United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

Soil Survey of

Berkeley County,

West Virginia

In cooperation with

West Virginia Agricultural

and Forestry Experiment

Station

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called

general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the

area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of

the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and

management of small areas.

To find information about your area

of interest, locate that area on the

Index to Map Sheets. Note the

number of the map sheet and go 

to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map unit

symbols that are in that area. Go

to the Contents, which lists the

map units by symbol and name

and shows the page where each

map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table

has data on a specific land use for

each detailed soil map unit. Also

see the Contents for sections of

this publication that may address

your specific needs.

3

How to Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov.

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The

Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1994. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1997. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1994. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the West Virginia

Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. It is part of the technical assistance

furnished to the Eastern Panhandle Soil Conservation District.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its

programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age,

disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all

prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative

means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)

should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Cover: Sleepy Creek Lake, an impoundment of Meadow Branch in Sleepy Creek Public Hunting

and Fishing Area. It is an excellent largemouth bass fishery. Calvin channery loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes, and Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony, are on the

adjacent uplands.
5

Contents

Cover ....................................................................... 1

How to Use This Soil Survey .................................. 3

Contents .................................................................. 5

Foreword ................................................................. 9

General Nature of the County ................................. 11

Settlement and Population.................................. 11

Farming .............................................................. 11

Transportation and Industry ................................ 12

Relief and Drainage ............................................ 12

Climate ............................................................... 13

Water Supply ...................................................... 13

How This Survey Was Made ................................... 13

Map Unit Composition ........................................ 15

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 17

Soil Descriptions ................................................ 17

1. Buchanan-Poorhouse ............................ 17

2. Calvin .................................................... 18

3. Dekalb-Hazleton .................................... 18

4. Downsville ............................................. 20

5. Duffield-Ryder-Nollville .......................... 21

6. Hagerstown-Funkstown ......................... 22

7. Monongahela-Pope-Tygart-Philo............ 23

8. Pecktonville-Blackthorn-Caneyville ........ 25

9. Swanpond-Carbo-Opequon ................... 26

10. Urban Land............................................ 27

11. Weikert-Berks-Clearbrook ..................... 27

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................ 29

Soil Descriptions ................................................ 29

At—Atkins silt loam ........................................ 29

BkE—Blackthorn very gravelly loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony ....... 31

BpE—Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly

loams, 15 to 35 percent slopes,

extremely stony ..................................... 32

BpF—Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly

loams, 35 to 45 percent slopes,

extremely stony ..................................... 34

BuB—Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 36

BuC—Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 38

BxC—Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, extremely stony ......................... 39

BxE—Buchanan loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, extremely stony ......................... 41

CaB—Calvin channery loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 43

CaC—Calvin channery loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 45

CaD—Calvin channery loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes .................................. 46

CaE—Calvin channery loam, 25 to

35 percent slopes .................................. 48

CaF—Calvin channery loam, 35 to

65 percent slopes .................................. 49

CbB—Caneyville silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 51

CcC—Caneyville silty clay loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 53

CcD—Caneyville silty clay loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes .................................. 54

CeB—Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 56

CeC—Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 58

CgB—Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 61

CgC—Carbo-Opequon complex, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 63

ChC—Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very rocky ................ 66

ChE—Carbo-Opequon complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very rocky ................ 69

CkB—Clearbrook silt loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 71

CmB—Clearbrook channery silt loam, 0 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 73

CrB—Clearbrook-Berks channery silt

loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes .................. 74

Cs—Combs fine sandy loam.......................... 77

DaC—Dekalb channery loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 78

DaD—Dekalb channery loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes .................................. 79

DaE—Dekalb channery loam, 25 to

35 percent slopes .................................. 81

DkC—Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, extremely stony ....... 83

DrE—Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to

25 percent slopes, rubbly ...................... 84
6

DsB—Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 85

DsC—Downsville gravelly loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 88

DsD—Downsville gravelly loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes .................................. 89

DuB—Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 90

DuC—Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .................................................... 92

DyB—Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 94

DyC—Duffield gravelly silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 95

Dz—Dunning silt loam.................................... 97

Fa—Fairplay (marl) silt loam .......................... 98

Fk—Funkstown silt loam .............................. 100

FnA—Funkstown silt loam, nonflooded ........ 101

FsA—Funkstown gravelly silt loam,

nonflooded........................................... 102

HbA—Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to

3 percent slopes .................................. 104

HbB—Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................. 105

HbC—Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes ................................ 107

HcB—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................. 109

HcC—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes ................................ 111

HcD—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes ................................ 113

HdB—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................. 114

HdC—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes ................................ 116

HdD—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 15

to 25 percent slopes ............................ 118

HgC—Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop

complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes .......... 120

HgE—Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop

complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes ........ 122

HkF—Hazleton-Berks channery loams,

35 to 65 percent slopes, extremely

stony.................................................... 125

HsE—Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony ..... 127

HsF—Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 35 to

65 percent slopes, extremely stony ..... 129

Hu—Huntington silt loam ............................. 130

La—Lappans (marl) loam............................. 132

Ln—Lindside silt loam .................................. 134

MhA—Monongahela silt loam, 0 to

3 percent slopes .................................. 135

MhB—Monongahela silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................. 137

MhC—Monongahela silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes ................................ 139

MoB—Monongahela gravelly loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................. 141

MrB—Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................. 142

MrC—Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes ................................ 144

PeB—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................. 145

PeC—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes ................................ 147

PeD—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes ................................ 148

PgC—Pecktonville very gravelly loam,

3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely

stony.................................................... 150

Ph—Philo silt loam ....................................... 151

PoA—Poorhouse silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .................................................. 153

PoB—Poorhouse silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................. 154

Ps—Pope fine sandy loam ........................... 156

Px—Pope silt loam ....................................... 158

Qm—Quarry, limestone ............................... 159

Qs—Quarry, shale ....................................... 159

ReF—Rock outcrop-Opequon complex,

25 to 60 percent slopes ....................... 160

RnB—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams,

3 to 8 percent slopes ........................... 161

RnC—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams,

8 to 15 percent slopes ......................... 163

RnD—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams,

15 to 25 percent slopes ....................... 165
7

RvC—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams,

8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky ....... 167

SwA—Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .................................................. 169

SwB—Swanpond silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................. 171

TyA—Tygart silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .................................................. 173

TyB—Tygart silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................. 175

Ua—Udorthents, smoothed ......................... 176

Ub—Urban land ........................................... 177

UkC—Urban land-Berks complex, 0 to

15 percent slopes ................................ 178

UvC—Urban land-Carbo-Endcav complex,

0 to 15 percent slopes ......................... 179

UwC—Urban land-Hagerstown complex,

0 to 15 percent slopes ......................... 181

W—Water .................................................... 182

WbB—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams

complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes ............ 182

WbC—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams,

8 to 15 percent slopes ......................... 184

WbD—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams,

15 to 25 percent slopes ....................... 186

WkF—Weikert-Berks very channery silt

loams, 25 to 70 percent slopes ............ 188

Prime Farmland .................................................. 191

Use and Management of the Soils .................... 193

Crops and Pasture ........................................... 193

Yields per Acre............................................. 194

Land Capability Classification ...................... 195

Woodland Management and Productivity ......... 197

Recreation ........................................................ 199

Wildlife Habitat ................................................. 201

Engineering ...................................................... 202

Building Site Development ........................... 202

Sanitary Facilities ......................................... 203

Construction Materials ................................. 204

Water Management...................................... 205

Soil Properties .................................................... 209

Engineering Index Properties ........................... 209

Physical and Chemical Properties .................... 210

Soil and Water Features ................................... 211

Classification of the Soils .................................. 213

Taxonomic Units and Their Morphology ................ 213

Atkins Series .................................................... 214

Berks Series..................................................... 215

Blackthorn Series ............................................. 215

Buchanan Series .............................................. 217

Calvin Series .................................................... 218

Caneyville Series ............................................. 219

Carbo Series .................................................... 220

Clearbrook Series ............................................ 220

Combs Series .................................................. 221

Dekalb Series ................................................... 222

Downsville Series ............................................. 223

Duffield Series .................................................. 224

Dunning Series................................................. 225

Endcav Series .................................................. 226

Fairplay Series ................................................. 226

Funkstown Series ............................................. 228

Hagerstown Series ........................................... 228

Hazleton Series ................................................ 229

Huntington Series ............................................. 230

Lappans Series ................................................ 231

Lindside Series................................................. 232

Monongahela Series ........................................ 233

Murrill Series .................................................... 234

Nollville Series.................................................. 235

Opequon Series ............................................... 236

Pecktonville Series ........................................... 237

Philo Series ...................................................... 238

Poorhouse Series ............................................. 239

Pope Series ...................................................... 240

Ryder Series .................................................... 241

Swanpond Series ............................................. 242

Tygart Series .................................................... 243

Udorthents ....................................................... 244

Weikert Series .................................................. 244

Formation of the Soils........................................ 247

Factors of Soil Formation ................................. 247

Parent Material, Time, and Climate .............. 247

Living Organisms ......................................... 247

Topography .................................................. 247

Morphology of the Soils .................................... 248

Geology ............................................................ 248

References .......................................................... 251
8

Glossary .............................................................. 253

Tables .................................................................. 265

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation .......... 266

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and

Fall ............................................................. 267

Table 3.—Growing Season ............................... 267

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate

Extent of the Soils ...................................... 268

Table 5.—Prime Farmland ................................ 270

Table 6.—Land Capability and Yields per

Acre of Crops and Pasture ......................... 271

Table 7.—Capability Classes and

Subclasses ................................................ 276

Table 8.—Woodland Management and

Productivity ................................................ 277

Table 9.—Recreational Development ............... 285

Table 10.—Wildlife Habitat ................................ 294

Table 11.—Building Site Development .............. 301

Table 12.—Sanitary Facilities ........................... 310

Table 13.—Construction Materials .................... 319

Table 14.—Water Management ........................ 326

Table 15.—Engineering Index Properties ......... 333

Table 16.—Physical and Chemical

Properties of the Soils ................................ 352

Table 17.—Soil and Water Features ................. 361

Table 18.—Classification of the Soils ................ 366

Issued 2002
9

This soil survey contains information that can be used in land-planning programs in

Berkeley County. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The

survey also highlights limitations and hazards inherent in the soil, improvements

needed to overcome the limitations, and the impact of selected land uses on the

environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and

agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed

for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers,

developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites

for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance.

Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife

management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them

understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are

poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil

poorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

William J. Hartman

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword
10

CHARLESTON

✪

Parkersburg

Morgantown

Winchester, VA

Martinsburg 144 miles

255 miles

296 miles

23 miles

Baltimore, MD

81 miles

Washington, DC 80 miles

Location of Berkeley County in West Virginia.
11

BERKELEY COUNTY is in the eastern panhandle of

West Virginia (see map on page 10). It has an area

of 205,900 acres, or approximately 322 square miles.

The county is bounded on the north by the Potomac

River, which separates it from Washington County,

Maryland; on the east by Jefferson County, West

Virginia; on the west by Morgan County, West Virginia;

and on the south by Frederick County, Virginia. The

eastern three-fifths of the county is part of the smooth,

fertile Shenandoah Valley. The landscape in the

western two-fifths of the county is characterized by

narrow valleys and steep, rugged mountains.

This soil survey updates the survey of the county

that was completed in 1960 (Gorman, Pasto, and

Crocker 1966). It provides additional information and

has a more recent aerial photobase.

General Nature of the County

This section provides general information about

Berkeley County. It describes settlement and

population, farming, transportation and industry, relief

and drainage, climate, and water supply.

Settlement and Population

Berkeley County was formed in 1772 from the

northern third of Frederick County by an Act of the

Virginia Assembly (Doherty 1972). It was named for

Norborne Berkeley (Baron de Botetourt), who was the

Colonial Governor of Virginia from 1768 to 1770.

In about 1726, Colonel Morgan Morgan founded the

first permanent settlement when he built a log cabin

near what is now Bunker Hill. German and Scots-Irish

immigrants from the northern colonies next settled in

the area. They were attracted by the fertile soils,

flowing springs, and abundant game in the

Shenandoah Valley.

Martinsburg, the county seat, was founded by

Adam Stephen and named in honor of Thomas Bryan

Martin, a nephew of Lord Fairfax and member of the

Virginia House of Burgesses. It was incorporated in

1778.

In 1990, Berkeley County had a population of

59,253, which ranked as the eighth largest population

in West Virginia (West Virginia State Senate 1992). In

recent years, it has experienced a significant influx of

people from the urban centers to the east. It is now

considered to be part of the Greater BaltimoreWashington, DC, metropolitan area. The population of

Martinsburg, the largest town in the county, was

14,073 in 1990.

Farming

In 1997, the county had 509 farms, averaging about

143 acres in size. The total acreage of farmland was

72,603, which was down from 80,255 acres in 1987

Soil Survey of

Berkeley County, West Virginia

By James W. Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Fieldwork by James W. Bell, Mary Ellen M. Cook, Luis A. Hernandez, and

S. Jason Teets, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Map finishing by Timothy Prescott, Denise Donelson, Linda Handley, and

Debra Murphy, Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with the

West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station
12 Soil Survey

(USDA 1999; U.S. Department of Commerce 1994).

About 37 percent of the farms in the county were

operated on a full-time commercial basis. Cropland

and pasture made up about 29 percent of the county.

Most of the farmland is in the Shenandoah Valley.

Farming and the acreage used for farming have

declined in recent years because of an increase in

urbanization.

The total market value of all farm products sold in

Berkeley County in 1997 was $17,114,000. The

principle sources of farm income were fruit, dairy

products, beef, hogs, and poultry. The county was the

number one producer of fruit, chiefly apples and

peaches, in West Virginia.

Transportation and Industry

Interstate 81 and U.S. Route 11 are the main

highways that run north and south through the county.

They run roughly parallel to each other through the

Shenandoah Valley. Interstate 81 has seven

interchanges in the county. State Routes 45, 51, and 9

are the main east-west thoroughfares in the county.

Two major railroads serve the county, along with

Amtrak passenger service and a commuter rail

service from Martinsburg. The Eastern Regional

Airport, located south of Martinsburg, provides service

to private airplanes.

The county has a diverse economy. Goods

manufactured in the county include bricks, cement,

cookware, fiberglass products, and prefabricated

homes. The manufacture of apple products also

contributes to the economy. Limestone continues to be

quarried in several locations. The county is a center for

product supply and distribution because of its

accessibility to the interstate highway system.

Relief and Drainage

Berkeley County lies completely within the Northern

Appalachian Ridges and Valleys physiographic

province (Austin 1965). The major landforms consist of

a series of parallel ridges and valleys that have a

southwest-northeast orientation. The county is drained

by the Potomac River and its tributaries. The lowest

elevation in the county is 340 feet, where the Potomac

River leaves the county.

The eastern three-fifths of the county is located

within the Shenandoah Valley, which is part of the

Great Valley of the Appalachians that extends from

Georgia to New York. The average elevation in the

Shenandoah Valley is about 650 feet. The valley is

underlain by Ordovician and Cambrian age limestones

and shales. Most of the valley is drained by Opequon

Creek and its tributaries—Dry Run, Evans Run, Hoke

Run, Middle Creek, Mill Creek, Sylvan Run, and

Tuscarora Creek. In addition, significant areas are

drained by Harland Run and Rockymarsh Run, which

flow directly into the Potomac River.

The part of the valley that is underlain by limestone

is characterized by gently sloping and strongly sloping,

low upland ridges. These ridges are shallowly

dissected by nearly level valleys, depressions, and

intermittent drainageways. In many areas the slopes

are complex, giving the landscape an undulating

appearance. Sinkholes are common in many areas.

Surface water often disappears underground through

sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock. Intermittent drainageways commonly do not

have a defined channel.

The part of the valley that is underlain by shale is

characterized by gently sloping and strongly sloping

ridgetops and steep and very steep side slopes. The

landscape is strongly dissected by intermittent and

perennial streams. The flood plains along streams are

generally narrow.

North Mountain is a prominent landscape feature

that marks the western flank of the Shenandoah

Valley. It rises dramatically from 400 to 1,000 feet

above the valley floor to the east. It bisects the county

completely from north to south and is broken by gaps

through which the major east-west roadways run. The

most prominent gap is at Hedgesville in the northern

part of the county, where State Route 9 breaches the

mountain.

To the west of North Mountain, the landscape is

characterized by narrower valleys and low ridges

underlain by Devonian and Silurian age shales and

limestones and by higher, prominent ridges formed by

Mississippian and Devonian age sandstones. Most of

this area is drained by Back Creek and its tributaries—

Elk Branch and Tilhance Creek. These drainageways

form a trellis pattern, which is typical in the Northern

Appalachian Ridges and Valleys physiographic

province. Broad areas of nearly level flood plains and

alluvial terraces are along Back Creek.

The shale uplands are strongly dissected and have

low, narrow to broad, gently sloping or strongly sloping

ridgetops and steep or very steep side slopes. The

streams dissecting these uplands have narrow flood

plains. The relief from the flood plains to the ridgetops

generally ranges from 100 to 300 feet.

The limestone forms a narrow valley that has

strongly sloping valley sides. This valley is surrounded

by low, rather broad sandstone ridges, including Ferrel

and Wilson Ridges.

Third Hill and Sleepy Creek Mountains dominate

the landscape along the western edge of the county.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 13

These mountains are very steep and rugged and are

capped by hard sandstone that outcrops in many

areas along their crest. They rise about 1,000 to 1,600

feet above the flood plain of Back Creek to the east.

About 51

/2 miles north of the West Virginia-Virginia

State line, the mountains are united at “Locks of the

Mountain.” Directly southeast of this point, along the

crest of Third Hill Mountain is “Shanghai Beacon,”

which at 2,172 feet is the highest point in the county.

The high, narrow valley between Sleepy Creek and

Third Hill Mountains is drained by Meadow Branch,

which is impounded near its headwaters to form

Sleepy Creek Lake.

Climate

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Martinsburg in the

period 1961 to 1990. Table 2 shows probable dates of

the first freeze in the fall and the last freeze in spring.

Table 3 provides data on the length of the growing

season.

In winter, the average temperature is 32 degrees F

and the average daily minimum temperature is 23

degrees. The lowest temperature on record, which

occurred at Martinsburg on January 17, 1982, is -13

degrees. In summer, the average temperature is 73

degrees and the average daily maximum is 85

degrees. The highest temperature, which occurred at

Martinsburg on July 11, 1936, is 112 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They

are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month,

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that

the average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is 37.54 inches. Of

this, about 20.38 inches, or 54 percent, usually falls in

April through September. The growing season for most

crops falls within this period. The heaviest 1-day

rainfall during the period of record was 4.15 inches at

Martinsburg on October 15, 1942. Thunderstorms

occur on about 28 days each year, and most occur in

July.

The average seasonal snowfall is 25.3 inches. The

greatest snow depth at any one time during the period

of record was 37 inches. On an average, 7 days per

year have at least 1 inch of snow on the ground. The

number of such days varies greatly from year to year.

The heaviest 1-day snowfall on record is 26 inches.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 54 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 77 percent. The sun shines

63 percent of the time in summer and 52 percent in

winter. The prevailing wind is from the west-northwest.

Average windspeed is highest, 11 miles per hour, in

March.

Water Supply

Most parts of the county have an adequate water

supply from wells, springs, or streams. Drilled wells

commonly supply domestic water systems in rural

areas. Sources of water for public water-supply

systems include abandoned limestone quarries, large

limestone springs, and drilled wells (fig. 1). Farm

ponds often supply water for livestock and fire

protection in rural areas. There is an abundance of

springs in the county. The springs are most numerous

and most productive in the areas of limestone.

The primary source of water for most domestic and

public water-supply systems is ground water. The

ground water of the county can be divided into two

categories in accordance with its rock source. The two

principal types of rocks from which water is obtained

are carbonate rocks, mostly limestone and dolomite,

and noncarbonate rocks, mostly shale (Beiber 1961).

In those areas underlain by limestone, the supply of

ground water is generally abundant, but the depth to

good water-bearing strata varies and water levels are

subject to a rapid and wide range of seasonal

fluctuations. The average depth of wells in these areas

is about 150 to 200 feet, but some wells may be much

deeper. The ground water obtained from limestone

sources generally is very hard. It is high in dissolved

calcium and magnesium but generally is low in iron.

The ground water in the areas underlain by

limestone is especially vulnerable to contamination

from poor land use practices. Precautions should be

taken to prevent pollutants from entering the ground

water through sinkholes and solution channels in the

limestone bedrock

The yield of ground water in areas underlain by

shale generally is less than that in areas underlain by

limestone, but the depth to and yield of the ground

water generally are dependable. Most wells in these

areas are 100 to 150 feet deep. The ground water from

shale sources generally is hard and often is high in

iron and sometimes high in sulfur.

Farm ponds in areas underlain by limestone are

subject to seepage and have a high failure rate. Many

ponds can be successfully built in areas underlain by

shale if dams are constructed across drainageways.

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils in the survey area. The information includes a
14 Soil Survey

description of the soils and their location and a

discussion of the suitability, limitations, and

management of the soils for specified uses. Soil

scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape

of slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants growing on the soils; and the

kinds of bedrock. They dug many holes to study the

soil profile, which is the sequence of natural layers, or

horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the surface

down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil

formed. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots

and other living organisms and has not been changed

by other biological activity.

The soils in the survey area occur in an orderly

pattern that is related to the geology, landforms, relief,

climate, and natural vegetation of the area. Each kind

of soil is associated with a particular kind of landscape

or with a segment of the landscape. By observing the

soils in the survey area and relating their position to

specific segments of the landscape, a soil scientist

develops a concept, or model, of how the soils were

formed. Thus, during mapping, this model enables the

soil scientist to predict with a considerable degree of

accuracy the kind of soil at a specific location on the

landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,

soil scientists must determine the boundaries between

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of

soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soillandscape relationship, are sufficient to verify

predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

Figure 1.—An abandoned limestone quarry used as a source of water for a public water-supply system.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 15

soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey

area and determining their properties, the soil

scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes

(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each

taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with

precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a

basis for comparison to classify soils systematically.

The system of taxonomic classification used in the

United States is based mainly on the kind and

character of soil properties and the arrangement of

horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data

based on experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area generally are collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

scientists interpret the data from these analyses and

tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and

the soil properties to determine the expected behavior

of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all

of the soils are field tested through observation of the

soils in different uses under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not

only on soil properties but also on such variables

as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions

are predictable over long periods of time, but they

are not predictable from year to year. For example,

soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree

of accuracy that a given soil will have a high

water table within certain depths in most years,

but they cannot assure that a high water table will

always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific

date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map

unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating

boundaries accurately.

Some of the boundaries on the soil maps of

Berkeley County do not match those on the soil maps

of Jefferson and Morgan Counties, West Virginia, or

Frederick County, Virginia, and some of the soil names

and descriptions do not fully agree. The differences

are a result of improvements in the classification of

soils, particularly modifications or refinements in soil

series concepts. Also, there may be differences in the

intensity of mapping or in the extent of the soils within

the survey area.

Map Unit Composition

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an

area dominated by one major kind of soil or an area

dominated by two or three kinds of soil. A map unit is

identified and named according to the taxonomic

classification of the dominant soil or soils. Within a

taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for

the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however,

the soils are natural objects. In common with other

natural objects, they have a characteristic variability in

their properties. Thus, the range of some observed

properties may extend beyond the limits defined for a

taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic

class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including

areas of soils of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soil or

soils for which it is named and some soils that belong

to other taxonomic classes. These latter soils are

called inclusions or included soils.

Most inclusions have properties and behavioral

patterns similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in

the map unit, and thus they do not affect use and

management. These are called noncontrasting

(similar) inclusions. They may or may not be

mentioned in the map unit descriptions. Other

inclusions, however, have properties and behavior

divergent enough to affect use or require different

management. These are contrasting (dissimilar)

inclusions. They generally occupy small areas and

cannot be shown separately on the soil maps because

of the scale used in mapping. The inclusions of

contrasting soils are mentioned in the map unit

descriptions. A few inclusions may not have been

observed and consequently are not mentioned in the

descriptions, especially where the soil pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all of the kinds of soil on the

landscape.
16

The presence of inclusions in a map unit in no way

diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the soil data.

The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes of soils but rather to separate the

landscape into segments that have similar use and

management requirements. The delineation of such

landscape segments on the map provides sufficient

information for the development of resource plans, but

onsite investigation is needed to plan for intensive

uses in small areas.
17

The general soil map at the back of this publication

shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of

soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the

general soil map is a unique natural landscape.

Typically, it consists of one or more major soils and

some minor soils. It is named for the major soils. The

soils making up one unit can occur in another but in a

different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas

of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,

areas where the soils are not suitable can be

identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or building or other structure.

The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place

in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics

that affect management.

Soil Descriptions

1. Buchanan-Poorhouse

Nearly level to steep, moderately well drained and

somewhat poorly drained soils that have a medium

textured or fine textured subsoil and formed in material

weathered from acid sandstone, shale, or limestone;

on uplands

Setting

These soils are mainly on slightly concave

footslopes and toeslopes of North Mountain, Third Hill

Mountain, and Sleepy Creek Mountain. Slopes range

from 0 to 35 percent. Many areas of the Buchanan

soils have an extremely stony surface.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 7 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Buchanan soils—68 percent

Poorhouse soils—10 percent

Minor soils—22 percent (including the somewhat

excessively drained Weikert soils, the well

drained Berks and Murrill soils, the moderately

well drained Swanpond soils, and the

somewhat poorly drained Clearbrook soils)

Soil Characteristics

Buchanan

Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

underlain by very dark gray loam

Subsurface layer: Light yellowish brown loam

Subsoil: Upper part—brownish yellow loam; next

part—light yellowish brown gravelly loam that has

strong brown mottles; next part—strong brown

gravelly loam mottled in shades of red, brown, and

gray; lower part—strong brown, firm and brittle

gravelly loam mottled in shades of yellow, gray,

and red

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Slope: 3 to 35 percent

Parent material: Material weathered from acid

sandstone and shale

Poorhouse

Surface layer: Light olive brown silt loam

Subsoil: Yellowish brown to brown silty clay or clay

mottled in shades of gray and brown

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to

1.5 feet

Slope: 0 to 8 percent

Parent material: Material weathered from limestone

mixed with some colluvial material

Use and Management

Most areas of the Buchanan soils are wooded. Most

areas of the Poorhouse soils have been cleared and

are used for pasture or hay. Some areas are used as

cropland or for orchards.

General Soil Map Units
18 Soil Survey

Cropland

The Buchanan soils are suited to cropland if the

surface is free of stones. The Poorhouse soils are

suited to cropland if they are adequately drained. The

hazard of erosion is slight or moderate in most areas.

Pasture and Hayland

These soils are suited to pasture and hay.

Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns. Because of the seasonal

wetness, these soils are better suited to grasses than

to legumes.

Woodland

These soils have moderately high potential

productivity for trees. The seasonal wetness is a

limitation affecting logging operations.

Community Development

The seasonal wetness is the main limitation

affecting community development.

2. Calvin

Gently sloping to very steep, well drained,

moderately deep soils that have a medium textured

subsoil and formed in material weathered from reddish

brown, fine grained sandstone and shale; on uplands

Setting

These soils are on convex ridges, nose slopes, and

side slopes in the western part of the county. Slopes

range from 3 to 65 percent.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 4 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Calvin soils—87 percent

Minor soils—13 percent (including the well drained

Berks soils, the somewhat excessively drained

Dekalb soils, and the somewhat poorly drained

Clearbrook soils on uplands; and the poorly

drained Atkins soils, the moderately well

drained Philo soils, and the well drained Pope

soils on narrow flood plains)

Soil Characteristics

Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

underlain by very dark brown channery loam

Subsoil: Reddish brown very channery loam

Depth: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 3 to 65 percent

Parent material: Material weathered from reddish

brown, fine grained sandstone and shale

Use and Management

Most of the gently sloping and strongly sloping

areas have been cleared and are used for pasture or

hay. Cultivated crops are grown in a few areas. Almost

all of the moderately steep to very steep hillsides are

forested. The woodland consists mainly of the oakhickory and Virginia pine-pitch pine forest types.

Cropland

Droughtiness and the slope are the main limitations

affecting crop production.

Pasture and Hayland

Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns. The droughtiness limits forage

production during midsummer.

Woodland

These soils have moderate or moderately high

potential productivity for woodland. Erosion is a hazard

affecting logging operations.

Community Development

The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations

affecting community development.

3. Dekalb-Hazleton

Gently sloping to very steep, somewhat excessively

drained and well drained soils that have a medium

textured subsoil and formed in material weathered

from acid sandstone and shale; on uplands

Setting

These soils are on the convex ridgetops

and convex to slightly concave side slopes of

North Mountain (fig. 2), Third Hill Mountain, and

Sleepy Creek Mountain. Slopes range from 3 to

65 percent.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 7 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Dekalb soils—41 percent
Berkeley County, West Virginia 19

Hazleton soils—39 percent

Minor inclusions—20 percent (including the

somewhat excessively drained Weikert soils,

the well drained Berks and Calvin soils, and

areas of rock outcrop)

Soil Characteristics

Dekalb

Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

underlain by very dark brown channery sandy

loam

Subsurface layer: Grayish brown very channery sandy

loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown very channery

sandy loam; lower part—yellowish brown

extremely flaggy sandy loam

Depth: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 3 to 65 percent

Parent material: Material weathered from acid

sandstone and some interbedded shale

Figure 2.—A typical area of the Dekalb-Hazleton general soil map unit, including North Mountain, in the background. The alluvial

soils in the foreground are along Back Creek. They are in an area of the Monongahela-Pope-Tygart-Philo general soil map unit.
20 Soil Survey

Hazleton

Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

underlain by very dark brown gravelly loam

Subsurface layer: Dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown very gravelly

loam; next part—strong brown very gravelly loam;

lower part—strong brown very gravelly sandy

loam

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 15 to 65 percent

Parent material: Material weathered from acid

sandstone and shale

Use and Management

Most areas are forested. A few small areas are

used for orchards or pasture. The woodland consists

mainly of the oak-hickory and Virginia pine-pitch pine

forest types.

Cropland

Most areas are not suited to cropland. The slope

and the stones on the surface make cultivation

impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Most areas are not suited to hay and are difficult to

manage for pasture. The slope and the stones on the

surface are the main limitations.

Woodland

Potential productivity is moderate on south aspects

and moderate or moderately high on north aspects.

The slope is the main limitation affecting logging

operations.

Community Development

Many areas are not suited to development because

of the very steep slope. The depth to bedrock is an

additional limitation in areas of the Dekalb soils.

4. Downsville

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained

soils that have a medium textured subsoil and formed

in material washed from upland soils; on high river

terraces

Setting

These soils are on old river terraces high above the

Potomac River. Some areas that are underlain by

limestone have sinkholes. Slopes range from 3 to

25 percent.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 1 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Downsville soils—84 percent

Minor soils—16 percent (including the well drained

Hagerstown, Murrill, and Berks soils on

adjacent uplands; and the moderately well

drained Monongahela soils on the lower river

terraces)

Soil Characteristics

Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil: Upper part—brown gravelly loam; lower

part—yellowish red very gravelly loam and

yellowish red very gravelly sandy clay loam

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 3 to 25 percent

Parent material: Material washed from upland soils

Use and Management

Many areas have been cleared and are used for

crops, hay, or community development. Some areas

are forested. The woodland consists of the oak-hickory

and mixed hardwood forest types.

Cropland

Most areas are suited to cropland. The gently

sloping areas are prime farmland. The hazard

of erosion is moderate or severe in unprotected

areas.

Pasture and Hayland

These soils are suited to pasture and hay.

Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

Woodland

These soils have moderately high potential

productivity for trees. Erosion on logging roads and

skid trails is a management concern.

Community Development

The slope is the main limitation affecting community

development. In some areas solution channels in the

underlying limestone bedrock increase the hazard of

ground-water pollution from septic tank absorption

fields.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 21

5. Duffield-Ryder-Nollville

Gently sloping to moderately steep, well drained,

moderately deep to very deep soils that have a

medium textured subsoil and formed in material

weathered from interbedded limestone and limy shale;

on uplands

Setting

These soils are on convex, parallel ridges of low

relief in the Great Valley of the Appalachians (fig. 3).

They are prominent on Apple Pie Ridge. Limestone

outcrops are common in some areas. Slopes range

from 3 to 25 percent.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 5 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Duffield soils—32 percent

Ryder soils—32 percent

Nollville soils—25 percent

Minor soils—11 percent (including the very deep

Hagerstown soils and the shallow Opequon

soils on uplands; the moderately well drained

Funkstown soils along upland drainageways;

and the moderately well drained Lindside soils

on flood plains)

Soil Characteristics

Duffield

Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown channery silt

loam; lower part—yellowish brown to dark

yellowish brown silty clay loam or silty clay

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Figure 3.—A typical area of the Duffield-Ryder-Nollville general soil map unit. A large acreage of these soils is used for orchards.

North Mountain is on the left side of the photograph. It is in an area of the Dekalb-Hazleton general soil map unit.
22 Soil Survey

Slope: 3 to 15 percent

Parent material: Limestone

Ryder

Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil: Strong brown channery silt loam

Depth: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 3 to 25 percent

Parent material: Interbedded limestone and limy shale

Nollville

Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown channery silty

clay loam; lower part—strong brown silty clay

Depth: Deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 3 to 25 percent

Parent material: Interbedded limestone and limy

shale

Use and Management

Most areas have been cleared. A large acreage is

used for orchards. These soils are also used for

cultivated crops, hay, and pasture. A small acreage

supports mixed hardwoods. Some areas have been

used for community development.

Cropland

Most areas are suited to cropland. The gently

sloping areas are prime farmland. The hazard

of erosion is moderate or severe in unprotected

areas.

Pasture and Hayland

These soils are suited to pasture and hayland.

Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses and

legumes and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns. Ponds constructed for

livestock water are susceptible to seepage and have a

high failure rate.

Woodland

These soils have moderately high potential

productivity for trees. Erosion on logging roads and

skid trails is a management concern.

Community Development

In some areas solution channels and fractures in

the limestone bedrock increase the hazard of groundwater pollution from septic tank absorption fields. The

depth to bedrock is a limitation on homesites in areas

of the Ryder and Nollville soils.

6. Hagerstown-Funkstown

Very deep, well drained and moderately well

drained, nearly level to steep soils that have a medium

textured or fine textured subsoil and formed in material

weathered from limestone; on uplands and along

upland drainageways

Setting

These soils are on broad, rolling uplands that are

shallowly dissected by narrow drainageways.

Limestone outcrops are common throughout the map

unit. Sinkholes also are common. Many large springs

are in the unit. Slopes range from 0 to 35 percent.

They are generally short and often complex, giving the

landscape an undulating appearance.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 26 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Hagerstown soils—52 percent

Funkstown soils—9 percent

Minor inclusions—39 percent (including the well

drained Duffield soils on ridges and hillsides;

the moderately well drained Swanpond soils on

head slopes and in upland depressions; the

well drained Murrill soils on the toeslopes of

North Mountain; the shallow Opequon soils on

rocky uplands; the well drained Combs soils on

the flood plain along the Potomac River; the

well drained Lappans soils and the very poorly

drained Fairplay soils on narrow flood plains

below limestone springs; and areas of

limestone outcrops)

Soil Characteristics

Hagerstown

Surface layer: Brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown silt loam; next

part—yellowish red and strong brown silty clay;

next part—yellowish red and strong brown silty

clay loam; lower part—strong brown and dark

yellowish brown silty clay loam
Berkeley County, West Virginia 23

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Parent material: Limestone

Funkstown

Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown gravelly loam;

next part—yellowish brown very gravelly loam;

lower part—strong brown and brownish yellow

clay

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.0 to

3.5 feet

Parent material: Local alluvial or colluvial material

washed from upland soils that are underlain by

limestone

Use and Management

About 70 percent of this unit has been cleared of

trees and is used for cultivated crops, orchards, hay,

pasture, or community development. The remaining

wooded areas include up to 30 percent limestone

outcrops. They support hardwoods or hardwoods

mixed with eastern redcedar.

Cropland

Most areas are suited to cultivated crops. Many

areas of prime farmland are in this unit. Sinkholes and

solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution.

Pasture and Hayland

Most areas are suited to pasture and hay. Ponds

constructed for livestock water are susceptible to

seepage and have a high failure rate.

Woodland

These soils have moderately high potential

productivity for trees.

Community Development

The depth to hard limestone bedrock is a limitation

in many areas. Sinkholes and solution channels in the

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

from septic tank absorption fields. Some areas of the

Funkstown soils are subject to occasional periods of

flooding or ponding.

7. Monongahela-Pope-Tygart-Philo

Nearly level to strongly sloping, well drained and

somewhat poorly drained, very deep soils that have a

medium textured or fine textured subsoil; formed in

material washed from upland soils that are underlain

mainly by acid shale and sandstone; on flood plains

and terraces

Setting

These soils are mainly on the flood plain and low

stream terraces along Back Creek in the western

part of the county (fig. 4). Slopes range from 0 to

15 percent.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 4 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Monongahela soils—33 percent

Pope soils—18 percent

Tygart soils—17 percent

Philo soils—14 percent

Minor soils—18 percent (including the poorly

drained Atkins soils on flood plains; the

somewhat excessively drained Weikert soils,

the well drained Berks soils, and the somewhat

poorly drained Clearbrook soils on the adjacent

shale uplands; and the moderately well drained

Buchanan soils on concave footslopes)

Soil Characteristics

Monongahela

Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown silt loam; next

part—dark yellowish brown silt loam mottled in

shades of brown and gray; next part—light olive

brown, firm and brittle silt loam mottled in shades

of brown and gray; lower part—yellowish brown

clay loam that has gray mottles

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to

3.0 feet

Slope: 0 to 8 percent

Parent material: Material washed from upland soils

that are underlain by acid shale and sandstone

Pope

Surface layer: Brown silt loam

Subsoil: Brown silt loam
24 Soil Survey

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 0 to 3 percent

Parent material: Material washed from upland soils

that are underlain by acid shale and sandstone

Tygart

Surface layer: Brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—light yellowish brown silt loam

mottled in shades of brown and gray; next part—

yellowish brown silty clay loam mottled in shades

of brown and gray; next part—gray clay mottled in

shades of brown and red; lower part—gray and

yellowish brown silty clay

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to

1.5 feet

Slope: 0 to 8 percent

Parent material: Material washed from upland

soils that are underlain by acid shale and

sandstone

Philo

Surface layer: Brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—dark yellowish brown silt loam;

next part—yellowish brown silt loam that has a few

mottles in shades of brown and gray; lower part—

brown silt loam that has common or many mottles

in shades of brown and gray

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to

3.0 feet

Slope: 0 to 3 percent

Parent material: Material washed from upland

soils that are underlain by acid shale and

sandstone

Figure 4.—A typical area of the Monongahela-Pope-Tygart-Philo general soil map unit. The moderately well drained Monongahela

soils are in the tilled area on the right side of the photograph. They are on a low stream terrace. The poorly drained Atkins

soils, which are minor soils in the unit, are on the flood plain on the left side of the photograph.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 25

Use and Management

Most areas have been cleared and are used for

crops, hay, or pasture. Some areas that are frequently

flooded support mixed hardwoods.

Cropland

The Monongahela, Pope, and Philo soils are suited

to cropland. The Tygart soils are suited to cropland if

they are adequately drained. Some areas are prime

farmland. Flooding in areas of the Pope and Philo soils

may occasionally damage crops.

Pasture and Hayland

These soils are suited to pasture and hay. Because

of the seasonal wetness, the Tygart and Philo soils are

better suited to grasses than to legumes.

Woodland

These soils have moderately high potential

productivity for trees. The seasonal wetness may limit

logging operations in areas of the Monongahela, Philo,

and Tygart soils.

Community Development

The seasonal wetness is the main limitation

affecting community development in areas of the

Monongahela and Tygart soils. The Pope and Philo

soils are not suited to community development

because of the flooding.

8. Pecktonville-Blackthorn-Caneyville

Gently sloping to very steep, well drained,

moderately deep and very deep soils that have a fine

textured or medium textured subsoil and formed in

material weathered from limestone and sandstone; on

uplands

Setting

These soils are in many areas of the small

limestone valley and the adjacent ridges in the

western part of the county. The areas extend from

near Jones Springs northward to Ferrel Ridge. The

soils are on gently sloping and strongly sloping,

convex ridges and valley sides and on steep and very

steep, convex or slightly concave hillsides. Slopes

range from 3 to 45 percent.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 3 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Pecktonville soils—45 percent

Blackthorn soils—22 percent

Caneyville soils—18 percent

Minor soils—15 percent (including the somewhat

excessively drained Dekalb soils on ridges; the

moderately well drained Buchanan soils on

footslopes; and the somewhat poorly drained

Poorhouse soils in concave upland

depressions)

Soil Characteristics

Pecktonville

Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

underlain by very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

Subsurface layer: Yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown silt loam; next

part—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam; next

part—yellowish red gravelly clay mottled in shades

of brown and red; lower part—yellowish red

gravelly clay mottled in shades of red, yellow, and

gray

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Slope: 3 to 45 percent

Parent material: Material weathered from limestone

mixed with some material weathered from

sandstone and chert

Blackthorn

Surface layer: Organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

underlain by very dark brown very gravelly loam

Subsurface layer: Brown very gravelly sandy loam

Subsoil: Upper part—light yellowish brown gravelly

sandy loam; next part—yellowish brown very

gravelly sandy loam; next part—strong brown very

gravelly loam; next part—red and strong brown

very gravelly clay; lower part—red and strong

brown clay

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 15 to 45 percent

Parent material: Material weathered from limestone

mixed with some material weathered from

sandstone and chert

Caneyville

Surface layer: Dark grayish brown silty clay loam

underlain by brown silty clay loam

Subsoil: Upper part—strong brown silty clay that has

yellowish brown mottles; lower part—yellowish red

silty clay

Depth: Moderately deep
26 Soil Survey

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 3 to 25 percent

Parent material: Material weathered from limestone

interbedded with thin layers of shale and siltstone

Use and Management

Most stony areas are forested. The woodland

consists of the oak-hickory or mixed hardwood forest

types. Most of the nonstony areas have been cleared

and are used for pasture, hay, or crops. A few small

areas are used for orchards.

Cropland

The nonstony, gently sloping and strongly sloping

Pecktonville and Caneyville soils are suited to

cropland. The hazard of erosion is moderate or severe

in unprotected areas. Solution channels in the

limestone bedrock increase the hazard of groundwater pollution.

Pasture and Hayland

The nonstony areas are suited to pasture and

hayland. The stony areas are not suited to hay and are

difficult to manage for pasture. Ponds constructed for

livestock water are susceptible to seepage and have a

high failure rate.

Woodland

Potential productivity is moderately high in most

areas.

Community Development

The slope is a limitation affecting community

development in many areas of these soils. A

seasonally wet subsoil and slow permeability are

additional limitations in areas of the Pecktonville soils,

and the depth to bedrock is an additional limitation in

areas of the Caneyville soils. In most areas solution

channels in the limestone bedrock increase the hazard

of ground-water pollution from septic tank absorption

fields.

9. Swanpond-Carbo-Opequon

Gently sloping to steep, moderately well drained

and well drained, very deep to shallow soils that have

a very fine textured subsoil and formed in material

weathered from limestone; on uplands

Setting

The Swanpond soils generally are on broad,

topographically low, slightly convex to slightly concave

uplands. The Carbo and Opequon soils are on long,

narrow, slightly convex uplands. Sinkholes occur in

some areas. Limestone outcrops are common in other

areas. Slopes are generally short and often complex.

They range from 3 to 35 percent.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 4 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Swanpond soils—39 percent

Carbo soils—30 percent

Opequon soils—15 percent

Minor soils—16 percent (including the very deep

Hagerstown soils and the deep Endcav soils on

uplands; the moderately well drained

Funkstown soils along upland drainageways;

and the shallow Weikert soils and the

moderately deep Berks and Clearbrook soils on

adjacent shale uplands)

Soil Characteristics

Swanpond

Surface layer: Brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown clay; lower

part—yellowish brown and strong brown clay that

has gray mottles

Depth: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.5 to 3.5 feet

Parent material: Limestone

Carbo

Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silty clay

Subsoil: Strong brown and yellowish brown clay

Depth: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 3 to 35 percent

Parent material: Limestone

Opequon

Surface layer: Dark yellowish brown silty clay

Subsoil: Yellowish brown clay

Depth: Shallow

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Slope: 3 to 35 percent

Parent material: Limestone

Use and Management

Most areas have been cleared of trees and are

used for pasture or hay. A small acreage is used for
Berkeley County, West Virginia 27

cultivated crops. Some areas are used for community

development. The wooded areas are in hardwoods or

hardwoods mixed with eastern redcedar. The

limestone underlying this map unit is of very high

quality and has been extensively quarried. Both active

and abandoned quarries are common throughout the

unit.

Cropland

Most areas are generally suited to cultivated crops.

Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution.

The high content of clay in the surface layer makes

these soils difficult to till. The Opequon soils are

droughty during the growing season.

Pasture and Hayland

These soils are suited to pasture and hay. Ponds

constructed for livestock water are susceptible to

seepage and have a high failure rate.

Woodland

Potential productivity is moderately high in areas of

the Swanpond and Carbo soils and moderate in areas

of the Opequon soils. The high content of clay limits

the use of logging equipment during wet periods.

Community Development

The depth to hard limestone bedrock and a high

shrink-swell potential are the main limitations affecting

community development. Sinkholes and solution

channels in the bedrock increase the hazard of

ground-water pollution from septic tank absorption

fields.

10. Urban Land

Setting

This map unit consists of areas where the majority

of the landscape has been altered during community

development. It is mostly in the city of Martinsburg and

the surrounding area.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 2 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Urban land—62 percent

Minor soils—38 percent (including areas of the

very deep Hagerstown and Swanpond soils; the

deep Endcav soils; the moderately deep Carbo,

Berks, and Clearbrook soils; the shallow

Opequon and Weikert soils; and Udorthents)

Characteristics of Urban Land

Urban land consists of areas where at least 90

percent of the land surface is covered by asphalt,

concrete, or other impervious material.

Use and Management

This map unit has been used for industrial,

commercial, and residential development.

11. Weikert-Berks-Clearbrook

Nearly level to very steep, somewhat excessively

drained to somewhat poorly drained, shallow and

moderately deep soils that have a medium textured

subsoil and formed in material weathered from acid

shale; on uplands

Setting

The Weikert and Berks soils are generally on

convex upland ridges, nose slopes, and side slopes

that have been deeply dissected by drainageways. The

Clearbrook soils are generally on broad, smooth

ridges and concave head slopes, mostly in the eastern

part of the county. Slopes range from 3 to 70 percent

in areas of the Weikert and Berks soils and from 0 to

8 percent in areas of the Clearbrook soils.

Composition

Extent of the general soil map unit: 37 percent

Percentage of components in the map unit:

Weikert soils—34 percent

Berks soils—31 percent

Clearbrook soils—11 percent

Minor soils—24 percent (including the poorly

drained Atkins soils and the moderately well

drained Philo soils on narrow flood plains)

Soil Characteristics

Weikert

Surface layer: Dark brown channery silt loam

Subsoil: Yellowish brown very channery silt loam

Depth: Shallow

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Parent material: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Berks

Surface layer: Brown channery silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—yellowish brown channery silt

loam; lower part—yellowish brown and strong

brown very channery silt loam
28

Depth: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Parent material: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Clearbrook

Surface layer: Brown silt loam

Subsoil: Upper part—light olive brown very channery

silty clay loam that has yellowish brown and gray

mottles; lower part—gray extremely channery silty

clay loam that has yellowish brown mottles

Depth: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to

2.5 feet

Parent material: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Use and Management

Most of the broad ridgetops have been cleared and

are used for pasture, hay, cultivated crops, or

community development. Many areas are forested. A

few small areas are used for orchards. The steep and

very steep side slopes are generally forested. The

woodland consists of the oak-hickory and Virginia

pine-pitch pine forest types.

Cropland

The gently sloping and strongly sloping areas are

generally suited to cropland, but production generally

is low. Droughtiness and low natural fertility are the

main limitations.

Pasture and Hayland

These soils are suited to pasture and hay. The

droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

Woodland

Potential productivity is moderate in most areas.

The droughtiness and the low natural fertility result in a

high seedling mortality rate in tree plantations,

especially on south-facing slopes.

Community Development

The depth to bedrock and the slope are limitations

affecting community development. The seasonal high

water table is an additional limitation in areas of the

Clearbrook soils.
29

The map units on the detailed soil maps at the back

of this survey represent the soils in the survey area.

The map unit descriptions in this section, along with

the soil maps, can be used to determine the suitability

and potential of a soil for specific uses. They also can

be used to plan the management needed for those

uses. More information on each map unit, or soil, is

given under the heading “Use and Management of the

Soils.”

Each map unit on the detailed soil maps represents

an area on the landscape and consists of one or more

soils for which the unit is named.

A symbol identifying the soil precedes the map unit

name in the soil descriptions. Each description

includes general facts about the soil and gives the

principal hazards and limitations to be considered in

planning for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer or of the underlying material, all the soils

of a series have major horizons that are similar in

composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer or of the underlying material. They also

can differ in slope, stoniness, salinity, wetness, degree

of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their

use. On the basis of such differences, a soil series is

divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on

the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature

that affects use or management. For example,

Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, is a

phase of the Monongahela series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils. These map units are called soil complexes. A soil

complex consists of two or more soils, or one or more

soils and a miscellaneous area, in such an intricate

pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be

shown separately on the soil maps. The pattern and

proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all

areas. Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 8 to 15

percent slopes, is an example.

Most map units include small scattered areas of

soils other than those for which the map unit is named.

Some of these included soils have properties that

differ substantially from those of the major soil or soils.

Such differences could significantly affect use and

management of the soils in the map unit. The included

soils are identified in each map unit description. Some

small areas of strongly contrasting soils are identified

by a special symbol on the soil maps.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. Urban land is an example.

Miscellaneous areas are shown on the soil maps.

Some that are too small to be shown are identified by

a special symbol on the soil maps.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the

soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for

many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms

used in describing the soils.

Soil Descriptions

At—Atkins silt loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level, slightly concave flood

plains, mainly along Back Creek and its tributaries

and, to a lesser extent, along the Potomac River and,

in many areas, on the backside of the flood plain

nearest the uplands. Most areas of the soil that have

not been drained previously are considered to be

wetlands. A Federal permit may be required before

these areas are disturbed.

Composition

Atkins soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

4 to 20 inches—gray silt loam that has strong brown

and grayish brown mottles

20 to 26 inches—light gray silt loam that has grayish

Detailed Soil Map Units
30 Soil Survey

brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown mottles

26 to 36 inches—light gray silty clay loam that has

grayish brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown

mottles

Underlying material:

36 to 50 inches—light brownish gray loam that has

gray and yellowish brown mottles

50 to 70 inches—light gray, stratified gravelly silt loam

and gravelly sandy loam having brownish yellow

mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: Within a depth

of 1 foot

Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) above a depth of 40

inches ranging to moderately acid (pH 5.6 to 6.0)

below a depth of 40 inches

Surface runoff: Very slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Philo soils

• The well drained Pope soils

Similar soils:

• Soils that have silty clay or clay in the subsoil

• Very poorly drained soils that are subject to ponding

• Soils that are frequently flooded

• Soils that are moderately acid to neutral throughout

Use and Management

Uses: In many areas, the Atkins soil is wooded or the

acreage is idle land. Some areas are used as

pasture. Some large areas along Back Creek have

been drained and are used for crops.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited if the soil has been adequately

drained

Management concerns:

• Most climatically adapted crops cannot be grown

unless an adequate drainage system has been

installed.

• Tilling or harvesting when the soil is wet may cause

compaction and deterioration of tilth.

• The flooding may damage crops and delay fieldwork

in some years.

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

Management measures:

• Applying a system of conservation tillage, growing

green manure crops, returning crop residue to the soil,

and deferring tillage and harvest when the soil is wet

help to improve or maintain tilth.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Grazing when the soil is too wet may damage the

sod.

• Unless the soil is drained, harvesting of hay is

commonly restricted to long, dry periods.

• Debris may be deposited on the grassland during

periods of flooding.

Management measures:

• The hay and pasture plants that can withstand the

wetness should be selected for planting.

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high for watertolerant species

Management concerns:

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods when the soil is soft.

• The wetness may result in a high seedling mortality

rate.

• The windthrow hazard is moderate because of the

wetness.

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill

and gravel.

• The tree species that can withstand the wetness

should be selected for planting.

• Windthrow can be minimized by harvest methods

that do not leave the remaining trees widely spaced.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 31

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding and the wetness, this soil is

not suited to building site development.

• Because of the flooding, the wetness, and the slow

permeability, this soil is not suited to septic tank

absorption fields.

• The flooding, the wetness, and the potential for frost

action are severe limitations affecting the construction

of local roads and streets.

Management measures:

• Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic

tank absorption fields should be selected for

development.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5W

BkE—Blackthorn very gravelly loam, 15

to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony

Setting

This soil is on moderately steep or steep, slightly

concave benches on the west side of North Mountain.

Composition

Blackthorn soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 7 inches—brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

7 to 12 inches—brown gravelly loam

12 to 65 inches—brown very gravelly loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour) in the surface layer and

upper part of the subsoil and moderate or

moderately slow (0.2 inch to 2.0 inches per hour)

in the lower part of the subsoil

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low in the surface layer and the

upper part of the subsoil and moderate in the

lower part of the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Slope class: Moderately steep or steep

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones and boulders

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Berks and Calvin soils, which

are in small convex areas

• Small areas of the moderately well drained

Buchanan soils

• Small very rubbly areas of soils that have more than

50 percent of their surface covered with stones and

boulders

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The well drained Hazleton soils

• Small rubbly areas of soils that have 15 to 50

percent of their surface covered with stones and

boulders

• Soils that are not stony

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or

more than 35 percent

Use and Management

Uses: All areas of the Blackthorn soil are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The slope and the stones and boulders on the

surface of the soil make cultivation impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hayland; difficult to manage for

pasture
32 Soil Survey

Management concerns:

• Because of the slope and the stones and boulders

on the surface of the soil, it is difficult to operate

conventional equipment used in applying fertilizer and

in clipping.

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The large stones on the surface of the soil can

hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment.

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the use

of logging equipment.

• The stones and boulders on the surface of the soil

may interfere with site preparation when tree seedlings

are planted.

• Competition from brush can delay or prevent natural

regeneration of desired species after trees are

harvested.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have

been cut and filled; and installing water bars and

culverts.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

• Because of the slope, this soil is poorly suited to

building site development unless extensive land

shaping is done.

• Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by

surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on

sites for dwellings with basements.

• Low strength and the potential for frost action are

moderate limitations affecting the construction of

roads.

• Rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the

ground water from pollution.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or where

excavation has exposed the limestone bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Placing a filter fabric between the subgrade and the

road base when roads are constructed helps to

prevent the damage caused by low strength.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 4R

BpE—Blackthorn-Pecktonville very

gravelly loams, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, extremely stony

Setting

These soils are on moderately steep or steep,

slightly concave hillsides and benches and slightly

convex shoulder slopes and hillsides on Ferrell and

Wilson Ridges in the western part of the county. The

Blackthorn soil is mainly in concave areas of the

landscape, and the Pecktonville soil is mainly in the

convex areas. The two soils occur as areas so

intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical

to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Blackthorn soil and similar soils: 50 percent

Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Blackthorn

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 3 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam
Berkeley County, West Virginia 33

Subsurface layer:

3 to 6 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly sandy

loam

14 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly sandy

loam

24 to 35 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam

35 to 75 inches—red and strong brown very gravelly

clay

75 to 90 inches—red and strong brown clay

Pecktonville

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

7 to 12 inches—strong brown silt loam

12 to 17 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam

17 to 32 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and

brownish yellow gravelly clay

32 to 48 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish

yellow gravelly clay

48 to 62 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish

yellow gravelly clay that has pinkish gray mottles

62 to 65 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Blackthorn

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour) in the upper part of the

subsoil and moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per

hour) in the lower part of the subsoil

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of

the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones and boulders

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) in the surface layer

and upper part of the subsoil and very strongly

acid or strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) in the lower

part of the subsoil

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Pecktonville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) in the upper part of the subsoil and slow or

moderately slow (0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour) in the

lower part

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the lower part of the

subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones and boulders

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly

high amounts of sandstone and chert

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on concave foot slopes

• The moderately deep Caneyville soils

• The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow

Weikert soils, which are on convex hillsides

Similar soils:

• Small areas of rubbly or extremely bouldery soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or

more than 35 percent

• Soils that have less than 3 percent of their surface

covered with stones

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Blackthorn and Pecktonville

soils are wooded. A few small areas have been

cleared and are used as pasture. A few areas

have been developed as homesites.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The stones on the surface of the soils and the slope

make cultivation impractical.
34 Soil Survey

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited for hay; difficult to manage for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Because of the slope and the stones on the surface

of the soils, it is difficult to operate conventional

equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer.

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The large stones on the surface of the soils can

hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Seedling mortality may be a problem on south

aspects because of droughtiness during the summer.

• The stones and rock fragments in the surface layer

may interfere with the planting of tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled and by installing water bars and culverts.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for

planting on south aspects.

• Logging roads should be designed so that they

conform to the topography.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

• Because of the slope, these soils are poorly suited

to building site development unless extensive land

shaping is done.

• The high shrink-swell potential and the seasonally

wet subsoil are additional limitations affecting building

site development in areas of the Pecktonville soil.

• The stones and boulders may interfere with

construction, with the establishment of lawns, and with

landscaping.

• The slope and the slow or moderately slow

permeability in the clayey layer of the subsoil are

limitations affecting septic tank absorption fields in

areas of the Pecktonville soil.

• The slope, the high shrink-swell potential, and the

low strength of the Pecktonville soil are limitations on

sites for local roads and streets.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption

fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to

overcome the restricted permeability.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching roadbanks after construction

is completed helps to control erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Blackthorn—4R;

Pecktonville—4R

BpF—Blackthorn-Pecktonville very

gravelly loams, 35 to 45 percent

slopes, extremely stony

Setting

These soils are on very steep, slightly concave

hillsides and benches and slightly convex shoulder

slopes and hillsides on Ferrell and Wilson Ridges in

the western part of the county. The Blackthorn soil is

mainly in concave areas of the landscape, and the

Pecktonville soil is mainly in convex areas. The two
Berkeley County, West Virginia 35

soils occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape

that it was impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Blackthorn soil and similar soils: 60 percent

Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 30 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Blackthorn

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 3 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 6 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly sandy

loam

14 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly sandy

loam

24 to 35 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam

35 to 75 inches—red and strong brown very gravelly

clay

75 to 90 inches—red and strong brown clay

Pecktonville

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

7 to 12 inches—strong brown silt loam

12 to 17 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay

loam

17 to 32 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and

brownish yellow gravelly clay

32 to 48 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish

yellow gravelly clay

48 to 62 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish

yellow gravelly clay that has pinkish gray mottles

62 to 65 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Blackthorn

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour) in the upper part of the

subsoil and moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per

hour) in the lower part of the subsoil

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of

the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones and boulders

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) in the surface layer

and upper part of the subsoil and very strongly

acid or strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5 percent) in the

lower part of the subsoil

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Pecktonville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) in the upper part of the subsoil and slow or

moderately slow (0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour) in the

lower part of the subsoil

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the lower part of the

subsoil

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones and boulders

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that has a fairly high

content of sandstone and chert

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Caneyville and Berks soils and

the shallow Weikert soils, which are in convex areas of

the landscape

• The very deep Buchanan soils, which are on

concave footslopes

• Areas of rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Rubbly or extremely bouldery soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 35 percent or

more than 45 percent
36 Soil Survey

• Soils that have less than 3 percent of their surface

covered with stones

Use and Management

Uses: Nearly all areas of the Blackthorn and

Pecktonville soils are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The stones on the surface of the soils and the slope

make cultivation impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited for hay; difficult to manage for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Because of the slope and the stones on the surface

of the soils, it is difficult to operate conventional

equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer.

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on logging roads and

skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment is hazardous because

of the very steep slope.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Seedling mortality may be a problem on south

aspects because of the droughtiness during the

summer.

• The stones and chert fragments in the surface layer

may interfere with the planting of tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Logging roads should be designed so that they

conform to the topography.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled and by installing water bars and culverts.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for

planting on south aspects.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the very steep slope, these soils are

unsuited to building site development, septic tank

absorption fields, and local roads and streets. A better

suited soil should be selected for development.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Blackthorn—4R;

Pecktonville—4R

BuB—Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, slightly concave

mountain footslopes and toeslopes.

Composition

Buchanan soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

8 to 10 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

20 to 32 inches—yellowish brown gravelly clay loam

that has light brownish gray mottles

32 to 42 inches—light brown, very firm and brittle very

gravelly loam that has light gray and strong brown

mottles

42 to 65 inches—strong brown, very firm and brittle

very gravelly clay loam that has light brown and

strong brown mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained; common

seepy spots during wet periods in winter and

spring
Berkeley County, West Virginia 37

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) above the firm layer in the subsoil and slow

(0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) in the firm layer

Available water capacity: Very low to moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to

3.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Natural fertility: Low or medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of the moderately deep, well drained

Berks soils

• Small areas of the well drained Murrill soils

• Poorly drained soils, which are in depressions

• Soils that do not have a firm and brittle layer in their

subsoil

Similar soils:

• Soils that have stones on the surface

• Soils that have a surface layer of sandy loam

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent

Use and Management

Uses: About one-half of the acreage of the Buchanan

soil is wooded. Most of the cleared areas are used

for pasture or hay. A few small areas are used for

cultivated crops or as sites for community

development.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table and the firm layer in

the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some

crops.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas.

• Because of the restricted rooting depth, crops may

be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the

soil dries out in summer.

• The wetness may delay planting in the spring.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, and crop residue management help to control

erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture

in summer.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water

table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Grazing early in spring when the soil is soft and wet

can damage the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to

minimize compaction and maintain tilth.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields.

• The seasonal high water table and the potential for

frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.
38 Soil Survey

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in winter and

spring.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• The included well drained soils, which are better

suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields

than the Buchanan soil, should be selected for

development.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption

fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high

water table.

• Enlarging septic tank absorption fields, installing

alternating absorption fields, installing distribution lines

on the contour, and backfilling lines with gravel help to

overcome the restricted permeability in the lower part

of the subsoil.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness and frost action.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

BuC—Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, slightly concave

mountain footslopes and toeslopes.

Composition

Buchanan soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

6 to 10 inches—olive brown gravelly loam

10 to 21 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

21 to 48 inches—yellowish brown, firm and brittle

gravelly loam that has light brownish gray and

strong brown mottles

48 to 65 inches—strong brown, very firm and brittle

gravelly loam that has light brownish gray and

reddish brown mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained; seepy

spots common during wet periods in winter and

spring

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) above the firm layer in the subsoil and slow

(0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) in the firm layer

Available water capacity: Very low to moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Natural fertility: Low or medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Poorly drained soils, which are in depressions

• Small areas of the moderately deep Berks soils

• Small areas of the well drained Murrill soils

• Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in

the subsoil

Similar soils:

• Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more

than 15 percent

• Soils that have stones on the surface

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Buchanan soil are used as

woodland. Some areas are used for cultivated

crops or for hay and pasture. A few small areas

are used as sites for community development.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table and the firm layer in

the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some

crops.

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas.

• Because of the restricted rooting depth, some crops

may be adversely affected by a shortage of water as

the soil dries out in summer.

• The wetness may delay planting in the spring.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 39

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, and crop residue management help to control

erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve moisture in

summer.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring can damage the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to

minimize compaction and maintain tilth.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields.

• The slope increases the extent of excavation

required during the construction of roads and

buildings.

• The seasonal high water table and the potential for

frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in winter and

spring.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• The included well drained soils, which are better

suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields

than the Buchanan soil, should be selected for

development.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption

fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high

water table.

• Enlarging septic tank absorption fields, installing

alternating absorption fields, installing distribution lines

on the contour, and backfilling lines with gravel help to

overcome the restricted permeability in the lower part

of the subsoil.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness and frost action.

• Roads and streets should be built on the contour.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

BxC—Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, extremely stony

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping or strongly sloping,

slightly concave mountain footslopes and toeslopes.

Seeps and springs are common in some areas.
40 Soil Survey

Composition

Buchanan soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 2 inches—very dark gray loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 4 inches—light yellowish brown loam

Subsoil:

4 to 13 inches—brownish yellow gravelly loam

13 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly loam

that has strong brown mottles

21 to 30 inches—strong brown gravelly loam that has

yellowish red, pale brown, and light brownish gray

mottles

30 to 49 inches—strong brown, firm and brittle gravelly

loam that has brownish yellow, light brownish gray,

and dark red mottles

Underlying material:

49 to 65 inches—reddish brown, very firm and brittle

gravelly loam that has gray and red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) above the firm or very firm layer in the

subsoil and slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) in the

firm or very firm layer

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones and boulders

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low or medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of the poorly drained Atkins soils, the

moderately well drained Philo soils, and the well

drained Pope soils, which are along narrow

drainageways

• Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of

their surface covered with stones and boulders; mainly

on the footslopes of Sleepy Creek and Third Hill

Mountains

• Small areas of soils that are not stony

• Soils that do not have a firm or very firm and brittle

layer in the subsoil

Similar soils:

• Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their

surface covered with stones and boulders

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Buchanan soil are wooded. A

few small areas are used as pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The stones and boulders on the surface of the soil

make cultivation impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hayland; difficult to manage

for pasture; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water

table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate or

severe hazard in areas where the plant cover has

been destroyed.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.

• Because of the slope and the stones on the

surface of the soil, it is difficult to operate

conventional equipment used in clipping and in

applying fertilizer.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to

minimize compaction and maintain tilth.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high
Berkeley County, West Virginia 41

Management concerns:

• The large stones on the surface of the soil can

hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment.

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• Plant competition is moderate if openings are made

in the canopy.

• The stones and boulders on the surface of the soil

may interfere with the planting of tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled; and installing water bars and culverts.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

affecting building site development, septic tank

absorption fields, and local roads and streets.

• The slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil

is a severe limitation on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in winter and

spring.

• Water may seep from cutbanks during wet periods.

• The slope and the potential for frost action are

limitations on sites for local roads and streets.

• The wetness is an additional limitation on sites for

local roads and streets. Because this soil is soft when

wet, pavement cracks under heavy loads.

• The stones and boulders may interfere with

construction, with the establishment of lawns, and with

landscaping.

• Erosion is a moderate or severe hazard in

unprotected areas on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Installing tile drainage lines upslope from septic tank

absorption fields can be effective in lowering the

seasonal high water table.

• Enlarging septic tank absorption fields, installing

alternating absorption fields, installing distribution lines

on the contour, and backfilling lines with gravel help to

overcome the restricted permeability in the lower part

of the subsoil.

• Roads and streets should be built on the contour.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness and frost action.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 4X

BxE—Buchanan loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, extremely stony

Setting

This soil is on moderately steep or steep, slightly

concave mountain benches, footslopes, and toeslopes.

Seeps and springs are common in some areas.

Composition

Buchanan soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 2 inches—very dark gray loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 4 inches—light yellowish brown loam

Subsoil:

4 to 13 inches—brownish yellow gravelly loam

13 to 21 inches—light yellowish brown gravelly loam

that has strong brown mottles

21 to 30 inches—strong brown gravelly loam that has

yellowish red, pale brown, and light brownish gray

mottles

30 to 49 inches—strong brown, firm and brittle gravelly

loam that has brownish yellow, light brownish gray,

and dark red mottles

49 to 65 inches—reddish brown, very firm and brittle

gravelly loam that has gray and red mottles

 Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) above the firm or very firm layer in the
42 Soil Survey

subsoil and slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour) in the

firm or very firm layer

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to

3.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe or very severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones and boulders

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low or medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of the moderately deep Berks and

Dekalb soils and the shallow Weikert soils, which are

on adjacent convex hillsides

• Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of

their surface covered with stones and boulders; mainly

on the footslopes of Sleepy Creek and Third Hill

Mountains

• Small areas of the well drained Hazleton soils

• Soils that do not have a firm or very firm and brittle

layer in the subsoil

Similar soils:

• Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their

surface covered with stones and boulders

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or

more than 35 percent

• Soils that are not stony

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Buchanan soil are used as

woodland. A few small areas are used as pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The slope and the stones and boulders on the

surface of the soil make cultivation impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hayland; difficult to manage for

pasture; better suited to grasses than to legumes

because of the seasonal high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe or

very severe hazard in areas where the plant cover has

been destroyed.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.

• Because of the slope and the stones on the surface

of the soil, it is difficult to operate conventional

equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to

minimize compaction and maintain tilth.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The large stones on the surface of the soil can

hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment.

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• Plant competition is moderate if openings are made

in the canopy.

• The stones and boulders on the surface may

interfere with the planting of tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled; and installing water bars and culverts.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The slope and the seasonal high water table are the

main limitations affecting building site development,

septic tank absorption fields, and local roads and

streets.

• The slow permeability in the lower part of the subsoil

is a severe limitation on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in winter and

spring.

• Water may seep from cutbanks during wet periods.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 43

• The potential for frost action is a limitation on sites

for local roads and streets.

• The wetness is an additional limitation on sites for

local roads and streets. Because this soil is soft when

wet, pavement cracks under heavy loads.

• The stones and boulders may interfere with

construction, with the establishment of lawns, and with

landscaping.

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas on

construction sites.

Management measures:

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping

is necessary in most areas.

• Installing tile drainage lines upslope from septic tank

absorption fields can be effective in lowering the

seasonal high water table.

• Enlarging septic tank absorption fields, installing

alternating absorption fields, installing distribution lines

on the contour, and backfilling lines with gravel help to

overcome the restricted permeability in the lower part

of the subsoil.

• Roads and streets should be built on the contour.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness and frost action.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 4X

CaB—Calvin channery loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on

gently sloping, low ridges in the western part of the

county.

Composition

Calvin soil and similar soils: 95 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 5 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—reddish brown channery loam

Subsoil:

8 to 24 inches—yellowish red very channery silt loam

24 to 30 inches—yellowish red very channery loam

30 to 34 inches—reddish brown very channery loam

Underlying material:

34 to 35 inches—reddish brown extremely channery

loam

Bedrock:

35 inches—dusky red, fractured shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Reddish shale, fine grained sandstone,

or siltstone; interbedded in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils,

which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone

• Moderately well drained soils, which are on head

slopes

• Severely eroded soils

Similar soils:

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock

• The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow

Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

• Stony soils

• Soils in which the subsoil has a fine-earth texture of

sandy loam

• Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments

throughout the profile than is typical for the Calvin soil

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Calvin soil are wooded. Some

areas have been cleared and are used for pasture

or hay. A few small areas are used for cultivated
44 Soil Survey

crops or orchards or as sites for community

development.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• Droughtiness during the growing season and the low

natural fertility are management concerns.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited

to early maturing small grain than to late maturing

crops, such as corn.

• A system of conservation tillage that leaves crop

residue on the surface helps to conserve soil

moisture.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the

results of soil tests helps to ensure maximum

production.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, but potential

sites where ponds or springs can be developed

generally are available along nearby

drainageways.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Seedling mortality is a management concern

because of the droughtiness.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The bedrock may interfere with excavations for

roads and foundations. In most areas, however, it is

soft enough to be excavated with conventional

earthmoving equipment.

• The bedrock may interfere with the proper

functioning of septic tank absorption fields on some

sites.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may

interfere with the establishment of lawns and with

landscaping.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially

on south aspects.

• The hazard of erosion is moderate on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the

absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4F
Berkeley County, West Virginia 45

CaC—Calvin channery loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on

strongly sloping hillsides and low ridges in the western

part of the county.

Composition

Calvin soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—reddish brown channery loam

Subsoil:

8 to 24 inches—yellowish red very channery silt

loam

24 to 30 inches—yellowish red very channery loam

30 to 34 inches—reddish brown very channery loam

Underlying material:

34 to 35 inches—reddish brown extremely channery

loam

Bedrock:

35 inches—fractured, dusky red shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Reddish shale, fine grained sandstone,

or siltstone; interbedded in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils,

which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils

• Moderately well drained to poorly drained soils,

which are on head slopes and along intermittent

drainageways

Similar soils:

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock

• The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow

Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or

from 15 to 25 percent

• Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments

throughout the profile than is typical for the Calvin soil

• Stony soils

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Calvin soil are wooded. Some

have been cleared and are used for pasture or

hay. A few small areas are used for cultivated

crops or orchards or as sites for community

development.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The erosion hazard is severe in unprotected areas.

• Droughtiness during the growing season and the low

natural fertility are management concerns.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited

to early maturing small grain than to late maturing

crops, such as corn.

• A system of conservation tillage that leaves crop

residue on the surface conserves soil moisture.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure maximum production.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites

where ponds or springs can be developed generally

are available along nearby drainageways.
46 Soil Survey

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Seedling mortality is a management concern

because of the droughtiness.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a hazard on logging roads and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The bedrock may interfere with excavations for

roads and foundations. In most areas, however, it is

soft enough to be excavated with conventional

earthmoving equipment.

• The bedrock may interfere with the proper

functioning of septic tank absorption fields on some

sites.

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting building

site development.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially

on south aspects.

• The erosion hazard is severe on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for

septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption

fields on the contour, and enlarging the absorption

fields can help to overcome the depth to bedrock.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4F

CaD—Calvin channery loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on

moderately steep hillsides and ridges in the western

part of the county.

Composition

Calvin soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—reddish brown channery loam

Subsoil:

6 to 24 inches—yellowish red very channery silt loam

24 to 30 inches—yellowish red very channery loam

30 to 34 inches—reddish brown very channery loam

Underlying material:

34 to 35 inches—reddish brown extremely channery

loam

Bedrock:

34 inches—dusky red, weathered shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low
Berkeley County, West Virginia 47

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Reddish shale, fine grained sandstone,

or siltstone; interbedded in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils,

which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soil, which

are on footslopes and head slopes

• The moderately well drained Philo soils and the

poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along

drainageways

Similar soils:

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock

• The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow

Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

or from 25 to 35 percent

• Stony soils

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Calvin soil are wooded. A few

small areas have been cleared and are used for

pasture, hay, cultivated crops, or orchards.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and

pasture because of the hazard of erosion

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected

areas.

• Droughtiness during the growing season and the low

natural fertility are management concerns.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, contour

stripcropping, cover crops, a cropping system that

includes grasses and legumes, and crop residue

management help to control erosion and to maintain

fertility and tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited

to early maturing small grain than to late maturing

crops, such as corn.

• A system of conservation tillage that leaves crop

residue on the surface conserves soil moisture.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure maximum production.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard where the plant cover has been destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Because this soil is droughty, seedling mortality is a

management concern, especially on south aspects.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a hazard on logging roads and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a severe limitation affecting building site

development. This soil is poorly suited to buildings and

to local roads and streets unless extensive land

shaping is done.

• The bedrock may interfere with excavations for
48 Soil Survey

roads and foundations. In most areas, however, it is

soft enough to be excavated with conventional

earthmoving equipment.

• The bedrock may interfere with the proper

functioning of septic tank absorption fields on some

sites.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially

on south aspects.

• The hazard of erosion is severe on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for

septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption

fields on the contour, and enlarging the absorption

fields can help to overcome the depth to bedrock and

the slope.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3R on south aspects; 4R

on north aspects

CaE—Calvin channery loam, 25 to

35 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on

steep hillsides in the western part of the county.

Composition

Calvin soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark brown channery loam

Subsoil:

2 to 8 inches—reddish brown very channery loam

8 to 23 inches—reddish brown very channery loam

Underlying material:

23 to 34 inches—reddish brown extremely channery

loam

Bedrock:

34 inches—fractured, reddish brown, fine grained

sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Reddish, fine grained sandstone;

interbedded with siltstone in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils,

which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on footslopes and head slopes

• The moderately well drained Philo soils and the

poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along

drainageways

• Extremely stony soils

Similar soils:

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock

• The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow

Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent

• Soils that have slopes of more than 35 percent

• Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments

throughout the profile than is typical for the Calvin soil

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Calvin soil are wooded. A few

small areas are used as pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• This soil is unsuited to cultivated crops because of

the steep slope, the very severe hazard of erosion,

droughtiness, and the low fertility level.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 49

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Because of the slope, it is difficult to safely operate

conventional equipment used in clipping and in

applying fertilizer.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Because the soil is droughty, seedling mortality

is a management concern, especially on south

aspects.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The steep slope and the depth to bedrock are the

main limitations affecting community development.

• Because of the slope, this soil is generally unsuited

to building site development.

• Because of the slope and the depth to bedrock, this

soil is generally unsuited to septic tank absorption

fields.

• The hazard of erosion is very severe on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• A better suited soil should be selected for

development.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3R on south aspects; 4R

on north aspects

CaF—Calvin channery loam, 35 to

65 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on convex, dissected uplands, mainly on

very steep hillsides in the western part of the county.

Composition

Calvin soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark brown channery loam

Subsoil:

2 to 8 inches—reddish brown very channery loam

8 to 23 inches—reddish brown very channery loam

Underlying material:

23 to 34 inches—reddish brown extremely channery

loam

Bedrock:

34 inches—fractured, reddish brown, fine grained

sandstone
50 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches

per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low to moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Reddish, fine grained sandstone;

interbedded with siltstone in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils,

which are underlain by hard, gray sandstone

• The very deep Hazleton soils, which are on concave

hillsides

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on footslopes and benches

• The moderately well drained Philo soils and the

poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along

drainageways

• Extremely stony soils

Similar soils:

• Soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock

• The moderately deep Berks soils and the shallow

Weikert soils that are yellowish brown in the subsoil

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 25 to 35 percent

• Soils that have slopes of more than 65 percent

• Soils that have a lower content of rock fragments

throughout the profile than is typical for the Calvin soil

Use and Management

Uses: Nearly all areas of the Calvin soil are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The very steep slope and the very severe hazard of

erosion make tillage unsafe and impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Because of the very steep slope, it is difficult to

safely operate conventional equipment used in clipping

and in applying fertilizer.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Because of the very steep slope, special care

should be taken when logging roads and log landings

are laid out.

• Operating logging equipment is hazardous because

of the very steep slope.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Because this soil is droughty, seedling mortality

is a management concern, especially on south

aspects.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Cable yarding generally is safer than other logging

methods and causes less surface disturbance.

• Because of the erosion hazard, water should be

removed from logging roads by water bars, out-sloping

or in-sloping road surfaces, culverts, and drop

structures. Building logging roads on the contour or on

the gentler slopes and seeding logging roads, skid

trails, and log landings after the trees are logged also

help to prevent excessive erosion.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 51

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The very steep slope and the depth to bedrock are

the main limitations affecting community development.

• Because of the very steep slope, this soil is unsuited

to building site development.

• Because of the slope and the depth to bedrock, this

soil is unsuited to septic tank absorption fields.

• The hazard of erosion is very severe on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• A better suited soil should be selected for

development.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3R on south aspects; 4R

on north aspects

CbB—Caneyville silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex

uplands underlain by limestone. It is in an oblong band

from Ferrel Ridge south to Jones Springs in the

western part of the county.

Composition

Caneyville soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches—yellowish red silty clay

15 to 22 inches—yellowish red clay that has coarse

yellowish brown pockets

Underlying material:

22 to 24 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay

Bedrock:

24 inches—grayish limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the surface layer and the upper

part of the subsoil and moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of the

subsoil and in the underlying material

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone interbedded with thin layers

of shale and siltstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of the very deep Pecktonville soils

• Moderately well drained soils

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

• Very shallow soils that are less than 10 inches deep

over bedrock

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay loam or silty clay

Similar soils:

• The shallow Opequon soils

• The deep Endcav soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to

15 percent

• Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface

layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Caneyville soil have been

cleared and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or

pasture. Some are used for orchards. A few areas

have been developed for housing, and a few small

areas are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited
52 Soil Survey

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by

applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• This soil tends to be droughty during the growing

season.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

• Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited

to early maturing small grain than to late maturing

crops, such as corn.

• A system of conservation tillage that leaves

crop residue on the surface helps to conserve soil

moisture.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• In many areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock

may interfere with excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and

sewer lines.

• The depth to bedrock and the slow permeability are

severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from

septic tank absorption fields.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation

affecting the construction of buildings.

• Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the

construction of roads. Because this soil is soft when

wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy loads.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for

septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption

fields on the contour, pressurizing or enlarging the

absorption fields, or installing alternating drainfields

can help to overcome the limitations in absorption

areas.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in

areas where excavation exposes the limestone

bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and
Berkeley County, West Virginia 53

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4C

CcC—Caneyville silty clay loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, convex uplands

underlain by limestone. It is in an oblong band from

Ferrel Ridge south to Jones Springs in the western

part of the county.

Composition

Caneyville soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

4 to 8 inches—brown silty clay loam that has a few

medium yellowish brown pockets

Subsoil:

8 to 16 inches—strong brown silty clay that has

common fine to coarse yellowish brown mottles

16 to 28 inches—yellowish red silty clay

Bedrock:

28 inches—unweathered, grayish limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the surface layer and the upper

part of the subsoil and moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of the

subsoil

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone interbedded with thin layers

of shale and siltstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of the very deep Pecktonville and

Blackthorn soils

• Moderately well drained soils

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay

Similar soils:

• The deep Endcav soils

• The shallow Opequon soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• Soils that have a surface layer of silt loam

• Soils that have a channery surface layer

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or

from 15 to 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Many areas of the Caneyville soil have been

cleared and are used for pasture or hay. A few

areas are used for cultivated crops or orchards.

Some areas have been developed as homesites,

and some are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected

areas.

• Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by

applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• This soil tends to be droughty during the growing

season.

• In some areas limestone channers may interfere

with tillage.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.
54 Soil Survey

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

• Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited

to early maturing small grain than to late maturing

crops, such as corn.

• A system of conservation tillage that leaves crop

residue on the surface helps to conserve soil moisture.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.

• Seedling mortality may be a problem because of the

droughtiness during the summer.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• In many areas nonrippable limestone bedrock may

interfere with excavations, including those for roads,

septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and sewer

lines.

• The depth to bedrock and the slow permeability are

severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from

septic tank absorption fields.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation

affecting the construction of buildings.

• Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the

construction of roads. Because this soil is soft when

wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy

loads.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for

septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption

fields on the contour, pressurizing or enlarging the

absorption fields, or installing alternating drainfields

can help to overcome the limitations in absorption

areas.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in

areas where excavation exposes the limestone

bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4C

CcD—Caneyville silty clay loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on moderately steep, convex uplands

underlain by limestone. It is in an oblong band from

Ferrel Ridge south to Jones Springs in the western

part of the county.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 55

Composition

Caneyville soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

2 to 6 inches—brown silty clay loam that has a few

medium yellowish brown pockets

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—strong brown silty clay that has

common fine to coarse yellowish brown mottles

14 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay

Bedrock:

26 inches—unweathered, grayish limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the surface layer and the upper

part of the subsoil and moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of the

subsoil

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone interbedded with thin layers

of shale and siltstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of the very deep Pecktonville and

Blackthorn soils

• Moderately well drained soils

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay

Similar soils:

• The shallow Opequon soils

• The deep Endcav soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• Soils that have a surface layer of silt loam

• Soils that have a channery surface layer

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

or from 25 to 35 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Caneyville soil have been

cleared and are used as pasture or woodland. A

few areas are used for orchards, and a few have

been developed as homesites.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the slope and the severe hazard of

erosion, this soil is generally unsuited to cultivated

crops.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; suited to pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.

• Because of the droughtiness during the summer,

seedling mortality may be a problem, especially on

south aspects.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding
56 Soil Survey

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for

planting.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the slope, this soil is poorly suited to

buildings and to local roads and streets unless

extensive land shaping is done.

• In many areas nonrippable limestone bedrock may

interfere with excavations, including those for roads,

septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and sewer

lines.

• The depth to bedrock, the slow permeability, and the

slope are severe limitations on sites for septic tank

absorption fields.

• Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from

septic tank absorption fields.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation

affecting the construction of buildings.

• Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the

construction of roads. Because this soil is soft when

wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy

loads.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for

septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption

fields on the contour, pressurizing or enlarging the

absorption fields, or installing alternating drainfields

can help to overcome the limitations in absorption

areas.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in

areas where excavation exposes the limestone

bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3R on south aspects; 4R

on north aspects

CeB—Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on gently sloping, slightly convex

limestone upland ridges and hillsides that are

shallowly dissected by intermittent drainageways. They

are in the Great Valley. Sinkholes occur in some areas.

The two soils occur as areas so intermingled on the

landscape that it was impractical to separate them in

mapping.

Composition

Carbo soil and similar soils: 45 percent

Endcav soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Carbo

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

2 to 9 inches—silty clay that has medium strong brown

pockets

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish

brown clay

18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and

strong brown clay

28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown,

strong brown, and yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

34 inches—hard limestone

Endcav

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches—strong brown clay
Berkeley County, West Virginia 57

23 to 41 inches—strong brown clay that has coarse

pockets of yellowish brown loam around

weathered limestone channers

Bedrock:

41 inches—weathered limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Carbo

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Endcav

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• The very deep Funkstown soils, which are subject to

flooding and ponding and are along intermittent

drainageways

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay or clay

• Areas of rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The shallow Opequon soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit have been cleared

and are used for pasture or hay. A few areas are

used for cultivated crops. Some areas are used

as sites for community development. In a few

areas, the acreage is idle land or the soils are

wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• The high clay content in the surface layer makes

tillage difficult and soil compaction a problem.

• Limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

tillage in some areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other

organic material, and including grasses and legumes

in the cropping sequence help to improve soil

structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and

overcome the restricted permeability of the soils.

• Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the

proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive

compaction and maintain tilth.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited
58 Soil Survey

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soils are soft and sticky results in excessive

rutting.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Seedling mortality may be a problem because of

droughtiness during the summer.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails to perennial grasses

and legumes when they are no longer being used help

to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The depth to bedrock and the slow permeability are

severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a

limitation on sites for buildings if foundations and

footers are improperly constructed.

• In many areas nonrippable limestone bedrock may

interfere with excavations, including those for roads,

septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and sewer

lines. Blasting may be necessary in some areas.

• Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential are

severe limitations affecting the construction of roads.

Because these soils are soft when wet, pavement

cracks under heavy loads if roads are improperly

constructed.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, oversizing or

pressurizing the absorption fields, or installing

alternating drainfields can help to overcome the

limitations in absorption areas.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Endcav—5C

CeC—Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on strongly sloping, convex

limestone upland ridges and hillsides in the Great

Valley. Sinkholes occur in some areas. The two soils

occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that

it was impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Carbo soil and similar soils: 55 percent

Endcav soil and similar soils: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent
Berkeley County, West Virginia 59

Representative Profile

Carbo

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

2 to 9 inches—silty clay that has medium strong

brown pockets

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish

brown clay

18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and

strong brown clay

28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown,

strong brown, and yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

34 inches—hard limestone

Endcav

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

6 to 23 inches—strong brown clay

23 to 41 inches—strong brown clay that has coarse

pockets of yellowish brown loam around

weathered limestone channers

Bedrock:

41 inches—weathered limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Carbo

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Endcav

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay or clay

• Areas of rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The shallow Opequon soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent

or from 3 to 8 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the map unit have been cleared

and are used for pasture or hay. A few areas are

used for cultivated crops. Some areas are used as

sites for community development. In a few areas,

the acreage is idle land or the soils are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Limited; better suited to hay and pasture

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected

areas.

• The high clay content in the surface layer makes

tillage difficult and soil compaction a problem.

• Limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

tillage in some areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,
60 Soil Survey

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade

stabilization structures help to prevent gully

erosion.

• Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other

organic material, and including grasses and legumes

in the cropping sequence help to improve soil

structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and

overcome the restricted permeability of the soils.

• Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the

proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive

compaction and maintain tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Because the soils are soft and sticky when wet,

operating logging equipment during wet periods

results in excessive rutting.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails to perennial grasses

and legumes when they are no longer being used help

to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The depth to bedrock and the slow permeability are

severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a

limitation on building sites.

• In many areas nonrippable limestone bedrock

may interfere with excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations,

and sewer lines. Blasting may be necessary in

some areas.

• Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential are

severe limitations affecting the construction of roads.

Because these soils are soft when wet, pavement

cracks under heavy loads if roads are improperly

constructed.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, oversizing or

pressurizing the absorption fields, or installing

alternating drainfields can help to overcome the

limitations in absorption areas.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 61

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Endcav—5C

CgB—Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on gently sloping limestone uplands

in the eastern and central parts of the Great Valley.

Sinkholes are common in some areas. The bedrock is

steeply tilted under the soils, and soil depth may vary

greatly within short distances. The two soils occur as

areas so intermingled on the landscape that it was

impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Carbo soil and similar soils: 55 percent

Opequon soil and similar soils: 25 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Carbo

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

2 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish

brown clay

18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and

strong brown clay

28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown,

strong brown, and yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

34 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Opequon

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

8 to 14 inches—variegated yellowish brown and strong

brown clay

14 to 17 inches—variegated yellowish brown and dark

yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

17 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Carbo

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and

New Market Limestones

Opequon

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to

2.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and

New Market Limestones

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Swanpond soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

clay

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

• Soils that are less than 12 inches deep over

bedrock

Similar soils:

• The deep Endcav soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent

• Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture.

Some areas are used for cultivated crops. A few
62 Soil Survey

small areas are used as sites for community

development or are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• These soils are droughty during the growing season

and generally have poor tilth.

• The limestone rock outcrop may limit the extent and

direction of cultivation in some areas.

• In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer

may interfere with tillage and planting.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better

suited to early maturing small grain than to late

maturing crops, such as corn.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to improve tilth and

conserve soil moisture.

• Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the

proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive

compaction and maintain tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately

high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting.

• Because of the droughtiness during the summer,

seedling mortality may be a problem, especially in

areas of the Opequon soil.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon

soil.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails to perennial grasses

and legumes when they are no longer used help to

control erosion.

• Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging

roads should be graveled.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, Virginia pine, and Norway spruce, should be

selected for planting.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock

and the high shrink-swell potential are the main
Berkeley County, West Virginia 63

limitations affecting building site development,

local roads and streets, and septic tank absorption

fields.

• In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it

can be excavated.

• Low strength is an additional limitation affecting the

construction of roads. Because these soils are soft

when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy

loads.

• The slow permeability and the depth to bedrock are

severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils,

especially on south aspects.

• The hard bedrock may interfere with landscaping in

many areas.

• In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer

may interfere with the establishment of lawns.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Building on the bedrock and landscaping with

additional fill may be preferable to excavating the

bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Selecting deeper areas of the included soils as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, pressurizing or

enlarging the absorption fields, or installing alternating

drainfields can help to overcome the limitations in

absorption areas.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with

straw.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Opequon—

3C

CgC—Carbo-Opequon complex, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on strongly sloping limestone

upland ridges and hillsides in the eastern and central

parts of the Great Valley. Sinkholes are common in

some areas. The bedrock is steeply tilted under the

soils, and the depth to bedrock may vary greatly within

short distances. The two soils occur as areas so

intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical

to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Carbo soil and similar soils: 50 percent

Opequon soil and similar soils: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Carbo

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

2 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches—variegated strong brown and

yellowish brown clay

16 to 26 inches—variegated yellowish brown and

strong brown clay

26 to 32 inches—variegated dark yellowish

brown, strong brown, and yellowish brown

clay

Bedrock:

32 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Opequon

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

6 to 12 inches—variegated yellowish brown and strong

brown clay

12 to 15 inches—variegated yellowish brown and dark

yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

15 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone
64 Soil Survey

Soil Properties and Qualities

Carbo

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and

New Market Limestones

Opequon

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to

2.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and

New Market Limestones

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Swanpond soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

clay

• Areas of rock outcrop

• Soils that are less than 12 inches deep over

bedrock

Similar soils:

• The deep Endcav soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more

than 15 percent

• Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit are used as pasture

(fig. 5). Some are used for cultivated crops. A few

small areas are used as sites for community

development or are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected

areas.

• These soils are droughty during the growing season

and generally have poor tilth.

• Limestone rock outcrop may limit the extent and

direction of cultivation in some areas.

• In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer

may interfere with tillage and planting.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure

and fertilizer applications can result in the

pollution of ground water and surface water by

nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade

stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion.

• Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better

suited to early maturing small grain than to late

maturing crops, such as corn.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

• Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the

proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive

compaction and maintain tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited
Berkeley County, West Virginia 65

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately

high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting.

• Because of the droughtiness during the summer,

seedling mortality may be a problem, especially in

areas of the Opequon soil.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon

soil.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Figure 5.—A pastured area of Carbo-Opequon complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes. Eastern redcedar commonly grows in areas of these

soils.
66 Soil Survey

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging

roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log

landings should be stabilized.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, Virginia pine, and Norway spruce, should be

selected for planting.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock,

the high shrink-swell potential, and the slope are the

main limitations affecting building site development,

local roads and street, and septic tank absorption

fields.

• In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it

can be excavated.

• Low strength is an additional limitation affecting the

construction of roads. Because these soils are soft

when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under heavy

loads.

• The slow permeability and the depth to bedrock are

severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils,

especially on south aspects.

• The hard bedrock may interfere with landscaping in

many areas.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Building on the bedrock and landscaping with

additional fill may be preferable to excavating the

bedrock.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Selecting deeper areas of the included soils as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, pressurizing or

enlarging the absorption fields, or installing alternating

drainfields can help to overcome the limitations in

absorption areas.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with

straw.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Opequon—

3C

ChC—Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very rocky

Setting

These soils are on gently sloping or strongly sloping

ridges and hillsides in the eastern and central parts of

the Great Valley. Sinkholes are common in some

areas. The bedrock is steeply tilted under the soils,

and soil depth may vary greatly within short distances.

The two soils occur as areas so intermingled on the

landscape that it was impractical to separate them in

mapping.

Composition

Carbo soil and similar soils: 50 percent

Opequon soil and similar soils: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Carbo

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam
Berkeley County, West Virginia 67

2 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish

brown clay

18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and

strong brown clay

28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown,

strong brown, and yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

34 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Opequon

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

7 to 14 inches—variegated yellowish brown and strong

brown clay

14 to 17 inches—variegated yellowish brown and dark

yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

17 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

 Soil Properties and Qualities

Carbo

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and

New Market Limestones

Opequon

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to

2.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and

New Market Limestones

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Swanpond soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

clay

• Soils that are less than 12 inches deep over bedrock

Similar soils:

• The deep Endcav soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more

than 15 percent

• Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. Some

areas have been cleared and are used as pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The droughtiness of these soils and the limestone

rock outcrop make cultivation impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Because of the limestone rock outcrop, it is difficult

in many areas to operate conventional equipment

used in clipping and in applying fertilizer.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water have a high

failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, controlled grazing, and
68 Soil Survey

restricted use during dry periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The rock outcrop and the clayey texture of these

soils limit the use of vehicular equipment.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon

soil.

• The seedling mortality rate is high because of the

droughtiness.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging

roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log

landings should be stabilized.

• The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should

be considered when planning the location of roads

and log landings.

• Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining

trees widely spaced reduce the hazard of windthrow.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, Virginia pine, and Norway spruce, should be

selected for planting.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock interferes

with excavations, including those for roads, septic tank

absorption fields, foundations, and sewer lines.

Blasting is necessary in most areas before the

bedrock can be excavated.

• The slope is a limitation affecting building site

development in some areas.

• The high shrink-swell potential is a limitation on sites

for buildings if foundations and footers are improperly

constructed.

• The depth to bedrock, the slow permeability, and, in

some areas, the slope are severe limitations affecting

the proper functioning of septic tank absorption fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• The high shrink-swell potential and low strength are

limitations affecting the construction of local roads and

streets. Because these soils are soft when wet,

pavement cracks and buckles cracks under heavy

loads.

• The slope, the droughtiness, and the thin layer of

topsoil make the establishment of lawns difficult on

these soils, especially on south aspects.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils,

especially on south aspects.

• The bedrock may interfere with landscaping.

• Erosion can be severe on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Building on the bedrock and landscaping with

additional fill may be preferable to excavating the

bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Selecting deeper areas of the included soils as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, enlarging or

pressurizing the absorption fields, or installing

alternating drainfields helps to overcome the

limitations in absorption areas.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should

be considered when planning the location of roads.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with

straw.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 69

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—4C; Opequon—

3C

ChE—Carbo-Opequon complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very rocky

Setting

These soils are on moderately steep or steep

upland limestone hillsides in the eastern and central

parts of the Great Valley. Sinkholes are common in

some areas. The bedrock is steeply tilted under the

soils, and soil depth may vary greatly within short

distances.The two soils occur as areas so

intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical

to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Carbo soil and similar soils: 45 percent

Opequon soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Carbo

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

1 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown silty

clay

Subsoil:

5 to 16 inches—variegated strong brown and

yellowish brown clay

16 to 24 inches—variegated yellowish brown and

strong brown clay

24 to 30 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown,

strong brown, and yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

30 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Opequon

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

Subsoil:

3 to 12 inches—variegated yellowish brown and strong

brown clay

12 to 15 inches—variegated yellowish brown and dark

yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

15 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Carbo

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Low or moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and

New Market Limestones

Opequon

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to

2.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and

New Market Limestones

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Swanpond soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

clay

• Soils that are less than 12 inches deep over

bedrock

Similar soils:

• The deep Endcav soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or

more than 35 percent

• Soils that have a channery or flaggy surface

layer
70 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. A few

small areas have been cleared and are used as

pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The rock outcrop and the slope make cultivation

impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Because of the slope and the rock outcrop, it is

difficult to operate conventional equipment used in

clipping and in applying fertilizer.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, controlled grazing, and

restricted use during dry periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderate or moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites.

• The slope, the rock outcrop, the clayey texture of the

soils, and a hazard of slippage severely limit the use of

vehicular equipment.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon

soil.

• Because of the droughtiness, seedling mortality may

be a problem, especially on south aspects.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should

be considered when planning the location of roads

and log landings.

• Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging

roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log

landings should be stabilized.

• Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining

trees widely spaced, selective cutting, and strip cutting

reduce the hazard of windthrow.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, Virginia pine, and Norway spruce, should be

selected for planting.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock interferes

with excavations, including those for roads, septic tank

absorption fields, foundations, and sewer lines.

Blasting is necessary in most areas before the

bedrock can be excavated.

• Because of the slope, these soils are poorly suited

to building site development unless extensive land

shaping is done.

• The high shrink-swell potential is a limitation on sites

for buildings if foundations and footers are improperly

constructed.

• The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the slow

permeability are severe limitations affecting the proper

functioning of septic tank absorption fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• The high shrink-swell potential, low strength, and a

hazard of slippage are limitations affecting the
Berkeley County, West Virginia 71

construction of local roads and streets. Because these

soils are soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles

under heavy loads.

• The slope, the droughtiness, and the thin layer of

topsoil make the establishment of lawns difficult on

these soils, especially on south aspects.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils,

especially on south aspects.

• The bedrock may interfere with landscaping.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land.

• Building on the bedrock and landscaping with

additional fill may be preferable to excavating the

bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a

better suited soil should be considered for onsite

sewage disposal.

• Roads should be built on the contour.

• The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should

be considered when planning the location of roads.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with

straw.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Carbo—3R on south

aspects and 4R on north aspects; Opequon—2R

on south aspects and 3R on north aspects

CkB—Clearbrook silt loam, 0 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on nearly level or gently sloping,

concave head slopes and in broad upland depressions

in the eastern part of the county.

Composition

Clearbrook soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 11 inches—light olive brown very channery silty

clay loam that has yellowish brown and brownish

gray mottles

11 to 22 inches—gray extremely channery silty clay

loam that has yellowish brown mottles

Bedrock:

22 inches—soft shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per

hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to

1.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, acid Martinsburg Shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Poorhouse soils, which have a

subsoil of heavy clay

• The well drained Berks soils and the somewhat

excessively drained Weikert soils, which are on the

higher, convex part of the landscape

• The poorly drained Atkins soils, which are

flooded and are along drainageways and in

depressions

Similar soils:

• Soils that are less than 20 inches or more than

40 inches deep over bedrock

• Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil

than is typical for the Clearbrook soil

• Moderately well drained soils
72 Soil Survey

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Clearbrook soil are used for

pasture or hay. A few areas are used for cultivated

crops or are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a moderate hazard if cultivated crops are

grown.

• The seasonal high water table is near the surface

during wet periods. It may restrict the roots of some

plants and delay tillage in the spring.

• Droughtiness during the growing season and the low

natural fertility are management concerns.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses and small

grain, applying a system of conservation tillage,

growing cover crops and green manure crops, and

applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited

to early maturing small grain than to late maturing

crops, such as corn.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

• Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the

proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive

compaction and maintain tilth.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure maximum crop production.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Grazing during wet periods causes surface

compaction and poor tilth and can damage the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• The hay and pasture species that can withstand the

wetness should be selected for planting.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility,

and the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality

rate.

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

• This soil is soft when wet and will not support heavy

logging equipment.

• Because the rooting depth is limited by the bedrock

and the seasonal high water table, trees are subject to

windthrow during wet periods.

Management measures:

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Year-round logging roads and log landings require

additions of roadfill and gravel.

• Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining

trees widely spaced, selective cutting, and strip cutting

reduce the hazard of windthrow.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The wetness is a severe limitation affecting building

site development.

• The wetness and the depth to bedrock are severe

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

• The wetness is a limitation on sites for local roads

and streets. Because this soil is soft when wet,

pavement cracks and buckles under heavy loads.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in winter and

spring.

• Establishing and maintaining lawns is difficult on this

droughty soil.

• The shale bedrock generally is rippable with

conventional earthmoving equipment.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a

better suited soil should be considered for onsite

sewage disposal. If an alternative system is used, it

should be approved by the health department.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill
Berkeley County, West Virginia 73

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W

CmB—Clearbrook channery silt loam, 0 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on nearly level or gently sloping, slightly

concave head slopes, in broad upland depressions,

and on interfluves, mainly in the Great Valley.

Composition

Clearbrook soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 13 inches—brown very channery silt loam that

has strong brown mottles

13 to 22 inches—light brownish gray extremely

channery silty clay loam that has strong brown

mottles

Bedrock:

22 inches—soft, rippable shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per

hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to

1.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, gray, acid Martinsburg Shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Poorly drained soils that have a subsoil of heavy clay

• The well drained Berks soils and the somewhat

excessively drained Weikert soils, which are on the

higher, slightly convex part of the landscape

• The poorly drained Atkins soils, which are flooded

and are along drainageways and in depressions

Similar soils:

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

bedrock

• Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil

than is typical for the Clearbrook soil

• Moderately well drained soils

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Clearbrook soil are used for

pasture or hay. A few areas are used for cultivated

crops, and a few areas are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas.

• The seasonal high water table is near the surface

during wet periods. It may restrict the roots of some

plants and delay tillage in the spring.

• Droughtiness during the growing season and the low

natural fertility are management concerns.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

• Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the

proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive

compaction and maintain tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited

to early maturing small grain than to late maturing

crops, such as corn.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure maximum crop production.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water table
74 Soil Survey

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Grazing during wet periods causes surface

compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• The hay and pasture species that can withstand the

wetness should be selected for planting.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility,

and the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality

rate.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Operating logging equipment during wet

periods when the soil is soft results in excessive

rutting.

• Because the rooting depth is limited by the bedrock

and the seasonal high water table, trees are subject to

windthrow during wet periods.

Management measures:

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Year-round logging roads and log landings require

additions of roadfill and gravel.

• Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining

trees widely spaced, selective cutting, and strip cutting

reduce the hazard of windthrow.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The wetness is a severe limitation affecting building

site development.

• The depth to bedrock and the wetness are severe

limitations affecting the proper functioning of septic

tank absorption fields.

• The wetness is a limitation on sites for local roads

and streets. Because this soil is soft when wet,

pavement cracks and buckles under heavy loads.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in winter and

spring.

• The underlying shale bedrock is generally rippable

with conventional earthmoving equipment.

• Establishing and maintaining lawns is difficult on this

droughty soil.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a

better suited soil should be considered for onsite

sewage disposal. If an alternative system is used, it

should be approved by the health department.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W

CrB—Clearbrook-Berks channery silt

loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on gently sloping, shallowly

dissected shale uplands in the Great Valley. The

Clearbrook soil is on the less sloping, smooth

ridgetops and the slightly convex saddles and head

slopes, and the Berks soil is on the more sloping,
Berkeley County, West Virginia 75

slightly convex shoulder slopes and ridgetops. The two

soils occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape

that it was impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Clearbrook soil and similar soils: 45 percent

Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

 Representative Profile

Clearbrook

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

that has light gray mottles

19 to 24 inches—light brownish gray extremely

channery silty clay loam that has yellowish red

mottles

Bedrock:

24 inches—soft, gray shale

Berks

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 16 inches—light yellowish brown very channery

silt loam

16 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt

loam

Bedrock:

22 inches—yellowish brown, fractured shale

 Soil Properties and Qualities

Clearbrook

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow (0.2 to 0.6 inch per

hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.0 to 2.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid or very

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Fractured and tilted, rippable shale;

mainly members of the Martinsburg Formation

Berks

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

60 inches

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

slightly acid (pH 4.5 to 6.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Fractured and tilted, rippable shale;

mainly members of the Martinsburg Formation

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of the shallow, somewhat excessively

drained Weikert soils

• Small areas of the well drained Carbo and Opequon

soils and the moderately well drained Swanpond soils,

which are clayey and underlain by limestone bedrock

Similar soils:

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over shale

bedrock

• Soils that do not have as many shale fragments in

the subsoil as is typical of the Clearbrook and Berks

soils

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the unit have been cleared and

are used for pasture or hay. Some areas are used

for cultivated crops, orchards, or woodland or as

sites for community development.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas.

• Tillage may be delayed in the spring because of the

seasonal high water table in the Clearbrook soil.

• Droughtiness during the growing season and the low

natural fertility are management concerns.
76 Soil Survey

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, and crop residue management help to control

erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better

suited to early maturing small grain, than to late

maturing crops, such as corn.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil

moisture.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the

results of soil tests helps to ensure maximum crop

production.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the limited rooting depth and

the seasonal high water table in the Clearbrook

soil

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Grazing during wet periods causes surface

compaction and poor tilth and damages the

sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Seedling mortality is a problem because of the

droughtiness during the growing season.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• The wetness may limit the use of logging equipment

during the winter and spring in areas of the Clearbrook

soil.

Management measures:

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

Scotch pine, white pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Site preparation by mechanical or chemical means

is necessary to control competing vegetation.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The depth to bedrock in both soils and the seasonal

high water table in the Clearbrook soil are severe

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

Sewage effluent may come to the surface causing foul

odors and unhealthy conditions.

• The wetness of the Clearbrook soil is a limitation

affecting building site development and construction of

roads. It also is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in the winter

and spring.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils.

• The hazard of erosion is moderate on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• The included deep soils, which are better suited

to septic tank absorption fields than the Clearbrook

and Berks soils, should be selected for development.

• When building in areas of the Clearbrook soil,

installing wide reinforced footers and footer drains,

sealing the foundation walls, and backfilling with

porous material help to keep basements dry and to

prevent walls and foundations from cracking.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the bedrock and the water table.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a

suitable road base that includes the installation of

properly designed geotextiles help to prevent the

road damage caused by the wetness of the

Clearbrook soil.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with

straw.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Clearbrook—4W;

Berks—4F
Berkeley County, West Virginia 77

Cs—Combs fine sandy loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level flood plains along the

Potomac River.

Composition

Combs soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 20 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

Subsoil:

20 to 53 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy

loam

Underlying material:

53 to 65 inches—brown to dark brown fine sandy

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral

(pH 5.6 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Lindside soils and the

poorly drained Atkins soils, which are in sloughs and

high water channels

• The well drained Huntington soils, which have a

higher content of silt than the Combs soil

• Soils that have a subsoil of loamy sand and are on

natural levees

• Soils that do not have the thick, dark surface layer

that is typical of the Combs soil

Similar soils:

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Combs soil are used for

cultivated crops or hay. Some are used as pasture.

A few small areas are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• This soil is suited to cultivated crops, but it must be

properly protected if cultivated crops are grown year

after year.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

surface water by nutrients.

• The flooding occasionally damages crops or delays

fieldwork.

• This soil is subject to streambank erosion in many

areas.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to maintain soil tilth and

fertility and to control erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to

prevent excessive erosion on streambanks.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Unrestricted access to streams by livestock

increases the hazards of streambank erosion and

water pollution.

• The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the

grassland.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams

by livestock should be limited to protected crossings.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results
78 Soil Survey

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding, this soil is not suited to

septic tank absorption fields or buildings.

• The flooding is a severe limitation affecting local

roads and streets.

Management measures:

• Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic

tank absorption fields should be selected for

development.

• Constructing roads on raised fill material helps to

prevent the damage caused by flooding.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

DaC—Dekalb channery loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, convex ridgetops in

the western part of the county.

Composition

Dekalb soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown channery loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 4 inches—brown channery loam

Subsoil:

4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam

10 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam

Bedrock:

22 inches—fractured, fine grained sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Hard sandstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Moderately well drained soils, which are in slight

depressions and on head slopes

Similar soils:

• The well drained Berks soils

• Stony soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent

or from 3 to 8 percent

• Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil

than is typical for the Dekalb soil

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

bedrock

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Dekalb soil are wooded. A few

small areas have been cleared and are used as

pasture. A few areas have been developed as

homesites.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas.

• This soil is commonly droughty during the growing

season.

• The low natural fertility is a limitation in areas of this

soil.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, and crop residue management help to control

erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited

to early maturing small grain than to late maturing

crops, such as corn.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding
Berkeley County, West Virginia 79

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

crops.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, and ponds constructed

for livestock water are susceptible to seepage.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The low natural fertility and the droughtiness result

in a high seedling mortality rate.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for

planting.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

• The hard bedrock may interfere with excavations for

roads and foundations. In many areas the bedrock is

too hard to be excavated with conventional equipment.

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting building

site development.

• The depth to bedrock is a severe limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially

on south aspects.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Building on the bedrock and landscaping with

additional fill can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock.

• Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for

septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption

fields on the contour, and enlarging the absorption

fields can help to overcome the depth to bedrock.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 3F

DaD—Dekalb channery loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on moderately steep, convex shoulder

slopes and hillsides in the western part of the county.

Composition

Dekalb soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown channery loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 4 inches—brown channery loam
80 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam

10 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam

Bedrock:

22 inches—fractured, fine grained sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Hard sandstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on footslopes

• The very deep Hazleton soils

Similar soils:

• The well drained Berks soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 25 to 35 percent

or from 8 to 15 percent

• Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil

than is typical for the Dekalb soil

• Stony soils

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Dekalb soil are wooded. A few

small areas have been cleared and are used for

pasture or orchards. A few areas have been

developed as homesites.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and

pasture because of the hazard of erosion

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas.

• This soil commonly is droughty during the growing

season.

• The low natural fertility is a limitation in areas of this

soil.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, and crop residue management help to control

erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, this soil is better suited

to early maturing small grain than to late maturing

crops, such as corn.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

crops.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, and ponds

constructed for livestock water are susceptible to

seepage.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The low natural fertility and the droughtiness result

in a high seedling mortality rate, especially on south

aspects.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the

contour and seeding the roads and trails when

they are no longer being used help to control

erosion.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 81

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for

planting.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction

sites.

• The hard bedrock may interfere with excavations for

roads and foundations. In many areas it is too hard to

be excavated with conventional equipment.

• The slope is a severe limitation affecting building site

development.

• The depth to bedrock and the slope are severe

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially

on south aspects.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may

interfere with the establishment of lawns and with

landscaping.

• The droughtiness and the slope make it difficult to

maintain lawns.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping

is necessary in most areas.

• Building on the bedrock and landscaping with

additional fill can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock.

• Selecting areas where the soil is deeper and less

sloping, installing absorption fields on the contour, and

enlarging absorption fields can help to overcome the

depth to bedrock and the slope on sites for septic tank

absorption fields.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 2R on south aspects; 3R

on north aspects

DaE—Dekalb channery loam, 25 to

35 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on steep, convex shoulder slopes and

hillsides in the western part of the county.

Composition

Dekalb soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown channery loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 4 inches—brown channery loam

Subsoil:

4 to 10 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam

10 to 22 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam

Bedrock:

22 inches—fractured, fine grained sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Hard sandstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on footslopes

• The very deep Hazleton soils

• Extremely stony soils

• Areas of rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The well drained Berks soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent
82 Soil Survey

• Soils on slopes of more than 35 percent

• Stony soils

• Soils that have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil

than is typical for the Dekalb soil

Use and Management

Uses: All areas of the Dekalb soil are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• This soil is unsuited to conventional row crops

because of the steep slope, the severe hazard of

erosion, droughtiness, and the low natural fertility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; suited to pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Water for livestock is scarce in areas of this soil.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The low natural fertility and the droughtiness result

in a high seedling mortality rate, especially on south

aspects.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a very severe hazard on construction

sites.

• The hard sandstone bedrock may interfere with

excavations for roads and foundations. In many areas

it is too hard to be excavated with conventional

equipment.

• The slope is a severe limitation affecting building site

development.

• Because of the slope and the depth to bedrock, this

soil is generally unsuited to septic tank absorption

fields.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially

on south aspects.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may

interfere with the establishment of lawns and with

landscaping.

• The droughtiness and the slope make it difficult to

maintain lawns.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping

is necessary in most areas.

• Building on the bedrock and landscaping with

additional fill can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock.

• An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a

better suited soil should be considered for onsite

sewage disposal.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 2R on south aspects; 3R

on north aspects
Berkeley County, West Virginia 83

DkC—Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, extremely stony

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping or strongly sloping,

convex ridgetops, mainly on Third Hill and Sleepy

Creek Mountains.

Composition

Dekalb soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 4 inches—very dark brown channery sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 6 inches—grayish brown very channery loamy

sand

Subsoil:

6 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very channery sandy

loam

15 to 24 inches—yellowish brown extremely flaggy

sandy loam

Bedrock:

24 inches—fractured, gray sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with

shale and siltstone in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Moderately well drained soils, which are in shallow

depressions

• Small areas of the very deep Hazleton soils

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on concave head slopes

• Small areas of sandstone rock outcrop

• Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of

their surface covered with stones

Similar soils:

• Soils that are 10 to 20 inches deep over bedrock

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

• Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their

surface covered with stones

• Soils that have less than 3 percent of their surface

covered with stones

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Dekalb soil are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The stones at or near the surface of the soil make

tilling, planting, and harvesting with conventional farm

equipment impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• Because of the stones on the surface of the soil, it is

difficult to operate conventional equipment used in

clipping and in applying fertilizer.

• Droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, and ponds constructed

for livestock water are susceptible to seepage.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate

Management concerns:

• The large stones on the surface of the soil can

hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment.

• The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility,
84 Soil Survey

and the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality

rate.

• The stones on the surface and other rock fragments

interfere with the planting of seedlings.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall.

Management measures:

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The depth to bedrock is the main limitation affecting

building site development, septic tank absorption

fields, excavations, and local roads and streets. In

most areas the bedrock is too hard to be excavated

with conventional earthmoving equipment.

• The large stones may interfere with the operation of

construction equipment.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on this droughty soil, especially

on south aspects.

• The large stones on the surface of the soil may

interfere with the establishment of lawns and with

landscaping.

• The hazard of erosion is moderate or severe on

construction sites.

Management measures:

• Building on the bedrock and landscaping with

additional fill may be preferable to excavating the

bedrock.

• Selecting the deepest areas of this soil as sites for

septic tank absorption fields, installing the absorption

fields on the contour, and enlarging the absorption

fields can help to overcome the depth to bedrock.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 3X

DrE—Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to

25 percent slopes, rubbly

Setting

This map unit is on narrow ridges (hogbacks of

sandstone rock outcrop) on North, Third Hill, and

Sleepy Creek Mountains. The Dekalb soil and the

Rock outcrop occur as areas so intermingled on the

landscape that it was impractical to separate them in

mapping.

Composition

Dekalb soil and similar soils: 70 percent

Rock outcrop: 15 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Dekalb

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 3 inches—very dark gray channery sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 6 inches—brown very channery sandy loam

Subsoil:

6 to 24 inches—brownish yellow very channery sandy

loam

Underlying material:

24 to 34 inches—yellowish brown extremely flaggy

sandy loam

Bedrock:

34 inches—fractured, gray sandstone

Rock outcrop

The Rock outcrop occurs as exposed areas of

sandstone bedrock. In some areas it forms nearly

vertical cliffs.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Dekalb

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe or very severe

Stoniness: 15 to 50 percent of the surface covered

with rocks and boulders

Natural fertility: Low
Berkeley County, West Virginia 85

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with

shale and siltstone in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Hazleton soils

Similar soils:

• The well drained Berks soils

• Shallow soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock

• Soils that are on slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

• Soils that have slopes of more than 35 percent

• Soils that have 3 to 15 percent of their surface

covered with stones

Use and Management

Uses: All areas of this map unit are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The slope and the stones, boulders, and rock

outcrop prevent the operation of conventional farm

equipment.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The slope and the stones, boulders, and rock

outcrop prevent the operation of conventional farm

equipment.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The stones and boulders on the surface of the soil

can hinder harvesting operations and damage

equipment.

• Short escarpments in this map unit may interfere

with the use of harvesting equipment.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall.

• The trees produced in areas of this map unit

generally are of low commercial value.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• The rock outcrop should be considered when

planning the location of roads and log landings.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The moderately steep or steep slope, the common

areas of sandstone rock outcrop, and the depth to

bedrock are the main limitations affecting building site

development, septic tank absorption fields, and local

roads and streets. A better suited soil should be

selected for development.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Dekalb—VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Dekalb—2R

DsB—Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, convex, slightly

dissected, old river terraces high above the Potomac

River. Sinkholes occur in some areas that are

underlain by limestone.

Composition

Downsville soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

10 to 18 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

18 to 30 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam

30 to 41 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay loam

41 to 99 inches—red very gravelly sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)
86 Soil Survey

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of the moderately well drained

Monongahela soils

• Small areas of the moderately deep Berks soils

• Small areas of the well drained Hagerstown soils

• A few small areas of limestone rock outcrop and

shallow sinkholes

• Severely eroded soils

Similar soils:

• Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface

layer

• Small areas of the well drained Murrill soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Downsville soil have been

cleared. Many areas are used as sites for

community development. Some areas are used for

crops, hay, or pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the areas

underlain by limestone bedrock increase the hazard of

ground-water pollution caused by applications of

pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; runoff from feedlots;

and seepage from manure pits.

• In many areas gravel and cobbles in the surface

layer interfere with the use of tillage, planting, and

some harvesting equipment (fig. 6).

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, cover

crops, a cropping sequence that includes grasses

and legumes, and good crop residue management

help to control erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around

sinkholes reduces the hazard of ground-water

pollution.

• Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient

needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying

fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient

leaching.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

Community Development

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the areas

underlain by limestone bedrock increase the hazard of
Berkeley County, West Virginia 87

ground-water pollution by surface runoff and by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• Gravel and cobbles in the surface layer may

interfere with the establishment of lawns and with

landscaping.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation of streams.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

Figure 6.—An area of Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes. The gravel and cobbles in the surface layer limit the use of

equipment in many areas.
88 Soil Survey

DsC—Downsville gravelly loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, convex, slightly

dissected, old river terraces high above the Potomac

River. Sinkholes occur in some areas that are

underlain by limestone.

Composition

Downsville soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

5 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

13 to 25 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam

25 to 36 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay loam

36 to 99 inches—red very gravelly sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Small areas of the moderately well drained

Monongahela soils

• Small areas of the moderately deep Berks soils

• Small areas of the well drained Hagerstown soils

• A few small areas of limestone rock outcrop and

shallow sinkholes

• Severely eroded soils

Similar soils:

• Small areas of the well drained Murrill soils

• Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface

layer

• Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more

than 15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Downsville soil are wooded.

Many areas are used as sites for community

development. Some areas have been cleared and

are used for crops, hay, pasture, or orchards.

Cropland

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the areas

underlain by limestone bedrock increase the hazard of

ground-water pollution caused by applications of

pesticides, fertilizers, and manure; runoff from feedlots;

and seepage from manure pits.

• In many areas pebbles and cobbles in the surface

layer interfere with the use of tilling and planting

equipment and some kinds of harvesting equipment.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, cover crops, a

cropping sequence that includes grasses and

legumes, and good crop residue management help to

control erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient

needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying

fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient

leaching.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 89

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting most

urban uses. Land shaping is necessary in some areas.

• In areas underlain by limestone, sinkholes and

solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution by surface runoff

and by seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• Gravel and cobbles in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land.

• Septic tank absorption fields should be installed on

the contour. They should not be installed in areas that

are near limestone rock outcrop or sinkholes or in

areas where excavation exposes the limestone

bedrock.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation of streams.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

DsD—Downsville gravelly loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on moderately steep, slightly concave

benches and hillsides, mostly on uplands above the

Potomac River. It formed in old alluvial deposits.

Sinkholes occur in some areas that are underlain by

limestone.

Composition

Downsville soil and similar soils: 70 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 30 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

5 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

13 to 25 inches—strong brown very gravelly loam

25 to 36 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay loam

36 to 99 inches—red very gravelly sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Hagerstown and Murrill soils

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or

more than 25 percent

• Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Downsville soil are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and

pasture because of the hazard of erosion

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.
90 Soil Survey

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer

may interfere with tillage and planting.

• In some areas the rock outcrop will interfere with

tillage.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the use

of logging equipment.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

helps to control erosion.

• The grade on logging roads and skid trails should be

kept as low as possible.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled and by installing water bars and culverts.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

• Because of the slope, this soil is poorly suited to

building site development unless extensive land

shaping is done.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the

ground water from pollution.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4R

DuB—Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex upland

ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley, mainly on the

east side of Apple Pie Ridge. Shallow sinkholes occur

in some areas.

Composition

Duffield soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

9 to 11 inches—yellowish brown silt loam
Berkeley County, West Virginia 91

Subsoil:

11 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

25 to 32 inches—yellowish red silt loam

32 to 54 inches—strong brown and yellowish brown

silty clay loam

Underlying material:

54 to 65 inches—brown and yellowish brown silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and

strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below

a depth of 50 inches

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone that has a fairly high content

of silty shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Ryder soils

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils, which

are subject to flooding and ponding and are along

concave upland drainageways

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• The deep Nollville soils

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to

15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Nearly all areas of the Duffield soil have been

cleared. This soil is used extensively for orchards.

It is also used for crops, hay, or pasture. Many

areas have been developed as homesites.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.
92 Soil Survey

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The slow permeability or the depth to bedrock in

some areas may be a limitation on sites for septic tank

absorption fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential may be a

limitation affecting the construction of buildings.

• Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the

construction of roads.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock. They should be installed in the

deepest areas of this soil.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps

to prevent the road damage caused by low

strength.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

DuC—Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, convex upland

ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley, mainly on the

east side of Apple Pie Ridge. Shallow sinkholes occur

in some areas.

Composition

Duffield soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 11 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

11 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

25 to 32 inches—yellowish red silt loam

32 to 54 inches—strong brown and yellowish brown

silty clay loam

Underlying layer:

54 to 65 inches—brown and yellowish brown silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and

strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below

a depth of 50 inches

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone that has a fairly high content

of silty shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Ryder soils

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils, which

are subject to flooding and ponding and are along

concave upland drainageways

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The well drained Hagerstown soils

• The deep Nollville soils

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or

from 15 to 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Nearly all areas of the Duffield soil have been

cleared. This soil is used extensively for orchards.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 93

It is also used for crops, hay, or pasture. Many

areas have been developed as homesites. A few

small areas are used as woodland. The trees in

the wooded areas are mixed hardwoods.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade

stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

• The slope is a moderate limitation on sites for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The slow permeability or the depth to bedrock in

some areas may be a limitation on sites for septic tank

absorption fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the

construction of buildings.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential may be a

limitation on building sites.

• Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the

construction of roads.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock. They should be installed in the

deepest areas of this soil.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the
94 Soil Survey

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

DyB—Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex upland

ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley, mainly on the

east side of Apple Pie Ridge. Shallow sinkholes occur

in some areas.

Composition

Duffield soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

15 to 36 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam

36 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

51 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

that has pockets of coarse brownish yellow silt

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and

strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below

a depth of 50 inches

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone that has a fairly high content

of silty shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Ryder soils

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding and ponding; along concave

upland drainageways

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The deep Nollville soils

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Nearly all areas of the Duffield soil have been

cleared. This soil is used extensively for orchards.

It is also used for crops, hay, or pasture. Many

areas have been developed as homesites.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The rock fragments in the surface layer can interfere

with cultivation, but generally they are not a problem.

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited
Berkeley County, West Virginia 95

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure

rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The slow permeability or the depth to bedrock in

some areas may be a limitation on sites for septic tank

absorption fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential may be a

limitation affecting building site development.

• Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the

construction of roads.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns.

• Erosion on construction sites is a moderate hazard.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock. They should be installed in the

deepest areas of this soil.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

DyC—Duffield gravelly silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, convex upland

ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley, mainly on the

east side of Apple Pie Ridge. Shallow sinkholes occur

in some areas.

Composition

Duffield soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt loam

15 to 36 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam

36 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

51 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

that has pockets of coarse brownish yellow silt

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and
96 Soil Survey

strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below

a depth of 50 inches

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone that has a fairly high content

of silty shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Ryder soils

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding and ponding; along concave

upland drainageways

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• The deep Nollville soils

• Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or

from 15 to 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Nearly all areas of the Duffield soil have been

cleared. This soil is used extensively for orchards.

It is also used for crops, hay, or pasture. Many

areas have been developed as homesites. A few

small areas are used as woodland. The trees in

the wooded areas are mixed hardwoods.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The rock fragments in the surface layer can interfere

with cultivation, but generally they are not a problem.

• The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade

stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

• The slope is a moderate limitation on sites for septic

tank absorption fields.

• The slow permeability or the depth to bedrock in

some areas may be a limitation on sites for septic tank

absorption fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 97

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the

construction of buildings.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential may be a

limitation on sites for buildings.

• Low strength is a severe limitation affecting the

construction of roads.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock. They should be installed in the

deepest areas of this soil.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

Dz—Dunning silt loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mainly along

Opequon Creek and its tributaries in the Great Valley.

Most areas of the soil that have not been drained

previously are considered to be wetlands. A Federal

permit may be required before these areas are

disturbed.

Composition

Dunning soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—black silt loam

10 to 16 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam that

has brown mottles

Subsoil:

16 to 21 inches—dark gray silty clay that has light

olive brown mottles

21 to 40 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has

light gray and light brownish gray mottles

40 to 48 inches—yellowish brown loam that has light

gray mottles

Underlying material:

48 to 70 inches—yellowish brown sandy clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: Within a depth

of 6 inches

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance in any year) for brief periods

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Lindside soils

• Soils that do not have the thick, dark surface layer

typical of the Dunning soil

Similar soils:

• The very poorly drained Fairplay soils

• Soils that are not clayey in the subsoil and

underlying material

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Dunning soil have been

cleared and are used for pasture or hay. Some

areas have been drained and are used as

cropland. Many areas are used as woodland. The

trees in the wooded areas are mixed hardwoods.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• Most climatically adapted crops cannot be grown

unless an adequate drainage system is installed.

• The wetness may delay tillage and planting in the

spring.

• The flooding occasionally delays fieldwork or

damages crops.

• This soil is subject to streambank erosion in some

areas.
98 Soil Survey

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure

and fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to

prevent excessive erosion on streambanks.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water

table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Grazing during wet periods causes surface

compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod.

• The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the

grassland.

• Unrestricted access to streams by livestock

increases the hazards of streambank erosion and

water pollution.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to

minimize compaction and maintain tilth.

• The hay and pasture plants that can withstand the

wetness should be selected for planting.

• Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams

by livestock should be limited to protected crossings.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• The seasonal high water table may restrict the

rooting depth of some trees, resulting in a high

seedling mortality rate and windthrow.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Plant competition is severe if openings are made in

the canopy.

Management measures:

• Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill

and gravel.

• The tree species that can withstand the wetness

should be selected for planting.

• Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining

trees widely spaced reduce the hazard of windthrow.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding and the wetness, this soil is

not suited to building site development.

• Because of the flooding, the wetness, and the slow

permeability, this soil is not suited to septic tank

absorption fields.

• The flooding, low strength, and the wetness are

severe limitations affecting the construction of local

roads and streets.

Management measures:

• Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic

tank absorption fields should be selected for

development.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by low strength and wetness.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5W

Fa—Fairplay (marl) silt loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level flood plains below

limestone springs in the Great Valley. Most areas of

the soil that have not been drained previously are

considered to be wetlands. A Federal permit may be

required before these areas are disturbed.

Composition

Fairplay soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown marly silt loam

that has common yellowish brown mottles

6 to 15 inches—very dark gray marly silt loam that has

common light olive brown mottles

Subsoil:

15 to 23 inches—dark gray marly silt loam that has
Berkeley County, West Virginia 99

common light olive brown mottles

Underlying material:

23 to 30 inches—dark grayish brown marly loam that

has common light olive brown mottles

30 to 36 inches—dark grayish brown marly loam that

has common olive yellow mottles

36 to 39 inches—very dark gray marly silt loam that

has common light brownish gray and few olive

brown mottles

39 to 49 inches—gray marly loam that has common

light brownish gray and few light olive brown

mottles

49 to 65 inches—grayish brown marly loam that has

common light brownish gray and few light olive

brown mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Slow to moderately rapid (0.06 inch to

6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: Within a depth

of 6 inches

Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year)

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly alkaline or

moderately alkaline (pH 7.4 to 8.4)

Surface runoff: Slow or ponded

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Lappans soils

• The moderately well drained Lindside soils

Similar soils:

• The poorly drained Dunning soils

• Soils that have a thick, organic surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Fairplay soil have been

cleared and are used as pasture. Some areas are

ponded and used for growing watercress. Some

are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• This soil is not suited to conventional row crops

because of the wetness. Water ponded on the

surface of the soil restricts the rooting depth of many

plants.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for

pasture because of the wetness; better suited to

grasses than to legumes because of the seasonal

high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.

• Unrestricted access to streams by livestock

increases the hazards of streambank erosion and

water pollution.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Pasture plants that can withstand the flooding, the

ponding, and the wetness should be selected for

planting.

• Grazing should be deferred in the spring until the

soil is firm.

• Streambanks should be fenced. Access to

streams by livestock should be limited to protected

crossings.

• Applications of fertilizer generally are necessary to

increase the amount of available nutrients in the soil.

Applications of lime generally are not needed.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high for watertolerant species

Management concerns:

• Because of the wetness, the seedling mortality rate,

and plant competition, trees generally are not planted

in areas of this soil.

• The use of vehicular equipment may be limited

because of the wetness.

Management measures:

• The tree species that can withstand the wetness

should be selected for planting.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding, the ponding, and the

wetness, this soil is unsuited to building site

development, septic tank absorption fields, and local

roads and streets. A better suited soil should be

selected for development.
100 Soil Survey

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Vw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W

Fk—Funkstown silt loam

Setting

This soil is in nearly level, slightly concave upland

drainageways in the Great Valley. It is in areas that

have no defined stream channels. Sinkholes are

common in some areas.

Composition

Funkstown soil and similar soils: 70 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 30 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

11 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

16 to 27 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

27 to 47 inches—variegated strong brown and

brownish yellow clay

47 to 65 inches—variegated brownish yellow and

strong brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.0 to 3.5 feet

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 10 to 50 percent

chance in any year) for brief periods by runoff

from higher, adjacent uplands; ponded for longer

periods of time in some areas

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of

the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral

(pH 5.6 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Hagerstown and Duffield soils and

the moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which

are on the slightly higher, convex part of the

landscape

• Areas of Funkstown soils that are not subject to

flooding or ponding; on the slightly higher, linear part

of the landscape

• Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over bedrock

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

• Well drained soils

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Funkstown soil are used for

cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture. A few

areas are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• The flooding may occasionally damage crops or

delay fieldwork.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• This soil is poorly suited to fruits, nuts, and berries

because of the poor air drainage, which increases the

chance for frost damage.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient

needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying

fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient

leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases
Berkeley County, West Virginia 101

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding and the ponding, this soil

generally is not suited to buildings and septic tank

absorption fields.

• The flooding and the ponding are severe limitations

on sites for local roads and streets.

Management measures:

• Areas of the included soils that are not subject to

flooding should be selected for development.

• In many areas buildings and roads can be

constructed on well compacted fill material, which

raises the site above the level of flooding or ponding.

Culverts are needed to maintain the natural drainage

system.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

FnA—Funkstown silt loam, nonflooded

Setting

This soil is on nearly level, smooth, topographically

low uplands in the Great Valley. Sinkholes occur in

some areas.

Composition

Funkstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark brown silt loam

8 to 14 inches—brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

14 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

19 to 30 inches—brown silt loam

30 to 40 inches—strong brown gravelly loam

40 to 65 inches—yellowish red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.0 to 3.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of

the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral

(pH 5.6 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Areas of Funkstown soils that are subject to shallow

flooding or to ponding for brief periods; along

drainageways and in depressions

• The well drained Hagerstown and Duffield soils and

the moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which

are on the slightly higher, convex part of the landscape

• Soils that are less than 60 inches over bedrock

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Funkstown soil are used for

cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture. A few

small areas are wooded or are used as sites for

community development.

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland.
102 Soil Survey

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure

pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• Poor air drainage limits the use of this soil for

orchards.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

affecting building sites, septic tank absorption fields,

and local roads and streets.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on

sites for dwellings with basements.

Management measures:

• The included Hagerstown and Duffield soils, which

are better suited to buildings and septic tank

absorption fields than the Funkstown soil, should be

selected for development.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill,

which raises the site a sufficient distance above the

water table.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and to protect the ground water from

pollution.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

FsA—Funkstown gravelly silt loam,

nonflooded

Setting

This soil is on nearly level, smooth, topographically

low uplands in the Great Valley. Sinkholes occur in

some areas.

Composition

Funkstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 26 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt loam
Berkeley County, West Virginia 103

26 to 65 inches—variegated strong brown and red silty

clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.0 to 3.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the lower part of

the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral

(pH 5.6 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Areas of Funkstown soils that are subject to shallow

flooding or to ponding for brief periods; along

drainageways and in depressions

• The well drained Hagerstown and Duffield soils and

the moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which

are on the slightly higher, convex part of the landscape

• Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over bedrock

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Soils that have a very gravelly surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Funkstown soil are used for

cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture. A few

areas are wooded or are used as sites for

community development.

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• In some areas large numbers of rock fragments in

the surface layer may interfere with planting and

cultivation.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure

and fertilizer applications can result in the

pollution of ground water and surface water by

nutrients.

• This soil is limited as a site for orchards because

frost pockets can cause crop damage.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

on sites for buildings, septic tank absorption fields, and

local roads and streets.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by
104 Soil Survey

surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with landscaping and establishment of lawns.

Management measures:

• The included Hagerstown and Duffield soils, which

are better suited to buildings and septic tank

absorption fields than the Funkstown soil, should be

selected for development.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and to protect the ground water from

pollution.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

HbA—Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to

3 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on nearly level, slightly convex uplands

in the eastern and central parts of the Great Valley. It

is in areas dissected by shallow, intermittent

drainageways. Sinkholes occur in some areas.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—strong brown silt loam

Subsoil:

17 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has

common very dark gray stains and concretions of

iron and manganese oxide

26 to 45 inches—reddish brown silty clay that has

many very dark gray stains and concretions of iron

and manganese oxide

45 to 63 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles and many very dark gray stains of iron

and manganese oxide

Underlying layer:

63 to 71 inches—variegated yellowish brown, brown,

and yellowish red silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding and ponding; in shallow,

intermittent drainageways and in sinkholes

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near

limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent

• Soils that are not as red in the subsoil as is typical of

the Hagerstown soil

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been

cleared and are used for cultivated crops,

orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for

community development. A few small areas are

wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Well suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock
Berkeley County, West Virginia 105

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water by nutrients.

• The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

cultivation in some areas.

• Poor air drainage may limit the use of this soil for

orchards.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Low strength may limit the use of logging equipment,

especially during wet periods.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

cracks and buckles under heavy loads.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on

sites for buildings.

• In some areas the hard, nonrippable limestone

bedrock may limit excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, and foundations.

In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it

can be excavated.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: I

Woodland ordination symbol: 5C

HbB—Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, convex limestone

uplands in the eastern and central parts of the Great

Valley. It is in areas dissected by shallow, intermittent

drainageways. Sinkholes are common in some areas.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam
106 Soil Survey

Subsurface layer:

10 to 17 inches—strong brown silt loam

Subsoil:

17 to 26 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has

common very dark gray stains and concretions of

iron and manganese oxide

26 to 45 inches—reddish brown silty clay that has

many very dark gray stains and concretions of iron

and manganese oxide

45 to 63 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles and many very dark gray stains of iron

and manganese oxide

Underlying layer:

63 to 71 inches—variegated yellowish brown, brown,

and yellowish red silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding and ponding; along shallow,

intermittent drainageways and in sinkholes

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay loam or silty clay

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near

limestone rock outcrop

• The deep Endcav soils

Similar soils:

• The well drained Duffield soils on ridges

• Soils that are not as red in the subsoil as is typical of

the Hagerstown soil

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent.

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been

cleared and are used for cultivated crops,

orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for

community development. A few small areas are

wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water by nutrients.

• The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

cultivation in some areas.

• Poor air drainage may limit the use of this soil for

orchards in some areas.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure

rate.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 107

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Low strength may limit the use of logging equipment,

especially during wet periods.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour and by

seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that

have been cut and filled to perennial grasses and

legumes.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

cracks and buckles under heavy loads.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation

affecting the construction of buildings.

• In some areas the hard, nonrippable limestone

bedrock may limit excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, and foundations.

In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it

can be excavated.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5C

HbC—Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping uplands in the Great

Valley. It is in areas dissected by shallow, intermittent

drainageways. Shallow sinkholes occur in some areas.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 14 inches—strong brown silt loam

Subsoil:

14 to 23 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has

common very dark gray stains and concretions of

iron and manganese oxide

23 to 42 inches—reddish brown silty clay that has

many very dark gray stains and concretions of iron

and manganese oxide

42 to 60 inches—red clay that has brownish yellow

mottles and many very dark gray stains of iron

and manganese oxide

Underlying layer:

60 to 68 inches—variegated yellowish brown, brown,

and yellowish red silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil
108 Soil Survey

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard limestone; interbedded with

sandstone in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding and ponding; along shallow

drainageways and in sinkholes

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• The deep Endcav soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near

limestone rock outcrop

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• Duffield soils, which are on ridges

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or

from 15 to 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been

cleared and are used for cultivated crops,

orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for

community development. A few small areas are

wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected

areas.

• Solution channels in the bedrock increase the

hazard of ground-water pollution caused by

applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

cultivation in some areas.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade

stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion.

• Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations

helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil

structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding

crops.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.

• Competition from undesirable weeds may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been
Berkeley County, West Virginia 109

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting building

site development.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas restricted permeability is a

limitation.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

cracks and buckles under heavy loads.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation

affecting the construction of buildings.

• In some areas the hard, nonrippable limestone

bedrock may limit excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and

sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock must be

blasted before it can be excavated.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps

to prevent the road damage caused by low

strength.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5C

HcB—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, convex limestone

upland ridges or hillsides in the Great Valley. It is in

areas dissected by shallow, intermittent drainageways.

Sinkholes occur in some areas.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

Subsoil:

7 to 31 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong

brown silty clay

31 to 65 inches—yellowish red silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which

are in shallow, nearly level depressions and on head

slopes

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding and ponding; along shallow,

intermittent drainageways and in sinkholes

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay or clay

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges
110 Soil Survey

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near

limestone rock outcrop

• The deep Endcav soils

Similar soils:

• The well drained Duffield soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been

cleared and are used for crops, hay, or pasture. A

few small areas are used for orchards, as

woodlots, or as sites for community development.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water by nutrients.

• The high clay content in the surface layer makes

tillage difficult and soil compaction a problem.

• The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

tillage in some areas.

• Poor air drainage may limit the use of this soil for

orchards in some areas.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

• Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other

organic material, and including grasses and legumes

in the cropping sequence help to improve soil

structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and

overcome the restricted permeability of the soils.

• Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the

proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive

compaction and maintain tilth.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and are often unsuccessful.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour and by

seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that

have been cut and filled to perennial grasses and

legumes.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

cracks under heavy loads if roads are improperly

constructed.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 111

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation

affecting the construction of buildings.

• In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock

may interfere with excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and

sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock has to be

blasted before it can be excavated.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Enlarging the absorption area and backfilling with

gravel help to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5C

HcC—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, convex upland

limestone ridges and hillsides in the Great Valley. It is

in areas dissected by shallow, intermittent

drainageways. Sinkholes occur in a few areas.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

6 to 29 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong

brown silty clay

29 to 65 inches—yellowish red silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils, which

are in depressions and on head slopes

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils

that are flooded or ponded; along shallow

drainageways

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay or clay

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near

limestone rock outcrop

• The deep Endcav soils

Similar soils:

• The well drained Duffield soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or

from 15 to 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been

cleared and are used for cultivated crops,

orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for

community development. A few small areas are

wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.
112 Soil Survey

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• The high clay content in the surface layer

makes tillage difficult and soil compaction a

problem.

• Limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

cultivation in some areas.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

• Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other

organic material, and including grasses and legumes

in the cropping sequence help to improve soil

structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and

overcome the restricted permeability of the soil.

• Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations also

helps to minimize the loss of nutrients and provide

nitrogen for use by succeeding crops.

• Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the

proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive

compaction and maintain tilth.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour and by

seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that

have been cut and filled to perennial grasses and

legumes.

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation.

• The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on

sites for buildings.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.

• In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock

may interfere with excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and

sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock has to be

blasted before it can be excavated.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Septic tank absorption fields should be installed on

the contour.

• Enlarging the absorption area and backfilling with

gravel help to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 113

• Providing a suitable road base that includes

the installation of properly designed geotextiles

helps to prevent the road damage caused by low

strength.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5C

HcD—Hagerstown silty clay loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

The soil is on moderately steep hillsides in the

Great Valley. Sinkholes occur in a few areas.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

5 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong

brown silty clay

28 to 65 inches—yellowish red silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Slope class: Moderately steep

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near

limestone rock outcrop

• The deep Endcav soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay or clay

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

or from 25 to 35 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been

cleared and are used as pasture. A few small

areas are used as cropland or woodland or for

orchards.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and

pasture because of the hazard of erosion

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• The high clay content in the surface layer makes

tillage difficult and soil compaction a problem.

• The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

cultivation in some areas.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Returning crop residue to the soil, adding other

organic material, and including grasses and legumes

in the cropping sequence help to improve soil

structure, increase the rate of water infiltration, and

overcome the restricted permeability of the soil.

• Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations also

helps to minimize the loss of nutrients and provide

nitrogen for use by succeeding crops.
114 Soil Survey

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

• Minimizing tillage and tilling and harvesting at the

proper soil moisture content help to prevent excessive

compaction and maintain tilth.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.

• Slippage is a hazard on the moderately steep slopes

when the soil is wet and soft.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation.

• The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on

sites for buildings.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.

• In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock

may interfere with excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and

sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock has to be

blasted before it can be excavated.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Septic tank absorption fields should be installed on

the contour.

• Enlarging the absorption area and backfilling with

gravel help to overcome the restricted permeability.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping

is necessary in most areas.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes

the installation of properly designed geotextiles

helps to prevent the road damage caused by low

strength.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5C

HdB—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex

limestone uplands in the Great Valley. It is in areas

dissected by shallow, intermittent drainageways.

Sinkholes occur in some areas.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 115

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—brown gravelly silt loam

Subsoil:

9 to 15 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam

15 to 65 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Slope class: Gently sloping

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding; along shallow, intermittent

drainageways and in sinkholes

• The deep Endcav soils

• The moderately well drained Carbo soils and the

shallow Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas

near limestone rock outcrop

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• The well drained Duffield soils

• Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been

cleared and are used for cultivated crops,

orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for

community development. A few small areas are

wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• Rock fragments may interfere with tillage; however,

they are neither abundant, only about 15 to 20 percent

by volume, nor large enough to interfere seriously.

• Poor air drainage may limit the use of this soil for

orchards in some areas.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.
116 Soil Survey

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Low strength may limit the use of logging equipment,

especially during wet periods.

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour and by

seeding logging roads, log landings, and areas that

have been cut and filled to perennial grasses and

legumes.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

cracks and buckles under heavy loads.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on

sites for buildings.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

• In some areas the hard, nonrippable limestone

bedrock may limit excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, and foundations.

In most areas the bedrock has to be blasted before it

can be excavated.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in

areas where excavation exposes the limestone

bedrock.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5C

HdC—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, convex limestone

uplands in the eastern and central parts of the Great

Valley. It is dissected by shallow, intermittent

drainageways. Sinkholes occur in a few areas.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly silt

loam

Subsoil:

8 to 65 inches—variegated yellowish red, red, and

strong brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding; along shallow, intermittent

drainageways
Berkeley County, West Virginia 117

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near

limestone rock outcrop

• The deep Endcav soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

gravelly silty clay

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• The well drained Duffield soils

• Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or

from 15 to 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been

cleared and are used for cultivated crops,

orchards, hay, or pasture or as sites for

community development. A few small areas are

wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The severe hazard of erosion is a major

management concern.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water by nutrients.

• The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

cultivation in some areas.

• Rock fragments may interfere with tillage; however,

they are neither abundant, only about 15 to 20 percent

by volume, nor large enough to interfere seriously.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Low strength may limit the use of logging equipment,

especially during wet periods.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation.

• The slope is a limitation affecting most urban uses.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

cracks and buckles under heavy loads.

• The moderate or high shrink-swell potential is a

limitation on sites for buildings.
118 Soil Survey

• In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock

may limit excavations, including those for roads, septic

tank absorption fields, and foundations. In most areas

the bedrock has to be blasted before it can be

excavated.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Septic tank absorption fields should be installed on

the contour.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5C

HdD—Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on moderately steep, convex hillsides in

the Great Valley.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown to dark brown gravelly silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 42 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong

brown silty clay

42 to 55 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong

brown silty clay loam

55 to 71 inches—variegated strong brown and dark

yellowish brown silt clay loam

Bedrock:

71 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard limestone; interbedded with

sandstone in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding; along shallow drainageways

• The deep Endcav soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils, which commonly are in areas near

limestone rock outcrop

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

gravelly silty clay loam

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• Duffield soils

• Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

or from 25 to 35 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Hagerstown soil have been

cleared and are used for pasture or orchards.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and

pasture because of the hazard of erosion

Management concerns:

• The severe hazard of erosion in unprotected areas

is a major management concern.

• Solution channels in the bedrock increase the

hazard of ground-water pollution caused by

applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 119

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure

and fertilizer applications can result in the

pollution of ground water and surface water by

nutrients.

• Limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

cultivation in some areas.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Grassed waterways and diversions help to prevent

gully erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a severe limitation affecting community

development.

• Because of the slope, this soil is poorly suited to

building site development unless extensive land

shaping is done.

• Solution channels in the bedrock increase the

hazard of ground-water pollution by seepage from

septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas restricted permeability is a limitation.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

cracks under heavy loads if roads are not constructed

properly.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on

sites for buildings.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

• In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock

may interfere with excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and

sewer lines. In most areas the bedrock must be

blasted before it can be excavated.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Land shaping and installing the distribution lines

across the slope help to ensure that the absorption

field functions properly.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Extensive land shaping

is necessary in most areas.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 5C
120 Soil Survey

HgC—Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock

outcrop complex, 3 to 15 percent

slopes

Setting

This map unit is on gently sloping or strongly

sloping, low ridges in the Great Valley. The limestone

rock outcrop generally occurs in parallel clusters that

extend in a north-south direction. Sinkholes are

common. The bedrock under the soils is steeply tilted,

and soil depth may vary greatly within short distances.

The two soils and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so

intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical

to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 50 percent

Opequon soil and similar soils: 20 percent

Rock outcrop: 15 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Hagerstown

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—brown silt loam

Subsurface layer:

5 to 9 inches—brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

9 to 42 inches—yellowish red clay

42 to 71 inches—yellowish red silty clay

Bedrock:

71 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Opequon

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

5 to 18 inches—red clay

Bedrock:

18 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Rock outcrop

The Rock outcrop occurs as exposed areas of hard,

nonrippable limestone.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Hagerstown

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: 15 percent limestone rock outcrop

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Opequon

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to

2.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: 15 percent limestone rock outcrop

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding and ponding; along narrow,

concave drainageways and in sinkholes

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• The deep Endcav soils

Similar soils:

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to

25 percent

• Soils that have loose limestone flagstones and

channers on the surface

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. Some

areas are used as pasture, and a few small areas

have been developed as homesites. In the past

the small areas between the rock outcroppings

were commonly cultivated.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 121

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops or fruit

trees because of the rock outcrop, which limits the use

of farm machinery and makes tillage impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for

pasture

Management concerns:

• The rock outcrop limits the use of machinery to

manage and improve pasture (fig. 7).

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of herbicides and

fertilizers.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure

and fertilizer applications can result in the

pollution of ground water and surface water by

nutrients.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure

rate.

Figure 7.—A pastured area of Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes. The rock outcrop hinders the

management of pastures.
122 Soil Survey

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high

Management concerns:

• The rock outcrop limits use of logging equipment.

• The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should

be considered when planning the location of roads

and log landings.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• The seedling mortality rate may be high in areas of

the Opequon soil because of droughtiness.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon

soil.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging

roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log

landings should be stabilized.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

Scotch pine, Norway spruce, and white pine, should

be selected for planting in areas of the Opequon soil.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The nonrippable bedrock and the rock outcrop may

interfere with excavations, including those for roads,

foundations, and absorption fields. The depth to

bedrock can vary from less than 20 inches to more

than 6 feet over a short distance. In most areas the

bedrock has to be blasted before it can be excavated.

• The shrink-swell potential is a limitation affecting the

construction of footings, foundations, and roads.

• Low strength is an additional limitation affecting the

construction of roads.

• The restricted permeability in the subsoil of the

Hagerstown soil may prevent the proper functioning of

absorption fields in some areas.

• The depth to bedrock and the restricted permeability

in the Opequon soil are severe limitations on sites for

septic tank absorption fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• Erosion is a moderate or severe hazard on

construction sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in

areas where excavation exposes the bedrock because

of the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Selecting areas of the deeper Hagerstown soil as

sites for septic tank absorption fields, installing

absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the

absorption fields can help to overcome the limitations

in absorption areas.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Hagerstown—5C;

Opequon—3C

HgE—Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock

outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent

slopes

Setting

This map unit is on moderately steep or steep

hillsides in the Great Valley. The limestone rock

outcrop generally occurs in parallel clusters that

extend in a north-south direction. Sinkholes are
Berkeley County, West Virginia 123

common. The bedrock under the soils is steeply tilted,

and soil depth may vary greatly within short distances.

The two soils and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so

intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical

to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Hagerstown soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Opequon soil and similar soils: 30 percent

Rock outcrop: 20 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Hagerstown

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

3 to 5 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

5 to 9 inches—reddish brown silty clay

9 to 36 inches—reddish brown clay

36 to 65 inches—variegated yellowish red, red, and

strong brown clay

Opequon

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

5 to 18 inches—red clay

Bedrock:

18 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Rock outcrop

The Rock outcrop occurs as exposed areas of hard,

nonrippable limestone.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Hagerstown

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Opequon

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to

2.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Rapid or very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The deep Endcav soils

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay or clay

Similar soils:

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

• Soils that have slopes of more than 35 percent

• Soils that have loose limestone flagstones and

channers on the surface

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded. A few

small areas are used as pasture. In a few areas

the acreage is idle land.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops or fruit

trees because of the slope and the rock outcrop,

which limit the use of modern farm machinery and

make cultivation impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for

pasture

Management concerns:

• The slope and the rock outcrop limit the use of

machinery to manage and improve pasture.

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.
124 Soil Survey

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of herbicides and fertilizers.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high

Management concerns:

• The rock outcrop limits the use of logging

equipment.

• The rock outcrop and the depth to bedrock should

be considered when planning the location of roads

and log landings.

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soils are soft results in excessive rutting.

• Slippage is a hazard on the moderately steep and

steep slopes when the soils are wet and soft.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Because of the droughtiness, seedling mortality may

be a problem, especially on south aspects of the

Opequon soil.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Opequon

soil.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites.

Management measures:

• Because of the sticky and plastic subsoil, logging

roads should be graveled and, in some areas, log

landings should be stabilized.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

Scotch pine, Norway spruce, and white pine, should

be selected for planting in areas of the Opequon

soil.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

• Seedlings should be mulched in areas where

mulching is practical.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a severe limitation affecting most urban

uses. Extensive land shaping is necessary in most

areas.

• The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock

and the rock outcrop may limit excavations, including

those for roads, foundations, septic tank absorption

fields, and sewer lines. The depth to bedrock may vary

from less than 20 inches to more than 6 feet over a

short distance. In most areas the bedrock has to be

blasted before it is excavated.

• The moderate or high shrink-swell potential is a

limitation affecting the construction of footings,

foundations, and roads.

• Low strength is a limitation on sites for roads.

Because these soils are soft when wet, pavement may

crack under heavy loads.

• Slippage is a hazard on the moderately steep and

steep slopes when the soils are wet and soft.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the restricted

permeability of the Opequon soil are severe limitations

on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

• Erosion is a moderate or severe hazard on

construction sites.

Management measures:

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock because of the hazard of groundwater pollution.

• Selecting areas of the deeper Hagerstown soil as
Berkeley County, West Virginia 125

sites for absorption fields, installing absorption fields

on the contour, and enlarging the absorption fields can

help to overcome the limitations in absorption areas.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Hagerstown—5C;

Opequon—2R on south aspects and 3R on north

aspects

HkF—Hazleton-Berks channery loams,

35 to 65 percent slopes, extremely

stony

Setting

These soils are on very steep hillsides on the

western side of North Mountain. The Hazleton soil is

generally on the less sloping middle and lower parts of

the hillsides, and the Berks soil is generally on the

more sloping shoulder slopes, nose slopes, and higher

part of the hillsides. The two soils occur as areas so

intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical

to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Hazleton soil and similar soils: 50 percent

Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Hazleton

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 4 inches—black channery loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown channery loam

Subsoil:

11 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam

15 to 37 inches—strong brown very channery loam

37 to 48 inches—strong brown very channery sandy

loam

Underlying material:

48 to 65 inches—strong brown very channery sandy

loam

Berks

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown channery loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 8 inches—brown to dark brown channery loam

Subsoil:

8 to 30 inches—strong brown very channery silt

loam

30 to 36 inches—strong brown extremely channery

silt loam

Bedrock:

36 inches—fractured, grayish brown shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Hazleton

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid (2.0 to

20.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.6 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with

shale and siltstone in some areas

Berks

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low to moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Slope class: Very steep

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.6 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Mainly acid shale and siltstone;

interbedded with sandstone in some areas
126 Soil Survey

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Areas of rock outcrop

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on footslopes and benches

• The well drained Blackthorn soils that have a clayey

subsoil and are underlain by limestone; on benches

Similar soils:

• Small areas of the shallow Weikert soils

• Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their

surface covered with stones and boulders

• The well drained, reddish Calvin soils

• The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils

• Areas where stones cover less than 3 percent of the

surface

• Soils that have slopes of more than 65 percent or

less than 35 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Nearly all areas of the Hazleton and Berks soils

are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The very steep slope, the very severe hazard of

erosion, and the stones on the surface of the soils

make cultivation impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Because of the slope and the stones on the surface

of the soils, it is difficult to safely operate conventional

farm equipment.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites.

• Operating logging equipment is hazardous because

of the very steep slope.

• The large stones on the surface of the soils

can hinder harvesting operations and damage

equipment.

• The limited rooting depth, the low natural fertility, and

the droughtiness of the Berks soil result in a high

seedling mortality rate, especially on south aspects.

Management measures:

• Because of the slope, special care should be taken

when logging roads and log landings are laid out and

logging equipment is operated. Logging roads should

be designed so that they conform to the topography.

• Because of the erosion hazard, water should be

removed from logging roads by water bars, out-sloping

or in-sloping road surfaces, culverts, and drop

structures. Building logging roads on the contour or on

the gentler slopes and seeding logging roads, skid

trails, and log landings to perennial grasses and

legumes after the trees are logged also help to prevent

excessive erosion.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The very steep slope is a severe limitation affecting

community development. A better suited soil should be

selected for development.

• Erosion is a very severe hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Hazleton—3R on south

aspects and 4R on north aspects; Berks—3R on

south aspects and 4R on north aspects
Berkeley County, West Virginia 127

HsE—Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony

Setting

These soils are on moderately steep or steep

hillsides, mainly on Third Hill and Sleepy Creek

Mountains. The Hazleton soil is on the linear or

concave middle and lower parts of the hillsides, and

the Dekalb soil is on convex shoulder slopes, nose

slopes, and the upper part of hillsides. The two soils

occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that

it was impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Hazleton soil and similar soils: 45 percent

Dekalb soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Hazleton

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf

litter

1 to 4 inches—very dark brown channery loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown channery sandy

loam

Subsoil:

11 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very channery

loam

15 to 37 inches—strong brown very channery

loam

37 to 48 inches—strong brown very channery sandy

loam

Underlying material:

48 to 65 inches—strong brown very channery sandy

loam

Dekalb

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 2 inches—very dark brown channery sandy

 loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 4 inches—brown channery sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 13 inches—yellowish brown very channery sandy

loam

13 to 26 inches—brown very channery sandy loam

Bedrock:

26 inches—fractured, gray sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Hazleton

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid (2.0 to

20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded, acid sandstone, shale, and

siltstone

Dekalb

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with

shale and siltstone in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on the less sloping benches and the lower part of

hillsides

• Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of

their surface covered with stones and boulders
128 Soil Survey

• Areas of rock outcrop

• Areas of soils that are not stony

Similar soils:

• The well drained Berks soils, which are on nose

slopes and are underlain by shale

• The well drained, reddish Calvin soils, which are on

convex nose slopes

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

• Soils that have slopes of more than 35 percent

• Areas where stones cover less than 3 percent of the

surface

• Rubbly soils that have 15 to 50 percent of their

surface covered with stones and boulders

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The slope and the stones on the surface of the soils

make tillage impractical and unsafe.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Because of the slope and the stones on the surface

of the soils, it is difficult to operate conventional

equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites

where ponds or springs can be developed generally

are available along nearby drainageways.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderate or moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a very severe hazard on logging sites.

• The large stones on the surface of the soils

can hinder harvesting operations and damage

equipment.

• The low natural fertility and the droughtiness of the

Dekalb soil result in a high seedling mortality rate,

especially on south aspects.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth

of planted tree seedlings in areas of the Hazleton

soil.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Dekalb

soil.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a severe limitation on sites for buildings,

septic tank absorption fields, and local roads and

streets. Extensive land shaping is necessary in most

areas.

• The depth to hard bedrock is a severe limitation in

areas of the Dekalb soil. In many areas the bedrock

has to be blasted before it can be excavated.

• Erosion is a very severe hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Selecting areas of the very deep Hazleton soil as

sites for septic tank absorption fields, installing

distribution lines on the contour, selecting the less

sloping areas for absorption fields, and land shaping

can help to overcome the limitations in absorption

areas.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 129

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Hazleton—3R on south

aspects and 4R on north aspects; Dekalb—2R on

south aspects and 3R on north aspects

HsF—Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 35 to

65 percent slopes, extremely stony

Setting

These soils are on very steep hillsides on Third Hill

and Sleepy Creek Mountains and on the eastern

aspect of North Mountain. The Hazleton soil is on the

linear or concave middle and lower parts of the

hillsides, and the Dekalb soil is on convex shoulder

slopes, nose slopes, and the upper part of hillsides.

The two soils occur as areas so intermingled on the

landscape that it was impractical to separate them in

mapping.

Composition

Hazleton soil and similar soils: 60 percent

Dekalb soil and similar soils: 25 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Hazleton

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 4 inches—very dark brown channery loam

Subsurface layer:

4 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown channery loam

Subsoil:

11 to 15 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam

15 to 37 inches—strong brown very channery loam

37 to 48 inches—strong brown very channery sandy

loam

Underlying material:

48 to 65 inches—strong brown very channery sandy

loam

Dekalb

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 2 inches—very dark brown channery sandy loam

Subsurface layer:

2 to 4 inches—brown channery sandy loam

Subsoil:

4 to 13 inches—yellowish brown very channery sandy

loam

13 to 26 inches—brown very channery sandy loam

Bedrock:

26 inches—fractured, gray sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Hazleton

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid (2.0 to

20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded acid sandstone, siltstone,

and shale

Dekalb

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid (6.0 to 20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Mainly acid sandstone; interbedded with

shale and siltstone in some areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on the less sloping benches and the lower part of

the hillsides

• Very rubbly soils that have more than 50 percent of

their surface covered with stones and boulders
130 Soil Survey

• Areas of rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The well drained Berks soils

• The reddish, well drained Calvin soils

• Stony areas where stones cover less than 3 percent

of the surface

• Rubbly areas where stones cover 15 to 50 percent

of the surface

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 25 to 35 percent

• Soils that have slopes of more than 65 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the slope and the stones on the surface

of the soils, it is difficult to safely operate conventional

farm equipment.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a very severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Because of the very steep slope and the stones on

the surface of the soils, it is difficult to safely operate

conventional equipment used in clipping and in

applying fertilizer.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderate or moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites.

• Operating logging equipment is hazardous because

of the very steep slope.

• The large stones on the surface of the soils can

hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment.

• The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility,

and the droughtiness of the Dekalb soil result in a high

seedling mortality rate, especially on south aspects.

• Because the bedrock restricts the growth of roots,

trees may be uprooted during periods of strong winds

or heavy snowfall, especially in areas of the Dekalb

soil.

Management measures:

• Because of the slope, special care should be taken

when logging roads and log landings are laid out and

logging equipment is operated. Logging roads should

be designed so that they conform to the topography.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the very steep slope, these soils are not

suited to building site development, septic tank

absorption fields, or local roads and streets. A better

suited soil should be selected for development.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Hazleton—3R on south

aspects and 4R on north aspects; Dekalb—2R on

south aspects and 3R on north aspects

Hu—Huntington silt loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mainly along

Opequon Creek and its tributaries.

Composition

Huntington soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 11 inches—dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

11 to 21 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

21 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

42 to 58 inches—yellowish brown silt loam
Berkeley County, West Virginia 131

58 to 65 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Lindside soils

• The poorly drained Dunning soils

• The well drained Combs soils, which have a higher

content of sand than the Huntington soil

• Soils that do not have the thick, dark surface layer

that is typical of the Huntington soil

Similar soils:

• The well drained Lappans soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Huntington soil are used for

cultivated crops or hay. Some areas are used as

pasture. A few areas are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• The flooding occasionally damages crops or delays

fieldwork.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

surface water by nutrients.

• This soil is poorly suited to orchards because of the

poor air drainage, which increases the chance for frost

damage.

• This soil is subject to streambank erosion in many

areas.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to maintain soil tilth and

fertility and to control erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to

prevent excessive erosion on streambanks.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Unrestricted access to streams by livestock

increases the hazards of streambank erosion and

water pollution.

• The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the

grassland.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams

by livestock should be limited to protected crossings.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding, this soil is not suited to

building site development or septic tank absorption

fields.

• The flooding is a severe limitation on sites for local

roads and streets.
132 Soil Survey

Management measures:

• Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic

tank absorption fields than the Huntington soil should

be selected for development.

• Constructing roads on raised fill material helps to

prevent the damage caused by flooding.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

La—Lappans (marl) loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level flood plains along

streams fed by springs flowing from limestone bedrock

in the Great Valley.

Composition

Lappans soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—very dark brown marly loam

Subsurface layer:

7 to 13 inches—light olive brown marly sandy

loam

13 to 20 inches—dark grayish brown marly sandy

loam

Subsoil:

20 to 26 inches—light yellowish brown marly sandy

loam

26 to 42 inches—gray marly loam that has pale brown

and white mottles

42 to 47 inches—white marly clay loam that has gray

and pale brown mottles

47 to 54 inches—light brownish gray marly clay loam

that has yellowish brown mottles

54 to 64 inches—light gray marly clay loam that has

very pale brown mottles

64 to 71 inches—light gray marly sandy loam that has

very pale brown mottles

71 to 78 inches—gray marly clay loam that has dark

yellowish brown mottles

78 to 85 inches—light brownish gray marly clay loam

that has light yellowish brown and white mottles

Underlying material:

85 to 99 inches—light gray marly loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid (2.0 to

20 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 4 to 6 feet

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly alkaline or

moderately alkaline (pH 7.4 to 8.4)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very poorly drained Fairplay soils

• The poorly drained Dunning soils

Similar soils:

• Moderately well drained soils

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Lappans soil are used as

pasture. Some are used for cultivated crops or hay

(fig. 8). A few small areas are forested. In some

areas marl from this soil has been quarried and

used as a source of agricultural lime.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• The flooding occasionally damages crops or delays

fieldwork.

• This soil is poorly suited to orchards because of the

poor air drainage, which increases the risk of frost

damage.

• This soil is subject to streambank erosion in some

areas.

• Some crops may suffer deficiencies of certain

micronutrients, such as iron and manganese, because

this soil is alkaline.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to maintain soil tilth and

fertility and to control erosion.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient

needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying
Berkeley County, West Virginia 133

fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient

leaching.

• Crops respond well to fertilizer. Applications of lime

are not needed.

• Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to

prevent excessive erosion on streambanks.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.

• Unrestricted access to streams by livestock

increases the hazards of streambank erosion and

water pollution.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams

by livestock should be limited to protected crossings.

• Applications of fertilizer generally are necessary to

Figure 8.—An area of Lappans (marl) loam used for hay.
134 Soil Survey

increase the amount of available nutrients in the soil.

Applications of lime generally are not needed.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding, this soil is not suited to

building site development or septic tank absorption

fields.

• Because of the flooding, low strength, and the

potential for frost action, this soil is severely limited as

a site for local roads and streets.

Management measures:

• Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic

tank absorption fields than the Lappans soil should be

selected for development.

• Constructing local roads and streets on raised fill

material and installing a drainage system help to

overcome the limitations.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

Ln—Lindside silt loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mainly along

Opequon Creek and its tributaries.

Composition

Lindside soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

12 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

28 to 34 inches—brown silt loam

34 to 40 inches—very dark gray silt loam that has dark

gray mottles

40 to 46 inches—dark gray silt loam that has strong

brown and yellowish brown mottles

Underlying material:

46 to 66 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown and

grayish brown silt loam that has strong brown and

white mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to

2.0 inches per hour).

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent

chance in any year) for brief periods

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The poorly drained Dunning soils

• The well drained Huntington and Lappans soils

• The moderately well drained Monongahela soils and

the somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils, which are

on small terraces and are not subject to flooding

Similar soils:

• Soils that have a clayey subsoil

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Lindside soil are used for

pasture, hay, or cultivated crops. A few areas are

used as woodland. The trees in the wooded areas

are mixed hardwoods.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

surface water by nutrients.

• The flooding occasionally delays fieldwork or

damages crops.

• This soil is subject to streambank erosion in a few

areas.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 135

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to

prevent excessive erosion on streambanks.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Grazing during wet periods causes surface

compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod.

• Unrestricted access to streams by livestock

increases the hazards of streambank erosion and

water pollution.

• The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the

grassland.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams

by livestock should be limited to protected crossings.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding and the wetness, this soil is

not suited to building site development or septic tank

absorption fields.

• The flooding is a severe limitation on sites for local

roads and streets.

Management measures:

• Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic

tank absorption fields than the Lindside soil should be

selected for development.

• Constructing roads on raised fill material and

installing a drainage system help to overcome the

limitations.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

MhA—Monongahela silt loam, 0 to

3 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on nearly level, slightly convex, low

stream terraces (fig. 9).

Composition

Monongahela soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 21 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

21 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam that

has yellowish brown and gray mottles

27 to 45 inches—light olive brown, very firm and brittle

silt loam that has yellowish brown and gray

mottles

45 to 53 inches—yellowish brown, firm and brittle clay

loam that has gray mottles

Underlying material:

53 to 65 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam that has

gray mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) above the very firm and brittle layer in the

subsoil and moderately slow or slow (0.06 to

0.6 inch per hour) in the layer

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight
136 Soil Survey

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils and areas

of poorly drained soils, which are in depressions or

swales

• Soils that are flooded along narrow, dissecting

drainageways

• Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in

the subsoil

Similar soils:

• Well drained soils

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Monongahela soil have been

cleared and are used for crops, hay, or pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The seasonal water table and the firm layer in

the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some

crops.

• The wetness commonly delays spring planting.

• Because of the restricted rooting depth, crops may

be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the

soil dries out in summer.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, and crop residue management help to control

erosion and maintain fertility and tilth.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

Figure 9.—A typical area of Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. The Monongahela silt loam is the officially designated

state soil of West Virginia.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 137

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields.

• The seasonal high water table and the potential for

frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in the winter

and spring.

• Erosion is a slight hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• The included well drained soils, which are better

suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields

than the Monongahela soil, should be selected for

development.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption

fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high

water table.

• Installing large absorption fields on the contour

helps to overcome the restricted permeability in the

lower part of the subsoil.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness and frost action.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation of streams.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

MhB—Monongahela silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex, low

stream terraces.

Composition

Monongahela soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

13 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

25 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong

brown and light brownish gray mottles

30 to 51 inches—yellowish brown, very firm and brittle

loam that has strong brown and light brownish

gray mottles

Underlying material:

51 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong

brown and gray mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) above the very firm and brittle layer in the
138 Soil Survey

subsoil and moderately slow or slow (0.06 to 0.6

inch per hour) in the layer

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Berks soils, which are along upland

margins in some areas

• The somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils, which are

in depressions and swales

• Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in

the subsoil

• Severely eroded soils

Similar soils:

• Well drained soils

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Monongahela soil have been

cleared and are used for crops, hay, or pasture.

Some areas are used as sites for community

development or are wooded. In some areas the

acreage is idle land.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table and the firm layer in

the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some

crops.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas.

• The wetness commonly delays spring planting.

• Because of the restrictive rooting depth, crops may

be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the

soil dries out in summer.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, and crop residue management help to control

erosion and maintain fertility and tilth.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields.

• The seasonal high water table and the potential for

frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in winter and

spring.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 139

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• The included well drained soils, which are better

suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields

than the Monongahela soil, should be selected for

development.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption

fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high

water table.

• Installing large absorption fields on the contour

helps to overcome the restricted permeability in the

lower part of the subsoil.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness and frost action.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation of streams.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

MhC—Monongahela silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, convex, low stream

terraces.

Composition

Monongahela soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 8 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

8 to 23 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

23 to 28 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong

brown and light brownish gray mottles

28 to 49 inches—yellowish brown, very firm and brittle

loam that has strong brown and light brownish

gray mottles

Underlying material:

49 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong

brown and gray mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) above the very firm and brittle layer in the

subsoil and moderately slow or slow (0.06 to 0.6

inch per hour) in the layer

Available water capacity: Moderate

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to

3.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Berks soils, which are along upland

margins in some areas

• The somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils, which are

in depressions

• Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in

the subsoil

• Severely eroded soils

Similar soils:

• Well drained soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more

than 15 percent

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Monongahela soil have been

cleared and are used for hay or pasture. In some

areas, the soil is used as cropland or the acreage

is idle land. A few small areas are used as sites for

community development or are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table and the firm layer in

the subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some

crops.

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas.

• The wetness commonly delays spring planting.
140 Soil Survey

• Because of the restrictive rooting depth, crops may

be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the

soil dries out in summer.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, and crop residue management help to control

erosion and maintain fertility and tilth.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Grazing should be deferred in the spring until the

soil is firm.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

helps to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

 the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields.

• The seasonal high water table and the potential for

frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in the winter

and spring.

• The slope increases the extent of excavation

required during the construction of roads and

buildings.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• The included well drained soils, which are better

suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields

than the Monongahela soil, should be selected for

development.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land.

• Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption

fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high

water table.

• Installing large absorption fields on the contour

helps to overcome the restricted permeability in the

lower part of the subsoil.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness and frost action.

• Roads and streets should be built on the

contour.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A
Berkeley County, West Virginia 141

MoB—Monongahela gravelly loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, slightly convex, low

stream terraces.

Composition

Monongahela soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

8 to 13 inches—yellowish brown gravelly silt

loam

13 to 25 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

25 to 30 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong

brown and light brownish gray mottles

30 to 51 inches—yellowish brown, very firm and brittle

loam that has strong brown and light brownish

gray mottles

Underlying material:

51 to 65 inches—yellowish brown loam that has strong

brown and gray mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour) above the very firm and brittle layer in the

subsoil and moderately slow or slow (0.06 to 0.6

inch per hour) in the layer

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Berks soils, which are along upland margins in some

areas

• Somewhat poorly drained Tygart soils and areas of

poorly drained soils, which are in depressions or

swales

• Soils that are flooded and are along narrow,

dissecting drainageways

• Soils that do not have a very firm and brittle layer in

the subsoil

Similar soils:

• Well drained soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent

• Soils that do not have a gravelly surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Monongahela soil have been

cleared and are used for crops, hay, or pasture.

Some areas are used as sites for community

development. In a few small areas, the soil is

wooded or the acreage is idle land.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal water table and the firm layer in the

subsoil may restrict the rooting depth of some crops.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected areas.

• The wetness commonly delays spring planting.

• Because of the restricted rooting depth, crops may

be adversely affected by a shortage of water as the

soil dries out in summer.

• In some areas gravel in the surface layer may

interfere with tillage and planting.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, and crop residue management help to control

erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and

adding other organic material help to conserve soil

moisture.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,
142 Soil Survey

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The seasonal high water table is the main limitation

affecting building site development and septic tank

absorption fields.

• The seasonal high water table and the potential for

frost action are limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in the winter

and spring.

• Gravel in the surface layer may interfere with the

establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• The included well drained soils, which are better

suited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields

than the Monongahela soil, should be selected for

development.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Installing tile drainage lines upslope from absorption

fields can be effective in lowering the seasonal high

water table.

• Installing large absorption fields on the contour

helps to overcome the restricted permeability in the

lower part of the subsoil.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness and frost action.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation of streams.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

MrB—Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on broad, gently sloping, slightly

concave to slightly convex footslopes and valley sides.

It is underlain by limestone. Sinkholes occur in some

areas.

Composition

Murrill soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—yellowish brown loam

14 to 24 inches—brown gravelly clay loam

24 to 55 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

55 to 72 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that has

red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low in the surface layer and

upper part of the subsoil and moderate in the

lower part of the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium
Berkeley County, West Virginia 143

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Poorhouse soils,

which are in depressions and along drainageways

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils

• The moderately deep Ryder soils and the deep

Nollville soils, which are in small convex areas of the

unit

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• The well drained Hagerstown soils

• Stony soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Murrill soil have been cleared

and are used for cultivated crops, orchards, hay,

or pasture or as sites for community development.

A few small areas are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer

may interfere with tillage and planting.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Installing a plastic or bentonite liner helps to prevent

seepage from constructed ponds.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

Community Development

Suitability: Well suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on

sites for dwellings with basements.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns.

• The wetness in the included Poorhouse soils is a

severe limitation affecting development.

• The included Nollville and Ryder soils are

moderately or severely limited as sites for septic
144 Soil Survey

tank absorption fields because of the depth to

bedrock.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the

ground water from pollution.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

MrC—Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping, convex toeslopes on

the eastern side of North Mountain. It is underlain by

limestone. Sinkholes occur in some areas.

Composition

Murrill soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

9 to 14 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

14 to 24 inches—brown gravelly loam

24 to 55 inches—strong brown gravelly clay

loam

55 to 72 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam that

has red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low in the surface layer and the

upper part of the subsoil and moderate in the

lower part of the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop

• The moderately deep Ryder soils and the deep

Nollville soils

Similar soils:

• The well drained Hagerstown soils

• Stony soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more

than 15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Murrill soil are wooded. A few

areas have been cleared and are used for

cultivated crops, orchards, hay, or pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure; runoff from feedlots; and seepage from

manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• In some areas rock fragments in the surface layer

may interfere with tillage and planting.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 145

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting

development.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

by surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential is a limitation on

sites for dwellings with basements.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

PeB—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping hillsides in the small

limestone valleys associated with Ferrel Ridge in the

western part of the county.

Composition

Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

7 to 11 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

11 to 48 inches—yellowish red clay

48 to 65 inches—yellowish red clay that has very pale

brown mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow or moderately slow in the subsoil

(0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate
146 Soil Survey

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly

high amounts of chert and sandstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Blackthorn soils

• Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over

bedrock

Similar soils:

• Stony soils

• Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface

layer

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent

• Soils that are not seasonally wet in the lower part of

the subsoil

Use and Management

Uses: About one-half of the acreage of the

Pecktonville soil is used as woodland. Most of the

rest is used for pasture or hay. A small acreage is

used for orchards.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected

areas.

• Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by

applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• Chert in the surface layer may interfere with tillage in

some areas.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, a crop rotation that includes hay, and good crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, and

small grain help to control runoff and erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a

limitation affecting building site development.

• The slow or moderately slow permeability and the

wetness in the subsoil are limitations on sites for

septic tank absorption fields.

• The high shrink-swell potential and low strength are

limitations affecting the construction of local roads and

streets. These limitations may cause pavement to

buckle under heavy loads.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 147

• Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption

fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to

overcome the restricted permeability.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

PeC—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on strongly sloping hillsides in the small

limestone valleys associated with Ferrel Ridge in the

western part of the county.

Composition

Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

6 to 12 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

12 to 18 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam

18 to 43 inches—yellowish red and strong brown silty

clay

43 to 57 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and red

clay that has very pale brown mottles

57 to 65 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow or moderately slow in the subsoil

(0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to

6.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly

high amounts of chert and sandstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Blackthorn soils

• Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over

bedrock

Similar soils:

• Stony soils

• Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface

layer

• Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more

than 15 percent

• Soils that are not seasonally wet in the lower part of

the subsoil

Use and Management

Uses: About two-thirds of the acreage of the

Pecktonville soil is wooded. Most of the remaining

acreage is used for pasture or hay. A small

acreage is used for orchards.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas.

• Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by

applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• Chert in the surface layer may interfere with tillage in

some areas.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, winter cover

crops, a crop rotation that includes hay, and good crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, and

small grain help to control runoff and erosion.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade

stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.
148 Soil Survey

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil and the

slope are limitations affecting building site

development.

• The slow or moderately slow permeability, the

wetness in the subsoil, and the slope are limitations on

sites for septic tank absorption fields.

• The high shrink-swell potential and low strength are

limitations affecting the construction of local roads and

streets. These limitations may cause pavement to

buckle under heavy loads.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may interfere

with the establishment of lawns and with landscaping.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption

fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to

overcome the restricted permeability.

• Land shaping and installing the distribution lines on

the contour help to overcome the slope in absorption

areas.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

PeD—Pecktonville gravelly loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

Setting

This soil is on moderately steep hillsides on Ferrel

Ridge in the western part of the county.

Composition

Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

7 to 16 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

16 to 22 inches—yellowish red silty clay loam

22 to 47 inches—yellowish red and strong brown silty

clay

47 to 61 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and red

clay that has very pale brown mottles

61 to 65 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow or moderately slow in the subsoil

(0.06 to 0.6 inch per hour)
Berkeley County, West Virginia 149

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly

high amounts of chert and sandstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Blackthorn soils

• Soils that are less than 60 inches deep over bedrock

Similar soils:

• Stony soils

• Soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly surface

layer

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or

more than 25 percent

• Soils that are not seasonally wet in the lower part of

the subsoil

Use and Management

Uses: Most of the acreage of the Pecktonville soil is

wooded. The rest is used for pasture or hay.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and

pasture because of the hazard of erosion

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard in unprotected areas.

• Solution channels in the limestone bedrock increase

the hazard of ground-water pollution caused by

applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

• Chert in the surface layer may interfere with tillage in

some areas.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, contour

stripcropping, winter cover crops, a crop rotation that

includes hay, and good crop residue management

help to control erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.

• Grassed waterways and diversions help to prevent

gully erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Seedling mortality may be a problem on southfacing slopes because of droughtiness during the

summer.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as white pine, Scotch

pine, and Norway spruce, should be selected for

planting on south aspects.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil and the

slope are limitations affecting building site

development.

• The slow or moderately slow permeability, the

wetness in the subsoil, and the slope are limitations

affecting septic tank absorption fields.

• The high shrink-swell potential, low strength, and the

slope are limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.
150 Soil Survey

• The rock fragments in the surface layer may

interfere with the establishment of lawns and with

landscaping.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land.

• Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption

fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to

overcome the restricted permeability. Land shaping

and installing the distribution lines on the contour help

to overcome the slope.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Roads should be built on the contour. Seeding

roadbanks after construction helps to prevent erosion.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4R

PgC—Pecktonville very gravelly loam,

3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely

stony

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping or strongly sloping,

convex ridgetops on Ferrell and Wilson Ridges in the

western part of the county.

Composition

Pecktonville soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 1 inch—organic duff from hardwood leaf litter

1 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

Subsurface layer:

3 to 7 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

Subsoil:

7 to 12 inches—strong brown silt loam

12 to 17 inches—yellowish red gravelly silty clay loam

17 to 32 inches—yellowish red, strong brown, and

brownish yellow gravelly clay

32 to 48 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish

yellow gravelly clay

48 to 62 inches—yellowish red, red, and brownish

yellow gravelly clay that has pinkish gray mottles

62 to 65 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow or moderately slow (0.06 to

0.6 inch per hour) in the subsoil

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 3.5 to 6.0 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe

Stoniness: 3 to 15 percent of the surface covered with

stones and boulders

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Siliceous limestone that contains fairly

high amounts of chert and sandstone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Dekalb and Caneyville soils

• The very deep Blackthorn soils

• Areas of rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Small areas of rubbly or extremely bouldery soils

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 15 percent

• Soils that have less than 3 percent of their surface

covered with stones

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Pecktonville soil are wooded.

A few small areas have been cleared and are

used as pasture. A few areas have been

developed as homesites.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The stones on the surface of the soil make

cultivation impractical.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 151

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited for hay; difficult to manage for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Because of the stones and boulders on the surface

of the soil, it is difficult to operate conventional

equipment used in clipping and in applying fertilizer.

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The large stones on the surface of the soil can

hinder harvesting operations and damage equipment.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Seedling mortality may be a problem on south

aspects because of droughtiness during the summer.

• The stones and chert fragments in the surface layer

may interfere with the planting of tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have

been cut and filled and by installing water bars and

culverts.

• Logging roads should be designed so that they

conform to the topography.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a moderate or severe hazard on

construction sites.

• The high shrink-swell potential and the wetness in

the subsoil are limitations affecting building site

development.

• The stones and boulders may interfere with

construction, with the establishment of lawns, and with

landscaping.

• The slope, the slow or moderately slow permeability

in the clayey layer of the subsoil, and the wetness are

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

• The high shrink-swell potential and the low strength

are limitations affecting the construction of roads and

streets.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption

fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to

overcome the restricted permeability.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Seeding and mulching roadbanks after construction

is completed helps to control erosion.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: 4X

Ph—Philo silt loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mostly along

Back Creek and its tributaries in the western part of

the county.

Composition

Philo soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

3 to 9 inches—dark brown silt loam

9 to 17 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

17 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silt loam that has

light brownish gray and dark yellowish brown

mottles
152 Soil Survey

Underlying material:

29 to 48 inches—dark grayish brown fine sandy loam

that has light brownish gray and yellowish brown

mottles

48 to 65 inches—dark grayish brown, stratified gravelly

sand and loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 1.5 to 3.0 feet

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The poorly drained Atkins soils

• The well drained Pope soils

Similar soils:

• Soils that are gravelly throughout

• Soils that are frequently flooded

• Soils that have a surface layer of fine sandy loam

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Philo soil are used for pasture

or hay. Some areas are used for cultivated crops.

A few areas are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if crops are

grown year after year.

• The flooding may occasionally damage crops and

delay fieldwork.

• The wetness may delay tillage and planting in the

spring.

• This soil is subject to streambank erosion in many

areas.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, a crop rotation that includes

hay, winter cover crops, and good crop residue

management help to control erosion and maintain

fertility and tilth.

• Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to

prevent excessive erosion on streambanks.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water

table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Unrestricted access to streams by livestock

increases the hazards of streambank erosion and

water pollution.

• Debris may be deposited on the grassland during

periods of flooding.

• Grazing when the soil is too wet may damage the

sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams

by livestock should be limited to protected crossings.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• The tree species that can withstand the wetness

should be selected for planting.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill

and gravel.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding and the wetness, this soil is

not suited to buildings and septic tank absorption
Berkeley County, West Virginia 153

fields and is severely limited as a site for local roads

and streets.

• Excavations are unstable and are subject to caving.

Management measures:

• Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic

tank absorption fields than the Philo soil should be

selected for development.

• Constructing roads on raised fill material and

installing a drainage system help to overcome the

wetness and prevent the damage caused by flooding.

• Trench walls should be reinforced to prevent caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5A

PoA—Poorhouse silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on nearly level, slightly concave uplands,

mainly on the eastern toeslope of North Mountain. A

smaller acreage of the soil is in slight depressions

scattered throughout the Great Valley. The soil is

underlain by limestone.

Composition

Poorhouse soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 12 inches—light olive brown silt loam that has

yellowish brown pockets

Subsoil:

12 to 18 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has

light brownish gray and strong brown mottles

18 to 26 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray

and strong brown mottles

26 to 54 inches—brown clay that has gray and strong

brown mottles

54 to 65 inches—gray silty clay that has dark grayish

brown and strong brown mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to

1.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

neutral (pH 4.5 to 7.3) in the surface layer and

upper part of the subsoil and moderately acid to

slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of

the subsoil

Surface runoff: Slow or medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The poorly drained Dunning soils, which are subject

to flooding and ponding; along concave drainageways

and in depressions

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• The well drained Murrill soils

• Areas of rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Soils that are 40 to 60 inches deep over bedrock

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam or silty clay

loam

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Poorhouse soil have been

cleared. About half of the cleared acreage has

been drained and is used for cultivated crops or

hay. The rest of the cleared acreage is in pasture.

Some areas are wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited if the soil is drained

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• Draining this soil is difficult because of the slow

permeability in the clayey subsoil, and draining some

areas is difficult because adequate subsurface outlets

are not available.

• The wetness commonly delays spring planting.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses and small

grain, applying a system of conservation tillage,

growing cover crops and green manure crops, and
154 Soil Survey

applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Applying a system of conservation tillage and

deferring tillage when the soil is wet help to prevent

deterioration of tilth.

• Deep tillage may help to increase the rate of water

infiltration and to overcome the restricted permeability

if performed when the soil is dry.

• Because of the slow permeability, subsurface drains

should be narrowly spaced.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the wetness

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Grazing during wet periods causes surface

compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to

minimize compaction and maintain tilth.

• Water-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Because this soil is soft when wet, the use of logging

equipment is limited during wet periods.

• Plant competition is severe. Competition from

undesirable plants may slow the growth of planted tree

seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• The tree species that can withstand the wetness

should be selected for planting.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The wetness and the high shrink-swell potential are

limitations on sites for dwellings.

• The wetness and the slow permeability are

severe limitations affecting septic tank absorption

fields.

• The wetness, the high shrink-swell potential, and the

low strength are limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in the winter

and spring.

Management measures:

• A surface or subsurface drainage system helps to

lower the water table around buildings.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness, shrinking and swelling, and low

strength.

• Because a conventional septic tank absorption field

will not function properly in this soil, an alternative

system, such as a mound system, or a better suited

soil should be considered.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5w

PoB—Poorhouse silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, slightly concave

uplands, mainly on the eastern toeslopes of North

Mountain. It is underlain by limestone bedrock.

Composition

Poorhouse soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent
Berkeley County, West Virginia 155

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 11 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

Subsoil:

11 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has

light brownish gray and strong brown mottles

29 to 40 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

yellowish brown mottles

40 to 65 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has

light brownish gray and strong brown mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to

1.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

neutral in the surface layer and upper part of the

subsoil (pH 5.1 to 7.3) and moderately acid to

slightly alkaline in the lower part of the subsoil

(pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The poorly drained Dunning soils that are subject to

flooding and ponding; along concave drainageways

and in depressions

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• The well drained Murrill soils

• Areas of rock outcrop

Similar soils:

• Soils that are 40 to 60 inches deep over

bedrock

• Soils that have a surface layer of loam or silty clay

loam

• Soils that have a gravelly or cobbly surface layer

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Poorhouse soil have been

cleared and are used as pasture. Some areas

have been drained and are used for cultivated

crops, orchards, or hay. A few small areas are

wooded.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited if the soil is drained

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate.

• Draining this soil is difficult because of the slow

permeability in the clayey subsoil, and draining some

areas is difficult because adequate subsurface outlets

are not available.

• The wetness commonly delays spring planting.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the limestone

bedrock increase the hazard of ground-water pollution

caused by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and

manure.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses and small

grain, applying a system of conservation tillage,

growing cover crops and green manure crops, and

applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Applying a system of conservation tillage and

deferring tillage when the soil is wet help to prevent

deterioration of tilth.

• Deep tillage may help to increase the rate of water

infiltration and to overcome the restricted permeability

if performed when the soil is dry.

• Because of the slow permeability, subsurface drains

should be narrowly spaced.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the wetness

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Grazing during wet periods causes surface

compaction and poor tilth and damages the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Restricted grazing during wet periods helps to
156 Soil Survey

minimize compaction and maintain tilth.

• Water-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• The operation of logging equipment is limited during

wet periods.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Plant competition is severe. Competition from

undesirable plants may slow the growth of planted tree

seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• The tree species that can withstand the wetness

should be selected for planting.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The wetness and the high shrink-swell potential are

limitations on sites for dwellings.

• The wetness, the high shrink-swell potential, and the

low strength are limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. Because this soil is soft when wet, pavement

may crack under heavy loads.

• The wetness and the slow permeability are

severe limitations affecting septic tank absorption

fields.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in the winter

and spring.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• A surface or subsurface drainage system helps to

lower the water table around buildings.

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by wetness, shrinking and swelling, and low

strength.

• Because a conventional septic tank absorption field

will not function properly in this soil, an alternative

system, such as a mound system, or a better suited

soil should be considered.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 5w

Ps—Pope fine sandy loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level, first bottom flood plains,

mainly along Back Creek and its tributaries in the

western part of the county.

Composition

Pope soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy

loam

Subsoil:

10 to 42 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy

loam

Underlying material:

42 to 65 inches—strong brown sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a

50 percent chance of flooding in any year) for

brief periods

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium
Berkeley County, West Virginia 157

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.6 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The poorly drained Atkins soils and the moderately

well drained Philo soils, which are in sloughs and

depressions

• Sand and gravel bars directly adjacent to

streams

Similar soils:

• The Pope soils that have a texture of silt loam

• Soils that are gravelly throughout

• Soils that have a texture of loamy sand and are

somewhat excessively drained or excessively drained

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this Pope soil are wooded. Some

areas have been cleared and are used for crops,

hay, or pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• The flooding frequently delays fieldwork or damages

crops.

• This soil is subject to streambank erosion in many

areas.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and nearby streams by nutrients.

• This soil is sometimes droughty during the growing

season.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations

helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil

structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding

crops.

• Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to

prevent excessive erosion on streambanks.

• Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient

needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying

fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient

leaching.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• The flooding frequently deposits debris on the

grassland.

• Unrestricted access to streams by livestock

increases the hazards of streambank erosion and

water pollution.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams

by livestock should be limited to protected crossings.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding, this soil is generally

unsuited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields

and is severely limited as a site for local roads and

streets.

• Excavations are commonly unstable and are subject

to caving.

Management measures:

• Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic

tank absorption fields than this Pope soil should be

selected for development.

• Constructing roads on raised fill material helps to

prevent the damage caused by flooding.

• Trench walls should be reinforced to prevent caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A
158 Soil Survey

Px—Pope silt loam

Setting

This soil is on nearly level flood plains, mainly along

Back Creek and its tributaries in the western part of

the county.

Composition

Pope soil and similar soils: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark brown silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown loam

20 to 40 inches—brown sandy loam

Underlying material:

40 to 65 inches—strong brown loamy

sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year) for very brief

periods

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Surface runoff: Slow

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The poorly drained Atkins soils and the moderately

well drained Philo soils, which are in sloughs or

depressions

• Sand and gravel bars directly adjacent to streams

Similar soils:

• The Pope soils that have a texture of fine sandy

loam

• Soils that have slopes of more than 3 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this Pope soil are wooded. Some

areas have been cleared and are used for crops,

hay, or pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• The flooding occasionally delays fieldwork or

damages crops.

• This soil is subject to streambank erosion in some

areas.

• Nutrients in manure and fertilizer applications can

result in the pollution of ground water and nearby

streams.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, winter cover crops, and crop

residue management help to control erosion and to

maintain fertility and tilth.

• Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations

helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil

structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding

crops.

• Leaving a border of trees along streams helps to

prevent excessive erosion on streambanks.

• Timing fertilizer applications to meet crop nutrient

needs, using split fertilizer applications, and applying

fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of nutrient

leaching.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• The flooding occasionally deposits debris on the

grassland.

• Unrestricted access to streams by livestock

increases the hazards of streambank erosion and

water pollution.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Streambanks should be fenced. Access to streams

by livestock should be limited to protected crossings.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 159

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the flooding, this soil is generally

unsuited to buildings and septic tank absorption fields

and is severely limited as a site for local roads and

streets.

• Excavations are commonly unstable and are subject

to caving.

Management measures:

• Soils that are better suited to buildings and septic

tank absorption fields than this Pope soil should be

selected for development.

• Constructing roads on raised fill material helps to

prevent the damage caused by flooding.

• Trench walls should be reinforced to prevent caving.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4A

Qm—Quarry, limestone

Setting

This map unit consists of open excavations from

which limestone has been quarried. Surrounding the

excavations are dump areas consisting of a mixture of

rock fragments and soil material that were removed

during the quarrying operation. These areas are

mainly in the central and eastern parts of the Great

Valley, overlying the Chambersburg and New Market

Limestones.

Composition

Quarry, limestone: 95 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 5 percent

Representative Profile

This map unit is considered to be a nonsoil area;

therefore, a representative profile is not given.

Properties and Qualities

The quarries generally have vertical walls ranging

from 15 to 100 feet or more in height. Many of the

quarries are inactive and are partially filled with water.

The soil material in the dump areas generally has an

extremely bouldery surface. The fine-earth fraction of

the soil generally has a high content of clay and is

slightly alkaline.

Some areas of the map unit are sparsely wooded

with a mixture of red cedar, black locust, tree-ofheaven, and red maple. Many areas are barren.

Slopes are gently sloping to very steep.

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils, which are along the margins of this

map unit and in small, undisturbed areas within the

unit

Use and Management

Uses: Limestone excavated from areas of this map

unit is used for road construction, for the

manufacture of cement, as a source of agricultural

lime, and as a source of flux in the steel-making

process. Onsite investigation is necessary to

determine the suitability of the map unit for most

uses.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Not assigned

Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned

Qs—Quarry, shale

Setting

This map unit consists of open pits from which

shale has been excavated. The pits are in areas

throughout the county.

Composition

Quarry, shale: 95 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 5 percent

Representative Profile

This map unit is considered to be a nonsoil area;

therefore, a representative profile is not given.

Properties and Qualities

Some areas of this unit have nearly vertical

highwalls ranging from 5 to 30 feet in height. Shale

bedrock is exposed throughout the unit. The reaction

of the shale material ranges from extremely acid to
160 Soil Survey

strongly acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5). Most areas of the unit are

barren or support a limited amount of vegetation.

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The shallow Weikert soils and the moderately deep

Berks and Clearbrook soils, which are along the

margins of this map unit and in small, undisturbed

areas within the unit

Use and Management

Uses: Shale excavated from areas of this map

unit is used as a road base and for fill on

construction sites. Onsite investigation is

needed to determine the suitability of the

map unit for most uses.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Not assigned

Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned

ReF—Rock outcrop-Opequon complex,

25 to 60 percent slopes

Setting

This map unit is on very steep limestone bluffs and

hillsides along the Potomac River. The Opequon soil

and the Rock outcrop occur as areas so intermingled

on the landscape that it was impractical to separate

them in mapping.

Composition

Rock outcrop: 50 percent

Opequon soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Rock outcrop

In most areas the Rock outcrop occurs as nearly

vertical limestone bluffs ranging from 10 to 80 feet in

height.

Opequon

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

2 to 7 inches—brown silty clay

7 to 18 inches—yellowish red clay

Bedrock:

18 inches—limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Opequon

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate (0.2 inch to

2.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 6.1 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The deep Endcav soils

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

Similar soils:

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• Soils that have slopes of more than 60 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit are wooded.

Because of the very steep slope and the very

severe hazard of erosion, the unit is only suited to

woodland.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a very severe hazard on logging sites.

• Operating logging equipment is hazardous because

of the very steep slope.

• Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential

increase the hazard of slippage.

• Limestone bluffs in the unit may interfere with the

use of harvesting equipment.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 161

• Droughtiness results in a high seedling mortality

rate, especially on south aspects.

• Windthrow is a hazard because of the depth to

bedrock in areas of the Opequon soil.

Management measures:

• Because of the very steep slope and the hazard of

slippage, special logging methods, such as cable

yarding, should be considered.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

Scotch pine, Norway spruce, and white pine,

should be selected for planting in areas of the

Opequon soil.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• Because of the very steep slope, the depth to

bedrock, the Rock outcrop, and a hazard of

slippage, this map unit is unsuited to community

development.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Opequon—2R on south

aspects and 3R on north aspects

RnB—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams,

3 to 8 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on gently sloping, convex upland

ridges that are characterized by low relief. They are in

the western part of the Great Valley. The two soils

occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that

it was impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Ryder soil and similar soils: 45 percent

Nollville soil and similar soils: 45 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Ryder

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

19 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown channery silty

clay loam

Underlying material:

30 to 35 inches—yellowish brown and brown very

channery silt loam

Bedrock:

35 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale

Nollville

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown channery silty clay

loam

20 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam

29 to 41 inches—strong brown silty clay

Underlying material:

41 to 57 inches—strong brown very channery silty

clay loam

Bedrock:

57 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Ryder

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales;

mainly members of the Elbrook Formation

Nollville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None
162 Soil Survey

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales;

mainly members of the Elbrook Formation

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• The very deep Funkstown soils that are subject to

flooding and ponding; along concave, intermittent

drainageways

• Severely eroded soils

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop that occur singly or

in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• The very deep Duffield soils

• Soils that are 10 to 20 inches deep over bedrock

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to

15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit have been cleared

and are used for crop, orchards, hay, or pasture. A

few areas are used as sites for community

development.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. These soils are prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The moderate hazard of erosion is a management

concern.

• Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure

rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 163

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting septic

tank absorption fields, excavations, and dwellings with

basements.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential in areas of the

Nollville soil may be a limitation affecting the

construction of buildings.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads in areas of the Nollville soil. Because the soil

is soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under

heavy loads.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Selecting the deepest areas of this map unit as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the

absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in

areas where excavation exposes the limestone

bedrock because of the hazard of ground-water

pollution.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by the low strength

of the Nollville soil.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the

ground water from pollution.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Ryder—4A; Nollville—5A

RnC—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams,

8 to 15 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on strongly sloping, convex upland

ridges that are characterized by low relief. They are in

the western part of the Great Valley. The two soils

occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that

it was impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Ryder soil and similar soils: 50 percent

Nollville soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Ryder

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

19 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown channery silty

clay loam

Underlying material:

30 to 35 inches—yellowish brown and brown very

channery silt loam

Bedrock:

35 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale

Nollville

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown channery silty

clay loam

20 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silty clay

loam

29 to 41 inches—strong brown silty clay

Underlying material:

41 to 57 inches—strong brown very channery silty

clay loam

Bedrock:

57 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Ryder

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid
164 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales;

mainly members of the Elbrook Formation

Nollville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales;

mainly members of the Elbrook Formation

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• The very deep Funkstown soils that are subject to

flooding and ponding; along concave, intermittent

drainageways

• Severely eroded soils

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop that occur singly or

in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• The very deep Duffield soils

• Soils that are 10 to 20 inches deep over

bedrock

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or

from 15 to 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit have been cleared

and are used for crops, orchards, hay, or pasture.

A few areas are used as sites for community

development.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The severe hazard of erosion is a major

management concern.

• Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Grassed waterways, diversions, and grade

stabilization structures help to prevent gully erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour
Berkeley County, West Virginia 165

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control

the initial plant competition in tree plantations,

and spraying helps to control subsequent

competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting building

site development.

• Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting septic

tank absorption fields, excavations, and dwellings with

basements.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential of the Nollville

soil may be a limitation affecting the construction of

buildings.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads in areas of the Nollville soil. Because the soil

is soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under

heavy loads.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Selecting the deepest areas of this map unit as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the

absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in

areas where excavation exposes the limestone

bedrock because of the hazard of ground-water

pollution.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by the low strength

of the Nollville soil.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the

ground water from pollution.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Ryder—4A; Nollville—5A

RnD—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams,

15 to 25 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on moderately steep, convex

upland ridges and hillsides that are characterized by

low relief. They are in the western part of the Great

Valley. The two soils occur as areas so intermingled on

the landscape that it was impractical to separate them

in mapping.

Composition

Ryder soil and similar soils: 60 percent

Nollville soil and similar soils: 30 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Ryder

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

8 to 19 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

19 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown channery

silty clay loam

Underlying material:

30 to 35 inches—yellowish brown and brown very

channery silty clay loam

Bedrock:

35 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale

Nollville

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

8 to 18 inches—yellowish brown channery silty

clay loam

18 to 27 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam

27 to 39 inches—strong brown silty clay

Underlying material:

39 to 55 inches—strong brown very channery silty

clay loam
166 Soil Survey

Bedrock:

55 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Ryder

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales;

mainly members of the Elbrook Formation

Nollville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales;

mainly members of the Elbrook Formation

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• Severely eroded soils

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop that occur singly or

in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• The very deep Duffield soils

• Soils that are 10 to 20 inches deep over bedrock

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

or from 25 to 35 percent

 Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of this map unit have been cleared

and are used for orchards or pasture. A few areas

are used for hay or crops or as sites for

community development.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and

pasture because of the severe hazard of erosion

Management concerns:

• The severe hazard of erosion is a major

management concern.

• Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of pesticides, fertilizers, and manure;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water and surface water by nutrients.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Grassed waterways and diversions help to prevent

gully erosion.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 167

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the

operation of equipment.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Because of the slope, special care should be taken

when logging roads and log landings are laid out and

logging equipment is operated. Logging roads should

be designed so that they conform to the topography.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled and by installing water bars and culverts.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a severe limitation affecting community

development.

• Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

surface runoff and by seepage from septic tank

absorption fields.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting septic

tank absorption fields, excavations, and dwellings with

basements.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential in areas of the

Nollville soil may be a limitation affecting the

construction of buildings.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads in areas of the Nollville soil. Because the soil

is soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under

heavy loads.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings and roads should be designed so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land. Extensive

land shaping is necessary in most areas.

• Selecting the deepest areas of this map unit as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the

absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock and the slope.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in

areas where excavation exposes the limestone

bedrock because of the hazard of ground-water

pollution.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by the low strength

of the Nollville soil.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the

ground water from pollution.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Ryder—4R; Nollville—

5R

RvC—Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams,

8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky

Setting

These soils are on strongly sloping, convex upland

ridges and hillsides that are characterized by low relief.

They are in the Great Valley. The two soils occur as

areas so intermingled on the landscape that it was

impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Ryder soil and similar soils: 50 percent

Nollville soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Ryder

Surface layer:

0 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

9 to 25 inches—strong brown channery silty clay loam

Underlying material:

25 to 33 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery

silty clay loam

Bedrock:

33 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale
168 Soil Survey

Nollville

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—dark yellowish brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

10 to 20 inches—yellowish brown channery silty clay

loam

20 to 29 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam

29 to 41 inches—strong brown silty clay

Underlying material:

41 to 57 inches—strong brown very channery silty

clay loam

Bedrock:

57 inches—slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Ryder

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales;

mainly members of the Elbrook Formation

Nollville

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: 2 to 10 percent limestone rock outcrop

Natural fertility: Medium

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Bedrock type: Interbedded limestone and limy shales;

mainly members of the Elbrook Formation

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• The shallow Opequon soils

• Severely eroded soils

Similar soils:

• The very deep Duffield soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent or

from 15 to 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Ryder and Nollville soils have

been cleared and are used as pasture. Many

areas are wooded. A few areas are used as sites

for community development.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The rock outcrop makes tillage impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited for hay; limited suitability for

pasture

Management concerns:

• These soils are difficult to manage for pasture. The

rock outcrop limits the use of farm machinery to

manage and improve pasture.

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction and

increases the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion.

• Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution caused

by applications of herbicides and fertilizers.

• Ponds constructed for livestock water are

susceptible to seepage and have a high failure rate.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

• To protect the ground water from pollution, nutrients

in fertilizer and manure applications should not exceed

the plant requirements.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 169

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting

community development.

• The limestone rock outcrop may interfere with

excavations, including those for roads, foundations,

and septic tank absorption fields.

• Solution channels and fractures in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation affecting septic

tank absorption fields, excavations, and dwellings with

basements.

• The moderate shrink-swell potential in areas of the

Nollville soil may be a limitation on sites for buildings.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads in areas of the Nollville soil. Because the soil

is soft when wet, pavement cracks and buckles under

heavy loads.

• Erosion is a severe hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Selecting the deepest areas of this map unit as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the

absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or in

areas where excavation exposes the bedrock because

of the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by the low strength

of the Nollville soil.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the

ground water from pollution.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIs

Woodland ordination symbol: Ryder—4A; Nollville—5A

SwA—Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on nearly level, linear to slightly convex

uplands in the Great Valley. It is in areas dissected by

shallow, intermittent drainageways. Sinkholes occur in

some areas.

Composition

Swanpond soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 32 inches—yellowish brown clay

32 to 65 inches—yellowish brown and strong brown

clay that has gray mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.5 to 3.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Hagerstown and Endcav soils,
170 Soil Survey

which are in the slightly higher positions on the

landscape

• The moderately deep Carbo soils, which are near

limestone rock outcrop and in the slightly higher

positions on the landscape

• The somewhat poorly drained Poorhouse soils,

which are in depressions

• The Funkstown soils that are subject to flooding and

ponding; along concave drainageways and in

sinkholes

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are not flooded

• Soils that have a channery surface layer

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 3 to 8 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Swanpond soil have been

cleared and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or

pasture (fig. 10).

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is slight.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of pollution caused by

applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water by nutrients.

• The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

cultivation in some areas.

• Poor air drainage limits the use of this soil for

orchards.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

control erosion and to maintain fertility and tilth.

Figure 10.—A cultivated area of Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This soil is prime farmland.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 171

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

• Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations

helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil

structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding

crops.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

Management measures:

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The slow permeability in the subsoil and the wetness

limit the proper functioning of septic tank absorption

fields.

• The wetness is a limitation on sites for dwellings with

basements.

• The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a

limitation affecting foundations and footings.

• Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential are

limitations affecting the construction of roads. Because

this soil is soft when wet, pavement cracks and

buckles under heavy loads.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock

may interfere with excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and

sewer lines.

• Erosion on construction sites is a management

concern.

Management measures:

• Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption

fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to

overcome the restricted permeability.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4C

SwB—Swanpond silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping limestone uplands in

the Great Valley. It is in areas dissected by shallow,

intermittent drainageways. Sinkholes occur in some

areas.

Composition

Swanpond soil and similar soils: 75 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 25 percent
172 Soil Survey

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 35 inches—yellowish brown clay

35 to 65 inches—yellowish brown clay that has gray

mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: High

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 2.5 to

3.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Hagerstown and Endcav soils,

which are in the slightly higher positions on the

landscape

• The moderately deep Carbo soils, which are near

limestone rock outcrop and in the slightly higher

positions on the landscape

• The Funkstown soils that are subject to flooding and

ponding; along concave drainageways and in

sinkholes

• Areas of limestone rock outcrop, which can occur

singly or in parallel ridges

Similar soils:

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are not subject to flooding

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to

15 percent

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Swanpond soil have been

cleared and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or

pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited. This soil is prime farmland.

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of pollution caused by

applications of pesticides, manure, and fertilizers;

runoff from feedlots; and seepage from manure pits.

• An excessive amount of nutrients in manure and

fertilizer applications can result in the pollution of

ground water by nutrients.

• The limestone rock outcrop may limit the direction of

cultivation in some areas.

Management measures:

• Using crop rotations that include grasses, legumes,

and small grain, applying a system of conservation

tillage, growing cover crops and green manure crops,

and applying good crop residue management help to

prevent excessive erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Designing fertilizer and manure applications to meet

crop nutrient needs, using split fertilizer applications,

and applying fertilizer in bands may reduce the risk of

nutrient leaching.

• Maintaining sod filter strips around sinkholes

reduces the hazard of ground-water pollution.

• Including grasses and legumes in crop rotations

helps to minimize the loss of nutrients, improve soil

structure, and provide nitrogen for use by succeeding

crops.

• Manure should be stored in a properly designed

storage facility.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

plants, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Operating logging equipment during wet periods

when the soil is soft results in excessive rutting.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 173

• Competition from undesirable plants may slow the

growth of planted tree seedlings.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Logging should be deferred during wet periods.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The slow permeability in the subsoil and the wetness

limit the proper functioning of septic tank absorption

fields.

• The wetness is a limitation on sites for dwellings with

basements.

• The high shrink-swell potential in the subsoil is a

limitation affecting foundations and footings.

• Low strength and the high shrink-swell potential are

limitations affecting the construction of roads. Because

this soil is soft when wet, pavement cracks and

buckles under heavy loads.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields.

• In some areas the nonrippable limestone bedrock

may interfere with excavations, including those for

roads, septic tank absorption fields, foundations, and

sewer lines.

• Erosion is a moderate hazard on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Enlarging or pressurizing septic tank absorption

fields or installing alternating drainfields helps to

overcome the restricted permeability.

• Septic tank absorption fields should not be installed

in areas that are near limestone rock outcrop or

sinkholes or in areas where excavation exposes the

limestone bedrock.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIe

Woodland ordination symbol: 4C

TyA—Tygart silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on nearly level, low stream terraces,

mainly along Back Creek and, to a lesser extent, along

Opequon Creek and the Potomac River.

Composition

Tygart soil and similar soils: 85 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 15 inches—light yellowish brown silt loam that

has strong brown and brownish gray mottles

15 to 24 inches—yellowish brown silty clay loam that

has gray and strong brown mottles

24 to 47 inches—gray clay that has yellowish brown

and yellowish red mottles

47 to 59 inches—50 percent gray and 50 percent

yellowish brown silty clay that has yellowish red

mottles

Underlying material:

59 to 65 inches—gray silty clay that has yellowish

brown and yellowish red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to

1.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Slight

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Slow
174 Soil Survey

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along

drainageways

• The moderately well drained Monongahela soils

Similar soils:

• Poorly drained soils

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that slopes of more than 3 percent

• Soils that are not as clayey in the subsoil as the

Tygart soil

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Tygart soil are used for

pasture or hay. Some areas are used for cultivated

crops. A few areas are forested.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited if the soil is adequately drained

Management concerns:

• This soil must be properly protected if cultivated

crops are grown year after year.

• The wetness may delay tillage and planting in the

spring.

• Draining this soil is difficult because of the slow

permeability in the subsoil.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, deferred tillage during wet

periods, winter cover crops, a crop rotation that

includes hay, and good crop residue management

help to maintain soil tilth and fertility and to control

erosion.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water

table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Grazing should be deferred in the spring until the

soil is firm.

• Water-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Trees are susceptible to windthrow when the soil is

wet.

Management measures:

• The tree species that can withstand the wetness

should be selected for planting.

• Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill

and gravel.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining

trees widely spaced reduce the hazard of windthrow.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The wetness is the main limitation on sites for

buildings, especially buildings with basements.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in the winter

and spring.

• The wetness and the slow permeability are

severe limitations on sites for septic tank absorption

fields.

• Low strength and the wetness are limitations on

sites for local roads and streets. Because this soil is

soft when wet, pavement cracks under heavy loads.

Management measures:

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a

better suited soil should be considered for onsite

sewage disposal.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by low strength and wetness.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 175

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W

TyB—Tygart silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

Setting

This soil is on gently sloping, low stream terraces,

mainly along Back Creek and, to a lesser extent, along

Opequon Creek.

Composition

Tygart soil and similar soils: 80 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Surface layer:

0 to 10 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

10 to 17 inches—yellowish brown silty clay that has

gray, light yellowish brown, and strong brown

mottles

17 to 35 inches—gray silty clay that has yellowish

brown and grayish brown mottles

35 to 55 inches—dark gray silty clay that has strong

brown mottles

Underlying material:

55 to 59 inches—light brownish gray clay that has

strong brown and gray mottles

59 to 65 inches—gray clay that has brown, yellowish

brown, and yellowish red mottles

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: 0.5 foot to

1.5 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Clearbrook soils

• The moderately well drained Monongahela soils

• The poorly drained Atkins soils, which are along

drainageways

Similar soils:

• Poorly drained soils

• Soils that have a gravelly surface layer

• Soils that are not as clayey in the subsoil as the

Tygart soil

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Tygart soil are used for

pasture or hay. Some areas are used for cultivated

crops. A few areas are forested.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited if the soil is adequately drained

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a moderate hazard in unprotected

areas.

• The wetness may delay tillage and planting in the

spring.

• Draining this soil is difficult because of the slow

permeability in the subsoil.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, deferred

tillage when the soil is wet, winter cover crops, a crop

rotation that includes hay, and good crop residue

management help to maintain soil tilth and fertility and

to control erosion.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited; better suited to grasses than to

legumes because of the seasonal high water

table

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a healthy cover of sod

and preventing overgrazing are major pasture

management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a moderate

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• Because this soil is soft when wet, grazing early in

spring damages the sod.
176 Soil Survey

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a planned grazing system,

and deferred grazing during wet periods help to keep

pastures in good condition.

• Grazing should be deferred in the spring until the

soil is firm.

• Water-tolerant species should be selected for

planting.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage plants.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderately high

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The use of equipment is restricted during wet

periods because this soil is soft when wet.

• Competition from weeds may slow the growth of

planted tree seedlings.

• Trees are susceptible to windthrow when this soil is

wet.

Management measures:

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

• Year-round logging roads require additions of roadfill

and gravel.

• Adequately preparing the site helps to control the

initial plant competition in tree plantations, and

spraying helps to control subsequent competition.

• Harvest methods that do not leave the remaining

trees widely spaced reduce the hazard of windthrow.

• The tree species that can withstand the wetness

should be selected for planting.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The wetness is the main limitation on sites for

buildings, especially buildings with basements.

• The wetness is a limitation affecting excavation and

trafficability and may delay construction in the winter

and spring.

• The wetness and the slow permeability are severe

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

• Low strength and the wetness are limitations on

sites for local roads and streets. Because this soil is

soft when wet, pavement cracks under heavy loads.

• The hazard of erosion is moderate on construction

sites.

Management measures:

• Buildings can be constructed on well compacted fill

material, which raises the site a sufficient distance

above the water table.

• Installing a drainage system around structures that

have basements or crawl spaces helps to overcome

the wetness.

• An alternative to a septic tank absorption field or a

better suited soil should be considered for onsite

sewage disposal.

• Installing a drainage system and providing a suitable

road base that includes the installation of properly

designed geotextiles help to prevent the road damage

caused by low strength and wetness.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIw

Woodland ordination symbol: 4W

Ua—Udorthents, smoothed

Setting

These soils are in nearly level to very steep areas

that have been drastically disturbed by excavating,

grading, filling, or a combination of these practices.

Most areas of the soils are the result of road

construction, such as those along Interstate 81, or

construction of commercial or industrial buildings,

schools, or recreational sites, such as ball fields.

Composition

Udorthents: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Because the characteristics of these soils vary so

much, a representative profile is not given. The surface

layer of these soils ranges from sandy loam to clay

with a wide range in size, amount, and kind of rock

fragments. Generally, the soils derived from materials

excavated from areas underlain by limestone are

clayey in texture, while the soils derived from materials

excavated from areas underlain by shale or sandstone

are loamy in texture.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Drainage class: Varies

Permeability: Varies; commonly slow or very slow

because the soils have been compacted by heavy

equipment

Available water capacity: Varies
Berkeley County, West Virginia 177

Seasonal high water table: Varies

Flooding: Varies

Shrink-swell potential: Varies

Erosion hazard: Varies

Stoniness: Varies

Rockiness: Varies

Natural fertility: Varies

Reaction: In unlimed areas, varies

Surface runoff: Varies

Depth to bedrock: Varies from very shallow in

excavated areas to very deep in filled areas

Bedrock type: Varies; bedrock exposed in some of the

excavated areas

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The very deep Hagerstown, Duffield, Funkstown,

and Swanpond soils

• The deep Nollville soils

• The moderately deep Berks, Carbo, and Ryder soils

• The shallow Opequon and Weikert soils

• Wet soils

• Areas of rock outcrop

• Areas of urban land

• Areas that are subject to flooding

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of these soils are used as interstate

rights-of-way, for commercial or industrial

purposes, as school grounds, or for recreation.

Cropland

Suitability: Generally not suited

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Generally not suited

Woodland

Potential productivity: Varies, but generally low

Management concerns: Because these soils

commonly are compacted and have a low content

of organic matter, it may be necessary to add

organic matter, in the form of compost or peat

moss, to the soils when trees are planted.

Community Development

Suitability: Varies too much to rate. An onsite

investigation is necessary to determine the

suitability of these soils as sites for sanitary

facilities, buildings, and other development.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Not assigned

Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned

Ub—Urban land

Setting

This map unit consists of highly developed areas,

mostly in Martinsburg and along Interstate 81.

Composition

Urban land: 90 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Because the original soil has been disturbed, a

representative pedon is not given.

Soil Properties and Qualities

Most areas of this unit have been smoothed, and

the original soil has been disturbed, filled over, or

otherwise destroyed prior to construction. The unit

consist of areas where at least 90 percent of the

surface is covered by asphalt, concrete, or other

impervious material (fig. 11). Examples of urban

structures and works include industrial complexes,

shopping malls, business center parking lots, and

buildings.

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The well drained Hagerstown soils

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• The shallow Opequon soils

• The moderately deep Carbo soils

• Small areas of the Funkstown soils that are subject

to flooding; along concave drainageways

• Areas of rock outcrop

• Areas of Udorthents, smoothed

Use and Management

Uses: The Urban land is used for homes, shopping

malls, schools, factories, roads, cemeteries,

railroads, and industrial facilities.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited

Community Development

Suitability: Onsite investigation is needed to determine

the limitations affecting any proposed use.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Not assigned

Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned
178 Soil Survey

UkC—Urban land-Berks complex, 0 to

15 percent slopes

Setting

This map unit consists of nearly level areas covered

by buildings, roads, railroads, parking lots, and other

urban structures and of gently sloping or strongly

sloping areas of upland soils. The Urban land and the

Berks soil occur as areas so intermingled on the

landscape that it was impractical to separate them in

mapping.

Composition

Urban land: 45 percent

Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

 Representative Profile

Urban land

Because the original soil has been disturbed, a

representative profile is not given.

Berks

Surface layer:

0 to 7 inches—brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

7 to 12 inches—yellowish brown channery silt loam

12 to 21 inches—variegated yellowish brown and

strong brown very channery silt loam

Underlying material:

21 to 25 inches—variegated strong brown and

yellowish brown extremely channery silt loam

Bedrock:

25 inches—yellowish brown shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Urban land

Most areas have been smoothed, and the original

soil has been disturbed, filled over, or otherwise

destroyed prior to construction. In most areas the

surface is impervious to water. Examples of urban

Figure 11.—An area of Urban land in Berkeley County.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 179

structures and works include industrial complexes,

shopping malls, business center parking lots, and

buildings.

Berks

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

slightly acid (pH 4.5 to 6.5)

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid Martinsburg

Shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Clearbrook soils

• The well drained Pope soils, moderately well drained

Philo soils, and poorly drained Atkins soils that are

subject to flooding; along narrow drainageways

• Areas of Udorthents, smoothed, that have been cut

and filled

• Severely eroded soils

Similar soils:

• The shallow Weikert soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 8 to 15 percent

• Soils that are 40 to 60 inches deep over bedrock

Use and Management

Uses: This map unit is used for urban development.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate or severe on

construction sites.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation on sites for

septic tank absorption fields.

• The depth to bedrock and the slope are moderate

limitations affecting excavations, building site

development, and construction of roads. In most

areas, however, the shale bedrock is soft enough to

be excavated with conventional earthmoving

equipment.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on the droughty Berks soil,

especially on south aspects.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer and the

droughtiness make establishment of lawns difficult in

areas of the Berks soil.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Sanitary facilities should be connected to public

sewers and sewage treatment facilities.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with

straw.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Not assigned

Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned

UvC—Urban land-Carbo-Endcav complex,

0 to 15 percent slopes

Setting

This map unit consists of nearly level areas covered

by buildings, roads, railroads, parking lots, and other

urban structures and of gently sloping or strongly

sloping areas in the uplands. Sinkholes are common in

some areas. The Urban land and the Carbo and

Endcav soils overlie the Chambersburg and New

Market Limestones, generally in Martinsburg and the

surrounding area. The Urban land and the two soils

occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that

it was impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Urban land: 45 percent

Carbo soil and similar soils: 25 percent

Endcav soil and similar soils: 20 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 10 percent

Representative Profile

Urban land

Because the original soil has been disturbed, a

representative profile is not given.

Carbo

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

2 to 9 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay
180 Soil Survey

Subsoil:

9 to 18 inches—variegated strong brown and yellowish

brown clay

18 to 28 inches—variegated yellowish brown and

strong brown clay

28 to 34 inches—variegated dark yellowish brown,

strong brown, and yellowish brown clay

Bedrock:

34 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Endcav

Surface layer:

0 to 8 inches—brown silty clay loam

Subsoil:

8 to 23 inches—strong brown clay

23 to 41 inches—strong brown clay that has

many pockets of coarse yellowish brown

loam

Bedrock:

41 inches—gray limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Urban land

Most areas have been smoothed, and the original

soils have been disturbed, filled over, or otherwise

destroyed prior to construction. In most areas the

surface is impervious to water. Examples of urban

structures and works include industrial complexes,

shopping malls, business center parking lots, and

buildings.

Carbo

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches; the bedrock is

steeply tilted under this soil, and soil depth may

vary greatly within short distances

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure Chambersburg and

New Market Limestones

Endcav

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow (0.06 to 0.2 inch per hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: High in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: High

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches; the bedrock is

steeply tilted under this soil, and soil depth may

vary greatly within short distances

Bedrock type: Hard, nearly pure limestone, mainly

members of the Chambersburg and New Market

Formations

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils

• Areas of Udorthents, smoothed, that have been cut

and filled

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding; along narrow drainageways

• Areas of rock outcrop

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

clay

Similar soils:

• The shallow Opequon soils

• The very deep Hagerstown soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops,

hay, pasture, or woodland. Most areas are used as

sites for community development. Open areas are

used mainly for lawns or home gardens.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock,

the high shrink-swell potential, and, in some areas, the

slope are the main limitations affecting the

construction of buildings and excavations, including

those for roads, sewer systems, and foundations. In

most areas the hard bedrock has to be blasted before

it can be excavated.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 181

• The slow permeability limits the proper functioning of

septic tank absorption fields.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields and by

storm-water runoff.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads.

• Erosion can be severe on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Properly designing and strengthening footings and

foundations can help to prevent the structural damage

caused by shrinking and swelling.

• Sanitary facilities should be connected to public

sewers and sewage treatment facilities.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength and

by shrinking and swelling.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Not assigned

Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned

UwC—Urban land-Hagerstown complex,

0 to 15 percent slopes

Setting

This map unit consists of nearly level areas covered

by buildings, roads, railroads, parking lots, and other

urban structures and of gently sloping or strongly

sloping areas on uplands. Sinkholes are common in

some areas. The Urban land and the Hagerstown soil

are mapped mostly in Martinsburg and the

surrounding area, but they occur throughout the Great

Valley. They occur as areas so intermingled on the

landscape that it was impractical to separate them in

mapping.

Composition

Urban land: 40 percent

Hagerstown and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Urban land

Because the original soil has been disturbed, a

representative profile is not given.

Hagerstown

Surface layer:

0 to 12 inches—brown silt loam

Subsoil:

12 to 20 inches—strong brown silt loam

20 to 42 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong

brown silty clay

42 to 55 inches—variegated yellowish red and strong

brown silty clay loam

55 to 71 inches—variegated strong brown and dark

yellowish brown silty clay loam

Bedrock:

71 inches—hard, bluish gray limestone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Urban land

Most areas have been smoothed, and the original

soil has been disturbed, filled over, or otherwise

destroyed prior to construction. In most areas the

surface is impervious to water. Examples of urban

structures and works include industrial complexes,

shopping malls, business center parking lots, and

buildings.

Hagerstown

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate (0.6 inch to 2.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Moderate or high

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Moderate in the subsoil

Erosion hazard: Moderate or severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Medium or high

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Surface runoff: Medium or rapid

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Bedrock type: Hard, nonrippable limestone

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately deep Carbo soils and the shallow

Opequon soils

• The moderately well drained Funkstown soils that

are subject to flooding and ponding; along shallow

drainageways and in sinkholes

• The moderately well drained Swanpond soils
182 Soil Survey

• Areas of Udorthents, smoothed, that have been cut

and filled

• Areas of rock outcrop

• Severely eroded soils that have a surface layer of

silty clay

Similar soils:

• The well drained Duffield soils

• Soils that have slopes ranging from 15 to

25 percent

• The deep Endcav soils

Use and Management

Uses: This map unit is not suited to cultivated crops,

hay, pasture, or woodland. Most areas are used as

sites for community development. Open areas are

used mainly for lawns or home gardens.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The depth to hard, nonrippable limestone bedrock

and the slope are the main limitations affecting

the construction of buildings and excavations,

including those for roads, sewer systems, and

foundations.

• Sinkholes and solution channels in the bedrock

increase the hazard of ground-water pollution by

seepage from septic tank absorption fields and by

storm-water runoff.

• Low strength is a limitation affecting the construction

of roads.

• Erosion can be severe on construction sites.

Management measures:

• Sanitary facilities should be connected to public

sewers and sewage treatment facilities.

• Providing a suitable road base that includes the

installation of properly designed geotextiles helps to

prevent the road damage caused by low strength.

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation and to protect the

ground water from pollution.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: Not assigned

Woodland ordination symbol: Not assigned

W—Water

This map unit consists of areas inundated with

water for most of the year and generally includes

rivers, lakes, and ponds. No interpretations are given

for this map unit.

WbB—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams

complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on gently sloping, slightly convex,

dissected shale uplands, mostly in the western part of

the county. They occur as areas so intermingled on the

landscape that it was impractical to separate them in

mapping.

Composition

Weikert soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent

Representative Profile

Weikert

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt

loam

Underlying material:

14 to 18 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery

silt loam

Bedrock:

18 inches—dark gray to light gray, fractured shale and

siltstone

Berks

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—brown very channery silt loam

14 to 26 inches—yellowish brown very channery loam

Underlying material:

26 to 36 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery

silt loam

Bedrock:

36 inches—light olive brown and dark grayish brown,

fractured shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Weikert

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet
Berkeley County, West Virginia 183

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to

moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Berks

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Moderate

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to

moderately acid (pH 3.6 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Medium

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Clearbrook soils,

which are in depressions and on head slopes

• Severely eroded soils

Similar soils:

• The well drained, reddish Calvin soils

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

bedrock

• Soils that have a very channery surface

layer

• Soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent

or more than 8 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Weikert and Berks soils have

been cleared and are used for pasture or hay.

Some areas are wooded. A few small areas are

used for cultivated crops or orchards or as building

sites.

Cropland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas.

• Droughtiness during the growing season and the low

natural fertility are management concerns.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, cover crops,

a cropping sequence that includes grasses and

legumes, and good crop residue management

help to control erosion and to maintain fertility and

tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better

suited to early maturing small grain than to late

maturing crops, such as corn.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and adding

other organic material help to conserve soil moisture.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure maximum production.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites

where ponds or springs can be developed generally

are available along nearby drainageways.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, a rotation grazing system,

and applications of lime and fertilizer help to keep

pastures productive and to control runoff and erosion.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum results.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high

Management concerns:

• The limited depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility,

and the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality

rate.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.
184 Soil Survey

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

• Building logging roads and skid trails on the contour

and seeding the roads and trails when they are no

longer being used help to control erosion.

Community Development

Suitability: Limited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is moderate on construction

sites.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation on sites for

septic tank absorption fields.

• The depth to bedrock is a moderate limitation

affecting excavations, building site development, and

construction of roads. In most areas, however, the

shale bedrock is soft enough to be excavated with

conventional earthmoving equipment.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils,

especially on south aspects.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer and the

droughtiness make establishment of lawns difficult.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the

absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Weikert—3D; Berks—4F

WbC—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams,

8 to 15 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on strongly sloping, convex,

dissected shale uplands. The Weikert soil is on the

more sloping shoulder slopes and nose slopes, and

the Berks soil is on the less sloping ridgetops and

shoulder slopes. The two soils occur as areas so

intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical

to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Weikert soil and similar soils: 45 percent

Berks soil and similar soils: 40 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Weikert

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt

loam

Underlying material:

14 to 18 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery

silt loam

Bedrock:

18 inches—dark gray to light gray, fractured shale and

siltstone

Berks

Surface layer:

0 to 6 inches—dark brown channery silt loam

Subsoil:

6 to 14 inches—brown very channery silt loam

14 to 26 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt

loam

Underlying material:

26 to 36 inches—yellowish brown extremely channery

silt loam

Bedrock:

36 inches—light olive brown and dark grayish brown,

fractured shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Weikert

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low
Berkeley County, West Virginia 185

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to

moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Berks

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to

moderately acid (pH 3.6 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The somewhat poorly drained Clearbrook soils,

which are on gently sloping ridgetops and on head

slopes

• Severely eroded soils

Similar soils:

• Small areas of the well drained, reddish Calvin soils,

which are in the western part of the county

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

bedrock

• Soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more

than 15 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Weikert and Berks soils are

wooded. Some areas have been cleared and are

used for pasture or hay. A few small areas are

used for cultivated crops or orchards or as sites

for community development.

Cropland

Suitability: Poorly suited; better suited to hay and

pasture because of the severe hazard of erosion

and droughtiness

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe.

• The droughtiness during the growing season and the

low natural fertility are management concerns.

Management measures:

• Conservation tillage, contour farming, contour

stripcropping, cover crops, a cropping sequence that

includes grasses and legumes, and good crop residue

management help to control erosion and to maintain

fertility and tilth.

• Because of the droughtiness, these soils are better

suited to early maturing small grain than to late

maturing crops, such as corn.

• Leaving crop residue on the surface and

adding other organic material help to conserve soil

moisture.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure maximum production.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Suited

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites

where ponds or springs can be developed generally

are available along nearby drainageways.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate or moderately high

Management concerns:

• The depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, and

the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality

rate, especially on south aspects.

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

Management measures:

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.
186 Soil Survey

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

white pine, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe on construction

sites.

• The depth to bedrock is a limitation on sites for

septic tank absorption fields.

• The depth to bedrock and the slope are moderate

limitations affecting excavations, building site

development, and construction of roads. In most

areas, however, the shale bedrock is soft enough

to be excavated with conventional earthmoving

equipment.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils,

especially on south aspects.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer and

the droughtiness make establishment of lawns

difficult.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the

absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock and the slope.

• Buildings should be designed so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land. Land shaping is

necessary in some areas.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with

straw.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: IVe

Woodland ordination symbol: Weikert—3D; Berks—4F

WbD—Weikert-Berks channery silt loams,

15 to 25 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on moderately steep, convex,

dissected shale uplands. The Weikert soil is on the

more sloping shoulder slopes and nose slopes, and

the Berks soil is on the less sloping ridgetops and

shoulder slopes. The two soils occur as areas so

intermingled on the landscape that it was impractical

to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Weikert soil and similar soils: 50 percent

Berks soil and similar soils: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Weikert

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

4 to 14 inches—yellowish brown very channery

silt loam

Underlying material:

14 to 18 inches—yellowish brown, extremely friable

channery silt loam

Bedrock:

18 inches—dark gray to light gray, fractured shale

and siltstone

Berks

Surface layer:

0 to 4 inches—dark brown channery silt

loam

Subsoil:

4 to 14 inches—brown very channery silt

loam

14 to 26 inches—yellowish brown very channery

silt loam

Underlying material:

26 to 36 inches—yellowish brown extremely

channery loam

Bedrock:

36 inches—light olive brown and dark grayish brown,

fractured shale
Berkeley County, West Virginia 187

Soil Properties and Qualities

Weikert

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to

moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Berks

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to

moderately acid (pH 3.6 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• Soils that are less than 10 inches deep over bedrock

• Severely eroded soils

• Small areas of shale rock outcrop

• Small areas of the Atkins, Philo, and Pope soils that

are subject to flooding; along narrow drainageways

Similar soils:

• Small areas of the well drained, reddish Calvin soils,

which are in the western part of the county

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

bedrock

• Soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or

more than 25 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Weikert and Berks soils are

wooded. Some areas are used for pasture or hay.

A few small areas are used as sites for community

development.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The moderately steep slope, the severe hazard of

erosion, droughtiness, and the low natural fertility

make cultivation impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; limited suitability for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites

where ponds or springs can be developed generally

are available along nearby drainageways.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderate or moderately high on north aspects

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a management concern on logging roads

and skid trails.

• The slope is a moderate limitation affecting the

operation of equipment.

• The depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, and

the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality

rate, especially on south aspects.

Management measures:

• The hazard of erosion can be reduced by building

logging roads and skid trails on the contour; seeding

logging roads, log landings, and areas that have been
188 Soil Survey

cut and filled to perennial grasses and legumes; and

installing water bars and culverts.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

Scotch pine, white pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

Community Development

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns:

• The hazard of erosion is severe on construction

sites.

• The depth to bedrock and the slope are severe

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

Effluent from absorption fields may surface in

downslope areas.

• The slope is a severe limitation affecting

excavations, building site development, and

construction of roads. In most areas extensive land

shaping is necessary. The shale bedrock in most

areas is soft enough to be excavated with conventional

earthmoving equipment.

• Establishing and maintaining vegetation on

roadbanks is difficult on these droughty soils,

especially on south aspects.

• The rock fragments in the surface layer and the

droughtiness make establishment of lawns difficult.

Management measures:

• Maintaining the plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

providing for proper disposal of surface runoff help to

control erosion and sedimentation.

• Selecting the deepest areas of these soils as sites

for septic tank absorption fields, installing the

absorption fields on the contour, and enlarging the

absorption fields can help to overcome the depth to

bedrock.

• Buildings and roads should be designed so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as tall fescue and

crownvetch, should be selected for planting on

roadbanks. Seeded areas should be mulched with

straw.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Weikert—3R; Berks—3R

on south aspects and 4R on north aspects

WkF—Weikert-Berks very channery silt

loams, 25 to 70 percent slopes

Setting

These soils are on steep or very steep, convex,

dissected shale uplands. The Weikert soil is dominant

on south aspects and on very steep shoulder slopes

and nose slopes, and the Berks soil is dominant on

north aspects and on steep side slopes. The two soils

occur as areas so intermingled on the landscape that

it was impractical to separate them in mapping.

Composition

Weikert soil and similar soils: 50 percent

Berks soil and similar soils: 35 percent

Dissimilar inclusions: 15 percent

Representative Profile

Weikert

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown very channery

silt loam

Subsoil:

2 to 13 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt

loam

Bedrock:

13 inches—tilted and fractured, gray shale

Berks

Surface layer:

0 to 2 inches—dark brown very channery silt loam

Subsoil:

2 to 12 inches—dark yellowish brown very channery

loam

12 to 24 inches—yellowish brown very channery silt

loam

Bedrock:

24 inches—yellowish brown shale

Soil Properties and Qualities

Weikert

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid (2.0 to 6.0 inches per

hour)

Available water capacity: Very low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None
Berkeley County, West Virginia 189

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to

moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Berks

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid (0.6 inch

to 6.0 inches per hour)

Available water capacity: Very low or low

Depth to the seasonal high water table: More than

6 feet

Flooding: None

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Erosion hazard: Very severe

Stoniness: None

Rockiness: None

Natural fertility: Low

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to

moderately acid (pH 3.6 to 6.0)

Surface runoff: Very rapid

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Bedrock type: Soft, rippable, acid shale

Minor Components

Dissimilar inclusions:

• The moderately well drained Buchanan soils, which

are on small, concave footslopes

• Small areas of the Atkins, Philo, and Pope soils that

are subject to flooding; along narrow drainageways

• Severely eroded soils

• Areas of shale rock outcrop

• Soils that are less than 10 inches deep over bedrock

Similar soils:

• The somewhat excessively drained Dekalb soils

• The well drained, reddish Calvin soils, which are in

the western part of the county

• Soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

bedrock

• Soils that have slopes of less than 25 percent or

more than 70 percent

Use and Management

Uses: Most areas of the Weikert and Berks soils are

wooded. A few small areas have been cleared and

are used as pasture.

Cropland

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The steep or very steep slope, the droughtiness,

and the low natural fertility make cultivation

impractical.

Pasture and Hayland

Suitability: Not suited to hay; difficult to manage for

pasture

Management concerns:

• Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are major

pasture management concerns.

• Overgrazing causes surface compaction, increases

the runoff rate and the hazard of erosion, and reduces

the vigor of the plant cover.

• If pastures are overgrazed, erosion is a severe

hazard in areas where the plant cover has been

destroyed.

• The droughtiness limits forage production during

midsummer.

• Because of the slope, it is difficult to safely operate

conventional equipment used in clipping and in

applying fertilizer.

• Water for livestock is scarce, but potential sites

where ponds or springs can be developed generally

are available along nearby drainageways.

Management measures:

• Proper stocking rates, uniform distribution of grazing,

and a planned grazing system help to keep pastures

in good condition.

• Applying lime and fertilizer according to the results

of soil tests helps to ensure the maximum growth of

forage, especially legumes.

Woodland

Potential productivity: Moderate on south aspects;

moderate or moderately high on north

aspects

Management concerns:

• Erosion is a severe hazard on logging sites.

• Operating logging equipment is hazardous because

of the steep and very steep slopes.

• The depth to bedrock, the low natural fertility, and

the droughtiness result in a high seedling mortality

rate, especially on south aspects.

Management measures:

• Because of the slope, special care should be taken

when logging roads and log landings are laid out

and logging equipment is operated. Logging roads

should be designed so that they conform to the

topography.

• Because of the erosion hazard, water should be

removed from logging roads by water bars, out-sloping

or in-sloping road surfaces, culverts, and drop

structures. Building logging roads on the contour or on

the gentler slopes and seeding logging roads, skid
190

trails, and log landings to perennial grasses and

legumes after the trees are logged also help to prevent

excessive erosion.

• Planting nursery stock that is larger than is typical or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate.

• Planting should be timed so that seedlings can take

full advantage of spring rains.

• Drought-tolerant species, such as Virginia pine,

Scotch pine, white pine, and Norway spruce, should

be selected for planting.

• Tree plantations should be on north-facing slopes

where possible.

Community Development

Suitability: Not suited

Management concerns:

• The steep and very steep slopes and the depth to

bedrock are severe limitations affecting community

development. A better suited soil should be selected

for development.

Interpretive Groups

Land capability classification: VIIe

Woodland ordination symbol: Weikert—3R; Berks—3R

on south aspects and 4R on north aspects
191

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important

farmland defined by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the

Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and

fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is

limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes

that responsible levels of government, as well as

individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise

use of our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, is the land that is best suited to food,

feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops. It may be

cultivated land, pasture, woodland, or other land, but it

is not urban or built-up land or water areas. It either is

used for food or fiber crops or is available for those

crops. The soil qualities, growing season, and moisture

supply are those needed for a well managed soil to

produce a sustained high yield of crops in an

economic manner. Prime farmland produces the

highest yields with minimal expenditure of energy and

economic resources, and farming it results in the least

damage to the environment.

Prime farmland has an adequate and dependable

supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation. The

Prime Farmland

Figure 12.—Homes constructed in an area of Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, which formerly was prime farmland.
192

temperature and growing season are favorable. The

level of acidity or alkalinity is acceptable. Prime

farmland has few or no rocks and is permeable to

water and air. It is not excessively erodible or

saturated with water for long periods and is not

frequently flooded during the growing season. The

slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed

information about the criteria for prime farmland is

available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

About 43,000 acres in the survey area, or nearly 21

percent of the total acreage, meets the soil

requirements for prime farmland. Many areas of this

land are along Back Creek in the western part of the

county, but most are in the Shenandoah Valley. Most of

this prime farmland is used for crops or orchards. The

crops grown on this land, mainly corn, soybeans, and

apples, account for much of the county’s total

agricultural income each year.

A recent trend in land use in some parts of the

county has been the loss of some prime farmland to

urban uses (fig. 12). The loss of prime farmland to

other uses puts pressure on marginal lands, which

generally are more erodible, droughty, less productive,

and cannot be easily cultivated.

The map units in the survey area that are

considered prime farmland are listed in table 5. This

list does not constitute a recommendation for a

particular land use. The extent of each listed map unit

is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the

detailed soil maps at the back of this publication. The

soil qualities that affect use and management are

described under the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Some soils not listed in table 5 would be classified

as prime farmland if certain limitations were overcome.

For example, Atkins silt loam, Dunning silt loam, and

Tygart silt loam would be considered prime farmland if

they were adequately drained.
193

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis in predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,

highways and other transportation systems, and parks

and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat.

It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations

of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent

construction failures caused by unfavorable soil

properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain

or create a land use pattern in harmony with the

natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate

sources of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil.

They can use it to identify areas where bedrock,

wetness, or very firm soil layers can cause difficulty

in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers,

and others may also find this survey useful. The

survey can help them plan the safe disposal of

wastes and locate sites for pavements, sidewalks,

campgrounds, playgrounds, lawns, and trees and

shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

Norman L. DeLawder, district conservationist, and Orland C.

Parks, Jr., staff agronomist, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, helped to prepare this section.

General management needed for crops and pasture

is suggested in this section. The crops or pasture

plants best suited to the soils, including some not

commonly grown in the survey area, are identified; the

system of land capability classification used by the

Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained;

and the estimated yields of the main crops and hay

and pasture plants are listed for each soil.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider the detailed

information given in the description of each soil under

the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific

information can be obtained from the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or the

Cooperative Extension Service.

In 1997, about 59,600 acres in the survey area was

used for crops, hay, or pasture (USDA 1999). Of this

total, about 5,400 acres was used for row crops,

mainly corn; 2,600 acres was used for close-growing

crops, mainly soybeans, wheat, oats, and barley;

17,400 acres was used as hayland; 24,200 acres was

in pasture; and 7,000 acres was used for orchards.

The field crops that can be grown in the county include

corn, soybeans, sorghum/sudan, wheat, oats, rye, and

barley. In recent years a considerable acreage of

farmland has been converted to nonfarm uses. The

total acreage for all land in farms in the county was

about 72,600 acres in 1997, down from about 80,300

acres in 1987 (USDA 1999; U.S. Department of

Commerce 1994).

Most of the soils in the county respond well to

applications of lime and fertilizer. The amount of lime

and fertilizer needed depends on the types of soils,

the cropping history, the kinds of crops to be grown,

and the desired yields. Soils that formed in material

Use and Management of the Soils
194 Soil Survey

weathered from limestone bedrock, such as the

Hagerstown, Swanpond, Endcav, Duffield, and Carbo

soils, generally have a higher content of the basic

nutrients needed for plant growth than the soils that

formed in material weathered from acid shale bedrock,

such as the Berks and Weikert soils. Laboratory

analyses of soil samples can help to determine

specific needs.

Soil erosion is a hazard on most of the cropland in

the county, and controlling erosion is a major

management concern. Loss of the surface layer as a

result of erosion reduces the productivity of the soil,

the level of fertility, and the water-holding capacity of

the soil. Erosion is especially damaging to soils that

have a clayey subsoil, such as the Hagerstown,

Swanpond, Endcav, Carbo, and Caneyville soils, and

to soils that tend to be droughty, such as the Berks

and Weikert soils.

Management practices that provide a protective

surface cover help to control erosion by reducing the

rate of runoff and increasing the rate of water

infiltration. Examples of these management practices

are crop rotations that include grasses, legumes, and

small grain; conservation tillage; winter cover crops;

and crop residue management. Engineering practices,

such as stripcropping, grassed waterways, and

terracing, can be very effective in controlling erosion

but are not commonly used in the county because

most of the cropland has short, irregularly shaped

slopes.

Improving or maintaining tilth is a management

concern on most of the soils used as cropland in the

county. Most of these soils have a surface layer of silt

loam and a low content of organic matter. After periods

of heavy rainfall, they tend to form a crust on the

surface, which reduces the rate of water infiltration and

increases the rate of runoff and of erosion. Tilth is also

a management concern on soils that have a high

content of clay in the plow layer. Examples are the

Endcav, Carbo, and Opequon soils. If plowed when

wet, these soils tend to become cloddy as they dry. As

a result, it is difficult to prepare a good seedbed. Tilth

can be maintained or improved by no-till planting,

growing green manure crops, applying crop residue

management, adding manure, and tilling at the proper

soil moisture content.

The pasture plants that are common in the county

include orchardgrass, bluegrass, tall fescue, and

clovers. Most improved pastures consist of mixtures of

orchardgrass and ladino clover. Pastures of coolseason plants provide most of the grazing in the

spring and fall. Warm-season grasses, such as

switchgrass, are being established to provide grazing

in the summer.

Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and preventing overgrazing are the main

pasture management concerns. Overgrazing

increases the runoff rate and the rate of erosion.

Maintenance of stocking rates within the grazing

capacity, a rotation grazing system, deferred grazing,

weed control, restricted grazing during wet periods,

and applications of lime and fertilizer are major

pasture management practices.

The major hay plants are alfalfa, smooth

bromegrass, orchardgrass, red clover, and ladino

clover. Most of the soils that formed in material

weathered from limestone, such as the Hagerstown,

Duffield, Carbo, and Endcav soils, are suited to

alfalfa and clover. Maintaining a good stand of alfalfa

requires a high level of soil fertility and proper

management.

The main specialty crops are apples and peaches

(fig. 13). Many of the orchards in the county are in

areas of the Duffield, Ryder, and Nollville soils along

Apple Pie Ridge in the western part of the

Shenandoah Valley. Other specialty crops include

Christmas trees, cherries, plums, raspberries, truck

crops, and watercress. The watercress is grown in

areas of the very poorly drained Fairplay soils.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected

of the principal crops under a high level of

management are shown in table 6. In any given year,

yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in

the table because of variations in rainfall and other

climatic factors. The land capability classification also

is shown in the table.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations are also

considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the

proper planting and seeding rates; suitable highyielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage;

control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects;

favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is
Berkeley County, West Virginia 195

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Crops other than those shown in table 6 are grown

in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed

because the acreage of such crops is small. The local

office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service

or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide

information about the management and productivity of

the soils for those crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops.

Crops that require special management are excluded.

The soils are grouped according to their limitations for

field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for

crops, and the way they respond to management. The

criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major

and generally expensive landforming that would

change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the

soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major

reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a

substitute for interpretations designed to show

suitability and limitations of groups of soils for

woodland or for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally grouped

at three levels: capability class, subclass, and unit

(USDA 1961). Only class and subclass are used in

this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by Roman numerals I through VIII. The

numerals indicate progressively greater limitations and

narrower choices for practical use. The classes are

defined as follows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their

use.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce

Figure 13.—In the foreground, a young peach orchard in an area of Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes. In the background is

an apple orchard in an area of Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes.
196 Soil Survey

the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require special

conservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations that

reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other

limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations that

make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that nearly preclude their use for

commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one

class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,

w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The

letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of

erosion unless close-growing plant cover is maintained

(fig. 14); w shows that water in or on the soil interferes

with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils the

wetness can be partly corrected by artificial

drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly

because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c,

used in only some parts of the United States, shows

that the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or

very dry.

In class I there are no subclasses because the soils

of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only

the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the

soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They

Figure 14.—A cultivated area of Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, which has a moderate hazard of erosion. The land

capability subclass is IIe.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 197

have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture,

woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation.

The acreage of soils in each capability class and

subclass is shown in table 7. The capability

classification of the map units in this survey area is

given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in

the yields table.

Woodland Management and Productivity

Barbara A. McWhorter, staff forester, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

About 122,900 acres, or nearly 60 percent of the

county, is forested. Most of this acreage is privately

owned. Only about 1,200 acres is noncommercial

forest land (Bones 1978). The West Virginia

Department of Natural Resources manages a large

tract of forest land on Sleepy Creek and Third Hill

Mountains in the western part of the county.

The most common forest types, or natural

associations of tree species, are the oak-hickory type,

which makes up about 62 percent of the commercial

forest land, and the Virginia-pitch pine type, which

makes up about 11 percent. The maple-beech-birch

type makes up about 7 percent, and the remainder of

the acreage is covered by other hardwood and pine

types.

The oak-hickory type is in areas throughout the

county. Most of the Virginia-pitch pine type is on

southern or western exposures or in areas of soils that

are shallow over bedrock, such as the Weikert soils.

The maple-beech-birch type is on north aspects at the

higher elevations in the county.

Soil properties have a strong influence on tree

species, tree growth, and woodland management. The

depth and texture of soils, for example, affect the

available water-holding capacity, which influences the

occurrence of a species and the rate of growth. Other

features, such as slope, stoniness or rockiness, or a

clayey subsoil, influence the kinds of management

needed. Aspect, or the direction a slope faces, also

affects tree growth and woodland management.

A large acreage of soils in Berkeley County has a

low or very low water-holding capacity, which limits the

potential productivity for trees. The soils in this

acreage are mainly the shallow Weikert soils and

moderately deep Berks soils, which formed in material

weathered from shale, and the moderately deep

Dekalb soils, which formed in material weathered from

sandstone.

In recent years the gypsy moth has had a seriously

detrimental effect on the forests in the county. Large

acreages of trees are defoliated every year, and many

trees have died. Oak trees, the most abundant tree

type in the county, are the preferred food of the gypsy

moth larvae. Forest management plans should

address how to control gypsy moths.

Table 8 can be used by woodland owners or forest

managers in planning the use of soils for wood crops.

Only those soils suitable for wood crops are listed.

Because of the variability between soils on south

aspects versus those on north aspects, dual entries

are given for the ordination symbol, site index, average

annual growth, seedling mortality rate, and plant

competition rating of some soils, specifically those that

are less than 40 inches deep to bedrock and have

slopes of more than 15 percent. North aspects are

those that face the compass directions from 315 to

135 degrees. South aspects are those that face the

compass directions from 135 to 315 degrees. Aspect

affects the potential productivity of sloping soils. The

soils on north aspects generally are more moist and

have a higher site index than those on south aspects.

Aspect also affects the occurrence of a tree species,

the seedling mortality rate, and the management

practices needed.

The table lists the ordination symbol for each soil.

Soils assigned the same ordination symbol require the

same general management and have about the same

potential productivity.

The first part of the ordination symbol, a number,

indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an

indicator tree species. The number indicates the

volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which

the indicator species can produce. The number 1

indicates low potential productivity; 2 and 3, moderate;

4 and 5, moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11, very

high; and 12 to 39, extremely high. The second part of

the symbol, a letter, indicates the major kind of soil

limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; X,

stoniness or rockiness (fig. 15); W, excess water in or

on the soil; T, toxic substances in the soil; D, restricted

rooting depth; C, clay in the upper part of the soil; S,

sandy texture; and F, a high content of rock fragments

in the soil. The letter A indicates that limitations or

restrictions are insignificant. If a soil has more than

one limitation, the priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D,

C, S, and F.

In table 8, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the

degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in

management.

Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will

occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where

the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire

lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have

been burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion.

Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the
198 Soil Survey

percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no

particular prevention measures are needed under

ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that

erosion-control measures are needed in certain

silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that

special precautions are needed to control erosion in

most silvicultural activities.

Equipment limitation reflects the characteristics and

conditions of the soil that restrict use of the equipment

generally needed in woodland management or

harvesting. The chief characteristics and conditions

considered in the ratings are slope, stones on the

surface, rock outcrops, soil wetness, and texture of the

surface layer. A rating of slight indicates that under

normal conditions the kind of equipment and season

of use are not significantly restricted by soil factors.

Soil wetness can restrict equipment use, but the wet

period does not exceed 1 month. A rating of moderate

indicates that equipment use is moderately restricted

because of one or more soil factors. If the soil is wet,

the wetness restricts equipment use for a period of

1 to 3 months. A rating of severe indicates that

equipment use is severely restricted either as to the

kind of equipment that can be used or the season of

use. If the soil is wet, the wetness restricts equipment

use for more than 3 months.

Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally

occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by

the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic

conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for

seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer,

depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of

the period when the water table is high, rock

fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth,

Figure 15.—A wooded area of Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony, which has a moderately high potential for

production of trees. The woodland suitability group is 4X.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 199

and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that

seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under

normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25

percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some

problems from seedling mortality can be expected.

Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is

25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that

seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra

precautions are important. Replanting may be

necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50

percent.

Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to

which undesirable species are expected to invade and

grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The

main factors that affect plant competition are depth to

the water table and the available water capacity. A

rating of slight indicates that competition from

undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural

regeneration or suppress the more desirable species.

Planted seedlings can become established without

undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that

competition may delay the establishment of desirable

species. Competition may hamper stand development,

but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully

stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that

competition can be expected to prevent regeneration

unless precautionary measures are applied. Adequate

site preparation before planting the new crop can help

reduce plant competition.

The potential productivity of merchantable or

common trees on a soil is expressed as a site index.

The site index is the average height, in feet, that

dominant and codominant trees of a given species

attain in 50 years. The site index applies to fully

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. Commonly

grown trees are those that woodland managers

generally favor in intermediate or improvement

cuttings. Also listed are other tree species, regardless

of their potential value or growth, that commonly grow

on the soils. The first species listed under common

trees for a soil is the indicator species for that soil. It

generally is the most common species on the soil and

is the one that determines the ordination class.

Average annual growth of some of the common trees

is expressed as cubic feet per acre, board feet per

acre, or cords per acre.

Recreation

Berkeley County offers a variety of recreational

facilities. Parks, campgrounds, golf courses, game

courts, picnic areas, and other facilities are available

to the public.

The Sleepy Creek Public Hunting and Fishing Area

offers opportunities for outdoor recreational activities

(fig. 16). This State-owned land is in the western part

of the county, along Sleepy Creek and Third Hill

Mountains. Camping areas and hiking trails are

available, as well as opportunities for hunting, fishing,

boating, and mountain biking. Sleepy Creek Lake,

which is an impoundment of Meadow Branch, is an

excellent largemouth bass fishery.

The Potomac River and Back Creek are good

smallmouth bass fisheries. Opequon Creek, Mill

Creek, Rockymarsh Run, Tilhance Creek, and

Tuscarora Creek are stocked with trout each spring.

Back Creek, Opequon Creek, and the Potomac River

are suitable for canoeing throughout most of the year.

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9

according to limitations that affect their suitability for

recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of

the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water

impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.

The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent

and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also

important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for

recreational uses by the duration and intensity of

flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In

planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of

the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of

flooding is essential.

In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is expressed

as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil

properties are generally favorable and that limitations

are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that

limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning,

design, or special maintenance. Severe means that

soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can

be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special

design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a

combination of these measures.

The information in table 9 can be supplemented by

other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in

table 12 and interpretations for dwellings without

basements and for local roads and streets in table 11.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of
200 Soil Survey

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing

campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the

season of use. The surface is free of stones and

boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.

If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock

or a hardpan should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

Figure 16.—The Sleepy Creek Public Hunting and Fishing Area provides opportunities for outdoor recreational activities. The soils

in the area include those in the Buchanan, Hazleton, Calvin, and Dekalb series.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 201

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

Richard D. Heaslip, resource conservationist, Natural

Resources Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

Berkeley County supports a large number of native

wildlife species because of the favorable land use

patterns and suitable climate. It includes large tracts of

woodland in Back Creek Valley and in the Sleepy

Creek Public Hunting and Fishing Area. These wooded

areas, which consist of uneven-aged stands of oakhickory-pine forest type, provide excellent habitat for

white-tailed deer, wild turkey, ruffed grouse, and

squirrels. In the Shenandoah Valley, open farmland

and transitional areas between woodland and

farmland provide habitat for cottontail rabbit, mourning

doves, bobwhite quail, and ring-necked pheasants.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that

is available to wildlife as food and cover. Well drained

soils can be used as cropland or can be forested with

oak-hickory types. These areas can be used by upland

wildlife species. Poorly drained soils support wetland

vegetation, which is desirable for waterfowl habitat.

Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing

plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment

of desirable plants.

In table 10, the soils in the survey area are rated

according to their potential for providing habitat for

various kinds of wildlife. This information can be used

in planning parks, wildlife refuges, nature study areas,

and other developments for wildlife; in selecting soils

that are suitable for establishing, improving, or

maintaining specific elements of wildlife habitat; and in

determining the intensity of management needed for

each element of the habitat.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or

very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element

or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management,

and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of

fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places.

Moderately intensive management is required for

satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or

kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or

maintained in most places, but management is difficult

and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates

that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are

very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat

is impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and

seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties

and features that affect the growth of grain and seed

crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface

layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain

and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,

flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture

are also considerations. Examples of grasses and

legumes are fescue, orchardgrass, switchgrass,

bromegrass, clover, and alfalfa.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of these

plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the

surface layer, available water capacity, wetness,

surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and

soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild

herbaceous plants are goldenrod, blackberry, mullein,

beggartick, milkweed, and ironweed.

Hardwood trees and woody understory produce

nuts or other fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and

foliage. Soil properties and features that affect the

growth of hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the

root zone, available water capacity, and wetness.

Examples of these plants are oak, poplar, cherry,

apple, hackberry, hawthorn, blackgum, dogwood,

hickory, and redbud. Examples of fruit-producing

shrubs that are suitable for planting on soils rated

good are crabapple, bayberry, and hazelnut.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth

of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,

spruce, red cedar, and juniper.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild,

woody or herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet

sites. Submerged or floating aquatic plants are

excluded. Soil properties and features affecting
202 Soil Survey

wetland plants are texture of the surface layer,

wetness, reaction, slope, and surface stoniness.

Examples of wetland plants are alder, smartweed, wild

millet, wildrice, cattail, rushes, sedges, and reeds.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 3 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are

created by dams, dikes, or other water-control

structures. Soil properties and features affecting

shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples

of shallow water areas are marshes and ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described

in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,

pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown with

grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These areas

produce grain and seed crops, grasses and legumes,

and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife attracted to these

areas include bobwhite quail, pheasant, meadowlark,

field sparrow, cottontail, and red fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and

associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous

plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild

turkey, ruffed grouse, thrushes, woodpeckers,

squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, and deer.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open, marshy

or swampy shallow water areas. Some of the wildlife

attracted to such areas are ducks, geese, herons,

shore birds, woodcock, muskrat, and beaver.

Engineering

Craig E. Savela, staff geologist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the

soils and on the estimated data and test data in the

“Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has limitations.

For example, estimates and other data generally apply

only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Because of the map scale, small areas of different

soils may be included within the mapped areas of a

specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about grain-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6

feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal

high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural

soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were

collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of

the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed

cations. Estimates were made for erodibility,

permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential,

available water capacity, and other behavioral

characteristics affecting engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds,

terraces, and other structures for soil and water

conservation; and predict performance of proposed

small structures and pavements by comparing the

performance of existing similar structures on the same

or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Building Site Development

Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if
Berkeley County, West Virginia 203

soil properties and site features are generally

favorable for the indicated use and limitations are

minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties

or site features are not favorable for the indicated use

and special planning, design, or maintenance is

needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and

severe if soil properties or site features are so

unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special

design, significant increases in construction costs, and

possibly increased maintenance are required. Special

feasibility studies may be required where the soil

limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense

layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time

of the year that excavations can be made is affected

by the depth to a seasonal high water table and the

susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance

of the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or

caving is affected by soil texture and depth to the

water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope,

and flooding affect the ease of excavation and

construction. Landscaping and grading that require

cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not

considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base

of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally

limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large

stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and

grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the engineering

classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost

action potential, and depth to a high water table affect

the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water

capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of

salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant

growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the

amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface

layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site features

are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

Table 12 also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and good performance and low

maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable

for the use and one or more soil properties or site

features make the soil less desirable than the soils

rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil

properties or site features are unfavorable for the use

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires

special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to

a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the

effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan

interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside
204 Soil Survey

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can

be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base

of the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the

water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption

field to filter the effluent effectively. Many local

ordinances require that this material be of a certain

thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water.

Table 12 gives ratings for the natural soil that makes

up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and, generally, 1

or 2 feet of soil material below the surface layer are

excavated to provide material for the embankments.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site features,

and observed performance of the soils. Considered in

the ratings are slope, permeability, a high water table,

depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, flooding, large

stones, and content of organic matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid

permeability in the soil or a water table that is high

enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon

causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution

results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater

overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter

is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon

because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and

cemented pans can cause construction problems, and

large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon

floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types of

landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the waste

is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted, and

covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at the

site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The waste

is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a thin

layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered.

The ratings in table 12 are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan, a

high water table, slope, and flooding affect both types

of landfill. Texture, stones and boulders, highly organic

layers, soil reaction, and content of salts and sodium

affect trench landfills. Unless otherwise stated, the

ratings apply only to that part of the soil within a depth

of about 6 feet. For deeper trenches, a limitation rated

slight or moderate may not be valid. Onsite

investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the material

during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that

are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best

cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy

and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to

wind erosion.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water

table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as

the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for

plants. The surface layer generally has the best

workability, more organic matter, and the best potential

for plants. Material from the surface layer should be

stockpiled for use as the final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 13 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal

compaction, minor processing, and other standard

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is

evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information

can help to determine the suitability of each layer
Berkeley County, West Virginia 205

for use as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is

stabilized with lime or cement is not considered in the

ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a

high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs

in place after it has been compacted and drained is

determined by its strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell

potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils

rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized

particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10.

They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of

15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water

table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity

index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential,

many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They

are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than

1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but

the material is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In table 13, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source

of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as

indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),

the thickness of suitable material, and the content of

rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification

are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of

grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index

properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at

least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,

large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable

source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as

shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and

gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by

slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and

toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones

and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes

of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of

soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to

fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or

soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15

percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is

difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less

than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes

of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high

water table at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.

Water Management

Table 14 gives information on the soil properties

and site features that affect water management. The

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond

reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and

levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil

properties and site features are generally favorable for

the indicated use and limitations are minor and are

easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site

features are not favorable for the indicated use and

special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil

properties or site features are so unfavorable or so

difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increase in construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, terraces and diversions,

and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or
206 Soil Survey

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches (fig. 17). The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth even greater than the height of the embankment

can affect performance and safety of the embankment.

Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to

determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts

or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of

usable material. It also affects trafficability.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that

affect the rate of water movement; permeability; depth

to a high water table or depth of standing water if the

soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility to

flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the

potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and

the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope,

and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity of

the soil after drainage is adversely affected by extreme

acidity or by toxic substances in the root zone, such as

salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability of drainage

outlets is not considered in the ratings.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large

Figure 17.—Farm ponds constructed in areas of Hagerstown soils have a high failure rate due to seepage.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 207

stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan

affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A

restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind

erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse

texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect

maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan affect the construction of grassed

waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available

water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic

substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted

permeability adversely affect the growth and

maintenance of the grass after construction.

209

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey. The data and the

estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are

made and examined to identify and classify the soils

and to delineate them on the soil maps. Samples are

taken from some typical profiles and tested in the

laboratory to determine grain-size distribution,

plasticity, and compaction characteristics.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables

include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the

physical and chemical properties of the major layers of

each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are

given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 15 gives estimates of the engineering

classification and of the range of index properties for

the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most

soils have layers of contrasting properties within the

upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each

soil series under the heading “Taxonomic Units and

Their Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that

is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less

than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an

appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.”

Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according to

the Unified soil classification system (ASTM 1993) and

the system adopted by the American Association of

State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO

1986).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and

A-7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b,

A-2-4, A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an

additional refinement, the suitability of a soil as

subgrade material can be indicated by a group index

number. Group index numbers range from 0 for the

best subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest.

Rock fragments larger than 3 inches in diameter

are indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dryweight basis. The percentages are estimates

determined mainly by converting volume percentage

in the field to weight percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than

Soil Properties
210 Soil Survey

3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and

0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based

on laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit,

and plasticity index are generally rounded to the

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or

2 percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 16 shows estimates of some characteristics

and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates

are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey

area. The estimates are based on field observations

and on test data for these and similar soils.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of

each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by

weight, of the soil material that is less than

2 millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving

operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per

unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at

field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at

1

/3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after

drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the

estimated moist bulk density of each major soil

horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of

soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, total pore space,

and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a

soil indicates the pore space available for water and

roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic

matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of

downward movement of water when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of

soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil

layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil

properties that affect the retention of water and the

depth of the root zone. The most important properties

are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk

density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is

an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to

be grown and in the design and management of

irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an

estimate of the quantity of water actually available to

plants at any given time.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and

is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH

of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For

many soils, values have been verified by laboratory

analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops

and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for

fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of

corrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume

change occurs mainly because of the interaction of

clay minerals with water and varies with the amount

and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the

load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in

soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling

of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling

of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For

others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind

and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on the

basis of measurements of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to

very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage

to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special

design is often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity.

The classes are low, a change of less than
Berkeley County, West Virginia 211

3 percent; moderate, 3 to 6 percent; and high, 6 to

9 percent. Very high, more than 9 percent, is

sometimes used.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil

to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six

factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation

(USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss

by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The

estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt,

sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil

structure and permeability. Values of K range from

0.05 to 0.69. The higher the value, the more

susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by

water.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur without affecting crop productivity over

a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per

year.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In

table 16, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue to

the soil, including green manure crops in the planting

sequence, no-till planting, and applying animal waste.

Organic matter affects the available water capacity,

infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of nitrogen and

other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Table 17 gives estimates of various soil and water

features. The estimates are used in land use planning

that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are used to estimate runoff

from precipitation. Soils not protected by vegetation

are assigned to one of four groups. They are grouped

according to the infiltration of water when the soils are

thoroughly wet and receive precipitation from longduration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate

of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a permanent high water table,

soils that have a claypan or clay layer at or near the

surface, and soils that are shallow over nearly

impervious material. These soils have a very slow rate

of water transmission.

If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in

table 17, the first letter is for drained areas and the

second is for undrained areas.

Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is

caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from

adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short

periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered

flooding, nor is water in swamps and marshes.

Table 17 gives the estimated frequency of flooding.

Frequency is expressed as none, rare, occasional,

and frequent. None means that flooding is not

probable; rare that it is unlikely but possible under

unusual weather conditions (the chance of flooding is

nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in any year); occasional

that it occurs infrequently under normal weather

conditions (the chance of flooding is 5 to 50 percent in

any year); and frequent that it occurs often under

normal conditions (the chance of flooding is more than

50 percent in any year).

The information is based on evidence in the soil

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic

matter content with increasing depth; and little or no

horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a

saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates

are based mainly on the evidence of a saturated zone,

namely grayish colors or mottles in the soil. Indicated

in table 17 are depth to the seasonal high water table;

the kind of water table—that is, perched or apparent;

and the months of the year that the water table
212

commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally

high for less than 1 month is not indicated in

table 17.

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water

in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water

stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is

allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A

perched water table is water standing above an

unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched,

water table is separated from a lower one by a dry

zone.

Only saturated zones within a depth of about 6 feet

are indicated. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. The first numeral in the range indicates how

high the water rises above the surface. The second

numeral indicates the depth below the surface.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a

depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil

borings and on observations during soil mapping. The

rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or

fractured, excavations can be made with trenching

machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is

hard or massive, blasting or special equipment

generally is needed for excavation.

Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or

lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of

segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the

subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on

thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves

into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture,

density, permeability, content of organic matter, and

depth to the water table are the most important factors

considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It

is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation

or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly

structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in

winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well

drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least

susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during

thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other

rigid structures.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that

intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that

are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil

layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed

as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,

acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation

extract.
213

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(USDA 1975). Beginning with the broadest, these

categories are the order, suborder, great group,

subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based on

soil properties observed in the field or inferred from

those observations or from laboratory measurements.

Table 18 shows the classification of the soils in the

survey area. The categories are defined in the

following paragraphs.

ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Alfisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or

properties that reflect the most important variables

within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a

suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud,

meaning humid, plus alf, from Alfisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great

groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; and base status. Each great group is

identified by the name of a suborder and by a prefix

that indicates a property of the soil. An example is

Hapludalfs (Hapl, meaning minimal horizonation, plus

udalf, the suborder of the Alfisols that has a udic

moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic is the central concept of the

great group; it is not necessarily the most extensive.

Intergrades are transitions to other orders, suborders,

or great groups. Extragrades have some properties

that are not representative of the great group but do

not indicate transitions to any other known kind of soil.

Each subgroup is identified by one or more adjectives

preceding the name of the great group. The adjective

Typic identifies the subgroup that typifies the great

group. An example is Typic Hapludalfs.

FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup

on the basis of physical and chemical properties and

other characteristics that affect management.

Generally, the properties are those of horizons below

plow depth where there is much biological activity.

Among the properties and characteristics considered

are particle-size class, mineral content, temperature

regime, depth of the root zone, consistence, moisture

equivalent, slope, and permanent cracks. A family

name consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by

terms that indicate soil properties. An example is fine,

mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs.

SERIES. The series consists of soils that have

similar horizons in their profile. The horizons are

similar in color, texture, structure, reaction,

consistence, mineral and chemical composition, and

arrangement in the profile. The texture of the surface

layer or of the underlying material can differ within a

series.

Taxonomic Units and Their

Morphology

Dr. John Sencindiver, professor of agronomy, West Virginia

Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, helped to prepare

this section.

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. The descriptions are

arranged in alphabetic order.

Characteristics of the soil and the material in which

it formed are identified for each series. A pedon, a

small three-dimensional area of soil, that is typical of

the series in the survey area is described. The

detailed description of each soil horizon follows

standards in the “Soil Survey Manual” (USDA 1993).

Many of the technical terms used in the descriptions

are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA 1975). Unless

otherwise stated, colors in the descriptions are for

moist soil. Following the pedon description is the

range of important characteristics of the soils in the

series.

The map units of each soil series are described in

the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Classification of the Soils
214 Soil Survey

Atkins Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Landscape position: Nearly level, slightly concave

flood plains

Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year) for brief periods

Parent material: Recent alluvial deposits washed from

upland soils underlain by acid sandstone and

shale

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, acid, mesic Typic

Fluvaquents

Representative Pedon

Atkins silt loam, in an abandoned area that was

previously used as cropland; about 600 feet west of

Back Creek; 4,000 feet east-southeast from the

intersection of County Routes 7 and 18 on a bearing

of 102 degrees; in the Shanghai area; USGS Tablers

Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 26

minutes 08 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 07

minutes 15 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

very friable; common fine to coarse roots; few fine

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and few

fine strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations;

slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BA—8 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

very friable; few very fine and fine roots; few

patchy stains of manganese or of iron and

manganese on faces of peds; many medium

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and few

fine strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg1—11 to 29 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

silty clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure

parting to weak fine and medium subangular

blocky; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common patchy stains of manganese or of iron

and manganese on faces of peds; many medium

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bg2—29 to 57 inches; silty clay loam, 75 percent

brown (7.5YR 5/2) and 25 percent grayish brown

(10YR 5/2); weak very coarse prismatic structure

parting to moderate medium subangular blocky;

firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

patchy stains of manganese or of iron and

manganese on faces of peds; common medium

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cg—57 to 65 inches; very gravelly silty clay loam, 75

percent brown (7.5YR 5/2) and 25 percent dark

grayish brown (10YR 4/2); massive; firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common patchy stains

of manganese or of iron and manganese on rock

fragments; 50 percent gravel; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 25 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) above a depth of 40

inches ranging to moderately acid (pH 5.6 to 6.0)

below a depth of 40 inches

Content of rock fragments: Commonly no fragments; in

places, however, 0 to 20 percent, by volume, in the

solum and 0 to 60 percent in the C horizon

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and low-chroma iron

depletions in shades of gray

A horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and low-chroma iron

depletions in shades of gray

BA horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silty

clay loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and low-chroma iron

depletions in shades of gray

Bg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 5Y or N

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—silt loam, fine sandy loam, loam, silty

clay loam, or the gravelly analogs of those

textures
Berkeley County, West Virginia 215

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red or yellowish brown

Cg horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 5Y or N

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—0 to 8

Texture—loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those

textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red or yellowish brown

Berks Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid

Landscape position: Gently sloping to very steep

uplands

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from shale or

siltstone

Slope range: 3 to 70 percent

Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic

Dystrochrepts

Representative Pedon

Berks channery silt loam, in a pastured area of

Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent

slopes; the pastured area was previously used as

cropland; about 1,800 feet north-northwest of the

intersection of Routes 45/4 and 5/9 on a bearing of

356 degrees; in the Greensburg area; USGS

Martinsburg topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees

28 minutes 17 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 53

minutes 52 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt

loam; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; friable; many fine and medium roots;

15 percent shale channers; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw1—7 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

channery silt loam; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine and fine roots; 30 percent shale channers;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—12 to 21 inches; variegated very channery silt

loam, 80 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and

20 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; 40 percent

shale channers; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—21 to 25 inches; variegated extremely channery

silt loam, 75 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and

25 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6); massive;

friable; 70 percent shale channers; strongly acid,

clear wavy boundary.

R—25 inches; yellowish brown shale bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 12 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to slightly

acid (pH 3.6 to 6.5)

Content of rock fragments: 15 to 40 percent in the A

horizon, 15 to 60 percent in the B horizon, and 40

to 80 percent in the C horizon; fragments are

shale or siltstone

Ap or A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—channery or very channery silt loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, or the

channery or very channery analogs of those

textures

C horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—silt loam, loam, or the very channery or

extremely channery analogs of those textures

Blackthorn Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid above the

2Bt horizon and moderate or moderately slow in

the 2Bt horizon and below the 2Bt horizon

Landscape position: Gently sloping to very steep

uplands on Wilson Ridge, Ferrel Ridge, and other

outlying areas that are underlain by limestone

bedrock; near Jones Spring

Flooding: None

Parent material: Acid, colluvial material overlying

siliceous limestone residuum

Slope range: 3 to 50 percent

Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic

Hapludults
216 Soil Survey

Representative Pedon

Blackthorn very gravelly loam, in a wooded area of

Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly loams, 15 to 35

percent slopes, extremely stony; about 1,650 feet

west-southwest of the entrance to Camp Tomahawk

on a bearing of 265 degrees; on Wilson Ridge; USGS

Tablers Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39

degrees 29 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 78

degrees 04 minutes 13 seconds W.

Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed hardwood

leaf litter.

Oe—1 inch to 0; partially decomposed hardwood duff.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 3/2) very

gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots;

50 percent sandstone gravel; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

E—3 to 6 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly

sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many fine to coarse roots; 50 percent

sandstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BE—6 to 14 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

gravelly sandy loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

and medium roots; 30 percent sandstone gravel;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—14 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

gravelly sandy loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

and medium roots; few distinct patchy clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 35 percent sandstone

gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—24 to 35 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; common distinct patchy clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 40 percent sandstone and

chert gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt3—35 to 75 inches; variegated very gravelly clay,

85 percent red (2.5YR 4/6) and 15 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately

sticky and moderately plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; many distinct patchy clay films on ped

faces and rock surfaces; 30 percent sandstone

and chert gravel and 20 percent stones; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

3Bt4—75 to 90 inches; variegated clay, 65 percent red

(2.5YR 4/6) and 35 percent strong brown (7.5YR

5/6); moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky and

moderately plastic; many distinct patchy clay films

on ped faces and rock surfaces; 10 percent chert

gravel; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: More than 60 inches

Depth to 2Bt horizon: 30 inches or more

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0) above the 2Bt

horizon and very strongly acid or strongly acid (pH

4.5 to 5.5) in the 2Bt horizon and below the 2Bt

horizon

Content of rock fragments: 15 to 65 percent in

individual subhorizons above the 2Bt horizon and

0 to 55 percent in the 2Bt horizon and below the

2Bt horizon

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—very gravelly loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly, very

gravelly, or extremely gravelly analogs of those

textures

BE horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly, very

gravelly, or extremely gravelly analogs of those

textures

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly, very

gravelly, or extremely gravelly analogs of those

textures

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—clay, silty clay, or the gravelly or very

gravelly analogs of those textures

3Bt horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR
Berkeley County, West Virginia 217

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—clay, silty clay, or the gravelly or very

gravelly analogs of those textures

Buchanan Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate above the fragipan and slow in

the fragipan

Landscape position: Gently sloping to steep, slightly

concave footslopes, benches, and lower side

slopes of mountains

Flooding: None

Parent material: Colluvial material derived from acid

sandstone, siltstone, and shale

Slope range: 3 to 35 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic

Fragiudults

Representative Pedon

Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely

stony, in a wooded area on Third Hill Mountain; about

1.9 miles north-northeast of the intersection of

Routes 7/13 and 826 on a bearing of 18 degrees;

USGS Glengary topographic quadrangle; lat. 39

degrees 29 minutes 02 seconds N. and long. 78

degrees 09 minutes 40 seconds W.

Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed organic

material from hardwood leaf litter.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; organic material of intermediate

decomposition from hardwood leaf litter.

A—1 to 2 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam;

weak fine and medium granular structure; very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine to coarse roots; 5 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

E—2 to 4 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine to

coarse roots; 5 percent gravel; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

BE—4 to 13 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

gravelly loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable, nonsticky and slightly

plastic; common fine and medium roots; 15

percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—13 to 21 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky and

slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; few

faint patchy clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; common medium faint strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) iron concentrations; 20 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—21 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots; few

patchy clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

many coarse distinct pale brown (10YR 6/3) and

few fine light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions and few medium prominent yellowish

red (5YR 4/6) iron concentrations; 10 percent

stones; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Btx1—30 to 49 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

gravelly loam; weak coarse prismatic structure

parting to moderate fine subangular blocky; firm

and brittle, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few

fine and medium roots between peds; few faint

patchy clays films on faces of peds and in pores;

many coarse prominent light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) iron depletions; few medium distinct dark red

(2.5YR 3/6) and few fine distinct brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) iron concentrations; 30 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btx2—49 to 65 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very

gravelly loam; weak coarse prismatic structure

parting to weak fine and medium subangular

blocky; very firm and brittle, nonsticky and slightly

plastic; few faint patchy clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; common coarse prominent gray

(10YR 6/1) iron depletions and few medium

distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations; 35

percent gravel; strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 40 to 70 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5)

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 40 percent in individual

subhorizons above the fragipan and 5 to 60

percent in the fragipan and in the C horizon

Depth to the fragipan: 20 to 36 inches

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—loam or gravelly loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6
218 Soil Survey

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or

the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those

textures

BE horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—5 or 6

Texture—loam, gravelly loam, or very gravelly

loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those

textures

Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in

shades of gray and high-chroma iron

concentrations in shades of red and brown in

the top 10 inches of the horizon

Btx horizon:

Hue—10YR to 5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those

textures

Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in

shades of gray and high-chroma iron

concentrations in shades of red and brown

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR to 5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—loam, sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of

those textures

Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in

shades of gray and high-chroma iron

concentrations in shades of red and brown in

some pedons

Calvin Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Landscape position: Gently sloping to very steep,

convex uplands

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from reddish, fine

grained sandstone or siltstone; mainly members of

the Hampshire Formation

Slope range: 3 to 65 percent

Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic

Dystrochrepts

Representative Pedon

Calvin channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in a

wooded area; about 2,200 feet south-southeast of

Sleepy Creek Lake Dam on a bearing of 162 degrees;

USGS Stotlers Crossroads topographic quadrangle;

lat. 39 degrees 31 minutes 35 seconds N. and long. 78

degrees 08 minutes 48 seconds W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood leaf

litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2)

channery loam; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; very friable; many fine to

coarse roots; 25 percent channers; very strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—2 to 8 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very

channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine to coarse

roots; 35 percent channers; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—8 to 23 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) very

channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine to coarse roots; 50

percent channers; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C—23 to 34 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4)

extremely channery loam; massive; friable; few

fine to coarse roots; 75 percent channers; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

R—34 inches; fractured, reddish brown, fine grained

sandstone; few fine to coarse roots in cracks.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 18 to 30 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5) throughout

Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent in the A

and BA horizons, 25 to 55 percent in the Bw

horizon, and 40 to 80 percent in the C horizon

A horizon:

Hue—7.5YR

Value—2 to 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—channery loam

BA horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 5YR

Value—4
Berkeley County, West Virginia 219

Chroma—2 to 6

Texture—channery or very channery analogs of

loam or silt loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—channery or very channery analogs of

loam or silt loam

C horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—very channery or extremely channery

analogs of loam or silt loam

Caneyville Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Landscape position: Gently sloping to moderately

steep uplands, mainly in a band from Ferrel Ridge

to Jones Spring in the western part of the county

Flooding: None

Parent material: Limestone residuum interbedded with

thin layers of shale and siltstone, mainly in areas

of the Bossardville, Helderberg, and Salina

geologic deposits

Slope range: 3 to 25 percent slopes

Classification: Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

Representative Pedon

Caneyville silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in

an abandoned area that was previously used as

cropland; about 2,350 feet west-northwest of the

intersection of County Routes 7 and 7/2 on a bearing

of 296 degrees; near Tomahawk; USGS Big Pool

topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 31 minutes 55

seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 03 minutes 22

seconds W.

Ap1—0 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots; 5

percent limestone channers; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

Ap2—4 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam;

few medium yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles;

weak medium subangular blocky structure parting

to moderate fine and medium granular; friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots; 10 percent limestone channers;

neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty

clay; few fine yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and

common coarse yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; few

discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; few fine soft masses of iron and

manganese; 3 percent shale channers; neutral;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—16 to 28 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty

clay; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; few

discontinuous clay films on ped faces, in pores,

and on rock surfaces; few fine soft masses of iron

and manganese; 3 percent shale channers;

slightly alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary.

R—28 inches; unweathered limestone bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the upper part of the solum and

moderately acid to slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

in the lower part of the solum and in the

substratum

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the

solum and as much as 35 percent in the C

horizon, if it occurs

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silty clay loam

BA horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—5

Chroma—4 or 5

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR to 5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—silty clay, clay, or silty clay loam

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR to 5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8
220 Soil Survey

Texture—silty clay, clay, or clay loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR to 5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—clay, silty clay, clay loam, or the

channery analogs of those textures

Carbo Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Landscape position: Gently sloping to steep uplands in

the Great Valley

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from

Chambersburg and New Market Limestones

Slope range: 3 to 35 percent

Classification: Very fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

Representative Pedon

Carbo silty clay loam, in an area of Carbo-Opequon

complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a hay field; about

4,300 feet east-northeast of the intersection of U.S.

Highway 60 and Route 26 on a bearing of 79 degrees;

in the Bunker Hill area; USGS Inwood topographic

quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 20 minutes 12 seconds N.

and long. 78 degrees 02 minutes 23 seconds W.

Ap1—0 to 2 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silty clay loam; weak fine and medium granular

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots;

neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Ap2—2 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silty clay that has common medium pockets of

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay; weak medium

granular structure; friable, moderately sticky and

moderately plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; 2 percent limestone channers; neutral;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—9 to 18 inches; variegated clay, 95 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) and 5 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6); moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; firm, very sticky and

very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many

continuous clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent

limestone channers; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 28 inches; variegated clay, 55 percent

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 45 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; firm, very sticky and

very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common

patchy clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent

limestone channers; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BC—28 to 34 inches; variegated clay, 75 percent dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), 20 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 5 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6); weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic;

few very fine and fine roots; few patchy clay films

on faces of peds; neutral; 10 percent limestone

channers; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—34 inches; hard, bluish gray limestone.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly acid or neutral (pH

6.1 to 7.3) in the Ap horizon and moderately acid

to slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the B and C

horizons

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume,

in the A horizon and 0 to 15 percent, by volume, in

the B and C horizons; mainly limestone channers

Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay

Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—clay

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—clay or silty clay

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—clay or silty clay

Clearbrook Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Landscape position: Nearly level or gently sloping

heads of drainageways, broad, gently sloping

ridges, and broad upland flats and depressions;

mostly east of Interstate 81 but also in a narrow
Berkeley County, West Virginia 221

belt directly east of North Mountain in the

Great Valley and, to a much lesser extent, in the

Back Creek Valley near Shanghai and Jones

Spring

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from gray

Martinsburg Shales in the Great Valley and, to a

lesser extent, from gray Hamilton Shales and

black Marcellus Shales in the Back Creek Valley

Slope range: 0 to 8 percent

Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Aeric

Epiaquults

Representative Pedon

Clearbrook silt loam, in an area of Clearbrook silt

loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes, in a hay field; about 3,800

feet north-northeast of the intersection of State

Highway 51 and Route 51/7 on a bearing of 43

degrees; in the Inwood area; USGS Inwood

topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 21 minutes 27

seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 01 minutes 10

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate fine granular structure; friable; many

very fine and fine roots; 10 percent shale

channers; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt—9 to 11 inches; light olive brown (2.5YR 5/4) very

channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and very

fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine

roots; common patchy clay films; few fine yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations and few fine

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; 50

percent shale channers; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg—11 to 22 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) extremely

channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and very

fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots; many patchy clay films on ped faces

and on rock fragments; few fine yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) iron concentrations; 65 percent shale

channers; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—22 inches; rippable shale bedrock.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 18 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Content of rock fragments: 10 to 35 percent in the A

horizon, 20 to 70 percent in the B horizon, and 50

to 90 percent in the C horizon

Ap or A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam or channery silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—channery to extremely channery analogs

of silty clay loam, silty clay, or silt loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and brown and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—very channery or extremely channery

analogs of silty clay loam, silty clay, or silt loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and brown and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray

Combs Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid

Landscape position: On the flood plain along the

Potomac River

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year)

Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed from upland

soils

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic

Hapludolls

Representative Pedon

Combs fine sandy loam, in a hay field; about 9,200

feet north-northeast of the intersection of Routes 12/5

and 5/4 on a bearing of 22 degrees; in the Whitings

Neck area along the Potomac River; USGS

Williamsport topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees

31 minutes 54 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 50

minutes 13 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and

medium granular structure; very friable; common

very fine and fine roots; mildly alkaline; abrupt

smooth boundary.
222 Soil Survey

AB—10 to 20 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) fine

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

friable; few fine to coarse roots; many very dark

brown (10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of

peds and in pores; neutral; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw—20 to 53 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; weak coarse prismatic structure

parting to weak medium subangular blocky;

friable; few fine to coarse roots; many dark brown

(10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of peds and

in pores; common krotovinas; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

C—53 to 65 inches; brown to dark brown (10YR 4/3)

fine sandy loam; massive; friable; neutral.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 40 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to neutral

(pH 5.6 to 7.3)

Content of rock fragments: Averages less than 15

percent throughout the profile

A, Ap, or AB horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 (moist)

Chroma—2 or 3 (moist)

Texture—fine sandy loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4

Chroma—4

Texture—fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, or loam

C horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4

Texture—fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy

sand, loamy fine sand, loam, or silt loam

Other features—high-chroma redox

concentrations and low-chroma redox

depletions in some pedons

Ab horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam,

sandy loam, loam, or silt loam

Dekalb Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Rapid

Landscape position: Convex, gently sloping to steep

ridgetops and steep or very steep shoulder slopes

and nose slopes on mountainsides

Flooding: None

Parent material: Dominantly material weathered from

acid sandstone; interbedded with shale and

siltstone in some pedons

Slope range: 3 to 65 percent

Classification: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic

Dystrochrepts

Representative Pedon

Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes,

extremely stony, in a wooded area; about 2,250 feet

west-southwest of Neglar Spring along Route 7/13 on

a bearing of 227 degrees; in the Sleepy Creek Public

Hunting and Fishing Area; USGS Glengary

topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 27 minutes 09

seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 11 minutes 01

seconds W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood

leaf litter.

Oa—0 to 1 inch; decomposed hardwood leaf

litter.

A—1 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 3/2)

channery sandy loam; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine to coarse roots;

30 percent channers; extremely acid; clear smooth

boundary.

E—4 to 6 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very

channery loamy sand; weak fine granular

structure; very friable; common fine and medium

roots; 45 percent channers; extremely acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw1—6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery sandy loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

to coarse roots; 35 percent channers; very

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw2—15 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

extremely flaggy sandy loam; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine to coarse roots; 60 percent

flagstones; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

R—24 inches; fractured, gray sandstone.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 223

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 20 to 40 inches

Depth to bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid or very

strongly acid (pH 3.5 to 5.0)

Content of rock fragments: 20 to 35 percent in the A

horizon, 35 to 60 percent in the E and Bw

horizons, and 50 to 90 percent in the C horizon;

fragments are sandstone

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—channery analogs of sandy loam and

loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—channery to extremely channery analogs

of loamy sand, sandy loam, or loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—very channery, very flaggy, extremely

channery, or extremely flaggy analogs of sandy

loam and loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—very channery, very flaggy, extremely

channery, or extremely flaggy analogs of sandy

loam and loamy sand

Downsville Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape position: Gently sloping or strongly sloping,

old terraces high above the Potomac River

Flooding: None

Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed from upland

soils that are underlain by acid sandstone,

siltstone, and shale

Slope range: 3 to 15 percent

Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic

Paleudults

Representative Pedon

Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a

community subdivision; about 5,400 feet northnorthwest of the intersection of U.S. Highway 11 and

Route 11/1 on a bearing of 321 degrees; in the

Marlowe area; USGS Williamsport topographic

quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 36 minutes 17 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 51 minutes 44 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

gravelly loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; many fine to coarse roots;

25 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

BE—8 to 20 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 30

percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt1—20 to 39 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very

gravelly loam; common coarse strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

many distinct discontinuous dark red (2.5YR 3/6)

clay films on faces of peds and on rock fragments;

many medium black (10YR 2/1) stains of iron and

manganese on rock fragments; few medium soft

black (10YR 2/1) masses of iron and manganese;

40 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—39 to 70 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very

gravelly sandy clay loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine roots; many distinct discontinuous dark red

(2.5YR 3/6) clay films on faces of peds and on

rock fragments; common coarse black (10YR 2/1)

stains of iron and manganese on rock fragments;

40 percent gravel; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 60 to 110 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid or

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Content of rock fragments: Pebbles and cobbles range

from 15 to 30 percent in the surface horizon and

from 25 to 60 percent in the subsoil

A or Ap horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—gravelly loam
224 Soil Survey

BE horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—gravelly or very gravelly analogs of loam,

fine sandy loam, or sandy loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—gravelly or very gravelly analogs of loam,

sandy loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, or

sandy clay

Duffield Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape position: Gently sloping or strongly sloping

upland ridges and side slopes in the Great Valley

Flooding: None

Parent material: Limestone residuum that has a fairly

high content of impurities from silty shale; mainly

Conococheaque Limestone and, to a lesser

extent, Elbrook Formation and Beekmantown

Group

Slope range: 3 to 15 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic

Hapludalfs

Representative Pedon

Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in an

orchard; about 1,300 feet west-southwest of the

intersection of County Routes 24 and 30/5 on a

bearing of 246 degrees; near Arden; USGS Tablers

Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 24

minutes 05 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 03

minutes 50 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

gravelly silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable;

common very fine to medium roots; 15 percent

gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

gravelly silt loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; few discontinuous clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 15 percent sandstone and

chert gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—15 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty

clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable, moderately sticky

and moderately plastic; few very fine roots;

common discontinuous clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; few iron and manganese

stains on faces of peds; 10 percent sandstone

and chert gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—36 to 51 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

silty clay; weak medium platy structure parting to

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky;

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very

fine roots; common discontinuous clay films and

black stains of iron and manganese on faces of

peds and in pores; 10 percent shale channers;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—51 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

silty clay loam that has common coarse pockets of

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) silt loam; weak

medium platy structure parting to weak fine

subangular blocky; friable; few very fine roots;

common black stains of iron and manganese on

ped faces and rock surfaces; 10 percent shale

channers; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 40 to 70 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) to a depth of 50 inches and

strongly acid to slightly acid (pH 5.1 to 6.5) below

a depth of 50 inches

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent in the

upper part of the solum and 0 to 30 percent in the

lower part of the solum and in the C horizon, if it

occurs

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam or gravelly silt loam

BA horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4

Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, or the gravelly

analogs of those textures

Bt horizon:

Hue—dominantly 10YR or 7.5YR; subhorizons of

5YR in the lower part of the horizon

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—dominantly silt loam, clay loam, loam,

silty clay loam, or the gravelly analogs of those
Berkeley County, West Virginia 225

textures; subhorizons of silty clay or clay are

common

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR to 5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam,

loam, silty clay, clay, or the gravelly analogs of

those textures

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—2.5YR to 7.5YR

Value—4 to 8

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam,

loam, silty clay, clay, or the gravelly analogs of

those textures

Dunning Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Landscape position: On flood plains along streams

that drain the limestone uplands in the Great

Valley

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year)

Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed mainly from

limestone-influenced upland soils

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Fine, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic

Endoaquolls

Representative Pedon

Dunning silt loam in a pastured area; about 400 feet

north-northwest of the intersection of County Routes

30 and 30/7 on a bearing of 326 degrees; along Middle

Creek; USGS Tablers Station topographic quadrangle;

lat. 39 degrees 22 minutes 47 seconds N. and long. 78

degrees 02 minutes 33 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable;

many very fine and fine roots; common fine

reddish brown (5YR 4/4) iron concentrations;

slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.

Ag—6 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y

3/2) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable;

common very fine and fine roots; common fine

reddish brown (5YR 4/4) iron concentrations;

slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bg1—11 to 19 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) silty clay;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; firm, moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; few very fine roots; common fine brown

(7.5YR 5/4) iron concentrations; slightly alkaline;

clear wavy boundary.

Bg2—19 to 33 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) silty

clay; weak medium prismatic structure parting to

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky;

firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few

very fine roots; common fine brown (7.5YR 5/4)

iron concentrations; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bg3—33 to 51 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; firm, moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; few very fine roots; many medium

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations;

slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Cg—51 to 65 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy

clay loam; massive; friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many coarse yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) iron concentrations; 10 percent

subrounded pebbles of sandstone and shale;

slightly alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 30 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) throughout

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the

solum and 0 to 30 percent in the C horizon

Ap and Ag horizons:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—silt loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red

Bg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silty clay or clay

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red

Cg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or clay loam
226 Soil Survey

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red

Endcav Series

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Landscape position: Gently sloping or strongly sloping,

convex upland valley sides in the Great Valley

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered mainly from

Chambersburg Limestone and, to a lesser extent,

from limestones in the Beekmantown Group and

the Waynesboro Formation

Slope range: 3 to 15 percent

Classification: Very fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

Representative Pedon

Endcav silty clay loam, in an area of Carbo-Endcav

silty clay loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a meadow;

about 4,700 feet south-southwest of the intersection of

County Routes 1 and 1/4 on a bearing of 209 degrees;

northwest of Falling Waters; USGS Hedgesville

topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 34 minutes 37

seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 53 minutes 14

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent

limestone channers; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—8 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds; few patchy distinct stains

of iron and manganese on faces of peds; 1

percent limestone channers; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—23 to 41 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay;

many coarse pockets of yellowish brown (10YR

5/8) loam around weathered limestone channers;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine roots; common distinct clay films on

faces of peds; few patchy distinct stains of iron

and manganese on faces of peds; few

nonintersecting slickensides; 10 percent limestone

channers; slightly alkaline; abrupt irregular

boundary.

R—41 inches; weathered limestone.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 40 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly acid or neutral

(pH 6.1 to 7.3) in the A horizon and the upper

part of the B horizon and moderately acid to

slightly alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8) in the lower

part of the B horizon and in the C horizon, if it

occurs

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent in the A

and B horizons and 0 to 75 in the C horizon, if it

occurs

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silty clay loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—clay, silty clay, or the channery analogs

of those textures

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—clay, silty clay, clay loam, or the

channery, very channery, or extremely

channery analogs of those textures

Fairplay Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Permeability: Slow to moderately rapid

Landscape position: Nearly level flood plains below

limestone springs in the Great Valley

Flooding: Frequently flooded or ponded (more than a

50 percent chance of flooding or ponding in any

year)

Parent material: Alluvial and lacustrine, calcareous

marl sediments

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, carbonatic, mesic

Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls

Representative Pedon

Fairplay (marl) silt loam, in a wooded area along Hoke

Run; about 1,900 feet west-southwest of the crossing

of the Winchester and Western Railroad on Route 5 on
Berkeley County, West Virginia 227

a bearing of 248 degrees; in the Bedington area;

USGS Hedgesville topographic quadrangle; lat. 39

degrees 31 minutes 04 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 54 minutes 33 seconds W.

A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2)

marly silt loam; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; friable; many very fine to

coarse roots; about 1 percent gastropod shells;

common fine and medium yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) iron concentrations; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

A2—6 to 15 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) marly

silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; friable; common very fine to medium

roots; about 3 percent gastropod shells; common

fine and medium light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) iron

concentrations; strongly effervescent; moderately

alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bkg—15 to 23 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/1) marly silt

loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

weak medium subangular blocky; friable; few very

fine and fine roots; about 2 percent gastropod

shells; common fine and medium light olive brown

(2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

Ckg1—23 to 30 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y

4/2) marly loam; massive; friable; common fine to

coarse roots; about 2 percent gastropod shells;

common fine and medium light olive brown

(2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear irregular

boundary.

Ckg2—30 to 36 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

marly loam; massive; few fine and very fine roots;

about 5 percent gastropod shells; common (10

percent) fine and medium hard carbonate nodules

and stems and common (15 percent) very coarse

hard carbonate nodules; common medium and

coarse olive yellow (2.5Y 6/8) iron concentrations;

violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt

broken boundary.

Agb—36 to 39 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/1) marly

silt loam; massive; friable; few fine roots; about 5

percent gastropod shells; common (5 percent) fine

and medium hard carbonate nodules and stems;

common medium light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

iron depletions and few fine and medium olive

brown (2.5Y 4/4) iron concentrations; violently

effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear broken

boundary.

Bkgb—39 to 49 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) marly loam;

weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak

medium subangular blocky; friable; about 3

percent gastropod shells; many (25 percent) fine

and medium hard carbonate nodules and stems;

common medium light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

iron depletions and few medium light olive brown

(2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations; violently

effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

Ckgb—49 to 65 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2)

marly loam; massive; friable; about 5 percent

gastropod shells; many (25 percent) fine and

medium hard carbonate nodules and stems;

common medium light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

iron depletions and few medium light olive brown

(2.5Y 5/6) iron concentrations; violently

effervescent; moderately alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 20 to 90 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly alkaline or

moderately alkaline (pH 7.4 to 8.4) throughout

and strongly effervescent or violently effervescent

throughout

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the

surface layer and 0 to 15 percent in the subsoil

and substratum

Gastropod shells and secondary calcium carbonate

nodules and stems: 0 to 10 percent in the surface

layer and 5 to 30 percent in the subsoil and

substratum

A horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—marly silt loam

Agb horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—1 to 2

Texture—marly silt loam or marly loam

Bkg or Bkgb horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—marly silt loam or marly loam

Ckg or Ckgb horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—marly silt loam, marly loam, or marly

sandy loam
228 Soil Survey

Funkstown Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape position: Nearly level, slightly concave

upland drainageways, colluvial fans, depressions,

and head slopes in the Great Valley

Flooding: Not flooded or occasionally flooded (a 10 to

50 percent chance of flooding in any year) for brief

periods

Parent material: Alluvial and colluvial material washed

from upland soils that formed dominantly in

limestone residuum and some interbedded

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic

Hapludalfs

Representative Pedon

Funkstown silt loam, in a pastured area; about 1,100

feet south-southwest of the intersection of Routes 5/9

and 5/3 on a bearing of 186 degrees; in the

Greensburg area; USGS Martinsburg topographic

quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 01 second N.

and long. 77 degrees 53 minutes 19 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

5 percent chert gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—11 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

gravelly loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; few faint patchy clay films on faces of peds;

20 percent chert gravel; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—16 to 27 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

gravelly loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; few very fine and fine roots;

few medium iron and manganese concretions; few

faint patchy clay films on faces of peds; 35 percent

chert gravel and 5 percent sandstone cobbles;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt3—27 to 47 inches; variegated clay, 90 percent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and 10 percent

brownish yellow (10YR 6/6); moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine

roots; common prominent black manganese stains

on faces of peds and in pores; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; 10 percent chert

gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt4—47 to 65 inches; variegated clay, 90 percent

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and 10 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8); moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: More than 60 inches

Depth to lithologic discontinuity: 25 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly acid or neutral in

the upper part of the solum and slightly acid or

moderately acid in the lower part of the solum

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent in the

surface layer and 0 to 50 percent in individual

horizons of the subsoil and substratum; fragments

are chert and sandstone

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, clay

loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of

those textures

2Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—6 to 8

Texture—clay, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay

loam

2C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—5YR to 2.5Y

Value—5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—silty clay loam or silty clay

Hagerstown Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape position: Nearly level to steep uplands in

the Great Valley

Flooding: None

Parent material: Limestone residuum, mainly members

of the Beekmantown Group

Slope range: 0 to 35 percent

Classification: Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
Berkeley County, West Virginia 229

Representative Pedon

Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a hay

field that has been stripcropped; about 2,600 feet eastnortheast of the intersection of Routes 45/3 and 40 on

a bearing of 66 degrees; in the area of Winebrenners

Crossroads; USGS Martinsburg topographic

quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 02 seconds N.

and long. 77 degrees 52 minutes 49 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent

chert gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

BA—12 to 20 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silt

loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine and

fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds and

few prominent stains of iron and manganese; 10

percent chert gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—20 to 30 inches; variegated silty clay, 85 percent

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and 15 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6); strong fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine

roots; many distinct clay films on faces of peds

and few prominent black stains of iron and

manganese; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—30 to 42 inches; variegated silty clay, 95 percent

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and 5 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6); strong fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; many distinct

clay films on faces of peds and very few prominent

black stains of iron and manganese; neutral; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt3—42 to 55 inches; variegated silty clay loam, 90

percent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) and 10 percent

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6); moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common faint

clay films on faces of peds and very few prominent

black stains of iron and manganese; neutral; clear

wavy boundary.

BC—55 to 71 inches; variegated silty clay loam, 85

percent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and 15 percent

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6); moderate

medium prismatic structure parting to moderate

medium subangular blocky; friable; very few faint

clay films on faces of peds and very few distinct

black stains of iron and manganese; 5 percent

limestone channers; neutral; abrupt irregular

boundary.

R—71 inches; hard, bluish gray limestone.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 40 to 72 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 to 72 inches or more

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent in the Ap

horizon and 0 to 20 percent in individual

subhorizons of the subsoil and substratum;

average content throughout the profile less than

15 percent; fragments are limestone, chert, or

sandstone

Ap or A horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, or gravelly silt

loam

BA horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, or the gravelly

analogs of those textures

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—clay, silty clay, silty clay loam, or the

gravelly analogs of those textures

BC and C horizons (if they occur):

Hue—10YR to 2.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—6 to 8

Texture—silty clay, clay, silty clay loam, silt loam,

or the gravelly analogs of those textures

Hazleton Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid

Landscape position: Steep or very steep side slopes

of North, Third Hill, and Sleepy Creek Mountains

Flooding: None

Parent material: Colluvial material derived from acid

sandstone and shale

Slope range: 15 to 65 percent

Classification: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic

Dystrochrepts

Representative Pedon

Hazleton channery loam, in a wooded area of

Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 35 to 65 percent slopes,

extremely stony, on Third Hill Mountain; about 1,200

feet east-southeast of the intersection of Park and
230 Soil Survey

Forest Routes 825 and 826 on a bearing of 129

degrees; in the Sleepy Creek Public Hunting and

Fishing Area; USGS Stotlers Crossroads topographic

quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 30 minutes 01 second N.

and long. 78 degrees 08 minutes 28 seconds W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed hardwood leaf

litter.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed hardwood leaf

litter.

A—1 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

channery loam; weak fine and medium granular

structure; very friable; common fine to coarse

roots; 20 percent channers; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

E—4 to 11 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure parting to weak fine granular;

very friable; many fine to coarse roots; 30 percent

channers; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BE—11 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium

roots; 40 percent channers; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—15 to 22 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

channery loam; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

very few clay films on faces of peds, in pores, and

on rock fragments; 45 percent channers; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—22 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

channery loam; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

common discontinuous faint clay films on faces

of peds, in pores, and on rock fragments; 45

percent channers; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw3—37 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

channery sandy loam; weak medium platy

structure parting to weak medium subangular

blocky; firm; few fine roots; common discontinuous

clay films on faces of peds, in pores, and on rock

fragments; 50 percent channers; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—48 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) very

channery sandy loam; massive; firm; 55 percent

channers; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 30 to 50 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.5 to 5.5) throughout

Content of rock fragments: 10 to 40 percent in the A

and E horizons, 15 to 70 percent in the BE and Bw

horizons, and 35 to 85 percent in the C horizon

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—channery loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—channery or very channery analogs of

loam or sandy loam

BE horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—channery, very channery, or extremely

channery analogs of loam or sandy loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—channery, very channery, or extremely

channery analogs of loam or sandy loam in the

upper part of the horizon and channery, very

channery, or extremely channery analogs of

loamy sand in the lower part

C horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—channery, very channery, or extremely

channery analogs of sandy loam, loam, or

loamy sand

Huntington Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape position: On flood plains, mainly along

Opequon Creek and its tributaries

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year)

Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed from upland

soils that formed in limestone or shale

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluventic

Hapludolls
Berkeley County, West Virginia 231

Representative Pedon

Huntington silt loam, in a meadow; about 100 feet east

of Opequon Creek; 1,420 feet north-northeast of the

Route 9 bridge on a bearing of 12 degrees; USGS

Martinsburg topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees

25 minutes 46 seconds N. and long. 75 degrees 56

minutes 07 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 11 inches; silt loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3)

rubbed; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; friable; common very fine to medium

roots; strongly effervescent (1N HCl); slightly

alkaline; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—11 to 17 inches; silt loam, dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) rubbed; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

to medium roots; common dark brown (10YR 3/3)

organic coatings on faces of peds and in pores;

strongly effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—17 to 20 inches; silt loam, brown (10YR 4/3)

rubbed; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots;

many dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings

on faces of peds and in pores; strongly

effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline; clear

smooth boundary.

Ab—20 to 29 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; friable; few very fine to coarse roots;

strongly effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline;

clear wavy boundary.

Bwb1—29 to 36 inches; silt loam, brown (10YR 4/3)

rubbed; weak medium prismatic structure parting

to weak fine and medium subangular blocky;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; many dark

brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings on faces of

peds and in pores; strongly effervescent (1N HCl);

slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bwb2—36 to 42 inches; silt loam, dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/4) rubbed; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

roots; few dark brown (10YR 3/3) organic coatings

on faces of peds and in pores; strongly

effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

Cb1—42 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine

sandy loam; massive; friable; few very fine roots;

strongly effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline;

clear wavy boundary.

Cb2—62 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

loamy fine sand; single grain; loose; strongly

effervescent (1N HCl); slightly alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: Commonly 40 to 60 inches but

ranges to 70 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, neutral to moderately

alkaline (pH 6.6 to 8.4); most pedons effervesce

with 1N HCl throughout the profile

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 2 percent in the upper

40 inches and 0 to 25 percent below a depth of 40

inches

Relic snail shells and shell fragments: In many peds,

especially in the lower horizons

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—2 or 3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

AB or BA horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 or 3

Ped surface colors—similar to the matrix colors of

the Ap horizon

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Ab horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—3

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Bw or Bwb horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Ped coatings—commonly have value of 3 but

value ranges from 2 to 4

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

C or Cb horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine

sand, loam, or silty clay loam; C horizon

commonly stratified

Lappans Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid
232 Soil Survey

Landscape position: Flood plains along streams below

limestone springs in the Great Valley

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year)

Parent material: Alluvial and lacustrine, calcareous

marl sediments

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, carbonatic, mesic Typic

Calciudolls

Representative Pedon

Lappans (marl) loam, in a pastured area; about 4,100

feet east-southeast of the intersection of Routes 5/3

and 5 on a bearing of 124 degrees; in the Greensburg

area; USGS Shepherdstown topographic quadrangle;

lat. 39 degrees 29 minutes 03 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 52 minutes 24 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) marly loam; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; friable; common fine and very

fine roots; less that 1 percent snail shells and shell

fragments; strongly effervescent; moderately

alkaline; clear smooth boundary.

BA—10 to 18 inches; gray (10YR 5/2) marly loam;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; less

than 1 percent snail shells and shell fragments;

strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear

wavy boundary.

Bk—18 to 38 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) marly loam;

weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky; friable; few

very fine and fine roots between peds; very dark

grayish brown (10YR 3/2) wormcasts and soil

material filling old root channels; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy

boundary.

Ck1—38 to 46 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1)

marly loam; massive; friable; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy

boundary.

Ck2—46 to 65 inches; light gray (10YR 7/2) marly

sandy loam; massive; friable; strongly

effervescent; moderately alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 35 to 90 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, slightly alkaline or

moderately alkaline (pH 7.4 to 8.4) throughout;

effervesces violently with acid throughout the

profile

Content of rock fragments: Averages less than

15 percent throughout

Secondary lime concretions and snail shells: 0 to 20

percent throughout

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—marly loam

BA horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—marly analog of loam, sandy loam, or silt

loam

Bk horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—marly analog of loam, clay loam, or

sandy loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and brown and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray below a depth

of 30 inches in some pedons

Ck horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—marly analog of loam, clay loam, or

sandy loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and brown and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray in some

pedons

Lindside Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow or moderate

Landscape position: Nearly level flood plains, mainly

along streams in the Great Valley

Flooding: Frequently flooded (more than a 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year)

Parent material: Alluvial deposits washed from upland

soils that formed in limestone

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic

Eutrochrepts

Representative Pedon

Lindside silt loam, in a hay field; about 6,150 feet

east-northeast of Full Gospel Church on a bearing of
Berkeley County, West Virginia 233

60 degrees; along Opequon Creek; USGS

Martinsburg topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees

29 minutes 22 seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 54

minutes 42 seconds W.

Ap1—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; moderate fine granular structure; friable;

many very fine to coarse roots; slightly alkaline;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Ap2—3 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR

4/2) silt loam; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; friable; common very fine to

medium roots; slightly alkaline; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—10 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine to medium roots;

few fine and medium irregular soft masses of

carbonates; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—20 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine to medium roots;

few fine dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions and

common dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) iron

concentrations; slightly alkaline; clear smooth

boundary.

Bg—28 to 46 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silty clay

loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

weak medium subangular blocky; friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine

roots; few patchy iron and manganese stains on

faces of peds; few medium dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) iron depletions and few fine reddish

brown (5YR 4/4) iron concentrations; slightly

alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg—46 to 65 inches; silty clay loam, 85 percent gray

(10YR 6/1) and 15 percent grayish brown (10YR

5/2); massive; firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common medium and coarse strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; slightly alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 25 to 50 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8) throughout

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent above a

depth of 40 inches and 0 to 30 percent below a

depth of 40 inches

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

BA horizon: (if it occurs)

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and low-chroma iron

depletions in shades of gray below a depth of

14 inches

Bg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red

Cg horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, sandy

loam, the gravelly analogs of those textures, or

stratified layers of any of those textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red

Monongahela Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate above the fragipan and

moderately slow or slow in the fragipan

Landscape position: Nearly level to strongly sloping

stream terraces, mainly along Back Creek and, to

a lesser extent, along Opequon Creek and the

Potomac River

Flooding: None

Parent material: Old, acid, alluvial deposits washed

from upland soils that are underlain by sandstone,

siltstone, or shale

Slope range: 0 to 15 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic

Fragiudults

Representative Pedon

Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in a hay

field; about 1,650 feet west-southwest of the iron
234 Soil Survey

bridge crossing Back Creek along Route 18 on a

bearing of 265 degrees; in the Shanghai area; USGS

Tablers Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39

degrees 26 minutes 08 seconds N and long. 78

degrees 07 minutes 25 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate very fine and fine granular

structure; very friable; common medium and

coarse roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—10 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt

loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; many very fine and fine

roots; many distinct continuous clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—21 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; common distinct continuous clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; common fine and

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron

concentrations and common fine and medium

prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron depletions; 5

percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btx1—27 to 45 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silt

loam; strong coarse prismatic structure parting to

weak fine and medium platy; very firm and brittle;

common distinct continuous clay films on faces of

peds; common fine and medium prominent

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) iron concentrations

and common fine and medium prominent gray

(10YR 6/1) iron depletions; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Btx2—45 to 53 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

clay loam; strong coarse prismatic structure

parting to weak medium platy; firm and brittle; few

distinct discontinuous clay films on faces of peds;

common medium prominent gray (10YR 6/1) iron

depletions; 10 percent gravel; very strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—53 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy

loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure;

friable; many medium and coarse prominent gray

(10YR 6/1) iron depletions; 10 percent gravel; very

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 40 to 72 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Depth to the fragipan: 18 to 30 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid or very

strongly acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5)

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 20 percent above the

Btx horizon, 0 to 25 percent in the Btx horizon,

and 10 to 40 percent in the C horizon

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam or gravelly loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—silt loam, silty clay loam, loam, clay

loam, or the gravelly analogs of those textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red or yellow and low-chroma iron

depletions in shades of gray in the lower part of

the Bt horizon

Btx horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 to 8

Texture—loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or the gravelly analogs of those textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red or yellow and low-chroma iron

depletions in shades of gray

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—4 to 7

Chroma—2 to 8

Texture—sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silty clay

loam, clay loam, or the gravelly or very gravelly

analogs of those textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and yellow and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray

Murrill Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape position: Mainly on footslopes on the east

side of North Mountain and, to a lesser extent, on

steep limestone uplands directly above the

Potomac River

Flooding: None

Parent material: Partly in colluvial material derived

mainly from acid sandstone and shale and partly

in the underlying material weathered from

limestone
Berkeley County, West Virginia 235

Slope range: 3 to 35 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic

Hapludults

Representative Pedon

Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in an

orchard; about 2,500 feet north-northeast of the

intersection of Routes 45/8 and 15 on a bearing of 10

degrees; in the Nollville area; USGS Tablers Station

topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 37

seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 01 minutes 54

seconds W.

Oe—1 inch to 0; organic material of intermediate

decomposition.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; friable; many very fine and fine roots; 15

percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; common very fine and fine roots; few

distinct discontinuous clay films on faces of peds

and on rock fragments; 10 percent gravel; slightly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—17 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

gravelly clay loam; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine and fine roots; common distinct continuous

clay films on faces of peds and on rock fragments;

15 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt3—24 to 34 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

gravelly clay loam; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

and fine roots; common prominent continuous clay

films throughout; 25 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt4—34 to 72 inches; silty clay, 60 percent yellowish

red (5YR 4/6) and 40 percent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6); strong medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; firm; many prominent

continuous clay films throughout; slightly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: More than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Content of rock fragments: 10 to 30 percent in the

upper part of the solum and 0 to 25 percent in the

2Bt horizon

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—gravelly loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—loam, sandy loam, silt loam, or the

gravelly analogs of those textures

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silty clay loam, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silt loam, loam, or the gravelly analogs of

those textures

2Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR to 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—6

Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam, or

the gravelly analogs of those textures

Nollville Series

Depth class: Deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape position: Gently sloping to moderately

steep upland ridges and side slopes in the Great

Valley

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from interbedded

limestone and limy shales, mainly on the Elbrook

Formation

Slope range: 3 to 25 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic

Hapludalfs

Representative Pedon

Nollville channery silt loam, in an area of RyderNollville channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in

a hay field; about 1 mile north-northeast of the

intersection of Routes 15 and 16 on a bearing of 24

degrees; near Nollville; USGS Tablers Station

topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 50

seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 00 minutes 59

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

channery silt loam; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; friable; common very fine to
236 Soil Survey

medium roots; 20 percent shale channers; neutral;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

channery silty clay loam that has few streaks and

pockets of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; few patchy clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; few black stains of iron and

manganese on faces of peds and on shale

fragments; 20 percent shale fragments; neutral;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—20 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) silty

clay loam that has common streaks and pockets

of strong brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; common discontinuous clay films on

faces of ped and in pores; few black stains of iron

and manganese on faces of peds and on shale

fragments; 5 percent shale fragments; neutral;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—29 to 41 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty

clay that has few streaks and pockets of yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8); weak medium prismatic

structure parting to moderate medium subangular

blocky; friable, moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; many continuous clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; few black stains of iron and

manganese on faces of peds and on shale

fragments; 5 percent shale fragments; slightly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—41 to 57 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

channery silty clay loam that has common streaks

and pockets of brownish yellow (10YR 6/8);

massive; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few patchy clay films on shale fragments; few

black stains of iron and manganese on shale

fragments; 55 percent shale fragments; slightly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—57 inches; slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 40 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3)

Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent in the Ap

horizon, 0 to 20 percent in the upper part of the Bt

horizon, 0 to 40 percent in the lower part of the Bt

horizon, and 0 to 60 percent in the C horizon

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—channery silt loam

BE horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silt loam, loam, or the channery analogs

of those textures

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—6 to 8

Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, or the

channery or very channery analogs of

those textures; subhorizons of silty clay or

clay in the lower part of the Bt horizon in

many pedons

BC horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—6 to 8

Texture—silty clay loam, silty clay, silt loam, or the

channery or very channery analogs of those

textures

C horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—6 to 8

Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, loam, silty clay,

or the channery or very channery analogs of

those textures

Opequon Series

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow

Landscape position: Gently sloping to steep uplands in

the Great Valley

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from

Chambersburg and New Market Limestones

Slope range: 3 to 60 percent

Classification: Clayey, mixed, mesic Lithic Hapludalfs

Representative Pedon

Opequon silty clay, in an area of Carbo-Opequon

complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in a hay field; about

4,450 feet east-northeast of the intersection of U.S.

Route 60 and Route 26 on a bearing of 77 degrees; in

the Bunker Hill area; USGS Inwood topographic
Berkeley County, West Virginia 237

quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 20 minutes 13 seconds N.

and long. 78 degrees 02 minutes 20 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silty clay; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

5 percent limestone channers; slightly alkaline;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 13 inches; variegated clay, 95 percent

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 5 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6); moderate fine angular blocky

structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent limestone

channers; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—13 to 17 inches; variegated clay, 85 percent

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 15 percent dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4); moderate fine angular

blocky structure; firm, very sticky and very plastic;

few very fine and fine roots; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds; 10 percent limestone

channers; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—17 inches; hard, bluish gray limestone.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 12 to 20 inches

Depth to bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, moderately acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.6 to 7.8)

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent, by volume,

throughout; fragments are mostly limestone

channers

Ap or A horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silty clay

Bt horizon:

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—clay or silty clay

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—5YR to 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—clay or silty clay

Pecktonville Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate in the upper part of the solum

and slow or moderately slow in the lower part

Landscape position: Gently sloping or strongly sloping,

convex ridges and moderately steep to very steep,

convex side slopes in the western part of the

county, mainly on Ferrel Ridge, on Wilson Ridge,

and in other outlying areas; limestone bedrock

near Jones Spring

Flooding: None

Parent material: Dominantly material weathered from

stratified, siliceous limestone that has a fairly high

content of angular chert fragments and in some

material weathered from sandstone

Slope range: 3 to 50 percent

Classification: Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudults

Representative Pedon

Pecktonville very gravelly loam, in a wooded area of

Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly loams, 15 to 35

percent slopes, extremely stony; about 3,000 feet

west-northwest of the entrance to Camp Tomahawk on

a bearing of 274 degrees; on Wilson Ridge; USGS

Tablers Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39

degrees 29 minutes 59 seconds N and long. 78

degrees 04 minutes 19 seconds W.

Oe—0 to 1 inch; partially decomposed hardwood leaf

litter.

A—1 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; very friable; many very fine to

coarse roots; 40 percent gravel; moderately acid;

clear wavy boundary.

E—3 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

gravelly loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many very fine to medium roots;

20 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BE—7 to 12 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt

loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine to

coarse roots; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—12 to 17 inches; yellowish red (5YR 5/6) gravelly

silty clay loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common fine roots; few patchy clay films

on faces of peds; 15 percent gravel; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—17 to 32 inches; variegated gravelly clay, 65

percent yellowish red (5YR 5/6), 25 percent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6), and 10 percent brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6); moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately

sticky and moderately plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; common continuous clay films on rock
238 Soil Survey

fragments and faces of peds; 15 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—32 to 46 inches; variegated gravelly clay, 85

percent yellowish red (5YR 5/8), 10 percent red

(2.5YR 4/8), and 5 percent brownish yellow (10YR

6/6); moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky and

moderately plastic; few very fine to coarse roots;

many continuous clay films on rock fragments and

faces of peds; 20 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt4—46 to 62 inches; variegated gravelly clay, 75

percent yellowish red (5YR 5/6), 15 percent red

(2.5YR 4/8), and 10 percent brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6); moderate medium platy structure

parting to moderate medium subangular blocky;

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; many continuous clay films on faces of

peds, on rock fragments, and in root channels;

common coarse pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) iron

depletions along faces of peds; 20 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt5—62 to 65 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots;

common distinct patchy stains of manganese or of

iron and manganese throughout; many continuous

clay films on faces of peds, on rock fragments,

and in root channels; 10 percent gravel; strongly

acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: More than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 72 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Content of rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent in the A

horizon, 10 to 60 percent in the E and BE

horizons, and 0 to 35 percent in the Bt horizon;

fragments are mostly angular chert pebbles

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—1 to 3

Texture—very gravelly loam

E horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam, loam, or the gravelly or very

gravelly analogs of those textures

BE horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, or the

gravelly or very gravelly analogs of those

textures

Bt horizon:

Hue—2.5YR or 5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—6 to 8

Texture—silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, clay,

or the gravelly analogs of those textures

Other features—redoximorphic features below a

depth of 42 inches

Philo Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape position: Nearly level flood plains, mainly

along Back Creek and its tributaries

Flooding: Occasionally flooded (a 5 to 50 percent

chance of flooding in any year)

Parent material: Recent alluvial deposits washed from

upland soils that formed in material weathered

from acid sandstone and shale

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic

Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

Representative Pedon

Philo silt loam in a hay field; about 5,800 feet northnortheast of the County Route 18 bridge over Back

Creek on a bearing of 24 degrees; east of Shanghai;

USGS Tablers Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39

degrees 26 minutes 57 seconds N and long. 78

degrees 06 minutes 25 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

friable; common very fine to coarse roots; 5

percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw1—10 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silt loam; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure parting to weak

medium granular; friable; common very fine and

fine roots; common fine and medium very dark

brown concretions of iron and manganese; slightly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—17 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate medium granular;

friable; few very fine roots; common fine and
Berkeley County, West Virginia 239

medium very dark brown concretions of iron and

manganese; few fine light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) iron depletions and few fine dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/6) iron concentrations; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—29 to 45 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; common fine

and medium very dark brown concretions of iron

and manganese; common medium light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and common

medium yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron

concentrations; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BC—45 to 53 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam;

weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable;

few very fine and fine roots; few fine and medium

very dark brown concretions of iron and

manganese; many medium and coarse light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and

common fine and medium yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) iron concentrations; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C—53 to 65 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam;

massive; friable; few fine and medium very dark

brown concretions of iron and manganese;

common medium and coarse light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) iron depletions and common medium

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; very

strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 25 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid throughout

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 10 percent in the

surface layer, 0 to 20 percent in the subsoil, and 0

to 40 percent in the substratum

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—2 or 3

Texture—silt loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam or loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and brown and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray

BC horizon:

Colors and textures—similar to those of the Bw

horizon

C horizon:

Hue—7.5YR to 2.5Y

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—1 to 4

Texture—silt loam, loam, sandy loam, loamy sand,

sand, the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of

those textures, or stratified layers of any of

those textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and brown and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray; gleyed in

some pedons

Poorhouse Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Landscape position: Nearly level or gently sloping,

slightly concave slopes near the eastern foot of

North Mountain and small areas in slight

depressions scattered throughout the Great Valley

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from limestone

mixed with some colluvial material

Slope range: 0 to 8 percent

Classification: Fine, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs

Representative Pedon

Poorhouse silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in an area

of cropland; about 2,000 feet east-northeast of the

intersection of Routes 45/8 and 30/1 on a bearing of

66 degrees; east of North Mountain; USGS Tablers

Station topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 26

minutes 24 seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 03

minutes 15 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 12 inches; silt loam, 95 percent light olive

brown (2.5Y 5/3) and 5 percent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6); moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine and fine roots; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—12 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty

clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky; firm, moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; very few very fine roots; common

discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; common fine and medium light brownish
240 Soil Survey

gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions and few fine

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay;

moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky;

firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic;

very few very fine roots; many discontinuous clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; many medium

gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions and few fine

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—26 to 36 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay;

moderate medium prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; firm,

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; very

few very fine roots; few pressure faces; many

discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; few black stains of iron and

manganese; common medium gray (10YR 5/1)

iron depletions and few fine strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) iron concentrations; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt4—36 to 49 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay;

moderate medium prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; firm,

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; very few

very fine roots; common pressure faces; many

discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; few black stains of iron and manganese;

few fine gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions and few

fine strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bt5—49 to 54 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) clay;

moderate medium prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; firm,

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; very few

very fine roots; common pressure faces; many

discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; many medium gray (10YR 5/1) iron

depletions and many fine strong brown (7.5YR

4/6) iron concentrations; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg—54 to 65 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/0) silty clay;

moderate medium prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; firm,

moderately sticky and moderately plastic; very few

fine roots; common discontinuous clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; few black stains of iron

and manganese; many fine and medium strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6) iron concentrations and

common coarse dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

iron depletions; 5 percent limestone channers;

slightly alkaline.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 40 to 70 inches or more

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

neutral (pH 4.5 to 7.3) in the upper part of the

solum and moderately acid to slightly alkaline (pH

5.6 to 7.8) in the lower part of the solum and in the

C horizon, if it occurs

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 25 percent throughout

the profile; fragments are mainly sandstone

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or N

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—0 to 6

Texture—clay, silty clay, clay loam, silty clay loam,

or the channery or gravelly analogs of those

textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and brown and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray; gleyed colors

in the lower part of the horizon in many pedons

Consistence—firm or very firm when moist; hard

when dry; and moderately plastic and

moderately sticky when wet

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or N

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—0 to 6

Texture—clay, silty clay, clay loam, silty clay loam,

or the channery or gravelly analogs of those

textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and brown and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray; gleyed in

many pedons

Consistence—similar to that of the Bt horizon

Pope Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate or moderately rapid

Landscape position: Nearly level flood plains, mainly

along Back Creek and its tributaries in the western

part of the county

Flooding: Frequent or occasional

Parent material: Loamy, alluvial deposits washed from
Berkeley County, West Virginia 241

upland soils that are underlain by acid sandstone,

siltstone, and shale

Slope range: 0 to 3 percent

Classification: Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic

Dystrochrepts

Representative Pedon

Pope silt loam, in an abandoned area of cropland;

about 9,600 feet south-southeast of the intersection of

Routes 7 and 7/8 on a bearing of 170 degrees; in the

Jones Springs area; USGS Tablers Station

topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 27 minutes 55

seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 05 minutes 25

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 11 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; common very

fine and fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—11 to 28 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

few faint organic coatings in root channels and in

pores; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—28 to 34 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; few very fine and fine roots;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—34 to 51 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; very

strongly acid; many faint organic coatings in root

channels and in pores; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C—51 to 65 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; massive;

friable; very strongly acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 30 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to strongly

acid (pH 3.6 to 5.5)

Content of rock fragments: Averages less than 15

percent in the surface layer, 0 to 30 percent in the

subsoil, and 0 to 75 percent in the substratum

Ap or A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 or 5; some pedons have an Ap horizon

that has value of 3 to 6 or more when dry

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam or fine sandy loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam, loam, sandy loam, fine sandy

loam, very fine sandy loam, or the gravelly

analogs of those textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and low-chroma iron

depletions in shades of gray below a depth of

24 inches in some pedons

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam,

loamy sand, the gravelly or very gravelly

analogs of those textures, or stratified layers of

any of those textures

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and low-chroma iron

depletions in shades of gray in some pedons

Ryder Series

Depth class: Moderately deep

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape position: Gently sloping to moderately

steep upland ridges and side slopes in the Great

Valley

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from interbedded

limestone and limy shales, mainly on the Elbrook

Formation

Slope range: 3 to 25 percent

Classification: Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic

Hapludalfs

Representative Pedon

Ryder channery silt loam, in an area of Ryder-Nollville

channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, in a hay

field; about 1 mile north-northeast of the intersection of

Routes 15 and 16 on a bearing of 28 degrees; near

Nollville; USGS Tablers Station topographic

quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 50 seconds N.

and long. 78 degrees 00 minutes 57 seconds W.

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

channery silt loam mixed with a few coarse

pockets of yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) channery

silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; friable; common very fine to

medium roots; 20 percent shale fragments;

neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt—9 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

channery silty clay loam that has common coarse
242 Soil Survey

pockets and streaks of yellowish brown (10YR

5/6); moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common

patchy clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

very few black stains of iron and manganese on

faces of peds; 25 percent shale fragments; slightly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—25 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

extremely channery silty clay loam that has

common medium pockets and streaks of strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) and yellowish red (5YR 4/6);

massive; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few black stains of iron and manganese on shale

fragments; 65 percent shale fragments; slightly

acid; abrupt irregular boundary.

R—33 inches; slightly weathered, fractured and tilted,

interbedded limestone and limy shale.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 20 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 24 to 40 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to neutral

(pH 5.1 to 7.3) in the solum and moderately acid

to neutral (pH 5.6 to 7.3) in the C horizon

Content of rock fragments: 15 to 25 percent in the Ap

horizon, 10 to 25 percent in the Bt horizon, and 25

to 75 percent in the C horizon

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—channery silt loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—silty clay loam, silt loam, loam, or the

channery analogs of those textures

C horizon:

Hue—10YR or 7.5YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—channery, very channery, or extremely

channery analogs of silty clay loam, silt loam,

or loam

Swanpond Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Landscape position: Nearly level or gently sloping

uplands in the Great Valley

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from limestone

Slope range: 0 to 8 percent

Classification: Very fine, mixed, active, mesic Vertic

Paleudalfs

Representative Pedon

Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in an area

of cropland; 1,300 feet north-northwest of the

intersection of Routes 5/9 and 5/3 on a bearing of 339

degrees; in the Greensburg area; USGS Martinsburg

topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 28 minutes 24

seconds N. and long. 77 degrees 53 minutes 23

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

friable; few very fine roots; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—7 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;

weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky;

friable, very sticky and very plastic; very few very

fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—25 to 32 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay;

weak coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky;

friable, very sticky and very plastic; very few very

fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds; few prominent black stains of manganese

on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btss1—32 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate fine and medium angular blocky;

friable, very sticky and very plastic; very few very

fine roots between peds; common slickensides;

many prominent clay films on faces of peds;

common prominent black stains of manganese on

faces of peds; few fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1)

iron depletions along faces of peds; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Btss2—39 to 49 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

clay; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate fine and medium angular blocky; firm,

very sticky and very plastic; very few very fine

roots between peds; common slickensides; many

prominent clay films on faces of peds; common

prominent black stains of manganese on faces of

peds; common coarse distinct gray (10YR 6/1)

iron depletions along faces of peds; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 243

Btss3—49 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

clay; strong coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate fine and medium angular blocky; firm,

very sticky and very plastic; common slickensides;

many prominent clay films on faces of peds;

common prominent black stains of manganese on

faces of peds; many coarse distinct gray (10YR

6/1) iron depletions along faces of peds; strongly

acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: More than 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, strongly acid to slightly

alkaline (pH 5.1 to 7.8)

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent throughout

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 or 4

Chroma—3 to 5

Texture—silt loam

BA horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—4

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—clay with some subhorizons of silty clay

Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in

shades of gray and high-chroma iron

concentrations in shades of red begin at a

depth of 30 to 40 inches; few or common

slickensides generally in one or more

subhorizons

BC and C horizons (if they occur):

Hue—7.5YR or 10YR

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—4 to 8

Texture—clay or silty clay

Other features—low-chroma iron depletions in

shades of gray and high-chroma iron

concentrations in shades of red in most pedons

Tygart Series

Depth class: Very deep

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Landscape position: Nearly level or gently sloping, low

stream terraces, mainly along Back Creek and, to

a lesser extent, along Opequon Creek and the

Potomac River

Flooding: None

Parent material: Acid, slackwater alluvium

Slope range: 0 to 8 percent

Classification: Clayey, mixed, mesic Aeric Endoaquults

Representative Pedon

Tygart silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in a pastured

area; about 4,400 feet north-northeast of the County

Route 18 bridge over Back Creek on a bearing of 35

degrees; near Shanghai; USGS Tablers Station

topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 26 minutes 38

seconds N. and long. 78 degrees 62 minutes 25

seconds W.

Ap—0 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) silt loam;

moderate fine granular structure; friable; common

very fine to medium roots; few fine charcoal

fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BA—10 to 15 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine and very fine roots; few

fine charcoal fragments; many medium or coarse

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron concentrations and

few medium light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron

depletions; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt—15 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty

clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting

to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky;

firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few

very fine roots along faces of peds; common

discontinuous clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; many coarse gray (10YR 6/1) iron

depletions and common medium strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) iron concentrations; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg—24 to 47 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) clay; moderate

coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate

medium and coarse platy; firm, moderately sticky

and moderately plastic; few very fine roots along

faces of peds; many discontinuous clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; many coarse yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) and few fine yellowish red (5YR

4/6) iron concentrations; 2 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BCg—47 to 59 inches; silty clay, 50 percent gray

(10YR 6/1) and 50 percent yellowish brown (10YR

5/6); weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; firm, moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; few fine and medium yellowish red (5YR

5/6) iron concentrations; 2 percent gravel; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.
244 Soil Survey

Cg—59 to 65 inches; gray (2.5Y 6/1) silty clay;

massive; firm, moderately sticky and moderately

plastic; common fine and medium yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) and few fine yellowish red (5YR 4/6)

iron concentrations; 2 percent gravel; moderately

acid.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 40 to 60 inches

Depth to bedrock: More than 60 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, very strongly acid to

moderately acid (pH 4.5 to 6.0)

Content of rock fragments: 0 to 3 percent

throughout

Ap horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—4 or 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—silt loam

BA horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 or 4

Texture—silt loam or silty clay loam

Bt horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—3 to 6

Texture—silty clay or silty clay loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and yellow and low-chroma

iron depletions in shades of gray

Btg horizon:

Hue—10YR, 2.5Y, or N

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—0 to 2

Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and yellow

BCg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—1 to 6

Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and yellow

Cg horizon:

Hue—10YR or 2.5Y

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—1 or 2

Texture—clay, silty clay, or silty clay loam

Other features—high-chroma iron concentrations

in shades of red and yellow

Udorthents

Depth class: Varies

Drainage class: Varies

Permeability: Varies; generally moderately slow or slow

in areas that have been heavily compacted by

equipment

Landscape position: Nearly level to very steep areas

that have been drastically disturbed by excavating,

grading, filling, or a combination of these practices.

Most of these areas are the result of road

construction, such as along Interstate 81, or

construction of commercial or industrial buildings,

schools, or recreational areas, such as ball fields.

Parent material: Varies

Slope range: 0 percent to nearly vertical in excavated

areas

Classification: Udorthents

Representative Pedon

Because the characteristics of these soils vary so

much, a representative profile is not given. The surface

layer of these soils ranges from sandy loam to clay

with a wide range in size, amount, and kind of rock

fragments. Generally, the soils derived from materials

excavated from areas underlain by limestone are

clayey in texture, while the soils derived from materials

excavated from areas underlain by shale or sandstone

are loamy in texture.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: Varies

Depth to bedrock: Varies from very shallow in

excavated areas to very deep in filled areas

Reaction: Varies

Content of rock fragments: Varies

Weikert Series

Depth class: Shallow

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Landscape position: Gently sloping to very steep

uplands

Flooding: None

Parent material: Material weathered from shale or

siltstone

Slope range: 3 to 70 percent

Classification: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic

Dystrochrepts
Berkeley County, West Virginia 245

Representative Pedon

Weikert very channery silt loam, in an area of WeikertBerks very channery silt loams, 25 to 70 percent

slopes, in a grazed woodlot; about 1,400 feet northnorthwest of the intersection of Routes 45/4 and 5/9

on a bearing of 354 degrees; in the Greensburg area;

USGS Martinsburg topographic quadrangle; lat. 39

degrees 28 minutes 13 seconds N. and long. 77

degrees 53 minutes 52 seconds W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed, mixed litter from

oaks and pines.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very channery silt loam; moderate fine granular

structure; very friable; many fine to coarse and

common very fine roots; 40 percent shale

channers; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw—2 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

very channery silt loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine

to coarse and common very fine roots; common

distinct silt coatings on faces of peds, in

pores, and on shale fragments; 60 percent

shale channers; extremely acid; clear wavy

boundary.

R—13 inches; tilted and fractured, gray

shale.

Range in Characteristics

Solum thickness: 8 to 20 inches

Depth to bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Reaction: In unlimed areas, extremely acid to

moderately acid (pH 3.5 to 6.0)

Content of rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent in the A

horizon, 35 to 60 percent in the B horizon, and 60

to 85 percent in the C horizon; fragments are

shale or siltstone

A horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—3 to 5

Chroma—2 to 4

Texture—channery silt loam or very channery silt

loam

E horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—5 or 6

Chroma—4

Texture—channery or very channery analogs of

silt loam or loam

Bw horizon:

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—very channery silt loam or very channery

loam

C horizon (if it occurs):

Hue—10YR

Value—4 to 6

Chroma—4 to 6

Texture—extremely channery silt loam or

extremely channery loam

247

This section explains the origin and development of

the soils in Berkeley County. It describes the influence

of the five factors of soil formation on the soils in the

county. It also describes the morphology of the soils

as it applies to horizon nomenclature and the

geological characteristics of the county.

Factors of Soil Formation

The soils in Berkeley County have resulted from the

interaction of five major factors of soil formation—

parent material, time, climate, living organisms, and

topography (Jenny 1941). Each factor modifies the

effect of the other factors. Parent material, topography,

and time have produced the major differences among

the soils in Berkeley County. Climate and living

organisms generally show their influence throughout

broad areas.

Parent Material, Time, and Climate

The character of the parent material strongly

influences the time required for soil formation and the

nature of the soils produced. The soils in Berkeley

County formed in residual, colluvial, and alluvial

materials.

Most of the soils formed in residual material

weathered from limestone, shale, sandstone, or

siltstone. The residual material is the oldest parent

material in the county. Some of the soils that formed in

residual material, such as the Hagerstown soils, show

a high degree of development. Other soils are not so

well developed because the soil-forming processes

have been hindered by slope or by rock that is

resistant to weathering. Dekalb soils, for example,

formed in material weathered from hard sandstone

and show a very limited degree of development.

The colluvial parent material on foot slopes, on toe

slopes, and near the head of drainageways has moved

downslope from residual soils. This material is younger

than the residual material, but the soil-forming

processes have had a considerable amount of time to

act on the parent material. The resulting soils, such as

those in the Buchanan series, are strongly leached

and moderately well developed.

The alluvial parent material on terraces and flood

plains has washed from upland soils that formed in

residual and colluvial material. The soils on the

terraces, such as the Monongahela soils, are much

older than the soils on the flood plains. They also are

strongly leached and have a moderately well

developed soil profile. The soils on the flood plains,

such as the Pope soils, are the youngest soils in the

county. They exhibit a weakly developed profile.

Climate generally is relatively uniform throughout

the county and is not responsible for any major

differences among the soils. Rainfall and temperature,

however, have had a general influence on the

development of layers in the soil profile. The water

from rainfall dissolves minerals, supports biological

activity, and transports mineral and organic residue

through the soil profile. Because more water enters the

soil as precipitation than is lost through evaporation,

the humid climate in the county has caused the soils

to be leached. The temperature determines the type of

physical, chemical, and biological activities that take

place and the speed at which they act. A detailed

description of the climate is given in the section

“General Nature of the County.”

Living Organisms

Living organisms, including plants, animals,

bacteria, fungi, and humans, affect soil formation. The

kind and amount of vegetation generally are

responsible for the amount of organic matter in the

soil, the color of the surface layer, and, in part, the

amount of nutrients in the soil. Earthworms and

burrowing animals help to keep the soil open and

porous, and they mix organic and mineral material by

moving the soil to the surface. Bacteria and fungi

decompose organic matter and can be instrumental in

releasing nutrients for plant uptake. Humans influence

the characteristics of the surface layer by clearing

vegetation, plowing, or adding lime and fertilizer.

Topography

Topography affects soil formation through its effect

on the amount of water moving through the soil, the

amount and rate of runoff, and the rate of erosion.

Large amounts of water have moved through gently

sloping and strongly sloping soils. This movement of

Formation of the Soils
248 Soil Survey

water favors the formation of moderately developed or

well developed soils that are uniform in depth. On

steep and very steep hillsides, less water moves

through the profile and the amount and rate of runoff

are greater. Also, the soil material may be washed

away almost as rapidly as a soil forms. Thus, it is likely

that some of the steeper soils will be more shallow

over bedrock and less developed than the soils on the

more gentle slopes.

The topography in the county favors the formation

of soils on flood plains and terraces, and soil formation

is progressing at a rapid rate. Soils on the flood plains

are young and weakly developed, however, mainly

because too little time has elapsed since the material

was deposited.

Morphology of the Soils

Soils are formed as a result of the physical

weathering of parent rock, the chemical weathering of

rock fragments and organic matter, the transfer of

materials within the soil profile, and the gains and

losses of organic matter and minerals. The results of

these soil-forming processes are evident in the

different layers, or horizons, in the soil profile. The

profile extends from the surface downward to material

that is little changed by the soil-forming processes.

The layers include the O, A, E, B, and C horizons.

The O horizon is a very dark, organic layer. It may

overlie either mineral or organic soils. Soils that have

an O horizon are almost exclusively in forested areas

of the county. The O horizon mainly is undecomposed

or partially decomposed hardwood leaf litter. It is

quickly destroyed by such activities as land clearing

and plowing.

The A horizon is the surface layer. It is the mineral

layer that has the maximum accumulation of organic

matter. It becomes darker as the organic matter

accumulates.

The E horizon underlies the A or O horizon and is a

light-colored mineral layer. It is the horizon of

maximum leaching, or eluviation, of clay, iron, and

aluminum. In areas that have been farmed, the E

horizon commonly is no longer evident because it has

been mixed with the A horizon when the soil was

plowed.

The B horizon underlies the A, E, or O horizon and

is commonly called the subsoil. It is the horizon of

maximum accumulation, or illuviation, of clay, iron,

aluminum, and other compounds leached from the E

horizon. It generally has blocky structure and is firmer

and lighter in color than the overlying horizons.

The C horizon is commonly called the substratum. It

consists of material that has been modified by

weathering but has been altered little by the soilforming processes. It generally is structureless and

contains few, if any, roots.

In Berkeley County many processes have been

involved in the formation of soil horizons. The more

important of these are the accumulation of organic

matter, the reduction and transfer of iron, the formation

and translocation of clay minerals, and the formation

of soil structure. These processes are continuous and

have been taking place for thousands of years.

Most of the well drained and moderately well

drained soils on uplands in the county have a

yellowish brown to yellowish red B horizon. These

colors are caused mainly by the presence of iron

oxides. The B horizon in these soils has blocky

structure.

A fragipan has formed in the B horizon of many of

the soils on foot slopes and terraces. This layer is

dense and brittle, mottled in color, and moderately

slowly permeable or slowly permeable to water and

air.

Some of the soils in the county have gray colors

that are the result of gleying, or the reduction of iron,

during soil formation. These soils are moderately well

drained, somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, or

very poorly drained.

Geology

Craig E. Savela, staff geologist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

The landforms of Berkeley County clearly show the

effects of uplift, folding, and geologic erosion. The

relative resistance of various rocks to erosion and

folding has affected the topography of the county. The

ridgetops formed in areas of resistant sandstone, and

the valleys formed mainly in areas of softer, erosive

shale and limestone. The parallel ridges and valleys

are oriented in a northeast-southwest direction.

Outcrops of rocks also follow this orientation.

The county lies entirely within the Northern

Appalachian Ridges and Valleys physiographic

province. The bedrock is steeply folded and highly

faulted. A system of generally parallel streams drains

the county northeastward to the Potomac River. The

exposed rocks in the county are all sedimentary in

origin and belong to the Mississippian, Devonian,

Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian geologic periods

(Grimsley 1916).

Limestone, shale, sandstone, and siltstone are the

common types of rock. Most of the soils in the county

formed in material weathered from these rocks.

The youngest rocks in the county are Pocono

Group Sandstones, which are of Mississippian age.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 249

They are exposed on Sleepy Creek Mountain. Dekalb

soils are dominant in this area.

The oldest rocks in the county are the limestones

and limy shales of the Elbrook and Waynesboro

Formations, which are of Middle Cambrian age. They

are exposed in a band that is along the eastern flank

and parallel to North Mountain. Ryder, Nollville, and

Duffield soils are dominant in this area, which is the

major apple-growing region in the county.

Rocks of Ordovician age are extensive in the

Opequon Creek drainage area of the Shenandoah

Valley. Hagerstown soils commonly formed in material

weathered from the limestones and dolomites of the

Beekmantown Group. Berks, Weikert, and Clearbrook

soils are dominant on the shales of the Martinsburg

Formation. Chambersburg and New Market

Limestones have been extensively quarried. Carbo,

Opequon, and Swanpond soils are common in areas

underlain by these rocks.

Rocks of Silurian age are exposed in the Ferrel

Ridge area, directly west of the community of

Tomahawk, and in the Wilson Ridge area, east of

Jones Springs. Caneyville and Pecktonville soils

formed in material weathered from Bossardville

Limestone, Rondout Waterlime, and Bloomsburg Red

Shale.

Rocks of Devonian age outcrop extensively west of

North Mountain. They include the shales of the

Hampshire Formation, Chemung Group, and Braillier

and Mahantango Formations. Calvin, Berks, and

Weikert soils formed in material weathered from these

shales.

251

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard

specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14,

2 vols.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for

engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

Austin, Morris E. 1965. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the

United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 296.

Beiber, Paul P. 1961. Ground-water features of Berkeley and Jefferson Counties, West

Virginia. W. Va. Geol. Surv. Bull. 21.

Bones, James T. 1978. The forest resources of West Virginia. U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Serv.

Resour. Bull. NE-56.

Doherty, W.T. 1972. Berkeley County, U.S.A., a bicentennial history of a Virginia and

West Virginia county, 1772-1972.

Gorman, J.L., J.K. Pasto, and C.D. Crocker. 1966. Soil survey of Berkeley County, West

Virginia. U.S. Dep. Agric.

Grimsley, G.P. 1916. West Virginia Geological Survey, Jefferson, Berkeley, and Morgan

Counties.

Jenny, Hans. 1941. Factors of soil formation.

United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service.

1999. 1997 census of agriculture, West Virginia state and county data. Vol. 1,

Part 48.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land

capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil

taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys.

U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436. (Revised in 1999)

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil survey

manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

References
252

United States Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration,

Bureau of the Census. 1994. 1992 census of agriculture, West Virginia state and county

data. Vol. 1, Part 48.

West Virginia State Senate. 1992. West Virginia Blue Book. Vol. 74.
253

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon.

Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during

the final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of

crudely sorted sand and gravel are common.

AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon.

Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or

on steep, rocky slopes.

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from

the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is

similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a

poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in

carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods

are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of

alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a

percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent

or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both,

that plant growth is restricted.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Association, soil. A group of soils geographically

associated in a characteristic repeating pattern

and defined and delineated as a single map unit.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ............................................................ 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high .............................................. more than 12

Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony,

barren land dissected by many intermittent

drainage channels. Badland is most common in

semiarid and arid regions where streams are

entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief

generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff

potential is very high, and geologic erosion is

active.

Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the

ice.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedding planes. Fine stratifications, less than 5

millimeters thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian,

lacustrine, or marine sediments.

Bedding system. A drainage system made by

plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface

of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges

separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of

earth constructed on or nearly on the contour,

supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material,

and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage

and to prevent accelerated erosion.

Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of

which consists of an illuvial horizon and the

overlying eluvial horizons.

Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most

of the soil material has been removed by the wind.

A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a

resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or

cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is

exposed.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium

carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium

Glossary
254 Soil Survey

carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with

cold, dilute hydrochloric acid.

Caliche. A more or less cemented deposit of calcium

carbonate in soils of warm-temperate, subhumid

to arid areas. Caliche occurs as soft, thin layers in

the soil or as hard, thick beds directly beneath the

solum, or it is exposed at the surface by erosion.

California bearing ratio (CBR). The load-supporting

capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard

crushed limestone, expressed as a ratio. First

standardized in California. A soil having a CBR of

16 supports 16 percent of the load that would be

supported by standard crushed limestone, per unit

area, with the same degree of distortion.

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a

landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent

material but have different characteristics as a

result of differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity

but is more precise in meaning.

Catsteps. Very small, irregular terraces on steep

hillsides, especially in pasture, formed by the

trampling of cattle or the slippage of saturated soil.

Cement rock. Shaly limestone used in the

manufacture of cement.

Channery soil. A soil that is, by volume, more than 15

percent thin, flat fragments of sandstone, shale,

slate, limestone, or schist as much as 6 inches

along the longest axis. A single piece is called a

channer.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that

contains much more clay than the horizons above

it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and

plastic or stiff when wet.

Climax vegetation. The stabilized plant community on

a particular site. The plant cover reproduces itself

and does not change so long as the environment

remains the same.

Coarse fragments. If round, mineral or rock particles

2 millimeters to 25 centimeters (10 inches) in

diameter; if flat, mineral or rock particles

(flagstone) 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches)

long.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobblestone (or cobble). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to

25 centimeters) in diameter.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning

or establishing terraces, diversions, and other

water-control structures on a complex slope is

difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

in such an intricate pattern or so small in area that

it is not practical to map them separately at the

selected scale of mapping. The pattern and

proportion of the soils are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Concretions. Grains, pellets, or nodules of various

sizes, shapes, and colors consisting of

concentrated compounds or cemented soil grains.

The composition of most concretions is unlike that

of the surrounding soil. Calcium carbonate and

iron oxide are common compounds in concretions.

Congeliturbate. Soil material disturbed by frost

action.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.

Consistence, soil. The feel of the soil and the ease

with which a lump can be crushed by the fingers.

Terms commonly used to describe consistence

are:

Loose.—Noncoherent when dry or moist; does not

hold together in a mass.

Friable.—When moist, crushes easily under gentle

pressure between thumb and forefinger and can

be pressed together into a lump.

Firm.—When moist, crushes under moderate

pressure between thumb and forefinger, but

resistance is distinctly noticeable.

Plastic.—When wet, readily deformed by
Berkeley County, West Virginia 255

moderate pressure but can be pressed into a

lump; will form a “wire” when rolled between thumb

and forefinger.

Sticky.—When wet, adheres to other material and

tends to stretch somewhat and pull apart rather

than to pull free from other material.

Hard.—When dry, moderately resistant to

pressure; can be broken with difficulty between

thumb and forefinger.

Soft.—When dry, breaks into powder or individual

grains under very slight pressure.

Cemented.—Hard; little affected by moistening.

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled

crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat). Fecal

material deposited in water by aquatic organisms.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range

plants. Because they are the most palatable, they

are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting

grazing land for a prescribed period.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of

earth, generally a terrace, built to protect

downslope areas by diverting runoff from its

natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of periods of saturation or partial

saturation during soil formation, as opposed to

altered drainage, which is commonly the result of

artificial drainage or irrigation but may be caused

by the sudden deepening of channels or the

blocking of drainage outlets. Seven classes of

natural soil drainage are recognized:

Excessively drained.—Water is removed from the

soil very rapidly. Excessively drained soils are

commonly very coarse textured, rocky, or shallow.

Some are steep. All are free of the mottling related

to wetness.

Somewhat excessively drained.—Water is

removed from the soil rapidly. Many somewhat

excessively drained soils are sandy and rapidly

pervious. Some are shallow. Some are so steep

that much of the water they receive is lost as

runoff. All are free of the mottling related to

wetness.

Well drained.—Water is removed from the soil

readily, but not rapidly. It is available to plants

throughout most of the growing season, and

wetness does not inhibit growth of roots for

significant periods during most growing seasons.

Well drained soils are commonly medium textured.

They are mainly free of mottling.

Moderately well drained.—Water is removed from

the soil somewhat slowly during some periods.

Moderately well drained soils are wet for only a

short time during the growing season, but

periodically they are wet long enough that most

mesophytic crops are affected. They commonly

have a slowly pervious layer within or directly

below the solum or periodically receive high

rainfall, or both.

Somewhat poorly drained.—Water is removed

slowly enough that the soil is wet for significant

periods during the growing season. Wetness

markedly restricts the growth of mesophytic crops

unless artificial drainage is provided. Somewhat

poorly drained soils commonly have a slowly

pervious layer, a high water table, additional water

from seepage, nearly continuous rainfall, or a

combination of these.

Poorly drained.—Water is removed so slowly that

the soil is saturated periodically during the growing

season or remains wet for long periods. Free

water is commonly at or near the surface for long

enough during the growing season that most

mesophytic crops cannot be grown unless the soil

is artificially drained. The soil is not continuously

saturated in layers directly below plow depth. Poor

drainage results from a high water table, a slowly

pervious layer within the profile, seepage, nearly

continuous rainfall, or a combination of these.

Very poorly drained.—Water is removed from the

soil so slowly that free water remains at or on the

surface during most of the growing season.

Unless the soil is artificially drained, most

mesophytic crops cannot be grown. Very poorly

drained soils are commonly level or depressed

and are frequently ponded. Yet, where rainfall is

high and nearly continuous, they can have

moderate or high slope gradients.
256 Soil Survey

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material

accumulated through wind action; commonly

refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in

blankets on the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic).—Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated).—Erosion much more rapid

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

for example, fire, that exposes the surface.

Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that

remains on the surface after fine particles are

removed by sheet or rill erosion.

Esker (geology). A narrow, winding ridge of stratified

gravelly and sandy drift deposited by a stream

flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil is not a source of gravel or sand for

construction purposes.

Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore

productivity through accumulation of moisture.

Summer fallow is common in regions of limited

rainfall where cereal grains are grown. The soil is

tilled for at least one growing season for weed

control and decomposition of plant residue.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of

all organic soil material. Peat contains a large

amount of well preserved fiber that is readily

identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has

the lowest bulk density and the highest water

content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or

3 days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to frequent or occasional flooding.

Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone,

slate, shale, or (rarely) schist, 6 to 15 inches (15

to 38 centimeters) long.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a

hill.

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in

porosity and content of organic matter and low or

moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand.

A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots.

When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher

bulk density than the horizon or horizons above.

When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under

pressure rather than to deform slowly.

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil

moisture. Frost action can damage roads,

buildings and other structures, and plant roots.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and

microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys

and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically,

the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell

considerably with changes in moisture content.

Glacial drift (geology). Pulverized and other rock

material transported by glacial ice and then

deposited. Also, the sorted and unsorted material

deposited by streams flowing from glaciers.

Glacial outwash (geology). Gravel, sand, and silt,

commonly stratified, deposited by glacial

meltwater.

Glacial till (geology). Unsorted, nonstratified glacial

drift consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders

transported and deposited by glacial ice.

Glaciofluvial deposits (geology). Material moved by

glaciers and subsequently sorted and deposited

by streams flowing from the melting ice. The

deposits are stratified and occur as kames,

eskers, deltas, and outwash plains.

Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine

clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited

in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many

deposits are interbedded or laminated.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 257

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors and

mottles.

Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

grade toward a protected waterway.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock up to 3

inches (2 millimeters to 7.6 centimeters) in

diameter. An individual piece is a pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 50

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, up to 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water (geology). Water filling all the

unblocked pores of the material below the water

table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or

layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey

and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium

carbonate, or other substance.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil

material intermediate in degree of decomposition

between the less decomposed fibric and the more

decomposed sapric material.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. The major

horizons are as follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, any plowed or disturbed surface layer.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an O, A, or

E horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying horizon to the

underlying C horizon. It also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) granular, prismatic, or blocky structure;

(3) redder or browner colors than those in the

A horizon; or (4) a combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying horizon. The

material of a C horizon may be either like or unlike

that in which the solum formed. If the material is

known to differ from that in the solum, an Arabic

numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

R layer.—Hard, consolidated bedrock beneath the

soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon

but can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff-producing characteristics.

The chief consideration is the inherent capacity of

soil bare of vegetation to permit infiltration. The

slope and the kind of plant cover are not

considered but are separate factors in predicting

runoff. Soils are assigned to four groups. In group

A are soils having a high infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet and having a low runoff potential.

They are mainly deep, well drained, and sandy or

gravelly. In group D, at the other extreme, are soils

having a very slow infiltration rate and thus a high

runoff potential. They have a claypan or clay layer

at or near the surface, have a permanent high

water table, or are shallow over nearly impervious

bedrock or other material. A soil is assigned to two

hydrologic groups if part of the acreage is

artificially drained and part is undrained.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or

roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is

absolutely impervious to air and water all the time.

Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that

increase in amount as the more desirable plants

are reduced by close grazing. Increasers
258 Soil Survey

commonly are the shorter plants and are less

palatable to livestock.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which

water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of

conditions.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually

expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the

rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the

soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial

rate; the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a

constant but is a variable depending on the net

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in

inches per hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 ............................................... very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ......................................... moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................ moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area

and grow after the climax vegetation has been

reduced by grazing. Generally, invader plants

follow disturbance of the surface.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops. Methods of irrigation are:

Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level

plains surrounded by levees or dikes.

Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a

strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled

by small earth ridges called border dikes, or

borders.

Controlled flooding.—Water is released at

intervals from closely spaced field ditches and

distributed uniformly over the field.

Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely

spaced furrows or ditches in fields of closegrowing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only

one direction.

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and

under low pressure to the surface of the soil or

into the soil through such applicators as emitters,

porous tubing, or perforated pipe.

Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made

by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for

tree and row crops.

Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface

through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system.

Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or

tile lines until the water table is raised enough to

wet the soil.

Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is

allowed to flow onto an area without controlled

distribution.

Iron concentrations. Areas in the soil where iron in

solution has precipitated upon oxidation. Iron

concentrations generally appear as reddish

mottles and are commonly found along root

channels, in pores, and along faces of peds. They

are common in soils that are seasonally saturated.

Iron depletions. Areas in the soil where iron in

solution has been removed from the soil matrix.

These areas generally appear as grayish mottles,

which is the color of the stripped soil particles. Iron

depletions are common in soils that are

seasonally saturated.

Kame (geology). An irregular, short ridge or hill of

stratified glacial drift.

Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by

limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus

forming numerous depressions or small basins.

Lacustrine deposit (geology). Material deposited in

lake water and exposed when the water level is

lowered or the elevation of the land is raised.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of

soil and loose rock, generally when wet or

saturated. The speed and distance of movement,

as well as the amount of soil and rock material,

vary greatly.

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Limiting inclusion. A soil that is unlike the named soil

in the map unit and that has properties limiting or

restricting its use compared to the named soil.

Limiting inclusions generally are dissimilar soils.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized

particles, deposited by the wind.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 259

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in

mineralogical composition, chemical composition,

or structure by heat, pressure, and movement.

Nearly all such rocks are crystalline.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or no

natural soil and supports little or no vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Moraine (geology). An accumulation of earth, stones,

and other debris deposited by a glacier. Some

types are terminal, lateral, medial, and ground.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Mottling generally

indicates poor aeration and impeded drainage.

Descriptive terms are as follows: abundance—few,

common, and many; size—fine, medium, and

coarse; and contrast—faint, distinct, and

prominent. The size measurements are of the

diameter along the greatest dimension. Fine

indicates less than 5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch);

medium, from 5 to 15 millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6

inch); and coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about

0.6 inch).

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic

soil material. (See Sapric soil material.)

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a

color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of

4.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value between 6.6

and 7.3. (See Reaction, soil.)

Nonlimiting inclusion. A soil that is unlike the named

soil in the map unit but that has no properties

limiting or restricting its use compared to the

named soil. Nonlimiting inclusions can be similar

or dissimilar soils.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition.

Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse

textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An

outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted,

it is generally low in relief.

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the

movement of water and the growth of roots. For

example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan,

and traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed

organic matter, that has accumulated under

excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.)

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10

square meters), depending on the variability of the

soil.

Percolation. The downward movement of water

through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil, adversely affecting the specified

use.

Permafrost. Layers of soil, or even bedrock, occurring

in arctic or subarctic regions, in which a

temperature below freezing has existed

continuously for a long time.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

to move downward through the profile.

Permeability is measured as the number of

inches per hour that water moves downward

through the saturated soil. Terms describing

permeability are:

Very slow ..................................... less than 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and thickness.
260 Soil Survey

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels or

pipelike cavities by water moving through the soil.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly

weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other

diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles,

usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns.

Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone

hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated

wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also

to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can

be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil

directly below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid permeability,

the soil may not adequately filter effluent from a

waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Range condition. The present composition of the

plant community on a range site in relation to the

potential natural plant community for that site.

Range condition is expressed as excellent, good,

fair, or poor on the basis of how much the present

plant community has departed from the potential.

Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural

vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike

plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or

browsing. It includes natural grasslands,

savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras,

and areas that support certain forb and shrub

communities.

Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil,

and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a

distinct natural plant community. A range site is the

product of all the environmental factors

responsible for its development. It is typified by an

association of species that differ from those on

other range sites in kind or proportion of species

or total production.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH

7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The

degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Extremely acid ........................................... below 4.5

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid .......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ......................... 9.1 and higher

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill is generally a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Rippable. Bedrock or hardpan can be excavated

using a single-tooth ripping attachment mounted

on a tractor with a 200-300 drawbar horsepower

rating.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil

is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an
Berkeley County, West Virginia 261

amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil

does not contain excess exchangeable sodium.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a

soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more

sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has

the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk

density, and the lowest water content at saturation

of all organic soil material.

Saprolite (soil science). Unconsolidated residual

material underlying the soil and grading to hard

bedrock below.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles

deposited from suspension in water. The chief

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand;

shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed

from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are

many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited

sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon

and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.)

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer or of the underlying material. All

the soils of a series have horizons that are similar

in composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a

clay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Shrink-swell. The shrinking of soil when dry and the

swelling when wet. Shrinking and swelling can

damage roads, dams, building foundations, and

other structures. It can also damage plant roots.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The

mineral form is called quartz.

Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of

molecules of silica to the number of molecules of

alumina and iron oxide. The more highly

weathered soils or their clay fractions in warmtemperate, humid regions, and especially those in

the tropics, generally have a low ratio.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than

12 percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly

silt-sized particles.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where

limestone has been dissolved.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site

based on the height of the dominant stand at an

arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average

height attained by dominant and codominant trees

in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is

75 feet, the site index is 75 feet.

Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces

produced by one mass sliding past another. In

soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip

surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of blocks,

prisms, and columns; and in swelling clayey soils,

where there is marked change in moisture

content.

Slick spot. A small area of soil having a puddled,

crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of

exchangeable sodium. The soil is generally silty or

clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in

productivity.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance. In

this survey, classes for simple slopes are as

follows:

Nearly level ..................................................... 0 to 3

Gently sloping .................................................. 3 to 8

Strongly sloping ............................................. 8 to 15

Moderately steep ......................................... 15 to 25

Steep ............................................................ 25 to 35

Very steep .................................................... 35 to 70

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by

exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a

sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation
262 Soil Survey

extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The

degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are:

Slight .................................................. less than 13:1

Moderate ....................................................... 13-30:1

Strong ................................................ more than 30:1

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand ............................................... 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the underlying material. The living roots and plant

and animal activities are largely confined to the

solum.

Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a

soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered

surface. In a cross section, the line may be one

fragment or more thick. It generally overlies

material that weathered in place and is overlain by

recent sediment of variable thickness.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grain (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on

the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects

the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after

harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the

next crop, and during the early growing period of

the new crop.

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Breaking up a compact subsoil by pulling

a special chisel through the soil.

Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB,

or EB) below the surface layer.

Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during

the summer to control weeds and allow storage of

moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A

practice common in semiarid regions, where

annual precipitation is not enough to produce a

crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently

practiced before planting winter grain.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from about 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons. It

includes all subdivisions of these horizons.

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a

series recognized in the classification system.

Such soils are named for a series they strongly

resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to

that series because they differ in ways too small to

be of consequence in interpreting their use and

behavior.

Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that

generally marks the termination of important

glacial advances.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or

flows slowly to a prepared outlet.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam
Berkeley County, West Virginia 263

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). A layer of otherwise suitable soil

material that is too thin for the specified use.

Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to

undulating soils underlain by glacial till.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base

of a hill; part of a footslope.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the

most favorable material for plant growth. It is

ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to

topdress roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by

mining.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,

zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils

in extremely small amounts. They are essential to

plant growth.

Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more

volcanic ash and dust.

Upland (geology). Land at a higher elevation, in

general, than the alluvial plain or stream terrace;

land above the lowlands along streams.

Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in

stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In

nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by

heavily loaded streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting colors

assumed to be inherited from the parent material

rather than to be the result of poor drainage.

Varve. A sedimentary layer of a lamina or sequence of

laminae deposited in a body of still water within a

year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded

glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited,

usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake or

other body of still water in front of a glacier.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

265

Tables
266 Soil Survey

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

 (Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Martinsburg, West Virginia)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | |

 | Temperature | Precipitation

 | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| |

 | | | | 10 will have-- | Average | | will have-- | Average | _______________________ _____________

 Month |Average|Average|Average| | |number of|Average| | |number of|Average

 | daily | daily | | Maximum | Minimum | growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall

 |maximum|minimum| |temperature|temperature| degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch|

 | | | | higher | lower | days* | | | | or more |

 | | | | than-- | than-- | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | oF | oF | oF | oF | o _ _ _ _ _ _____ __ __ | __ | | __ F | Units | In | In | In | | In

 | | | | | | | | | | |

January-----| 38.7 | 20.6 | 29.6 | 66 | -6 | 22 | 2.35 | 1.28| 3.31| 5 | 6.9

 | | | | | | | | | | |

February----| 42.3 | 23.0 | 32.6 | 71 | -1 | 38 | 2.50 | 1.16| 3.65| 5 | 6.7

 | | | | | | | | | | |

March-------| 53.4 | 31.7 | 42.5 | 83 | 11 | 160 | 3.14 | 1.89| 4.27| 6 | 5.2

 | | | | | | | | | | |

April-------| 64.2 | 40.6 | 52.4 | 89 | 22 | 378 | 3.17 | 1.50| 4.61| 6 | .5

 | | | | | | | | | | |

May---------| 74.2 | 50.2 | 62.2 | 92 | 32 | 688 | 4.06 | 1.97| 5.87| 7 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

June--------| 83.0 | 58.7 | 70.8 | 97 | 42 | 925 | 3.42 | 1.76| 4.87| 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

July--------| 86.8 | 63.6 | 75.2 | 99 | 49 | 1,091 | 3.53 | 1.73| 5.09| 6 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

August------| 85.2 | 61.9 | 73.6 | 98 | 45 | 1,041 | 3.39 | 1.69| 4.87| 5 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

September---| 78.1 | 54.5 | 66.3 | 96 | 34 | 788 | 2.81 | 1.16| 4.20| 4 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

October-----| 66.3 | 42.4 | 54.4 | 86 | 22 | 448 | 3.42 | 1.38| 5.14| 5 | .0

 | | | | | | | | | | |

November----| 54.8 | 34.4 | 44.6 | 79 | 15 | 185 | 3.08 | 1.55| 4.42| 5 | 1.3

 | | | | | | | | | | |

December----| 43.2 | 25.7 | 34.4 | 70 | 3 | 49 | 2.67 | 1.37| 3.80| 5 | 4.7

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Average---| 64.2 | 42.3 | 53.2 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Extreme---| 112.0 | -13.0 | --- | 100 | -8 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5,812 | 37.54 | 32.74| 42.19| 65 | 25.3

 | | | | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the

maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which

growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F).
Berkeley County, West Virginia 267

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Martinsburg, West Virginia)

______________________________________________________________

 |

 | Temperature

 |___________________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | or lower | or lower | or lower ______________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Apr. 10 | Apr. 24 | May 8

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Apr. 5 | Apr. 19 | May 3

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Mar. 27 | Apr. 8 | Apr. 23

 | | |

First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 24 | Oct. 10 | Sep. 29

 | | |

 2 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 30 | Oct. 15 | Oct. 5

 | | |

 5 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Nov. 10 | Oct. 24 | Oct. 16

 | | | ______________________________________________________________

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the period 1961-90 at Martinsburg,

 West Virginia)

___________________________________________________

 |

 | Daily minimum temperature

 | during growing season

 |____________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | Higher | Higher | Higher

 | than | than | than

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | | | ___________________________________________________

 | Days | Days | Days ____ ____ ____

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 196 | 175 | 149

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 203 | 183 | 158

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 215 | 198 | 175

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 227 | 213 | 192

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 234 | 221 | 201

 | | | ___________________________________________________
268 Soil Survey

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 At |Atkins silt loam-------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,040 | 0.5

 BkE |Blackthorn very gravelly loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------------| 200 | 0.1

 BpE |Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly loams, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely | |

 | stony-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,765 | 0.9

 BpF |Blackthorn-Pecktonville very gravelly loams, 35 to 45 percent slopes, extremely | |

 | stony-----------------------------------------------------------------------------| 400 | 0.2

 BuB |Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 675 | 0.3

 BuC |Buchanan gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------| 1,255 | 0.6

 BxC |Buchanan loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony-----------------------------| 4,080 | 2.0

 BxE |Buchanan loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony----------------------------| 8,080 | 3.9

 CaB |Calvin channery loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 755 | 0.4

 CaC |Calvin channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 3,240 | 1.6

 CaD |Calvin channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 1,800 | 0.9

 CaE |Calvin channery loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 1,315 | 0.6

 CaF |Calvin channery loam, 35 to 65 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 630 | 0.3

 CbB |Caneyville silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 210 | 0.1

 CcC |Caneyville silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------| 645 | 0.3

 CcD |Caneyville silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------| 325 | 0.2

 CeB |Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------------| 375 | 0.2

 CeC |Carbo-Endcav silty clay loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------------------| 375 | 0.2

 CgB |Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 1,880 | 0.9

 CgC |Carbo-Opequon complex, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 700 | 0.3

 ChC |Carbo-Opequon complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky--------------------------| 795 | 0.4

 ChE |Carbo-Opequon complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very rocky-------------------------| 340 | 0.2

 CkB |Clearbrook silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 1,800 | 0.9

 CmB |Clearbrook channery silt loam, 0 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------------| 1,745 | 0.8

 CrB |Clearbrook-Berks channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------| 11,510 | 5.6

 Cs |Combs fine sandy loam--------------------------------------------------------------| 820 | 0.4

 DaC |Dekalb channery loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 695 | 0.3

 DaD |Dekalb channery loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 310 | 0.2

 DaE |Dekalb channery loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 165 | 0.1

 DkC |Dekalb channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony----------------| 1,735 | 0.8

 DrE |Dekalb-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 25 percent slopes, rubbly-----------------------| 1,460 | 0.7

 DsB |Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------| 1,670 | 0.8

 DsC |Downsville gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 1,125 | 0.6

 DsD |Downsville gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes----------------------------------| 165 | 0.1

 DuB |Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 695 | 0.3

 DuC |Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 590 | 0.3

 DyB |Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------------| 1,790 | 0.9

 DyC |Duffield gravelly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------------| 855 | 0.4

 Dz |Dunning silt loam------------------------------------------------------------------| 820 | 0.4

 Fa |Fairplay (marl) silt loam----------------------------------------------------------| 230 | 0.1

 Fk |Funkstown silt loam----------------------------------------------------------------| 3,240 | 1.6

 FnA |Funkstown silt loam, nonflooded----------------------------------------------------| 950 | 0.5

 FsA |Funkstown gravelly silt loam, nonflooded-------------------------------------------| 405 | 0.2

 HbA |Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 420 | 0.2

 HbB |Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 16,230 | 7.8

 HbC |Hagerstown silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 815 | 0.4

 HcB |Hagerstown silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------| 730 | 0.3

 HcC |Hagerstown silty clay loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------| 1,970 | 1.0

 HcD |Hagerstown silty clay loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------| 2,015 | 1.0

 HdB |Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------------| 4,140 | 2.0

 HdC |Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------------------| 2,670 | 1.3

 HdD |Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes-----------------------------| 100 | *

 HgC |Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes--------------------| 13,395 | 6.4

 HgE |Hagerstown-Opequon-Rock outcrop complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes-------------------| 895 | 0.4

 HkF |Hazleton-Berks channery loams, 35 to 65 percent slopes, extremely stony------------| 1,535 | 0.7

 HsE |Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------------------| 2,890 | 1.4

 HsF |Hazleton-Dekalb complex, 35 to 65 percent slopes, extremely stony------------------| 6,965 | 3.4

 Hu |Huntington silt loam---------------------------------------------------------------| 765 | 0.4

 | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 269

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 La |Lappans (marl) loam----------------------------------------------------------------| 580 | 0.3

 Ln |Lindside silt loam-----------------------------------------------------------------| 1,825 | 0.9

 MhA |Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 165 | 0.1

 MhB |Monongahela silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 2,075 | 1.0

 MhC |Monongahela silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 180 | 0.1

 MoB |Monongahela gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 425 | 0.2

 MrB |Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------------------| 460 | 0.2

 MrC |Murrill gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------------------| 235 | 0.1

 PeB |Pecktonville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------| 300 | 0.2

 PeC |Pecktonville gravelly loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------| 765 | 0.4

 PeD |Pecktonville gravelly loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------| 300 | 0.2

 PgC |Pecktonville very gravelly loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony-----------| 720 | 0.3

 Ph |Philo silt loam--------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,360 | 0.7

 PoA |Poorhouse silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 860 | 0.4

 PoB |Poorhouse silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 940 | 0.5

 Ps |Pope fine sandy loam---------------------------------------------------------------| 820 | 0.4

 Px |Pope silt loam---------------------------------------------------------------------| 755 | 0.4

 Qm |Quarry, limestone------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,090 | 0.5

 Qs |Quarry, shale----------------------------------------------------------------------| 250 | 0.1

 ReF |Rock outcrop-Opequon complex, 25 to 60 percent slopes------------------------------| 360 | 0.2

 RnB |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------| 1,600 | 0.8

 RnC |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------------| 4,070 | 2.0

 RnD |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes-----------------------| 1,295 | 0.6

 RvC |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky------------| 410 | 0.2

 SwA |Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 2,895 | 1.4

 SwB |Swanpond silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 575 | 0.3

 TyA |Tygart silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 600 | 0.3

 TyB |Tygart silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 965 | 0.5

 Ua |Udorthents, smoothed---------------------------------------------------------------| 1,700 | 0.8

 Ub |Urban land-------------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,350 | 0.7

 UkC |Urban land-Berks complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 460 | 0.2

 UvC |Urban land-Carbo-Endcav complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes----------------------------| 315 | 0.1

 UwC |Urban land-Hagerstown complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes------------------------------| 1,595 | 0.8

 W |Water------------------------------------------------------------------------------| 635 | 0.3

 WbB |Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------| 2,450 | 1.2

 WbC |Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------| 21,280 | 10.3

 WbD |Weikert-Berks channery silt loams, 15 to 25 percent slopes-------------------------| 10,865 | 5.3

 WkF |Weikert-Berks very channery silt loams, 25 to 70 percent slopes--------------------| 19,185 | 9.2

 | |-----------|-------

 | Total-------------------------------------------------------------------------| 205,900 | 100.0

 | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Less than 0.1 percent.
270 Soil Survey

Table 5.--Prime Farmland

(Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not

 considered prime farmland)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Map | Soil name

 symbol | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 BuB |Buchanan gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 Cs |Combs fine sandy loam

 DsB |Downsville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 DuB |Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 DyB |Duffield gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 Fk |Funkstown silt loam

 FnA |Funkstown silt loam, nonflooded

 FsA |Funkstown gravelly silt loam, nonflooded

 HbA |Hagerstown silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

 HbB |Hagerstown silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 HcB |Hagerstown silty clay loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 HdB |Hagerstown gravelly silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 Hu |Huntington silt loam

 La |Lappans (marl) loam

 Ln |Lindside silt loam

 MhA |Monongahela silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

 MrB |Murrill gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 PeB |Pecktonville gravelly loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 Ph |Philo silt loam

 Px |Pope silt loam

 RnB |Ryder-Nollville channery silt loams, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 SwA |Swanpond silt loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

 SwB |Swanpond silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Berkeley County, West Virginia 271

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

(Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the

 soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | |legume hay | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

At--------------| IIIw | 100 | 20 | 40 | 30 | 3.0 | --- | 5.5

 Atkins | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

BkE-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Blackthorn | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

BpE, BpF--------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Blackthorn- | | | | | | | |

 Pecktonville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

BuB-------------| IIe | 100 | 20 | 40 | 45 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5

 Buchanan | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

BuC-------------| IIIe | 90 | 18 | 35 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 5.5

 Buchanan | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

BxC, BxE--------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Buchanan | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CaB-------------| IIe | 80 | 16 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5

 Calvin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CaC-------------| IIIe | 75 | 15 | 30 | 35 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 6.0

 Calvin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CaD-------------| IVe | 70 | 14 | 25 | 30 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.5

 Calvin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CaE-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.0

 Calvin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CaF-------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Calvin | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CbB-------------| IIIe | 90 | 18 | 35 | 40 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 6.0

 Caneyville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CcC-------------| IVe | 75 | 15 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 5.0

 Caneyville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CcD-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.0

 Caneyville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CeB-------------| IIIe | 90 | 18 | 35 | 40 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 6.0

 Carbo-Endcav | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CeC-------------| IVe | 80 | 16 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.5

 Carbo-Endcav | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CgB-------------| IIIe | 80 | 16 | 30 | 40 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 5.5

 Carbo-Opequon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CgC-------------| IVe | 65 | 13 | 25 | 30 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 4.5

 Carbo-Opequon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

ChC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.0

 Carbo-Opequon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
272 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | |legume hay | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

ChE-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Carbo-Opequon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CkB, CmB--------| IVw | 70 | 15 | 25 | 30 | 3.0 | --- | 5.5

 Clearbrook | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

CrB-------------| IIIe | 75 | 16 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | --- | 5.5

 Clearbrook- | | | | | | | |

 Berks | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Cs--------------| IIw | 135 | 25 | 55 | 60 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 8.5

 Combs | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DaC-------------| IIIe | 75 | 15 | 30 | 35 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 5.5

 Dekalb | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DaD-------------| IVe | 70 | 14 | 25 | 30 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 5.5

 Dekalb | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DaE-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.5

 Dekalb | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DkC-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Dekalb | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DrE-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Dekalb-Rock | | | | | | | |

 outcrop | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DsB-------------| IIe | 115 | 23 | 40 | 40 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 7.0

 Downsville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DsC-------------| IIIe | 105 | 21 | 35 | 40 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 7.0

 Downsville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DsD-------------| IVe | 90 | 18 | 30 | 30 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 6.0

 Downsville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DuB-------------| IIe | 130 | 26 | 40 | 50 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.5

 Duffield | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DuC-------------| IIIe | 125 | 25 | 35 | 45 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 8.0

 Duffield | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DyB-------------| IIe | 130 | 26 | 40 | 50 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.5

 Duffield | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

DyC-------------| IIIe | 125 | 25 | 35 | 45 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 8.0

 Duffield | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Dz--------------| IVw | 100 | 20 | 35 | 30 | 3.0 | --- | 7.0

 Dunning | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Fa--------------| Vw | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.0 | --- | 6.0

 Fairplay | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Fk, FnA, FsA----| IIw | 150 | 30 | 60 | 65 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 9.0

 Funkstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HbA-------------| I | 150 | 30 | 60 | 65 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 8.5

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 273

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | |legume hay | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

HbB-------------| IIe | 135 | 27 | 54 | 60 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 8.5

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HbC-------------| IIIe | 125 | 25 | 50 | 56 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.0

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HcB-------------| IIe | 125 | 25 | 50 | 56 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.5

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HcC-------------| IIIe | 120 | 24 | 48 | 54 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 8.5

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HcD-------------| IVe | 110 | 22 | 44 | 35 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7.5

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HdB-------------| IIe | 135 | 27 | 54 | 60 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 8.5

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HdC-------------| IIIe | 125 | 25 | 50 | 56 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.0

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HdD-------------| IVe | 110 | 22 | 44 | 35 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7.5

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HgC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.5

 Hagerstown- | | | | | | | |

 Opequon-Rock | | | | | | | |

 outcrop | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HgE-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Hagerstown- | | | | | | | |

 Opequon-Rock | | | | | | | |

 outcrop | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HkF-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Hazleton-Berks | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

HsE, HsF--------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Hazleton-Dekalb| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Hu--------------| IIw | 130 | 26 | 50 | 60 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 9.0

 Huntington | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

La--------------| IIw | 100 | 20 | 40 | 45 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 8.0

 Lappans | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Ln--------------| IIw | 120 | 24 | 50 | 55 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 8.5

 Lindside | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

MhA-------------| IIw | 110 | 22 | 45 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5

 Monongahela | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

MhB-------------| IIe | 100 | 20 | 40 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5

 Monongahela | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

MhC-------------| IIIe | 90 | 18 | 35 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 6.5

 Monongahela | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

MoB-------------| IIe | 100 | 20 | 40 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.5

 Monongahela | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
274 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | |legume hay | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

MrB-------------| IIe | 120 | 24 | 40 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 8.5

 Murrill | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

MrC-------------| IIIe | 110 | 22 | 35 | 40 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7.5

 Murrill | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

PeB-------------| IIe | 120 | 24 | 50 | 55 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 7.0

 Pecktonville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

PeC-------------| IIIe | 110 | 22 | 45 | 50 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 6.5

 Pecktonville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

PeD-------------| IVe | 100 | 20 | 40 | 45 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 6.0

 Pecktonville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

PgC-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Pecktonville | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Ph--------------| IIw | 130 | 26 | 50 | 55 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 8.5

 Philo | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

PoA, PoB--------| IIIw | 90 | 18 | 35 | 40 | 3.0 | --- | 6.5

 Poorhouse | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Ps--------------| IIw | 105 | 21 | 35 | 35 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 7.0

 Pope | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Px--------------| IIw | 130 | 24 | 45 | 45 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 8.0

 Pope | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Qm**, Qs**. | | | | | | | |

 Quarry | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

ReF-------------| VIIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Rock outcrop- | | | | | | | |

 Opequon | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

RnB-------------| IIe | 115 | 23 | 45 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 7.5

 Ryder-Nollville| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

RnC-------------| IIIe | 105 | 21 | 40 | 40 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 6.5

 Ryder-Nollville| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

RnD-------------| IVe | 90 | 18 | 30 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 6.0

 Ryder-Nollville| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

RvC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.0

 Ryder-Nollville| | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

SwA-------------| IIw | 125 | 25 | 50 | 55 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.0

 Swanpond | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

SwB-------------| IIe | 115 | 23 | 45 | 50 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 8.0

 Swanpond | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

TyA-------------| IIIw | 95 | 19 | 40 | --- | 3.0 | --- | 5.5

 Tygart | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

TyB-------------| IIIw | 95 | 19 | 40 | --- | 3.0 | --- | 5.5

 Tygart | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 275

Table 6.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn |Corn silage| Soybeans | Wheat | Grass- |Alfalfa hay| Pasture

 | | | | | |legume hay | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Tons | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ ____ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | | |

Ua**. | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, | | | | | | | |

 smoothed | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

Ub**. | | | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

UkC**. | | | | | | | |

 Urban land- | | | | | | | |

 Berks | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

UvC**. | | | | | | | |

 Urban land- | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-Endcav | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

UwC**. | | | | | | | |

 Urban land- | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

W**. | | | | | | | |

 Water | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

WbB-------------| IIIe | 70 | 14 | 30 | 30 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 5.0

 Weikert-Berks | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

WbC-------------| IVe | 65 | 13 | 25 | 25 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 4.5

 Weikert-Berks | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

WbD-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.5

 Weikert-Berks | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | |

WkF-------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Weikert-Berks | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one

mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days.

 ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
276 Soil Survey

Table 7.--Capability Classes and Subclasses

(Miscellaneous areas are excluded. Absence of an

 entry indicates no acreage)

______________________________________________________

 | |Major management concerns (Subclass) ____________________________________

 Class | Total | | | Soil

 | acreage | Erosion | Wetness | problem

 | | (e) | (w) | (s) ______________________________________________________

 | | Acres | Acres | Acres _____ _____ _____

 | | | |

 | | | |

 I | 420| --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 II | 46,610| 32,120 | 14,490 | ---

 | | | |

 III | 39,295| 34,890 | 4,405 | ---

 | | | |

 IV | 33,350| 28,985 | 4,365 | ---

 | | | |

 V | 230| --- | 230 | ---

 | | | |

 VI | 27,270| 12,670 | --- | 14,600

 | | | |

 VII | 50,880| 19,815 | --- | 31,065

 | | | |

 VIII | 1,700| --- | --- | 1,700

 | | | | ______________________________________________________
Berkeley County, West Virginia 277

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that

 information was not available. When two entries are separated by a slash, the first entry is for south

 aspects and the second is for north aspects)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* _______________________________________________________________|________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

At--------------| 5W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Pin oak-------------| 90 | 72 | 320 | .95

 Atkins | | | | | |Eastern cottonwood--| 105 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

BkE-------------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 Blackthorn | | | | | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 75 | 62 | 265 | .73

 | | | | | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

BpE**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Blackthorn-----| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 75 | 62 | 265 | .73

 | | | | | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pecktonville---| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95

 | | | | | |Black walnut--------| 76 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

BpF**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Blackthorn-----| 4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 75 | 62 | 265 | .73

 | | | | | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pecktonville---| 4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95

 | | | | | |Black walnut--------| 76 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

BuB, BuC--------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 Buchanan | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

BxC-------------| 4X |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 Buchanan | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

BxE-------------| 4X |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 Buchanan | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
278 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* _______________________________________________________________|________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaB, CaC--------| 4F |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 71 | 53 | 187 | .68

 Calvin | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaD, CaE--------|3R/4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|67/77| 49/59 |159/229|.63/.77

 Calvin | | | | |Moderate|White oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaF-------------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|67/77| 49/59 |159/229|.63/.77

 Calvin | | | | |Moderate|White oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CbB-------------| 4C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 Caneyville | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 36 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | .60

 | | | | | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CcC-------------| 4C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 Caneyville | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| 46 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | .60

 | | | | | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CcD-------------|3R/4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|65/70| 48/52 |145/180|.60/.67

 Caneyville | | | | |Moderate|Eastern redcedar----|36/46| --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White oak-----------|60/65| 43/48 |110/145|.52/.60

 | | | | | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CeB**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo----------| 4C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 55 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav---------| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CeC**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo----------| 4C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 55 | 80 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav---------| 5C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CgB**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo----------| 4C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 55 | 80 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon--------| 3C |Slight |Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 279

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* _______________________________________________________________|________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CgC**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo----------| 4C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 55 | 80 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon--------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

ChC**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo----------| 4C |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 55 | 80 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon--------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

ChE**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo----------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | |Moderate|Virginia pine-------|45/55| 55/80 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------|70/80| 54/71 |210/320|.63/.83

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--|70/80|127/147| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon--------|2R/3R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/52

 | | | | | |White oak-----------|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/52

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | -- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

CkB, CmB--------| 4W |Slight |Severe |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 Clearbrook | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83

 | | | | | | | | | |

CrB**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Clearbrook-----| 4W |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 | 320 | .83

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 4F |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 70 | 109 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | .60

 | | | | | | | | | |

Cs--------------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 90 | 72 | 320 | .95

 Combs | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 100 | 107 | 580 | 1.23

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

DaC-------------| 3F |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Slight |Northern red oak----| 57 | 40 | 95 | .48

 Dekalb | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 60 | 91 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

DaD, DaE--------|2R/3R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight |Northern red oak----|52/57| 36/40 | 70/95 |.41/.48

 Dekalb | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|50/60| 68/91 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

DkC-------------| 3X |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 57 | 40 | 95 | .48

 Dekalb | | | | | |White oak-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 60 | 91 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
280 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* _______________________________________________________________|________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DrE**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 2R |Moderate|Severe |Severe |Slight |Scarlet oak---------|47/52| 32/36 |---/70 |---/.41

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|45/50| 55/68 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Pitch pine----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DsB, DsC--------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 Downsville | | | | | |White oak-----------| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | | | | | |

DsD-------------| 4R |Moderate|Slight |Moderate/|Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 Downsville | | | |Slight | |White oak-----------| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | | | | | |

DuB-------------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Duffield | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

DuC-------------| 5A |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Duffield | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

DyB, DyC--------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Duffield | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

Dz--------------| 5W |Slight |Severe |Moderate |Severe |Pin oak-------------| 95 | 77 | 355 | 1.02

 Dunning | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

Fa--------------| 4W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Pin oak-------------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 Fairplay | | | | | |Green ash-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Black willow--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Silver maple--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

Fk, FnA, FsA----| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Funkstown | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

HbA, HbB, HbC---| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Hagerstown | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

HcB, HcC--------| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Hagerstown | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

HcD-------------| 5C |Moderate|Severe |Moderate/|Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Hagerstown | | | |Slight | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

HdB, HdC--------| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Hagerstown | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

HdD-------------| 5C |Moderate|Severe |Moderate/|Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Hagerstown | | | |Slight | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

HgC**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown-----| 5C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 281

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* _______________________________________________________________|________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HgC**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon--------| 3C |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | .52

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | -- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HgE**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown-----| 5C |Moderate|Severe |Slight/ |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | |Moderate | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon--------|2R/3R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/.52

 | | | | | |White oak-----------|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/.52

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HkF**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton-------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate/|Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | |Slight |Moderate|White oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------|70/80| 54/71 |210/320|.63/.83

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|60/70| 91/109| --- | ---

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks----------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | |Moderate|Chestnut oak--------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |White oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|60/70| 91/109| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

HsE**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton-------|3R/4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate/|Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | |Slight |Moderate|White oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|60/70| 91/109| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------|2R/3R |Moderate|Moderate|Severe/ |Slight |Northern red oak----|52/57| 36/40 | 70/95 |.41/.48

 | | | |Moderate | |White oak-----------|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/.52

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|50/60| 68/91 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

HsF**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton-------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate/|Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | |Slight |Moderate|White oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|60/70| 91/109| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------|2R/3R |Severe |Severe |Severe/ |Slight |Northern red oak----|52/57| 36/40 | 70/95 |.41/.48

 | | | |Moderate | |White oak-----------|50/60| 34/43 | 60/110|.38/.52

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|50/60| 68/91 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

Hu--------------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 Huntington | | | | | |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | | | | | |

La--------------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Lappans | | | | | |White oak-----------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | |Black locust--------| 80 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
282 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* _______________________________________________________________|________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ln--------------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 86 | 68 | 292 | .89

 Lindside | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 85 | 111 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

MhA, MhB--------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 Monongahela | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 85 | 81 | 380 | .93

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 72 | 126 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 66 | 102 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

MhC-------------| 4A |Moderate|Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 Monongahela | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 85 | 81 | 380 | .93

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 72 | 126 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 66 | 102 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

MoB-------------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 Monongahela | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 85 | 81 | 380 | .93

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 72 | 126 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 66 | 102 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

MrB, MrC--------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 72 | 54 | 194 | .70

 Murrill | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 147 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 70 | 75 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

PeB, PeC--------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 Pecktonville | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95

 | | | | | | | | | |

PeD-------------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 Pecktonville | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95

 | | | | | | | | | |

PgC-------------| 4X |Slight |Moderate|Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 Pecktonville | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| 76 | 58 | 222 | .75

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 86 | 82 | 392 | .95

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ph--------------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 86 | 68 | 292 | .89

 Philo | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 102 | 110 | 608 | 1.27

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 74 | 114 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 85 | 111 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

PoA, PoB--------| 5W |Slight |Severe |Moderate |Severe |White oak-----------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 Poorhouse | | | | | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | |Shagbark hickory----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Hackberry-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 283

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* _______________________________________________________________|________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ps, Px----------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 Pope | | | | | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 | | | | | |Blackgum------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 96 | 100 | 524 | 1.15

 | | | | | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Bitternut hickory---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

ReF**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon--------|2R/3R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight/ |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | .38

 | | | | |Moderate|White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | .38

 | | | | | |Chestnut oak--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Eastern redcedar----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

RnB**, RnC**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder----------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 80 | 98 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 95 | 176 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

RnD**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder----------| 4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate/|Moderate|Northern red oak----|75/80| 57/62 |215/250|.74/.81

 | | | |Slight | |Yellow-poplar-------|85/90| 81/90 380/440|.93/1.04

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--|85/90|155/166| --- | ---

 | | | | | |White ash-----------|75/80| 78/98 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville------| 5R |Moderate|Moderate|Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 278 | .87

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 95 | 176 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

RvC**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder----------| 4A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 80 | 98 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville------| 5A |Slight |Slight |Slight |Severe |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 95 | 98 | 510 | 1.14

 | | | | | | | | | |

SwA, SwB--------| 4C |Slight |Moderate|Slight |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 75 | 57 | 215 | .74

 Swanpond | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 85 | 67 | 285 | .88

 | | | | | | | | | |

TyA, TyB--------| 4W |Slight |Severe |Severe |Severe |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 Tygart | | | | | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | | | | | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |White ash-----------| 80 | 98 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | .81

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbB**, WbC**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert--------| 3D |Slight |Slight |Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----| 59 | 42 | 105 | .51

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 56 | 82 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
284 Soil Survey

Table 8.--Woodland Management and Productivity--Continued

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Management concerns | Potential productivity | Average annual growth* _______________________________________________________________|________________________

 Soil name and |Ordi- | | Equip- | | | | | | |

 map symbol |nation|Erosion | ment |Seedling | Plant | Common trees |Site |Cubic |Board |Cords/

 |symbol|hazard | limita-|mortal- |competi-| |index| feet/ | feet/ | acre

 | | | tion | ity | tion | | | acre | acre | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbB**, WbC**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 4F |Slight |Slight |Moderate |Moderate|Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Black oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | .67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------| 70 | 109 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbD**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert--------| 3R |Moderate|Moderate|Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----|55/64| 38/47 | 85/138|.45/.58

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|52/60| 73/91 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks----------|3R/4R |Moderate|Moderate|Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | |Moderate|Black oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|60/70| 91/109| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

WkF**: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert--------| 3R |Severe |Severe |Severe |Slight |Northern red oak----|55/64| 38/47 | 85/138|.45/.58

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|52/60| 73/91 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks----------|3R/4R |Severe |Severe |Moderate |Slight/ |Northern red oak----|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | |Moderate|Black oak-----------|60/70| 43/52 |110/180|.52/.67

 | | | | | |Virginia pine-------|60/70| 91/109| --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Average annual growth is equal to the total volume growth at rotation divided by the rotation age. Actual

annual growth varies with stand vigor and other factors. Yield data are based on site indices of natural stands

at age 50 years. The International 1\4 Log Rule is used for board feet. Cords are standard rough cords.

This information should be used for planning only.

 ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 285

Table 9.--Recreational Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions

 of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

At--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Atkins | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

BkE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Blackthorn | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones,

 | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

BpE*, BpF*: | | | | |

 Blackthorn-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones,

 | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Pecktonville---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones,

 | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | slope. | large stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

BuB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Buchanan | wetness, | wetness, | small stones. | wetness. | small stones.

 | small stones, | percs slowly, | | |

 | percs slowly. | small stones. | | |

 | | | | |

BuC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Buchanan | slope, | slope, | slope, | wetness. | small stones.

 | wetness, | wetness, | small stones. | |

 | small stones. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

BxC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Buchanan | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | large stones. | large stones.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

BxE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Buchanan | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones,

 | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

CaB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Calvin | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

CaC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Calvin | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones.

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

CaD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Calvin | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

CaE, CaF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Calvin | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
286 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

CbB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Caneyville | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

CcC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Caneyville | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

CcD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Caneyville | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

CeB*: | | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 Endcav---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | erodes easily. |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

CeC*: | | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Endcav---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

CgB*: | | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey. | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | too clayey.

 | | | | |

CgC*, ChC*: | | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | too clayey, | too clayey, | slope, | too clayey, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | too clayey, | erodes easily. | too clayey.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

ChE*: | | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | too clayey, | slope,

 | too clayey, | too clayey, | too clayey, | slope, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | erodes easily. | too clayey.

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 287

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

CkB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Clearbrook | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

CmB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Clearbrook | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

CrB*: | | | | |

 Clearbrook-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness, | small stones, | wetness. | small stones,

 | | small stones. | wetness. | | large stones,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

Cs--------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Combs | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

DaC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Dekalb | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones. | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

DaD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Dekalb | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope.

 | | | small stones. | large stones. |

 | | | | |

DaE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Dekalb | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

DkC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Dekalb | large stones. | small stones, | large stones, | large stones. | small stones,

 | | too acid. | slope, | | large stones.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

DrE*: | | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | large stones, | large stones. | small stones,

 | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | large stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

DsB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Downsville | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones,

 | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

DsC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Downsville | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

DsD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Downsville | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

DuB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Duffield | | | slope, | erodes easily. |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
288 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

DuC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Duffield | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

DyB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Duffield | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

DyC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Duffield | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

Dz--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Dunning | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | | |

 | | | | |

Fa--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Fairplay | flooding, | ponding. | ponding, | ponding. | ponding,

 | ponding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

Fk--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Funkstown | flooding. | wetness. | flooding, | | flooding.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

FnA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Funkstown | wetness. | wetness. | small stones, | |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

FsA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Funkstown | small stones, | wetness, | small stones. | | small stones.

 | wetness. | small stones. | | |

 | | | | |

HbA-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Hagerstown | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

HbB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Hagerstown | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

HbC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

HcB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Hagerstown | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

HcC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

HcD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

HdB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Hagerstown | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones,

 | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

HdC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Hagerstown | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 289

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

HdD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

HgC*: | | | | |

 Hagerstown-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

HgE*: | | | | |

 Hagerstown-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

HkF*: | | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

HsE*: | | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones,

 | | | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

HsF*: | | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones,

 | | | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

Hu--------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Huntington | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
290 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

La--------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Lappans | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

Ln--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Lindside | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | wetness, | flooding.

 | | wetness. | | flooding. |

 | | | | |

MhA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Monongahela | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | small stones, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

MhB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Monongahela | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | wetness, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

MhC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Monongahela | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | slope,

 | wetness, | wetness, | | | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

MoB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Monongahela | wetness, | wetness, | slope, | erodes easily. | large stones,

 | small stones, | percs slowly, | wetness, | | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | small stones. | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

MrB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Murrill | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

MrC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Murrill | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

PeB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Pecktonville | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

PeC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Pecktonville | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones.

 | small stones, | percs slowly, | small stones. | |

 | percs slowly. | small stones. | | |

 | | | | |

PeD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Pecktonville | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

PgC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Pecktonville | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | small stones. | large stones.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

Ph--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Philo | flooding. | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness,

 | | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

PoA, PoB--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Poorhouse | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 291

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

Ps--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Pope | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | |

Px--------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Pope | flooding. | | small stones, | | flooding.

 | | | flooding. | |

 | | | | |

Qm*, Qs*. | | | | |

 Quarry | | | | |

 | | | | |

ReF*: | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

RnB*: | | | | |

 Ryder----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Nollville------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

RnC*: | | | | |

 Ryder----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Nollville------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

RnD*: | | | | |

 Ryder----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Nollville------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

RvC*: | | | | |

 Ryder----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Nollville------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

SwA-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Swanpond | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | small stones, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
292 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

SwB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Swanpond | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

TyA, TyB--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Tygart | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

Ua*-------------------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable.

 Udorthents, smoothed | | | | |

 | | | | |

Ub*-------------------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable.

 Urban land | | | | |

 | | | | |

UkC*: | | | | |

 Urban land-----------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

UvC*: | | | | |

 Urban land-----------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | | slope,

 | | | percs slowly. | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Endcav---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | slope, | |

 | | | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

UwC*: | | | | |

 Urban land-----------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Hagerstown-----------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | | | slope, | | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

W*. | | | | |

 Water | | | | |

 | | | | |

WbB*: | | | | |

 Weikert--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones, | | small stones,

 | | | depth to rock. | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

WbC*: | | | | |

 Weikert--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | slope, | | small stones,

 | | | small stones. | | depth to rock

 | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones.

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 293

Table 9.--Recreational Development--Continued

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

WbD*: | | | | |

 Weikert--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | small stones,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones,

 | | | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

WkF*: | | | | |

 Weikert--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | small stones,

 | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | slope,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones.

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
294 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat

(See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the

 soil was not rated)

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

At-----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good.

 Atkins | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

BkE----------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Blackthorn | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

BpE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Blackthorn--------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pecktonville------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

BpF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Blackthorn--------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pecktonville------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

BuB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Buchanan | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

BuC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Buchanan | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

BxC, BxE-----------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Buchanan | poor. | poor. | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 Calvin | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 Calvin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Calvin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaE----------------|Very |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Calvin | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaF----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Calvin | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CbB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Caneyville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CcC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Caneyville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CcD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Caneyville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 295

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CeB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CeC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CgB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon-----------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CgC*, ChC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon-----------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

ChE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-------------|Very |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon-----------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

CkB, CmB-----------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor.

 Clearbrook | | | | | | | poor. | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CrB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Clearbrook--------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor.

 | | | | | | | poor. | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

Cs-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very

 Combs | | | | | | | | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DaC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 Dekalb | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DaD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Dekalb | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DaE----------------|Very |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Dekalb | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DkC----------------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Dekalb | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
296 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DrE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very

 | poor. | poor. | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DsB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Downsville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DsC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Downsville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DsD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Downsville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DuB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Duffield | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DuC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Duffield | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DyB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Duffield | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

DyC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Duffield | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

Dz-----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good.

 Dunning | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Fa-----------------|Very |Poor |Poor |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good.

 Fairplay | poor. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Fk, FnA, FsA-------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Very

 Funkstown | | | | | | | | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

HbA, HbB-----------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HbC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

HcB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HcC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

HcD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

HdB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Hagerstown | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HdC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

HdD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Hagerstown | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 297

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HgC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown--------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon-----------|Poor |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HgE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown--------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon-----------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HkF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton----------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

HsE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton----------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

HsF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton----------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

Hu-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Huntington | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

La-----------------|Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor.

 Lappans | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ln-----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Fair |Good |Poor.

 Lindside | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

MhA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Monongahela | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

MhB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Monongahela | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

MhC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Monongahela | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
298 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

MoB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Monongahela | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

MrB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Murrill | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

MrC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Murrill | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

PeB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Pecktonville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

PeC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Pecktonville | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

PeD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Pecktonville | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

PgC----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Pecktonville | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ph-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Philo | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

PoA----------------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Poor |Good |Good |Fair.

 Poorhouse | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

PoB----------------|Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Poorhouse | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ps, Px-------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Pope | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

Qm*, Qs*-----------|Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 Quarry | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

ReF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon-----------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

RnB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville---------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

RnC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville---------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

RnD*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 299

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

RnD*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville---------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

RvC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville---------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

SwA----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Swanpond | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

SwB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Swanpond | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

TyA----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Tygart | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

TyB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Tygart | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ua*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | |

 smoothed | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ub*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

UkC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

UvC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

UwC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown--------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

W*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Water | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert-----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
300 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert-----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbD*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert-----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

WkF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert-----------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 301

Table 11.--Building Site Development

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

At----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Atkins | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

BkE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Blackthorn | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

BpE*, BpF*: | | | | | |

 Blackthorn-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Pecktonville-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | small stones,

 | | slope. | shrink-swell. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

BuB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Buchanan | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | small stones.

 | | | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

BuC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Buchanan | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | small stones.

 | | slope. | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

BxC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Buchanan | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | large stones,

 | | slope. | | | slope, | small stones.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

BxE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Buchanan | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | large stones,

 | slope. | | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

CaB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Calvin | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | frost action. | small stones,

 | | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | | |

CaC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Calvin | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones.

 | slope. | | slope. | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

CaD, CaE, CaF-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Calvin | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

CbB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Caneyville | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | low strength. | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock.| | slope, | |

 | | | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
302 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CcC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Caneyville | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | slope,

 | | slope, | | | | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock.| | | |

 | | | | | |

CcD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Caneyville | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | slope. | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

CeB*: | | | | | |

 Carbo------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | low strength, | depth to rock.

 | | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

 Endcav-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight.

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, |

 | too clayey. | | | | shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

CeC*: | | | | | |

 Carbo------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope,

 | | | shrink-swell. | slope. | shrink-swell. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Endcav-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope.

 | too clayey, | | | slope. | shrink-swell. |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CgB*: | | | | | |

 Carbo------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | low strength, | depth to rock.

 | | | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

 Opequon----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| low strength, | too clayey.

 | | | | | shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

CgC*, ChC*: | | | | | |

 Carbo------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength, | slope,

 | | depth to rock.| | | shrink-swell. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Opequon----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | slope, | low strength, | too clayey.

 | | | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

ChE*: | | | | | |

 Carbo------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope.

 | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | slope. | slope, |

 | | | shrink-swell. | | shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

 Opequon----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | slope, | slope,

 | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock,| depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| low strength. | too clayey.

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 303

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CkB, CmB----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Clearbrook | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

CrB*: | | | | | |

 Clearbrook-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | shrink-swell, | small stones,

 | | | | | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

Cs----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Combs | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

DaC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Dekalb | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| small stones,

 | | depth to rock,| | | slope, | slope.

 | | large stones. | | | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

DaD, DaE----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Dekalb | slope, | slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | depth to rock.| | slope. | | |

 | | | | | |

DkC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Dekalb | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| small stones,

 | cutbanks cave.| depth to rock,| | | slope, | large stones.

 | | large stones. | | | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

DrE*: | | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope, | depth to rock,| slope, | slope, | small stones,

 | large stones, | large stones. | slope, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones,

 | slope. | | large stones. | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

DsB---------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Downsville | | | | slope. | frost action. | small stones,

 | | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | | |

DsC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Downsville | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | small stones,

 | | | | | frost action. | large stones,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

DsD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Downsville | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

DuB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Duffield | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

DuC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Duffield | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | |

 | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
304 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

DyB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Duffield | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. | small stones.

 | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

DyC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Duffield | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | small stones,

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | slope.

 | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

Dz----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Dunning | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | low strength, | wetness.

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, |

 | | | | | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

Fa----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Fairplay | ponding. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding, | ponding,

 | | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

Fk----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Funkstown | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | | |

FnA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Funkstown | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

FsA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Funkstown | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | small stones.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

HbA---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Hagerstown | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

HbB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Hagerstown | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

HbC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Hagerstown | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

HcB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Hagerstown | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

HcC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Hagerstown | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

HcD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

HdB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Hagerstown | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. | large stones,

 | | | | slope. | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 305

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

HdC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Hagerstown | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | large stones,

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | | small stones,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

HdD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Hagerstown | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

HgC*: | | | | | |

 Hagerstown-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| depth to rock,| depth to rock,| slope, | low strength. | slope.

 | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 Opequon----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | slope, | low strength, |

 | | | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

HgE*: | | | | | |

 Hagerstown-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope.

 | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 Opequon----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | slope, | slope,

 | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock,| depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

HkF*: | | | | | |

 Hazleton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones,

 | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | large stones,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

HsE*: | | | | | |

 Hazleton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones,

 | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | large stones,

 | cutbanks cave,| | slope. | | | small stones,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

HsF*: | | | | | |

 Hazleton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | cutbanks cave,| slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | large stones,

 | large stones, | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
306 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

HsF*: | | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | large stones,

 | cutbanks cave,| | slope. | | | small stones,

 | slope. | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

Hu----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Huntington | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

La----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Lappans | wetness, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | flooding. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

Ln----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Lindside | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | | |

MhA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Monongahela | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

MhB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Monongahela | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness.

 | | | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

MhC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Monongahela | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | slope. | wetness, | slope,

 | | slope. | | | slope, | wetness.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

MoB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Monongahela | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | large stones,

 | | | | slope. | frost action. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

MrB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Murrill | too clayey. | | | slope. | low strength, | small stones.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

MrC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Murrill | too clayey, | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | small stones,

 | slope. | | | | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

PeB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Pecktonville | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | small stones.

 | wetness. | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

PeC---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Pecktonville | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | small stones.

 | wetness, | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

PeD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Pecktonville | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | slope.

 | | slope. | shrink-swell. | slope. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 307

 Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | andscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

PgC---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Pecktonville | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | shrink-swell, | small stones,

 | wetness, | | | slope. | low strength. | large stones.

 | slope. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

Ph----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Philo | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | wetness. | | | flooding.

 | | | | | |

PoA, PoB----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Poorhouse | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | shrink-swell, | wetness.

 | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | low strength, |

 | | | | | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

Ps----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Pope | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

Px----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Pope | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

Qm*, Qs*. | | | | | |

 Quarry | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

ReF*: | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Opequon----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | slope, | slope,

 | slope. | slope, | slope, | slope, | depth to rock,| depth to ock.

 | | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock.| low strength. |

 | | | | | |

RnB*: | | | | | |

 Ryder------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | frost action. | small stones,

 | | | | | | depth to ock.

 | | | | | |

 Nollville--------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. | small stones.

 | too clayey. | | shrink-swell. | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

RnC*: | | | | | |

 Ryder------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones,

 | slope. | | slope. | | frost action. | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to ock.

 | | | | | |

 Nollville--------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | small stones,

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | slope.

 | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

RnD*: | | | | | |

 Ryder------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Nollville--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
308 Soil Survey

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

RvC*: | | | | | |

 Ryder------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones,

 | slope. | | slope. | | frost action. | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Nollville--------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength. | small stones,

 | too clayey, | slope. | slope, | | | slope.

 | slope. | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

SwA, SwB----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight.

 Swanpond | too clayey, | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, |

 | wetness. | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

TyA, TyB----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Tygart | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

Ua*. | | | | | |

 Udorthents, | | | | | |

 smoothed | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

Ub*---------------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable.

 Urban land | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

UkC*: | | | | | |

 Urban land-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable.

 | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | slope. | | slope. | | | depth to rock,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

UvC*: | | | | | |

 Urban land-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable.

 | | | | | |

 Carbo------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope,

 | | | shrink-swell. | slope. | shrink-swell. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Endcav-----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength, | slope.

 | too clayey. | | | slope. | shrink-swell. |

 | | | | | |

UwC*: | | | | | |

 Urban land-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable.

 | | | | | |

 Hagerstown-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 | too clayey, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | slope. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

W*. | | | | | |

 Water | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 309

Table 11.--Building Site Development--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

WbB*: | | | | | |

 Weikert----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock,| depth to rock.

 | | | | depth to rock.| frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate:

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | | small stones,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

WbC*: | | | | | |

 Weikert----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock.| | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | slope. | | slope. | | | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

WbD*: | | | | | |

 Weikert----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | slope. | | slope. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

WkF*: | | | | | |

 Weikert----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | slope. | | slope. | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
310 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

At------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Atkins | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

BkE-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Blackthorn* | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | small stones,

 | | slope. | | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

BpE**, BpF**: | | | | |

 Blackthorn*--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | small stones,

 | | slope. | | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Pecktonville*------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | | slope, | | hard to pack,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

BuB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Buchanan | wetness, | seepage, | wetness, | wetness. | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

BuC, BxC------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Buchanan | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness, | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | | too acid. | slope. |

 | | | | |

BxE-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Buchanan | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | small stones,

 | percs slowly, | | slope, | | slope.

 | slope. | | too acid. | |

 | | | | |

CaB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Calvin | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | | | |

CaC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Calvin | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

CaD, CaE, CaF-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Calvin | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

CbB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Caneyville* | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

CcC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Caneyville* | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | slope, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 311

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

CcD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Caneyville* | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

CeB**: | | | | |

 Carbo*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Endcav*------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

CeC**: | | | | |

 Carbo*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Endcav*------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly. | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

CgB**: | | | | |

 Carbo*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Opequon*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

CgC**, ChC**: | | | | |

 Carbo*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | slope, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Opequon*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | slope, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

ChE**: | | | | |

 Carbo*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Opequon*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
312 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

CkB, CmB------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Clearbrook | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

CrB**: | | | | |

 Clearbrook---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | | | |

Cs------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 Combs | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, |

 | | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

DaC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Dekalb | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | small stones,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

DaD, DaE------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Dekalb | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

DkC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Dekalb | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

DrE**: | | | | |

 Dekalb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

DsB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Downsville | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

DsC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Downsville | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones.

 | slope. | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

DsD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Downsville | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

DuB-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Duffield* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 313

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

DuC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Duffield* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

DyB-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Duffield* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

DyC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Duffield* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

Dz------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Dunning | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | hard to pack,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

Fa------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Fairplay* | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | ponding.

 | ponding, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | percs slowly. | ponding. | ponding. | ponding. |

 | | | | |

Fk------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Funkstown* | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | small stones,

 | | seepage. | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

FnA, FsA------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Funkstown* | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | | | small stones,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

HbA-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

HbB-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

HbC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

HcB-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

HcC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

HcD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Hagerstown* | slope. | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | slope, | | hard to pack,

 | | | too clayey. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
314 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

HdB-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock, | | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

HdC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Hagerstown* | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

HdD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Hagerstown* | slope. | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | slope, | | hard to pack,

 | | | too clayey. | | slope.

 | | | | |

HgC**: | | | | |

 Hagerstown*--------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Opequon*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | slope, | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | seepage. | | |

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

HgE**: | | | | |

 Hagerstown*--------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | depth to rock, | slope. | slope.

 | | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 Opequon*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

HkF**: | | | | |

 Hazleton-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope, | slope, | seepage, | slope. | slope.

 | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope,

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones.

 | | | | |

HsE**: | | | | |

 Hazleton-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope, | slope, | seepage, | slope. | slope.

 | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 315

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

HsF**: | | | | |

 Hazleton-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter, | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope, | slope, | seepage, | slope. | slope.

 | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | poor filter, | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

Hu------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 Huntington | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. |

 | | | | |

La------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 Lappans* | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, |

 | poor filter. | flooding. | seepage, | seepage. |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

Ln------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Lindside | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | too clayey,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

MhA, MhB------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Monongahela | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

MhC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Monongahela | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness, | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

MoB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Monongahela | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

MrB-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Murrill* | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

MrC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Murrill* | percs slowly, | slope, | too clayey, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | seepage. | slope. | | small stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

PeB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Pecktonville* | wetness, | seepage. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

PeC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Pecktonville* | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

PeD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Pecktonville* | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | seepage. | slope, | | hard to pack,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
316 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

PgC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Pecktonville* | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness, | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

Ph------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Philo | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | small stones,

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. | wetness,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

PoA-----------------|Severe: |Slight-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Poorhouse* | wetness, | | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

PoB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Poorhouse* | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

Ps, Px--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 Pope | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, |

 | | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

Qm**, Qs**. | | | | |

 Quarry | | | | |

 | | | | |

ReF**: | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Opequon*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | too clayey. | | slope.

 | | | | |

RnB**: | | | | |

 Ryder*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 Nollville*---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | thin layer.

 | percs slowly. | | | |

 | | | | |

RnC**: | | | | |

 Ryder*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Nollville*---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | thin layer.

 | percs slowly, | seepage. | | slope. |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

RnD**: | | | | |

 Ryder*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope.

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 317

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

RnD**: | | | | |

 Nollville*---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope. | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | slope,

 | | seepage. | slope. | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

RvC**: | | | | |

 Ryder*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 Nollville*---------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | hard to pack.

 | percs slowly, | seepage. | | slope. |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

SwA, SwB------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Swanpond* | wetness, | seepage. | too clayey. | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

TyA, TyB------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Tygart | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey, | | hard to pack,

 | | | too acid. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

Ua**. | | | | |

 Udorthents, | | | | |

 smoothed | | | | |

 | | | | |

Ub**----------------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 Urban land | | | | |

 | | | | |

UkC**: | | | | |

 Urban land---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

UvC**: | | | | |

 Urban land---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Carbo*-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Endcav*------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | percs slowly. | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | too clayey,

 | | seepage. | too clayey. | slope. | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

UwC**: | | | | |

 Urban land---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Hagerstown*--------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly, | seepage. | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
318 Soil Survey

Table 12.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

W**. | | | | |

 Water | | | | |

 | | | | |

WbB**: | | | | |

 Weikert------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | | seepage,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | | | |

WbC**: | | | | |

 Weikert------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | | seepage,

 | | slope. | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

WbD**, WkF**: | | | | |

 Weikert------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | slope. | seepage,

 | | slope. | slope. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Ground water may become polluted if the soil is underlain by cavernous limestone or pervious bedrock.

 ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 319

Table 13.--Construction Materials

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

At--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Atkins | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

BkE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Blackthorn | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

BpE*, BpF*: | | | |

 Blackthorn-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Pecktonville---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength, | | | small stones,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

BuB, BuC, BxC---------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Buchanan | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

BxE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Buchanan | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

CaB, CaC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Calvin** | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

CaD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Calvin** | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

CaE, CaF--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Calvin** | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

CbB, CcC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Caneyville | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

CcD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Caneyville | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

CeB*, CeC*: | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
320 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

CeB*, CeC*: | | | |

 Endcav---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | |

CgB*, CgC*, ChC*: | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | low strength, | | | too clayey,

 | shrink-swell. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

ChE*: | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength, | | |

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | low strength, | | | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

CkB, CmB--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Clearbrook | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | | large stones,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

CrB*: | | | |

 Clearbrook**---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | large stones.

 | | | |

 Berks**--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

Cs--------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 Combs | | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

DaC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Dekalb | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

DaD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Dekalb | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

DaE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Dekalb | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | depth to rock. | | | slope.

 | | | |

DkC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Dekalb | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

DrE*: | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony,

 | large stones. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 321

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

DrE*: | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

DsB, DsC--------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Downsville | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

DsD-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Downsville | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

DuB, DuC, DyB, DyC----|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Duffield | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

Dz--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Dunning | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

Fa--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Fairplay | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

Fk, FnA---------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Funkstown | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

FsA-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Funkstown | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

HbA, HbB, HbC, HcB, | | | |

 HcC------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Hagerstown | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

HcD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Hagerstown | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

HdB, HdC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Hagerstown | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

HdD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Hagerstown | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

HgC*: | | | |

 Hagerstown-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | low strength, | | | too clayey.

 | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
322 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

HgE*: | | | |

 Hagerstown-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | low strength, | | | too clayey.

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

HkF*: | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones, | excess fines, | excess fines, | too stony,

 | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Berks----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony,

 | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

HsE*: | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones, | excess fines, | excess fines, | too stony,

 | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony,

 | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

HsF*: | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | large stones, | excess fines, | excess fines, | too stony,

 | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too stony,

 | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

Hu--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 Huntington | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

La--------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Good.

 Lappans | | excess fines. | excess fines. |

 | | | |

Ln--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Lindside | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | wetness. | | |

 | | | |

MhA, MhB, MhC, MoB----|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Monongahela | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim.

 | | | |

MrB, MrC--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Murrill | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 323

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

PeB, PeC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Pecktonville | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

PeD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Pecktonville | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

PgC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Pecktonville | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | low strength. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

Ph--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Philo | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

PoA, PoB--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Poorhouse | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

Ps, Px----------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Pope | | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim.

 | | | |

Qm*, Qs*. | | | |

 Quarry | | | |

 | | | |

ReF*: | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

 Opequon--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | depth to rock,

 | low strength, | | | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | |

RnB*, RnC*: | | | |

 Ryder----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Nollville------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

RnD*: | | | |

 Ryder----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Nollville------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

RvC*: | | | |

 Ryder----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Nollville------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
324 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

SwA, SwB--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Swanpond | shrink-swell, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

TyA, TyB--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Tygart | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

Ua*. | | | |

 Udorthents | | | |

 | | | |

Ub*-------------------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable.

 Urban land | | | |

 | | | |

UkC*: | | | |

 Urban land-----------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable.

 | | | |

 Berks**--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | area reclaim. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

UvC*: | | | |

 Urban land-----------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable.

 | | | |

 Carbo----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 Endcav---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength, | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | |

UwC*: | | | |

 Urban land-----------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable-------------|Variable.

 | | | |

 Hagerstown-----------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

W*. | | | |

 Water | | | |

 | | | |

WbB*: | | | |

 Weikert**------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | small stones. | thin layer. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Berks**--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

WbC*: | | | |

 Weikert**------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | small stones. | thin layer. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Berks**--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 325

Table 13.--Construction Materials--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

WbD*: | | | |

 Weikert**------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | small stones. | thin layer. | depth to rock,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Berks**--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

WkF*: | | | |

 Weikert**------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | small stones. | thin layer. | depth to rock,

 | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Berks**--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | slope.

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.

 ** The rippable shale underlying this soil commonly is excavated for use as roadfill.
326 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management

(Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

At----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 Atkins | seepage. | seepage, | flooding. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | piping, | | |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

BkE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Blackthorn* | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones. | slope,

 | slope. | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

BpE**, BpF**: | | | | |

 Blackthorn*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones. | slope,

 | slope. | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Pecktonville*----|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope,

 | seepage, | piping, | | | large stones.

 | slope. | hard to pack, | | |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

BuB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Large stones, |Droughty,

 Buchanan | seepage, | piping. | slope. | wetness. | rooting depth,

 | slope. | | | | percs slowly.

 | | | | |

BuC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope,

 Buchanan | slope. | piping. | slope. | large stones, | droughty,

 | | | | wetness. | rooting depth.

 | | | | |

BxC, BxE----------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Large stones,

 Buchanan | slope. | piping. | slope. | large stones, | slope,

 | | | | wetness. | droughty.

 | | | | |

CaB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones,

 Calvin | seepage. | piping. | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

CaC, CaD, CaE, | | | | |

 CaF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Calvin | seepage, | piping. | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

CbB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock----|Depth to rock.

 Caneyville* | depth to rock, | thin layer, | | |

 | seepage. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

CcC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Caneyville* | depth to rock, | thin layer, | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | seepage. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

CcD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Caneyville* | depth to rock, | thin layer, | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 327

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

CeB**: | | | | |

 Carbo*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock, |Erodes easily,

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | depth to rock. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Endcav*----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily.

 | seepage. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

CeC**: | | | | |

 Carbo*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | depth to rock, | erodes easily,

 | slope. | | | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Endcav*----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily. | erodes easily.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

CgB**: | | | | |

 Carbo*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock----|Depth to rock.

 | seepage. | seepage, | | |

 | | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 Opequon*---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock, |Erodes easily,

 | seepage, | hard to pack, | | erodes easily. | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

CgC**, ChC**: | | | | |

 Carbo*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | seepage, | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 Opequon*---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | hard to pack, | | depth to rock, | erodes easily,

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

ChE*: | | | | |

 Carbo*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | depth to rock, | erodes easily,

 | slope. | | | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Opequon*---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | hard to pack, | | depth to rock, | erodes easily,

 | depth to rock, | thin layer. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

CkB, CmB----------|Moderate: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Large stones, |Large stones,

 Clearbrook | depth to rock, | large stones, | large stones, | depth to rock, | wetness.

 | slope. | wetness. | slope. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

CrB**: | | | | |

 Clearbrook-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Large stones, |Large stones,

 | depth to rock, | large stones. | large stones, | depth to rock, | wetness.

 | slope. | | slope. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones,

 | seepage. | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

Cs----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Combs | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
328 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

DaC, DaD, DaE-----|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Dekalb | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | large stones,

 | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

DkC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Dekalb | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

DrE**: | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

DsB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Large stones-----|Large stones,

 Downsville | seepage, | piping, | | | droughty.

 | slope. | large stones. | | |

 | | | | |

DsC, DsD----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Downsville | slope. | piping, | | large stones. | slope,

 | | large stones. | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

DuB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily.

 Duffield* | seepage, | piping, | | |

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

DuC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Duffield* | seepage, | piping, | | erodes easily. | erodes easily.

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

DyB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Duffield* | seepage, | piping, | | |

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

DyC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Duffield* | seepage, | piping, | | |

 | slope. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

Dz----------------|Slight------------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Dunning | | wetness. | flooding. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | |

Fa----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Ponding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Fairplay | seepage. | piping, | flooding. | ponding. | erodes easily.

 | | ponding. | | |

 | | | | |

Fk----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding---------|Wetness----------|Favorable.

 Funkstown* | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

FnA, FsA----------|Severe: |Severe: |Favorable--------|Wetness----------|Favorable.

 Funkstown* | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

HbA---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Hagerstown* | seepage. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

HbB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Hagerstown* | seepage, | hard to pack. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 329

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

HbC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Hagerstown* | seepage, | hard to pack. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

HcB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Hagerstown* | seepage. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

HcC, HcD----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Hagerstown* | seepage, | hard to pack. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

HdB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Hagerstown* | seepage. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

HdC, HdD----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Hagerstown* | seepage, | hard to pack. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

HgC**, HgE**: | | | | |

 Hagerstown*------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | depth to rock, | hard to pack. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | slope, | | | |

 | seepage. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Opequon*---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | depth to rock, | hard to pack, | | depth to rock, | erodes easily,

 | slope. | thin layer. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

HkF**: | | | | |

 Hazleton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | seepage, | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Berks. | | | | |

 | | | | |

HsE**: | | | | |

 Hazleton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | seepage, | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

HsF**: | | | | |

 Hazleton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | seepage, | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | piping, | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

Hu----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Huntington | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

La----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily.

 Lappans | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
330 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

Ln----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 Lindside | seepage. | piping. | frost action. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

MhA---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly-----|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Monongahela | seepage. | piping. | | wetness. | rooting depth.

 | | | | |

MhB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Monongahela | seepage, | piping. | slope. | wetness. | rooting depth.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

MhC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Slope,

 Monongahela | slope. | piping. | slope. | erodes easily, | erodes easily,

 | | | | wetness. | rooting depth.

 | | | | |

MoB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Monongahela | seepage, | piping. | slope. | wetness. | rooting depth.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

MrB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Murrill* | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

MrC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Murrill* | seepage, | piping. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

PeB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Percs slowly-----|Percs slowly.

 Pecktonville* | seepage. | hard to pack, | | |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

PeC, PeD----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Pecktonville* | seepage, | hard to pack, | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | slope. | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

PgC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Pecktonville* | seepage, | piping, | | |

 | slope. | hard to pack, | | |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

Ph----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding---------|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 Philo | seepage. | piping, | | wetness. |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

PoA---------------|Slight------------|Severe: |Percs slowly-----|Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Poorhouse | | hard to pack, | | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | |

PoB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Poorhouse | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | |

Ps----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Pope | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

Px----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Erodes easily----|Erodes easily.

 Pope | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

Qm**, Qs**--------|Severe: |Slight------------|Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Quarry | depth to rock, | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 331

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

ReF**: | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Opequon*---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | depth to rock, | hard to pack, | | depth to rock, | erodes easily,

 | slope. | thin layer. | | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

RnB**: | | | | |

 Ryder*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock----|Depth to rock.

 | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 Nollville*-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 | seepage. | thin layer, | | |

 | | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

RnC**, RnD**: | | | | |

 Ryder*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | piping. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Nollville*-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 | seepage, | thin layer, | | |

 | slope. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

RvC**: | | | | |

 Ryder*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | piping. | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Nollville*-------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 | seepage, | thin layer. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

SwA---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly-----|Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Swanpond* | seepage. | hard to pack. | | wetness, | percs slowly.

 | | | | percs slowly. |

 | | | | |

SwB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily,

 Swanpond* | seepage, | hard to pack. | slope. | wetness, | percs slowly.

 | slope. | | | percs slowly. |

 | | | | |

TyA---------------|Slight------------|Severe: |Percs slowly-----|Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Tygart | | hard to pack, | | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | |

TyB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Tygart | slope. | hard to pack, | slope. | wetness, | erodes easily,

 | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | |

Ua**. | | | | |

 Udorthents, | | | | |

 smoothed | | | | |

 | | | | |

Ub**--------------|Variable----------|Variable----------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 Urban land | | | | |

 | | | | |

UkC**: | | | | |

 Urban land-------|Variable----------|Variable----------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
332 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Water Management--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

UkC**: | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | thin layer. | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

UvC**: | | | | |

 Urban land-------|Variable----------|Variable----------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Carbo*-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | depth to rock, | erodes easily,

 | slope. | | | erodes easily. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Endcav*----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | erodes easily. | erodes easily.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

UwC**: | | | | |

 Urban land-------|Variable----------|Variable----------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Hagerstown*------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 | seepage, | hard to pack. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

W*. | | | | |

 Water | | | | |

 | | | | |

WbB**: | | | | |

 Weikert----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | seepage. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones,

 | seepage. | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

WbC**: | | | | |

 Weikert----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones, | slope,

 | depth to rock, | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | thin layer. | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

WbD**, WkF**: | | | | |

 Weikert----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones, | slope,

 | depth to rock, | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | thin layer. | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Ponds constructed in areas of this soil have a high failure rate due to crevices and solution channels

in the underlying limestone bedrock or the nature of the clays in the subsoil, or both.

 ** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 333

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties

 (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

At---------------| 0-4 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-40 | 3-20

 Atkins | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 4-36|Silty clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|65-100|45-85 | 20-40 | 3-20

 | | silt loam, sandy| ML, CL | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |36-70|Stratified silty |SM, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0-20 |40-100|35-100|25-95 |15-85 | 20-40 | 1-15

 | | clay loam, | GM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

BkE--------------| 0-7 |Extremely stony |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |65-90 |60-85 |35-70 |15-55 | 15-27 | NP-7

 Blackthorn | | loam. | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | 7-65|Channery sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-30 |40-90 |25-90 |20-60 |10-45 | 18-30 | 1-9

 | | loam, very | SC, SC-SM| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

BpE*, BpF*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Blackthorn------| 0-6 |Extremely stony |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |65-90 |60-85 |35-70 |15-55 | 15-27 | NP-7

 | | loam. | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | 6-35|Gravelly sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-30 |40-90 |25-90 |20-60 |10-45 | 18-30 | 1-9

 | | loam, very | SC, SC-SM| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |35-90|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |85-100|70-100|65-95 |55-90 | 30-65 | 15-40

 | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pecktonville----| 0-7 |Extremely stony |GM, GC, |A-2, A-4 |15-30 |35-80 |30-75 |25-70 |20-65 | 15-35 | 3-15

 | | loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | |

 | 7-12|Silt loam, silty |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |65-100|60-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 15-40 | 3-20

 | | clay loam, loam.| CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 |12-46|Gravelly clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |55-100|50-95 |45-90 |40-90 | 25-60 | 10-40

 | | gravelly silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |46-65|Gravelly clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |75-100|70-100|65-100|65-95 | 25-60 | 10-40

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

BuB--------------| 0-8 |Gravelly loam----|GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-10 |50-100|50-75 |40-75 |30-65 | 20-35 | 2-11

 Buchanan | | | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | 8-32|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-20 |50-100|45-90 |40-90 |20-80 | 20-35 | 2-15

 | | silt loam, | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |32-65|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-20 |50-100|30-80 |30-75 |20-60 | 20-35 | 2-15

 | | loam, channery | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
334 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

BuC--------------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam----|GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-10 |50-100|50-75 |40-75 |30-65 | 20-35 | 2-11

 Buchanan | | | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | 6-21|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-20 |50-100|45-90 |40-90 |20-80 | 20-35 | 2-15

 | | silt loam, | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |21-65|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-20 |50-100|30-80 |30-75 |20-60 | 20-35 | 2-15

 | | loam, channery | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

BxC, BxE---------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-85 |45-70 |40-70 |30-60 | 20-35 | 2-11

 Buchanan | | loam. | CL, CL-ML| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | 4-30|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0-20 |50-100|45-90 |40-90 |20-80 | 20-35 | 2-15

 | | silt loam, | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |30-65|Gravelly loam, |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0-20 |50-100|30-80 |30-75 |20-60 | 20-35 | 2-15

 | | loam, channery | CL, SM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CaB, CaC---------| 0-8 |Channery loam----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-15 |70-95 |70-90 |65-90 |55-75 | 15-30 | 2-10

 Calvin | 8-30|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | 2-11

 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |30-35|Extremely |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |15-45 |15-45 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-13

 | | channery silt | SC, GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 35 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CaD--------------| 0-6 |Channery loam----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-15 |70-95 |70-90 |65-90 |55-75 | 15-30 | 2-10

 Calvin | 6-30|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | 2-11

 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |30-35|Extremely |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |15-45 |15-45 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-13

 | | channery silt | SC, GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 35 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 335

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CaE, CaF---------| 0-2 |Channery loam----|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-15 |70-95 |70-90 |65-90 |55-75 | 15-30 | 2-10

 Calvin | 2-23|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | 2-11

 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |23-34|Extremely |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |15-45 |15-45 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-13

 | | channery silt | SC, GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CbB--------------| 0-7 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-35 | 2-12

 Caneyville | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 7-15|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 42-70 | 20-45

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |15-24|Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 0-15 |70-100|55-100|50-100|40-95 | 50-75 | 30-45

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 24 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CcC--------------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 30-40 | 11-20

 Caneyville | 8-16|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 42-70 | 20-45

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |16-28|Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 0-15 |70-100|55-100|50-100|40-95 | 50-75 | 30-45

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 28 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CcD--------------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 30-40 | 11-20

 Caneyville | 6-14|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|65-95 | 42-70 | 20-45

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |14-26|Clay, silty clay,|CH |A-7 | 0-15 |70-100|55-100|50-100|40-95 | 50-75 | 30-45

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 26 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CeB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | 9-34|Clay-------------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55

 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav----------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|85-100|75-95 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | 8-41|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-100|60-95 | 60-85 | 35-55

 | 41 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CeC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | 9-34|Clay-------------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55

 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
336 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CeC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav----------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|85-100|75-95 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | 6-41|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-100|60-95 | 60-85 | 35-55

 | 41 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CgB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-34|Clay-------------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55

 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-8 |Silty clay-------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30

 | 8-17|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 17 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CgC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-7 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | 7-32|Clay-------------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55

 | 32 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-6 |Silty clay-------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30

 | 6-15|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

ChC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | 9-34|Clay-------------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55

 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-7 |Silty clay-------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30

 | 7-17|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 17 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

ChE*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | 5-30|Clay-------------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55

 | 30 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-3 |Silty clay-------|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30

 | 3-15|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 337

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CkB--------------| 0-9 |Silt loam--------|CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|75-90 |65-85 |55-75 | 20-30 | 6-15

 Clearbrook | 9-11|Channery silt |CL |A-6 |10-50 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 25-40 | 10-20

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |11-22|Very channery |CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 |10-50 |60-85 |50-75 |50-65 |45-60 | 35-45 | 15-25

 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 22 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CmB--------------| 0-7 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 5-25 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 20-30 | 6-15

 Clearbrook | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 7-13|Channery silt |CL |A-6 |10-50 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 25-40 | 10-20

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |13-22|Very channery |CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 |10-50 |60-85 |50-75 |50-65 |45-60 | 35-45 | 15-25

 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 22 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

CrB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Clearbrook------| 0-8 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 5-25 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 20-30 | 6-15

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 8-19|Channery silt |CL |A-6 |10-50 |75-90 |60-85 |55-75 |50-70 | 25-40 | 10-20

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |19-24|Very channery |CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 |10-50 |60-85 |50-75 |50-65 |45-60 | 35-45 | 15-25

 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 24 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-8 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |50-80 |50-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 8-16|Silt loam, loam |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | | GC, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 |16-22|Channery loam, |GM, SM |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 22 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Cs---------------| 0-20|Fine sandy loam |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|85-100|60-85 |25-55 | <25 | NP-5

 Combs | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 |20-53|Loam, fine sandy |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-100|30-80 | <25 | NP-5

 | | loam, silt loam.| ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 |53-65|Loam, fine sandy |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |90-100|75-100|65-100|30-80 | <25 | NP-8

 | | loam, sandy clay| ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
338 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DaC, DaD, DaE----| 0-4 |Channery loam----|SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10

 Dekalb | | | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | 4-22|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 22 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DkC--------------| 0-6 |Extremely stony |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|15-35 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10

 Dekalb | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | 6-15|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |15-24|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-50 |45-85 |25-75 |20-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | loam, flaggy | SC, GC | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | 24 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DrE*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-6 |Rubbly sandy loam|SM, GM, |A-2, A-4 |50-85 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-7

 | | | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 | 6-24|Channery sandy |SM, GM, ML|A-2, A-4 | 5-40 |50-85 |40-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-7

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |24-34|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4 |10-50 |45-85 |35-75 |25-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | loam, flaggy | SC, GC | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DsB--------------| 0-10|Gravelly loam----|ML, SM, CL|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-11

 Downsville | | | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 |10-18|Gravelly loam, |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-15

 | | gravelly sandy | SM, GM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |18-30|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 25-45 | 3-20

 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |30-99|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15

 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 339

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DsC--------------| 0-5 |Gravelly loam----|ML, SM, CL|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-11

 Downsville | | | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | 5-13|Gravelly loam, |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-15

 | | gravelly sandy | SM, GM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |13-25|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 25-45 | 3-20

 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |25-99|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15

 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DsD--------------| 0-5 |Gravelly loam----|ML, SM, CL|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-11

 Downsville | | | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | 5-13|Gravelly loam, |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |60-85 |55-80 |45-70 |30-65 | 15-30 | 3-15

 | | gravelly sandy | SM, GM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |13-25|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 5-20 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 25-45 | 3-20

 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |25-99|Very gravelly |CL, SC, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |50-80 |45-80 |40-75 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15

 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DuB--------------| 0-9 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 20-50 | 5-20

 Duffield | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 9-54|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|55-95 | 30-55 | 8-22

 | | silt loam, | MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |54-65|Channery silt |MH, GM, |A-7, A-5 | 0-20 |65-100|50-100|45-90 |40-90 | 40-60 | 9-29

 | | loam, loam, | SM, ML | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DuC--------------| 0-7 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 20-50 | 5-20

 Duffield | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 7-54|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|55-95 | 30-55 | 8-22

 | | silt loam, | MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |54-65|Channery silt |MH, GM, |A-7, A-5 | 0-20 |65-100|50-100|45-90 |40-90 | 40-60 | 9-29

 | | loam, loam, | SM, ML | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DyB--------------| 0-9 |Gravelly silt |CL |A-4, A-6,| 5-10 |70-100|60-75 |55-70 |50-70 | 30-50 | 8-22

 Duffield | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 9-65|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|55-95 | 30-55 | 8-22

 | | silty clay, | MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
340 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

DyC--------------| 0-7 |Gravelly silt |CL |A-4, A-6,| 5-10 |70-100|60-75 |55-70 |50-70 | 30-50 | 8-22

 Duffield | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 7-65|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|55-95 | 30-55 | 8-22

 | | silty clay, | MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Dz---------------| 0-16|Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-6, A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 25-35 | 4-11

 Dunning | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 |16-70|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|70-100|60-100|60-100| 45-70 | 20-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Fa---------------| 0-15|Marly silt loam |ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|80-100|80-95 |60-85 | 20-30 | 3-11

 Fairplay |15-23|Marly silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|80-100|80-95 |45-85 | 20-30 | 3-11

 | | marly loam. | ML | | | | | | | |

 |23-65|Marly silt loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|80-100|80-95 |45-85 | 16-30 | 3-11

 | | marly loam, | ML, SM | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | marly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Fk---------------| 0-11|Silt loam--------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|65-80 | 15-30 | 3-11

 Funkstown |11-27|Gravelly silt |ML, CL, SM|A-2, A-4,| 0-5 |65-90 |60-85 |55-80 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15

 | | loam, gravelly | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |27-65|Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

FnA--------------| 0-19|Silt loam--------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|85-100|80-100|65-80 | 15-30 | 3-11

 Funkstown |19-40|Gravelly silt |ML, CL, SM|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |65-90 |60-85 |55-80 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15

 | | loam, gravelly | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

FsA--------------| 0-10|Gravelly silt |ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |85-90 |70-80 |60-75 |55-75 | 15-30 | 3-11

 Funkstown | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |10-26|Gravelly silt |ML, CL, SM|A-2, A-4,| 0-10 |65-90 |60-85 |55-80 |30-70 | 15-35 | 3-15

 | | loam, gravelly | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |26-65|Clay, silty clay,|CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HbA, HbB---------| 0-10|Silt loam--------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25

 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 |10-17|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |17-71|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 341

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HbC--------------| 0-7 |Silt loam--------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25

 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 7-14|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |14-68|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HcB--------------| 0-7 |Silty clay loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25

 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 7-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HcC--------------| 0-6 |Silty clay loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25

 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 6-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HcD--------------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-15 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25

 Hagerstown | | | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 5-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HdB--------------| 0-9 |Gravelly silt |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 5-20 |75-95 |70-90 |70-90 |60-85 | 25-50 | 5-25

 Hagerstown | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 9-15|Clay, silty clay |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |15-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HdC--------------| 0-8 |Gravelly silt |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 5-20 |75-95 |70-90 |70-90 |60-85 | 25-50 | 5-25

 Hagerstown | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 8-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HdD--------------| 0-7 |Gravelly silt |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 5-20 |75-95 |70-90 |70-90 |60-85 | 25-50 | 5-25

 Hagerstown | | loam. | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 7-71|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | 71 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HgC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown------| 0-5 |Silt loam--------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25

 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 5-9 |Clay, silty clay |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 9-71|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | 71 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30

 | 5-18|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 18 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
342 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HgE*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown------| 0-5 |Silt loam--------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25

 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 5-65|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-5 |Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30

 | 5-18|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 18 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HkF*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------| 0-11|Extremely stony |GM, SM, |A-4 |15-50 |60-85 |50-80 |50-70 |35-55 | 10-25 | NP-8

 | | loam. | ML, SC-SM| | | | | | | |

 |11-48|Channery sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-50 |60-95 |45-90 |35-70 |20-55 | 15-30 | NP-8

 | | loam, very | ML, SC | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |48-65|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 5-60 |50-80 |35-75 |25-65 |15-50 | 15-30 | NP-8

 | | very channery | SC, GC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-8 |Extremely stony |SM, SC, |A-4 | 5-35 |60-95 |55-90 |45-90 |35-80 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | loam. | GM, ML | | | | | | | |

 | 8-36|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 0-14 | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HsE*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |GM, SM, |A-4 |15-50 |60-85 |50-80 |50-70 |35-55 | 10-25 | NP-8

 | | loam. | ML, SC-SM| | | | | | | |

 | 4-11|Channery sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-50 |60-95 |45-90 |35-70 |20-55 | 15-30 | NP-8

 | | loam, channery | ML, SC | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |11-65|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 5-60 |50-80 |35-75 |25-65 |15-50 | 15-30 | NP-8

 | | very channery | SC, GC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|15-35 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10

 | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | 4-26|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 26 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 343

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

HsF*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |GM, SM, |A-4 |15-50 |60-85 |50-80 |50-70 |35-55 | 10-25 | NP-8

 | | loam. | ML, SC-SM| | | | | | | |

 | 4-11|Channery sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-50 |60-95 |45-90 |35-70 |20-55 | 15-30 | NP-8

 | | loam, channery | ML, SC | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |11-65|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 5-60 |50-80 |35-75 |25-65 |15-50 | 15-30 | NP-8

 | | very channery | SC, GC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, very| | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 |Extremely stony |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|15-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10

 | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | 4-26|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 26 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Hu---------------| 0-11|Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-95 | 25-40 | 5-15

 Huntington | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 |11-65|Silt loam, silty |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-95 | 25-40 | 5-15

 | | clay loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

La---------------| 0-7 |Marly loam-------|ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-95 |50-85 | 20-30 | 3-11

 Lappans | 7-42|Marly loam, marly|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|45-85 | 20-30 | 3-11

 | | sandy loam, | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 | | marly silt loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |42-64|Marly loam, marly|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|85-95 |45-85 | 15-30 | 3-11

 | | sandy loam, | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 | | marly clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |64-99|Marly loam, marly|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-95 |45-85 | 15-30 | 3-11

 | | sandy loam, | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 | | marly clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Ln---------------| 0-12|Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|80-100|55-90 | 20-35 | 2-15

 Lindside | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 |12-46|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0 | 100 |95-100|90-100|70-95 | 25-40 | 4-18

 | | silt loam, very | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | | fine sandy loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |46-66|Stratified silty |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0 |60-100|55-100|45-100|30-95 | 20-40 | 4-18

 | | clay loam to | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
344 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

MhA--------------| 0-10|Silt loam--------|ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|45-90 | 20-35 | 1-10

 Monongahela | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 |10-27|Silt loam, clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|80-100|75-100|70-90 | 20-40 | 5-15

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |27-53|Silt loam, sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|55-95 |45-95 | 20-40 | 3-15

 | | clay loam, clay | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |53-65|Silt loam, clay |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 |10-20 |75-100|60-90 |60-85 |40-85 | 20-40 | 1-15

 | | loam, gravelly | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

MhB--------------| 0-8 |Silt loam--------|ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|45-90 | 20-35 | 1-10

 Monongahela | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | 8-30|Silt loam, clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|80-100|75-100|70-90 | 20-40 | 5-15

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |30-51|Silt loam, sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|55-95 |45-95 | 20-40 | 3-15

 | | clay loam, | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |51-65|Silt loam, clay |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 |10-20 |75-100|60-90 |60-85 |40-85 | 20-40 | 1-15

 | | loam, gravelly | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

MhC--------------| 0-6 |Silt loam--------|ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|45-90 | 20-35 | 1-10

 Monongahela | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | 6-28|Silt loam, clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|80-100|75-100|70-90 | 20-40 | 5-15

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |28-49|Silt loam, sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|55-95 |45-95 | 20-40 | 3-15

 | | clay loam, | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |49-65|Silt loam, clay |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 |10-20 |75-100|60-90 |60-85 |40-85 | 20-40 | 1-15

 | | loam, gravelly | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

MoB--------------| 0-8 |Gravelly loam----|ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-15 |80-90 |75-85 |70-80 |45-75 | 20-35 | 1-10

 Monongahela | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | 8-30|Silt loam, clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|80-100|75-100|70-90 | 20-40 | 5-15

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |30-51|Silt loam, sandy |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|55-95 |45-95 | 20-40 | 3-15

 | | clay loam, | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |51-65|Silt loam, clay |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 |10-20 |75-100|60-90 |60-85 |40-85 | 20-40 | 1-15

 | | loam, gravelly | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 345

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

MrB, MrC---------| 0-9 |Gravelly loam----|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |65-80 |55-70 |45-65 |30-65 | 20-45 | 3-15

 Murrill | | | GM, SC-SM| A-2 | | | | | | |

 | 9-55|Gravelly clay |CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-85 |60-70 |55-65 |50-65 | 20-50 | 5-25

 | | loam, gravelly | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |55-72|Silty clay, very |CH, MH, CL|A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|50-100|45-100|40-100| 35-75 | 20-40

 | | gravelly clay | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

PeB--------------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam----|ML, GM |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |60-80 |50-75 |40-70 |35-65 | 20-40 | 3-15

 Pecktonville | 7-11|Silt loam, silty |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 20-40 | 5-20

 | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |11-48|Silty clay loam, |CH, GC, |A-6, | 0-5 |45-100|40-95 |35-90 |30-90 | 35-60 | 15-40

 | | gravelly silty | CL, SC | A-2-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |48-65|Clay loam, silty |CH, CL |A-6, | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|65-95 | 35-60 | 15-40

 | | clay, clay. | | A-7-6 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

PeC--------------| 0-6 |Gravelly loam----|ML, GM |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |60-80 |50-75 |40-70 |35-65 | 20-40 | 3-15

 Pecktonville | 6-12|Silt loam, silty |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 20-40 | 5-20

 | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |12-43|Silty clay loam, |CH, GC, |A-6, | 0-5 |45-100|40-95 |35-90 |30-90 | 35-60 | 15-40

 | | gravelly silty | CL, SC | A-2-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |43-65|Clay loam, silty |CH, CL |A-6, | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|65-95 | 35-60 | 15-40

 | | clay, clay. | | A-7-6 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

PeD--------------| 0-7 |Gravelly loam----|ML, GM |A-4, A-6 | 0-15 |60-80 |50-75 |40-70 |35-65 | 20-40 | 3-15

 Pecktonville | 7-16|Silt loam, silty |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 20-40 | 5-20

 | | clay loam, | SC | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |16-47|Silty clay loam, |CH, GC, |A-6, | 0-5 |45-100|40-95 |35-90 |30-90 | 35-60 | 15-40

 | | gravelly silty | CL, SC | A-2-6 | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |47-65|Clay loam, silty |CH, CL |A-6, | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|65-95 | 35-60 | 15-40

 | | clay, clay. | | A-7-6 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

PgC--------------| 0-7 |Extremely stony |GM, GC, |A-2, A-4 |15-35 |35-80 |30-75 |25-70 |20-65 | 15-35 | 3-15

 Pecktonville | | loam. | CL, ML | | | | | | | |

 | 7-12|Silt loam, silty |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|70-95 |45-85 |40-80 | 15-40 | 3-20

 | | clay loam, loam,| CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |12-48|Gravelly clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |55-100|50-95 |45-90 |40-90 | 25-60 | 10-40

 | | gravelly silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |48-65|Gravelly clay, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |75-100|70-100|65-100|65-95 | 25-60 | 10-40

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Ph---------------| 0-9 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|75-90 |60-80 | 20-35 | 1-10

 Philo | 9-29|Silt loam, loam, |ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|75-100|70-90 |45-80 | 20-35 | 1-10

 | | sandy loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 |29-65|Stratified sand |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-5 |45-95 |40-90 |20-70 |10-70 | 15-30 | 1-10

 | | to very gravelly| ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
346 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

PoA--------------| 0-12|Silt loam--------|ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-100|45-95 | 25-45 | 10-20

 Poorhouse |12-26|Silty clay, clay,|CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |65-100|60-100|55-100|45-95 | 35-65 | 20-50

 | | channery clay | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |26-65|Silty clay, clay,|CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |85-100|80-100|75-100|60-95 | 35-65 | 20-50

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

PoB--------------| 0-11|Silt loam--------|ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-100|45-95 | 25-45 | 10-20

 Poorhouse |11-40|Silty clay, clay,|CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |65-100|60-100|55-100|45-95 | 35-65 | 20-50

 | | channery clay | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Silty clay, clay,|CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |85-100|80-100|75-100|60-95 | 35-65 | 20-50

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Ps---------------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|51-85 |25-55 | 15-20 | NP-5

 Pope | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 |10-42|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|80-100|51-95 |25-75 | 15-30 | NP-7

 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |42-65|Sandy loam, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |45-100|35-100|30-95 |15-70 | 15-30 | NP-7

 | | sand. | ML, GM | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Px---------------| 0-10|Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-100|45-90 | 15-30 | NP-10

 Pope | | | SM, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 |10-40|Fine sandy loam, |SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-4 | 0 |95-100|80-100|51-95 |25-75 | 15-30 | NP-7

 | | sandy loam, | ML, CL-ML| | | | | | | |

 | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Sandy loam, loamy|SM, SC-SM,|A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |45-100|35-100|30-95 |15-70 | 15-30 | NP-7

 | | sand, loam. | ML, GM | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Qm*, Qs* | | | | | | | | | | |

 Quarry. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

ReF*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-2 |Silty clay loam |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|75-95 | 30-55 | 10-30

 | 2-18|Silty clay loam, |CH, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |80-100|60-100|60-100|55-95 | 35-65 | 15-40

 | | clay, silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 18 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-----------| 0-8 |Channery silt |ML |A-4 | 0 |80-95 |60-75 |55-70 |50-65 | --- | ---

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 8-30|Silt loam, loam, |ML |A-4, A-5,| 0-5 |70-100|60-95 |55-90 |50-85 | 30-45 | 3-11

 | | channery silty | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |30-35|Channery loam, |GM |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |30-65 |25-60 |20-55 |15-50 | 25-40 | 2-11

 | | channery silt | | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 35 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 347

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville-------| 0-10|Channery silt |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |55-80 |60-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 20-35 | 4-12

 | | loam. | GC | A-2 | | | | | | |

 |10-29|Silty clay loam, |CL, GC, SC|A-6 | 0 |55-100|60-100|45-100|35-95 | 25-40 | 11-23

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |29-41|Silty clay, silty|CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 | 0 |55-100|60-100|45-100|35-95 | 30-50 | 11-30

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |41-57|Very channery |GC, CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-10 |25-65 |20-60 |20-60 |15-55 | 30-50 | 11-30

 | | silty clay loam,| | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 57 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

RnD*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-----------| 0-8 |Channery silt |ML |A-4 | 0 |80-95 |60-75 |55-70 |50-65 | --- | ---

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 8-30|Silt loam, loam, |ML |A-4, A-5,| 0-5 |70-100|60-95 |55-90 |50-85 | 30-45 | 3-11

 | | channery silty | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |30-35|Channery loam, |GM |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |30-65 |25-60 |20-55 |15-50 | 25-40 | 2-11

 | | channery silt | | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 35 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville-------| 0-8 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6,| 0 |55-80 |50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 20-35 | 4-12

 | | loam. | GC | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | 8-27|Silty clay loam, |CL, GC, SC|A-6 | 0 |55-100|50-100|45-100|35-95 | 25-40 | 11-23

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |27-39|Silty clay, silty|CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7 | 0 |55-100|50-100|45-100|35-95 | 30-50 | 11-30

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |39-55|Very channery |GC, CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-10 |25-65 |20-60 |20-60 |15-55 | 30-50 | 11-30

 | | silty clay loam,| | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 55 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
348 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

RvC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-----------| 0-9 |Channery silt |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |55-80 |50-75 |45-75 |35-70 | 21-33 | 2-11

 | | loam. | CL, GM | | | | | | | |

 | 9-25|Channery silty |ML, GM, SM|A-4, | 0-10 |55-100|50-100|45-100|30-95 | 30-45 | 3-11

 | | clay loam, silt | | A-7-6, | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | A-5 | | | | | | |

 |25-33|Extremely |GM, SM, ML|A-1, A-2,|10-40 |30-80 |25-75 |20-75 |15-70 | 25-40 | 2-11

 | | channery silty | | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 33 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville-------| 0-10|Channery silt |ML, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0 |55-100|50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 20-35 | 4-12

 | | loam. | | A-2 | | | | | | |

 |10-29|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-6 | 0 |55-100|50-100|45-100|35-95 | 25-40 | 11-23

 | | silt loam, | CH, GC | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |29-41|Silty clay, silty|MH, CL, |A-6, A-7 | 0 |55-100|50-100|45-100|35-95 | 30-50 | 11-35

 | | clay loam, | CH, GC | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |41-57|Very channery |GC, CL |A-6, A-7,| 0-10 |25-65 |20-60 |20-60 |15-55 | 30-50 | 11-35

 | | silty clay loam,| | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 57 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

SwA--------------| 0-7 |Silt loam--------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-100|55-95 | 21-48 | 6-25

 Swanpond | 7-32|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 66-84 | 39-53

 |32-65|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 57-84 | 32-53

 | | | | | | | | | | |

SwB--------------| 0-7 |Silt loam--------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|70-100|55-95 | 21-48 | 6-25

 Swanpond | 7-35|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 66-84 | 39-53

 |35-65|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0-10 |95-100|90-100|85-100|80-100| 57-84 | 32-53

 | | | | | | | | | | |

TyA--------------| 0-15|Silt loam--------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-90 | 25-40 | 2-15

 Tygart |15-59|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 30-65 | 11-30

 | | silty clay, clay| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |59-65|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 | 30-65 | 11-30

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

TyB--------------| 0-10|Silt loam--------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|60-90 | 25-40 | 2-15

 Tygart |10-55|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|65-95 | 30-65 | 11-30

 | | silty clay, clay| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |55-65|Silty clay loam, |CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|95-100|85-100|70-95 | 30-65 | 11-30

 | | silty clay, | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

Ua*. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | | |

 smoothed | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Ub*. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 349

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

UkC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-7 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |50-80 |50-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 7-21|Silt loam, loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | channery silt | GC, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |21-25|Channery loam, |GM, SM |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 25 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

UvC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|90-100|85-95 |75-85 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | 9-34|Clay-------------|CH |A-7 | 0-5 |95-100|85-100|80-95 |70-90 | 60-80 | 35-55

 | 34 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav----------| 0-8 |Silty clay loam |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0 |90-100|90-100|85-100|75-95 | 30-50 | 10-25

 | 8-41|Clay, silty clay |CH |A-7 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-100|60-95 | 60-85 | 35-55

 | 41 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

UwC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown------| 0-12|Silt loam--------|CL, CL-ML |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |85-100|80-100|80-100|70-95 | 25-50 | 5-25

 | | | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 |12-20|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-7 | 0-5 |90-100|80-100|75-100|55-95 | 48-65 | 26-34

 | | loam, silt loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |20-71|Clay, silty clay,|CH, CL |A-7, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|80-100|75-100|75-95 | 30-70 | 15-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | 71 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

W*. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Water | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

WbB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,| 0-10 |35-70 |35-70 |25-65 |20-55 | 30-40 | 4-10

 | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | 6-18|Channery loam, |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 18 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
350 Soil Survey

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

WbB*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |60-80 |45-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 6-26|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |26-36|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | GM-GC | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

WbC*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,| 0-10 |65-70 |55-70 |40-65 |30-55 | 30-40 | 4-10

 | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | 6-18|Channery loam, |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 18 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |60-80 |55-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 6-26|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |26-36|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | GM-GC | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

WbD*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-4 |Channery silt |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,|10-25 |60-80 |55-70 |40-65 |30-55 | 30-40 | 4-10

 | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | 4-18|Channery loam, |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 18 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-4 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |60-80 |55-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 4-26|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |26-36|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | GM-GC | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 351

Table 15.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | >3 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

WkF*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-2 |Very channery |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,|10-25 |35-70 |25-60 |25-55 |20-45 | 30-40 | 4-10

 | | silt loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | 2-13|Channery loam, |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 13 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-2 |Very channery |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-70 |35-60 |25-50 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | silt loam. | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | 2-24|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 24 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
352 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

(The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire

 profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates

 that data were not available or were not estimated)

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

At---------------| 0-4 | 18-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 2-4

 Atkins | 4-36| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| |

 |36-70| 10-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

BkE--------------| 0-7 | 7-10 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 4 | 2-5

 Blackthorn | 7-65| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

BpE*, BpF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Blackthorn------| 0-6 | 7-10 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 4 | 2-5

 | 6-35| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |35-90| 27-60 |1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pecktonville----| 0-7 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 2-4

 | 7-12| 15-32 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |12-46| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 |46-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

BuB--------------| 0-8 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 1-3

 Buchanan | 8-32| 18-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |32-65| 18-35 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.2 |0.06-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

BuC--------------| 0-6 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 1-3

 Buchanan | 6-21| 18-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |21-65| 18-35 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.2 |0.06-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

BxC, BxE---------| 0-4 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | 1-4

 Buchanan | 4-30| 18-30 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |30-65| 18-35 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.2 |0.06-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaB, CaC---------| 0-8 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | 1-3

 Calvin | 8-30| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |30-35| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaD--------------| 0-6 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | 1-3

 Calvin | 6-30| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |30-35| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CaE, CaF---------| 0-2 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | 1-3

 Calvin | 2-23| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |23-34| 10-25 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CbB--------------| 0-7 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 2-4

 Caneyville | 7-15| 36-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |15-24| 40-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CcC--------------| 0-8 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 2-4

 Caneyville | 8-16| 36-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |16-28| 40-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 353

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

CcD--------------| 0-6 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 2-4

 Caneyville | 6-14| 36-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |14-26| 40-60 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 26 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CeB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3

 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.24| |

 | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav----------| 0-8 | 30-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 3 | .5-2

 | 8-41| 35-80 |1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.20| |

 | 41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CeC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3

 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.24| |

 | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav----------| 0-6 | 30-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 3 | .5-2

 | 6-41| 35-80 |1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.20| |

 | 41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CgB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3

 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.24| |

 | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-8 | 40-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.37| 1 | 1-4

 | 8-17| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.32| |

 | 17 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CgC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-7 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3

 | 7-32| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.24| |

 | 32 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-6 | 40-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.37| 1 | 1-4

 | 6-15| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.32| |

 | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

ChC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3

 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.24| |

 | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-7 | 40-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.37| 1 | 1-4

 | 7-17| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.32| |

 | 17 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

ChE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-5 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3

 | 5-30| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.24| |

 | 30 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-3 | 40-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.37| 1 | 1-4

 | 3-15| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.32| |

 | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
354 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

CkB--------------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 1-4

 Clearbrook | 9-11| 20-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |11-22| 30-50 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CmB--------------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 1-4

 Clearbrook | 7-13| 20-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |13-22| 30-50 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

CrB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Clearbrook------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.25-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 1-4

 | 8-19| 20-35 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |19-24| 30-50 |1.35-1.55| 0.2-0.6 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-8 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | .5-3

 | 8-16| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |16-22| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|4.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Cs---------------| 0-20| 5-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | 2-5

 Combs |20-53| 5-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |53-65| 5-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DaC, DaD, DaE----| 0-4 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | 2-4

 Dekalb | 4-22| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 22 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DkC--------------| 0-6 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-4.4 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | 2-4

 Dekalb | 6-15| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |15-24| 5-15 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.05-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DrE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-6 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-4.4 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | 2-4

 | 6-24| 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |24-34| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 34 | 5-15 |1.20-1.50| --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DsB--------------| 0-10| 12-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 1-4

 Downsville |10-18| 12-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |18-30| 20-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |30-99| 18-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DsC--------------| 0-5 | 12-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 1-4

 Downsville | 5-13| 12-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |13-25| 20-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |25-99| 18-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DsD--------------| 0-5 | 12-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 1-4

 Downsville | 5-13| 12-18 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |13-25| 20-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.17|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |25-99| 18-35 |1.40-1.55| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DuB--------------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 2-4

 Duffield | 9-54| 20-42 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |54-65| 18-41 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 355

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

DuC--------------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|6.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 2-4

 Duffield | 7-54| 20-42 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |54-65| 18-41 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DyB--------------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 2-4

 Duffield | 9-65| 20-42 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

DyC--------------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 2-4

 Duffield | 7-65| 20-42 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Dz---------------| 0-16| 12-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.19-0.23|5.6-7.8 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 2-10

 Dunning |16-70| 35-60 |1.40-1.65| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Fa---------------| 0-15| 18-26 |1.00-1.20| 0.6-20 |0.17-0.22|6.6-8.4 |Low----------|0.43| 5 | 2-6

 Fairplay |15-23| 15-25 |1.00-1.20| 0.6-20 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 |Low----------|0.43| |

 |23-65| 10-25 |1.00-1.20| 0.06-2.0 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 |Low----------|0.43| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Fk---------------| 0-11| 15-25 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 1-5

 Funkstown |11-27| 20-30 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |27-65| 27-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

FnA--------------| 0-19| 15-25 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.20|6.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 1-5

 Funkstown |19-40| 20-30 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |40-65| 27-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

FsA--------------| 0-10| 15-25 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|6.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | 1-5

 Funkstown |10-26| 20-30 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |26-65| 27-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|5.6-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HbA, HbB---------| 0-10| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-5

 Hagerstown |10-17| 25-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |17-71| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HbC--------------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-4

 Hagerstown | 7-14| 25-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |14-68| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HcB--------------| 0-7 | 27-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-3

 Hagerstown | 7-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HcC--------------| 0-6 | 27-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-3

 Hagerstown | 6-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HcD--------------| 0-5 | 27-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-2

 Hagerstown | 5-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HdB--------------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 1-5

 Hagerstown | 9-15| 25-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |15-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HdC--------------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 1-4

 Hagerstown | 8-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HdD--------------| 0-7 | 15-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 1-3

 Hagerstown | 7-71| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 71 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
356 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

HgC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown------| 0-5 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-5

 | 5-9 | 23-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 9-71| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 71 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-5 | 27-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.37| 1 | 1-4

 | 5-18| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.32| |

 | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HgE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown------| 0-5 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-5

 | 5-65| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-5 | 27-40 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.37| 1 | 1-4

 | 5-18| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.32| |

 | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HkF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------| 0-11| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| 3 | 2-4

 |11-48| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 |48-65| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-8 | 7-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | 2-4

 | 8-36| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HsE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------| 0-4 | 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| 3 | 2-4

 | 4-11| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 |11-65| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-4.4 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | 2-5

 | 4-26| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 26 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

HsF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------| 0-4 | 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| 3 | 2-4

 | 4-11| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 |11-65| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.5-4.4 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | 2-5

 | 4-26| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 26 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Hu---------------| 0-11| 18-27 |1.10-1.30| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|6.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 3-6

 Huntington |11-65| 18-30 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|5.6-7.8 |Low----------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

La---------------| 0-7 | 15-27 |1.05-1.10| 0.6-6.0 |0.17-0.20|7.4-8.4 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 3-6

 Lappans | 7-42| 15-27 |1.05-1.20| 2.0-20 |0.14-0.20|7.4-8.4 |Low----------|0.37| |

 |42-64| 20-35 |1.10-1.30| 2.0-20 |0.14-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Low----------|0.37| |

 |64-99| 15-35 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.14-0.17|7.4-8.4 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ln---------------| 0-12| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.26|6.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 2-4

 Lindside |12-46| 18-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.37| |

 |46-66| 18-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-6.0 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.8 |Low----------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 357

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

MhA--------------| 0-10| 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 2-4

 Monongahela |10-27| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| |

 |27-53| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| |

 |53-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

MhB--------------| 0-8 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 2-4

 Monongahela | 8-30| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| |

 |30-51| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| |

 |51-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

MhC--------------| 0-6 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.24|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 2-4

 Monongahela | 6-28| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| |

 |28-49| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| |

 |49-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

MoB--------------| 0-8 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 2-4

 Monongahela | 8-30| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| |

 |30-51| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.43| |

 |51-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

MrB, MrC---------| 0-9 | 15-25 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 1-4

 Murrill | 9-55| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |55-72| 27-55 |1.40-1.70| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

PeB--------------| 0-7 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 2-4

 Pecktonville | 7-11| 13-35 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.24| |

 |11-48| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 |48-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

PeC--------------| 0-6 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 2-4

 Pecktonville | 6-12| 13-35 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.24| |

 |12-43| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 |43-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

PeD--------------| 0-7 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 2-4

 Pecktonville | 7-16| 13-35 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.24| |

 |16-47| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 |47-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

PgC--------------| 0-7 | 13-27 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.09-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 2-4

 Pecktonville | 7-12| 15-32 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.17|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |12-48| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 |48-65| 27-55 |1.20-1.60| 0.06-0.6 |0.14-0.18|4.5-6.0 |High---------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ph---------------| 0-9 | 10-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | 2-4

 Philo | 9-29| 10-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.32| |

 |29-65| 5-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.10| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

PoA--------------| 0-27| 20-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 1-4

 Poorhouse |12-26| 35-60 |1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|4.5-7.3 |High---------|0.28| |

 |26-65| 35-60 |1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

PoB--------------| 0-27| 20-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 1-4

 Poorhouse |11-40| 35-60 |1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|4.5-7.3 |High---------|0.28| |

 |40-65| 35-60 |1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ps---------------| 0-10| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 1-4

 Pope |10-42| 5-18 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |42-65| 5-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
358 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

Px---------------| 0-10| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.23|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 1-4

 Pope |10-40| 5-18 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |40-65| 5-20 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Qm*, Qs*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Quarry | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

ReF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Opequon---------| 0-2 | 27-40 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.16-0.21|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.37| 1 | 1-2

 | 2-18| 35-75 |1.35-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.07-0.16|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.32| |

 | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

RnB*, RnC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-----------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 1-3

 | 8-30| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| |

 |30-35| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.12|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville-------| 0-10| 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 1-4

 |10-29| 25-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |29-41| 25-45 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |41-57| 25-45 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 57 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

RnD*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-----------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 1-3

 | 8-30| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| |

 |30-35| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.06-0.12|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville-------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 1-4

 | 8-27| 25-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |27-39| 25-45 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |39-55| 25-45 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 55 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

RvC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Ryder-----------| 0-9 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 1-3

 | 9-25| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| |

 |25-33| 18-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.08|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| |

 | 33 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Nollville-------| 0-10| 15-27 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 1-4

 |10-29| 25-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |29-41| 25-45 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |41-57| 25-45 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 57 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

SwA--------------| 0-7 | 16-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.18|5.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 1-2

 Swanpond | 7-32| 60-80 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.8 |High---------|0.24| |

 |32-65| 50-80 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.8 |High---------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

SwB--------------| 0-7 | 16-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.18|5.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 1-2

 Swanpond | 7-35| 60-80 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.8 |High---------|0.24| |

 |35-65| 50-80 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.14-0.18|5.1-7.8 |High---------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

TyA--------------| 0-15| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 2-4

 Tygart |15-59| 35-50 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |59-65| 35-50 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Berkeley County, West Virginia 359

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

TyB--------------| 0-10| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.43| 3 | 2-4

 Tygart |10-55| 35-50 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |55-65| 35-50 |1.30-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ua*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents, | | | | | | | | | |

 smoothed | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

Ub*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

UkC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-7 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | 2-4

 | 7-21| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |21-25| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.5-6.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 25 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

UvC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Carbo-----------| 0-9 | 27-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.19|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 2 | .5-3

 | 9-34| 60-80 |1.30-1.45| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.6-7.8 |High---------|0.24| |

 | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Endcav----------| 0-8 | 30-40 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.20|6.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.37| 3 | .5-2

 | 8-41| 35-80 |1.30-1.50| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.14|5.1-7.8 |High---------|0.20| |

 | 41 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

UwC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Urban land. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hagerstown------| 0-12| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-5

 |12-20| 25-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |20-71| 35-60 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 71 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

W*. | | | | | | | | | |

 Water | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbB*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-6 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 2 | .5-3

 | 6-18| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-6 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | .5-3

 | 6-26| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |26-36| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-6 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 2 | .5-3

 | 6-18| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-6 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | .5-3

 | 6-26| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |26-36| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
360 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

WbD*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-4 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.12|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | .5-3

 | 4-18| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 18 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-4 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | .5-3

 | 4-26| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |26-36| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

WkF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-2 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.12|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | .5-3

 | 2-13| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|3.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 13 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-2 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | .5-3

 | 2-24| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 24 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Table 17.--Soil and Water Features ("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "frequent," "apparent," and "perched" are explained 

 symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the feature is  that data were not estimated) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | High water table | Bedrock |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | | | | | |Potentia map symbol | group | of flooding | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost  | | | | | | | | action ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Ft | | | In | |  __ __ | | | | | | | | At----------------| D |Frequent--------| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High---- Atkins | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | BkE---------------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low----- Blackthorn | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | BpE*, BpF*: | | | | | | | |  Blackthorn-------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low----- | | | | | | | |  Pecktonville-----| C |None------------|3.5-6.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate  | | | | | | | | BuB, BuC, BxC, | | | | | | | |  BxE--------------| C |None------------|1.5-3.0|Perched |Nov-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate  Buchanan | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | CaB, CaC, CaD, | | | | | | | |  CaE, CaF---------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Moderate  Calvin | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | CbB, CcC, CcD-----| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard | ---  Caneyville | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | CeB*, CeC*: | | | | | | | |  Carbo------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Endcav-----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 40-60 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | | CgB*: | | | | | | | |  Carbo------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Opequon----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 12-20 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | | CgC*, ChC*: | | | | | | | |  Carbo------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Opequon----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 12-20 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | High water table | Bedrock |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | | | | | |Potentia map symbol | group | of flooding | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost  | | | | | | | | action ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Ft | | | In | |  __ __ | | | | | | | | ChE*: | | | | | | | |  Carbo------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Opequon----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 12-20 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | | CkB, CmB----------| D |None------------|0.5-1.5|Perched |Oct-Apr| 20-40 |Soft |Moderate  Clearbrook | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | CrB*: | | | | | | | |  Clearbrook-------| D |None------------|1.0-2.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| 20-40 |Soft |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Berks------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low----- | | | | | | | | Cs----------------| B |Occasional------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- | ---  Combs | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | DaC, DaD, DaE-----| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low----- Dekalb | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | DkC---------------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low----- Dekalb | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | DrE*: | | | | | | | |  Dekalb-----------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low----- | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | DsB, DsC, DsD-----| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate  Downsville | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | DuB, DuC, DyB, | | | | | | | |  DyC--------------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 60-99 | --- |Moderate  Duffield | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Dz----------------| D |Occasional------| 0-0.5|Apparent|Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |High---- Dunning | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Fa----------------| D |Frequent--------|+.5-0.5|Apparent|Nov-May| >60 | --- |High---- Fairplay | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Fk----------------| B |Occasional------|2.0-3.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate  Funkstown | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | High water table | Bedrock |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | | | | | |Potentia map symbol | group | of flooding | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost  | | | | | | | | action ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Ft | | | In | |  __ __ | | | | | | | | FnA, FsA----------| B |None------------|2.0-3.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate  Funkstown | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | HbA, HbB, HbC, | | | | | | | |  HcB, HcC, HcD, | | | | | | | |  HdB, HdC, HdD----| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate  Hagerstown | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | HgC*, HgE*: | | | | | | | |  Hagerstown-------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Opequon----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 12-20 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | HkF*: | | | | | | | |  Hazleton---------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Berks------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low----- | | | | | | | | HsE*: | | | | | | | |  Hazleton---------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Dekalb-----------| A |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low----- | | | | | | | | HsF*: | | | | | | | |  Hazleton---------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Dekalb-----------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low----- | | | | | | | | Hu----------------| B |Occasional------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |High---- Huntington | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | La----------------| A |Occasional------|4.0-6.0|Apparent|Dec-Mar| >60 | --- |Moderate  Lappans | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Ln----------------| C |Frequent--------|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High---- Lindside | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | MhA, MhB, MhC, | | | | | | | |  MoB--------------| C |None------------|1.5-3.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderate  Monongahela | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | High water table | Bedrock |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | | | | | |Potenti map symbol | group | of flooding | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost  | | | | | | | | action ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Ft | | | In | |  __ __ | | | | | | | | MrB, MrC----------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Murrill | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | PeB, PeC, PeD, | | | | | | | |  PgC--------------| C |None------------|3.5-6.0|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderat Pecktonville | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Ph----------------| B |Occasional------|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderat Philo | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | PoA, PoB----------| D |None------------|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderat Poorhouse | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Ps----------------| B |Frequent--------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Pope | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Px----------------| B |Occasional------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Pope | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Qm*, Qs*. | | | | | | | |  Quarry | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | ReF*: | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Opequon----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 12-20 |Hard |Moderat | | | | | | | | RnB*, RnC*, RnD*: | | | | | | | |  Ryder------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 24-40 |Hard |Moderat | | | | | | | |  Nollville--------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 40-60 |Hard |Moderat | | | | | | | | RvC*: | | | | | | | |  Ryder------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 24-40 |Hard |Moderat | | | | | | | |  Nollville--------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 40-60 |Hard |Moderat | | | | | | | | SwA, SwB----------| C |None------------|2.5-3.5|Perched |Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderat Swanpond | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | TyA, TyB----------| D |None------------|0.5-1.5|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |Moderat Tygart | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
Table 17.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | High water table | Bedrock |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | | | | | |Potentia map symbol | group | of flooding | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost  | | | | | | | | action ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Ft | | | In | |  __ __ | | | | | | | | Ua*. | | | | | | | |  Udorthents, | | | | | | | |  smoothed | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | Ub*. | | | | | | | |  Urban land | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | UkC*: | | | | | | | |  Urban land. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Berks------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low----- | | | | | | | | UvC*: | | | | | | | |  Urban land. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Carbo------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Endcav-----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 40-60 |Hard |Moderate  | | | | | | | | UwC*: | | | | | | | |  Urban land. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Hagerstown-------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderate  | | | | | | | | W*. | | | | | | | |  Water | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | | WbB*: | | | | | | | |  Weikert----------| C/D |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 10-20 |Soft |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Berks------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low----- | | | | | | | | WbC*: | | | | | | | |  Weikert----------| C/D |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 10-20 |Soft |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Berks------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low----- | | | | | | | | WbD*, WkF*: | | | | | | | |  Weikert----------| C/D |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 10-20 |Soft |Moderate  | | | | | | | |  Berks------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low----- | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
366

Table 18.--Classification of the Soils

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 Atkins--------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, acid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents

 Berks---------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Blackthorn----------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Buchanan------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Fragiudults

 Calvin--------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Caneyville----------------| Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Carbo---------------------| Very fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Clearbrook----------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Aeric Epiaquults

 Combs---------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls

 Dekalb--------------------| Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Downsville----------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudults

 Duffield------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Dunning-------------------| Fine, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls

 Endcav--------------------| Very fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Fairplay------------------| Fine-loamy, carbonatic, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquolls

 Funkstown-----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs

 Hagerstown----------------| Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Hazleton------------------| Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Huntington----------------| Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls

 Lappans-------------------| Fine-loamy, carbonatic, mesic Typic Calciudolls

 Lindside------------------| Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts

 Monongahela---------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudults

 Murrill-------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Nollville-----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Opequon-------------------| Clayey, mixed, mesic Lithic Hapludalfs

 Pecktonville--------------| Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Paleudults

 Philo---------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

 Poorhouse-----------------| Fine, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs

 Pope----------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluventic Dystrochrepts

 Ryder---------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Swanpond------------------| Very fine, mixed, active, mesic Vertic Paleudalfs

 Tygart--------------------| Clayey, mixed, mesic Aeric Endoaquults

 Udorthents----------------| Udorthents

 Weikert-------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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