with emphsoutheastern Bering Sea and the 

Simpkins et al. 2003 Bering Sea Ecology Bearded seal, ringed seal, ribbon 

seal, spotted seal, Pacific walrus 

Aerial surveys of ice-associated evaluated with respect to ice habcommunity. 

Sinclair et al. 2005 Bering Sea, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Distribution Steller sea lion, humpback 

whale, minke whale, killer whale, sperm whale 

Biophysical variables were anallocations of Steller sea lions and significant correlations were depnearest measured pass for Stellecetaceans, respectively; frequensalmon in Steller sea lion diet wfluorescence in the top 50 m withumpback, minke, and killer whtemperature with occurrence of sperm whales. 

Small 2001 Bristol Bay Distribution Harbor seal Seal haulouts were identified on 

Alaska Peninsula during 1998–1

Small et al. 2003 Bristol Bay, Gulf 

of Alaska 

Population Harbor seal Trends in abundance of harbor s

the years 1983–2001. 

Strick et al. 1997 Aleutian Islands Population Steller sea lion Aerial and ship-based surveys o

conducted from southeast AlaskIslands in June and July 1994. 

Taylor 2003 Beaufort Sea, 

Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea 

Population Bowhead whale This paper discusses modeling t

issue of whether the Beaufort-Cpopulation of bowhead whales sendangered. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Trites and Heise 

1996 Gulf of Alaska Ecology Pinnipeds, cetaceans This report estimates the consum

populations of marine mammals Gyre of the Gulf of Alaska. The consumption is based on populatbody weight, and gender. Prey conoted. 

Trites et al. 2006 World Ecology, 

impacts, population 

Steller sea lion This report presents papers from 

lions of the world. The following physiological ecology, foraging ecology and dynamics, and consmanagement. The following topilion are included: contaminants, prey type, prey abundance, prey feeding behavior, spatial dynamimanagement, and response to dis

Tynan 1999 Bering Sea Distribution Fin whale, sei whale, humpback 

whale, minke whale, North Pacific right whale 

Visual surveys during transects oused to monitor the distribution oduring unusual oceanographic cowith El Niño in 1997. Whale disassociated with shifts in producti

UBC 1999 Bering Sea Ecology Marine mammals This report describes the applica

ecosystem models to the ecosystorder to compare results from 19results are interpreted with respemammal exploitation, changes oecosystem production. 

USGS 2004 Bering Sea, 

Chukchi Sea 

Population Pacific walrus The Pacific Walrus International 

comprehensive set of Pacific wacollected in the Bering and Chukparticipating organizations. Data land and ice haulout counts, gendreproduction, mortality, harvest morphometry. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Wade 1998 Alaska Population, 

impacts 

Cetaceans, pinnipeds This paper discusses calculating 

human-caused mortality of ceta

Wade 2002 Alaska, Bering 

Sea 

Population Gray whale Stock assessment for the eastern 

using Bayesian analyses. 

Wade et al. 2006 Bering Sea Distribution North Pacific right whale Reports on the use of sonobuoy

to identify and track right whaleand on results of photographic asome of these whales. 

Waite 1998 1998 Alaska Distribution North Pacific right whale Paper discusses sighting of Nort

off Alaska. 

Waite et al. 2002 Bering Sea Distribution, 

population 

Killer whale Reports on the distribution and 

whales in the central and southe1999 and 2000. 

Weller et al. 2002 Sea of Okhostk Impacts Western gray whale Study evaluated the effects of 3

distribution of gray whales on kResults show a relationship betwoperations and an observed chanwhales. 

Wiggens et al. 2004 Bering Sea Distribution North Pacific right whale Waveguide propagation used to 

North Pacific right whales in the 

Winship and Trites 

2006 Gulf of Alaska, 

Aleutian Islands 

Population Steller sea lion Study used population viability 

risk of the Steller sea lion becomwestern Alaska. Results suggest 

risk of extirpation of Steller sea liwestern Alaska was low in the nescenarios explored. However, moSteller sea lions had high probabiwithin the next 100 years if populduring the 1990s were to continue

Winship et al. 2001 Gulf of Alaska, 

Bering Sea 

Growth Steller sea lion Growth models (mass and lengt

male (1 year old), female (1 yeafemale Steller sea lions shot on or in coastal waters. 
Table 4 (Cont.) 

Authors Date Location Topic Species Document Co

Wolfe and Mishler 

1996 Alaska Impacts Harbor seal, Steller sea lion This report provides detailed inf

subsistence take of harbor seals Alaska natives in the previous y

Wolfe and HutchinsonScarbrough 

1999 Alaska Impacts Harbor seal, Steller sea lion This report provides detailed inf

subsistence take of harbor seals Alaska natives in the previous y

Wolfe et al. 2002 Alaska Subsistence Harbor seal, Steller sea lion This report provides detailed inf

subsistence take of harbor seals Alaska natives in the previous y

Wolfe et al. 2003 Alaska Impacts Harbor seal, Steller sea lion This report provides detailed inf

subsistence take of harbor seals Alaska native in the previous ye

Wolfe et al. 2004 Alaska Impacts Harbor seal, Steller sea lion This report provides detailed inf

subsistence take of harbor seals Alaska natives in the previous y

Wolfe et al. 2005 Alaska Impacts Harbor seal, Steller sea lion This report provides detailed inf

subsistence take of harbor seals Alaska natives in the previous y

Zeh et al. 2002 Alaska Population Bowhead whale Annual survival probability of b

estimated using both Bayesian alikelihood implementations of CSeber models for capture-recaptpopulations and reduced-paramethese models. Aerial photographbowheads collected between 19the data. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 82 December 2007 

Information Summary 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 83 December 2007 

Information Summary 

6 SOCIOECONOMICS AND SUBSISTENCE 

Presentations at the Planning Meeting included overviews of (1) community 

socioeconomics by Ed Glazier of Impact Assessment, Inc. (IAI) and (2) subsistence research by 

Brian Davis, formerly of the ADFG, Division of Subsistence. The presentations, which can be 

found in the Planning Meeting report, summarize available information and information needs 

on these topics relevant to an impact assessment of oil and gas development in the Basin. 

 Socioeconomic trends and current conditions have been summarized in a report prepared 

by IAI in preparation for the Planning Meeting (IAI 2007).3 The report provides an excellent 

overview of socioeconomics and subsistence activities for the communities adjacent to the North 

Aleutian Basin. It can be used as a source document for preparation of impact assessments for oil 

and gas development in the North Aleutian Basin. References from the report are included in 

Section 7.5. 

 Descriptive and quantitative information is presented in IAI (2007) for the following 

geographical regions in the vicinity of the North Aleutian Basin: 

• Aleutian East Borough and Unalaska/Dutch Harbor, including the communities of 

Akutan, Cold Bay, False Pass, King Cove, Nelson Lagoon, Sand Point, and 

Unalaska/Dutch Harbor; 

• Bristol Bay Region, including Goodnews Bay, King Salmon, Naknek, South Naknek, 

Togiak, Manokotak, New Stuyahok, Clark’s Point, and Dillingham; 

• Lake and Peninsula Borough, including Newhalen, Pilot Point, Port Heiden, Egegik, 

Chignik, Chignik Lake, Chignik Lagoon, Ivanoff Bay, Perryville, Port Moller, and 

Pauloff Harbor. 

 For each of these regions, a socioeconomic overview is provided in the IAI report that 

describes population trends, demographic conditions, patterns of out-migration, employment, 

seasonal workers, nonresident employment, income, and the dominant economic activities in the 

region, including commercial fisheries, sport fisheries, and subsistence. Location, history, 

conditions, and trends are provided for the communities in each region. 

 The following is a brief overview of socioeconomic and subsistence trends and 

conditions in the communities of the North Aleutian Basin as presented in IAI (2007). 

 The economy of communities in the North Aleutian Basin region is based primarily on 

commercial fisheries and associated services, including harvest, processing, and distribution of 

seafood. Salmon fisheries are most important in communities in the northern portion of the 

Basin, while groundfish, crab, and salmon fisheries are prevalent in the southern portion. 

 Detrimental socioeconomic effects have occurred in communities throughout the North 

Aleutian Basin as a result of recent downturns in the salmon fishery and other commercial 

 

3

 The IAI 2007 report is available at: www.mms.gov/alaska/reports/2007rpts/akpubs07.htm. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 84 December 2007 

Information Summary 

fisheries. Many households in the region were living in conditions of poverty at the time of the 

year 2000 Census. There are few employment alternatives to fishing and associated industries in 

the Basin. Sport fish guiding is a possible alternative, but the decline in salmon populations has 

resulted in an apparent decrease in demand. Government employment opportunities are limited, 

but do provide important sources of income for some individuals. 

 Subsistence fishing and hunting are critically important to many residents of the Basin, 

both as a source of food and for the maintenance of cultural traditions. While many persons of all 

ethnic groups engage in hunting and fishing activities, the majority of participants are Alaska 

natives who continue centuries-long traditions of gathering wild foods. Food-sharing and trade 

are common throughout the area and buffer participants from changes in the modern economy. 

However, hunting and fishing activities have come to rely, at least in part, on the availability of 

cash. Generations of Alaska natives have supported their hunting and fishing activities with 

money obtained through commercial fishing, and, consequently, problems in commercial 

fisheries can have cascading effects for subsistence practitioners. 

 Options for employment and income are limited in the North Aleutian Basin area. In 

addition, recent warm winters have hindered transportation and subsistence activities throughout 

much of the region. Residents throughout the Basin are confronting a range of challenges at the 

start of the 21st century. A meaningful assessment of economic opportunities in this region needs 

to examine both traditional interests and the social and economic challenges that are 

characteristic of rural Alaska today. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 85 December 2007 

Information Summary 

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 

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Grebmeier, J.M. 1999. “Bering Strait: A Vital Ocean and Ecosystem Connection, Benthic 

Productivity and Carbon Cycling.” In NOAA’s Arctic Research Initiative: The First Three Years. 

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Arctic 

Research Office, Silver Spring, Maryland. 

Grebmeier, J. 2006. “Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI) Project.” University of 

Tennessee, Knoxville. Available at: http://sbi.utk.edu/ (accessed August 7, 2007). 
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Grebmeier, J.M., and K.J. Dunton. 2000. “Benthic Processes in the Northern Bering/Chukchi 

Seas: Status and Global Change.” In H.P. Huntington (ed.), Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and 

Other Environmental Parameters in the Arctic. Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda, 

Maryland. 

Grebmeier, J.M., J.E. Overland, S.E. Moore, E.V. Farley, E.C. Carmack, L.W. Cooper, K.E. 

Frey, J.H. Halle, F.A. McLaughlin, and S.L. McNutt. 2006. “A Major Ecosystem Shift in the 

Northern Bering Sea.” Science 311:1461-1464. 

Hare, S.R., and N.J. Mantua. 2002. “Empirical Evidence for North Pacific Regime Shifts in 1977 

and 1989.” Progress in Oceanography 53:103-145. 

Herman, A.J., P.J. Stabeno, D.B. Haidvogel, and D.L. Musgrave. 2002. “A Regional 

Tidal/Subtidal Circulation Model of the Southeastern Bering Sea: Development, Sensitivity 

Analysis and Hindcasting.” Deep-Sea Research Part II 49:5495-5967. 

Hoff, G.R. 2006. “Biodiversity as an Index of Regime Shift in the Eastern Bering Sea.” Fishery 

Bulletin 104(3):445-455. 

Hunt, G.L., Jr., P. Stabeno, G. Walters, E. Sinclair, R.D. Brodeur, J.M. Napp, and 

N.A. Bond. 2002. “Climate Change and Control of the Southeastern Bering Sea Pelagic 

Ecosystem.” Deep-Sea Research II 49:5821-5853. 

Hunt, G.L., Jr., and P.J. Stabeno. 2002. “Climate Change and the Control of Energy Flow in the 

Southeastern Bering Sea.” Progress in Oceanography 53:5-22. 

Hunt, G.L., Jr., and P.J. Stabeno. 2005. “Oceanography and Ecology of the Aleutian 

Archipelago: Spatial and Temporal Variation.” Fisheries Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):292-306. 

Huntington, H.P. 2000. Impacts of Changes in Sea Ice and Other Environmental Parameters in 

the Arctic. Final Report of the Marine Mammal Commission Workshop, Girdwood, Alaska. 

Marine Mammal Commission. Bethesda, Maryland. 

Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee. 2005. “Arctic Research of the United States.” 

National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs, Arlington, Virginia. Available at: 

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Jin, M., C.J. Deal, J. Wang, N. Tanaka, and M. Ikeda. 2006. “Vertical Mixing Effects on the 

Phytoplankton Bloom in the Southeastern Bering Sea Midshelf.” Journal of Geophysical 

Research 111(C03002). 

Johnson, G.C., P.J. Stabeno, and S.C. Riser. 2004. “The Bering Slope Current System 

Revisited.” Journal of Physical Oceanography 34:384-398. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 89 December 2007 

Information Summary 

Kachel, N.B., G.L. Hunt, S.A. Salo, J.D. Schumacher, P.J. Stabeno, and T.E. Whitledge. 2002. 

“Characteristics and Variability of the Inner Front of the Southeastern Bering Sea.” Deep Sea 

Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49(26):5889-5909. 

Kaltin, S., and L.G. Anderson. 2005. “Uptake of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in Arctic Shelf 

Seas: Evaluation of the Relative Importance of Processes that Influence pCO2 in Water 

Transported over the Bering-Chukchi Sea Shelf.” Marine Chemistry 94:67-79. 

Khen, G.V. 2005. Oceanographic Condition of the Bering Sea in BASIS. NPAFC Technical 

Report No. 6, North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, Vancouver, British Columbia. 

King, J.R. 2005. Report of the Study Group on Fisheries and Ecosystem Responses to Recent 

Regime Shifts. North Pacific Marine Science Organization, Sidney, British Columbia. 

Kowalik, Z. 1999. “Bering Sea Tides.” pp. 93-177 in T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani (eds.), 

Dynamics of the Bering Sea. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-99-03, Fairbanks. 

Krembs, C., H. Eicken, K. Junge, and J.W. Denning. 2002. “High Concentrations of 

Exopolymeric Substances in Arctic Winter Sea Ice: Implications for the Polar Ocean Carbon 

Cycle and Cryoprotection of Diatoms.” Deep-Sea Research Part I 49:2163-2181. 

Ladd, C., J. Hahncke, G.L. Hunt, Jr., K.O. Coyle, and P.J. Stabeno. 2005a. “Hydrographic 

Features and Seabird Foraging in Aleutian Passes.” Fisheries Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):178-

195. 

Ladd, C., G.L. Hunt, Jr., C.W. Mordy, S.A. Salo, and P.J. Stabeno. 2005b. “Marine Environment 

of the Eastern and Central Aleutian Islands.” Fisheries Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):22-38. 

Livingston, P., R. McCoy, and P. Rigby. 1997. Bering Sea Ecosystem Workshop Report, 

Anchorage, Alaska, December 4-5, 1997. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington. 

Loughlin, T.R., and K. Ohtani. 1999. Dynamics of the Bering Sea. University of Alaska Sea 

Grant, AK-SG-99-03, Fairbanks. 

Lovvorn, J.R., L.W. Cooper, M.L. Brooks, C.C. De Ruyck, J.K. Bump, and J.M. Grebmeier. 

2005. “Organic Matter Pathways to Zooplankton and Benthos under Pack Ice in Late Winter and 

Open Water in Late Summer in the North-Central Bering Sea.” Marine Ecology Progress 

Series 291:135-150. 

Luchin, V.A., V.A. Menovshchikov, V.M. Lavrentiev, and R.K. Reed. 1999. “Thermohaline 

Structure and Water Masses in the Bering Sea.” pp. 61-92 in T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani (eds.), 

Dynamics of the Bering Sea. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-99-03, Fairbanks. 

Luchin, V.A., I.P. Semiletov, and G.E. Weller. 2002. “Atmosphere-Ice-Water System in the 

Second Half of the Twentieth Century.” Progress in Oceanography 55:23-44. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 90 December 2007 

Information Summary 

MacDonald, R.W., D. Mackay, Y.F. Li, and B. Hickie. 2003. “How Will Global Climate Change 

Affect Risks from Long-Range Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants?” Human and 

Ecological Risk Assessment 9(3):643-660. 

Macklin, S.A. 1999. Report on the Fisheries-Oceanography Coordinated Investigations 

International Workshop on Recent Conditions in the Bering Sea, Seattle, Washington, 

November 9-10, 1998. PMEL Contribution 2044, NOAA ERL Special Report, Pacific Marine 

Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington. 

Merico, A., T. Tyrrell, C.W. Brown, S.B. Groom, and P.I. Miller. 2003. “Analysis of Satellite 

Imagery for Emiliania huxleyi Blooms in the Bering Sea before 1997.” Geophysical Research 

Letters 30(6):1337. 

Minobe, S. 2002. “Interannual to Interdecadal Changes in the Bering Sea and Concurrent 

1998/99 Changes over the North Pacific.” Progress in Oceanography 55:45-64. 

Mizobata, K., and S. Saitoh. 2003. “Characteristics of Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Eddies in the 

Southeastern Bering Sea 1998–2000 Using TOPEX/Poseidon Proceedings of the SPIE.” 

International Journal for Optical Engineering 4895:473-481. 

Mizobata, K., and S. Saitoh. 2004. “Variability of Bering Sea Eddies and Primary Productivity 

along the Shelf Edge during 1998–2000 Using Satellite Multisensor Remote Sensing.” Journal 

of Marine Systems 50:101-111. 

Mordy, C.W., P.J. Stabeno, C. Ladd, S. Zeeman, D.P. Wisegarver, S.A. Salo, and 

G.L. Hunt, Jr. 2005. “Nutrients and Primary Production along the Eastern Aleutian Island 

Archipelago.” Fisheries Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):55-76. 

Napp, J.M., and G.L. Hunt, Jr. 2001. “Anomalous Conditions in the Southeastern Bering Sea 

1997: Linkages among Climate, Weather, Ocean and Biology.” Fisheries 

Oceanography 10:61-68. 

Napp, J.M., A.W. Kendall, and J.D. Schumacher. 2000. “A Synthesis of Biological and Physical 

Processes Affecting the Feeding Environment of Larval Walleye Pollock (Theragra 

chalcogramma) in the Eastern Bering Sea.” Fisheries Oceanography 9(2):147-162. 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2006. “Arctic Theme Page.” 

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Available at: 

http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/ (accessed July 31, 2007). 

Niebauer, H.J. 1998. “Variability in Bering Sea Ice Cover as Affected by a Regime Shift in the 

North Pacific in the Period 1947–1999.” Journal of Geophysical Research 103(C12):27717-

27737. 

Niebauer, H.J., V. Alexander, and S. Henrichs. 1996. “Time Series of the Spring Bloom from the 

Bering Sea Ice Edge in Spring.” Continental Shelf Research 15:1859-1877. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 91 December 2007 

Information Summary 

Niebauer, A.J., N.A. Bond, L.P. Yakunin, and V.V. Plotnikov. 1999. “An Update on the 

Climatology and Sea Ice of the Bering Sea.” pp. 29-39 in T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani (eds.), 

Dynamics of the Bering Sea. University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-99-03, Fairbanks. 

NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

North Pacific Research Board. 2005. North Pacific Research Board Science Plan. First Edition. 

North Pacific Research Board, Anchorage. 

NPRB. See North Pacific Research Board. 

Okkonen, S.R. 2001 “Altimeter Observations of the Bering Slope Current Eddy.” Journal of 

Geophysical Research 106:2465-2476. 

Okkonen, S.R., G.M. Schmidt, E.D. Cokelet, and P.J. Stabeno. 2004. “Satellite and 

Hydrographic Observations of the Bering Sea ‘Green Belt.’” Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical 

Studies in Oceanography 51(10-11):1033-1051. 

Overland, J.E., and P.J. Stabeno. 2004. “Is the Climate of the Bering Sea Warming and Affecting 

the Ecosystem?” EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 85(13):309-312. 

Overland, J.E., F. Fetterer, D. McGuire. J. Richter-Menge, and J. Walsh. 2002. SEARCH 

Workshop on Large-Scale Atmosphere/Cryosphere Observations. Contribution 2452 from 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 

Seattle, Washington. 

Radi, T., D.E. Vernal, and O. Peyron. 2001. “Relationships between Dinoflagellate Cyst 

Assemblages in Surface Sediment and Hydrographic Conditions in the Bering and Chukchi 

Seas.” Journal of Quaternary Science 16(7):667-680. 

Reed, R.K. 1998. “Confirmation of a Convoluted Flow over the Southeastern Bering Sea Shelf.” 

Continental Shelf Research 18:99-103. 

Reed, R.K., and P.J. Stabeno 1996. “On the Climatological Net Circulation over the Eastern 

Bering Sea Shelf.” Continental Shelf Research 16(10):1297-1305. 

Reed, R.K., and P.J. Stabeno. 1997. “Long-Term Measurements of Flow near the Aleutian 

Islands.” Journal of Marine Research 55:565-575. 

Reed, R.K., and P.J. Stabeno. 1999. “The Aleutian North Slope Current.” pp. 177-192 in 

T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani (eds.), Dynamics of the Bering Sea. University of Alaska Sea 

Grant, AK-SG-99-03, Fairbanks. 

Robertson, D.G. 1997. “Bering and Chukchi Sea Bathymetry Coverages.” U.S. Geological 

Survey, Biological Resources Division, Alaska Science Center–Biological Science Office, 

Anchorage. 
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Information Summary 

Rodionov, S.N., J.E. Overland, and N.A. Bond. 2005a. “The Aleutian Low and Winter Climatic 

Conditions in the Bering Sea. Part I: Classification.” Journal of Climate 18:160-177. 

Rodionov, S.N., J.E. Overland, and N.A. Bond. 2005b. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of the 

Aleutian Climate.” Fisheries Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):3-21. 

Rodionov, S.N., P. Stabeno, J. Overland, N. Bond, and S. Salo. 2005c. “Eastern Bering Sea – 

2005.” U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 

Available at: http://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov/reports/bs_05.pdf (accessed on 

August 6, 2007). 

Sasaki, Y.N., and S. Minobe. 2005. “Seasonally Dependent Interannual Variability of Sea Ice in 

the Bering Sea and Its Relation to Atmospheric Fluctuations.” Journal of Geophysical 

Research 110:C05011. 

Schell, D.M. 1998. “Isotope Ratio Evidence of Declining Primary Productivity in the Bering 

Sea.” MMS Series 98-031, U.S. Department of Interior, Minerals Management Service, 

Fairbanks. 

Schell, D.M. 2000. “Declining Carrying Capacity in the Bering Sea: Isotopic Evidence from 

Whale Baleen.” Limnology and Oceanography 45:459-462. 

Schumacher, J.D., and P.J. Stabeno. 1998. “The Continental Shelf of the Bering Sea.” In A.R. 

Robinson and K.H. Brink (eds.), The Sea: The Global Coastal Ocean Regional Studies and 

Synthesis, Vol. XI:869–909. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 

Schumacher, J.D., N.A. Bond, R.D. Brodeur, P.A. Livingston, J.M. Napp, and P.J. Stabeno. 

2003. “Climate Change in the Southeastern Bering Sea and Some Consequences for Biota.” In 

Hempel and Sherman (eds.), Large Marine Ecosystems of the World—Trends in Exploitation, 

Protection, and Research. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

Smith, O.P., and W.J. Lee. 2005. “Alaska Sea Ice Atlas.” In University of Alaska, Coastal 

Marine Institute Annual Report No. 11. OCS Study MMS 2005-055, University of Alaska, 

Fairbanks, and Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region, 

Anchorage. 

Springer, A.M., C.P. McRoy, and M.V. Flint. 1996. “The Bering Sea Green Belt: Shelf Edge 

Processes and Ecosystem Production.” Fisheries Oceanography 5:205-223. 

Stabeno, P.J., and J.E. Overland. 2001. “Bering Sea Shifts toward an Earlier Spring Transition.” 

EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 82:317-321. 

Stabeno, P.J., J.D. Schumacher, R.F. Davis, and J.M. Napp. 1998. “Under-Ice Observations of 

Water Column Temperature, Salinity and Spring Phytoplankton Dynamics: Eastern Bering Sea 

Shelf.” Journal of Marine Research 56:239-255. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 93 December 2007 

Information Summary 

Stabeno, P.J., J.D. Schumacher, and K. Ohtani. 1999. “The Physical Oceanography of the Bering 

Sea.” pp. 1-160 in T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani (eds.), Dynamics of the Bering Sea. University 

of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-99-03, Fairbanks. 

Stabeno P.J., N.A. Bond, N.B. Kachel, S.A. Salo, and J.D. Schumacher. 2001. “On the Temporal 

Variability of the Physical Environment over the South-Eastern Bering Sea.” Fisheries 

Oceanography 10:81-98. 

Stabeno, P.J., N.B. Kachel, M. Sullivan, and T.E. Whitledge. 2002a. “Variability of Physical and 

Chemical Characteristics along the 70-M Isobath of the Southeastern Bering Sea.” Deep Sea 

Research Part II 49(26):5931-5943. 

Stabeno, P.J., R.K. Reed, and J.M. Napp. 2002b. “Transport through Unimak Pass.” Alaska Deep 

Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 49(26):5919-5930. 

Stabeno, P.J., G.L. Hunt, Jr., and S.A. Macklin. 2005a. “Introduction to Processes Controlling 

Variability in Productivity and Ecosystem Structure of the Aleutian Archipelago.” Fisheries 

Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):1-2. 

Stabeno, P.J., D.G. Kachel, N.B. Kachel, and M.E. Sullivan. 2005b. “Observations from 

Moorings in the Aleutian Passes: Temperature, Salinity, and Transport.” Fisheries 

Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):39-54. 

Stabeno, P., J. Napp, and T. Whitledge. 2006. A Decade of Change on the Southeastern Bering 

Sea Shelf. NPRB Project 2003 Final Report, North Pacific Research Board, Anchorage. 

Steward, G.F., D.C. Smith, and F. Azam. 1996. “Abundance and Production of Bacteria and 

Viruses in the Bering and Chukchi Seas.” Marine Ecology-Progress Series 131(1-3):287-300. 

Strachan, W.M.J., D.A. Burniston, W. Williamson, and H. Bohdanowicz. 2001. “Spatial 

Differences in Persistent Organochlorine Pollutant Concentrations between the Bering and 

Chukchi Seas.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 43(1-6):132-142. 

Tynan, C.T. 1999. “Redistributions of Cetaceans in the Southeastern Bering Sea Relative to 

Anomalous Oceanographic Conditions during the 1997 El Niño.” pp. 115-77 in H.J. Freeland, 

W.T. Peterson, and A. Tyler (eds.), Proceedings of the 1998 Science Board Symposium on the 

Impacts of the 1997/98 El Niño Event on the North Pacific Ocean and its Marginal Seas. North 

Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), Sidney, British Columbia. 

University of Alaska Anchorage. 2001. “Alaska Sea Ice Atlas Publications.” University of 

Alaska Anchorage, School of Engineering. Available at: http://holmes-iv.engr.uaa.alaska.edu/ 

publications.html (accessed August 6, 2007). 

USGS. See U.S. Geological Survey. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 94 December 2007 

Information Summary 

U.S. Geological Survey. 2007. “Bering and Chukchi Sea Databases–Bathymetry Coverages.” 

U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage. Available at: http://alaska.usgs.gov/ 

science/biology/walrus/bering/bathy/index.html (accessed August 6, 2007). 

van Meurs, P., and P.J. Stabeno. 1999. “Evidence of Episodic On-Shelf Flow in the Southeastern 

Bering Sea.” Journal of Geophysical Research 104:29715-29720. 

Vance, T., J. Schumacher, P. Stabeno, C. Baier, T. Wyllie-Echeverria, C. Tynan, R. Brodeur, and 

J. Napp. 1998. “Aquamarine Waters Recorded for First Time in Eastern Bering Sea.” EOS, 

Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 79(10):121. 

Vlietstra, L.S., K.O. Coyle, N.B. Kachel, and G.L. Hunt, Jr. 2005. “Tidal Front Affects the Size 

of Prey Used by a Top Marine Predator, the Short-Tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris).” 

Fisheries Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):196-211. 

Wang, B. 1999. Spatial Distribution of Chemical Constituents in the Kuskokwim River, Alaska. 

USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4177. U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage. 

Weller, G., P. Anderson, and G. Nelson. 1998. “Alaska and the Bering Sea Regional Workshop 

on Climate Change Impacts.” Alaska and the Bering Sea Regional Workshop on Climate Change 

Impacts. Aspen Global Change Institute, Aspen, Colorado. 

Wells, M., J.J. Walsh, D.A. Dieterle, F.E. Müller-Karger, K. Aagaard, A.T. Roach, T.E. 

Whitledge, and D. Stockwell. 1997. “CO2 Cycling in the Coastal Ocean. II. Seasonal Organic 

Loading of the Arctic Ocean from Source Waters in the Bering Sea.” Continental Shelf 

Research 17(1):1-36. 

Williams, E.H. 1999. Interrelationships of Pacific Herring, Clupea pallasi Populations and 

Their Relation to Large-Scale Environmental and Oceanographic Variables. Thesis, University 

of Alaska, Fairbanks. 

Wirts, A.E., and G.C. Johnson. 2005. “Recent Interannual Upper Ocean Variability in the Deep 

Southeastern Bering Sea.” Journal of Marine Research 63:381-404. 

Woodgate, R.A., and K. Aagaard. 2004. “Revising the Bering Strait Freshwater Flux into the 

Arctic Ocean.” Geophysical Research Letters 32:L02062. 

Woodgate, R.A., K. Aagaard, and T.J. Weingartner. 2005. “Monthly Temperature, Salinity, and 

Transport Variability of the Bering Strait Throughflow.” Geophysical Research 

Letters 32:L04601. 

Wyllie-Escheverria, T., and W.S. Wooster. 1998. “Year-to-Year Variations in Bering Sea Ice 

Cover and Some Consequences for Fish Distributions.” Fisheries Oceanography 7(2):159-170. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 95 December 2007 

Information Summary 

Wyllie-Escheverria, T., and K. Ohtani. 1999. “The Role of Ice in Organizing the Bering Sea 

Ecosystem.” pp. 435-451 in T.R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani (eds.), Dynamics of the Bering Sea. 

University of Alaska Sea Grant, AK-SG-99-03, Fairbanks. 

Yao, Z.W., G.B. Jiang, and H.Z. Xu. 2002. “Distribution of Organochlorine Pesticides in 

Seawater of the Bering and Chukchi Sea.” Environmental Pollution 116(1):49-56. 

7.2 FISH AND FISHERIES 

ADFG. See Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 

Adkinson, M.D., and B.P. Finney. 2003. “The Long-Term Outlook for Salmon Returns in 

Alaska.” Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin 10(2):83-94. 

ADNR. See Alaska Department of Natural Resources. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997a. Bristol Bay Area Commercial Fisheries Annual 

Management Report, 1996. Regional Information Report, No. 2A97-14, Alaska Department 

of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries Management and Development, 

Anchorage. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997b. Western Region Shellfish Fisheries Annual 

Management Report. Regional Information Report, No. 4K97-15, Alaska Department of Fish 

and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Management and Development, Kodiak. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2004. “ADF&G Announces Fishery Closures 

Surrounding the Selendang Ayu Oil Spill.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of 

Commercial Fisheries, Juneau. Available at: http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/region4/news/ 

2004/nr122704.pdf (accessed August 7, 2007). 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2005. “ADF&G Announces Reopening of Commercial 

Fishing in Skan and Makushin Bays.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of 

Commercial Fisheries, Juneau. Available at: http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/region4/news/ 

2005/nr100605.pdf (accessed August 7, 2007). 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2006a. “Bristol Bay Salmon Fisheries by District.” 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Juneau. Available 

at: http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/region2/finfish/salmon/maps/bb_all.php (accessed 

August 6, 2007). 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2006b. “Bristol Bay Salmon Fisheries Historical 

Information.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries, 

Juneau. Available at: http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/region2/finfish/salmon/bbay/bbayhist.php 

(accessed February 23, 2007). 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 96 December 2007 

Information Summary 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2006c. “Shellfish Fisheries Kodiak, Alaska Peninsula, 

Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of 

Commercial Fisheries, Juneau. Available at: http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/region4/shellfsh/ 

shelhom4.php (accessed August 6, 2007). 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2006d. “Togiak (Bristol Bay) Herring Fishery 

Historical Information.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial 

Fisheries, Juneau. Available at: http://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/region2/finfish/herring/togiak/ 

toghhist.php (accessed August 6, 2007). 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2006e. “Fish Distribution Database (FDD).” Available 

at: http://www.sf.adfg.state.ak.us/SARR/FishDistrib/anadcat.cfm (accessed on August 6, 

2007). 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2006f. “Subsistence Fisheries Annual Reports, 1999–

2003.” Available at: http://www.subsistence.adfg.state.ak.us/geninfo/publctns/articles.cfm 

(accessed on August 6, 2007). 

Alaska Department of Natural Resources. 2005a. “Chapter 3: Habitat, Fish and Wildlife.” In 

Alaska Peninsula Areawide Oil and Gas Lease Sale, Final Finding of the Director July 25, 

2005. Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas, Anchorage. 

Alaska Department of Natural Resources. 2005b. “Appendix E. Catalogued Anadromous Fish 

Streams of the Alaska Peninsula.” In Alaska Peninsula Areawide Oil and Gas Lease Sale, 

Final Finding of the Director July 25, 2005. Alaska Department of Natural Resources, 

Division of Oil and Gas, Anchorage. 

Alaska Regional Response Team. 2001. “Sensitive Areas.” In Bristol Bay Subarea 

Contingency Plan for Oil and Hazardous Substance Discharge Releases. Alaska Regional 

Response Team, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, U.S. Coast Guard, and 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Anchorage. 

Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative. 2006. Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim 

Salmon Research and Restoration Plan. Bering Sea Fishermen’s Association, Anchorage. 

ARRT. See Alaska Regional Response Team. 

Aydin, K.Y. 2002. “The Eastern Bering Sea.” pp. 33-38 in T. Pitcher and K. Cochrane (eds.), 

The Use of Ecosystem Models to Investigate Multispecies Management Strategies for Capture 

Fisheries. Fisheries Centre Research Reports, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 

AYK-SSI. See Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim Sustainable Salmon Initiative. 

Bailey, K.M. 2000. “Shifting Control of Recruitment of Walleye Pollock Theragra 

chalcogramma after a Major Climatic and Ecosystem Change.” Marine Ecology Progress 

Series 198:215-224. 
North Aleutian Basin Literature and 97 December 2007 

Information Summary 

Bailey, K.M., P.J. Stabeno, and D.A. Powers. 1997. “The Role of Larval Retention and 

Transport Features in Mortality and Potential Gene Flow of Walleye Pollock.” Journal of 

Fish Biology 51:135-154. 

Bailey, K.M., T.J. Quinn, P. Bentzen, and W.S. Grant. 2000. “Population Structure and 

Dynamics of Walleye Pollock, Theragra chalcogramma.” Advances in Marine Biology

37:179-255. 

Baker, T.T., L.F. Fair, R.A. Clark, and J.J. Hasbrouk. 2006. Review of Salmon Escapement 

Goals in Bristol Bay, Alaska, 2006. Fishery Manuscript No. 06-05. Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish and Commercial Fisheries, Anchorage. 

Barnard, D.R., and R. Burt. 2006. Summary of the 2005 Mandatory Shellfish Observer 

Program Database for the Non-rationalized Bering Sea Crab Fisheries. Fishery Data Series 

No. 06-36. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish and Commercial 

Fisheries, Anchorage. 

Barnard, D.R., and D. Pengilley. 2006. Estimates of Red King Crab Bycatch during the 

2005/2006 Bristol Bay Red King Crab Fishery with Comparisons to the 1999–2004 Seasons. 

Fishery Data Series No. 06-03. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish 

and Commercial Fisheries, Anchorage. 

Barnhart, J.P. 2006. Annual Management Report for the Commercial Weathervane Scallop 

Fisheries in Alaska’s Westward Region, 2004/05. Fishery Management Report No. 06-41. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish and Commercial Fisheries, 

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7.3 SEABIRDS, SHOREBIRDS, AND WATERFOWL 

ADFG. See Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 

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Eiders (Somateria fischeri) in the Bering Sea, 1996-97. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and 

Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management Office, Anchorage. 

Larned, W.W., and T.J. Tiplady. 1999. Late Wintering Distribution of Spectacled Eiders 

(Somateria fischeri) in the Bering Sea 1998. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage. 

Laubhan, M.K., and K.A. Metzner. 1999. “Distribution and Diurnal Behavior of Steller’s Eiders 

Wintering on the Alaska Peninsula.” Condor 101:694-698. 

Litzow, M.A., J.F. Piatt, A. K. Prichard, and D.D. Roby. 2002. “Response of Pigeon Guillemots 

to Variable Abundance of High-Lipid and Low-Lipid Prey.” Oecologia 132(2):286-295. 

Lovvorn, J.R., J.M. Grebmeier, and L.W. Cooper. 2000. “Effects of Possible Changes in the St. 

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Lovvorn, J.R., S.E. Richman, J.M. Grebmeier, and L.W. Cooper. 2003. “Diet and Body 

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Biology 26:259-267. 

Mallek, E.J., and C.P. Dau. 2004. Aerial Survey of Emperor Geese and other Waterbirds in 

Southwestern Alaska, Fall 2004. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Migratory Bird Management Office, Anchorage. 

Mallek, E.J., and C.P. Dau. 2005. Aerial Survey of Emperor Geese and other Waterbirds in 

Southwestern Alaska, Fall 2005. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 

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McCaffery, B.J., and Gill, R.E. 2001. “Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica).” In A. Poole and 

F. Gill (eds.), The Birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, 

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Meehan, R., G.V. Byrd, G.J. Divoky, and J.F. Piatt. 1999. “Implications of Climate Change for 

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Seabird Avoidance Regulations. Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, 

Seattle, Washington. 

Murphy, S.M., R.H. Day, J.A. Wiens, and K.R. Parker. 1997. “Effects of the Exxon Valdez Oil 

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Condor 99:299-313. 

Pearce, J.M., S.L. Talbot, M.R. Petersen, and J.R. Rearick. 2005. “Limited Genetic 

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Petersen, M.R., and P.L. Flint. 2002. “Population Structure of Pacific Common Eiders Breeding 

in Alaska.” Condor 104:780-787. 

Petersen, M.R., J.F. Piatt, and K.A. Trust. 1998. “Foods of Spectacled Eiders Somateria fischeri 

in the Bering Sea, Alaska.” Wildfowl 49:124-128. 

Petersen, M.R., W.W. Larned, and D.C. Douglas. 1999. “At-Sea Distribution of Spectacled 

Eiders: A 120-Year-Old Mystery Resolved.” Auk 116:1009-1020. 

Piatt, J., and G. Drew. 2004. Preliminary Assessment of Marine Bird Abundance and Species 

Composition in the Vicinity of the Selendang Ayu Grounding, Based on Historical Data from the 

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Alaska Science Center, Anchorage. 

Piatt, J.F., and R.G. Ford. 2000a. A Computerized Pelagic Seabird Atlas for Alaska. U.S. 

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Piatt, J.F., and R.G. Ford. 2000b. Monitoring Seabird Populations in Areas of Oil and Gas 

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Piatt, J.F., and A.S. Kitaysky. 2002. “Horned Puffin (Fratercula corniculata).” In A. Poole and 

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Piatt, J.F., and A.M. Springer. 2004. “Advection, Pelagic Food Webs and the Biogeography of 

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Piatt, J.F., G.S. Drew, and D.B. Irons. 2006. Atlas of Seabird Distribution at Sea. U.S. 

Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center and U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Anchorage. 

Richman, S.E., and J.R. Lovvorn. 2003. “Effects of Clam Species Dominance on Nutrient and 

Energy Acquisition by Spectacled Eiders in the Bering Sea.” Marine Ecology Progress Series

261:283-297. 

Robertson, G.J., and J.P. Savard. 2002. “Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis).” In A. Poole 

and F. Gill (eds.), The Birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, 

Pennsylvania. 

Russell, R.W. 2005. Interactions between Migrating Birds and Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms 

in the Northern Gulf Of Mexico: Final Report. U.S. Department of Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, New Orleans, Louisiana. 

Schauer, J.H.S., and E.C. Murphy. 1996. “Predation on Eggs and Nestlings of Common Murres 

(Uria aalge) at Bluff, Alaska.” Colonial Waterbirds 19(2):186-198. 

Sea Duck Joint Venture. 2003. Steller’s Eider (Polysticta stelleri). Sea Duck Information Series, 

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Solovieva, D.V. 1999. Biology and Bioenergetics of the Steller’s Eider (Polysticta stelleri). 

Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russia. 

Springer, A.M., J.F. Piatt, and G.V. Van Vliet. 1996. “Sea Birds as Proxies of Marine Habitats 

and Food Webs in the Western Aleutian Arc.” Fisheries Oceanography 5:45-55. 

Stehn, R.A., K.S. Rivera, S. Fitzgerald, and K. Wohl 2001. “Incidental Catch of Seabirds by 

Longline Fisheries in Alaska.” pp. 61-77 in E.F. Melvin and J.K. Parrish (eds.), 

Proceedings─Seabird Bycatch: Trends, Roadblocks, and Solutions. University of Alaska Sea 

Grant College Program, Fairbanks. 

Stephenson, S.W., and D.B. Irons. 2003. “Comparison of Colonial Breeding Seabirds in the 

Eastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska.” Marine Ornithology 31:167-173. 

Stout, J.H. 2002. “Environmental Contaminants in Four Eider Species from Alaska and Arctic 

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Suydam, R.S. 2000. “King Eider (Somateria spectabilis).” In A. Poole and F. Gill (eds.), 

The Birds of North America. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Systad, G.H., and J.O. Bustnes. 2001. “Coping with Darkness and Low Temperatures: Foraging 

Strategies in Steller’s Eiders, Polysticta stelleri, Wintering at High Latitudes.” Canadian Journal 

of Zoology 79(3):402-406. 

Trust, K.A., K.T. Rummel, A.M. Scheuhammer, I.L. Brisbin, Jr., and M.J. Hooper. 2000. 

“Contaminant Exposure and Biomarker Responses in Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischeri) 

from St. Lawrence Island, Alaska.” Archives of Environmental Contamination and 

Toxicology 38:107-113. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996a. Catalog of Alaska Seabird Colonies–Computer Archives. 

U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996b. Spectacled Eider Recovery Plan. U.S. Department of 

Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999a. Endangered Species Act Formal Section 7 Consultation 

for 1999-2000 Hook-and-Line Groundfish Fisheries of the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea and 

Aleutian Islands Area. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999b. Population Status and Trends of Sea Ducks in Alaska. 

U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, 

Anchorage. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2000. Biological Opinion Regarding the Effects of Harbor 

Construction at False Pass, Alaska, on the Threatened Steller’s Eider (Polysticta stelleri). 

U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. Short-tailed Albatross (Phoebastria albatrus). 

U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Steller’s Eider Recovery Plan. U.S. Department of 

Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004a. Steller’s Eider Spring Migration Surveys Southwest 

Alaska. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2004b. “Critical Habitat Map.” U.S. Department of Interior, Fish 

and Wildlife Service, Anchorage.” Available at: http://alaska.fws.gov/media/StellEider_ 

CHMap.htm (accessed August 12, 2006). 
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Vander Pol, S.S., P.R. Becker, J.R. Kucklick, R.S. Pugh, D.G. Roseneau, K. Simac, and 

G.W. York. 2003. Trends in Concentrations of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Eggs from 

Alaskan Murre Colonies. Second AMAP International Symposium on Environmental Pollution 

of the Arctic, Rovaniemi, Finland. 

Vlietstra, L.K., O. Coyne, N.B. Kachel, and G.L. Hunt, Jr. 2005. “Tidal Front Affects the Size of 

Prey Used by a Top Marine Predator, the Short-Tailed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris).” 

Fisheries Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):196-211. 

Ward, D.H., R.A. Stehn, W.P. Erickson, and D.V. Derksen. 1999. “Response of Fall Staging 

Brant and Canada Geese to Aircraft Overflights in Southwestern Alaska.” Journal of Wildlife 

Management 63:373-381. 

Wiese, F.K., and G.J. Robertson. 2004. “Assessing Seabird Mortality from Chronic Oil 

Discharges at Sea.” Journal of Wildlife Management 68:627-638. 

Wiese, F.K., W.A. Montevecchi, G.K. Davoren, F. Huetmann, A.W. Diamond, and J. Linke. 

2001. “Seabirds at Risk around Offshore Oil Platforms in the North-West Atlantic.” Marine 

Pollution Bulletin 42:1285-1290. 

Wilbor, S.L. 1999. Status Report on the Bering Sea/Pacific Oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis) 

Population. Environment and Natural Resources Institute, University of Alaska, Anchorage. 

Wilson, H.M., M.R. Petersen, and D.M. Troy. 2004. “Concentrations of Metals and Trace 

Elements in Blood of Spectacled and King Eiders in Northern Alaska, USA.” Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry 23(2):408-414. 

Winker, K., and D.A. Rocque. 2004. Seabird Samples as Resources for Marine Environmental 

Assessment. OCS Study MMS 2004-035. University of Alaska Fairbanks and U.S. Department 

of Interior, Minerals Management Service, Anchorage. 

York, G.W., B.J. Porter, R.S. Pugh, D.G. Roseneau, K. Simac, P.R. Becker, L.K. Thorsteinson, 

and S.A. Wise. 2001. Seabird Tissue Archival and Monitoring Project: Protocol for Collecting 

and Banking Seabird Eggs. OCS Study MMS 2001-031. U.S. Department of Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, Anchorage. 

7.4 MARINE MAMMALS 

ADFG. See Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 

Agler, B.A., and S.J. Kendall. 1997. Marine Bird and Sea Otter Population Abundance of Prince 

William Sound, Alaska: Trends Following the T/V Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill 

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Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997a. MESA 18, Walrus Islands. Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game, Habitat and Restoration Division, Anchorage. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997b. MESA 19, Nushagak Bay. Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game, Habitat and Restoration Division, Anchorage. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997c. MESA 20, Kvichak Bay. Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game, Habitat and Restoration Division, Anchorage. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997d. MESA 21, Egigik Bay. Alaska Department of Fish 

and Game, Habitat and Restoration Division, Anchorage. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997e. MESA 22, Ugashik Bay. Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game, Habitat and Restoration Division, Anchorage. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997f. MESA 23, Cinder River. Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game, Habitat and Restoration Division, Anchorage. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997g. MESA 24, Port Heiden. Alaska Department of 

Fish and Game, Habitat and Restoration Division, Anchorage. 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1997h. MESA 38, Kujulik Bay. Alaska Department of Fish 

and Game, Habitat and Restoration Division, Anchorage. 

Alaska Fisheries Science Center. 2006. “Publications Database Search.” U.S. Department of 

Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries 

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search.cfm (accessed on August 6, 2007). 

Alaska Science Center. 2004. “Pacific Walrus Research, Alaska Science Center – Biological 

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Science Center, Anchorage. Available at: http://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/ (accessed on 

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Alaska Sea Life Center. 2006. “About Our Research.” Alaska Sea Life Center. Available at: 

http://www.alaskasealife.org/New/research/index.php?page=firstpage.php (accessed on 

August 6, 2007). 

American Cetacean Society. 2004. Pacific White-Sided Dolphin Leganorhyncus obliquidens. 

Fact sheet. American Cetacean Society, San Pedro, California. 

American Cetacean Society. 2005a. Dall’s Porpoise Phocoenoides dalli. Fact sheet. American 

Cetacean Society, San Pedro, California. 

American Cetacean Society. 2005b. Harbor Porpoise Phocoena phocoena. Fact sheet. American 

Cetacean Society, San Pedro, California. 
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Angliss, R., and R.B. Outlaw. 2005. Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessments, 2005. NOAA 

Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-161. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic 

and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science 

Center, Seattle, Washington. 

Angliss, R.P., G.K. Silber, and R. Merrick. 2002. Report of a Workshop on Developing Recovery 

Criteria for Large Whale Species. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/OPR-21. 

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National 

Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources, Anchorage. 

Antonelis, G.A., E.H. Sinclair, R.R. Ream, and B.W. Robson. 1997. “Inter-Island Variation in 

the Diet of Female Northern Fur Seals (Callorhinus ursinus) in the Bering Sea.” Journal of 

Zoology (London) 242:435-451. 

Baker, A.R., T.R. Loughlin, V. Burkanov, C.W. Matson, R.G. Trujillo, D.G. Calkins, J.K. 

Wickliffe, and J.W. Bickham. 2005. “Variation of Mitochondrial Control Region Sequences of 

Steller Sea Lions: The Three-Stock Hypothesis.” Journal of Mammalogy 86(6):1075-1084. 

Bengtson, J.L., P.L. Boveng, V. Burkanov, D.P. DeMaster, K.J. Frost, and L.F. Lowry. 1999. 

“Life History of Arctic Seals: Do Apex Predators Reflect Inter-Decadal Changes in the Bering 

Sea Ecosystems?” pp. 11-13 in NOAA’s Arctic Research Initiative: The First Three Years. 

U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, Arctic Research Office, Silver Spring, Maryland. 

Brownell, R.L., P.J. Clapham, T. Miyashita, and T. Kasuya. 2001. “Conservation Status of North 

Pacific Right Whales.” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Special Issue 

2:269-286. 

Brueggeman, J.J. 1998. “Marine Mammal Habitat Use on the North Aleutian Basin, St. George 

Basin, and Gulf of Alaska.” pp. 97-108 in L.E. Jarvela and L.K. Thorsteinson (eds.), 

Proceedings of the Gulf of Alaska, Cook Inlet, and North Aleutian Basin Information Update 

Meeting. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 

Office of Ocean and Marine Assessments, Anchorage. 

Buckland, S.T., and J.M. Breiwick. 2002. “Estimated Trends in Abundance of Eastern Pacific 

Gray Whales from Shore Counts (1967/68 to 1995/96).” Journal of Cetacean Research and 

Management 4(1):41-48. 

Burek, K.A., M.D. Frances, G.S. Gulland, G. Sheffield, K.B. Beckmen, E. Keyes, T.R. Spraker, 

A.W. Smith, D.E. Skilling, J.F. Evermann, J.L. Stott, J.T. Saliki, and A.W. Trites. 2005. 

“Infectious Disease and the Decline of Steller Sea Lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska, USA: 

Insights from Serologic Data.” Journal of Wildlife Diseases 41(3):512-524. 

Burn, D.M. 1998. “Estimation of Hunter Compliance with the Marine Mammal Marking, 

Tagging, and Reporting Program for Walrus.” Wildlife Society Bulletin 26(1):68-74. 
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Burn, D.M. and W.L. Perryman. 1999. “Application of Remote Sensing to Walrus Studies in 

Alaska.” In 13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Wailea, Hawaii.

Society for Marine Mammalogy, Orlando, Florida. 

Burn, D.M., M. Webber, and M. Udevitz. 2003. “Application of Airborne Thermal Remote 

Sensing to Surveys of Pacific Walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens).” In 15th Biennial 

Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Greensboro, North Carolina. Society for 

Marine Mammalogy, Orlando, Florida. 

Butterworth, D.S., D.L. Borchers, and A.E. Punt. 2002a. “Dynamic Response Analysis for the 

Eastern North Pacific Gray Whale Population: An Alternative Approach.” Journal of Cetacean 

Research and Management 4(1):77-83. 

Butterworth, D.S., J.L. Korrűbel, and A.E. Punt. 2002b. “What Is Needed to Make a Simple 

Density-Dependent Response Population Model Consistent with Data for the Eastern North 

Pacific Gray Whales?” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4(1):63-76. 

Calambokidis, J., G.H. Steiger, J.R. Evenson, K.R. Flynn, K.C. Balcomb, D.E. Claridge, P. 

Bloedel, J.M. Straley, C.S. Baker, O. von Ziegesar, M.E. Dahlheim, J.W. Waite, J.D. Darling, G. 

Ellis, and G.A. Green. 1996. “Interchange and Isolation of Humpback Whales off California and 

Other North Pacific Feeding Grounds.” Marine Mammal Science 12(2):215-226. 

Calkins, D.G., E.F. Becker, and K.W. Pitcher. 1998. “Reduced Body Size of Female Steller Sea 

Lions from a Declining Population in the Gulf of Alaska.” Marine Mammal Science

14(2):232-244. 

Call, K.A., and T.R. Loughlin. 2005. “An Ecological Classification of Alaskan Steller Sea Lion 

(Eumetopias jubatus) Rookeries: A Tool for Conservation/Management.” Fisheries 

Oceanography 14 (Suppl. 1):212-222. 

Cascadia Research. 2006. “Structure of Populations, Levels of Abundance, and Status of 

Humpbacks (SPLASH).” Cascadia Research, Olympia, Washington. Project website available 

at: www.cascadiaresearch.org/SPLASH/splash.htm (accessed on August 6, 2007). 

Castellini, M.A., B. Fadely, L. Jemison, B. Kelly, J. Lewis, L. Lowry, G. O’Corry-Crowe, 

G. Pendleton, K. Pitcher, U. Swain, K. Wynne, and R. Zarnke. 1996. Annual Report - Harbor 

Seal Investigations in Alaska. NOAA Grant NA57FX0367. Alaska Department of Fish and 

Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Juneau. 

Chadwick, V.J., B.E. Ballachey, S.M. Arthur, G.W. Garner, and D.M. Mulcahy. 1996. 

“Preliminary Research on Pacific Walrus to Evaluate Potential Effects of Disturbance by OCS 

Related Oil and Gas Activities in the Chukchi Sea.” pp. 151-158 in Proceedings of the 1995 

Arctic Synthesis Meeting, Anchorage, Alaska. U.S. Department of Interior, Minerals 

Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, Anchorage. 
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Chivers, S.J. 1999. “Biological Indices for Monitoring Population Status of Walrus Evaluated 

with an Individual-Based Model.” In Garner et al. (eds.), Marine Mammal Survey and 

Assessment Methods. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 

 

Chivers, S.J., A.E. Dizon, P.J. Gearin, and K.M. Robertson. 2002. “Small-Scale Population 

Structure of Eastern North Pacific Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) Indicated by 

Molecular Genetic Analyses.” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4(2):111-122. 

Clark, C.W., and W.T. Ellison. 2000. “Calibration and Comparison of the Acoustic Location 

Methods Used during the Spring Migration of the Bowhead Whale, Balaena mysticetus, off 

Point Barrow, Alaska, 1984–1993.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

107(6):3509-3517. 

Clarke, J.T., and S.E. Moore. 2002. “A Note on Observations of Gray Whales in the Southern 

Chukchi and Northern Bering Seas, August-November, 1980-89.” Journal of Cetacean Research 

and Management 4(3):283-288. 

Clark, C.W., R. Charif, S. Mitchell, and J. Colby. 1996. “Distribution and Behavior of the 

Bowhead Whale, Balaena mysticetus, Based on Analysis of Acoustic Data Collected during the 

1993 Spring Migration off Point Barrow, Alaska.” Report of the International Whaling 

Commission 46:541-552. 

Coffing, M., C.L. Scott, and C. J. Utermohle. 1998. The Subsistence Harvest of Seals and Sea 

Lions by Alaska Natives in Three Communities of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, 1997-98. 

Technical Paper No. 255. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 

Juneau. 

Coffing, M., C.L. Scott, and C.J. Utermohle. 1999. The Subsistence Harvest of Seals and Sea 

Lions by Alaska Natives in Three Communities of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, 1998-99. 

Technical Paper No. 255. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence, 

Juneau. 

Coombs, A.P., A.W. Trites, and D. Pauly. 2003. “Assessing Impacts of Contaminants on Marine 

Mammals and Human Health in the Eastern Bering Sea.” In 15th Biennial Conference on the 

Biology of Marine Mammals, Greensboro, North Carolina. Society for Marine Mammalogy, 

Orlando, Florida. 

Da Silva, C.Q., J. Zeh, D. Madigan, J. Laake, D. Rugh, W. Baraff, W. Koski, and G. Miller. 

2000. “Capture-Recapture Estimation of Bowhead Whale Population Size Using PhotoIdentification Data.” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 2(1):45-61. 

Dahlheim, M.E., A. York, R. Towell, J. Waite, and J. Breiwick. 2000. “Harbor Porpoise 

(Phocoena phocoena) Abundance in Alaska: Bristol Bay to Southeast Alaska, 1991-1993.” 

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Dehn, L.A., G. Sheffield, E.H. Follmann, G.R. Bratton, V.M. Woshner, P.F. Hoekstra, and 

T.M. O’Hara. 2002. “Feeding Ecology of Arctic Phocids: Implications for Heavy Metal 

Dynamics.” In 53rd Arctic Science Conference, Connectivity in Northern Waters. American 

Association for the Advancement of Science, Arctic Division, Fairbanks. 

Dehn, L.A., G. Sheffield, E.H. Follmann, L.K. Duffy, V.M. Woshner, and T.M. O’Hara. 2003. 

“Age and Diet Related Distribution of Heavy Metals in Renal and Hepatic Tissue of Ringed, 

Bearded, and Spotted Seals Harvested in Alaska.” In 15th Biennial Conference on the Biology of 

Marine Mammals Greensboro, North Carolina. Society for Marine Mammalogy, Orlando, 

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DeMaster, D.P., D.J. Rugh, B. Jones, L.F. Lowry, K.J. Frost, and G. Sheffield. 1996. 

“Summaries of Data Collected from Ice-Associated Seals in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort 

Seas, 1975–1991.” pp. 213-213 in P.S. Hill and D.P. DeMaster (eds.), Marine Mammal 

Protection Act and Endangered Species Act Implementation Program 1996. National Marine 

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DeMaster, D.P., J.M. Waite, K.J. Frost, and L.F. Lowry 1997. “Distribution and Abundance of 

Ringed Seals in Northern Alaska, May 1996.” in P.S. Hill and D.P. DeMaster (eds.), Marine 

Mammal Protection Act and Endangered Species Act Implementation Program 1996. National 

Marine Mammal Laboratory, Seattle, Washington. 

DeMaster, D.P, L.F. Lowry, K.J. Frost, and R.A. Bengtson. 2001. “The Effect of Sea State on 

Estimates of Abundance for Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Norton Sound.” Alaska 

Fishery Bulletin 99(1):197-201. 

Department of Commerce. 2002. “Endangered and Threatened Species; Final Determination on a 

Petition to Designate Critical Habitat for the Bering Sea Stock of Bowhead Whales.” National 

Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Federal Register 67(169):55767-55771. 

Department of Commerce. 2006. “Endangered and Threatened Species; Revision of Critical 

Habitat for the Northern Right Whale in the Pacific Ocean.” National Oceanographic and 

Atmospheric Administration. Federal Register 71(129):38277-38297. 

Department of Defense. 1999. Final Environmental Impact Statement–Beaufort Sea Oil and Gas 

Development: Northstar Project. U.S. Army Engineer District, Anchorage. 

Department of Interior. 2000. “Notice of Designation of the Northern Sea Otter in the Aleutian 

Islands as a Candidate Species.” U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Federal 

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DOC. See Department of Commerce. 

DOD. See Department of Defense. 

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Moore, S.E., J.R. Urban, W.L. Perryman, H.M. Perez-Cortez, P.R. Wade, L. Rojas-Bracho, and 

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Punt, A.E., and D.S. Butterworth. 2002. “An Examination of Certain of the Assumptions Made 

in the Bayesian Approach Used to Assess the Eastern North Pacific Stock of Gray Whales 

(Eschrichtius robustus).” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 4(1):99-110. 

Punt, A.E, T. Polafcheck, and D.S. Butterworth. 1997. “Comparison of SLAs for the BeringChukchi-Beaufort Seas Stock of Bowhead Whales.” Report to the International Whaling 

Commission 47:865-870. 

Read, A.J., and P.R. Wade. 2000. “Status of Marine Mammals in the United States.” 

Conservation Biology 14(4):929-940. 

Ream, R.R., J.T. Sterling, and T.R. Loughlin. 2005. “Oceanographic Features Related to 

Northern Fur Seal Migratory Movements.” Deep-Sea Research II 52: 823-843. 

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Balaenoptera physalus and Sei Whale Balaenoptera borealis. U.S. Department of Commerce, 

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of 

Protected Resources, Silver Spring, Maryland. 

Richardson, W.J. 1996. “Acoustic Effects on Bowhead Whales: Overview.” pp. 107-110 in 

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Alaska. 

Rugh, D.J., K.E.W. Shelden, and D. E. Withrow. 1997. “Spotted Seals, Phoca largha, in 

Alaska.” Marine Fisheries Review 59(1):1-18. 
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Rugh, D.J., M.M. Muto, S.E. Moore, and D.P. DeMaster. 1999. Status Review of the Eastern 

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Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine 

Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington. 

Rugh, D.J., K.E.W. Shelden, and A. Schulman-Janiger. 2001. “Timing of the Gray Whale 

Southbound Migration.” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 3(1):31-39. 

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Whale Baleen.” Limnology and Oceanography 45:459-462. 

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and Current Status. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric 

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Criteria under the U.S. Endangered Species Act: Bowhead Whales as a Case Study.” 

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Current Habitat Use by North Pacific Right Whales Eubalaena japonica in the Bering Sea and 

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UBC. See University of British Columbia. 

USGS. See U.S. Geological Survey. 

University of British Columbia. 1999. Ecosystem Change and the Decline of Marine Mammals 

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and Reporting Program.” U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska 

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Wade, P.R. 2002. “Bayesian Stock Assessment of the Eastern Pacific Gray Whale Using 

Abundance and Harvest Data from 1967–1996.” Journal of Cetacean Research and Management

4(1):85-98. 

Wade, P., M.P. Heide-Jørgensen, K. Shelden, J. Barlow, J. Carretta, J. Durban, R. LeDuc , 

L. Munger, S. Rankin, A. Sauter, and C. Stinchcomb. 2006. “Acoustic Detection and SatelliteTracking Leads to Discovery of Rare Concentration of Endangered North Pacific Right Whales.” 

Biological Letters 2:417-419. 

Waite, J.M. 1998. “Northern Right Whale Sighted off Alaska.” Marine Mammal Society 

Newsletter 6(3):7. 

Waite, J.M., N.A. Friday, and S.E. Moore. 2002. “Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) Distribution and 

Abundance in the Central and Southeastern Bering Sea, July 1999 and June 2000.” Marine 

Mammal Science 18(3):779-786. 

Weller, D.W., Y.V. Ivashchenko, G.A. Tsidulko, A.M. Burdin, and R.L. Brownell, Jr. 2002. 

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SC/54/BRG14, presented to International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee, 

Shimonoseki, Japan. 

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Winship, A.J., and A.W. Trites. 2006. “Risk of Extirpation of Steller Sea Lions in the Gulf of 

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Wolfe, R.J., and C. Mishler. 1996. The Subsistence Harvest of Harbor Seal and Sea Lion by 

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Biometrics 58:832-840. 

7.5 SOCIOECONOMICS AND SUBSISTENCE 

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Bauman, M. 2006. “Fishermen in False Pass Look to Gain with Marketing Agreement.” Alaska 

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Cournia, L. 2006. “Boat Harbor Construction Begins in False Pass.” Kodiak Daily Mirror,

July 18, 2006. 

Crowell, A.L., A.F. Steffian, and GL. Pullar. 2001. Looking Both Ways – Heritage and Identity 

of the Alutiiq People. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks. 

Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development – Alaska Economic 

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U.S. Department of the Interior

Argonne National Laboratory