Myanmar Water 

Myanmar (Burma) Water and Hydrology 

A Bibliography 

By 

R. Lee Hadden 

Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) 

Engineering Research and Development Center (ERDC) 

7701 Telegraph Road 

Alexandria, VA 22315 

May 7, 2008 

Robert.L.Hadden@usace.army.mil

“RCC Dams in Asia.” 2007. Int. J. Hydro. Dams. Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages 84-88. Descriptors: 

Article Subject Terms: Dam Construction; Dams; Hydroelectric Plants; Article Geographic 

Terms: China, People's Rep.; Myanmar; Vietnam. Abstract: The world's largest RCC dam 

schemes currently under construction are in Asia, with Longtan setting the record in terms of 

scale, and RCC placement. This feature brings updates on progress from the sites of some of 

the most important schemes currently under way in China, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar. 

Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN/ISBN: 1352-2523. 

 “Hydropower Plays a Leading Role in Myanmar's Power Development Plans.” 2005. Int. J. Hydro. 

Dams. Volume 12, Issue 2, Pages 119-123. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Dam 

Construction; Dams; Electric Power Production; Export; Hydroelectric Power; Priorities; 

Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Abstract: With eight major schemes under construction 

and 16 more planned, Myanmar is moving ahead with a major programme of hydropower 

development. The Ministry of Electric Power regards hydro development as a priority, both to 

meet domestic needs and for export to neighbouring countries. With only about 2 per cent of 

hydro resources currently developed, the Ministry's Department of Hydroelectric Power has 

much work ahead. This article gives an overview of plans and current activities, including a 

description of the 132 m-high Yeywa RCC dam and 790 MW hydro scheme now under 

construction near Mandalay. Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

ISSN/ISBN: 1352-2523. 

“Special Report: The Sweet Serpent of South-East Asia - the Mekong River; the Mekong River;” 

2004. ECT. (2004 The Economist Newspaper Ltd. All rights reserved.): Jan 3. Volume 370, 

Issue 8356, Pages 28-30. Descriptors: Asia & the Pacific; Natural resources; Economic policy 

& planning; Rivers; Dams; Water resources; Environmental impact; Economic impact; 

Economic development. Notes: Geographic: Southeast Asia Mekong River. Abstract: 

Uniquely for such a big river in the heart of tropical Asia, the Bbiggest city along the Mekong 

River's banks - Phnom Penh - has a mere 1.1 million inhabitants. That makes the river 

unusual in another respect: the pressure of a burgeoning population and fast economic growth 

is only just beginning to make its mark on the Mekong. But the outcome could be all too 

familiar: a poor compromise between conservation and development. The Asian Development 

Bank is promoting a scheme to integrate the economies of the greater Mekong sub-region. 

Two north-south highways are under construction to link China and Thailand, one via Laos 

and the other via Myanmar. One element of the current development drive is bound to leave 

its mark on the Mekong: dam-building. ISSN/ISBN: 0013-0613. 

“Sustainable Formula Sought for Rural Energy Development in Asia.” 2003. Refocus,. 7. Volume 

4, Issue 4, Pages 14-14. Abstract: A three-day meeting in Bangkok has affirmed official belief 

in sustainable energy access as the essential “Missing Link” in the global quest for poverty 

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reduction among disadvantaged rural people. The “Expert Group Meeting on Integration of 

Energy and Rural Development Policies and Programmes”, 25-27 June 2003, was coordinated 

by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific 

(UNESCAP), in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). A 

crucial problem is that energy is rarely considered in rural planning and agricultural 

development. Senior specialists from Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), 

Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Vietnam, all countries seeking urgent solutions to 

considerable rural poverty problems, exchanged views. Ms Keiko Okaido, who currently 

heads the UNESCAP secretariat in Bangkok, pointed out, “The World Summit on Sustainable 

Development (WSSD) recognized benefits that energy services could bring about, and 

identified key areas for action to promote energy for sustainable development.” Robert 

English, UNDP Resident Representative in Thailand, identified sustainable energy 

development as the “Missing Link” in rural poverty alleviation and environmental 

conservation. Bangladesh, participants learned, has immense potential for biogas energy 

technology, wind energy in coastal areas and solar energy. Landlocked Nepal, in contrast, has 

sustainable fuel-wood resources of about 15 million metric tons, although only half the 

country's forests are accessible. Hydropower potential is huge in the mountainous terrain. Sri 

Lanka already boasts some 100 micro-hydropower installations supplying electricity to 

around 3,000 families. [Lanna B B] This is a short news story only. Visit www.re-focus.net 

for the latest renewable energy news. 

Quantity with Quality : An Report on Expert Group Meeting on Drinking Water Quality 

Surveillance and Monitoring : 23 June 2000. 2001. Yangon: page(s): 7. Descriptors: Drinking 

water -- Burma -- Quality control -- Congresses; Conference publication (cnp). Notes: 24, 8; 

col. ill. ; 30 cm.; Note(s): Cover title.; Entry: 20040831; Update: 20050312. OCLC Accession 

Number: 56416518. 

Facilitation of Travel in the Asian Region. 2000. United Nations. page(s): 40p. Descriptors: Asia; 

Bangladesh; Burma; East Asia; Economic and social factors; Facilitation; India; Pacific Area; 

Sri Lanka; Strategic planning; Thailand; Tourism; Tourists; Travel; Travel behavior; 

Travelers. Abstract: This issue of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the 

Pacific (ESCAP) Tourism Review offers analysis and insight into the experiences of selected 

member countries in addressing values of facilitation as part of the national tourism 

development strategies. Viewpoints of selected international organizations are also presented 

in order to better understand some of the many complex issues related to the facilitation of 

travel and tourism. This paper concentrates and makes recommendations for the countries of 

Bangladesh, India, Myranmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand. ISSN/ISBN: 9211199794. OCLC 

Accession Number: 01042579. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

“Investor Focus on Lancang-Mekong River Region, Yunnan Province, China.” 1997. Hydro Power 

and Equipment. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 3, Pages 89-92. Descriptors: 

Water resources development - general -- 74.13.1; river basin development; water resources; 

hydropower development; transport system. Notes: Geographic: China -- Yunnan Province -- 

Lancang-Mekong River. Abstract: This international river originates in China and runs for 

almost 5000km through the south-east Asian countries of Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, 

Cambodia, and Viet Nam. It has a total basin area of 180 000km2. A number of regional 

financial institutes and foreign investors are showing interest in its development, particularly 

hydroelectric power development. International co-operation will be key to multipurpose 

development and utilisation of such rivers in future. This article briefly reviews the 

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importance of this river in terms of ecology; social, historical and cultural heritage; economy; 

and natural resources. China's past development activities and plans for its sub-region of the 

river are outlined. These include a number of dams and associated hydroelectric power 

stations, and water transportation and dredging projects. River trade is outlined. ISSN/ISBN: 

1007-4740. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

INFRASTRUCTURE OPPORTUNITIES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. HELD IN SAN FRANCISCO, 

CALIFORNIA ON JUNE 18-20, 1996. 1996. Louis Berger and Associates, Incorporated. 

page(s): 308 p. Descriptors: Asia (Southeastern); Energy sector; Exports; Feasibility analysis; 

Feasibility studies; Financing; Financing plans; Infrastructure; Infrastructure economics; 

International trade; Planning; Programming (Planning); Project management; Project 

planning; Project profiles; Southeast Asia; Transportation; Transportation sector. Abstract: 

This briefing book was prepared for the U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) by 

Louis Berger Internationaal to be presented at TDA's conference in San Francisco, CA, June 

18-20, 1996. The document presents profiles on a total of 61 infrastructure projects in the 

transportation and energy sectors in Southeast Asia. The potential for exports of goods and 

services deriving from these projects is estimated to be at least $34.6 billion. Included in 

Section I is a regional overview and Section II presents country reports for Burma, Indonesia, 

Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Section III addresses project 

financing issues while Section IV presents case studies of major TDA feasibility studies in the 

Southeast Asia region. Section V contains profiles of 22 transportation sector projects and, 

finally, Section VI contains profiles of 39 energy sector projects. Notes: This document was 

provided to NTIS by the U.S. Trade and Development Agency, Rosslyn, VA. OCLC 

Accession Number: 00730655. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

“The Smiles Fade.” 1996. ECT. Economist Newspaper Group, Incorporated Dec 14, 1996: Dec 14. 

Volume 341, Issue 7996, Pages 35. Descriptors: Asia & the Pacific; Short articles; Social 

policy; Schools & educational services; Student rights; Political behavior; Demonstrations & 

protests; College students. Notes: Geographic: Myanmar. Abstract: The largest student protest 

in eight years in Myanmar broke out on Dec 7, 1996. Riot police with batons and water 

cannon broke up the protest, and nearly 900 people were detained for a short period. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0013-0613. 

HANDS ACROSS THE RIVER -- THE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION.. 1995. John Wiley 

& Sons, Incorporated. Infrastructure. Descriptors: Asia (Southeastern); Public works; 

Southeast Asia; Transportation. Abstract: JOINT PROJECTS FOR CHINA, BURMA, 

THAILAND, LAOS, CAMBODIA AND VIETNAM INCLUDING ROAD, RAIL AND 

WATER TRANSPORTATION AND AIRPORTS. Notes: INFRASTRUCTURE, DEC. 1995, 

P. 14-16: ILL. ISSN/ISBN: 1081-7174. OCLC Accession Number: 00871443. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

“The Mekong: Dammed if You Don't.” 1995. ECT. Economist Newspaper Group, Incorporated 

Nov 18, 1995: Nov 18. Volume 337, Issue 7941, Pages 38. Descriptors: Asia & the Pacific; 

Short articles; Natural resources; Economic policy & planning; Water supply; Treaties; 

Problems; Dams; Rivers; International relations. Notes: Geographic: Southeast Asia Vietnam 

Thailand Myanmar Mekong River Laos China Cambodia. Abstract: Thailand, Vietnam, Laos 

and Cambodia intend to share the resources of the Mekong River if China and Myanmar will 

cooperate. A special meeting of the new Mekong River Commission on Nov 20, 1995 may 

smooth relations. ISSN/ISBN: 0013-0613. 

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“Ground Water; Beyond 2000; what Future for Asian Supplies.” 1987. Water Resour. J. United 

Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, New York, NY, 

International (III): International (III). Sep. Volume 154, Pages 76-81. Descriptors: 

Afghanistan; Asia; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Burma; Cambodia; China; Commonwealth of 

Independent States; Far East; ground water; hydrogeology; India; Indian Ocean Islands; 

Indian Peninsula; Korea; Laos; Malaysia; Maldive Islands; Mongolia; Nepal; Pakistan; 

Singapore; Sri Lanka; surveys; Thailand; USSR; Vietnam. Notes: CY: GeoRef, Copyright 

2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0377-8053. 

“Foundation and Subgrade Sealing for Two Dams Resting on Quartzite and Diorite (Burma) : 

Kutzner, C Proc 6th National Rock Mechanics Symposium, Aachen, 3-4 April 1985 P177-

181. Publ Essen: German Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1985.” 

1986. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science & Geomechanics 

Abstracts,. 2. Volume 23, Issue 1, Pages A27-A27. 

BURMA NEEDS AID. 1986. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation. Int. Railway J. 

Volume: 26, no. 12, page(s): p. 36-38. Descriptors: Burma; Burma railways corporation; 

Myanmar; Railroads. Abstract: No abstract provided. ISSN/ISBN: 0744-5326. OCLC 

Accession Number: 00431885. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

VALMET BARGE FEEDER BORIS POLEVOY. 1984. Descriptors: Boris polevoy. Abstract: A 

Soviet shipping company operates Seabee type barge carriers, carrying 1070 dwt Danube 

barges between the Black Sea and India, the Bay of Bengal, and Burma. The first of a pair of 

feeder vessels to supplement these long-distance barge carriers has now been delivered; this 

vessel is capable of carrying either 6 Danube barges or 12 LASH barges, and can also operate 

as a ro-ro or conventional container vessel. The twin-screw ship is propelled by a pair of 

7560-bhp Diesel engines, and there is an 80-kN bow thruster. Principal dimensions are:-

length oa/bp 158.9/141.2m; breadth 31.0m; depth 15.4m; draught operating/trimmed down 

4.4/9.3m; deadweight 8800 t; Speed 23.4 knots. Notes: Shipbuild. Mar. Engng Int., 107 , p. 

192 (4 pp., gen. arr. plan, 8 fig.). OCLC Accession Number: 00686765. URL: Transportation 

Research Board. 

“The Himalaya-Ganges Problem in the Context of Peace and Resource- use Conflict Management.” 

1984. Mountain Research & Development. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 4, 

Issue 4, Pages 363-365. Descriptors: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ABSTRACTS -- 

74. Abstract: Conflict over resource use has been identified as between ethnic and religious 

groups for forest and agricultural land; for forest and mineral resources between urban 

commercial enterprises and hill peoples; different uses of water; pressures on land through 

migration; and nationalistic rivalries between Bangladesh, China, India, Pakistan, 

Afghanistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Burma, and the USSR.-P.Creese (CDS). Availability: Connect to 

the catalog at your library. 

BURMA ROAD IS TEST BED FOR NEW TECHNOLOGY. 1983. International Road Federation; 

Route One Publishing Limited. World Highways/Routes Du Monde. Volume: 34, no. 7, 

page(s): p. 1-2. Descriptors: Bituminous materials; Bituminous surfacing; Developing 

countries; Flexible pavements; Granular materials; Highway construction; Road construction; 

Seal coats; Surface texture; Surface treating; Texture. Abstract: A 700 kilometer road, 

connecting the seaport of Bassein, in the Irrawaddy River delta, with the provincial town of 

Monywa, on the Chindwin River west of Mandalay, is under construction in Burma. The road 

will provide a through link on the west side of the Irrawaddy River, and is part of the 

Burmese government's program to develop this relatively isolated area. It will also provide a 

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north-south connection between a number of existing and proposed east-west roads running 

from the Irrawaddy valley across the Arakan mountains to the Arakan coast on the Bay of 

Bengal. In 1977 the Burmese government requested assistance from the Australian 

government in constructing and surfacing the Bassein-Monywa road. The Australian 

Development Assistance Bureau appointed the Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation 

(SMEC) to implement the project, with the following specific objectives: to introduce 

appropriate low-cost pavement construction and surfacing technology; to assist in upgrading 

the output of the construction unit by improved plant utilization and overall job planning; to 

introduce modern road location, survey and design techniques for use on the BasseinMonywa road; to upgrade mechanical support facilities and methods and fuel handling to 

increase equipment serviceability; and to introduce appropriate road maintenance methods 

and management. Following a study it was agreed that a granular flexible pavement using 

readily available river gravels surfaced with bituminous surface treatment, would be more 

appropriate than the previously proposed concrete pavement. The final design comprises 

subbase and base courses of natural gravels which are crushed and mixed on the road. The 

gravels are taken from rivers and streams encountered at regular intervals of between 15 and 

30 kilometers along the road line. Bituminous surface sealing technology has been introduced 

on the project to provide a low-cost all-weather seal coat. After tests were made of various 

combinations of prime coat, primer seal, and single and double surface treatment, a standard 

design was chosen comprising a primer seal with various size cover aggregates, and a single 

surface treatment. Local technicians learned the surface treatment techniques so quickly that 

the operations were handed over to them within one year. The work force has continued to 

produce excellent results. The pavement has proved to be an excellent performer except in 

areas of poor drainage, where it has become necessary to modify the gravel aggregate. Results 

to date indicate that over 95 percent of the finished pavement will have a useful life of 20 

years or more. (Author). ISSN/ISBN: 0964-4598. OCLC Accession Number: 00380469. 

URL: Transportation Research Board. 

Economic Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific, v. 32, no. 1, June 1981. 1981. New York: UN. page(s): 

123. Descriptors: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ASIA AND THE PACIFIC; WATER 

MANAGEMENT; INDIA; SRI LANKA; RURAL WATER SUPPLY; BANGLADESH; 

MYANMAR; INDONESIA; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; THAILAND. Notes: v; charts, graphs, 

tables.; Note(s): UN sales publications.; Entry: 19831116; Update: 20070117. ISSN/ISBN: 

Stock no: 81.II.F.18. OCLC Accession Number: 78504651. 

Proceedings of the 3rd Regional Symposium on the Development of Deltaic Areas (Held at 

Bangkok, Thailand, 22-28 November 1977). 1978. New York: UN. page(s): 274. Descriptors: 

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC; BANGLADESH; MYANMAR; DELTAS; FLOOD CONTROL; 

INDIA; INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; PHILIPPINES; SRI LANKA; THAILAND; WATER 

MANAGEMENT; WATER RESOURCES; Conference publication (cnp); Government 

publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). Notes: ix; figures, maps, 

tables.; Note(s): UN sales no.: 78.II.F.10./ Material type: Sales publications (UN)./ Material 

type: Conferences, etc. (proceedings/final reports).; General Info: Distribution: General.; 

Other Titles: Regional Symposium on the Development of Deltaic Areas (3rd : 1979 : 

Bangkok). Proceedings.; Entry: 19800425; Update: 20070217. ISSN/ISBN: Stock no: 

78.II.F.10. OCLC Accession Number: 84200262. 

“Water Legislation in Asia and the Far East; Part I : Afghanistan, Brunei, Burma, Republic of 

China, Hong Kong, Iran, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines and Thailand. no. 31, Water 

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Resources Series, ECAFE, Bangkok.” 1969. Journal of Hydrology,. 6. Volume 8, Issue 2, 

Pages 243-243. 

MARINE FUELS AND LUBRICANTS SURVEY. 1969. Benn Brothers Marine Publications 

Limited; Seven Kings Publications, Limited. Shipping World & Shipbuilder. Volume: 162, 

no. 3839, page(s): 3 p. Descriptors: Bunkering; Fuel systems; Fueling systems. Abstract: 

Trends in marine lubricants are described and detailed accounts are given of the activities 

with regard to marine fuels, lubricants and bunkering of Mobile, Burma-Castrol, Chevron 

International, and Brixham Bunkering. ISSN/ISBN: 0037-3931. OCLC Accession Number: 

00005456. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

 “The Henzadah Plain and Reclamation Works.” 1889. S.l: s.n., 1889; Surveyor General. 

Descriptors: Flood control -- Burma -- Henzada District -- Maps; Flood control -- Burma -- 

Bassein River -- Maps; Flood control -- Burma -- Irrawaddy River -- Maps; Reclamation of 

land -- Burma -- Henzada District -- Maps; Hydraulic engineering -- Burma -- Henzada 

District -- Maps; Floods -- Burma -- Bassein River; Government publication (gpb); National 

government publication (ngp). Notes: Description: 1 map :; mounted on linen ;; 61 x 41 cm.; 

Map Info: Scale [ca. 380,160]. 6 mile: 1 inch.; Cartgrph Code: Category of scale: a; Note(s): 

Relief shown by shading./ Includes “Profile of Nawoon River thalweg and floods,” and 

profiles of Henzada embankment, and Taboo Canal./ “Photozincographed at the Surveyor 

General's Office, Calcutta, August 1889.”/ “XXII.”; Other Titles: Alternate title:; Henzadah 

Plain; Entry: 20030922; Update: 20040526. OCLC Accession Number: 53058900. 

2007 International Conference on Post-Facto Evaluation of Official Development Assistance in the 

Greater Mekong Subregion. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: China, People's Rep.; 

Vietnam; Asia, Mekong R.; Myanmar; Southeast Asia, Mekong Basin; Thailand; Cambodia; 

Nongovernmental organizations; Sustainability; Culture; Sex; Nutrition; Conservation; 

Biological diversity; Ecology; Management plans; Social impact; Grants; War; Basins; 

Catchment areas; Climatic changes; Internet; Natural resources management; Infrastructure; 

Tourism; Income; Hydroelectric power; Loans; Wildlife; Downstream; Environmental 

assessment; Environmental engineering; Preservation; Irrigation; Learning; Rivers; Memory; 

Resource management; Social aspects; Natural resources; Environment management; 

Endemic species; Resource conservation; Governments; Environmental monitoring; 

Evaluation; Resource development. Notes: CF: 2007 international conference on post-facto 

evaluation of official development assistance in the greater mekong subregion, northern 

illinois university, de kalb, illinois (USA), 5-7 oct 2007. Database: Conference Papers Index. 

URL: http://www.ohiou.edu/seas/Mekong_Index.html. 

Adamson, P. 2001. “Hydrological Perspectives of the Lower Mekong.” Int. Water Power Dam 

Constr. Mar. Volume 53, Issue 3, Pages 16-21. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: 

Catchment area; Catchment areas; Dry season; Hydroelectric Power; Hydrology; International 

waters; Policies; Potential resources; Resource development; River Flow; Rivers; Seasonal 

Variations; Seasons; Stream flow; Streams (in natural channels); Water reservoirs; Water 

resources; Watersheds; Article Geographic Terms: Cambodia; China, People's Rep.; China, 

People's Rep., Lancang Jiang R.; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam; China, People's Rep., 

Mekong R. Notes: TR: CS0635532. Abstract: Regulation of the downstream flow regime, 

defined as some degree of de-naturalisation of the seasonal flow pattern by reallocating water 

from the wet to the dry season, is often perceived to be one of the adverse impacts of reservoir 

development. If the resource development does not involve the consumptive use of water or 

its diversion out of the catchment, and if the focus is directed at the broad seasonal 

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characteristics of the regulated flow regime and not at the detailed consequences of 

operational policy, then it is reasonably straightforward to describe a simple quantitative 

measure of the potential degree of flow modification. It is anticipated, from the information 

that is available, that the development of reservoir storage for hydro power generation on the 

Lancang Jiang (Upper Mekong) in Yunnan, China, fits into this simpler non-consumptive 

category of water resource development and that the major hydrological impact will be a 

decrease in the characteristic amplitude of the seasonal cycle of flow in the lower basin. The 

Lower Mekong system is defined as that portion of the total catchment which drains parts of 

Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam. Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences 

and Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN/ISBN: 0306-400X. 

Aiken, S. Robert, Frost, David B. and Leigh, Colin H. 1980. “Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and 

Rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia: Some Suggested Relationships.” Social Science & Medicine. 

Part D: Medical Geography,. 9. Volume 14, Issue 3, Pages 307-316. Abstract: Dengue 

hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a viral disease which has spread throughout Southeast Asia over 

the past 25 years. Ae. aegypti is the main vector of the disease. The location of DHF 

outbreaks, the number of infected individuals, and the diffusion of the disease are related to 

several socio-economic, environmental and host factors. A number of writers have discussed 

the relationships between DHF outbreaks and rainfall in different parts of Southeast Asia. A 

review of the literature suggests that there are positive correlations between the two variables 

in Burma, Thailand and the Philippines, all of which have one wet season and prolonged “dry 

periods”, but that the relationships in countries closer to the equator, such as Peninsular 

Malaysia and Singapore, where there are two wet seasons, are unclear. In two case studies of 

Selangor and Johore in Peninsular Malaysia for the period 1973-1977, the relationships 

between DHF cases and moisture surpluses and deficits, the latter derived from 

Thornthwaite's method for calculating the water balance, are investigated on a monthly basis. 

It is shown that there is an increase in DHF cases following the March to May wet season and 

that the size of the increase is positively related to the size of the moisture surplus. The 

importance of moisture deficits is also underscored. There is, however, an apparent lack of 

association between DHF cases and rainfall during the second wet season, SeptemberNovember, of each year. It is suggested that relationships between DHF and rainfall should be 

sought for a sequence of years, and that investigations must be based on a more sophisticated 

measure of moisture availability than raw monthly rainfall data. Topics for further research 

are outlined. 

AIR FORCE COMBAT CLIMATOLOGY CENTER SCOTT AFB IL; Taxler, Kathleen M.; 

Donahue, Christopher A.; Edwards, Michelle E.; Cloys, Kenneth P. and Walters, Kenneth 

R.,Sr. 1997. “Southeast Asia-A Climatological Study.” MAY. Descriptors: 

CLIMATOLOGY; SOUTHEAST ASIA; CONTROL; CLOUDS; WEATHER; HAZARDS; 

WIND; PRECIPITATION; VISIBILITY; CLIMATE; METEOROLOGY; GEOGRAPHY; 

VIETNAM; THAILAND; COMMONALITY; SEASONS; CAMBODIA; LAOS; 

MALAYSIA; TRAFFICABILITY. Abstract: A climatological study of southeast Asia, a 

region that comprises Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. After 

describing the geography and major meteorological features of the entire region, the study 

discusses in detail the climatic controls of each of southeast Asia 5 six zones of climatic 

commonality.” Each “season” is defined and discussed in considerable detail, to include 

general weather, clouds, visibility, winds, precipitation, temperature, hazards, and 

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trafficability. Notes: Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. OCLC 

Accession Number: ADA383372. 

AIR FORCE COMBAT CLIMATOLOGY CENTER SCOTT AFB IL; Traxler, Kathleen M.; 

Donahue, Christopher A., et al. 1997. “Southeast Asia: A Climatological Study.” MAY. 

Descriptors: CLIMATOLOGY; SOUTHEAST ASIA; CLOUDS; TEMPERATURE; 

MONSOONS; SEA BREEZE; TYPHOONS; DEW POINT; JET STREAMS; WIND; 

METEOROLOGY. Abstract: A climatological study of southeast Asia, a region that 

comprises Cambodia, Loas, Myanmar, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. After describing the 

geography and major meteorological features of the entire region, the study discusses in detail 

the climatic controls of each of southeast Asia's six zones of climatic commonality. Each 

season is defined and discussed in considerable detail, to include general weather, clouds, 

visibility, winds, precipitation, temperature, hazards, and trafficability. Notes: Distribution 

Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. Database: DTIC. OCLC Accession 

Number: ADA286960. URL: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA286960. 

Akaishi, F., Satake, M., Otaki, M. and Tominaga N. Affiliation: F. Akaishi, Division of Life 

Science, Graduate School of Humanity and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, 

Bunkyo Country: Japan E-mail:,g0440401@edu.cc.ocha.ac.jp. 2006. “Surface Water Quality 

and Information about the Environment Surrounding Inle Lake in Myanmar.” Limnology. 

2006 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 57-62 Additional Info: 

Japan. Descriptors: Surface water quality: lakes and reservoirs -- 71.6.9.3; Hydrochemistry -- 

72.2.4; surface water; water quality; water chemistry; ionic composition; alkalinity Species 

Term: Bacteria (microorganisms). Notes: References: Number: 18; Geographic: Inle Lake 

Myanmar Shan Southeast Asia Asia Eurasia. Abstract: Inle Lake is the second largest lake in 

Myanmar and one of the nine key sites for sightseeing there. An analysis of its water quality 

has not been published before. The objective of this study is to reveal the current situation and 

find any major problems with the lake. For this purpose, the natural and cultural environments 

were examined. Some physical and chemical aspects of the surface water were assayed in situ 

for 2 days in November 2004. The principal ions were analyzed in our laboratory. The main 

cation and anion species in the lake surface water are Ca2+ and HCO3-. Its high calcium 

content can be attributed to the limestone of Shan Plateau around the lake. The alkalinity of 

the lake water was 3829-4114 acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) (pH 7.8-8.0); it can be 

attenuated by Ca2+. The concentrations of PO4-P, NO2-N, and NO3 -N were relatively high; 

these could originate from domestic and agriculture uses. The trophic state is eutropic. The 

concentrations of coliform bacteria indicated that the lake water was unfit to drink, but some 

people use it for drinking anyway. The bacteria could enter the lake through the direct latrine 

system used there. The thermal type of the lake is presumed to be warm polymictic. More 

extensive studies are needed because the lake is thought to be the most changing site in 

Myanmar as a result of both the tourism boom and increasing agricultural activity. (c) The 

Japanese Society of Limnology 2006. ISSN/ISBN: 1439-8621. 

Akaishi, F., Satake, M., Otaki, M. and Tominaga, N. 2006. “Surface Water Quality and Information 

about the Environment Surrounding Inle Lake in Myanmar.” Limnology. Apr. Volume 7, 

Issue 1, Pages 57-62. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Alkalinity; Anions; Bacteria; 

Calcium; Cations; Coliforms; Laboratories; Lakes; Limestone; Limnology; Surface Water; 

Water Quality; agriculture; culture; plateaus; Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Abstract: 

Inle Lake is the second largest lake in Myanmar and one of the nine key sites for sightseeing 

there. An analysis of its water quality has not been published before. The objective of this 

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study is to reveal the current situation and find any major problems with the lake. For this 

purpose, the natural and cultural environments were examined. Some physical and chemical 

aspects of the surface water were assayed in situ for 2 days in November 2004. The principal 

ions were analyzed in our laboratory. The main cation and anion species in the lake surface 

water are Ca super(2+) and HCO super(-) sub(3). Its high calcium content can be attributed to 

the limestone of Shan Plateau around the lake. The alkalinity of the lake water was 3829-4114 

acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) (pH 7.8-8.0); it can be attenuated by Ca super(2+). The 

concentrations of PO sub(4)-P, NO sub(2)-N, and NO sub(3)-N were relatively high; these 

could originate from domestic and agriculture uses. The trophic state is eutrophic. The 

concentrations of coliform bacteria indicated that the lake water was unfit to drink, but some 

people use it for drinking anyway. The bacteria could enter the lake through the direct latrine 

system used there. The thermal type of the lake is presumed to be warm polymictic. More 

extensive studies are needed because the lake is thought to be the most changing site in 

Myanmar as a result of both the tourism boom and increasing agricultural activity. Database: 

Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN/ISBN: 1439-8621. 

Aki, Koichi and Berthelot, R. 1974. “Hydrology of Humid Tropical Asia.” UNESCO, 

Nat.Resour.Res.Ser. Volume 12, Pages 145-158. Descriptors: abundance; Asia; Bangladesh; 

Brahmaputra River; Burma; conservation; data processing; discharge; Far East; floods; 

Ganges River; hydrogeology; hydrology; India; Indian Peninsula; Indochina; mathematical 

models; Mekong River; models; Mu River; Nam Pung; precipitation; programs; regional; 

rivers and streams; southeast; surface waters; Thailand; Tibet; utilization; Vietnam; volume; 

water resources. Notes: CD: NRSRAV; Short separate note on application of computer model 

to specific reclamation problem; FE: illus. incl. tables; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

Alam, M., Chowdhury, M. L. R., Gani, M. R., Alam, M. M. and Curray J.R. Affiliation: M.M. 

Alam, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000 Country: Bangladesh Email:,mmalam@bdcom.com. 2003. “An Overview of the Sedimentary Geology of the Bengal 

Basin in Relation to the Regional Tectonic Framework and Basin-Fill History.” Sediment. 

Geol. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: 01 FEB. Volume 155, Issue 3-4, Pages 179-208 

Additional Info: Netherlands. Descriptors: Regional structure and tectonics -- 72.10.2; 

paleogeography; continental collision; basin fill; sedimentation; depositional environment; 

stratigraphy; basin evolution; tectonic evolution. Notes: References: Number: 117; 

Geographic: India -- Bengal Basin Bay of Bengal. Abstract: The Bengal Basin in the 

northeastern part of Indian subcontinent, between the Indian Shield and Indo-Burman Ranges, 

comprises three geo-tectonic provinces: (1) The Stable Shelf; (2) The Central Deep Basin 

(extending from the Sylhet Trough in the northeast towards the Hatia Trough in the south); 

and (3) The Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt. Due to location of the basin at the juncture of three 

interacting plates, viz., the Indian, Burma and Tibetan (Eurasian) Plates, the basin-fill history 

of these geotectonic provinces varied considerably. Precambrian metasediments and PermianCarboniferous rocks have been encountered only in drill holes in the stable shelf province. 

After Precambrian peneplanation of the Indian Shield, sedimentation in the Bengal Basin 

started in isolated graben-controlled basins on the basement. With the breakup of 

Gondwanaland in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and northward movement of the Indian Plate, 

the basin started downwarping in the Early Cretaceous and sedimentation started on the stable 

shelf and deep basin; and since then sedimentation has been continuous for most of the basin. 

Subsidence of the basin can be attributed to differential adjustments of the crust, collision 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 9 
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with the various elements of south Asia, and uplift of the eastern Himalayas and the IndoBurman Ranges. Movements along several well-established faults were initiated following the 

breakup of Gondwanaland and during downwarping in the Cretaceous. By Eocene, because of 

a major marine transgression, the stable shelf came under a carbonate regime, whereas the 

deep basinal area was dominated by deep-water sedimentation. A major switch in 

sedimentation pattern over the Bengal Basin occurred during the Middle Eocene to Early 

Miocene as a result of collision of India with the Burma and Tibetan Blocks. The influx of 

clastic sediment into the basin from the Himalayas to the north and the Indo-Burman Ranges 

to the east rapidly increased at this time; and this was followed by an increase in the rate of 

subsidence of the basin. At this stage, deep marine sedimentation dominated in the deep 

basinal part, while deep to shallow marine conditions prevailed in the eastern part of the 

basin. By Middle Miocene, with continuing collision events between the plates and uplift in 

the Himalayas and Indo-Burman Ranges, a huge influx of clastic sediments came into the 

basin from the northeast and east. Throughout the Miocene, the depositional settings 

continued to vary from deep marine in the basin to shallow and coastal marine in the marginal 

parts of the basin. From Pliocene onwards, large amounts of sediment were filling the Bengal 

Basin from the west and northwest; and major delta building processes continued to develop 

the present-day delta morphology. Since the Cretaceous, architecture of the Bengal Basin has 

been changing due to the collision pattern and movements of the major plates in the region. 

However, three notable changes in basin configuration can be recognized that occurred during 

Early Eocene, Middle Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene times, when both the paleogeographic 

settings and source areas changed. The present basin configuration with the GangesBrahmaputra delta system on the north and the Bengal Deep Sea Fan on the south was 

established during the later part of Pliocene and Pleistocene; and delta progradation since then 

has been strongly affected by orogeny in the eastern Himalayas. Pleistocene glacial activities 

in the north accompanied sea level changes in the Bay of Bengal. (c) 2002 Elsevier Science 

B.V. All rights reserved. ISSN/ISBN: 0037-0738. Availability: FirstSearch indicates your 

institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 547 US 

ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Alam, Mahmood, Alam, M. Mustafa, Curray, Joseph R., Chowdhury, M. Lutfar Rahman and Gani, 

M. Royhan. 2003. “An Overview of the Sedimentary Geology of the Bengal Basin in Relation 

to the Regional Tectonic Framework and Basin-Fill History.” Sedimentary Geology,. 2/1. 

Volume 155, Issue 3-4, Pages 179-208. Descriptors: Bengal basin; India-Asia collision; 

Tectonic framework; Geo-tectonic province; Paleogeographic setting; Basin-fill. Abstract: 

The Bengal Basin in the northeastern part of Indian subcontinent, between the Indian Shield 

and Indo-Burman Ranges, comprises three geo-tectonic provinces: (1) The Stable Shelf; (2) 

The Central Deep Basin (extending from the Sylhet Trough in the northeast towards the Hatia 

Trough in the south); and (3) The Chittagong-Tripura Fold Belt. Due to location of the basin 

at the juncture of three interacting plates, viz., the Indian, Burma and Tibetan (Eurasian) 

Plates, the basin-fill history of these geo-tectonic provinces varied considerably. Precambrian 

metasediments and Permian-Carboniferous rocks have been encountered only in drill holes in 

the stable shelf province. After Precambrian peneplanation of the Indian Shield, 

sedimentation in the Bengal Basin started in isolated graben-controlled basins on the 

basement. With the breakup of Gondwanaland in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and northward 

movement of the Indian Plate, the basin started downwarping in the Early Cretaceous and 

sedimentation started on the stable shelf and deep basin; and since then sedimentation has 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 10 
Myanmar Water 

been continuous for most of the basin. Subsidence of the basin can be attributed to differential 

adjustments of the crust, collision with the various elements of south Asia, and uplift of the 

eastern Himalayas and the Indo-Burman Ranges. Movements along several well-established 

faults were initiated following the breakup of Gondwanaland and during downwarping in the 

Cretaceous. 

Albritton, Robert B. 2001. “The Mekong River and the Struggle for Indochina: Water, War, and 

Peace.” PJAS. Volume 36, Issue 3, Pages 310-311. Descriptors: Nonfiction; Rivers; War; 

Water supply; History; Politics; Geography; Economics. Notes: Geographic: China Burma 

Laos Thailand Cambodia Vietnam Mekong River. Abstract: “The Mekong River and the 

Struggle for Indochina: Water, War, and Peace” by Nguyen Thi Dieu is reviewed. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0021-9096. 

Alfaro, M. E., Sellins, S. L., Karns, D. R., Voris, H. K. and Abernathy E. Affiliation: H.K. Voris, 

Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, 

Chicago, IL 60605 Country: United States E-mail:,hvoris@fieldmuseum.org. 2004. 

“Phylogeny of Cerberus (Serpentes: Homalopsinae) and Phylogeography of Cerberus 

Rynchops: Diversification of a Coastal Marine Snake in Southeast Asia.” J. Biogeogr. 2004 

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 31, Issue 8, Pages 1277-1292 Additional Info: 

United Kingdom. Descriptors: Evolution and Speciation -- 73.10.10.1; plate tectonics; 

evolution; snake; phylogeography; phylogeny Species Term: Cerberus rynchops; Cerberus 

australis; Cerberus microlepis; Homalopsis buccata; Bitia hydroides; Enhydris enhydris; 

Enhydris plumbea. Notes: References: Number: 87; Geographic: Viet Nam Singapore 

[Southeast Asia] Australia Sulawesi Sumatra Thailand India Andamans Philippines Borneo 

Myanmar Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Australasia South Asia Indian Ocean islands Asia Indian 

Ocean. Abstract: Aim: The biogeography of Southeast Asia has been greatly affected by plate 

tectonic events over the last 10 Myr and changing sea levels during the Quaternary. We 

investigated how these events may have influenced the evolution of Cerberus Cuvier, a 

marine coastal snake belonging to the Homalopsinae (Oriental-Australian Rear-fanged Water 

Snakes). This study is an expansion of a previous study on the biogeography and systematics 

of Cerberus. Location: We obtained species from localities across the range of the widely 

distributed Cerberus: India, Sri Lanka, the Andaman islands, Myanmar, the Philippines, 

Borneo, Suluwesi, Sumatra, Vietnam, Thailand, Singapore and Australia. Methods: We 

analysed mtDNA sequences (12S, ND3, ATPase, 2338 nucleotide characters) from 21 

localities. The sample consisted of 65 Cerberus rynchops (Schneider), three Cerberus australis 

(Gray) and four Cerberus microlepis Boulenger. One Homalopsis buccata (Linnaeus), one 

Bitia hydroides Gray, one Enhydris enhydris (Schneider), and two Enhydris plumbea (Boie) 

were used as outgroups. Results: We produced phylogenetic trees based on parsimony, 

maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis. We did not find unambiguous support for the 

monophly of Cerberus. Cerberus austalis, H. buccata and all other Cerberus populations 

formed a three-way basal polytomy under parsimony and C. australis formed the sister group 

to a clade consisting of H. buccata and all other Cerberus in likelihood and Bayesian analysis. 

The non-Australian Cerberus were monophyletic and consisted of four primary 

biogeographical clades: Indian and Mayanmar, Philippines, Greater Sunda Islands and 

Suluwesi, and the Thai-Malay peninsula and Gulf of Thailand. The range of genetic 

divergence between these clades and Australian Cerberus was 0.06-0.12. Genetic divergence 

among clades to the west of Australia was less pronounced (Thai-Malay peninsula and Gulf 

of Thailand = 0.02-0.05; Sunda Islands and Suluwesi = 0.02-0.05; Philippines = 0.02-0.06; 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 11 
Myanmar Water 

India and Myanmar = 0.04-0.06, Philippines = 0.02-0.5). Main conclusions: Gyi [University 

of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 20 (1970), 47] recognized three species 

of Cerberus: C. australis (from Australia), C. microlepis (known only from Lake Buhi in the 

Philippines), and the widely distributed C. rynchops (India to Wallacea). We did not find 

strong support for the monophyly of the genus. Cerberus australis is highly divergent from all 

other Cerberus lineages sampled from this region. The geographically widespread C. 

rynchops is resolved into four biogeographical clades (Indian and Myanmar, Philippines, 

Greater Sunda Islands and Suluwesi, and the Thai-Malay Peninsula and Gulf of Thailand). 

We discuss how the dispersal biology of a salt-water tolerant, coastal marine taxon and the 

complex geological history of the region (Tertiary plate tectonic movements and Quaternary 

sea-level changes) could produce the observed patterns of diversification. ISSN/ISBN: 0305-

0270. 

Andersen, N. M. and Grimaldi, D. 2001. “A Fossil Water Measurer from the Mid-Cretaceous 

Burmese Amber (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha: Hydrometridae).” Insect Syst. Evol. Volume 32, 

Issue 4, Pages 381-392. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Amber; Animal fossils; 

Cretaceous; Fossils; Geographical distribution; New genera; New species; Article Taxonomic 

Terms: Carinametra burmensis; Gerromorpha; Hydrometridae; Article Geographic Terms: 

Burma; Myanmar; Hemiptera; Marsh treaders; Semiaquatic bugs; amber. Notes: TR: 

CS0221290. Abstract: Semiaquatic bugs (Hemiptera: Gerromorpha) comprise about 1,800 

extant species classified in eight families. So far, 38 fossil species belonging to six families 

have been described or recorded, most of Cenozoic age. Knowledge about the evolutionary 

history of the major groups of Gerromorpha is seriously hampered by the scarcity of wellpreserved Mesozoic fossils, especially from the Cretaceous. The present paper reports on a 

well-preserved semiaquatic bug from amber collected in the northern part of Myanmar 

(Burma). The source of this fossiliferous amber was previously considered to be Eocene in 

age, but recent evidence indicates that it originated in the Middle Cretaceous (TuronianCenomanian), or 100-90 Ma. The fossil species is described as Carinametra burmensis gen. et 

sp. n. The presence of three pairs of cephalic trichobothria, a prolonged head, long slender 

antennae and legs, reduced wing venation, etc., places the fossil in the gerromorphan family 

Hydrometridae or water measurers. Other characters suggest a close relationship with the two 

extant genera of the most basal of the hydrometrid subfamilies, Heterocleptinae. We present 

and discuss the available evidence used in the dating of Burmese amber. Finally, we discuss 

the phylogenetic, paleobiological, and biogeographic significance of the new fossil. Database: 

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN/ISBN: 0013-8711. 

Anji Reddy, M. and Jhansi Lakshmi, K. V. “Disinfestation of Eleusine Coracana (L.) Gaertn. and 

Pennsietum Typhoides (Burma. F.) Stapf. and Hubb. Seeds by Hot Water Treatment 

Cochiliobolus Nodulosus.” Notes: Source: Geobios. Sept/Nov 1982. v. 9 (5/6) : p. 277-278. 

Additional Info: Jodphur : Dr. David N. Sen. Publishing Agencies: Non-US Imprint, not 

FAO. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Anonymous. 2008. “Deaths of Rare Crocodile in India Stir Alarm.” New York Times. Thomson 

2008: JAN 22 2008. Volume 157, Issue 54197, Pages AF3. Notes: Concept: 00512, General 

biology - Conservation and resource management 07502, Ecology: environmental biology - 

General and methods 07508, Ecology: environmental biology - Animal 07514, Ecology: 

environmental biology - Limnology 07516, Ecology: environmental biology - Wildlife 

management: aquatic 10069, Biochemistry studies - Minerals 37015, Public health - Air, 

water and soil pollution; Major Concepts: Freshwater Ecology ; Pollution Assessment Control 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 12 
Myanmar Water 

and Management ; Wildlife Management Broader Term(s): Ecology, Environmental 

Sciences; Conservation; Super Taxa: Reptilia Vertebrata Chordata; Chemicals: lead; CAS 

Registry Number: 7439-92-1; Role(s): pollutant, water pollutant; Geographic: River 

Chambal; Geopolitical Location(s): India, Asia; Zoogeographical Region: Oriental region; 

Entry: 20080402. Abstract: The death of rare Indian crocodile called gharial is found to be 

increasing on banks of a river called Chambal as reported by the Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary 

officials. The gharial native to South Asia is one of the most endangered species and WWF 

believes it is extinct in its former habitats of Pakistan and Myanmar. The cause of river 

pollution is estimated to be lead, which may have come from the Yamuna River. ISSN/ISBN: 

0362-4331. 

ARMY CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB CHAMPAIGN ILL; Schomaker, 

Norbert B. and Aufmuth, Raymond E. 1971. “Burma Soils. A Study of the Effects of Lime 

and Cement on Paddy and Laterite Material.” MAR. Descriptors: SOILS; BURMA; ROADS; 

CONSTRUCTION; STABILIZATION; CEMENTS; COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES; SOIL 

MECHANICS CIVIL ENGINEERING. Abstract: Laboratory tests were performed on 

samples of paddy and laterite soils obtained from the proposed right-of-way of the RangoonMandalay Highway, Burma. These tests were conducted to determine the basic engineering 

properties of the soils and to evaluate the feasibility of stabilizing these soils with lime and 

cement. The addition of lime to these soils had little beneficial effect on either soil. This was 

due to the non-reactive nature of the soils and the poor stabilizing quality of the lime available 

in Burma. Special tests using American lime indicated a strength increase of about 300% over 

the natural soil strength, compared to an increase of less than 100% with Burma lime. 

Addition of cement, on the order of 6% by dry weight of soil, effectively stabilizes both soils. 

Unconfined compressive strengths of both are increased on the order of 300%. (Author). 

Notes: Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. OCLC Accession 

Number: AD0720993. 

ARMY ENGINEER INST FOR WATER RESOURCES FORT BELVOIR VA; Priscoli, J. D.; 

Moon, J.; Groen, P. van; Bradley, J. and Fujii, C. 1985. “Report of the Inland Waterway 

Transport (IWT) Mission, 5 February-20 April 1985. Main Report.” JUN. Descriptors: 

TRANSPORTATION; INLAND WATERWAYS; PAKISTAN; WATER; NAVIGATION; 

TRANSPORT; RIVERS; DREDGING; HARBORS; ASIA; CHINA; PHILIPPINES; 

THAILAND; INDONESIA; BURMA; SRI LANKA; MALAYSIA; GEOGRAPHY 

HYDROLOGY, LIMNOLOGY AND POTAMOLOGY. Abstract: Report identifies major 

problems and needs of inland waterways transport across nine Asian countries: Bangladesh, 

Burma, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand. It also 

recommended and prioritized 70 projects to meet these needs and problems. Originatorsupplied keywords: Inland waterway transport, Water resources, Navigation, Asia, Escap, 

U.N., Ports and harbors, Dredging, Planning, Operation, Rivers. Notes: Distribution 

Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. OCLC Accession Number: ADA159724. 

ARMY ENGINEER INST FOR WATER RESOURCES FORT BELVOIR VA; Priscoli, J. D.; 

Moon, J.; Groen, P. van; Bradley, J. and Fujii, C. 1985. “Report of the Inland Waterway 

Transport (IWT) Mission, 5 February-20 April 1985. Appendices.” JUN. Descriptors: 

TRANSPORTATION; INLAND WATERWAYS; PAKISTAN; COMPUTATIONS; 

REPORTS; DOCUMENTS; TRANSPORT; BACKGROUND; RESOURCES; ASIA; 

CHINA; PHILIPPINES; THAILAND; INDONESIA; BURMA; SRI LANKA; MALAYSIA; 

GEOGRAPHY HYDROLOGY, LIMNOLOGY AND POTAMOLOGY. Abstract: Report 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 13 
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identifies major problems and needs of inland waterways transport across nine Asian 

countries. It also recommended and prioritized 70 projects to meet these needs and problems. 

Contents of this volume: Terms of Reference and Nature of Services; People Interviewed; 

Non-ESCAP Team Members; Background Reports of Countries Visited; Project 

Documentations; Basis of Personnel and Resources Calculations for IWT Study Centre 

Alternatives. Notes: Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. OCLC 

Accession Number: ADA159725. 

ARMY NATICK LABS MA EARTH SCIENCES LAB; Dalrymple, Paul C.; Everett, Kaye R.; 

Wollaston, Sarah; Hastings, Jr,Andrew D. and Robison, William C. 1970. “Environment of 

the Central Asian Highlands.” DEC. Descriptors: CLIMATOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY; 

PLANTS(BOTANY); WIND; ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; MOUNTAINS; TREES; 

ASIA; GLACIERS; WATER SUPPLIES; FORESTRY; ARMY OPERATIONS; MAPS; 

SOLAR RADIATION; BAROMETRIC PRESSURE. Abstract: The report presents a survey 

of environmental conditions - physiography, vegetation, and climate - which might affect 

military personnel and equipment above the 2,000- meter elevation in Central Asia. These 

highlands include some of the world's highest and most inacessible mountain ranges, such as 

the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir, Hindu Kush, Kun Lun Shan, Anme Machin, Tien Shan, 

Nan Shan, and Great Snowy Range, as well as the high plateaus of Tibet and the generally 

lower mountains of Mongolia. The study treats portions of Afghanistan, Bhutan, Burma, 

China (including all of occupied Tibet), India, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sikkim, and the 

Soviet Union. It is organized in two parts: a general synopsis of environmental characteristics 

of the area as a whole, and a series of more detailed treatments by sections. For the latter, 

Central Asia is subdivided into five sections comprising the Sino-Burmese Ranges, Tibetan 

Plateau and associated ranges, Pamir Knot and associated ranges, Tiem Shan and associated 

ranges, and the Mongolian Highlands. All of these except the Mongolian Highlands are 

shown in topographic and cultural maps at a scale of approximately 1:3,800,000. The 

distribution of terrain, vegetation, and climatic elements over the area as a whole is shown in 

a series of smaller-scale maps at 1:10,000,000. Notes: Distribution Statement: APPROVED 

FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. Database: DTIC. OCLC Accession Number: AD0728460. URL: 

http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD728460. 

Arntz, W. and Zetzmann, D. 1986. MULTIPURPOSE CARGO SHIPS SAGAING AND MAGWE. 

Abstract: These are single-screw motor vessels with two continuous decks built by the 

Seebeckwerft for the Burma Five Star Shipping Corporation. There are four cargo holds, all 

arranged forward of the superstructure. The hatchways have been selected to suit the 

dimensions of standard containers; base pads for securing containers are welded to the tank 

tops. Most bulkheads are flat with the stiffeners located outside the cargo holds. Five 25-t 

electrohydraulic cranes are provided for cargo handling, arranged as a single crane between 

holds 1 and 2 and as twin cranes between holds 2 and 3 and holds 3 and 4; the latter two pairs 

can be coupled by spreaders to provide a total lifting capacity of 100 t. Propulsion is by a 

M.A.N.-B&W 5L60MCE diesel engine developing 6650 kW at 110 rpm driving a 5.4 m 

diameter propeller; a stern bulb improves the inflow to the propeller. Principal particulars are: 

Length oa/bp 149.00/140.00 m; Breadth 22.40 m; Depth 10.75 m; Draught, freeboard 8.05 m; 

Deadweight 13,055 t; Container capacity 215 TEU under deck, 168 TEU on deck; Speed 16.9 

knots. A general arrangement drawing is given. Notes: Hansa, 123 (1986), p.553 (No.7, Apr.) 

[6 pp., 5 fig., 2 tab.]. OCLC Accession Number: 00689947. URL: Transportation Research 

Board. 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 14 
Myanmar Water 

Audy, J. R. and Harrison, J. L. 1951. “A Review of Investigations of Mite Typhus in Burma and 

Malaya, 1945-1950.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,. 

2. Volume 44, Issue 4, Pages 371-404. Abstract: Summary This paper reviews in general 

terms the epidemiological work of an Army research unit on the Indo-Burma border in 1945-

46 (Scrub Typhus Research Laboratory, Imphal, South-East Asia Command), and a Colonial 

Office unit, supported by Colonial Development and Welfare funds and attached to the 

Institute for Medical Research, from 1947 onwards. Only one vector of importance to man is 

recognized. This exists in two forms, Trombicula deliensis (= walchi), being the most 

widespread, and T. akamushi (= fletcheri), occurring particularly in the east and north. In a 

wide area of overlap, the parasitic larvae of both forms may transmit infection in 

neighbouring foci or even in the same focus. The vector is a member of a distinct speciesgroup of which many members have now been found. Larval mites of the family 

Trombiculidae were the dominant external parasites of small mammals in all the areas 

investigated. The life cycle of the vector has been studied by Mr. Cockings by breeding it 

through several generations in the laboratory, in which conditions the cycle is being 

completed in 5 1/2 to 8 weeks. The cycle of T. deliensis in nature appeared to be completed in 

8 to 12 weeks during the monsoon in the Imphal area. The vector is distributed on the 

smallest scale as restricted colonies or “mite-islands” which form an irregular pattern on the 

ground. The basic infestation pattern is decided largely by the behaviour and numbers of the 

primary hosts of the parasitic larvae. Though not always the principal hosts in individual foci, 

the most important and universal hosts of the larvae of the vector are field forms of Rattus 

rattus-in Imphal, R. r. bullocki; in Malaya, R. r. argentiventer-but others may take their place, 

e.g., the bandicoot, Bandicota bengalensis, in villages and towns in Burma, and forms of R. 

exulans (e.g., concolor, browni) in Pacific Islands. Some small birds such as quail contribute 

to the basic pattern. An important group of other hosts with longer ranges are responsible for 

distributing mites but not appreciably for the basic pattern of infestation. The common giant 

rats (R. sabanus, R. mülleri) in the Malayan forest are the proper hosts of members of the 

vector-species group of mites, and R. mülleri is the most prominent host of T. deliensis itself 

in the forest. Heavy infestations by the vector are, however, found outside the forest on forms 

of R. rattus. The number of questing larvae of the vector (and, therefore, the risk of infection) 

is related to soil moisture and surface humidity, and hence to rainfall (seasonal incidence) and 

to the lowered humidity which obtains during sunny days and after clearing undergrowth. 

Even in very dry seasons larvae persist in foci which are kept moist by ground water. Rainfall 

affects the distribution of the vector in both space and time, and also influences the activity of 

the rodent hosts to a marked extent. Studies on infection in and infectivity of the vector mite, 

and of the congenital transmission of infection, are progressing in collaboration with Dr. S. R. 

Savoor. Some evidence has been gained that the congenital transmission of infection may be 

inefficient. 

Auldridge, Larry, Bartlett, Dan C., Houbert, S., Guyonnet, P., Collins, Bart and Hatley, Allen G. 

1978. “SOUTHEAST ASIA REPORT.” Oil Gas J. Volume 76, Issue 9, Pages 2475118. 

Descriptors: PETROLEUM PROSPECTING; NATURAL GAS DEPOSITS - Asia; 

NATURAL GAS, LIQUEFIED - Asia; OIL WELL DRILLING - Equipment. Notes: 

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: This special report 

covers oil and gas activities and prospects in Southeast Asia, throughout the vast swath of 

islands and waters from Burma and Thailand east and southeast of Malaysia, the Philippines, 

and Indonesia to Australia and New Zealand. It includes special articles on equipment and 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 15 
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techniques used to cut costs and solve problems peculiar to this region, on the Philippines' 

first oil field, on crude-oil handling in Indonesia's second largest oil field, and on eliminating 

teething troubles at Southeast Asia's first big LNG plant in Brunei. 

Aung Kywe and Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. 1988. Water for the 

Villagers : The Burma Village Water Supply Project. Canberra: Australian Government Pub. 

Service. page(s): 33. Descriptors: Water-supply -- Burma -- International co-operation; Water 

resources development -- Burma; Wells -- Burma; Government publication (gpb); National 

government publication (ngp). Notes: iv; ill., maps ; 25 cm.; Responsibility: Aung Kywe ... 

[et al.].; Entry: 19881207; Update: 20080413. ISSN/ISBN: 0644081007; 9780644081009 

Series 1030-7249 ;. OCLC Accession Number: 29259696. 

Aung Myo, Han, Khin Nwe, D., Tin, Aye and Thein, Hlaing. 1986. “Personal Toilet After 

Defaecation and the Degree of Hand Contamination According to Different Methods used.” J. 

Trop. Med. Hyg. ; J. Trop. Med. Hyg. Oct. Volume 89, Issue 5, Pages 237-41 Additional 

Info: ENGLAND. Descriptors: Defecation; Hygiene; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child Care; 

Child, Preschool; Diarrhea -- epidemiology; Diarrhea -- microbiology; Diarrhea -- 

transmission; Dysentery -- epidemiology; Dysentery -- microbiology; Dysentery -- 

transmission; Educational Status; Female; Hand -- microbiology; Humans; Infant; Myanmar. 

Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19870206; Date Completed: 

19870206; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: Transmission due to contaminated hands is 

one of the important routes by which diarrhoea pathogens spread. The hands commonly 

become contaminated while cleaning the anus after defaecation. This study deals with the 

commonly used methods of anal cleansing in a low socioeconomic community in Rangoon, 

Burma and with the degree of hand contamination that results according to the method used. 

A cross-sectional survey was employed for collection of behavioural and hand contamination 

data. The incidence of acute diarrhoea and dysentery among under-fives in this community 

was monitored for 1 month and was correlated with the cleaning method used by their 

mothers. Water was the principal method used for cleaning the anus in all age groups. No one 

used toilet paper and only 4 to 9% used paper other than toilet paper. The level of education 

seemed to be a factor in determining the use of paper or water. The hands of mothers using 

water were more contaminated than those using paper. However, thorough hand washing with 

soap and water was found to be effective in decontaminating the hands. Furthermore, there 

was a relation between the incidence of diarrhoea and dysentery and the method of cleaning. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0022-5304 (Print). 

Aung, M., Tin Mya, Soe, Monfort, S., et al. 2001. “Ecology and Social Organization of a Tropical 

Deer (Cervus Eldi Thamin).” J. Mammal. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 82, 

Issue 3, Pages 836-847 Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: Animal ecology: 

mammals: autecology and behaviour -- 73.4.7.5.2; social structure; deer; sex ratio; home 

range; reproduction Species Term: Cervus eldi; Cervus eldi thamin; Cervus; Cervidae; 

Vertebrata. Notes: References: Number: 49; Geographic: Myanmar -- Chatthin Wildlife 

Sanctuary. Abstract: From 1995 to 1999, we conducted an ecological study of thamin (Cervus 

eldi thamin) at Chatthin Wildlife Sanctuary in central Myanmar; we maintained records on 

deer sightings and radiotracked 11 adult male and 8 adult female deer. Based on 747 

sightings, a 0.63: 1.0 adult male: female ratio and 0.51:1.0 fawn: adult female ratio were 

observed. Mean group size was variable (1.0-5.9 deer) and showed seasonal differences, with 

few groups observed in August-September and groups of ≤70 individuals observed in 

March-April. Based on the fixed-kernel method, annual home range was 9.04 km2 ± 5.67 SD 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 16 
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and 7.25 km2 ± 3.45 SD for males and females, respectively. Thamin increased their seasonal 

home range during the hot-dry season, possibly in response to decreased forage and water 

availability and increased mating activity. The observed synchrony of estrous onset (MarchApril) and fawning (October-November) in female thamin is unusual for a tropical cervid 

species, but reproductive seasonality appears timed to balance fawn survival with doe 

nutrition in a monsoon environment. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-2372. Availability: FirstSearch 

indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 

1147 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Aung, W., Hlaing, K. K., Kyaw, K. P., Win, M. M. and Kyaw, A. 1999. “Stability of Russell's 

Viper Venom Toxoid (Lyophilized Form) on Storage.” Japanese Journal of Infectious 

Diseases, 1999 Dec. 52(6):234-7: JAPAN. Volume 52, Issue 6, Pages 234-237. Descriptors: 

Animals; Biological Assay; Desiccation; Drug Stability; Drug Storage; Female; 

Formaldehyde: pharmacology; Freeze Drying; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lethal Dose 50; 

Male; Mice; Myanmar; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical: pharmacology; Refrigeration; Safety; 

Temperature; Time Factors; Toxoids: chemistry; Viper Venoms: chemistry; Viper Venoms: 

toxicity. Notes: RN: 0 (Preservatives, Pharmaceutical); 0 (Toxoids); 0 (Viper Venoms); 0 

(viper venoid); 50-00-0 (Formaldehyde); LR: 20061115. Abstract: A previously developed 

Russell's viper venom toxoid in Myanmar is in a liquid form that shows reversion in the form 

of a reduced number of formaldehyde linkages and toxicity during storage at 37 degrees C 

and at room temperature. In order to have a safe, potent and stable toxoid, a lyophilized form 

was prepared in the present study from the liquid toxoid through the use of a freeze dryer. 

Both the liquid and lyophilized forms were then stored at 4 degrees C and at room 

temperature, and in addition to safety and immunogenicity tests, biochemical parameters such 

as the protein content, the activity of venom enzymes (proteinase, phospholipase A, 

phosphodiesterase, and arginine esterase), and the released free formalin amounts were 

assessed at 3-month intervals over a period of 1 year. The results indicate that under both 

conditions, the lyophilized toxoid shows minimum changes in enzyme activity, a reduced 

tendency toward formaldehyde linkage, no toxicity, and more immunogenicity in comparison 

with the respective liquid toxoids. It could therefore be hypothesized that Russell's viper 

venom toxoid in a lyophilized form is more promising in terms of efficacy and stability for 

prophylactic use in human immunization than the conventional toxoid in a liquid form. 

Database: TOXLINE. ISSN/ISBN: 1344-6304. Availability: Print. 

Avni, Yoav. 1999. “Lithology as the Main Factor Causing Aridization; an Example from Burma 

(Myanmar); Annual Meeting, 1999; Dead Sea.” Annual Meeting - Israel Geological Society. 

Israel Geological Society, Jerusalem, Israel (ISR): Israel (ISR). Volume 1999, Pages 9. 

Descriptors: agriculture; Asia; Burma; clastic rocks; desertification; deserts; developing 

countries; eolian features; Far East; hydrology; infiltration; Irowaddi Formation; Irrawaddi 

River; land use; lithofacies; planning; runoff; sandstone; seasonal variations; sedimentary 

rocks; surface water; water management; water resources; water supply. Notes: CD: #54599; 

CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 

0334-0694. 

Aye, T. and Finch, J. 2007. “Legal Aspects of Hydropower Projects in Myanmar.” Int. J. Hydro. 

Dams. Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 62-70. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Dam 

Construction; Dams; Hydroelectric Plants; International cooperation; Investment; Legal 

Aspects; Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Notes: TR: CS0749942. Abstract: Myanmar is 

rich in hydro potential, and has a major development programme under way, with a number 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 17 
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of large and small schemes under construction and planned. As a member of the Greater 

Mekong Subregion and also an ASEAN member, the country offers possibilities for 

international cooperation in the region. This paper discusses the legal framework relating to 

investment in hydro schemes. Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. 

ISSN/ISBN: 1352-2523. 

Aye, T. T. and Siriarayapon P Affiliation: Department of Health, Ministry of Health,,Myanmar. 

2004. “Typhoid Fever Outbreak in Madaya Township, Mandalay Division, Myanmar, 

September 2000.” J. Med. Assoc. Thai. ; J. Med. Assoc. Thai. Apr. Volume 87, Issue 4, Pages 

395-9 Additional Info: Thailand. Descriptors: Disease Outbreaks; Adolescent; Adult; Female; 

Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thailand -- epidemiology; Typhoid Fever -- epidemiology. 

Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20040625; Date Completed: 

20040722; Date of Update: 20061115. Abstract: In September 2000, an outbreak of typhoid 

fever was reported in a rural village of Central Myanmar. The authors investigated the 

outbreak in the affected village. A suspected case was a person suffering from fever with 

either constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhoea/bloody diarrhoea. A probable case was a 

suspected case who had positive result on the diazo urine test or widal test. Based on probable 

cases, the authors conducted a case-control study comparing history of contact with the cases, 

water source, and personal hygiene. Control was a person living in the village was not ill and 

having a negative result for diazo urine test. Among 49 suspected cases, 33 were probable. 

Attack rate was 1.2%. Three cases had a positive culture for Salmonella typhi and were not 

drug resistant. The following risk factors were identified: drinking unboiled river water 

(adjusted OR 12.5, 95%CI 2.8-75.3), history of contact with other patients before the illness 

(adjusted OR 22, 95%CI 3.5-76.2), no hand washing with soap after defecation (adjusted OR 

0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.81). Environmental investigation result showed that most of the 

households had unsanitary latrine and some latrines were constructed near the edge of a river. 

The outbreak subsided quickly after intervention. ISSN/ISBN: 0125-2208 (Print). 

Baird, I. G. and Beasley I.L. Affiliation: I.G. Baird, Department of Geography, University of 

British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Country: Canada E-mail:,ianbaird@shaw.ca. 2005. 

“Irrawaddy Dolphin Orcaella Brevirostris in the Cambodian Mekong River: An Initial 

Survey.” Oryx. 2006 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: Volume 39, Issue 3, Pages 301-310 

Additional Info: United Kingdom. Descriptors: Marine mammals -- 76.5.17; dolphin; coastal 

water; river system; habitat; river basin; survival Species Term: Orcaella brevirostris; 

Cetacea; Orcaella; Animalia. Notes: References: Number: 18; Geographic: Bay of Bengal 

Mekong River Cambodia Ayeyarwady Mahakam Delta Australia Indian Ocean Asia 

Southeast Asia Myanmar Kalimantan Australasia Eurasia Indonesia. Abstract: Irrawaddy 

dolphins Orcaella brevirostiris are found in coastal waters from the Bay of Bengal east to 

Palawan, Philippines and south to northern Australia. They also occur in three large tropical 

river systems in South-east Asia: the Mekong, Mahakam and Ayeyarwady. In March and May 

1997 approximately 350 km of riverine habitat in parts of north-east Cambodia were 

surveyed, discussions took place with local people, and reported dry season dolphin habitat 

was mapped. Our objectives were to investigate the status, habitat and distribution of dolphins 

in north-east Cambodia and identify threats to the continued survival of dolphins in the 

Mekong River Basin. Nine groups of dolphins were observed in the Mekong River. A 'best' 

estimate of 40 animals were seen. Irrawaddy dolphins were generally confined to sections of 

the river with water levels >8-10 m during the dry season. It appears that the Mekong River 

dolphin population is rapidly declining. In 1997 there were probably no more than 100-150 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 18 
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dolphins left in north-east Cambodia (including southern Laos) and no more than 200 within 

the entire Mekong River Basin, although these numbers remain tentative. Anthropogenic 

mortality is high, albeit largely unintentional, and there is considerable risk that the dolphin 

population will become locally extinct in the Mekong River in the near future. The 

establishment of community-managed deep water Fish Conservation Zones with government 

support may represent the best opportunity for reducing dry season dolphin mortality from 

large-meshed gillnet entanglement. Efforts to establish protected areas for dolphins are 

currently underway. (c) 2005 FFI. ISSN/ISBN: 0030-6053 E- 1365-3008. 

Bajracharya D Affiliation: Chief Water and Environmental Sanitation Section, UNICEF, Yangon, 

Myanmar.,dbajracharya@nicef.org. 2003. “Myanmar Experiences in Sanitation and Hygiene 

Promotion: Lessons Learned and Future Directions.” Int. J. Environ. Health Res. ; Int. J. 

Environ. Health Res. Jun. Volume 13 Suppl 1: S141-52 Additional Info, Pages England. 

Descriptors: Communicable Disease Control; Health Promotion; Hygiene; Sanitation; 

Communication; Community-Institutional Relations; Diarrhea -- etiology; Diarrhea -- 

mortality; Diarrhea -- prevention & control; Handwashing; Humans; Myanmar; Public 

Health; Rural Population; Toilet Facilities. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; 

Date of Entry: 20030530; Date Completed: 20030923; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: 

Recent activities in connection with the National Sanitation Week (NSW) and Social 

Mobilisation for Sanitation and Hygiene have contributed to a significant increase in access to 

sanitary means of excreta disposal, from 45% in 1997 to 67% in 2001. Handwashing with 

soap and water after defecation has also increased from 18% in 1996 to 43% in 2001. Success 

is attributable to high level political commitment, state or division level action and 

community mobilisation by village level authorities. Multi-level efforts such as mass media, 

planning workshops, training sessions and house-to-house visits by village authorities and 

health officials have raised greater awareness of sanitation and hygiene issues and led to 

construction of latrines on a self-help basis. The challenge ahead is to give greater attention to 

the 'hard to reach' who live in less accessible areas and are more resistant to change. The 2002 

NSW has accordingly given special emphasis to activities in 73 of 324 townships where 50% 

or more of the households have no access to a sanitary latrine. The communication and social 

mobilisation package has been improved to upgrading unsanitary latrines and integrating 

handwashing more systematically with promotion of sanitary latrines. Programmatic followup to the NSW is being provided in selected townships through more intensive social 

mobilisation for 'hard to reach' households and activity-based school sanitation and hygiene 

education. This approach will contribute further towards improved hygienic practices and 

reduce diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality. ISSN/ISBN: 0960-3123 (Print); 1369-1619 

(Electronic). 

Bajracharya D. Affiliation: D. Bajracharya, UNICEF, Yangon International Hotel, 330 Ahlone 

Road, Dragon Township, Yangon Country: Myanmar E-mail:,dbajracharya@unicef.org. 

2003. “Myanmar Experiences in Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion: Lessons Learned and 

Future Directions.” International Journal of Environmental Health Research 13, SUPPL. 2005 

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 1, Pages S141-S152 Additional Info: United 

Kingdom. Descriptors: HEALTH, HEALTH SYSTEMS AND SERVICES -- 74.22; Social 

Planning -- 70.10.4; health education; sanitation; hygiene; health policy. Notes: References: 

Number: 4; Geographic: Myanmar. Abstract: Recent activities in connection with the 

National Sanitation Week (NSW) and Social Mobilisation for Sanitation and Hygiene have 

contributed to a significant increase in access to sanitary means of excreta disposal, from 45% 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 19 
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in 1997 to 67% in 2001. Handwashing with soap and water after defecation has also increased 

from 18% in 1996 to 43% in 2001. Success is attributable to high level political commitment, 

state or division level action and community mobilisation by village level authorities. Multilevel efforts such as mass media, planning workshops, training sessions and house-to-house 

visits by village authorities and health officials have raised greater awareness of sanitation 

and hygiene issues and led to construction of latrines on a self-help basis. The challenge 

ahead is to give greater attention to the 'hard to reach' who live in less accessible areas and are 

more resistant to change. The 2002 NSW has accordingly given special emphasis to activities 

in 73 of 324 townships where 50% or more of the households have no access to a sanitary 

latrine. The communication and social mobilisation package has been improved to upgrading 

unsanitary latrines and integrating handwashing more systematically with promotion of 

sanitary latrines. Programmatic follow-up to the NSW is being provided in selected townships 

through more intensive social mobilisation for 'hard to reach' households and activity-based 

school sanitation and hygiene education. This approach will contribute further towards 

improved hygienic practices and reduce diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality. ISSN/ISBN: 

0960-3123. 

Bajracharya, D. 2003. “Myanmar Experiences in Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion: Lessons 

Learned and Future Directions.” Int. J. Environ. Health Res. S141-S152. Jun. Volume 13, 

Issue Suppl. 1, Pages S141-S152. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Communication; 

Education; Human Diseases; Hygiene; Morbidity; Mortality; Planning; Public Health; 

Sanitation; Water Supply; Water supplies; Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar; diarrhea; 

water-borne diseases. Abstract: Recent activities in connection with the National Sanitation 

Week (NSW) and Social Mobilisation for Sanitation and Hygiene have contributed to a 

significant increase in access to sanitary means of excreta disposal, from 45% in 1997 to 67% 

in 2001. Handwashing with soap and water after defecation has also increased from 18% in 

1996 to 43% in 2001. Success is attributable to high level political commitment, state or 

division level action and community mobilisation by village level authorities. Multi-level 

efforts such as mass media, planning workshops, training sessions and house-to-house visits 

by village authorities and health officials have raised greater awareness of sanitation and 

hygiene issues and led to construction of latrines on a self-help basis. The challenge ahead is 

to give greater attention to the 'hard to reach' who live in less accessible areas and are more 

resistant to change. The 2002 NSW has accordingly given special emphasis to activities in 73 

of 324 townships where 50% or more of the households have no access to a sanitary latrine. 

The communication and social mobilisation package has been improved to upgrading 

unsanitary latrines and integrating handwashing more systematically with promotion of 

sanitary latrines. Programmatic follow-up to the NSW is being provided in selected townships 

through more intensive social mobilisation for `hard to reach' households and activity-based 

school sanitation and hygiene education. This approach will contribute further towards 

improved hygienic practices and reduce diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality. Database: 

Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN/ISBN: 0960-3123. 

Banerjee, P. K., Bagchi, A., Vaz, G. G. and Sengupta B.J. Affiliation: P.K. Banerjee, 315 B Upen 

Banerjee Rd, Calcutta 700 060 Country:,India. 2001. “A Qualitative Assessment of Seismic 

Risk Along the Peninsular Coast of India, South of 19°N.” Journal of Geodynamics. 

2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 31, Issue 5, Pages 481-498 Additional Info: 

United Kingdom. Descriptors: Earthquakes -- 72.12.4; Earthquake mechanisms and effects -- 

77.1.3; natural hazard; earthquake; seismicity; seismic hazard; risk assessment. Notes: 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 20 
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References: Number: 66; Geographic: India. Abstract: Many earthquakes have been recorded 

from the coastal margin of the Indian peninsular shield during the last 200 years. Largely 

made up of Precambrian assemblages with variable cover of Jurassic to Quaternary 

sedimentary rocks and Cretaceous-Eocene volcanics, the peninsular shield was long held to 

be aseismic. Recent measurements, however, show that this continental fragment is being 

pushed northeastward by the Carlsberg and Central Indian ridges; and the Indo-Myanmar 

subduction zone is exerting vigorous slab pull towards the east. Repeated cycles of sea level 

change during the Quaternary have also induced continuing hydro-isostatic adjustment due to 

variable melt water loading in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea. All these forces 

produce space-time fluctuations of strain around many small to large faults, which occur in 

the upper crust of the shield. Some of the faults have been intermittently active (during the 

past 100 kyr); others were active earlier. Although the Shillong plateau and the associated hill 

ranges of northeastern India and Myanmar are subject to the maximum seismic hazard, the 

peninsular coast is also vulnerable to intermittent seismicity. We present illustrative evidence 

of some active faults, which are recognisable (a) on coastal land by displaced Pleistocene 

weathered cover, hot springs, leakages of native mercury and allochthonous geochemical 

anomalies of base metals and (b) offshore below the inner shelf by horst-shaped uplifted 

segments and intra-formational slump folds on and below the top shallow seismic (3.5 khz) 

reflector. On the other hand, there are long stretches of the east coast at Vishakhapatnam and 

Manappad Point, which do not show active faults. Step-like marine terraces, which occur up 

to + 6 m above the low tide level (LTL) preserve records of relative sea level fluctuations 

during the Holocene and the Last Interglacial. In such sectors, absence of tectonic disturbance 

during the last 100 ka is also corroborated by lateral continuity of shallow seismic reflectors 

below the inner shelf over many kilometers. Since authentic historical (200-1000 years B.P.) 

records of seismicity along the Peninsular coast are virtually unavailable, the likely recurrence 

interval between earthquakes in each sector cannot be gauged. We, therefore, propose a scale 

of seismic risk, based on geometry of the mappable faults and available seismic records of the 

last two centuries. These could be used in combination to rank the densely populated coastal 

tracts sector-wise. (c) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0264-3707. 

Banerjee, Pronab K., Vaz, G. G., Sengupta, B. J. and Bagchi, A. 2001. “A Qualitative Assessment 

of Seismic Risk Along the Peninsular Coast of India, South of 19°N.” Journal of 

Geodynamics,. 7. Volume 31, Issue 5, Pages 481-498. Abstract: Many earthquakes have been 

recorded from the coastal margin of the Indian peninsular shield during the last 200 years. 

Largely made up of Precambrian assemblages with variable cover of Jurassic to Quaternary 

sedimentary rocks and Cretaceous-Eocene volcanics, the peninsular shield was long held to 

be aseismic. Recent measurements, however, show that this continental fragment is being 

pushed northeastward by the Carlsberg and Central Indian ridges; and the Indo-Myanmar 

subduction zone is exerting vigorous slab pull towards the east. Repeated cycles of sea level 

change during the Quaternary have also induced continuing hydro-isostatic adjustment due to 

variable melt water loading in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian sea. All these forces 

produce space-time fluctuations of strain around many small to large faults, which occur in 

the upper crust of the shield. Some of the faults have been intermittently active (during the 

past 100 kyr); others were active earlier. Although the Shillong plateau and the associated hill 

ranges of northeastern India and Myanmar are subject to the maximum seismic hazard, the 

peninsular coast is also vulnerable to intermittent seismicity. We present illustrative evidence 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 21 
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of some active faults, which are recognisable (a) on coastal land by displaced Pleistocene 

weathered cover, hot springs, leakages of native mercury and allochthonous geochemical 

anomalies of base metals and (b) offshore below the inner shelf by horst-shaped uplifted 

segments and intra-formational slump folds on and below the top shallow seismic (3.5 kHz) 

reflector. On the other hand, there are long stretches of the east coast at Vishakhapatnam and 

Manappad Point, which do not show active faults. Step-like marine terraces, which occur up 

to+6 m above the low tide level (LTL) preserve records of relative sea level fluctuations 

during the Holocene and the Last Interglacial. In such sectors, absence of tectonic disturbance 

during the last 100 ka is also corroborated by lateral continuity of shallow seismic reflectors 

below the inner shelf over many kilometers. Since authentic historical (200-1000 years B.P.) 

records of seismicity along the Peninsular coast are virtually unavailable, the likely recurrence 

interval between earthquakes in each sector cannot be gauged. We, therefore, propose a scale 

of seismic risk, based on geometry of the mappable faults and available seismic records of the 

last two centuries. These could be used in combination to rank the densely populated coastal 

tracts sector-wise. 

Bannert, D. 1993. “Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. all Rights Reserved.; Facies Developments in 

Hydrocarbon Basins from Landsat Images.” Environmental Research Istitute of Michigan, 

Ann Arbor. page(s): 159-168. Descriptors: GEOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS: PHYSICAL 

GEOGRAPHY -- 71; hydrocarbon basin; Landsat imagery; sedimentation. Abstract: A set of 

isopach maps was constructed showing the depositional features of the shelf area of Tertiary 

Burma. Oligocene sediments, which were believed to be absent in the northern part 

(Chindwin Basin) could be proven in an area defined during the course of the work. 

Indications for the rise of the Arakan Yoma during Post-Oligocene times could be deduced. A 

second example where Landsat MSS image interpretation yielded valuable information on the 

sedimentary process lies at the eastern Makran coast in Pakistan. There, the fast uplift of the 

accretionary prism of flysch sediments put deep water sediments into near shore position 

documented by a change from clay to coarse sandstone. -from Author. Notes: References: 

Number: 27; Note(s): Special Features: 1 map, 3 photos, 27 references. Availability: Connect 

to the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession Number: 1013892. 

BAY, E. C. and SELF, L. S. 1972. “Observations of the Guppy, Poecilia Reticulata Peters, in Culex 

Pipiens Fatigans Breeding Sites in Bangkok, Rangoon, and Taipei.” P 407-416: VOL 46, NO 

3. Descriptors: ASIA; HUMAN DISEASES; PUBLIC HEALTH; MOSQUITOES; 

ORGANIC WASTES; WATER POLLUTION; CITIES; BANGKOK; CULEX-PIPIENSFATIGANS; GUPPY; MOSQUITO CONTROL; POECILIA-RETICULATA; RANGOON; 

TAIPEI; WUCHERERIA-BANCROFTI. Abstract: THE SUCCESSFUL ESTABLISHMENT 

OF THE GUPPY IN A NUMBER OF SHALLOW, HIGHLY POLLUTED GROUND 

POOLS BENEATH LOW INCOME HOUSING IN BANGKOK, THAILAND WAS 

PREVIOUSLY REPORTED. WHETHER BANGKOK GUPPIES EVOLVED A HIGHER 

TOLERANCE TO ORGANIC POLLUTION THAN P. RETICULATA THAT HAD NEVER 

BEEN EXPOSED TO THESE CONDITIONS WAS QUESTIONED; THE POSSIBILITIES 

OF USING THESE FISH ELSEWHERE TO CONTROL C. PIPIENS FATIGENS 

(ESPECIALLY IN RANGOON, BURMA, AND TAIPEI, TAIWAN) WHERE THIS 

MOSQUITO IS THE VECTOR OF WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI WHICH AFFECTS 

HUMANS ARE DISCUSSED.--COPYRIGHT 1973, BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, INC. 

Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 22 
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Beech, Hannah. 2007. “A Bend in the River.” TMAS. 2007 Time Inc. All rights reserved. No part 

of this material may be duplicated or redisseminated without permission.: Sep 10. Volume 

170, Issue 10, Pages 26. Descriptors: Dams; Hydroelectric plants; Environmental protection; 

Water flow; Shipping industry; Industrial parks; Farmers; Environmental economics; 

Entrepreneurs; Economic expansion; Construction. Notes: Geographic: China Mekong River. 

Abstract: In 2001, Chinese crews, brought in by Southeast Asian governments eager to 

increase traffic and trade, began blasting and dredging a stretch of the river running from 

Burma and Laos to Thailand, clearing away islands, reefs and rapids that once blocked the 

passage of ships. ISSN/ISBN: 1064-0304. 

Bender, F.; Bannert, D.; Brinckmann, J.; Gramann, F. and Helmcke, D. 1983. Geology of Burma. 

Federal Republic of Germany (DEU): Gebrueder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, BerlinStuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany (DEU). Beitraege Zur Regionalen Geologie Der Erde. 

Volume: 16, Language: English. Descriptors: areal geology; Asia; Burma; Far East; 

hydrogeology; monographs; regional; soils. Notes: CD: BRGEA4; FE: References: 940; illus. 

incl. 92 plates, table, geol. sketch map, sect., strat. col.; MP: Scale: 1:2,000,000. type: 

Geologic map; LL: Latitude:N090000,N284500 longitude:E1014500,E0920000; CY: 

GeoRef, copyright 2007, american geological institute. reference includes data from 

PASCAL, institute de l'information scientifique et technique, vandoeuvre-les-nancy, france. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0522-7038. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 1985-034073. 

Bert, W. 1990. “Chinese Policy Toward Democratization Movements: Burma and the Philippines.” 

Asian Survey. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 30, Issue 11, Pages 1066-1083. 

Descriptors: WATER -- 74.13; reform movement; democratisation; Chinese foreign policy. 

Notes: Geographic: Burma Philippines China. Abstract: This article is an inquiry into China's 

attitude and policy toward situations where a reform movement was trying to replace or 

reform a rigid and inefficient government in a geographical area of strategic and economic 

importance to China. As the crises deepened in Burma and the Philippines, was China's policy 

toward democratization aimed at continuing good relations with the friendly but now 

threatened “old regime' and maintaining the status quo or at establishing rapport with and 

supporting the movement or party attempting to take power; and were China's reasons for 

giving or with holding support based on its advocacy of reform per se, or protection of its 

security and economic interests through diplomatic and foreign policy means? -from Author. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0004-4687. 

BIERBAUER, ELAINE. 1995. THOSE BURMA-SHAVE JINGLES, AMERICA'S ROADSIDE 

REIGN OF RHYME. California Highway Patrolman. Descriptors: Advertising; Advertising, 

outdoor; Billboards; History; Roadside advertising; United States. Abstract: No abstract 

provided. Notes: P. 56-60: ILL.; CALIFORNIA HIGHWAY PATROLMAN. VOL. 59, NO. 

8 (AUG. 1995). OCLC Accession Number: 00857119. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

Bird, M. I., Robinson, R. A. J., Win Oo, N., et al. “A Preliminary Estimate of Organic Carbon 

Transport by the Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) and Thanlwin (Salween) Rivers of Myanmar.” 

Quaternary International,. Volume In Press, Corrected Proof, 

Blaber, S. J. M., Brewer, D. T., Milton, D. A., et al. 1999. “The Life History of the Protandrous 

Tropical Shad Tenualosa Macrura (Alosinae: Clupeidae): Fishery Implications.” Estuarine, 

Coastal and Shelf Science,. 11. Volume 49, Issue 5, Pages 689-701. Descriptors: tropical; 

coastal waters; Tenualosa; protandry; overfishing; distribution. Abstract: Tenualosa macrura 

is a tropical shad that was previously found throughout the estuaries and coastal waters of 

Sumatra and Borneo where it formed the basis of flourishing fisheries. The only viable fishery 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 23 
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today has contracted to the Riau Province of Sumatra, Indonesia. To provide information for 

conservation and fisheries management, a two-year study of the biology, ecology and life 

history characteristics of T. macrura was conducted. The evidence from sizes of sexes, sex 

ratios and histology is that T. macrura is a protandrous hermaphrodite. It changes from male 

to female mainly between 14 and 20 cm SL (standard length) (six months to one year in age), 

after the male has spawned. Almost all fish in their second year are females; the species does 

not appear to live beyond two years. There is a regular movement of spawning males and 

females between the Strait of Malacca (salinity 28-30) and the spawning grounds in the 

sheltered straits (salinity 20-28) of Riau Province on each new and full moon. Their 

occurrence in the inshore straits leads to heavy fishing during these moon phases. The main 

nursery areas are the shallow coastal waters of the Strait of Malacca. The decline in catches of 

T. macrura has probably been as a result of fishers intensively targeting aggregations of 

spawning females. Furthermore, most are caught before spawning. It is postulated that the 

protandrous habit of this species, and its likewise endangered congener of Sarawak, T. toli, 

renders them more vulnerable to overfishing than is the gonochoristic and more widespread 

T. ilisha that is heavily fished from Burma through the Indian sub-continent to Kuwait. 

Blaber, SJM; Milton, DA; Fry, G. and Chenery, SR. 2003. New Insights into the Life History of 

Tenualosa Ilisha and Fishery Implications. 5410 Grosvenor Ln. Ste. 110 Bethesda MD 20814-

2199 USA, [URL:http://afs.allenpress.com]: American Fisheries Society. Am. Fish. Soc. 

Symp.Volume: 35, page(s): 223-240. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Age groups; 

Anadromous species; Bays; Biodiversity; Brackishwater environment; Catch statistics; 

Coastal fisheries; Coastal waters; Commercial species; Correlation; Depleted stocks; 

Distribution records; Estuaries; Estuarine fisheries; Fecundity; Fishery management; 

Geochemistry; Growth rate; Migrations; Monsoons; Otolith reading; Population dynamics; 

Population structure; Recruitment; Rivers; Salinity gradients; Sex ratio; Sexual maturity; 

Spawning grounds; Stock assessment; Temperature effects; Water temperature; Article 

Taxonomic Terms: Tenualosa ilisha; Article Geographic Terms: Australia; Bangladesh; ISW, 

Indian Ocean, Bengal Bay; Kuwait; Myanmar; PSE, East Indian Ocean; Pakistan; Hilsa; Sex 

ratio bias; Shads; Brackish. Abstract: Tenualosa ilisha (known as hilsa) is the most 

widespread of the five species of tropical shads Tenualosa spp. It is found from North 

Sumatra in the east to Kuwait in the west. It is the basis of important fisheries in Bangladesh, 

India, Burma, Pakistan, and Kuwait and is probably the basis of the largest estuarine fishery 

in the world. In Bangladesh, T. ilisha comprises 25% of total fish production (total = about 

200,000 metric tons per year). To date, there has been no attempt to relate the marine, 

estuarine, and freshwater components of the populations and describe the full life history of 

the species. To address this, studies were conducted in Bangladesh by the Commonwealth 

Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia, and the Fisheries Research 

Institute of Bangladesh between 1996 and 2000. Results show that male and female T. ilisha 

reach sexual maturity at 200 mm when they are 1 year old and that both are able to spawn at 

this size. Unlike other Tenualosa species, there is no histological or macroscopic evidence for 

sex change in T. ilisha, but there is a bias in the sex ratio. The majority of individuals over 

300 mm and almost all over 400 mm are females. Males predominate between 100 and 250 

mm, but the sex ratio below 100 mm is more even. The biases in the sex ratio suggest that 

males may not live as long as females. Spawning occurs throughout the year from upstream at 

the Indian border to the coast at Chittagong and even in the sea off Cox's Bazar. Contrary to 

the previous belief that T. ilisha is strictly anadromous, the data show clearly that T. ilisha 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 24 
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spawn in rivers, in estuaries, and on the coast. Otolith core microchemistry indicates that 

some fish (e.g., from Cox's Bazar) are born in middle to high salinities, which suggests that 

salinity per se may not be relevant to the location of spawning areas. The previously 

documented large-scale movements of T. ilisha show a marked correlation with water 

temperature. Upstream movements during the monsoon (July-September) take place when 

water temperatures are highest inland. Conversely, the movement toward the sea corresponds 

with a marked drop in upstream water temperature from about October, when sea 

temperatures are 3-4 degree C higher than riverine temperatures. Otolith Sr:Ca ratios and 

reproductive surveys indicate that the movement patterns of T. ilisha are complex and 

variable. Individuals attain 20 cm standard length by the end of their first year and grow at 

similar rates to other tropical clupeids. The population is now dominated by 1-year-old fish, 

whereas in the 1960s it was composed mainly of 3-year-old fish. Hence, the probability of 

recruitment failure has greatly increased because 1-year-old fish now contribute most to egg 

production and have a relatively low fecundity. This, together with a decline in female 

fecundity, has implications for the future of the fishery which recorded large declines in 

catches in 2000 and 2001. Notes: SO: Biodiversity, Status, and Conservation of the World's 

Shads. pp. 223-240. American Fisheries Society Symposium [Am. Fish. Soc. Symp.]. Vol. 

35.; TR: CS0509113. ISSN/ISBN: 1888569514. Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and 

Fisheries Abstracts. OCLC Accession Number: 5707398. 

Bodden, Ralf. 1987. “KINDA DAM HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT MAKES AN 

IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO BURMA'S POWER SUPPLY.” Energy & Automation. 

Volume 9, Issue 6, Pages 52-53. Descriptors: HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS -- 

Burma; DAMS - Burma; ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS - Burma. Notes: Compilation and 

indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: The Kinda Dam hydroelectric power 

plant was commissioned at the end of 1985 after a construction period of just under five 

years. It is part of a multi-purpose project built for the Electric Power Corporation and 

financed by the World Bank and the Kreditanstalt fuer Wiederaufbau. In January 1986 the 

plant, which is Germany's major development aid project for Burma, was visited by Dr. 

Richard von Weizsaecker, President of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Kinda Dam 

storage reservoir was built to afford protection against flooding in the rainy season and for 

irrigation of wide areas of land for more intensive rice cultivation, since the severe seasonal 

water shortage is a problem in the dry zone of central Burma. 

Bodet, Francois and Schaerer, Urs. 2001. “Pb Isotope Systematics and Time-Integrated Th/U of 

SE-Asian Continental Crust Recorded by Single K-Feldspar Grains in Large Rivers.” Chem. 

Geol. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands (NLD): Netherlands (NLD). 30 Jul. Volume 177, 

Issue 3-4, Pages 265-285. Descriptors: alkali feldspar; Asia; Burma; clastic sediments; 

continental crust; crust; drainage basins; erosion; Far East; feldspar group; fluvial 

environment; framework silicates; hydrology; Indochina; Irrawaddy River; isotope ratios; 

isotopes; K-feldspar; lead; Mekong Delta; metals; Pb-206/Pb-204; Pb-207/Pb-204; Pb208/Pb-204; Phanerozoic; Precambrian; provenance; radioactive isotopes; Red River; rivers 

and streams; Salween River; sand; sediments; silicates; Southeast Asia; stable isotopes; 

stream sediments; Th/U; Thailand; U/Th/Pb; Vietnam. Notes: CD: CHGEAD; FE: 

References: 41; illus. incl. 1 table, geol. sketch map; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American 

Geological Institute. Reference includes data from CAPCAS, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, 

Amsterdam, Netherlands. Abstract: To elucidate time-integrated Th/U and Pb isotope 

characteristics of the SE-Asian continent, 159 individual K-feldspar grains from the rivers 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 25 
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Mekong, Salween, Irrawaddy and Red River were analyzed. Earlier U-Pb dating and Hf 

isotope results of zircon and baddeleyite from the same river sands have established its crustal 

growth and recycling history, also showing that these heavy minerals are sufficiently 

representative for the evolution of large continental regions [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 

(2000) 2067]. We therefore consider K-feldspar populations in these sands to be the best 

possible way to investigate Pb isotope systematics on the continental scale, and analyzing 

individual grains overcomes the averaging effect of multi-grain measurements. To test the 

basic condition that U/Pb-ratios are very low in K-feldspar, Pb concentration were measured 

in all grains, and U in about 10% of them, corroborating Pb concentrations between 4 and 292 

ppm with a mean value of 80+ or -40 ppm, and U and Th well below 0.1 and 0.4 ppm, 

respectively. In situ decay of U can therefore be neglected in all grains and measured Pb 

isotope ratios are those acquired by the magmatic or metamorphic host material at the time of 

K-feldspar crystallization. Relative to the model evolution of (super 206) Pb/ (super 204) Pb 

in upper continental crust, model ages range between 0.5 and 0.2 Ga, whereas many (super 

207) Pb/ (super 204) Pb are significantly more radiogenic than any type of Phanerozoic crust. 

This confirms important recycling of Precambrian crust into the K-feldspar source material 

such as already observed by Hf signatures for the heavy mineral source lithologies. An 

important observation is that none of the K-feldspars has preserved Precambrian Pb isotope 

signature and in consequence, detrital sediments covering the SE-Asian continent must 

essentially originate from Phanerozoic orogenic belts, where K-feldspars have been reequilibrated by metamorphic reactions or crystallization in newly formed melts. To dominate 

delivery of detrital material to such a large extent on the continental scale, these Phanerozoic 

orogenies must have generated important high mountains ranges, to be subsequently flattened 

by erosion; today topographic highs are exclusively due to uplift in relation to the India-Asia 

collision. Concerning (super 232) Th/ (super 208) Pb and time-integrated Th/U ratios, only 4 

out of 159 grains plot on the model curves for continental crust, with all other ratios being 

significantly more radiogenic in (super 208) Pb/ (super 204) Pb, indicating high Th/U source 

material. If these time-integrated Th/U ratios are modeled in the frame of the known crust 

formation events, Th/U ratios lie at 4.15-4.22 plotting significantly higher than Th/U deduced 

for fine-grained sediments or predicted by classical models for average or upper continental 

crust. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0009-2541. 

Bolin, T. D., Genge, J. R., Duncombe, V. M., Soe-Aung and Myo-Khin Affiliation: 

Gastrointestinal Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales,,Australia. 

1996. “Patterns of Methane Production in a Burmese (Myanmar) Population.” J. 

Gastroenterol. Hepatol. ; J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Jan. Volume 11, Issue 1, Pages 71-6 

Additional Info: AUSTRALIA. Descriptors: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 

and over; Breath Tests; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Female; 

Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methane -- metabolism; Middle Aged; Myanmar; 

Sex Factors; Smoking -- epidemiology; Socioeconomic Factors. Notes: Chemical Subst: 

Methane [74-82-8]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19960814; 

Date Completed: 19960814; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: While up to 50% of 

Western populations produce methane, this is less than that of rural black Africans and there 

is no information on methane production in populations from Asian developing countries. 

Females consistently produce methane more commonly than males, and methane production 

in children under the age of five years, except in Nigeria, is unusual. Breath methane was 

sampled in 1426 subjects from Myanmar ranging in age from 1 month to 88 years, with a 

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mean age of 26.2 years. Half (49.8%) of the Myanmar population produced methane, this 

figure comprising 53% of females and 46% of males sampled. Methane production increases 

with age and reaches adult levels after 10 years of age. A high prevalence of methane 

production was found in children under 3 years of age (15.8%). Methane production was 

absent in 13 solely breast-fed children and increased as other food was introduced into the 

diet. There was an association of methane production within families and with smoking. The 

prevalence of methane production increased in male and female smokers, with 75% of 

smokers producing methane. Methane production was not associated with occupation, 

education, income, water source, latrine type, previous diarrhoea, antibiotic usage or socioeconomic status. ISSN/ISBN: 0815-9319 (Print); 1440-1746 (Electronic). 

Bondre, N. 2007. “Earthquakes: Burma's Fault.” Nature; Nature. Sep 6. Volume 449, Issue 7158, 

Pages 33 Additional Info: England. Descriptors: Models, Theoretical; Natural Disasters; 

Myanmar; Oceans and Seas; Water Movements. Notes: Note(s): Comment On: Nature. 2007 

Sep 6; 449 (7158): 75-8 PMID: 17805292; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date 

of Entry: 20070906; Date Completed: 20071002. ISSN/ISBN: 0028-0836 (Print); 1476-4687 

(Electronic). Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. 

Libraries worldwide that own item: 2818 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect 

to the catalog at your library. 

Boonpiraks, S. 1992. “Thai-Myanmar Joint Hydro Schemes.” International Water Power and Dam 

Construction IWPCDM, Vol.44, no.10, p 40-41. October 1992. 1 fig. Descriptors: 

Hydroelectric projects; Myanmar; Thailand; Water resources development; Water resources 

management; Cost analysis; Dams; Developing countries; International agreements; Regional 

planning. Abstract: Both Thailand and the Union of Myanmar have, for a long time, been 

interested in the development of the water resources of their bordering rivers. The two 

countries agreed in 1989 to cooperate on eight hydro projects along their common border: 

Nam Mae Sai, Klong Kra, Upper Salawin, Lower Salawin, Nam Moei 1, Nam Moei 2, Nam 

Moei 3, and Mak Kok. Preliminary studies of the projects have since been carried out and 

choices for dam type and electric power generation equipment have been made. The total 

capacity of the eight stations will be 6397.5 MW, requiring a total investment of some US 

$5.12 billion. (Rochester-PTT). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Boonpiraks, S. 1992. “Thai-Myanmar Joint Hydro Schemes.” Int. Water Power Dam Constr. 

Volume 44, Issue 10, Pages 40-41. Descriptors: Hydroelectric power plants; Water resources. 

Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: A brief 

overview is presented here of planned cooperation between Thailand and Myanmar to harness 

the hydro resources available along the border of the two countries. This would reduce their 

dependence on thermal generation. ISSN/ISBN: 0306-400X. 

Boucher, Francois. 2007. Southeast Asia. A Rail Network from China to Singapore. LA VIE DU 

RAIL. no. 3, page(s): pp 28-35. Descriptors: Burma; China; Network analysis (Planning); 

Networks; Railroad transportation; Railroads; Regional development; Regional planning; 

Regional transportation; Singapore; Southeast Asia; Vietnam. Abstract: By 2015, a 5,500-km 

unified Pan-Asian railway network should be completed, replacing the existing metric gauge 

mosaic of railway lines in Southeast Asia. Since 1995, this project has mobilized the key 

railway players and stakeholders in this part of the globe. Between China and Singapore, and 

between Vietnam and Burma, 8 countries are involved. However, not all these countries have 

the same level of development nor the same priorities as do the aforementioned nations. This 

article discusses the logistics, barriers, and possible solutions involved in constructing the 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 27 
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proposed Pan-Asian railway network throughout Southeast Asia. OCLC Accession Number: 

01082418. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

Boucot, A. J., Cocks, L. R. M. and Racheboeuf P.R. Affiliation: A.J. Boucot, Department of 

Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,97331. 1999. “Early Devonian Brachiopods 

from Satun Province, Southern Thailand.” J. Paleontol. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights 

reserved.: Volume 73, Issue 5, Pages 850-859 Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: 

Invertebrates -- 72.8.5; Devonian; paleobiogeography Species Term: Quasiprosserella 

samedensis; Plectodonta forteyi; Caplinoplia thailandensis; Clorinda wongwanichi; 

Brachiopoda; Entovalva; Plectodonta; Quasiprosserella. Notes: References: Number: 52; 

Geographic: Thailand -- Satun Province. Abstract: Twelve brachiopod taxa are described 

from the Early Devonian (probable early Emsian) Pa Samed Formation of southern Thailand, 

including the new genus and species Quasiprosserella samedensis (Ambocoeliidae?) and the 

new species Plectodonta forteyi, Caplinoplia thailandensis, and Clorinda wongwanichi. They 

are the first undoubted Devonian brachiopods from Thailand. They represent the deeper-water 

Benthic Assemblages BA4-5, and, although clearly indicative of the Old World Realm, 

cannot be assigned to a particular biogeographical region. A new undescribed fauna from the 

contemporary Zebingyi Formation of Burma (Myanmar) is also noted. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-

3360. Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. 

Libraries worldwide that own item: 865 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect 

to the catalog at your library. 

Bray, J. 1993. “Burma Politics and Petroleum.” Geopolitics of Energy. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All 

rights reserved.: Volume 15, Issue 5, Pages 6-8. Descriptors: WATER -- 74.13; gas; 

petroleum; political factors; offshore exploration. Notes: Geographic: Burma. Abstract: 

Interest in Burma is provoked mainly by offshore prospects and the possibility that such gas 

dicoveries may be related to others in the Gulf of Thailand, thus making the region a gas 

province of importance to continental Southeast Asia and possibly a source of additional LNG 

trade. The geological opportunities for offshore exploration are considered attractive, but the 

bleak political outlook sours the prospects for economic expansion. -from Author. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0273-1371. 

Brichieri-Columbi, J. S. A. 1983. “Hydrological Studies of the Irrawaddy Delta.” Hydrology of 

Humid Tropical Regions IAHS Publication no.140, 1983.Proceedings of a Symposium Held 

at the 18th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. 

Hamburg, West Germany. Volume August 15-27, Pages 3 ref. Descriptors: Hydrology; 

Irrawaddy Delta; Mathematical models; Surveys; Drainage basins; Deltas; Hydrologic 

regime; Short-term planning; Available water; Mali River; N'Mai River; Burma; China. 

Abstract: The Irrawaddy is formed by the confluence of the Mali and N'Mai rivers which rise 

among 6,000 m peaks on the Burma-China border, and drains a 415,000 sq km drainage 

basin. As it is navigable for much of its 2,000 km length, and provides a constant supply of 

fresh water to the dry central zone, it has played a dominant role in the history and economic 

life of Burma. The delta starts at Kyangin, 380 km from the Gulf of Martaban, at an altitude 

of 15 m, and extends over an area of 31,000 sq km between the confining hills of the 1,300 m 

Arakan Yomas in the west and the 900 Pegu Yomas in the east. The river fans out from its 

braided channel above Kyangin in a complex of tidal creeks which drain into the gulf by 12 

major mouths extending over 260 km of coast. In the period November 1977-March 1981, a 

hydrological survey was carried out by various British government and private organizations 

under a project funded by the IDA and ODA (UK). The study objectives were (a) to establish 

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hydrological design parameters for paddy projects; (b) to determine the availability of fresh 

water in the lower delta channels; (c) to assess the effect of short-term projects for 

development of 400,000 ha of paddyland, and long-term development with widespread 

embanking, on the hydraulic regime of the delta. To satisfy the second and third objectives, a 

one-dimensional mathematical model of the delta was set up to study the fluvio-tidal 

interaction under low flow and flood conditions. The modelling work was carried out in 

parallel with a major survey effort in order to concentrate the survey efficiently, and to 

identify errors in the survey or modelling while the teams were still available. (See also W87-

00086) (Lantz-PTT). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Brinckmann, J. and Hinze, C. 1981. “On the Geology of the Bawdwin Lead-Zinc Mine, Northern 

Shan State, Burma.” Geologisches Jahrbuch, Reihe D. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: 

Volume 43, Pages 7-45. Descriptors: MINERALOGY -- 72.1. Notes: Note(s): Special 

Feature: 2 figs, 11 coloured photos, 2 coloured geological maps (1:10 000 & 1:4800), 5 

coloured plans. Abstract: Detailed geological re-mapping shows a close association between 

the Pb(Ag)-Zn ore of the Bawdwin mine and the rhyolitic country rocks. These 2000 m-thick 

volcaniclastic sediments and shalow rhyolite intrusive are intercalated in Lower Palaeozoic 

shallow-water deposits. The late phase of this volcanism was characterized by pneumatolytic 

and/or hydrothermal solutions which gave three sulphide orebodies (the Shan, Chinaman and 

Meingtha lodes) and surrounding low-grade ore in volcaniclastics sediments. The position of 

the high-grade orebodies was controlled by the Bawdwin fault zone. Several features of the 

Bawdin ore and its felsitic host rocks are similar to the Japanese Kuroko ore deposit. The 

Bawdwin lodes are of the 'fissure-filling vein type' and/or 'stockwork ore' of the Kuroko-type 

deposits. -R.A.H. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Browder, Greg John. 1998. NEGOTIATING AN INTERNATIONAL REGIME FOR WATER 

ALLOCATION IN THE MEKONG RIVER BASIN (CAMBODIA, LAOS, THAILAND, 

VIETNAM). STANFORD UNIVERSITY; 0212 Advisor: Adviser: LEONARD 

ORTOLANO. DAI. Volume: 59, 06A, page(s): 359-2178. Descriptors: POLITICAL 

SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW AND RELATIONS; POLITICAL SCIENCE, 

GENERAL; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING. 

Abstract: This study analyzes negotiations for the 1995 Mekong Agreement and examines the 

early implementation of the Agreement. The Mekong regime is defined as a governance 

system for water management in the Mekong Basin. The regime-member states are 

Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam; the two upper basin states, China and Myanmar, are 

not members. Although the regime has existed since 1957, the Agreement signaled the start of 

a new era in which water allocation is a key issue. The research question is: How, and to what 

extent, has the Mekong regime made progress on water allocation issues? The dissertation 

reviews the history of the Mekong regime, surveys current water resource development in the 

Mekong Basin, and describes the geopolitical context for the Agreement. Negotiations for the 

Agreement and its early implementation are then examined. The study constructs an analytic 

framework based on the work of three negotiation researchers: Howard Raiffa, James 

Sebenius, and Lawrence Susskind. Information for the analysis comes from interviews with 

the negotiators, negotiation documents, press reports, and the author's personal experiences. 

Three levels of hierarchical rules exist in the Mekong regime: constitutional, legislative, and 

administrative. The Agreement represents a new constitution because it specifies principles, 

procedures and organizational arrangements. The Agreement was possible because: (i) the 

Mekong states wanted to maintain amicable relations in the post-Cold War era, (ii) 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 29 
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governments from Europe and Japan subsidize the Mekong regime, and (iii) planned Chinese 

reservoirs will augment the dry season water supply. Mediation by the United Nations 

Development Programme was necessary in formulating the Agreement. The Agreement 

created the Mekong River Commission (MRC), and requires the MRC to formulate legislative 

rules on: (i) minimum flows in the Mekong River, (ii) procedures for reviewing proposed 

water uses, and (iii) a non-binding basin development plan. The MRC has encountered 

difficulties drafting these legislative rules because of the absence of mediation, the MRC's 

low status on the region's foreign policy agenda, and the contentious nature of water 

allocation issues. The restructuring of the Mekong regime will not be complete until the MRC 

has a set of administrative rules on specific water uses. Notes: Degree: PH.D. OCLC 

Accession Number: AAG9837180. 

Brown, L. R.; Renner, M. and Halweil, B. 1999. VITAL SIGNS 1999. THE ENVIRONMENTAL 

TRENDS THAT ARE SHAPING OUR FUTURE. Norton (W.W.) and Company, 

Incorporated. page(s): 197 p. Descriptors: Burma; Cellular phones; Economic conditions; 

Environmental quality; Laos; Newspapers; Scientists; Weather and climate. Abstract: This 

eighth volume in the series from the Worldwatch Institute shows the key trends that often 

escape the attention of the news media and world leaders -- and that are often ignored by 

economic experts as they plan for the future. This book provides key indicators that show 

social, economic, and environmental progress, or the lack of it. The data have been extracted 

from thousands of documents obtained from government, industry, scientists, and 

international organizations into “vital signs” of our times. Among the findings are the 

following: 1998 was the hottest year since record keeping began in 1866; Yak caravans in the 

mountains of Laos and Burma now use cell phones to find the best route to market during the 

rainy season. ISSN/ISBN: 0393318931. OCLC Accession Number: 00765528. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

Brown, P., Kenney, A. J., Htwe, N. M., et al. 2008. “Farmers' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices 

for Rodent Management in Myanmar.” Int. J. Pest Manage. 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights 

reserved.: Volume 54, Issue 1, Pages 69-76 Additional Info: United Kingdom. Descriptors: 

Pests -- 73.6.2; crop damage; crop yield; farmers attitude; farmers knowledge; farming 

system; perception; pest control; pest species; rice; rodent Species Term: Hexapoda; Rattus; 

Rodentia. Notes: References: Number: 29; Geographic: Asia Eurasia Myanmar Southeast 

Asia. Abstract: A survey of 350 farmers was conducted in the lowland rainfed agricultural 

system of central Myanmar (Burma) to examine the importance of rodents, farmers' 

perception of the causes of yield loss, and their beliefs as to why they undertake rodent 

management. Farmers grew monsoon rice, summer rice and mungbeans with the major 

constraints upon production identified as pests (29.4% of respondents), followed by 

insufficient water (19.4%). The main pests were insects (48.6%), followed by rats (40.9%); 

however, farmers thought that rats caused most damage to their crops (47.7% of respondents; 

insects 30.3%), and were the most important pest to control. Farmers estimated that rodents 

caused 13% yield loss. Most farmers believed they could increase yields if they were to work 

together to control rats, but 61.1% applied rodent control individually. Most farmers (81%) 

thought that rodenticides were not safe despite 33% using them. Rodents were clearly 

identified as a significant problem by farmers. With an understanding of the main rodent pest 

species, ecology and crop damage, ecologically based management strategies for the lowland 

rainfed rice system in Myanmar can be developed. ISSN/ISBN: 0967-0874 E- 1366-5863. 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 30 
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Bruneau, M. 1991. “Modeles Spatiaux Des Etats De l'Asie Du Sud-Est Continentale Translated 

Title: State Spatial Models of Continental Southeast Asia.” Cahiers De Geographie Du 

Quebec. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 35, Issue 94, Pages 89-116. 

Descriptors: Spatial Analysis, Location Theory -- 70.2.2; WATER -- 74.13; developing 

country; spatial model; regional variation; simulation model; colonisation process; national 

territory; core-periphery relations; capitalist economy; regional development; state control; 

uneven development; territorial administration. Notes: Geographic: Asia -- (Southeast) Burma 

Thailand Laos Cambodia. Abstract: Within four states of continental Southeast Asia (Burma, 

Thailand, Laos, Cambodia) we observe the persistency of a concentric circle spatial model of 

uneven development and decreasing control of the central power. This model originates from 

the muang or principality of the precolonial period whose autonomy was challenged only by 

the rise of strong kingdoms. The colonisation and the penetration of the capitalist economy 

did not succeed in truly integrating the national space in spite of the development of 

communication networks and of the rationalisation of territorial administration. Thailand, not 

directly colonised, has gone the farthest in the way of a unified national territory because of 

the continuity of its monarchy and the integration of her Chinese bourgeoisie. The two bufferstates of Laos and Cambodia, and Burma are still economically underdeveloped and have a 

very loosely integrated external ring. The present trend for them is to become peripheries to 

Thailand and especially its center Bangkok where population, activity and capital accumulate. 

-from English summary. ISSN/ISBN: 0007-9766. 

BRUNEAU, M. and BERNOT, L. 1974. “A Lake Population: The Intha of Lake Inle. (Southern 

Shan States, Burma), (in French).” J Agric Trop Bot Appl.19(10/11); P 401-441. 1972(1974). 

Descriptors: ASIA; LAKES; RICE; HUMAN POPULATION; FORESTS; GEOGRAPHY; 

WATER HYACINTH; NUISANCE ALGAE; BIBLIGRAPHIES; BURMA; 

CERATOPHYLLUM; DIPTEROCARPUS-TUBERCULATUS; EICHORNIA-CRASSIPES; 

EPHYDATIA-FLUVIATILIS; HYDRILLA; IMPERATA; INLE; INTHA; SHAN; 

UTRICULARIA. Abstract: CULTURAL DATA ON THE PEOPLE AND A 

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHIC, ETHNOGRAPHIC AND BIOLOGICAL WORKS 

ON THIS AREA ARE PROVIDED. THE YAUNGSHWE BASIN CONTAINS 2 DISTINCT 

TYPES OF FOREST: ONE CHARACTERIZED BY DIPTEROCARPUS 

TUBERCULATUS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS; THE OTHER BY IMPERATA. THE 

LACUSTRAL ZONE OCCUPIES A PORTION OF THE BASIN AND IS COMPOSED OF 

3 SECTIONS: THE CENTRAL SECTION, CHARACTERIZED BY CERATOPHYLLUM; 

THE AREA AROUND THE LAKE, COMPOSED OF FLOATING ISLANDS OF LIVING 

AND DEAD PLANTS, ESPECIALLY THE WATER HYACINTH EICHORNIA 

CRASSIPES, A RAPIDLY GROWING SOUTH AMERICAN PLANT WHICH IS 

CONSIDERED A NUISANCE; AND THE INTERMEDIATE PALUDAL ZONE, THE 

BOTTOM OF WHICH IS COVERED WITH HYDRILLA, CERATOPHYLLUM AND 

UTRICULARIA. THIS LAST ZONE IS ALSO RICH IN THE SPONGE, EPHYDATIA 

FLUVIATILIS. THE PRINCIPAL INDUSTRY IN THE AREA IS RICE GROWING.--

COPYRIGHT 1975, BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, INC. Database: Environmental Sciences 

and Pollution Mgmt. 

Bryant, R. L. 1994. “Fighting Over the Forests: Political Reform, Peasant Resistance and the 

Transformation of Forest Management in Late Colonial Burma.” Journal of Commonwealth 

& Comparative Politics. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 32, Issue 2, Pages 

244-260. Descriptors: WATER -- 74.13; political reform; colonial period; peasant resistance; 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 31 
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forest management. Notes: Geographic: Burma. Abstract: Although contemporary forest 

politics in South-East Asia differs from the past in that it features new actors (that is NGOs) 

and a pronounced international dimension, there are important continuities with the past. 

Political reforms and peasant resistance combined to transform forest management in colonial 

Burma between 1923 and 1942. The essay addresses two issues of central importance during 

this period: peasant access to the plains reserves, and the Burmanisation of the forest sector. 

The former was an issue which largely pitted the peasantry against the forest department but 

which also implicated nationalist leaders who sought peasant political support. In contrast, the 

latter was primarily an affair of the urban middle class - not surprisingly, since it was this 

class which would benefit most from the employment opportunities in government and 

business that would occur with reform in this area. Together, these two issues dominated 

forest politics in the late colonial period, and contributed to the transformation of forest 

management. -from Author. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Bryant, R. L. 1994. “Shifting the Cultivator: The Politics of Teak Regeneration in Colonial 

Burma.” Modern Asian Studies. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 28, Issue 2, 

Pages 225-250. Descriptors: HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY -- 70.5; WATER -- 74.13; 

cultural conflict; political process; colonial period; economic control; plantation forestry; 

forest policy; shifting cultivators; teak production; taungya forestry; state control; teak 

plantation. Notes: Geographic: Burma. Abstract: One of the most innovative aspects of forest 

policy in colonial Burma was the employment of shifting cultivators in order to create teak 

plantations. As developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries, this system of plantation 

forestry (taungya forestry) represented a far-sighted attempt to establish teak production on a 

long-term basis. In considering the politics of taungya forestry in colonial Burma, this paper 

challenges the view, popularized by such colonial forest officials as Nisbet and Stebbing, that 

the system developed without conflict, and was somehow above politics. Rather, the author 

starts from the premise that taungya forestry was a highly political process, and examines the 

different considerations that shaped its contested introduction. Whereas colonial officials 

hoped to derive important political and economic advantage from taungya forestry, the hill 

Karen whose labour was primarily in contention feared (accurately as it turned out) the 

erosion of their traditional shifting lifestyle. Not surprisingly, these differing interests and 

perceptions made conflict inevitable. -from Author. ISSN/ISBN: 0026-749X. 

Bryant, R. L. 1994. “The Rise and Fall of Taungya Forestry: Social Forestry in Defence of the 

Empire.” Ecologist. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 21-26. 

Descriptors: Forest Resources -- 70.4.4; WATER -- 74.13; social system; sustainable 

development; forestry production; developing country; taungya system; agroforestry; taungya 

forestry; colonialism; sustainable forestry; indigenous people; social forestry. Notes: 

Geographic: Burma. Abstract: The taungya system of agroforestry developed by the British in 

the teak forests of Burma has been extolled by some foresters as a model for a modern 

sustainable forestry system which is compatible with shifting agriculture. However, taungya 

forestry was not the result of premeditated “scientific' design, but the outcome of an 

antagonistic relationship between an acquisitive colonial power and a threatened indigenous 

people whose reactions varied from covert resistance to defensive compliance. Applications 

of taungya forestry within present-day social contexts are likely to mainifest the same 

tensions. -Author. ISSN/ISBN: 0261-3131. 

Buffetaut, E. 1978. “A Dyrosaurid (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia) from the Upper Eocene of Burma.” 

Neues Jahrbuch Fuer Geologie Und Palaeontologie.Monatshefte. E. Schweizerbart'sche 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 32 
Myanmar Water 

Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany (DEU): Federal Republic of 

Germany (DEU). May. Issue 5, Pages 273-281. Descriptors: Archosauria; Asia; 

biogeography; biostratigraphy; bones; Burma; Cenozoic; Chordata; Crocodilia; Diapsida; 

Dyrosauridae; environment; Eocene; Far East; fresh-water environment; morphology; 

paleoecology; Paleogene; paleontology; Pondaung Formation; Reptilia; teeth; Tertiary; 

Tetrapoda; upper Eocene; Vertebrata. Notes: CD: NJGMA2; FE: References: 19; plate; LL: 

Latitude:N090000,N284500 Longitude:E1014500,E0920000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0028-3630. 

Bunce GE Affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 

University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,gebunce@vt.edu. 2005. “Nutrition Surveys in 

Burma and Northeast Brazil.” J. Nutr. ; J. Nutr. May. Volume 135, Issue 5, Pages 1281-2 

Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: Nutrition Surveys; Brazil; Crops, Agricultural; 

Developing Countries; Humans; Interprofessional Relations; Myanmar. Notes: Citation: 

Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20050503; Date Completed: 20050706. 

Abstract: Participation of the author in the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for 

National Defense sponsored nutrition surveys of Burma and northeast Brazil is described. 

These surveys not only collected important data on nutritional status but also guided the 

subsequent research interests of the author. The Brazil survey results contributed to the 

creation of legislation that mandated the addition of water-dispersible vitamin A to skimmedmilk powder products. This additive has greatly diminished the likelihood of vitamin A 

deficiency syndrome occurring in children after famine relief efforts. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-3166 

(Print); 1541-6100 (Electronic). 

Bunce, George E. 2005. “Nutrition Surveys in Burma and Northeast Brazil.” J. Nutr. May. Volume 

135, Pages 1281-1282. Descriptors: NAL: 389.8 J82; Military personnel; Humans; Dietary 

surveys; History; Governmental programs and projects; Malnutrition; Nutritional status; 

International policy and programs; Dried skim milk; Vitamin A; Deficiency diseases; Nutrient 

deficiencies; Xerophthalmia; Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense; 

Civilians Subj Category: T000 HUMAN NUTRITION, GENERAL; T300 DIET AND 

DISEASES; X380 HUMAN MEDICINE. Notes: Geographic: Myanmar Brazil. Abstract: 

Participation of the author in the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National 

Defense sponsored nutrition surveys of Burma and northeast Brazil is described. These 

surveys not only collected important data on nutritional status but also guided the subsequent 

research interests of the author. The Brazil survey results contributed to the creation of 

legislation that mandated the addition of water-dispersible vitamin A to skimmed-milk 

powder products. This additive has greatly diminished the likelihood of vitamin A deficiency 

syndrome occurring in children after famine relief efforts. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-3166. 

Bunce, George E. 2005. “Nutrition Surveys in Burma and Northeast Brazil1.” J. Nutr. American 

Institute of Nutrition May 2005: May. Volume 135, Issue 5, Pages 1281-1282. Descriptors: 

Polls & surveys; Nutrition; Vitamin A; Famine; Public health. Notes: Details: References; 

Geographic: Burma Brazil. Abstract: Participation of the author in the Interdepartmental 

Committee on Nutrition for National Defense sponsored nutrition surveys of Burma and 

northeast Brazil is described. These surveys not only collected important data on nutritional 

status but also guided the subsequent research interests of the author. The Brazil survey 

results contributed to the creation of legislation that mandated the addition of waterdispersible vitamin A to skimmed-milk powder products. This additive has greatly diminished 

the likelihood of vitamin A deficiency syndrome occurring in children after famine relief 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 33 
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efforts. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] KEY WORDS: * nutrition surveys * ICNND * 

Burma * Brazil * retinal deficiency. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-3166. 

Bunce, George E. “Nutrition Surveys in Burma and Northeast Brazil.” Thomson 2005: Notes: 

Source: Journal of Nutrition 135, no. 5 (MAY 05): 1281-1282 Cover Date: MAY 05; 

Concept: 10063, Biochemistry studies - Vitamins 13202, Nutrition - General studies, 

nutritional status and methods 25000, Pediatrics; Major Concepts: Nutrition; Super Taxa: 

Primates Mammalia Vertebrata Chordata; Diseases: vitamin A deficiency; Affiliation: 

nutritional disease; Chemicals: vitamin A; CAS Registry Number: 11103-57-4; Detail: waterdispersible; Geographic: Brazil; Geopolitical Location(s): South America; Zoogeographical 

Region: Neotropical region Burma; Geopolitical Location(s): Asia; Zoogeographical Region: 

Oriental region; Misc Descript: nutritional status nutrition survey skimmed-milk powder; 

Entry: 20050803. Abstract: Participation of the author in the Interdepartmental Committee on 

Nutrition for National Defense sponsored nutrition surveys of Burma and northeast Brazil is 

described. These surveys not only collected important data on nutritional status but also 

guided the subsequent research interests of the author. The Brazil survey results contributed 

to the creation of legislation that mandated the addition of water-dispersible vitamin A to 

skimmed-milk powder products. This additive has greatly diminished the likelihood of 

vitamin A deficiency syndrome occurring in children after famine relief efforts. ISSN/ISBN: 

0022-3166. 

BUREAU OF INTELLIGENCE AND RESEARCH (STATE) WASHINGTON DC. 1970. 

“International Boundary Study. Series A. Limits in the Seas. Number 14, Straight Baselines: 

Burma.” 14 MAR. Descriptors: BOUNDARIES; GEOGRAPHIC AREAS; BURMA; 

COASTAL REGIONS; INTERNATIONAL; GEOGRAPHY SOCIOLOGY AND LAW. 

Abstract: The following declaration by the Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the 

Union of Burma is published for general information: WHEREAS International Law has 

always recognised that the sovereignty of a State extends to a belt of sea adjacent to its coast, 

AND WHEREAS international practice is not uniform as regards the extent of this sea belt 

commonly known as the territorial sea of the State, and consequently it is necessary to make a 

declaration as to the extent of the territorial sea of the Union of Burma, the Chairman of the 

Revolutionary Council of the Union of Burma hereby declares-- That notwithstanding any 

rule of law or practice to the contrary which may have been observed in the past relating to 

the Union of Burma or any part thereof, the territorial sea of the Union of Burma shall extend 

into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. 

Except as provided for in paragraph 3, the low-water line along the coast, as marked on largescale charts officially recognised by the Government of the Union of Burma, shall be the base 

line for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea of the Union of Burma. That where it is 

necessary by reason of the geographical conditions prevailing on the Union of Burma coasts, 

and for the purpose of safeguarding the vital economic interest of the inhabitants of the 

coastal regions, to establish the system of straight base lines drawn between fixed points on 

the mainland, on islands or rocks, the breadth of the territorial sea shall be measured from 

such base lines. The fixed points between which such straight base lines shall be drawn are 

indicated in detail in the schedule annexed to this declaration. Notes: Distribution Statement: 

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. OCLC Accession Number: ADA090816. 

Burma. 1973. Development Credit Agreement (Inland Water Transport Project) between the Union 

of Burma and International Development Association. Uniform Title: Treaties, etc. 

International Development Association, 1973 July 2. Washington, D.C: International 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 34 
Myanmar Water 

Development Association. Descriptors: Loans, Foreign -- Burma; Debts, External -- Burma; 

Inland water transportation -- Burma -- Finance; Economic assistance -- Burma; International 

Development Association -- Finance; Government publication (gpb); International 

government publication (igp). Notes: 19 p. ; 27 cm.; Note(s): “Conformed copy.”; Other 

Titles: Inland water transport project; Entry: 20001103; Update: 20041107. OCLC Accession 

Number: 45278606. 

Burma. 1968. The Inland Steam-Vessels Manual : Containing the Notifications in Force Issued 

Under the Inland Steam-Vessels Act, 1917 (as Modified Upto 6th October 1956) : Corrected 

Upto 8th may 1964. Rangoon: Central Press. Descriptors: Steamboats -- Law and legislation -

- Burma; Inland water transportation -- Law and legislation -- Burma; Government 

publication (gpb); National government publication (ngp). Notes: ill. (some col.), forms ; 25 

cm.; Note(s): Includes index.; Entry: 19940119; Update: 20060207. OCLC Accession 

Number: 63539791. 

Burma Issues (Organization). 2003. Khu'an Salawin : Soknattakam Song Phændin, Phændin, 

Sainam læ Lomhaichai Khong Klum Chatphan Thi Cha Chom Tai Nam. Krung Thep: Burma 

Issues. page(s): 152. Descriptors: Water resources development -- Burma; Refugees -- Burma; 

Salawin river (Burma) -- History; Burma -- Politics and government; Thailand -- Foreign 

relations -- Burma. Notes: ill. (some col.) ; 21 cm.; Responsibility: [ruam chattham doi Burma 

Issues ... et al.] ; Khru'akhai Mænam `Esia Tawan`ok chiang tai læ Sunkhao Salawin, 

bannathikan].; Entry: 20031013; Update: 20070309. ISSN/ISBN: 974912300X; 

9789749123003 LCCN: 2003-532674. OCLC Accession Number: 53263149. 

Burma. Inland Water Transport Board. 1952. Handbook of Sailings and General Information. 

Rangoon: Printed at the Royal Stationery Supply House. Descriptors: Inland water 

transportation -- Burma. Notes: 87 p. illus., maps. 19 cm.; Note(s): Cover title./ Advertising 

matter interspersed.; Entry: 20000327; Update: 20050114. OCLC Accession Number: 

43713858. 

Burma. Lay` ya Cuik` pyui” re” nhan`' Chaññ` mron`” Van` kri” Thana. 2003. Water Resources 

Management in Myanmar. Yangon, Myanmar: Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. 

page(s): 20. Descriptors: Water resources development -- Burma; Irrigation projects -- 

Burma; Natural resources -- Burma; Environmental management -- Burma. Notes: ill. ; 23 

cm.; Note(s): Cover title./ “March, 2003.”; Responsibility: Ministry of Agriculture and 

Irrigation, the Union of Myanmar.; Entry: 20061208; Update: 20061208. OCLC Accession 

Number: 76911339. 

Burma and Ministry of Electric Power. 2003. Contract between Myanma Electrict Power Enterprise 

and Sichuan Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Co., Ltd. for Supply and Technical 

Service of 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit Transmission Line Material and Substation 

Equipment for Shweli Hydropower Project. Rangoon: Govt. of the Union of Myanmar, 

Ministry of Electric Power. Descriptors: Water resources development -- Burma; Government 

publication (gpb); National government publication (ngp). Notes: 27, [38] leaves ; 31 cm.; 

Note(s): Cover title./ At head of title: The Government of the Union of Myanmar, Ministry of 

Electric Power./ “Contract No. 29/EL/MEPE (PL)/2003-2004.”; Entry: 20070116; Update: 

20080414. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 2006-349482. OCLC Accession Number: 85765526. 

Burma; Ministry of Transport and Communications and Waterways Dept. 1984. Terms of 

Reference for Feasibility Study on Improvement of Waterways of the Irrawaddy and Lower 

Chindwin Rivers. Rangoon: The Dept. Descriptors: Inland navigation -- Government policy -- 

Burma; Inland water transportation -- Government policy -- Burma. Notes: 14 leaves ; 30 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 35 
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cm.; Note(s): “November 1984.”; Responsibility: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma, 

Ministry of Transport and Communications, Waterways Department. Vendor Info: Baker and 

Taylor (BTCP); Entry: 19920923; Update: 20061201. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 92-219054. OCLC 

Accession Number: 34354969. 

Byron, P. 1991. DWE SUPPLIES SECOND HOPPER DREDGER FOR MYANMAR. 

Descriptors: Areindamar; Hopper dredgers. Abstract: The Deggendorfer Werft und Eisenbau 

GmbH (DWE) handed over a second HYDROTRAIL-dredger to the Myanma Port Authority 

(previously known as the Burma Port Authority) at the beginning of May 1991. The 

HYDROTRAIL 1000 AREINDAMAR is the DWE's 237th longitudinally split vessel built on 

the firm's “HYDROKLAPP” principle. General arrangement drawings are given. Notes: 

Schiff & Hafen Seewirtschaft, v 43 n 6, June 1991, p 28 [5 p, 6 fig]. OCLC Accession 

Number: 00700905. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

Cadet, D. L. and Greco, S. 1987. “Water Vapor Transport Over the Indian Ocean during the 1979 

Summer Monsoon: Part II. Water Vapor Budgets.” Monthly Weather Review MRWEAB 

Vol.115. No. 10, p 2358-2366. October. Pages 16 ref. NOAA Grant NA83AA-D-00053. 

Descriptors: Hydrologic budget; Water vapor; Monsoons; Indian Ocean; Climatology; 

Meteorology; Weather patterns; Arabian Sea; Bay of Bengal; Evaporation; Rainfall; Southern 

Hemisphere; India; Burma; Malaysia. Abstract: Over the Arabian Sea the different terms of 

the moisture balance equation, except evaporation, strongly fluctuate depending on the 

activity of the monsoon. The relative contribution to the monsoon moisture supply by water 

vapor transport across the equator and Arabian Sea evaporation varies as the monsoon 

intensity changes from active through break and back to revival stages; however, it is shown 

that water vapor from the Southern Hemisphere is the major source of moisture for Indian 

rainfall. Total evaporation during the active period following the onset of the monsoon was 

30-40% of the total eastward flux across the west coast of India. This ratio increases to 40-

45% during break conditions, but falls below 20% during a revival phase. Moisture budgets 

over the Bay of Bengal depend strongly on the monsoon intensity and the amount of moisture 

advected across the western coast of India and into the Bay of Bengal by the monsoon 

circulation. Moisture supply from the Southern Hemisphere via cross-equatorial flux at the 

longitude of the Bay of Bengal is very weak. Compared to weak monsoon periods a much 

larger percentage of the water vapor supplied by evaporation and boundary fluxes is 

transported towards Burma and Malaysia during active monsoon periods, fueling the heavy 

rainfall there. (Author 's abstract). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Cadet, D. L. and Greco, S. 1987. “Water Vapor Transport Over the Indian Ocean during the 1979 

Summer Monsoon. Part I: Water Vapour Fluxes.” Mon. Weather Rev. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All 

rights reserved.: Volume 115, Issue 3, Pages 653-663. Descriptors: HYDROLOGY -- 71.6; 

METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY -- 71.7. Abstract: The analysis is based on wind 

fields from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and humidity fields 

derived from a 3-layer precipitable water dataset. After the onset of the monsoon the crossequatorial water vapor flux W of 50oE does not vary much; it undergoes significant 

fluctuations E of that longitude. The bulk of water vapor crossing the W coast of India comes 

from the Southern Hemisphere. The latitude band between 10o and 20oS appears as a major 

source of moisture during the N summer. The major moisture supply for the W coast of 

Burma and Thailand is advected over the Bay from the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon. 

The early retreat of the 1979 monsoon is associated with a decreasing trend in moisture 

transport over the Arabian Sea. In the Bay of Bengal, the cross-equatorial flux is not affected 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 36 
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by the break/active cycle of the monsoon.-from Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 0027-0644. 

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries 

worldwide that own item: 759 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the 

catalog at your library. 

Carr, Jo and Petie, Haris. 1970. Trouble with Tikki. New York: Lantern Press. Descriptors: Water 

buffalo -- Fiction; Burma -- Fiction; Fiction (fic); Juvenile (no specific ages) (jau). Abstract: 

A young Burmese boy tries to get his water buffalo to work but all his efforts are in vain. 

Notes: [29] p. col. illus. 24 cm.; Responsibility: Illustrated by Haris Petie. Vendor Info: Baker 

and Taylor (BTCP); Entry: 19700609; Update: 20061201. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 71-115459. 

OCLC Accession Number: 79584. 

CATLING, H. D., DE DATTA, S. K., VERGARA, B. S., HILLERISLAMBERS, D. and 

JACKSON, B. R. “DEEP-WATER TOUR OF THAILAND, BURMA, AND INDIA 

[GENETIC EVALUATION OF RICE].” Descriptors: THAILAND; BURMA; INDIA; Subj 

Category: 4025 PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING. Notes: Source: INT RICE RES 

NEWSL INT RICE RES INST (DEC 1977): 10-11. Availability: Connect to the catalog at 

your library. 

Chai, J. Y., Han, E. T., Shin, E. H., et al. 2003. “An Outbreak of Gnathostomiasis among Korean 

Emigrants in Myanmar.” Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. ; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. Jul. Volume 69, 

Issue 1, Pages 67-73 Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: Disease Outbreaks; 

Emigration and Immigration; Adult; Animals; Child; Child, Preschool; Eosinophilia -- 

complications; Female; Fishes -- parasitology; Food Parasitology; Gnathostoma -- isolation & 

purification; Humans; Infant; Korea -- ethnology; Male; Middle Aged; Myanmar -- 

epidemiology; Recurrence; Spirurida Infections -- complications; Spirurida Infections -- drug 

therapy; Spirurida Infections -- epidemiology; Spirurida Infections -- pathology. Notes: 

Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20030822; Date Completed: 

20030908; Date of Update: 20061115. Abstract: Thirty-eight (designated as cases) of 60 

Korean emigrants who consumed raw fresh water fish in Yangon, Myanmar developed 

migratory swellings and creeping eruptions on the back, abdomen, flank, and other cutaneous 

areas 1-10 weeks later. The symptoms included itching, nodule formation, fatigue, urticaria, 

fever, pain on the skin, and erythematous plaques. Skin biopsies of two cases revealed no 

parasites. However, the mean +/- SD peripheral blood eosinophilia among the cases was 6.3 

+/- 6.5% (n = 29) and 9.0 +/- 9.8% (n = 26) in two examinations. An enzyme-linked 

immunosorbent assay of their serum samples, using Gnathostoma doloresi adult worms as the 

antigen, showed mean +/- SD optical densities of 0.47 +/- 0.29 (n = 28) and 0.32 +/- 0.20 (n = 

30) in two examinations and 0.12 +/- 0.09 (n = 50) in healthy controls. Two advanced thirdstage larvae of G. spinigerum were found in two of six catfish purchased at a local market in 

Yangon. The outbreak of the human infection is suggested to have been due to G. spinigerum, 

which is known to live out its life cycle in the Yangon area of Myanmar. ISSN/ISBN: 0002-

9637 (Print); 1476-1645 (Electronic). 

Chalise, Suresh Raj. 2001. “An Introduction to Climate, Hydrology, and Landslide Hazards in the 

Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region.” Nepal (NPL): International Centre for Integrated Mountain 

Development, Kathmandu, Nepal (NPL). Descriptors: Afghanistan; Asia; Burma; China; 

climate; debris flows; Far East; fluvial sedimentation; geologic hazards; Himalayas; Hindu 

Kush; human activity; hydrology; Indian Peninsula; land management; land use; landslides; 

Mahabharat Range; mass movements; mitigation; monsoons; Nepal; sedimentation; Siwalik 

Range; slope stability; Tibetan Plateau; topography. Notes: FE: References: 22; illus. incl. 2 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 37 
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tables, sect., sketch map; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. 

ISSN/ISBN: 9291153281. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 2003-075589. 

Chaplin, George. 2005. “Physical Geography of the Gaoligong Shan Area of Southwest China in 

Relation to Biodiversity.” Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (1907). 

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, United States (USA): United States 

(USA). 30 Dec. Volume 56, Issue 27-37, Pages 527-556. Descriptors: Asia; biodiversity; 

Burma; China; ecology; Eurasian Plate; Far East; fluvial features; Gaoligong Shan; 

geographic information systems; geography; Hengduan Mountains; hydrology; information 

systems; Kachin Burma; landforms; mountains; plate tectonics; soils; South China Block; 

valleys; World Heritage Sites; Yunnan China. Notes: CD: PCASAV; FE: References: 37; 

illus. incl. 2 tables, geol. sketch maps; LL: Latitude:N244000,N283000 

Longitude:E1000000,E0980000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Abstract: The Gaoligong Shan mountains (Gaoligong Shan) comprise the westernmost part of the Hengduan Mountain Range. They include all of the contiguous ridges west of 

the Nujiang River and east of the Irrawadi-Nmai Rivers and lie at the junction of the IndoMalaya and Palearctic zoogeographic realms. The Gaoligong Shan are one of the world's 

most significant biodiversity hotspots outside of the tropics. The Hengduan Mountains, of 

which the Gaoligong Shan are a part, are a result of the collision of the South China Block 

and Eurasian Plate during the late Mesozoic. During the Cenozoic, the Gaoligong Shan have 

also been affected by the continuing movements of the Indo-Australasian Plate and Eurasian 

Plates to the west of the Hengduan Mountains. The Gaoligong Shan are characterized by a 

number of unusual features. Their high, contiguous ridges extend further south than do most 

of those of the other Hengduan Mountains. Also, their river valleys are unusually narrow and 

deep because they are incised into hard rock that maintains steep slope profiles. Continuing 

uplift, steep gradients, and swiftly flowing rivers have eroded deep gorges. The north-south 

orientation of the river valleys causes the Gaoligong Shan to have an unusual face aspect 

relative to the sun; nearly all slopes face either east or west. The deep valleys and north-south 

orientation of the ridges result in the region having a more moderate climate than surrounding 

non-mountainous areas situated at the same latitude. Because of their antiquity, the Gaoligong 

Shan have accumulated a high level of biodiversity. At the same time, their high elevations 

and deep gorges have acted as barriers to migration for most terrestrial organisms. Moreover, 

because of their unusual climate and many protected environments, the Gaoligong Shan 

provide a refugium from global climate perturbations. It is significant that the difficult terrain 

has, until recently, deterred extensive human habitation, thus preserving the region's 

biodiversity. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0068-547X. 

Chenoweth, J. L., Malano, H. M. and Bird J.F. Affiliation: J.L. Chenoweth, Dept. of Civil/Envrn. 

Engineering, Victoria 3010 Country:,Australia. 2001. “Integrated River Basin Management in 

the Multi-Jurisdictional River Basins: The Case of the Mekong River Basin.” Int. J. Water 

Resour. Dev. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 17, Issue 3, Pages 365-377 

Additional Info: United Kingdom. Descriptors: Runoff, streamflow and basins -- 71.6.5; 

integrated approach; basin management; international cooperation. Notes: References: 

Number: 38; Geographic: Cambodia -- Mekong Basin Thailand -- Mekong Basin Laos -- 

Mekong Basin Viet Nam -- Mekong Basin Myanmar -- Mekong Basin. Abstract: Achieving 

integrated river basin management in large multi-jurisdictional river basins is a difficult task. 

In the Mekong River basin some of the countries have begun to implement a cooperative 

framework, which indicates a desire to achieve a form of integrated management. Significant 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 38 
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progress has been made but results still fall short of the ideal. The primary reasons for this 

includes the lack of institutional capacity of the multi-jurisdictional cooperative authority and 

its counterpart organizational in each of the participating countries, together with a lack of 

political drive to develop integrated management as a priority. ISSN/ISBN: 0790-0627. 

Chia, Aik Song; Liew, Soo Chin; Heng, Alice W. C. and Kwoh, Leong Keong. 2005. Satellite 

Observations of Coastline Changes in the Andaman Islands After the 2004 Sumatra 

Earthquake. Seoul, South Korea: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 

Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, United States. Volume: 3, page(s): 1838-1840. 2005 IEEE 

International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 2005. Conference: Jul 

25-29 2005. Descriptors: Coastal engineering; Satellites; Earthquakes; Imaging systems; 

Subsidence; Parameter estimation. Abstract: Following the M9.0 Sumatra earthquake on 

December 26, 2004, elevation and subsidence on separate parts of the coastline of the 

Andaman Islands have been reported. In this study, we use satellite imagery to map the 

coastline changes due to land elevation or subsidence after the earthquake in the Andaman 

Islands. The NIR band of SPOT-5 images before and after the earthquake was used to 

delineate coastlines. Images with similar tide levels were chosen for comparison. Elevation or 

subsidence is indicated by the emergence or submersion of corals and mud flats in the preand post-earthquake images. Our results indicate a general tilt of the main Andaman Islands 

in a direction in agreement with seismological estimates of the thrust-faulting between the 

Burma and Indian plates. Changes in coastal bathymetry were estimated using a shallow 

water reflectance model. The vertical displacement is estimated to be about 1 m for the 

uplifted areas on the northwestern coast. © 2005 IEEE. Notes: Compilation and 

indexing terms, copyright 2008 elsevier inc.; T3: International geoscience and remote sensing 

symposium (IGARSS). URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2005.1526364. 

Cho-Nwe-Oo, Khin-Mg-Naing, Tin-Tin-Oo, Thein-Than and Mg-Mg-Thwin. 1984. “Endemic 

Goitre in Lowland Burma.” Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health; Southeast Asian J. 

Trop. Med. Public Health. Jun. Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 217-23 Additional Info: 

THAILAND. Descriptors: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Diet; 

Female; Goiter, Endemic -- epidemiology; Goiter, Endemic -- metabolism; Humans; Infant; 

Infant, Newborn; Iodine -- analysis; Iodine -- urine; Male; Myanmar; Sex Factors; 

Thyrotropin -- blood; Thyroxine -- blood; Triiodothyronine -- blood; Water -- analysis. Notes: 

Chemical Subst: Triiodothyronine [6893-02-3] Thyroxine [7488-70-2] Iodine [7553-56-2] 

Water [7732-18-5] Thyrotropin [9002-71-5]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date 

of Entry: 19850118; Date Completed: 19850118; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: The 

problem of endemic goitre in Burma was thought to be confined to hilly regions and therefore 

goitre control programme has been focussed on these areas only. However, sporadic 

evidences accrued that there might also be pockets of endemic goitre in low-lying areas of the 

country. Goitre surveys and indepth study were carried out to determine the magnitude and 

nature of endemic goitre in lowland Burma. The overall goitre rate was 67% and the 

male:female ratio was 1:1.2. The findings of the study indicate that the problem of endemic 

goitre is also of public health significance in the lowland areas of the country. It is 

recommended that effective and appropriate intervention programmes be extended to these 

areas. ISSN/ISBN: 0125-1562 (Print). 

Chubb, H. J.; Duckworth, Christian Leslie Dyce and Joint Author. 1973. Irrawaddy Flotilla 

Company Limited, 1865-1950. London: National Maritime Museum. page(s): 177. 

Descriptors: Inland water transportation -- Burma -- History; Irrawaddy Flotilla Company -- 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 39 
Myanmar Water 

History. Notes: ill. ; 30 cm.; Responsibility: by H.J. Chubb and C.L.D. Duckworth.; Entry: 

19770425; Update: 20080315. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 77-355705. OCLC Accession Number: 

2985073. 

Cities Service Company, Exploration Staff, Tulsa, Okla., United States (USA). 1980. 

“Hydrocarbon Plays in Tertiary S.E. Asia Basins.” Oil Gas J. PennWell, Tulsa, OK, United 

States (USA): United States (USA). 21 Jul. Volume 78, Issue 29, Pages 90-96. Descriptors: 

Asia; Barito Basin; Cenozoic; Central Burma Basin; detection; East Java Sea Basin; 

economic geology; hydrocarbons; Indonesian Seas; Java Sea; Kutei Basin; middle Tertiary; 

Northwest Palawan Basin; oil and gas fields; organic compounds; organic materials; Pacific 

Ocean; petroleum; petroleum exploration; production; reserves; reservoir rocks; SabahSarawak Basin; South Sumatra Basin; Southeast Asia; subsurface reservoirs; Talang Akar 

Formation; Tertiary; West Java Sea Basin; West Pacific. Notes: CD: OIGJAV; FE: illus. incl. 

sketch maps; LL: Latitude:S100000,N200000 Longitude:E1400000,E0950000; CY: GeoRef, 

Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0030-1388. 

cities service company,Exploration staff and Beddoes, Leslie R. 1981. “Hydrocarbon Plays in 

Tertiary Basins of Southeast Asia.” Energy,. 11. Volume 6, Issue 11, Pages 1141-1163. 

Abstract: Oil and gas fields in Tertiary basins of Southeast Asia are catalogued into a pattern 

of hydrocarbon occurrence related to regional cycles of sedimentation. Eight basin areas, 

peripheral to the Sunda Shield-from Burma through Indonesia and East Malaysia to northwest 

Palawan-are cited as exhibiting a general continuity of sedimentary cycles during Tertiary 

time. However, each of these basins has its unique structural, stratigraphic and temperature 

gradient character, reflecting its individual platetectonic setting. Magnitudes of oil and gas 

reserves, in both clastic and carbonate facies, show a pattern of distribution within these 

sedimentary cycles of deposition. Empirically, this relationship forms a basis for improved 

exploration predictability in other Tertiary basin areas of Southeast Asia. Detailed examples 

of Tertiary depositional cycles and hydrocarbon occurrences are cited from exploration areas 

in the East Java Sea (Indonesia) and northwest Palawan (Philippines). 

Cocks, L. R. M., Fortey, R. A. and Lee C.P. Affiliation: L.R.M. Cocks, Department of 

Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD Country: 

United Kingdom E-mail:,r.cocks@nhm.ac.uk. 2005. “A Review of Lower and Middle 

Palaeozoic Biostratigraphy in West Peninsular Malaysia and Southern Thailand in its Context 

within the Sibumasu Terrane.” Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights 

reserved.: Volume 24, Issue 6, SPEC. ISS., Pages 703-717 Additional Info: United Kingdom. 

Descriptors: Palaeozoic -- 72.6.2; biostratigraphy; Paleozoic. Notes: References: Number: 93; 

Geographic: West Malaysia Thailand Malaysia Southeast Asia Asia Eurasia Eastern 

Hemisphere World. Abstract: Fossils from the Cambrian to Devonian rocks of southern 

Thailand, the Langkawi Islands, mainland Kedah, Perlis, north Perak and central West 

Peninsular Malaysia are listed and reviewed, and their stratigraphy and correlation reassessed. 

The hitherto anomalous record of the trilobite Dalmanitina from Malaysia is reviewed and 

found to be of latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) age, rather than Lower Silurian age as 

previously reported, and is considered a probable synonym of the widespread Mucronaspis 

mucronata. A new stratigraphical nomenclature is erected for part of the Langkawi, mainland 

Kedah and Perlis area successions, in which the term Setul Limestone (which stretched from 

the Ordovician to the Devonian) is abandoned and replaced by the Middle Ordovician Kaki 

Bukit Limestone, the late Ordovician and early Silurian Tanjong Dendang Formation, the 

Silurian Mempelam Limestone, and the early Devonian Timah Tasoh Formation, all 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 40 
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underlying the paraconformity with the late Devonian Langgun Red Beds. There was a single 

depositional basin in the generally shallow-water and cratonic areas of southern Thailand, 

Langkawi, and mainland Kedah and Perlis, in contrast to the deeper-water basin of north 

Perak. Only Silurian rocks are dated with certainty within another basin in central West 

Malaysia, near Kuala Lumpur, which were also cratonic and shallow-water, although to the 

east in west Pahang there are basal Devonian deeper-water sediments with graptolites. The 

area is reviewed in its position within the Sibumasu Terrane, which, in the Palaeozoic, also 

included central and northern Thailand, Burma (Myanmar) and southwest China (part of 

Yunnan Province). (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ISSN/ISBN: 1367-9120. 

Cocks, L. R. M., Fortey, R. A. and Lee, C. P. 2005. “A Review of Lower and Middle Palaeozoic 

Biostratigraphy in West Peninsular Malaysia and Southern Thailand in its Context within the 

Sibumasu Terrane.” Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,. 3. Volume 24, Issue 6, Pages 703-717. 

Descriptors: Lower Palaeozoic; Devonian; Malaysia; Thailand; Sibumasu; Brachiopods; 

Trilobites. Abstract: Fossils from the Cambrian to Devonian rocks of southern Thailand, the 

Langkawi Islands, mainland Kedah, Perlis, north Perak and central West Peninsular Malaysia 

are listed and reviewed, and their stratigraphy and correlation reassessed. The hitherto 

anomalous record of the trilobite Dalmanitina from Malaysia is reviewed and found to be of 

latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) age, rather than Lower Silurian age as previously reported, and 

is considered a probable synonym of the widespread Mucronaspis mucronata. A new 

stratigraphical nomenclature is erected for part of the Langkawi, mainland Kedah and Perlis 

area successions, in which the term Setul Limestone (which stretched from the Ordovician to 

the Devonian) is abandoned and replaced by the Middle Ordovician Kaki Bukit Limestone, 

the late Ordovician and early Silurian Tanjong Dendang Formation, the Silurian Mempelam 

Limestone, and the early Devonian Timah Tasoh Formation, all underlying the 

paraconformity with the late Devonian Langgun Red Beds. There was a single depositional 

basin in the generally shallow-water and cratonic areas of southern Thailand, Langkawi, and 

mainland Kedah and Perlis, in contrast to the deeper-water basin of north Perak. Only Silurian 

rocks are dated with certainty within another basin in central West Malaysia, near Kuala 

Lumpur, which were also cratonic and shallow-water, although to the east in west Pahang 

there are basal Devonian deeper-water sediments with graptolites. The area is reviewed in its 

position within the Sibumasu Terrane, which, in the Palaeozoic, also included central and 

northern Thailand, Burma (Myanmar) and southwest China (part of Yunnan Province). 

Colin, Christophe, Bertaux, Jacques, Turpin, Laurent and Kissel, Catherine. 2001. “Dynamique De 

l'Erosion Dans Le Bassin Versant De l'Irrawaddy Au Cours Des Deux Derniers Cycles 

Climatiques (280-0 Ka). Dynamics of the Erosion in the Irrawaddy River Basin during the 

Last Two Climate Cycles, 280 Ka to Present.” Comptes Rendus De l'Academie Des Sciences, 

Serie II.Sciences De La Terre Et Des Planetes. Elsevier, Paris, France (FRA): France (FRA). 

Volume 332, Issue 8, Pages 483-489. Descriptors: Andaman Sea; Asia; atmospheric 

precipitation; Burma; Cenozoic; chemical weathering; chlorite; chlorite group; clastic rocks; 

clastic sediments; clay; clay minerals; cores; dynamics; erosion; Far East; feldspar group; 

fluvial sedimentation; framework silicates; hydrolysis; illite; Indian Ocean; intensity; 

Irrawaddy River basin; isotope ratios; isotopes; kaolinite; marine sedimentation; marine 

sediments; metals; mineral assemblages; monsoons; Nd-144/Nd-143; neodymium; O-18/O16; oxygen; paleoclimatology; pedogenesis; physical weathering; quartz; Quaternary; rare 

earths; sedimentary rocks; sedimentation; sediments; sheet silicates; silica minerals; silicates; 

smectite; soil erosion; soils; stable isotopes; terrigenous materials; upper Quaternary; 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 41 
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weathering. Notes: CD: #03814; FE: References: 18; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American 

Geological Institute. Reference includes data from PASCAL, Institute de l'Information 

Scientifique et Technique, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. Abstract: Core MD77-169, located 

in the Andaman Sea, is characterized by epsilon (sub Nd) (0) ranging between -9.5 and -11, 

implying that the Irrawaddy River is the main contributor of detrital material. The pedogenic 

clays (smectite and kaolinite) to primary mineral (feldspar, quartz, illite and chlorite) ratios 

show strong precessional cycles, suggesting that they are controlled by past changes in the 

monsoon intensity. Wet periods of summer monsoon reinforcement are characterized by the 

increase of chemical weathering and/or physical erosion of the Irrawaddy plain soils. 

Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 1251-8050. 

Cook, P. 1993. “Myanmar: Experience with Aid and Management Development during 

Transition.” Public Administration & Development. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: 

Volume 13, Issue 4, Pages 423-434. Descriptors: GEOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS: 

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY -- 70; WATER -- 74.13; market transition; economic policy; 

developing country; reform process; management development; technical assistance; UNDP; 

management development programme; economic reform; bureaucracy; administration; 

market reform; socialist economy. Notes: Geographic: Malaysia -- Burma Burma. Abstract: 

This article examines the role of the UNDP's management development programme in 

Myanmar between 1988 and 1992. It describes the economic and political background against 

which technical assistance was provided to assist the transition from a centrally planned to a 

market-oriented economy. It is argued that present reforms can be interpreted as part of a 

survival strategy. The article analyses the principal findings of the various components of 

assistance between these years, and reports on implementation. In particular, attention is 

given to problems that occur in reforming both central bureaucratic institutions and patterns 

of decision-making, and to changes in these key areas. The concluding part summarizes the 

lessons that arise from implementation and indicates that forms of state-led planning are 

likely to continue alongside attempts to embody market principles. -Author. Availability: 

Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Cummins PR Affiliation: Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378, Canberra ACT 2601, 

Australia.,phil.cummins@ga.gov.au. 2007. “The Potential for Giant Tsunamigenic 

Earthquakes in the Northern Bay of Bengal.” Nature; Nature. Sep 6. Volume 449, Issue 7158, 

Pages 75-8 Additional Info: England. Descriptors: Models, Theoretical; Natural Disasters -- 

history; Water Movements; History, 18th Century; Myanmar; Oceans and Seas; Time Factors. 

Notes: Note(s): Comment In: Nature. 2007 Sep 6; 449 (7158): 33 PMID: 17805283; Citation: 

Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20070906; Date Completed: 20071002. 

Abstract: The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 came as 

a surprise to most of the earth science community. Although it is now widely recognized that 

the risk of another giant earthquake is high off central Sumatra, just east of the 2004 

earthquake, there seems to be relatively little concern about the subduction zone to the north, 

in the northern Bay of Bengal along the coast of Myanmar. Here I show that similar indicators 

suggest a high potential for giant earthquakes along the coast of Myanmar. These indicators 

include the tectonic environment, which is similar to other subduction zones that experience 

giant megathrust earthquakes, stress and crustal strain observations, which indicate that the 

seismogenic zone is locked, and historical earthquake activity, which indicates that giant 

tsunamigenic earthquakes have occurred there in the past. These are all consistent with active 

subduction in the Myanmar subduction zone and I suggest that the seismogenic zone extends 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 42 
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beneath the Bengal Fan. I conclude therefore that giant earthquakes probably occur off the 

coast of Myanmar, and that a large and vulnerable population is thereby exposed to a 

significant earthquake and tsunami hazard. ISSN/ISBN: 0028-0836 (Print); 1476-4687 

(Electronic). Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. 

Libraries worldwide that own item: 2818 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect 

to the catalog at your library. 

Curiale, Joseph A. and Gibling, Martin R. 1992. “Organic Geochemistry of Mae Sot Basin Oil 

Shales, Thailand; Implications for Depositional Setting and Basin Reconstruction; 1992 

AAPG International Conference and Exhibition; Abstracts.” AAPG Bull. American 

Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK, United States (USA): United States (USA). 

Jul. Volume 76, Issue 7, Pages 1095. Descriptors: Asia; basins; brackish-water environment; 

Burma; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; deposition; economic geology; Far East; fresh-water 

environment; geochemistry; hydrocarbons; isotopes; kerogen; lacustrine environment; Mae 

Sot Basin; oil shale; organic carbon; organic compounds; organic materials; organic residues; 

reconstruction; sedimentary rocks; stable isotopes; steranes; Thailand; western Thailand. 

Notes: CD: AABUD2; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. 

Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0149-1423. 

Curiale, Joseph A., Kyi, Pe, Collins, Ian D., et al. 1994. “The Central Myanmar (Burma) Oil 

Family; Composition and Implications for Source.” Org. Geochem. Pergamon, Oxford-New 

York, International (III): International (III). Nov. Volume 22, Issue 2, Pages 237-255. 

Descriptors: aliphatic hydrocarbons; alkanes; aromatic hydrocarbons; Asia; bicadinanes; 

biodegradation; Burma; C-13/C-12; cadalene; carbon; Cenozoic; central Burma; chemical 

composition; clastic rocks; coal; Eocene; Far East; gas chromatograms; geochemistry; 

hydrocarbons; isoprenoids; isotope ratios; isotopes; kerogen; mass spectra; Miocene; 

Neogene; oil seeps; oleanane; organic compounds; organic materials; organic residues; 

Paleogene; petroleum; phytane; pristane; reservoir rocks; resins; sedimentary rocks; shale; 

source rocks; spectra; stable isotopes; steranes; sulfur; Tertiary; thermal maturity; traps; 

variations. Notes: FE: References: 54; illus. incl. chart, 4 tables, sketch map; LL: 

Latitude:N200000,N220000 Longitude:E0970000,E0094000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0146-6380. 

Curiale, Joseph A., Kyi, Pe, Collins, Ian D., et al. 1994. “The Central Myanmar (Burma) Oil 

Family; Composition and Implications for Source; AAPG Annual Convention.” Annual 

Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic 

Paleontologists and Mineralogists. American Association of Petroleum Geologists and 

Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, OK, United States (USA): 

United States (USA). Volume 1994, Pages 130. Descriptors: aliphatic hydrocarbons; aromatic 

hydrocarbons; Asia; biodegradation; Burma; C-13/C-12; carbon; Cenozoic; central Burma; 

clastic rocks; coal; Eocene; Far East; geochemistry; hydrocarbons; isotope ratios; isotopes; 

maturity; Michigan; oil seeps; organic compounds; organic materials; organic residues; 

Paleogene; petroleum; reservoir rocks; resins; saturated hydrocarbons; sedimentary rocks; 

shale; source rocks; stable isotopes; steranes; sulfur; Tertiary; thermal maturity; United States; 

variations. Notes: CD: APGAB2; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0094-0038. 

Curiale, Joseph A., Kyi, Pe, Collins, Ian D., et al. 1994. “The Central Myanmar (Burma) Oil 

family-composition and Implications for Source.” Organic Geochemistry,. 11. Volume 22, 

Issue 2, Pages 237-255. Descriptors: Myanmar; Burma; Southeast Asia; bicadinane; cadalene; 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 43 
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resinous source rocks; coaly source rocks; Eocene source rocks; compound specific isotope 

analysis; biodegradation. Abstract: Geochemical characteristics of 31 Miocene through 

Eocene oils/seeps, an Eocene coal and an Eocene resin from the central Myanmar (Burma) 

basin system are examined. The oils/seeps vary widely in API gravity (8°-52°), sulfur 

concentration (26-3550 ppm), d13C (-27.6% to -23.4%) and molecular composition. This 

variability is caused by varying amounts of biodegradation superimposed upon a single 

genetic oil family, and the difference between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon carbon 

isotope ratios (i.e. d13Carom - d13Caliph) provides a useful gauge of the extent of 

biodegradation. The projected geochemical characteristics of unaltered central Myanmar oils 

are as follows: (a) API gravity = 35°-37°; (b) [S] = 0.05-0.10%; (c) d13Caliph = -27.8% to -

27.6%; (d) 24-ethylcholestanes are the dominant steranes; and (e) 20S-24-ethyldiacholestane, 

various bicadinanes and oleanane are present. The ratio of 18a(H)-22,29,30-trisnorneohopane 

to 17a(H)-22,29,30-trisnorhopane (Ts/Tm) is postulated as a maturity parameter and, on this 

basis, relative bicadinane concentration increases (and the trans-trans-trans/cis-cis-trans 

bicadinane ratio decreases) with increasing thermal maturity in this oil set. Geologic 

arguments suggest a deep Paleogene source for these oils. Two geochemical arguments that 

support this inference are (a) the occurrence of saturated and unsaturated C15 and C30 

cadinane monomers and dimers in pyrolyzates of an Eocene resin and the kerogen from an 

Eocene coal, and (b) identical compound-specific carbon isotope ratios for selected 

isoprenoids and n-alkanes in a typical central Myanmar oil and the hydrous pyrolyzate 

expelled from an Eocene coal. We propose an Eocene resinous shale/coal source for these 

oils, with the oldest (Eocene) reservoirs filling first and the youngest (Miocene) reservoirs 

filling last, consistent with the observation that the least mature oils are present in the oldest 

reservoirs. According to this model, surface seepage and near-surface oil could result from 

subsurface traps that are filled to spillpoint. 

Das, I. 1996. “First Record of Heosemys Spinosa from the Philippines, with Biogeographic Notes.” 

Chelonian Conserv. Biol. Feb. Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 80-82. Descriptors: Article Subject 

Terms: Aquatic reptiles; Biogeography; Ecological distribution; Geographical distribution; 

Inland water environment; New records; Rivers; Article Geographic Terms: Borneo; IndoChina; Myanmar; Philippines; Freshwater. Notes: TR: CS0516169. Abstract: Heosemys 

spinosa, the spiny turtle, is a widespread southeast Asian batagurid, distributed from 

Tenasserim in southern Myanmar, south to the tip of the Malay Peninsula, and also on the 

islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Natuna (Smith, 1931; Pritchard, 1979; Iverson, 1992). It is 

apparently absent from Indo-China, and not previously known from the Philippines. 

Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN/ISBN: 1071-8443. 

Dasgupta, P. K., Mukherjee, R. and Biswas, A. 2005. “Evolution of the Assam-Arakan Orogen; 

Basinal Configuration and Sedimentation; Himalaya (Geological Aspects).” Current Trends 

in Geology. Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India (IND): India (IND). Volume 15, Part 

1, Pages 465-493. Descriptors: Asia; Assam India; Assam-Arakan Basin; Barail Group; 

Barail-Sylhet Subbasin; basins; Bengal; Burma; Cenozoic; Chhotanagpur Gneiss; clastic 

rocks; crust; deep-water environment; depositional environment; Far East; foreland basins; 

geodynamics; gneisses; Himalayan Orogeny; India; Indian Peninsula; Indian Plate; IndusYarlung Zangbo suture zone; island arcs; Jaintia Group; lithofacies; lithostratigraphy; 

metamorphic rocks; Miocene; Naga Hills; Naga Schuppen Zone; Neogene; Northeastern 

India; ocean floors; oceanic crust; Oligocene; orogenic belts; orogeny; paleocurrents; 

paleoenvironment; Paleogene; paleogeography; plate collision; plate tectonics; sea-level 

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changes; sedimentary basins; sedimentary rocks; sedimentary structures; sedimentation; 

Surma Basin; Surma Group; syntectonic processes; tectonic units; tectonics; Tertiary; Tethys; 

Tipam Formation; trenches; turbidite. Notes: FE: References: 52; illus. incl. 1 table, geol. 

sketch maps; LL: Latitude:N150000,N250000 Longitude:E1000000,E0900000; 

Latitude:N243000,N260000 Longitude:E0930000,E0923000; Latitude:N200000,N270000 

Longitude:E0960000,E0890000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2008, American Geological 

Institute. Abstract: The problems of “Tethyan Paradox”, Palaeo-Tethys, Neo-Tethys 

interlinked in time, Cimmerian-and Himalayan Orogenies are addressed to understand the 

geodynamic background in which the large remnant ocean basin from Neo-Tethys termed as 

Assam-Arakan Basin (AAB) originated in the eastern part of India that extended from 

Myanmar to Chhotonagpur Gneiss and bounded in the north by Indus-Tsangpo suture. 

Oceanic crust in the northeast was subjected to an oblique collision (Andean Type) involving 

three plates: Asian, Myanmar and Indian. A back arc configuration was postulated from 

Eocene to Miocene to the east of Indo-Myanmar Range. The sedimentation in the entire AAB 

through the Tertiary was under an overall control of Arc-trench system. Western part of the 

basin is named as Bengal Basin and in the north of AAB existed foreland basinal set-ups with 

petroliferous subcrops. The remnant AAB got modified through the Tertiary and gave rise to 

several sub-basins such as the Indo-Myanmar-, Oligocene Barail-Sylhet- and Mio-Pliocene 

Surma. On the basis of facies analysis and basinal evolution of AAB, it has been envisaged 

that the Barail- and Surma turbidite sub basins were opened up successively owing to the 

action of listric faulting in phases during the Tertiary near the active margin of Indo-Myanmar 

plate convergence. Thrust sheets from the fore arc side in the east were gradually piled up in 

the west to form rising accretionary prism complexes and adjacent to Naga Schuppen Zone to 

the west with the northern continental blocks was the main provenance. Sedimentation styles 

appear to have continued from Palaeogene to Neogene with an angular unconformity in 

between. The sub-basins were gradually filled up by Palaeogene-Neogene synorogenic 

turbidite- and associated deep-water facies complexes, punctuated by shallow marine facies 

associations. Subsequently periodic shallowing of the basin during the closing phases of 

Bhuban, Bokabil and Tipam caused sedimentation to continue in narrow shelf, tidal- and 

fluvial set-ups. Moreover, basal Tipam witnessed a pulse of terrestrial acid- to intermediate 

volcanism. Such sedimentation patterns as suggested from the spatio-vertical juxtaposition of 

different synorogenic turbidite-, shallow marine- and fluvial facies indicate an overall 

basinward progradation of time transgressive wedges punctuated by minor transgressive 

pulses during the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene. Salient aspects of post-depositional 

tectonics such as folding, repetitive underthrusting and overthrusting, crustal shortening and 

duplex formation similar to Rocky Mountain type are documented in the Oligo-Mio-Pliocene 

deformed rock strata. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0971-1481. 

de la Rue, Warren and Mueller, Hugo. 1857. “Chemical Examination of Burmese Naphtha, Or 

Rangoon Tar.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Royal Society of London, 

London, United Kingdom (GBR): United Kingdom (GBR). Volume 8, Issue 51-75, Pages 

221-228. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; chemical composition; Far East; hydrocarbons; organic 

compounds; petroleum; properties. Notes: CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American 

Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0370-1662. 

Denyer, J. E. 1945. “Burma; Miscellaneous Notes on Water Supply.” India, Geol.Surv., Strategic 

Branch, Tech.Note. Strategic Branch, Tech. Note. Volume 58, Pages 28. Descriptors: Asia; 

Burma; Far East; water supply; water, ground and surface. Notes: FE: (processed), illus.; CY: 

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GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from 

Bibliography and Index of Geology Exclusive of North America, Geological Society of 

America, Boulder, CO, United States. Abstract: An account of the general characteristics of 

water-bearing strata in Burma and descriptions of a number of specific localities with data on 

present and potential water supplies. Database: GeoRef. 

DICKINSON, ROB. 1997. MYANMA RAILWAYS 1996. Continental Railway Circle. 

Continental Railway Station. Descriptors: Burma; Myanmar; Railroads. Abstract: No abstract 

provided. Notes: CONTINENTAL RAILWAY JOURNAL, NO. 110 (SUMMER 1997), P. 

607-614: ILL., MAP. ISSN/ISBN: 0306-6177. OCLC Accession Number: 00878331. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

Divizia, M., Gabrieli, R., Stefanoni, M. L., et al. 1999. “HAV and HEV Infection in Hospitalised 

Hepatitis Patients in Alexandria, Egypt.” Eur. J. Epidemiol. ; Eur. J. Epidemiol. Aug. Volume 

15, Issue 7, Pages 603-9 Additional Info: NETHERLANDS. Descriptors: Adolescent; Adult; 

Age Distribution; Aged; Base Sequence; Child; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Data 

Collection; Egypt -- epidemiology; Feces -- virology; Female; Hepatitis A -- diagnosis; 

Hepatitis A -- epidemiology; Hepatitis E -- diagnosis; Hepatitis E -- epidemiology; Hepatitis 

E virus -- isolation & purification; Hepatovirus -- isolation & purification; Hospitalization -- 

statistics & numerical data; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Molecular Sequence 

Data; Questionnaires; RNA, Viral -- isolation & purification; Reverse Transcriptase 

Polymerase Chain Reaction; Risk Factors; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Serologic Tests; Sex 

Distribution; Urban Population. Notes: Chemical Subst: RNA, Viral [0]; Citation: Status: 

MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19991123; Date Completed: 19991123; Date of 

Update: 20061115. Abstract: A total of 202 serum and stool samples from acute hepatitis 

patients attending the Fever Hospital of Alexandria, Egypt, have been studied to reveal 

markers of hepatitis virus infection. Anti-HAV IgM were detected in 21 out of 202 sera 

(10.4%), whereas 201 sera (99.5%) had anti-HAV IgG. The first age attack was in the classage 0-9 years with 64.7% of anti-HAV IgM positive sera. Among 202 patients, anti-hepatitis 

E IgG (sample/over cut off > 1.0) was identified in 90 patients (44.5%). The anti-HEV 

seropositivity ranged from 17.6% to 60.0% in the different age groups, with the highest level 

in the class-age 20 29 years. Anti-hepatitis E IgM were identified in 49 patients with the first 

age attack in the class-age 10-19 years (39.4%). HAV RNA was identified by nested PCR in 

7 samples out of 15, whereas HEV RNA was present in 4 out of 75 stool samples. Direct 

DNA sequence of the latter PCR products confirmed the presence of the HEV genome; 

comparison of the sequences of the isolates from Egypt with those in data banks revealed the 

highest homology to the Burma strain. Our data confirm that HAV and HEV are common 

causes of acute sporadic hepatitis in Alexandria but with different peak age positivity. 

Occasionally, but not infrequently, dual infections (HAV-HEV and HEV-enteric viruses) 

were also found. The risk analysis indicates that patients living in rural areas are exposed to a 

higher risk of hepatitis E infection compared to the urban population, whereas the presence of 

anti-HEV IgG was significantly associated with consumption of common village water and 

use of indoor dry pit and oral therapy for schistosomiasis. ISSN/ISBN: 0393-2990 (Print). 

Doherty, C. B.; Gauvin, C. A.; Marcolini, R. A. and O'Brien, J. L. 1980. “Copyright 2005 Elsevier 

Ltd. all Rights Reserved.; Open Ocean Pollution Response - the Coast Guard System ( 

Ixtoc).” page(s): 245-253. Descriptors: ECOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS -- 73. Abstract: 

Describes the US Coast Guard's integrated system approach, operational test results, and 

actual performance during the IXTOC I blowout and Burmah Agate response.-from Selected 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 46 
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Water Resources Abstracts. Notes: Note(s): Special Features: 7 figs. Availability: Connect to 

the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession Number: 0401048. 

Douville, H. and Royer J.-F. Affiliation: H. Douville, Meteo-France/CNRM, 42 Avenue Coriolis, 

Toulouse Cedex 31057 Country:,France. 1996. “Sensitivity of the Asian Summer Monsoon to 

an Anomalous Eurasian Snow Cover within the Meteo-France GCM.” Clim. Dyn. 2005 

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 12, Issue 7, Pages 449-466. Descriptors: Synoptic 

meteorology -- 71.7.6; Asian monsoon; ARPEGE model; monsoon; snow cover; GCM. 

Notes: Geographic: Asia. Abstract: An updated version of the ARPEGE climate model of 

Meteo-France, including a simple but physically-based snow parameterization, is used to test 

the impact of an increased snow mass prescribed at the beginning of March on the simulated 

summer monsoon circulation and rainfall. The large-scale features of the Asian monsoon are 

reproduced in a realistic way in the control integration, which is a necessary premise of such a 

sensitivity test. In the heavy snow cover experiment, the anomalous persistence of the winter 

snow pack delays the springtime continental heating. This weakens the thermal low over 

northern India and Persia as well as the southwesterly winds over the monsoon area. There is 

also a significant decrease in the rainfall over western India and Bengal-Burma, which usually 

represent the centers of maximum precipitation, Radiative, turbulence transfer and 

hydrological processes seem to be involved in the snow-monsoon relationship. The changes 

in the monsoon precipitation are strongly related to changes in the atmospheric circulation 

and are not reinforced by a local evaporation/convection feedback in the experiment. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0930-7575. Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this 

publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 485 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV 

CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Dutta, Dhiren N. 1995. Fifty Years of Planning for Water Power in South Asia. San Francisco, CA, 

USA: ASCE, New York, NY, USA. Volume: 1, page(s): 212-221. Part 1 (of 3). Conference: 

Jul 25-28 1995. Descriptors: Water power; Hydroelectric power; Environmental impact; 

Project management; Strategic planning. Abstract: Water power is an important part of 

planning for energy in the Indian subcontinent and Burma. Hydropower projects in the four 

countries of South Asia: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Burma are reviewed, focusing on 

the challenges of foundation problems, construction in seismic areas, storage in Karstic areas 

and long-term planning for large and complex water power and multipurpose projects. Notes: 

Compilation and indexing terms, copyright 2008 elsevier inc.; T3: Proceedings of the 

international conference on hydropower - waterpower. ISSN/ISBN: 1057-1841. 

EARTH SCIENCES DIV ARMY NATICK LABS MASS and Ohman, Howard L. 1965. 

“CLIMATIC ATLAS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA (TEMPERATURE, RAINFALL, 

TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY INDEX).” DEC. Descriptors: (*CLIMATE; SOUTHEAST 

ASIA); THAILAND; VIETNAM; LAOS; CAMBODIA; BURMA; MALAYA; 

SINGAPORE; METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA; GEOGRAPHY; MAPS; 

METEOROLOGY. Abstract: Eighty-seven maps present the distribution in Southeast Asia 

(Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Burma south of 25 degrees N. Latitude, and the 

peninsular portion of Malaysia) of various climatic statistics of temperature, rainfall, and the 

temperature-humidity index. Maps for each month of the year have been prepared for: mean 

monthly temperature, mean daily maximum temperature, mean daily minimum temperature, 

absolute maximum temperature, mean monthly rainfall, mean number of rainy days per 

month, and mean daily temperature-humidity index for the warmest hour of the day. Single 

maps of mean annual rainfall, the physiography of the region, and of the names and location 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 47 
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of climatic stations are also included. The maps are drawn in considerable detail having been 

based not only on the available climatic data but also on the distribution of mountain ranges, 

major water bodies, and other geographic features. A brief text discusses the preparation of 

the maps and describes a few of the important distributional aspects of climate shown by the 

maps. (Author). Notes: Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. 

OCLC Accession Number: AD0632878. 

Ecker, A. 1983. “Surface and Subsurface Water-Flow Directions in a Tectonically Young Area of 

Burma.” Current Research - Geological Survey of Israel. Geological Survey of Israel, 

Jerusalem, Israel (ISR): Israel (ISR). Volume 1982, Pages 51-53. Descriptors: aquifers; Asia; 

Burma; central Burma; drainage patterns; Far East; fluvial features; geomorphology; ground 

water; hydrogeology; hydrology; neotectonics; surface water; surveys; tectonics; water 

quality. Notes: FE: References: 5; illus.; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Reference includes data from PASCAL, Institute de l'Information Scientifique et 

Technique, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0333-6425. 

Engineering Consultants, Inc and Electric Power Corporation. 1973. Thaukyegat Hydroelectric 

Project : Interim Report. Denver, Co: Engineering Consultants, Inc. Descriptors: 

Hydroelectric power plants -- Burma; Water-power -- Burma; Burma -- Economic conditions. 

Notes: 1 v. (various pagings) : ill., maps ; 28 cm.; Note(s): “September 1973.”; 

Responsibility: Engineering Consultants, Inc. ; Electric Power Corporation.; Entry: 

19991101; Update: 20030530. OCLC Accession Number: 42740764. 

Eveans, Sarah and Lavin, Elizabeth. 2007. “Growing Together.” D. June. Volume 34, Issue 6, 

Pages 64-69. Descriptors: Refugees -- Photographs; Gardeners -- Photographs. Notes: Details: 

il.; Date of Entry: 20070703. Abstract: Over the past two decades, the East Dallas Community 

Garden, more commonly known as the Asian Garden, has been a place where refugees from 

Cambodia, Vietnam, Burma, and Somalia have grown foods from their homelands to sustain 

their families and communities. The farmers pay $30 per year to rent a 10-by-30 plot on 

which they cultivate Chinese broccoli, water spinach, edible loofah, Thai round eggplant, 

Kafir lime, and lemongrass. The facility is one of six in Dallas backed by the nonprofit 

Gardeners in Community Development. Photographs of some of the farmers who use the East 

Dallas Community Garden are presented. ISSN/ISBN: 0164-8292. 

Falshaw, Ruth, Furneaux, Richard H., Wong, Herbert, Liao, Ming-Long, Bacic, Antony and 

Chandrkrachang, Suwalee. 1996. “Structural Analysis of Carrageenans from Burmese and 

Thai Samples of Catenella Nipae Zanardini.” Carbohydrate Research,. 5/14. Volume 285, 

Pages 81-98. Descriptors: Carrageenan, a-, ß-, ?-, and ?-; Galactans, sulfated; Structure 

determination; Reductive hydrolysis; Reductive partial-hydrolysis; Polysaccharides. Abstract: 

The carrageenans extracted from samples of the red seaweed Catenella nipae Zanardini from 

Burma and Thailand have been characterised by recently developed chemical derivatisation 

procedures (utilising reductive hydrolysis and reductive partial-hydrolysis techniques) 

combined with GLC-MS analysis and by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Both polysaccharides 

are linear polymers composed primarily of 4-linked 3,6-anhydro-a--galactopyranosyl-2-

sulfate residues alternating with 3-linked ß--galactopyranosyl residues that are either 

unsubstituted (a-carrageenan) or 4-sulfated (?-carrageenan). The Burmese sample has a 

somewhat higher proportion of a-carrageenan residues. The Thai C. nipae carrageenan was 

shown to have minor proportions of ß- and ?-carrageenan residues. 1H-1H COSY, 13C-1H 

COSY and TOCSY NMR spectroscopic examinations of polymer segments produced from 

this polysaccharide as well as ?-carrageenan itself, have permitted the 1H and 13C NMR 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 48 
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assignments for ?-carrageenan to be independently verified and for characteristic 1H and 13C 

chemical shifts for a-carrageenan to be identified and assigned for the first time. 

Faust, Fr. 1999. Mandalay Bay: A Little Weird, but Fun. SL. Oct 3. page(s): T, 6:1. Descriptors: 

Tourism; Amusement parks; Recreation; Water sports. Abstract: Of Las Vegas' three new 

resorts, the $950 million Mandalay Bay is the least specifically themed. Mandalay is a city in 

Myanmar, formerly called Burma, in Southeast Asia, but the resort makes no pretense of 

reproducing the city. Mandalay Bay is the first higher-end resort developed by the old Circus 

Circus Enterprises, which made its money catering to lower- middle-class tourists. The 

property opened in March, and later in the year the entire company changed its name to 

Mandalay Resort Group. Mandalay Bay anchors the south end of the Strip, not far from 

McCarran Airport. The same company owns the neighboring hotel- casinos Luxor and 

Excalibur. Notes: Details: Photograph; Named Corp: Mandalay Bay-Las Vegas NV; 

Geographic: Las Vegas Nevada. 

FELDHAKE, C. J. 1954. “Well Drilling and Latrine Construction in Rural Burma.” Public Health 

Rep. ; Public Health Rep. Apr. Volume 69, Issue 4, Pages 391-7 Additional Info: Not 

Available. Descriptors: Sanitation; Toilet Facilities; Water Supply. Notes: Citation: Status: 

MEDLINE Owner: NLM Other ID: CLML: 5426:18299:396:445:481; Date of Entry: 

19541201; Date Completed: 20030501; Date of Update: 20061115. ISSN/ISBN: 0094-6214 

(Print). 

Fernando, C. H. 1984. “Reservoirs and Lakes of Southeast Asia; Oriental Region.” Netherlands 

(NLD): Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands (NLD). Volume: 23, Descriptors: Asia; 

Bangladesh; Burma; Cambodia; Celebes; ecosystems; engineering geology; Far East; 

geomorphology; Grand Lac; hydrology; India; Indian Peninsula; Indonesia; lacustrine 

features; Lake Lanao; Lake Parakrama; lakes; Laos; limnology; Malaysia; Nepal; Oriental 

Region; Philippine Islands; ponds; reservoirs; Singapore; Southeast Asia; Sri Lanka; surveys; 

Tasek Bera; Thailand; Tonle Sap; Vietnam. Notes: FE: References: 176; illus. incl. 6 tables, 

sketch maps; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: 

GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 1985-024462. 

Fohs, D. G. 1991. FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION MOVES TOWARD METRIC 

UNITS. Transportation Research Board. TR News. no. 155, page(s): 3 p. Descriptors: 

Benefits; Costs; Department of transportation; Federal highway administration; 

Implementation; International system of units; Metric system; National cooperative highway 

research; National Cooperative Highway Research Program; Policy; Problem identification; 

Transportation departments; U.S. Federal Highway Administration; United States. Abstract: 

The International System of Units (SI), a modern version of the metric system of 

measurement, is being adopted throughout the world. Three nations have yet to convert to SI: 

Burma, Liberia, and the United States. On May 8, 1990, the U.S. Department of 

Transportation issued Order 1020.1C, which established its policy and administrative 

procedures for orderly transition to the metric system. This article discusses the activities 

being undertaken by the U.S. Department of Transportation toward conversion to the metric 

system; problems identified by the Federal Highway Administration in developing and 

implementing a plan for conversion to SI for the highway industry; and the costs and benefits 

of metrication. An insert with this article, authored by K.S. Opiela, Senior Program Officer, 

Transportation Research Board, addresses metrication within the National Cooperative 

Highway Research Program (NCHRP). Notes: Page range: pp 10-11, 28. ISSN/ISBN: 0738-

6826. OCLC Accession Number: 00612009. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 49 
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Fontaine, Henri; Beauvais, Louise; Tran Duc Luong and Vietnam, General Department of Geology, 

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (VNM). 1986. Distribution of the Jurassic Corals in South-East 

Asia; First Conference on Geology of Indochina. Vietnam (VNM): Gen. Dep. Geol. Vietnam, 

Hanoi, Vietnam (VNM). Volume: 1, First Conference on Geology of Indochina, Ho Chi Minh 

City. Vietnam Conference: Dec. 5-7, 1986. Descriptors: algae; Anthozoa; Asia; benthic taxa; 

biogeography; Borneo; Brachiopoda; Bryozoa; Burma; Cambodia; carbonate rocks; Chordata; 

Coelenterata; East Malaysia; Echinodermata; Far East; Foraminifera; Gastropoda; Indonesia; 

Invertebrata; Jurassic; Laos; limestone; Malay Archipelago; Malaysia; marine environment; 

Mesozoic; micrite; microfossils; Mollusca; occurrence; paleoenvironment; Philippine Islands; 

Plantae; Protista; Reptilia; Sarawak Malaysia; sedimentary rocks; shallow-water environment; 

Southeast Asia; stratigraphy; Sumatra; Tethys; Tetrapoda; Thailand; Vermes; Vertebrata; 

Vietnam. Notes: FE: References: 23; sketch map; CY: GeoRef, copyright 2007, american 

geological institute. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 1990-020020. 

Ford, L. R. 1993. “A Model of Indonesian City Structure.” Geogr. Rev. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All 

rights reserved.: Volume 83, Issue 4, Pages 374-396. Descriptors: Descriptive -- 70.9.1; 

WATER -- 74.13; developing country; model application; urban change; city structure; 

morphological model; urban form; cities; urbanisation. Notes: Geographic: Indonesia. 

Abstract: With approximately 30 cities of more than a quarter-million population, including 

seven with more than one million, Indonesia is a primary focus for the study of the city in 

Southeast Asia. By occupying a position midway between the hyperdevelopment of 

Singapore and the isolation of Burma, Indonesian cities provide insight into both continuity 

and change in the region. A morphological model identifies political and economic trends that 

influence urban form through time. Based chiefly on large, coastal provincial capitals, the 

model applies in some degree to all cities in Indonesia. -Author. ISSN/ISBN: 0016-7428. 

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries 

worldwide that own item: 1327 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the 

catalog at your library. 

Fortey, R. A., Talent, John (convener), Young, Gavin (convener) and Wright, Tony (convener). 

1997. “Ordovician Palaeogeography of the Shan-Thai Terrane; Palaeobiogeography of 

Australasian Faunas and Floras; Abstracts and Programme.” Abstracts - Geological Society of 

Australia. Geological Society of Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia (AUS): Australia 

(AUS). Volume 48, Pages 25. Descriptors: ancient ice ages; Arthropoda; Asia; Australasia; 

Australia; biogeography; Brachiopoda; Burma; Caradocian; carbonate rocks; China; endemic 

taxa; Far East; faunal studies; glaciation; Gondwana; Invertebrata; limestone; Mollusca; 

North China Platform; Ordovician; Pa Kae Formation; Pagoda Limestone; paleogeography; 

Paleozoic; sedimentary rocks; shallow-water environment; Shan-Thai Terrane; South China 

Block; synonymy; Thailand; Trilobita; Trilobitomorpha; Upper Ordovician. Notes: CY: 

GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 

0729-011X. 

Fox, P. G. and Kumchum S Affiliation: College of Nursing Department of Public Health, Mental 

Health and Administrative Nursing, University of Illinois, Chicago,,U.S.A. 1996. “Caring for 

Myanmar Refugees in Thailand.” Int. Nurs. Rev. ; Int. Nurs. Rev. Sep-Oct. Volume 43, Issue 

5, Pages 154-8 Additional Info: SWITZERLAND. Descriptors: Nursing Care; Primary Health 

Care; Refugees; Adult; Child; Health Priorities; Health Services -- supply & distribution; 

Humans; Hygiene; International Cooperation; Myanmar; Nutrition Physiology. Notes: 

Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19970130; Date Completed: 

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19970130; Date of Update: 20061115. Abstract: Massive refugee movements continue due to 

conflicts between and within nations. To combat the major causes of mortality in refugee 

camps--undernutrition, measles, diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria13--nurses are following 

the principles of primary health care and are promoting adequate food, safe drinking water, 

shelter, environmental sanitation and immunization. ISSN/ISBN: 0020-8132 (Print); 1466-

7657 (Electronic). 

Fu Hong, Chen Lide, Luo Ping, et al. 1997. “Medium-Short-Impending Prediction and Precursory 

Anomalous Characteristics on M = 7.3 Earthquake on July 12, 1995 in Border Area between 

Yunnan's Menglian and Burma; 3.” Dizhen Yanjiu = Journal of Seismological Research. 

Seismological Bureau of Yannan, Yunnan, China (CHN): China (CHN). Oct. Volume 20, 

Issue 4, Pages 343-344. Descriptors: anomalies; Asia; Burma; China; earthquake prediction; 

earthquakes; Far East; geochemistry; ground water; hydrochemistry; Menglian China; 

mercury; metals; noble gases; precursors; radon; Yunnan China. Notes: FE: References: 1; 

illus.; LL: Latitude:N220000,N220000 Longitude:E0990000,E0990000; CY: GeoRef, 

Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. Abstract: The medium-short-impending 

anomalies of 151 station-items at 55 stations occurred before Menglian M = 7.3 earthquake in 

Yunnan and within the epicentral distances of 600 km, including 13 observations, such as 

short leveling, short base line, tilt, water radon, water level and water mercury, have been 

studied. The results show that the percentage for medium-short-impending anomaly stationitems is 38% before the earthquake, and mainly concentrated within 200-400 km. Medium 

anomalies have features of long lasting and big amplitude. Features for short-impending 

anomalies are that medium anomaly tendency ends or observation varies oppositely, partial 

items appear dramatic anomalies, earlier outside and later nearby, and monthly station-items 

of anomalies increase with the earthquake approaching. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 

1000-0666. 

Fujisaka, S., Moody, K. and Ingram, K. 1993. “A Descriptive Study of Farming Practices for Dry 

Seeded Rainfed Lowland Rice in India, Indonesia, and Myanmar.” Agric. , Ecosyst. Environ. 

2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 45, Issue 1-2, Pages 115-128. Descriptors: 

Crop and livestock production - general -- 74.1.2; weed control; rice production; labour costs; 

dry seeded rice; cropping intensity; direct seeding; farmers' practice. Notes: Geographic: 

Burma India Indonesia. Abstract: Farmers' traditional dry seeded rice systems were examined: 

practices were matched to field environments and included ways to address not only weeds, 

but also poor soil physical properties, water deficit and excess, and poor plant stand. Among 

others, farmers used pigmented rice cultivars to be able to rogue wild rice and rotated or 

switched from dry seeded to transplanted rice because of weeds or a too rapid onset of rains. 

Redistribution of seedlings and manual weeding were used to improve plant stand and soil 

physical properties in addition to reducing weeds. Farmers' dry-seeding systems did not 

necessarily reduce labor, but could increase cropping intensity, result in stable yields using 

low material inputs, or distribute labor demands where some fields are dry seeded and others 

transplanted. Because of difficult and uncertain environmental conditions, research on direct 

seeding must build upon farmer practices and knowledge. -from Authors. Availability: 

Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Fujisaka, Sam, Moody, Keith and Ingram, Keith. 1993. “A Descriptive Study of Farming Practices 

for Dry Seeded Rainfed Lowland Rice in India, Indonesia, and Myanmar.” Agriculture, 

Ecosystems & Environment,. 5. Volume 45, Issue 1-2, Pages 115-128. Abstract: Farmers' 

traditional dry seeded rice systems were examined: practices were matched to field 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 51 
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environments and included ways to address not only weeds, but also poor soil physical 

properties, water deficit and excess, and poor plant stand. Among others, farmers used 

pigmented rice cultivars to be able to rogue wild rice and rotated or switched from dry seeded 

to transplanted rice because of weeds or a too rapid onset of rains. Redistribution of seedlings 

and manual weeding were used to improve plant stand and soil physical properties in addition 

to reducing weeds. Farmers' dry-seeding systems did not necessarily reduce labor, but could 

increase cropping intensity, result in stable yields using low material inputs, or distribute 

labor demands where some fields are dry seeded and others transplanted. Because of difficult 

and uncertain environmental conditions, research on direct seeding must build upon farmer 

practices and knowledge. 

Fumio, Yonechi and Maung, Win. 1986. “Subdivison on the Anastomosing River Channel with a 

Proposal of the Irrawaddy Type.” Science Reports of the Tohoku University.Series 7: 

Geography = Tohoku Daigaku Rika Hokoku.Dai 7: Shu Chirigaku. Tohoku University, 

Faculty of Science, Sendai, Japan (JPN): Japan (JPN). Dec. Volume 36, Issue 2, Pages 102-

113. Descriptors: anastomosing channels; Asia; bars; Burma; channel geometry; channels; 

classification; Far East; fluvial features; geomorphology; hydrology; Irrawaddy River; 

Irrawaddy type; patterns; Poronai type; sinuosity; surveys. Notes: CD: SRTGAO; FE: 

References: 21; illus. incl. 2 tables, sketch maps; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American 

Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0375-7854. 

Furuichi, Takahisa. 2005. “A Preliminary Report on Sediment Sources, Erosion Processes, and 

Sedimentation in Lake Inle in Mid-Eastern Myanmar (Burma); Abstracts of the International 

Conference on Environmental Hazards and Geomorphology in Monsoon Asia; Progress in 

Process Study and GIS Mapping.” Chikei = Transactions - Japanese Geomorphological 

Union. Nippon Chikeigaku Rengo, Kyoto, Japan (JPN): Japan (JPN). Apr. Volume 26, Issue 

2, Pages 160-161. Descriptors: alkali metals; alkaline earth metals; Asia; Be-7; beryllium; 

Burma; cesium; cores; Cs-137; drainage basins; erosion; Far East; geochemistry; hydrology; 

isotopes; lacustrine environment; Lake Inle; lake sediments; major elements; metals; 

radioactive isotopes; rainfall; sediment supply; sedimentation; sediments; soil erosion; soils. 

Notes: CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0389-1755. 

Gambrill, M. 1994. “An Engineering Response to the Needs of Burmese Refugees in Bangladesh.” 

Waterlines. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 13, Issue 1, Pages 7-10. 

Descriptors: Water supply and sanitation -- 74.13.2; refugee camp; Burmese refugees; water 

supply. Notes: Geographic: Bangladesh. Abstract: The engineering response to the flood of 

refugees from Burma in 1992 solved the short-term water supply problems, but recruiting 

local engineers and handing over the technical work made the situation workable for the long 

term. -Author. ISSN/ISBN: 0262-8104. 

GEIGER, BOB. 1994. MAKING THE BEST OF VERSE. Advert. Age. Descriptors: History; 

Roadside advertising. Abstract: OBITUARY OF ALLEN G. ODELL, CREATOR OF 

BURMA-SHAVE ROADSIDE SIGNS. Notes: ODELL, ALLEN G. ADVERTISING AGE, 

V. 65, NO. 5 (JAN. 31, 1994), P. 13. OCLC Accession Number: 00869688. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

Gordon, Robert,19th cent. 1989. Fragment Containing a Discussion of a New Formula for the Flow 

of Water in Open Channels. Milano: Tip. e litografia degli ingegneri. Descriptors: Channels 

(Hydraulic engineering); Stream measurements -- Burma; Irrawaddy River (Burma); 

Microfilm (mfl); Master microform (mmc). Notes: 48 p., 2 folded leaves of plates : ill. ; 31 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 52 
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cm.; Note(s): Part of a report on the Irrawaddy Embankment Works, printed by the Local 

Government of Burma for circulation in the Public Works Department of India./ Includes 

bibliographical references.; Responsibility: by Robert Gordon.; Entry: 19890224; Update: 

20080307. OCLC Accession Number: 213080079. 

Gordon, Robert,19th cent. 1875. Fragment Containing a Discussion of a New Formula for the Flow 

of Water in Open Channels. Milano: Tipografia e litografia degli ingegneri. Descriptors: 

Channels (Hydraulic engineering); Stream measurements -- Burma. Notes: 48 p., [2] folded 

leaves : 1 chart ; 31 cm.; Note(s): Cover title./ Part of a report on the Irrawaddy Embankment 

Works, printed by the Local Government of Burma for circulation in the Public Works 

Department of India./ Includes bibliographical references.; Responsibility: by Robert 

Gordon.; Entry: 19861105; Update: 20041217. OCLC Accession Number: 14638139. 

Gordon, Robert,19th cent. 1873. Fragment Containing a Discussion of a New Formula for the Flow 

of Water in Open Channels. Milano: Tip. e litografia degli ingegneri. Descriptors: Channels 

(Hydraulic engineering); Stream measurements -- Burma; Irrawaddy River (Burma); 

Microfilm (mfl); Master microform (mmc). Notes: 48 p., 2 folded leaves of plates : ill. ; 31 

cm.; Note(s): Part of a report on the Irrawaddy Embankment Works, printed by the Local 

Government of Burma for circulation in the Public Works Department of India./ Includes 

bibliographical references./ Reproduction: Microfilm./ Chicago :/ University of Chicago 

Library,/ 1989./ 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm./ (N6227).; Responsibility: by Robert Gordon.; 

Entry: 19890224; Update: 20041220. OCLC Accession Number: 19679572. 

Green J. Affiliation: J. Green, 17 King Edwards Grove, Teddington, Middx TW11 9LY Country: 

United Kingdom E-mail:,jgreen711@btinternet.com. 2007. “Morphological Variation of 

Keratella Cochlearis (Gosse) in Myanmar (Burma) in Relation to Zooplankton Community 

Structure.” Hydrobiologia. 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: Volume 593, Issue 1, 

Pages 5-12 Additional Info: Netherlands. Descriptors: Freshwater ecology: community 

structure and function -- 73.3.4.6; community structure; crustacean; flatworm; morphology; 

morphometry; zooplankton Species Term: Copepoda; Crustacea; Cyclopoida; Diaptomidae; 

Heliodiaptomus; Keratella cochlearis; Keratella; Lorica; Rotifera. Notes: References: 

Number: 19; Geographic: Asia England Eurasia Europe Myanmar Southeast Asia Thames 

River [England] United Kingdom Western Europe. Abstract: Keratella cochlearis was present 

in 27 of 35 water bodies sampled in Myanmar, and was the most abundant rotifer in 10. 

Measurements of lorica length and posterior spine length from 20 localities showed that 

posterior spine length varied both with lorica length and with the composition of the 

crustacean zooplankton. Long spines were associated with dominance by Heliodiaptomus. 

The shortest spines were found in samples dominated by cladocerans or cyclopoid copepods. 

Posterior spine length was positively correlated with the number of diaptomid copepods. 

Forms without posterior spines were found in 17 localities. The lorica lengths of these 

spineless forms were generally similar to those of co-occurring spined forms (r = 0.68), but in 

a few samples the loricas of the spineless forms were significantly larger. These larger forms 

are similar to the 'aspina' forms recently recognised in the River Thames in England. These 

samples were dominated by cladocerans or cyclopoid copepods. In one locality spineless 

forms were found without spined forms. The crustacean zooplankton in this locality was also 

dominated by cladocerans. (c) 2007 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. ISSN/ISBN: 

0018-8158 E- 1573-5117. Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to 

this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 615 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES 

DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 53 
Myanmar Water 

Green, J. 2007. “Morphological Variation of Keratella Cochlearis (Gosse) in Myanmar (Burma) in 

Relation to Zooplankton Community Structure.” Hydrobiologia. Kluwer Academic 

Publishers, Dordrecht, 3311 GZ, Netherlands: Volume 593, Issue 1, Pages 5-12. Descriptors: 

Algae; Ecosystems; Morphology. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 

Elsevier Inc. Abstract: Keratella cochlearis was present in 27 of 35 water bodies sampled in 

Myanmar, and was the most abundant rotifer in 10. Measurements of lorica length and 

posterior spine length from 20 localities showed that posterior spine length varied both with 

lorica length and with the composition of the crustacean zooplankton. Long spines were 

associated with dominance by Heliodiaptomus. The shortest spines were found in samples 

dominated by cladocerans or cyclopoid copepods. Posterior spine length was positively 

correlated with the number of diaptomid copepods. Forms without posterior spines were 

found in 17 localities. The lorica lengths of these spineless forms were generally similar to 

those of co-occurring spined forms (r = 0.68), but in a few samples the loricas of the spineless 

forms were significantly larger. These larger forms are similar to the 'aspina' forms recently 

recognised in the River Thames in England. These samples were dominated by cladocerans or 

cyclopoid copepods. In one locality spineless forms were found without spined forms. The 

crustacean zooplankton in this locality was also dominated by cladocerans. © 2007 

Springer Science+Business Media B.V. ISSN/ISBN: 0018-8158. 

Green, J. 2007. “Morphological Variation of Keratella Cochlearis (Gosse) in Myanmar (Burma) in 

Relation to Zooplankton Community Structure.” Hydrobiologia. Kluwer Academic 

Publishers, Dordrecht, 3311 GZ, Netherlands: Volume 593, Issue 1, Pages 5-12. Descriptors: 

Algae; Ecosystems; Morphology. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 

Elsevier Inc. Abstract: Keratella cochlearis was present in 27 of 35 water bodies sampled in 

Myanmar, and was the most abundant rotifer in 10. Measurements of lorica length and 

posterior spine length from 20 localities showed that posterior spine length varied both with 

lorica length and with the composition of the crustacean zooplankton. Long spines were 

associated with dominance by Heliodiaptomus. The shortest spines were found in samples 

dominated by cladocerans or cyclopoid copepods. Posterior spine length was positively 

correlated with the number of diaptomid copepods. Forms without posterior spines were 

found in 17 localities. The lorica lengths of these spineless forms were generally similar to 

those of co-occurring spined forms (r = 0.68), but in a few samples the loricas of the spineless 

forms were significantly larger. These larger forms are similar to the 'aspina' forms recently 

recognised in the River Thames in England. These samples were dominated by cladocerans or 

cyclopoid copepods. In one locality spineless forms were found without spined forms. The 

crustacean zooplankton in this locality was also dominated by cladocerans. © 2007 

Springer Science+Business Media B.V. ISSN/ISBN: 0018-8158. 

Green, J. 2007. “Morphological Variation of Keratella Cochlearis (Gosse) in Myanmar (Burma) in 

Relation to Zooplankton Community Structure.” Hydrobiologia.no. Nov. Volume 1, Pages 5-

12. Additional Info: Dordrecht : Springer Netherland. Descriptors: NAL: 410 H992; 

Community structure; Keratella; Spine length. Notes: Geographic: Myanmar. Abstract: 

Keratella cochlearis was present in 27 of 35 water bodies sampled in Myanmar, and was the 

most abundant rotifer in 10. Measurements of lorica length and posterior spine length from 20 

localities showed that posterior spine length varied both with lorica length and with the 

composition of the crustacean zooplankton. Long spines were associated with dominance by 

Heliodiaptomus. The shortest spines were found in samples dominated by cladocerans or 

cyclopoid copepods. Posterior spine length was positively correlated with the number of 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 54 
Myanmar Water 

diaptomid copepods. Forms without posterior spines were found in 17 localities. The lorica 

lengths of these spineless forms were generally similar to those of co-occurring spined forms 

(r = 0.68), but in a few samples the loricas of the spineless forms were significantly larger. 

These larger forms are similar to the 'aspina' forms recently recognised in the River Thames 

in England. These samples were dominated by cladocerans or cyclopoid copepods. In one 

locality spineless forms were found without spined forms. The crustacean zooplankton in this 

locality was also dominated by cladocerans. ISSN/ISBN: 0018-8158. 

Green, J. and Davies, J. 2005. “The Freshwater Medusa Limnocnida and Associated Plankton in 

the Floodplain of the Ayeyarwaddy River, Myanmar.” J. Nat. Hist. Volume 39, Issue 23, 

Pages 2083-2088. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Associated species; Catchment area; 

Flood plains; Freshwater environments; Geographical distribution; Inland water environment; 

Lakes; Phytoplankton; Plankton; Rivers; Zooplankton; Article Taxonomic Terms: Copepoda; 

Craspedacusta; Limnocnida; Limnocnida indica; Rotifera; Article Geographic Terms: Africa; 

Europe; Myanmar; Myanmar, Ayeyarwaddy R.; North America; Copepods; Rotifers; Wheel 

animalcules. Notes: TR: CS0517387. Abstract: Freshwater medusae of the genus Limnocnida 

were found in a shallow lake in the floodplain of the Ayeyarwaddy River. The medusae are 

described and identified as a small form of L. indica. Single immature specimens were found 

in two other localities in Myanmar, within the Ayeyarwaddy catchment. These records are an 

eastward extension of the known range of Limnocnida, and indicate that it is probably 

widespread in the Ayeyarwaddy catchment. The associated phytoplankton and zooplankton 

are listed, and the zooplankters are compared to those found with Limnocnida in a floodplain 

lake of the River Sokoto in West Africa. In both situations there was a marked preponderance 

of rotifers and cyclopoid copepods. This indicates that Limnocnida influences the 

zooplankton in a manner similar to that found in various studies on the freshwater medusa 

Craspedacusta in Europe and North America. Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and 

Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-2933. 

Grossman, R. L. and Durran, D. R. 1984. “Interaction of Low-Level Flow with the Western Ghat 

Mountains and Offshore Convection in the Summer Monsoon.” Mon. Weather Rev. 2005 

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 112, Issue 4, Pages 652-672. Descriptors: 

HYDROLOGY -- 71.6; METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY -- 71.7; India; Burma; 

Thailand; Philippines; boundary layer; summer monsoon experiment. Abstract: Seven-year 

averaged values of percent frequency of occurrence of highly reflective cloud for the months 

June, July, and August indicate that offshore convection is a major component of the 

cloudiness of the southwest monsoon. Principal areas of convection occur off of the western 

coasts of India, Burma, Thailand, and the Philippines. Analysis of a special boundary layer 

mission flown during the WMO/ICSU Summer Monsoon Experiment leads us to believe that 

partial deceleration of the monsoon flow by upstream blocking effects of the mountains 

initiates and maintains a vertical and horizontal motion field that could support the observed 

convection.-from Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 0027-0644. Availability: FirstSearch indicates your 

institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 759 US 

ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Grundy-Warr, C. 1993. “Coexistent Borderlands and Intra-State Conflicts in Mainland Southeast 

Asia.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: 

Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 42-57. Descriptors: Political -- 70.7.4; WATER -- 74.13; 

geopolitical relations; border area; developing region; political geography; intra-state conflict; 

borders; conflict; state control. Notes: Geographic: Burma Thailand Cambodia Asia -- 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 55 
Myanmar Water 

(Southeast). Abstract: This paper examines recent developments in two distinct borderlands 

of mainland Southeast Asia, namely Burma-Thailand and Thailand-Cambodia. It aims to 

show how an analysis of cross-border space provides a better understanding of the political 

and military conflicts within Burma and Cambodia and the international dimensions of these 

conflicts. In both cases the intra-state conflicts have at times become externalized involving 

considerable inter-state tension. Borderlands reflect the inter-state and transnational 

dimensions of these mostly intra-state level conflicts. -Author. ISSN/ISBN: 0129-7619. 

Gugliotta, Guy; Sawyer, Kathy; Weiss, Rick; Sawyer, Kathy and Weiss, Rick. 1999. Science 

Notebook. WP. Oct 18. page(s): A, 9:1. Descriptors: Paleontology; Moon; Breast cancer; 

Water; Drug therapy. Abstract: Paleontologists have discovered a new species of early 

primate in central Burma, offering fresh evidence that the ancestor of all monkeys and apes 

may have been from Asia, rather than Africa. The Burmese-French scientific team found 

fossilized teeth and jawbone fragments from Bahinia in Burma's Pondaung Formation, along 

with the jawbone of a more advanced primate. The fossils are about 40 million years old. 

Team leader Jean-Jacques Jaeger, of the Universite Montpellier- II, said the new fossil was 

definitely anthropoid--an ancestor of modern monkeys and apes--and showed strong 

similarities to a more fragmentary fossil found in China. ISSN/ISBN: 0190-8286. 

Gupta, S. M. and Srinivasan, M. S. 1992. “Late Miocene Radiolarian Biostratigraphy and 

Paleoceanography of Sawai Bay Formation, Neill Island, Andamans, India.” 

Micropaleontology. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 38, Issue 3, Pages 209-

235. Descriptors: Micropalaeontology -- 72.8.7; Geochronology, stratigraphy and 

palaeontology -- 76.4.6; radiolaria; palaeoceanography; palaeogeography; palaeoclimate; 

Miocene; biostratigraphy; radiolarian; Sawai Bay Formation Species Term: Radiolaria 

(protozoans); Didymocyrtis; Bacillariophyta; Botryostrobus; Peregrina. Notes: Geographic: 

India -- Andaman Islands -- Neill Island India -- Andamans -- Neill Island. Abstract: 

Stichocorys peregrina, Didymocyrtis penultima and Didymocyrtis antepenultima Late 

Miocene radiolarian zones are encountered from mudstone strata of Sawai Bay Formation, 

Neill Island, Andamans. Percentage data of 45 coarser taxonomic groups of radiolarians were 

subjected to Q-mode cluster analysis. Based on the ecology of the modern homeomorphs of 

the dominant radiolarian groups, it is suggested that the resulting clusters indicate colder and 

warmer periods due to the monsoonal upwelling during warmer periods. This finding is also 

substantiated with diatom/radiolaria ratio. Presence and absence of deep (1200-2000m) and 

intermediate (700-1200m) water dwelling radiolarians like the Plectopyramids, Botryostrobus 

and Sethoperinids groups indicate basinal shallowing during Late Miocene. It may be due to 

subduction of the Indian plate below the Asian plate, coupled with huge sediment discharged 

from the Irrawaddy River of Burma during monsoon dominated warmer periods (5.0-6.3 and 

8.5-7.7 Ma) in Late Miocene. -from Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 0026-2803. Availability: 

FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that 

own item: 593 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your 

library. 

Han, A. M. and Myint, T. M. 1986. “Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour in Relation to Diarrhoea 

in a Rural Community in Burma.” Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health; Southeast 

Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. Mar. Volume 17, Issue 1, Pages 59-62 Additional Info: 

THAILAND. Descriptors: Adult; Behavior; Child, Preschool; Defecation; Diarrhea -- 

prevention & control; Female; Food Contamination; Handwashing; Humans; Infant; Male; 

Myanmar; Rural Health; Soaps; Water Supply. Notes: Chemical Subst: Soaps [0]; Citation: 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 56 
Myanmar Water 

Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19860917; Date Completed: 19860917; Date 

of Update: 20041117. Abstract: A study was conducted in a rural community in Burma, to 

determine how people perceive the importance of food, water and defecation in the causation 

of diarrhoea and to determine whether people wash hands or use soap after defecation or 

before preparing and eating food. 90% of mothers with under-five children in the community 

were interviewed. 53 to 86% of people were aware of the importance of food, water and 

defecation in the causation of diarrhoea. Although 34 to 88% practised hand washing before 

eating/food handling or after defecation, only 5 to 12% regularly used soap. Furthermore, 

drinking water for under-five children was obtained by dipping the drinking mug or cup into 

the drinking water pot (83%) which could result in contamination of drinking water. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0125-1562 (Print). 

Han, A. M., Oo, K. N., Aye, T. and Hlaing T Affiliation: Epidemiology Division, Department of 

Medical Research, Yangon,,Myanmar. 1991. “Bacteriologic Studies of Food and Water 

Consumed by Children in Myanmar: 2 Lack of Association between Diarrhoea and 

Contamination of Food and Water.” J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. ; J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. Jun. 

Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 91-3 Additional Info: BANGLADESH. Descriptors: Food 

Microbiology; Water Microbiology; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea, Infantile -- epidemiology; 

Enterobacteriaceae -- isolation & purification; Humans; Incidence; India -- epidemiology; 

Infant; Risk Factors. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 

19911121; Date Completed: 19911121; Date of Update: 20061115. Abstract: The association 

between contamination of morning samples of food and water of 208 children aged 6-29 

months and the incidence of diarrhoea was investigated for 3 months in Yangon, Myanmar. 

Contamination of the samples was determined by isolation of faecal coliforms (FC) by 

standard methods. The children were divided into three groups, high, medium and low, 

according to the proportion of food and water samples found to be contaminated. The 

incidence of diarrhoea was recorded by weekly recall. Of the 779 food samples, 504 (65%), 

and of the 860 drinking water samples, 187 (22%) were positive for FC. The association 

between food and water contamination and the incidence of diarrhoea was assessed by 

comparing the cumulative incidences in the high and medium groups with that in the low 

group which served as reference. Diarrhoea risk ratios (RR) for children in the medium and 

high contamination groups (food, RR = 1.04 in medium and 0.78 in high vs 1 in low; water, 

RR = 0.73 and 0.73 vs 1) were not significantly different from those who were in the lowcontamination group even after controlling for the confounding variables. ISSN/ISBN: 0253-

8768 (Print). 

Han, A. M., Oo, K. N., Midorikawa, Y. and Shwe S Affiliation: Epidemiology Division, 

Department of Medical Research, Rangoon,,Burma. 1989. “Contamination of Drinking Water 

during Collection and Storage.” Trop. Geogr. Med. ; Trop. Geogr. Med. Apr. Volume 41, 

Issue 2, Pages 138-40 Additional Info: NETHERLANDS. Descriptors: Water Microbiology; 

Water Pollution -- prevention & control; Water Supply; Bacillus -- isolation & purification; 

Feces -- microbiology; Hygiene; Myanmar. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; 

Date of Entry: 19890913; Date Completed: 19890913; Date of Update: 20001218. Abstract: 

Drinking water contamination during abstraction, storage and use was determined in a 

suburban community in Rangoon, Burma, by detecting faecal coliforms (FC) with membrane 

filtration method. Increasing contamination during water collection, from the source to home 

storage, was found in all the studied households using 4 different types of drinking water. The 

implications of the findings are discussed. ISSN/ISBN: 0041-3232 (Print). 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 57 
Myanmar Water 

Haupt, M., Leithoff, H., Meier, D., Puls, J., Richter, H. G. and Faix, O. 2003. “Heartwood 

Extractives and Natural Durability of Plantation-Grown Teakwood (Tectona Grandis L.) - A 

Case Study.” Holz Als Roh - Und Werkstoff. Springer Verlag: Volume 61, Issue 6, Pages 

473-474. Descriptors: Wood; Extraction; Durability; Plants (botany); Growth kinetics; 

Composition; Enzyme inhibition; Biosynthesis; Fungi; Gas chromatography; High 

performance liquid chromatography. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 

Elsevier Inc. Abstract: The causes of the exceptionally low natural durability of one 

individual plantation-grown teak tree from Panama were investigated. In durability tests with 

Coriolus versicolor (Leithoff et al. 2001) the heartwood of this tree had shown a mass loss 

between 32% und 43% while the reference material of a durable teak from Myanmar revealed 

only 2.3% up to 12.1% mass losses. Further studies on the antifungal effects of extractives of 

this specimen have been performed and the results compared with those of durable teak 

woods from the same plantation and from natural forests in Myanmar as well. As highest 

antifungal activity was found in the acetone/water extract, this extract will be analysed here in 

relation to the inhibitor effect of fractionated substances on mycelium growth of Coriolus 

versicolor (white rot) and Coniophora puteana (brown rot). In parallel studies Windeisen et al. 

(2003) surveyed the chemical composition of plantation-grown teakwood from the same 

origin in Panama. ISSN/ISBN: 0018-3768. 

Hawkes, Rebecca B., Franzmann, Peter D., O'Hara, Graham and Plumb, Jason J. 2006. 

“Ferroplasma Cupricumulans Sp. Nov., a Novel Moderately Thermophilic, Acidophilic 

Archaeon Isolated from an Industrial-Scale Chalcocite Bioleach Heap.” Extremophiles : Life 

Under Extreme Conditions, 2006 Dec. 10(6):525-30. Epub: 2006 May 24: Germany. Volume 

10, Issue 6, Pages 525-530. Descriptors: Biodegradation, Environmental; Copper; DNA, 

Archaeal: analysis; Environmental Remediation; Ferric Compounds: metabolism; Ferrous 

Compounds: metabolism; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Industrial Waste: analysis; Kinetics; 

Metallurgy; Myanmar; Oxidation-Reduction; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: genetics; 

Ribotyping; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Temperature; Thermoplasma: classification; 

Thermoplasma: genetics; Thermoplasma: growth & development; Thermoplasma: isolation & 

purification; Thermoplasma: metabolism. Notes: RN: 0 (DNA, Archaeal); 0 (Ferric 

Compounds); 0 (Ferrous Compounds); 0 (Industrial Waste); 0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S); 

10028-22-5 (ferric sulfate); 7440-50-8 (Copper); 7720-78-7 (ferrous sulfate). Abstract: A new 

species of Archaea was isolated from an industrial mineral sulphide bioleach heap. Strain 

BH2, a non-motile pleomorphic coccus, was capable of chemomixotrophic growth on ferrous 

sulphate and yeast extract. Growth was not supported in the absence of yeast extract. 

Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain BH2 was most closely 

related to the species Ferroplasma acidiphilum; however, it showed only 95% sequence 

similarity with this species. Strain BH2 had a temperature optimum of 53.6 degrees C and a 

temperature range for growth between 22 and 63 degrees C. Thus, it is the first moderately 

thermophilic member of the genus Ferroplasma. The optimum pH for the growth of the strain 

occurred between pH 1.0 and 1.2 and the lowest pH at which growth was observed was 0.4. 

Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and other physiological characteristics, strain 

BH2 constitutes a new species within the genus Ferroplasma. The name Ferroplasma 

cupricumulans is proposed for the new species and strain BH2 (DSM 16651) is proposed as 

the type strain. Database: TOXLINE. ISSN/ISBN: 1431-0651. Availability: Print-Electronic. 

Hawkes, Rebecca B., Franzmann, Peter D. and Plumb, Jason J. 2006. “Moderate Thermophiles 

Including “Ferroplasma Cupricumulans” Sp. Nov. Dominate an Industrial-Scale Chalcocite 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 58 
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Heap Bioleaching Operation.” Hydrometallurgy. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, 

Netherlands: Volume 83, Issue 1-4, Pages 229-236. Descriptors: Leaching; Microorganisms; 

Cell culture; Metabolism; Molecular structure; Microbiology; Genes. Notes: Compilation and 

indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: This study describes the microbiology 

of the MICCL Monywa chalcocite heap bioleaching operation. Microorganisms were detected 

in the heap using culture-based techniques and culture-independent PCR-DGGE analysis of 

the 16S rRNA gene. The metabolic requirements, temperature and pH optima were 

determined for selected strains isolated from the heap material. Six strains (BH1-BH6) were 

enriched and isolated from heap solids and leachate samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S 

rRNA genes showed that strains BH3 and BH4 were closely related to the acidophilic 

bacterium Acidithiobacillus caldus and strains BH5 and BH6 were closely related to 

Leptospirillum ferriphilum. The optimum growth temperature for one of the L. ferriphilum 

strains was 41.3 °C and the optimum pH range was 1.1 to 1.5. A new species of Archaea 

was isolated from the heap samples. Cells of the proposed species, “Ferroplasma 

cupricumulans” (formerly “Ferroplasma cyprexacervatum”), were non-motile pleomorphic 

cocci, capable of chemomixotrophic growth with ferrous sulphate and yeast extract. Cells 

grew anaerobically on potassium tetrathionate and yeast extract as electron donors with ferric 

iron as the electron acceptor. Growth occurred from 22 °C to 63 °C, with an 

optimum temperature of 53.6 °C. The optimal pH for growth was 1.0-1.2. Phylogenetic 

analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene showed the most closely related described species to 

strain BH2 was Ferroplasma acidiphilum YT (95% sequence similarity). Molecular analysis 

of mine samples (16S rRNA PCR-DGGE) detected the above-mentioned cultured strains as 

well as species of Sulfobacillus and unknown representatives of the Proteobacteria. The 

microbial community of the Myanmar bioleach heaps contained similar levels of diversity to 

a dump bioleach operation in Chile, but contained greater amounts of biomass than another 

heap bioleach operation in Australia. The operating parameters of the Myanmar heaps have 

selected for the growth of moderately thermophilic microorganisms that are more commonly 

found in extremely low pH acidic mine drainage sites than in heap bioleach systems. The 

novel species of Ferroplasma is considered to be involved in the aerobic and anaerobic 

cycling of iron within the heap bioleaching environment. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All 

rights reserved. ISSN/ISBN: 0304-386X. 

He Yuanqing, Zhang Zhonglin, Theakstone, Wilfred H., et al. 2003. “Recent Variability of the 

Climate and Glaciers in China's Moonsoon Region; Water Resources Systems; Water 

Availability and Global Change; Proceedings of an International Symposium (Symposium 

HSO2a).” IAHS-AISH Publication. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 

International (III): International (III). Volume 280, Pages 104-114. Descriptors: Arabian Sea; 

Asia; atmosphere; atmospheric precipitation; Azha Glacier; Baishui Glacier; Bay of Bengal; 

Burma; Cenozoic; China; circulation; climate; climate change; Dasuopu Glacier; Far East; 

fluctuations; glaciers; global change; global warming; Hailuoguo Glacier; Himalayas; 

Holocene; hydrologic cycle; hydrology; ice cores; Indian Ocean; Indian Peninsula; Melang 

Glacier; meteorology; monsoons; Mount Yulong; Neoglacial; Pacific Ocean; Quaternary; 

rainfall; relative age; storms; temperature; tree rings; Zhongdian China. Notes: CD: PIHSD9; 

FE: References: 32; illus. incl. 2 tables, sketch map; LL: Latitude:N250000,N300000 

Longitude:E1000000,E0950000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Abstract: Climatic data, ice core records, the tree-ring index and recorded glacier 

variations have been compared, and used to reconstruct a history of climatic and glacial 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 59 
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changes in the monsoonal temperate-glacier region of southwestern China during the last 400 

years. The results indicate that the region's temperature has increased in a fluctuating manner 

during the 20th century, after the two cold stages of the Little Ice Age of the 17th-19th 

centuries, with a corresponding retreat of most of the glaciers during the 20th century, against 

a background of global warming. Rates of retreat accelerated after the 1980s. The few 

advancing glaciers that did exist have started to retreat in recent years. The amount, trend and 

amplitude of variation of precipitation have differed in different parts of the region. The 

climatic records in the Dasuopu ice core, from the Himalaya area in the western part of the 

region, show a decreasing trend in precipitation, the converse of the trend in temperature. 

However, in the Hengduan Mountains and other areas of the eastern part of the region, a 

rising trend in rainfall has accompanied increasing temperatures, a result of the variable 

atmospheric circulations from different sources. The data indicate that the Southwest 

Monsoon, which is the principal controlling factor in the Chinese monsoonal temperateglacier region, can be classified into two parts. One is the Indian Monsoon from the Arabian 

Sea, passing across the Indian Peninsula. This transports the vapour for precipitation in the 

Himalaya area, the western part of the monsoonal temperate-glacier region. The other part is 

the Bengal Monsoon originating in the Bay of Bengal, passing over Bengal and Burma. This 

is the major source of precipitation in the Hengduan Mountains and other areas in the eastern 

part of the region. In addition, the eastern part is influenced by the Southeast Monsoon 

arriving from the western Pacific, whilst the western part is affected in winter by the southern 

branch of the westerly circulation. This complex atmospheric situation results in differing 

patterns of precipitation in the western and eastern zones. Although it is clear that both 

temperature and precipitation affect the glaciers, further work is needed to confirm which is 

the major factor influencing present glacier change. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0144-

7815. 

He, Yuanqing, Zhang, Zhongli n., Theakstone, Wilfred H., et al. 2003. “Recent Variability of the 

Climate and Glaciers in China's Monsoon Region.” IAHS-AISH Publication. IAHS Press, 

Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, United Kingdom: Issue 280, Pages 104-116. 

Descriptors: Global warming; Glaciers; Ice; Precipitation (chemical). Notes: Compilation and 

indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: Climatic data, ice core records, the 

tree-ring index and recorded glacier variations have been compared, and used to reconstruct a 

history of climatic and glacial changes in the monsoonal temperate-glacier region of 

southwestern China during the last 400 years. The results indicate that the region's 

temperature has increased in a fluctuating manner during the 20th century, after the two cold 

stages of the Little Ice Age of the 17th-19th centuries, with a corresponding retreat of most of 

the glaciers during the 20th century, against a background of global warming. Rates of retreat 

accelerated after the 1980s. The few advancing glaciers that did exist have started to retreat in 

recent years. The amount, trend and amplitude of variation of precipitation have differed in 

different parts of the region. The climatic records in the Dasuopu ice core, from the Himalaya 

area in the western part of the region, show a decreasing trend in precipitation, the converse 

of the trend in temperature. However, in the Hengduan Mountains and other areas of the 

eastern part of the region, a rising trend in rainfall has accompanied increasing temperatures, 

a result of the variable atmospheric circulations from different sources. The data indicate that 

the Southwest Monsoon, which is the principal controlling factor in the Chinese monsoonal 

temperate-glacier region, can be classified into two parts. One is the Indian Monsoon from the 

Arabian Sea, passing across the Indian Peninsula. This transports the vapour for precipitation 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 60 
Myanmar Water 

in the Himalaya area, the western part of the monsoonal temperate-glacier region. The other 

part is the Bengal Monsoon originating in the Bay of Bengal, passing over Bengal and Burma. 

This is the major source of precipitation in the Hengduan Mountains and other areas in the 

eastern part of the region. In addition, the eastern part is influenced by the Southeast Monsoon 

arriving from the western Pacific, whilst the western part is affected in winter by the southern 

branch of the westerly circulation. This complex atmospheric situation results in differing 

patterns of precipitation in the western and eastern zones. Although it is clear that both 

temperature and precipitation affect the glaciers, further work is needed to confirm which is 

the major factor influencing present glacier change. ISSN/ISBN: 0144-7815. 

Health Unlimited. 2006. She Qu Huan Jing Wei Sheng Yu Gai Shui Gai Ce = Yingguo Wu Guo Jie 

Wei Sheng Zu Zhi (HU) Miandian Shan Bang Dong Bu Di 4 Te Qu Wei Sheng He Zuo 

Xiang Mu Pei Xun Jiao Cai. Eastern Shan State, Myanmar: HU-Special Region 4 Porject 

Office. page(s): 36. Descriptors: Public health -- Burma; Water-supply -- Burma; Toilets -- 

Burma. Notes: ill. ; 29 cm.; Other Titles: Community's environmental sanitation manual; 

Responsibility: [Health Unlimited].; Entry: 20070125; Update: 20070125. OCLC Accession 

Number: 80018831. 

Heymann, Johannes. 2000. “Mapping and Land-use Planning for Watershed Management and Land 

Degradation Assessment in Myanmar.” Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. VEB 

Hermann Haack Geographisch-Kartographische Anstalt Gotha/Leipzig, Gotha-Leipzig, 

Federal Republic of Germany (DEU): Federal Republic of Germany (DEU). Volume 144, 

Issue 4, Pages 4-5. Descriptors: aerial photography; Asia; Burma; drainage basins; erosion; 

Far East; image analysis; land management; land use; remote sensing; satellite methods; soil 

erosion; soils; thematic mapper; water management. Notes: CD: PGGMA3; FE: geol. sketch 

maps; CY: GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. After editing 

and indexing, this record will be added to Georef. Reference includes data from Geoline, 

Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hanover, Germany. Database: GeoRef 

In Process. ISSN/ISBN: 0031-6229. 

Heymann, Johannes and Loeffler, Ernst. 1997. “Mangrove Degradation in the Ayeyarwady Delta, 

Myanmar.” Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. VEB Hermann Haack GeographischKartographische Anstalt Gotha/Leipzig, Gotha-Leipzig, Federal Republic of Germany 

(DEU): Federal Republic of Germany (DEU). Volume 141, Issue 5-6, Pages 291-306. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; conservation; degradation; deltas; ecosystems; erosion; Far East; 

land use; littoral erosion; mangrove swamps; mires; remote sensing; satellite methods; shore 

features; swamps; vegetation; water erosion. Notes: CD: PGGMA3; FE: References: 21; illus. 

incl. geol. sketch maps; CY: GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2008, American Geological 

Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be added to Georef. Reference includes 

data from Geoline, Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hanover, Germany. 

Database: GeoRef In Process. ISSN/ISBN: 0031-6229. 

HILA-GYAW, S., SANN-MYINT, K., CHEN, H. and TU, M. 1971. “Bacteriological Findings in 

Lake, River and Well Water Supplies of Rangoon.” Union Burma J Life Sci.Vol 4, no 1. P 

95-103. 1971. ILLUS. Descriptors: ALCALIGENES-FAECALIS; BAXILLUS-SP; 

BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES; BURMA(RANGOON); CITROBACTER-FREUNDII; 

CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS; ENTEROBACTER-AEROGENES; ESCHERICHIACOLI; KLEBSIELLA-AEROGENES; PROTEUS-MIRABILIS; PROTEUS-MORGANII; 

PROTEUS-VULGARIS; PROVIDENCIA; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; 

PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; STREPTOCOCCUS-FAECALIS; WATER SUPPLY. 

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Abstract: WATER SAMPLES, BOTH UNCHLORINATED AND CHLORINATED, FROM 

20 NATURAL WATER SOURCES IN RANGOON TOWNS COMPRISING LAKES, 

RIVER AND WELLS WERE EXAMINED DURING THE PERIOD JULY 1966 TO JULY 

1968 FOR THE PRESUMPTIVE COLIFORM COUNT, THE PRESUMPTIVE 

ENTEROCOCCUS COUNT AND THE PRESENCE OF PRESUMPTIVE CLOSTRIDIUM 

PERFRINGENS. BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM MACCONKEY BILE SALT LACTOSE 

PEPTONE WATER AND SODIUM AZIDE MEDIUM PRIMARY CULTURES WERE 

IDENTIFIED. USING AS CRITERIA THE PRESUMPTIVE COLIFORM COUNT, THE 

PRESUMPTIVE ENTEROCOCCUS COUNT AND THE ISOLATION OF ESCHERICHIA 

COLI AND/OR KLEBSIELLA AEROGENES AND/OR STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS, 

18 OUT OF 20 SAMPLES WERE FOUND UNSATISFACTORY FOR DRINKING 

PURPOSES. THE BACTERIA ISOLATED WERE E. COLI, K. AEROGENES, 

CITROBACTER FREUNDII, ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES, ALCALIGENES 

FAECALIS, A BACILLUS SP., PROTEUS MIRABILIS, P. MORGANII, P. VULGARIS, A 

PROVIDENCIA STRAIN, PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA, P. FLUORESCENS AND S. 

FAECALIS.--COPYRIGHT 1972, BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, INC. Database: 

Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Hirsch,Philip Affiliation: U Sydney. 2006. “Water Governance Reform and Catchment 

Management in the Mekong Region.” J. Environ. Dev. June. Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 184-

201. Descriptors: Economic Development: Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; 

Environment; Other Primary Products -- O130; Economic Development: Regional, Urban, 

and Rural Analyses -- O180; Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Urban, Rural, 

and Regional Economics -- P250; Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Natural 

Resources; Environment -- P280; Renewable Resources and Conservation: Water -- Q250; 

Environmental Economics: Government Policy -- Q580; Rivers; Water. Notes: Geographic: 

Cambodia China Laos Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Region: Asia; Added: 200612. Abstract: 

This article investigates complexities and dynamics of water governance reforms at a number 

of levels in the Mekong Region. It looks comparatively at countries within the region and at 

the Mekong as a transboundary basin. The study takes catchment management processes as a 

focus for reform agendas related to water and relates water management in a river basin 

context to wider issues of governance reform. A central argument is that the effectiveness of 

water governance cannot be assessed in terms of simple environmental, economic, or social 

outcomes, or even against a more comprehensive “triple bottom line.” Governance agendas 

and definitions are too diverse, and stakeholder interests too complex, to come up with a 

straightforward “best practice” of catchment-oriented water governance toward which policy 

reform should aspire. Rather, catchment governance in the Mekong is an arena for negotiating 

more sustainable, equitable, and productive use and management of water at multiple scales. 

ISSN/ISBN: 1070-4965. Availability: 

http://www.sagepub.co.uk/journalsProdDesc.nav?prodId=Journal200786. 

Hong Kong, Fugro Scott Wilson Joint Venture, Hong Kong, China (CHN) and Hong Kong, Fugro 

Scott Wilson Joint Venture, Hong Kong, China (CHN). 2001. “Section 1; Detailed Study of 

Slope Distress at Queen's Hill, Burma Lines Camp, Fanling; Investigation of some Selected 

Landslides in 1998; Volume 5.” China (CHN): The Government of the Hong Kong Special 

Administrative Region, Civil Engineering Department, Geotechnical Engineering Office, 

Hong Kong, China (CHN). GEO Report. Aug 2001. Volume: 112, page(s): 5-106. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma Lines Camp; China; erosion; Fanling China; Far East; geologic 

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hazards; Hong Kong; landslides; mass movements; Queen's Hill; slope stability; slopes; 

stability; water erosion. Notes: CD: #03519; FE: References: 6; illus. incl. 4 tables, sects.; LL: 

Latitude:N220500,N223500 Longitude:E1143000,E1135000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 2003-050510. 

Hori, Hiroshi. 2000. The Mekong; Environment and Development. Japan (JPN): United Nations 

University Press, Tokyo, Japan (JPN). Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Cambodia; dams; 

development; drainage basins; environmental analysis; Far East; hydrology; hydropower; 

international cooperation; Lancang Basin; land use; Laos; Mekong Delta; Mekong River 

basin; mineral resources; natural resources; rivers and streams; Thailand; tropical 

environment; Vietnam; water resources; water rights. Notes: Transl. from the Japanese, publ. 

by Koken Shoin, April 1997; individual chapters are not cited separately; FE: illus. incl. 48 

tables, geol. sketch maps; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. 

ISSN/ISBN: 9280809865. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 2002-042366. 

Horwitz, Jane. 1995. Orky, the Friendly Water Monster. WP. Sep 7. page(s): D, 7:4. Descriptors: 

Motion pictures. Abstract: Jane Horwitz reviews the movies “Magic in the Water,” “Beyond 

Rangoon,” “Lord of Illusions,” “Desperado” and “The Prophecy” in regard to their 

appropriateness for children. ISSN/ISBN: 0190-8286. 

Hsü, Kenneth J., Li, Jiliang, Chen, Haihong, Wang, Qingchen, Sun, Shu and Sengör, A. M. C. 

1990. “Tectonics of South China: Key to Understanding West Pacific Geology.” 

Tectonophysics,. 11/1. Volume 183, Issue 1-4, Pages 9-39. Abstract: South China is not a 

post-Caledonian platform, but a composite of orogenic belts. This late Proterozoic/Mesozoic 

orogen is a collage of three continental fragments. The three blocks are Yangzi, Huanan, and 

Dongnanya, and they are separated by the Banxi-Nanpanjiang (formerly Xianggangzhe) and 

Gunanhai Suture zones. Yangzi was separated from Gondwanaland during Late Precambrian 

when an open ocean, called Banxi, was present between the two continents. Tectonic 

processes at an active margin during Sinian and Early Paleozoic time led to the genesis of an 

accretionary wedge complex, the Banxi Melange and the Huanan Flysch Nappes, on the 

northern margin of Huanan, which was then the northern margin of the Gondwana Continent. 

Reorganization of plates during the Devonian suspended subduction at the Huanan active 

margin. Huanan was uplifted and unconformably overlain by transgressive deposits of 

Devonian and/or Carboniferous age. A remnant ocean, the Nanpanjiang Sea, still existed 

between Yangzi and Huanan, and deep-water sedimentation continued both at the southern 

margin of Yangzi and at the northwestern margin of Huanan. The latter again became an 

active margin during Late Paleozoic, when Permian and Triassic flysch sediments were 

deposited in foredeeps ahead of advancing nappes. Huanan and Yangzi collided during the 

Triassic, and resulted in the deformation of the passive margin of the latter to form the Yangzi 

Deformed Belt. Huanan was separated from a more southerly continent, Dongnanya, in the 

Devonian by seafloor spreading which created a Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic ocean 

(Gunanhai Ocean). A continuously deposited sequence, ranging in age from Devonian to 

Triassic, was laid down on the southern passive margin of Huanan. On the other side of the 

ocean, the Dongnanya Permian strata include glacial marine deposits of Gondwanaland 

affinity. Dongnanya became separated from Gondwanaland during the Late Permian, when it 

marched northward to be reunited with Huanan. The Huanan passive margin sequence was 

deformed by folding and overthrusting after the late Mesozoic collision of Huanan and 

Dongnanya. Scattered outcrops of the Suture melange resulting from this collision occur at a 

few localities in coastal Fujian. Dongnanya, in our model, was the Mesozoic continent of 

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Southeast Asia, peripheral to mainland Asia. This may or may not have been the eastern 

continuation of the microcontinent Sibumasu (Siam (Thailand)-Burma-Malaysia-Sumatra). 

The collision of Dongnanya and Asia gave rise not only to the Gunanhai Melange of coastal 

Fujian, but also to the ophiolite melanges, parts of which are present in Taiwan (Tailuko), the 

Philippines and western Malaysia. 

Hurley, Patrick J. 1900-1956. Papers, 1900-1956. Descriptors: Air mail service -- United States; 

Airports -- Oklahoma; Ambassadors -- United States; Argonne, Battle of the, 1918; 

Autographs; Bombers; Bonus Expeditionary Force, 1932; Canals -- Florida; Choctaw Indians 

-- Arbitration and award; Choctaw Indians -- Claims; Choctaw Indians -- Courts; Choctaw 

Indians -- Land tenure; Choctaw Indians -- Legal status, laws, etc; Choctaw Indians -- 

Property; Choctaw Indians -- Treaties; Communism -- China; Communism -- Japan; Fighter 

planes -- United States; Forest reserves -- Oklahoma; Forests and forestry -- Oklahoma; 

Judges -- Philippines; Pensions, Military -- United States; Petroleum industry and trade; 

Philippine Sea, Battles of the, 1944; Railroads -- Oklahoma; Reconstruction (1914-1939) -- 

United States; Republican Party -- United States; Schools -- Indian Territory; Schools -- 

Oklahoma; Sewage disposal in rivers, lakes, etc. -- Oklahoma; Sino-Japanese War, 1937-

1945; Veterans -- United States; Water -- Pollution -- Oklahoma; World War, 1939-1945 -- 

Australia; World War, 1939-1945 -- Palestine; World War, 1939-1945 -- New Zealand; 

World War, 1939-1945 -- Soviet Union; World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Burma; 

World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- China; World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaings -- India; 

World War, 1939-1945 -- Campaigns -- Philippines; World War, 1939-1945 -- Naval 

operations, French. Abstract: Correspondence, reports and articles (1900-1956) from Hurley's 

service as National Attorney for the Choctaw Nation, regarding tribal enrollment, land tenure, 

and the Mississippi Choctaw; as United States Assistant Secretary of War and as a special 

presidential representative to the Soviet Union, Great Britain, Afghanistan and the Middle 

East; and as United States Ambassador to China during World War II, including 

correspondence regarding American and Allied war efforts in the Far Eastern theatre. 

Correspondents include Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lord Louis Mountbatten, 

Mao Tse-tung, Chiang Kai-shek, Herbert Hoover, Douglas MacArthur, Henry A. Wallace, 

Joseph Stilwell, Helen Keller and Cordell Hull, as well as numerous officials of the U.S. 

diplomatic corps, including Averell Harriman and Harry Hopkins. Notes: 188 ft; Named 

Person: Aguinaldo, Emilio, 1869-1964. Arosemena, Juan Demostenes. Ballinger, Richard 

Achilles, 1858-1922. Barrett, David D. (David Dean), 1892-1977. Baruch, Bernard M. 

(Bernard Mannes), 1870-1965. Benedict, Omer K. Canton, Frank M., 1849-1927. Carter, 

Amon. Chiang, Kai-shek, 1887-1975. Chennault, Claire Lee, 1890-1958. Cheves, Gilbert X. 

Chiang, May-ling Soong, 1897- Chou, En-lai, 1898-1976. Churchill, Winston, Sir, 1871-

1965. Creel, George, 1876-1953. DePass, Morris B. Doak, William Nickles. Donovan, 

William J. (William Joseph), 1890-1969. Douglas, Clarence B. Drumwright, Everett F. 

Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969. Fish, Hamilton, 1926- Fraser, Peter. 

Gauss, Clarence E. Geissler, Arthur. Gore, Thomas P. (Thomas Pryor), 1870-1949. 

Groseclose, Elgin Earl, 1899- Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, Earl of, 1881-1959. 

Harriman, W. Averell (William Averell), 1891-1986. Harrison, Walter M. Hastings, William 

Wirt. Hearn, Thomas G. Hoover, Herbert, 1874-1964. Hopkins, Harry Lloyd, 1890-1946. 

Huffman, Roy. Hull, Cordell, 1871-1955. Hurley, Patrick J. (Patrick Jay), 1883-1963. 

Johnson, Royal C. Jones, Richard Lloyd, 1873-1868. Judd, Walter H. Keller, Helen, 1880-

1968. Kelsey, Dana H. Landon, Alfred M. (Alfred Mossman), 1887-1987. La Follette, Robert 

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M. (Robert Marion), 1855-1925. Ledbetter, Louis A. MacArthur, Douglas, 1880-1964. 

Mansfield, Mike, 1903- Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959. Mao, Tse-tung, 

1893-1976. McCurtain, D. C. (David Cornelius), b. 1873. McKinnis, George E. McMurray, 

John Frank. McNally, Edward J. Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich, 1890-1986. Moseley, 

George. Mountbatten of Burma, Louis Mountbatten, Earl of, 1900-1979. Nelson, Donald 

Marr. Owen, Robert L. (Robert Latham), 1856-1947. Pearson, Drew, 1897-1969. Pepper, 

Claude, 1900-1989. Pershing, John J. (John Joseph), 1868-1948. Phillips, Frank, 1873- 

Phillips, Waite. Quezon, Manuel Luis, 1878-1944. Rhoads, Charles J. Robertson, Alice M., 

1856-1931. Rogers, Will, 1879-1935. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945. 

Rundle, Walter. Sells, Cato. Service, John S., 1909- Seymour, Horace. Skelly, William 

Grove. Sloanaker, Hiram Lyday. Stalin, Joseph, 1879-1953. Stettinius, Edward R. (Edward 

Reilly), 1900-1949. Stevenson, Adlai E. (Adlai Ewing), 1900-1965. Stilwell, Joseph Warren, 

1883-1946. Stimson, Henry Lewis, 1867-1950. Tiger, Motey, b. 1840. Tokugawa, Iesuto, 

1863-1940. Truman, Harry S., 1884-1972. Vandenberg, Arthur H. (Arthur Hendrick), 1884-

1951. Wedemeyer, Albert C. (Albert Coady), 1896- Welles, Sumner, 1892- Wright, Allen, fl. 

1873-1880.; Named Corp: American Restitution and Righting of Old Wrongs Committee. 

Associated Gas and Electric Company. Continental Oil Company. Gilliland Oil Company. 

Mansfield, McMurray and Cornish. Murrow Indian Orphans' Home (Okla.) Ohio Oil 

Company. Richfield Oil Company. Safety Tower Ladder Company. Sinclair Oil Company. 

Spencer Academy (Okla.) United States. War Dept. -- Officials and employees. United States 

Flag Association. United States. War Policies Commission. United States. Army. Oklahoma 

Infantry Division, 90th. United Kingdom Commercial Corporation. Wheelock Academy 

(Okla.); Named Conf: Tehran Conference (1943) Yalta Conference (1945); Genre/Form: 

Correspondence. Reports. Articles.; Geographic: Afghanistan -- History. Australia -- History -

- 20th Century. China -- Economic conditions -- 1912-1949. China -- Foreign relations -- 

1912-1949. China -- History -- Civil War, 1945-1949. China -- History -- Republic, 1912-

1949. China -- History -- Southern Anhui incident, 1941. China -- Politics and government -- 

20th Century. Choctaw Nation -- Legal status, laws, etc. Hoover Dam. Iran -- History -- 20th 

Century. Iran -- Politics and government -- 1941-1979. Japan -- Politics and government -- 

1912-1945. Kansu Province (China) Lebanon -- History -- French occupation, 1918-1946. 

Luxembourg -- History -- Allied occupation, 1919. New Mexico -- Elections. New Mexico -- 

Politics and government. New Zealand -- History -- 1870- Ninghsia Province (China) 

Oklahoma -- Elections. Oklahoma -- Politics and government. Ouachita Ntional Forest (Ark.) 

Palestine -- History -- 1929-1948. Philippines -- History -- Japanese occupation, 1942-1945. 

Philippines -- History -- 1898-1946. Saudi Arabia -- History -- 20th Century. Shenshi 

Province (China) Soviet Union -- History -- 1939-1945. Syria -- History -- 20th Century. 

Taiwan -- History -- 1895-1943. United States -- Politics and government -- 1929-1933. 

Vietnam -- History -- 20th Century.; Title Subject: Nine Power Treaty (1922); General Info: 

Inventory available in repository./ Gift of Ruth Wilson Hurley.; Entry: 19881222; Update: 

20080505. Connect to the catalog at your libraryOCLC Accession Number: 122688396. 

Husaini, S. H. 1964. Report on Fellowship to Study Conditions in Inland Water Transport in 

Burma, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands, March to 

August, 1964. Geneve: Descriptors: Inland water transportation -- Burma; Inland water 

transportation -- Great Britain; Inland water transportation -- Germany (West); Inland water 

transportation -- Netherlands. Notes: iii, 84 l. 28 cm.; Responsibility: by S.H. Husaini.; Entry: 

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19710517; Update: 20030806. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 75-270946. OCLC Accession Number: 

163597. 

Hutchison, J. H. and Holroyd, P. A. 1996. “Preliminary Report on the Lower Vertebrate Fauna of 

the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Sandstones; Fifty-Sixth Annual Meeting; Society of 

Vertebrate Paleontology; Abstracts of Papers.” Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. University 

of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States (USA): United States (USA). 19 Sep. Volume 16, 

Issue 3, Pages 43. Descriptors: Agamidae; Anapsida; Archosauria; Asia; assemblages; 

biogeography; biostratigraphy; Burma; Cenozoic; Chelonia; Chindwin-Irrawaddy Basin; 

Chordata; Crocodilia; Diapsida; endemic taxa; Eocene; Far East; fluvial environment; freshwater environment; Mammalia; middle Eocene; new taxa; Paleogene; Pondaung Sandstones; 

Reptilia; species diversity; Tertiary; Testudines; Tetrapoda; Vertebrata. Notes: CY: GeoRef, 

Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0272-4634. 

India, Geological Survey,Strategic Branch. 1945. “Burma; Ramree, Cheduba, and the Baronga 

Islands.” India, Geol.Surv., Strategic Branch, Tech.Note. Strategic Branch, Tech. Note. 

Volume 43, Pages 48. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; construction materials; Far East; geology; 

military geology; Ramree- Cheduba-Baronga islands; Ramree-Cheduba-Baronga islands; 

water supply. Notes: FE: (processed), geol. sketch maps; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from Bibliography and Index of 

Geology Exclusive of North America, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, United 

States. Abstract: An account of the physical and geologic features, soils, water supply, and 

construction materials of military significance of an island group off the west coast of central 

Burma which includes Ramree, Cheduba, and the Baronga islands. Database: GeoRef. 

India, Geological Survey,Strategic Branch. 1944. “Burma; the Rangoon Area.” India, Geol.Surv., 

Strategic Branch, Tech.Note. Strategic Branch, Tech. Note. Volume 39, Pages 11. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Far East; geology; military geology; Rangoon region; road 

materials; water supply. Notes: FE: (processed), geol. sketch map; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 

2007, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from Bibliography and Index of 

Geology Exclusive of North America, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, United 

States. Abstract: Brief notes on Tertiary and younger formations, soils, physical features, 

water supply, and road materials of the Rangoon region, Burma. Database: GeoRef. 

Inouye, J. 1987. “On Floating Rice and its Ecological Traits in Southeast Asia.” Southeast Asian 

Studies (Kyoto). 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 25, Issue 1, Pages 51-61. 

Descriptors: GENERAL MICROBIAL ECOLOGY -- 73.5; rice; ecotype Species Term: 

Oryza sativa. Notes: Geographic: Thailand Vietnam Cambodia Burma. Abstract: Floating rice 

(grown in low-lying areas of Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Burma) is characterized by its 

ability to elongate at the internod in lage phases during the rise in water level. -from English 

summary. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

International Energy Agency. 1999. South East Asia Gas Study. Paris and Washington, D.C.: 

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Energy Agency. 

Descriptors: Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities -- L950; Energy: Demand and Supply -- 

Q410; Energy Supply; Energy; Gas. Abstract: Supplement to the IEA's Asia Gas Study 

(1996) reviews the situation and prospects of the gas sectors of the Philippines, Vietnam, and 

Myanmar. For each country, describes the economy, energy supply and demand, the current 

status and future plans for the gas sector, and the challenges ahead. No index. Notes: 76; 

Entry: 200008. ISSN/ISBN: 92-64-17174-6. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your 

library. OCLC Accession Number: 0531208. 

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Inthavanh, Chanpheng. 1996. THE MEKONG BASIN UNDER LEGAL INTERNATIONAL 

COOPERATION (MYANMAR, LAOS, THAILAND, VIETNAM). UNIVERSITY OF 

CALGARY (CANADA); 0026 Advisor: Adviser: ALASTAIR R. LUCAS. MAI. Volume: 

35, 01, page(s): 230-114. Descriptors: POLITICAL SCIENCE, INTERNATIONAL LAW 

AND RELATIONS; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; URBAN AND REGIONAL 

PLANNING. Abstract: This thesis studies legal aspects and institutional issues of cooperation 

in utilizing and conserving water of the international Mekong River flowing through six 

countries in South-East Asia: China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, and Viet Nam before 

emptying into the South China Sea. Needs for the use of waters of this “giant sleeping river” 

constitute an important area for cooperation among these countries in particular the four lower 

Mekong States. The thesis examines, inter alia, three key international instruments: (1) the 

'1957 Statute of the Mekong Committee'; (2) the '1975 Joint Declaration of Principles for 

Utilization of the Waters of the Lower Mekong' operated under the sole body Mekong 

Committee's mandate at the time and; (3) the present '1995 Agreement on Co-operation for 

the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin' undertaken by the Mekong River 

Commission. Finally the thesis will also discuss the effectiveness of the new agreement on 

large dam projects. Notes: Degree: LL.M. ISSN/ISBN: 0-612-12931-4. OCLC Accession 

Number: AAGMM12931. 

Jagannadha Sarma, V. V. 1977. A Case History of the Application of the Geoelectrical Surveys in 

Delineation of Hydrogeological Sections of Khondalitic Zones of Eastern Ghats; Geophysical 

Case Histories of India; Volume 1. India (IND): Assoc. Explor. Geophys., Hyderabad, India 

(IND). Seminar on Exploration Geophysics in India, Hyderabad. India Conference: Feb., 

1977. Descriptors: Andhra Pradesh India; Asia; Burma Gedda; case studies; Eastern Ghats; 

economic geology; electrical methods; exploration; geophysical methods; geophysical 

surveys; Ghats; ground water; India; Indian Peninsula; khondalite; Meda Gedda; 

metamorphic rocks; metasedimentary rocks; Pendurty Basin; resistivity; surveys; 

Visakhapatnam India; water resources. Notes: FE: References: 7; illus. incl. sects., sketch 

maps; LL: Latitude:N174300,N175700 longitude:E0831600,E0830200; CY: GeoRef, 

copyright 2007, american geological institute. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 

1980-004526. 

Jancloes M Affiliation: Division of Intensified Cooperation with Countries and Peoples in Greatest 

Need, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.,jancloesm@who.ch. 1998. “The 

Poorest First: WHO's Activities to Help the People in Greatest Need.” World Health Forum; 

World Health Forum. Volume 19, Issue 2, Pages 182-7 Additional Info: SWITZERLAND. 

Descriptors: Poverty; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated -- organization & administration; 

Developing Countries; Humans; World Health Organization -- organization & administration; 

Guinea-bissau; Health; International Cooperation; Low Income Population; Primary Health 

Care; Social Development; Social Policy; Viet Nam; Who Africa; Africa South Of The 

Sahara; Americas; Angola; Arab Countries; Asia; Bangladesh; Bolivia; Burkina Faso; Central 

America; China; Delivery Of Health Care; Developed Countries; Eastern Asia; Eastern 

Europe; Economic Factors; Europe; French Speaking Africa; Guatemala; Health Services; 

International Agencies; Latin America; Middle Africa; Moldova; Myanmar; New 

Independent States; North America; Organizations; Policy; Portuguese Speaking Africa; 

Social Class; Socioeconomic Factors; Socioeconomic Status; South America; Southeastern 

Asia; Southern Asia; Un; Western Africa; Western Asia; Yemen. Notes: Note(s): TJ: 

WORLD HEALTH FORUM.; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM Other ID: PIP: 

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134628; POP: 00279890; Date of Entry: 19980903; Date Completed: 19980903; Date of 

Update: 20041117. Abstract: Through its Division of Intensified Cooperation with Countries 

and Peoples in Greatest Need, WHO is giving special attention to the relationship between 

poverty and ill-health. The work of the Division is outlined in the present article. Poverty is 

the main reason why babies are not vaccinated, clean water and sanitation are not provided, 

curative drugs and other treatments are not available, and mothers die in childbirth. It is the 

main cause of low life expectancy, handicap, disability, and starvation, and a major factor in 

mental illness, stress, suicide, family disintegration, and substance abuse. Poverty is 

spreading, just as the gap between rich and poor is growing in both developed and developing 

countries. In 1989, the World Health Assembly asked the World Health Organization (WHO) 

to pay attention to the special needs of the most poor countries, a request which led to the 

development and launching of the Intensified Cooperation with Countries and Peoples in 

Greatest Need initiative. The goals of the initiative are to enable poor countries to develop 

public policies and implement strategies for improving the health status of their populations, 

to promote innovative intersectoral action, and to make the best possible use of international 

cooperation in health matters. The main task has been to develop and implement communitybased strategies for primary care in approximately 30 countries. In-country actions are 

described for Angola, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, China, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, 

Moldova, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Yemen. Lessons learned are presented and future 

requirements considered. ISSN/ISBN: 0251-2432 (Print). 

Jayaram, K. C. 1981. The Freshwater Fishes of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka : 

A Handbook. Calcutta: The Survey. page(s): xxii, 475. Descriptors: Fishes, Fresh-water -- 

India; NAL: SH299.J35; Bibliography Subj Category: M310 AQUATIC BIOLOGY AND 

ECOLOGY, ANIMALS. Notes: 14 leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm. Availability: 

Connect to the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession Number: CAT83787315. 

Jayawardena, A. W. and Mahanama S.P.P. Affiliation: Prof. A.W. Jayawardena, Dept. of Civil 

Engineering, The Univ. of Hong Kong Country: Hong Kong E-mail:,hrecjaw@hkucc.hku.hk. 

2002. “Meso-Scale Hydrological Modeling: Application to Mekong and Chao Phraya 

Basins.” J. Hydrol. Eng. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 12-

26 Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: Runoff, streamflow and basins -- 71.6.5; 

hydrological modeling; river flow; river discharge; atmospheric forcing. Notes: References: 

Number: 32; Geographic: Asia -- Mekong Basin Asia -- Chao Phraya Basin. Abstract: In this 

paper, an attempt has been made to predict river flow in meso-scale basins using the general 

circulation model generated atmospheric forcing by coupling a land surface model and a river 

routing model. Several versions of the variable infiltration capacity model were used as the 

land surface model, including one that incorporates a double parabolic curve to describe the 

infiltration capacity of the soil. In the runoff routing model, which uses a much finer grid, 

backward distribution of observed river discharges to upstream cells as well as flood plain 

inundation are introduced. The proposed models and the procedures are applied to two major 

river basins in the Southeast Asian Region-the Mekong and the Chao Phraya. The Mekong is 

an international river that runs through China, Myanmar, Lao, Thailand, Cambodia, and 

Vietnam, and the Chao Phraya River id contained within Thailand. Despite the limitations in 

the data availability, the results of daily river discharge predictions seem to be reasonable in 

the scale concerned. ISSN/ISBN: 1084-0699. Availability: FirstSearch indicates your 

institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 329 US 

ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 68 
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Jayawardena, A. W. and Mahanama, S. P. P. 2002. “Meso-Scale Hydrological Modeling: 

Application to Mekong and Chao Phraya Basins.” J. Hydrol. Eng. Jan-Feb. Volume 7, Issue 

1, Pages 12-26. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Basins; Hydrologic models; Hydrology; 

Infiltration; Model Studies; River Flow; River discharges; River flow forecasting; Runoff; 

Watersheds; Article Geographic Terms: Cambodia, Mekong R.; China, People's Rep., 

Lancang Jiang R.; Laos, Menam Khong R.; Myanmar, Mekong R.; Southeast Asia, Mekong 

R.; Thailand, Chao Phraya R.; Thailand, Mekong R. Abstract: In this paper, an attempt has 

been made to predict river flow in meso-scale basins using the general circulation model 

generated atmospheric forcings by coupling a land surface model and a river routing model. 

Several versions of the variable infiltration capacity model were used as the land surface 

model, including one that incorporates a double parabolic curve to describe the infiltration 

capacity of the soil. In the runoff routing model, which uses a much finer grid, backward 

distribution of observed river discharges to upstream cells as well as flood plain inundation 

are introduced. The proposed models and the procedures are applied to two major river basins 

in the Southeast Asian Region - the Mekong and the Chao Phraya. The Mekong is an 

international river that runs through China, Myanmar, Lao, Thailand, Cambodia, and 

Vietnam, and the Chao Phraya River is contained within Thailand. Despite the limitations in 

the data availability, the results of daily river discharge predictions seem to be reasonable in 

the scale concerned. Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN/ISBN: 

1084-0699. 

Kadushkin, Anatoly, Siddiqui, Zuhaib and Shipin, Oleg. 2004. “Groundwater Quality Assessment 

and Management in Selected Countries of East and South-East Asia.” Water Resour. J. 

United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, New York, NY, 

International (III): International (III). Dec. Volume 216, Pages 83-108. Descriptors: aquifer 

vulnerability; aquifers; arsenic; Asia; Bangladesh; Burma; cadmium; Cambodia; carcinogens; 

China; chromium; copper; decision-making; drinking water; ecosystems; Far East; fluorine; 

fresh-water environment; geologic hazards; ground water; halogens; heavy metals; India; 

Indian Peninsula; international cooperation; Iran; Laos; lead; mercury; metals; Middle East; 

Nepal; nickel; numerical models; Pakistan; policy; pollutants; pollution; public health; risk 

assessment; soils; Southeast Asia; surface water; Thailand; toxicity; water management; water 

quality; water resources; water supply; West Bengal India; zinc. Notes: FE: References: 51; 

illus. incl. 5 tables, sketch map; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. 

Abstract: Supply of fresh and clean drinking water is a basic need for all human beings the 

Earth, yet it has been observed that millions of people worldwide are deprived of this service. 

An estimated 668 million people in Asia and the Pacific still lack access to safe drinking 

water, while an estimated 1,888 million lack adequate sanitation, representing 18 per cent and 

52 per cent of the region's population, respectively. In the Millennium Declaration 2000, 

Governments across the world pledged to “reduce by half of the proportion of people without 

sustainable access to safe drinking water” by 2015. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation 

(JPOI) of the World Summit on Sustainable Development in September 2002 called for the 

water supply goal to be extended to include sanitation. In simple numerical terms, over Asia 

as a whole this implies that improved water and sanitation services should be provided for an 

additional 40 million people each year, or more that 100,000 people each day for the next 15 

years. This represents a highly significant challenge. Despite some notable achievements, the 

Asia and Pacific region, as well as some individual countries, have not, so far, done too well 

in making significant progress towards achieving water-related MDG and JPOI goals. The 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 69 
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contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by heavy metals/metalloids has become 

a major environmental and public health hazard and a major constraint to sustainable 

development in many countries of Asia and the Pacific. Many rivers, lakes and groundwater 

resources are becoming increasingly polluted. The main source of freshwater pollution can be 

attributed to discharge of untreated waste, dumping of industrial effluent, mineral mining, and 

run-off from agricultural fields. Industrial growth, urbanization and the increasing use of 

synthetic organic substances have serious and adverse impacts on freshwater bodies. It is a 

generally accepted fact that the developing countries of East and South-East Asia are facing 

problems of agriculture run-off into water sources, toxic chemical discharges from industries 

polluting drinking water, which leads to water-borne diseases and affects the human health. 

The levels of suspended solids in Asian rivers have risen by a factor of four over the last three 

decades. Millions of people worldwide are consuming water from groundwater sources that 

contain arsenic above safe levels. Long-term exposure to such poisoned water can lead to 

serious health problems, collectively called arsenicosis, which include skin lesions, skin 

cancers, internal cancers affecting the bladder, kidney and lungs, and hypertension. The total 

exposed population in various parts of world is estimated at approximately 100 million, which 

makes it a disaster of global dimensions. The research on arsenic contamination of 

groundwater in the region during the last decade confirmed its existence in the groundwater 

resources of Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Lao PDR, 

Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam and the West Bengal Province of India. 

Bangladesh, Nepal and the West Bengal Province of India are believed to be among the most 

affected areas in Asia. The severity and dimensions of the arsenic crisis in Asia, however, are 

only now becoming fully understood. Conservative estimates put the total number of people 

drinking arsenic-contaminated water from 60 to 75 million in the Asia region. Overall, arsenic 

contamination of the groundwater threatens at least 20 million people in the East and SouthEast Asia region. Arsenic contamination is a complex problem, involving both technological 

and policy challenges, and its solution requires clear thinking and a comprehensive strategic 

response. A number of critical technological, institutional and policy-related problems are still 

to be overcome. There exists an urgent necessity for much stronger regional cooperation of 

such international organisations as ESCAP, UNICEF, WHO etc., local NGOs, governments 

and other relevant stakeholders. It appears the current situation is such that only the urgent 

measures will prevent a crisis situation in the East and South-East Asia to occur on the scale 

of the current calamity in Bangladesh. The paper overviews status quo of the problem in the 

light of the past and future human risk dynamics in the East and South-East Asian region and 

puts forward recommendations for proper mitigation measures. Database: GeoRef. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0377-8053. 

Kajisa, T., Oo, A. T. and Fujiki, K. 2005. “Data Generation of Daily Rainfall Time Series for 

Myanmar's Water Resources Planning.” Int. Agric. Eng. J. Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 29-34. 

Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Agricultural Engineering; Hydrologic Data; Planning; 

Precipitation; Rain; Rainfall; Structural Engineering; Water Resources; Article Geographic 

Terms: Japan; Myanmar. Abstract: The time stochastic structure of daily precipitation in 

Japan and Myanmar were analyzed using data for 30 years from 1962 to 1991. In this 

analysis, the daily precipitation data generation method, which consisted of two components 

of the rain characteristics, the occurrence and rain intensity, was applied for Japan where 

there is no rainy season, making it possible to be used for Myanmar, which has a rainy 

season. It was expected that the data generation of daily precipitation for the dry season in 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 70 
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Myanmar could be the same as Japan, because simulation of continuous dry days is more 

reasonable than the simulation of continuous rainy days for the dry season in Myanmar. On 

the other hand, simulation of continuous rainy days is more reasonable than the simulation of 

continuous dry days for the rainy season in Myanmar. In addition, the time independency of 

daily precipitation of the rainy season in Myanmar was found to be as large as that in Japan. 

Therefore, the effect of daily precipitation on the next day's precipitation was confirmed to be 

small in both places. Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN/ISBN: 

0858-2114. 

Kajisa, T., Oo, A. T. and Fujiki, K. 2005. “Data Generation of Daily Rainfall Time Series for 

Myanmar's Water Resources Planning.” Int. Agric. Eng. J. Asian Association for Agricultural 

Engineering, Bangkok, 10501, Thailand: Volume 14, Issue 1, Pages 29-34. Descriptors: Rain; 

Water resources; Strategic planning; Water conservation; Precipitation (chemical); Climate 

change; Decision making; Data acquisition; Civil engineering; Probability; Algorithms. 

Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: The time 

stochastic structure of daily precipitation in Japan and Myanmar were analyzed using data for 

30 years from 1962 to 1991. In this analysis, the daily precipitation data generation method, 

which consisted of two components of the rain characteristics, the occurrence and rain 

intensity, was applied for Japan where there is no rainy season, making it possible to be used 

for Myanmar, which has a rainy season. It was expected that the data generation of daily 

precipitation for the dry season in Myanmar could be the same as Japan, because simulation 

of continuous dry days is more reasonable than the simulation of continuous rainy days for 

the dry season in Myanmar. On the other hand, simulation of continuous rainy days is more 

reasonable than the simulation of continuous dry days for the rainy season in Myanmar. In 

addition, the time independency of daily precipitation of the rainy season in Myanmar was 

found to be as large as that in Japan. Therefore, the effect of daily precipitation on the next 

day's precipitation was confirmed to be small in both places. © 2005 AAAE. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0858-2114. 

Karen Rivers Watch (Organization). 2004. Damming at Gunpoint : Burma Army Atrocities Pave 

the Way for Salween Dams in Karen State. Kawthoolei: Karen Rivers Watch. page(s): 78. 

Descriptors: Human rights -- Burma -- Karen State; Hydroelectric power plants -- Burma -- 

Salween River. Notes: iv; ill. (chiefly col.), col. maps ; 21 cm.; Note(s): “November 2004.”; 

Other Titles: Burma army atrocities pave the way for Salween dams in Karen State; Entry: 

20050121; Update: 20080327. OCLC Accession Number: 57551837. 

Karenni Development Research Group. 2006. Dammed by Burma's Generals : The Karenni 

Experience with Hydropower Development--from Lawpita to the Salween. Burma: Karenni 

Development Research Group (KDRG). page(s): 69. Descriptors: Water-power -- Political 

aspects -- Burma -- Kayah State; Water-power -- Social aspects -- Burma -- Kayah State; 

Water-power -- Ecomonic aspects -- Burma -- Kayah State. Notes: ill., col. maps ; 25 cm.; 

Note(s): “A report by the Karenni Development Research Group”--Cover./ Includes 

bibliographical references.; Entry: 20070523; Update: 20070523. OCLC Accession Number: 

133996207. 

Karmanov, I. I. 1997. “A Characterization of Dark Tropical Vertisols.” Eurasian Soil Sci. Scripta 

Technica, Silver Spring, MD, United States (USA): United States (USA). Jun. Volume 30, 

Issue 6, Pages 587-594. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Calcareous soils; characterization; 

chemical properties; Far East; granulometry; homogeneity; leaching; physicochemical 

properties; sediment-water interface; size distribution; soil group; soils; Vertisols. Notes: FE: 

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References: 17; 3 tables; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. 

Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 1064-2293. 

KENNEY, R. A. 1956. “Physiology of Water and Electrolyte Regulation.” Burma Med. J. Jul. 

Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 33-5 Additional Info: Not Available. Descriptors: Body Fluids. 

Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM Other ID: CLML: 5731:2224; Date of 

Entry: 19571201; Date Completed: 20020501; Date of Update: 20061115. ISSN/ISBN: 0007-

6295 (Print). 

Khaing M. Affiliation: M. Khaing, Design and Technology Branch, Department of Hydropower 

Implementation, Ministry of Electric,Power. 2006. “Development of Hydropower in 

Myanmar.” SHP News. 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: Volume 23, Issue WINTER, 

Pages 21-24 Additional Info: China. Descriptors: Fuel and Energy: Others -- 70.4.2.2; 

ENERGY -- 74.16; electricity supply; hydroelectric power; natural gas; power generation; 

power plant. Notes: Geographic: Asia Eurasia Myanmar Southeast Asia. Abstract: Water is 

the source of life and electricity is the symbol of modern civilization. The topography 

combined with heavy rainfall from the South-West monsoon endows the country with 

abundant hydropower resources. In the last two-decades, country's power supply system 

mainly depends on a number of gas turbine and combined cycle power plants, which requires 

relatively shorter implementation time and lower investment cost. Presently, on-shore natural 

gas available for domestic utilization become insufficient and so power generation from gas 

turbine and combined cycle power plants gradually declined and become power shortage in 

the country. In order to overcome the present insufficient power supply situation and to meet 

the future power demand, the Ministry of Electric Power had developed many hydropower 

stations throughout the country. Since 1988, (28) Nos. of small and medium size hydropower 

stations were put into operation. At present, about 16 Nos. off medium to large-scale 

hydropower projects are in various stages of implementation and several more are under 

planning. This report describes the status of the projects under implementation and in 

planning. ISSN/ISBN: 0256-3118. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Khan, M. U. and Munshi, M. H. 1983. “Clinical Illnesses and Causes of Death in a Burmese 

Refugee Camp in Bangladesh.” Int. J. Epidemiol. ; Int. J. Epidemiol. Dec. Volume 12, Issue 

4, Pages 460-4 Additional Info: ENGLAND. Descriptors: Morbidity; Mortality; Refugees; 

Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bangladesh; Child; Diarrhea -- epidemiology; Diarrhea -- 

microbiology; Diarrhea -- mortality; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Myanmar -- ethnology. 

Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19840214; Date Completed: 

19840214; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: In 1978 almost 200 000 Burmese refugees 

entered Bangladesh. Thirteen camps were set up for refugees. Data for the camp at Leda is 

presented here. There were four medical clinics; including a diarrhoea clinic operated by the 

International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. The four clinics recorded a 

total of 174 201 visits by the refugees, of which 28% were for watery diarrhoea, 32% for 

dysentery and 40% for other illnesses. Of 2321 diarrhoea stools cultured, 29.2% yielded 

pathogens of which 22% were Shigellae alone. Coliform count of water was extremely high. 

The death rate (89/1000/year) was higher than the birth rate (28/1000/year). Most of the 

deaths were among infants (640), children (357) and old people (131). Main causes of death 

were clinical diarrhoea (11.8%), fever (23%) and poor nutrition (52%). Prompt arrangements 

for food, identifying the vulnerable groups, and proper sanitation perhaps could have reduced 

the number of deaths considerably. ISSN/ISBN: 0300-5771 (Print); 1464-3685 (Electronic). 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 72 
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Khin Maung, U., Thein Thein, Myint, Butler, T., Myo, Khin, Nyunt Nyunt, Wai and Nyi Win, 

Hman. 1992. “Risk Factors for the Development of Persistent Diarrhoea and Malnutrition in 

Burmese Children.” Int. J. Epidemiol. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 21, 

Issue 5, Pages 1021-1029. Descriptors: WATER -- 74.13; persistent diarrhoea; malnutrition; 

hygiene; risk factors; diarrhoeal disease. Notes: Geographic: Burma. Abstract: To identify 

socioeconomic and behavioural risk factors for development of persistent diarrhoea and 

malnutrition in children, a case-control study was carried out in Burma. Results indicated that 

persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition in Burma is caused by a complex of several interrelated 

socioeconomic factors, unsanitary behaviour pertaining to personal hygiene, the practice of 

demand breastfeeding and lack of certain weaning foods, and low education of mothers. -from 

Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 0300-5771. 

Khin, M. M. and Than, K. A. 1983. “Transovarial Transmission of Dengue 2 Virus by Aedes 

Aegypti in Nature.” Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. ; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. May. Volume 32, 

Issue 3, Pages 590-4 Additional Info: UNITED STATES. Descriptors: Aedes -- 

microbiology; Animals; Dengue -- transmission; Dengue Virus -- growth & development; 

Female; Larva -- microbiology; Male; Ovum -- microbiology. Notes: Citation: Status: 

MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19830708; Date Completed: 19830708; Date of 

Update: 20031114. Abstract: Dengue 2 virus was recovered from three of 123 pools of 

naturally infected Aedes aegypti larvae (6,200 insects) collected from water containers in 

Rangoon. The virus was also isolated from two of 76 pools (7,730 mosquitoes) of male Ae. 

aegypti, collected as larvae and reared in the laboratory to adults. Minimum field infection 

rates among these two groups of mosquitoes were 1:2,067 and 1:3,865, respectively. Insect 

pools were inoculated into Toxorhynchites splendens mosquitoes and dengue viral antigen 

was subsequently detected in headsquash preparations by direct fluorescent antibody 

technique. Identification of the dengue serotype was done by complement-fixation test. This 

is the first report of dengue virus isolation from naturally infected mosquito larvae. These 

findings suggest that transovarial transmission of dengue virus occurs in nature. ISSN/ISBN: 

0002-9637 (Print); 1476-1645 (Electronic). 

Khin-Maung-Naing, Cho-Nwe-OO, Tin-Tin-OO and Thane-Toe. 1989. “A Study of the Aetiology 

of Endemic Goitre in Lowland Burma.” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. Oct. Volume 43, Issue 10, Pages 

693-698. Additional Info: Basingstoke : The Macmillan Press Ltd. Publishing Agencies: NonUS Imprint, not FAO. Descriptors: NAL: QP141.A1J68; Endemic goiter; Etiology; Iodine; 

Deficiency; Excretion; Thyroid gland; Water quality; Soil; Incidence; Nutrient intake. Notes: 

Geographic: Burma Subj Category: T300 DIET AND DISEASES. ISSN/ISBN: 0954-3007. 

Khin-Maung-Naing, Cho-Nwe-Oo, Tin-Tin-Oo and Thane-Toe Affiliation: Nutrition Research 

Division, Department of Medical Research, Rangoon,,Burma. 1989. “A Study on the 

Aetiology of Endemic Goitre in Lowland Burma.” Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. ; Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. Oct. 

Volume 43, Issue 10, Pages 693-8 Additional Info: ENGLAND. Descriptors: Adolescent; 

Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Environment; Female; Goiter, Endemic -- etiology; Humans; 

Iodine -- deficiency; Iodine -- urine; Male; Myanmar. Notes: Chemical Subst: Iodine [7553-

56-2]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19900228; Date Completed: 

19900228; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: The prevalence and aetiology of lowland 

endemic goitre was studied in Bawlle Village, Htan-ta-bin Township, Rangoon Division. The 

total goitre rate was found to be 40.9 per cent. Low urinary iodine excretion and high 24-h 

uptake of 131I by the thyroids of the subjects indicated iodine deficiency which was further 

confirmed by direct chemical analysis of diet samples. The serum thiocyanate level of nonTEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 73 
Myanmar Water 

smokers from this area was found to be low, which indicates that dietary goitrogens do not 

appear to play a role in the aetiology of endemic goitre in this area. The iodine content of 

water was also very low and the iodine content of soil was also about 10 times lower than soil 

samples from urban Rangoon. Thus, the present study indicates that the aetiology of endemic 

goitre in lowland Burma is due to environmental iodine deficiency, the same aetiological 

factor as in hilly regions of Burma. ISSN/ISBN: 0954-3007 (Print). 

Khin-Maung-U, , Myo-Khin, , Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, , et al. 1990. “Effect of Short-Term Intermittent 

Antibiotic Treatment on Growth of Burmese (Myanmar) Village Children.” The Lancet,. 

11/3. Volume 336, Issue 8723, Pages 1090-1093. 

Khin-Maung-U, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, Myo-Khin, Mu-Mu-Khin, Tin-U and Thane-Toe. 1986. “Effect 

of Boiled-Rice Feeding in Childhood Cholera on Clinical Outcome.” Hum. Nutr. Clin. Nutr. 

Jul. Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 249-54 Additional Info: ENGLAND. Descriptors: Oryza 

sativa; Body Weight; Child, Preschool; Cholera -- complications; Cholera -- therapy; Clinical 

Trials as Topic; Dehydration -- etiology; Dehydration -- therapy; Diarrhea -- diet therapy; 

Diarrhea -- etiology; Female; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Male; Myanmar; Random Allocation; 

Water-Electrolyte Balance. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 

19861006; Date Completed: 19861006; Date of Update: 20071115. Abstract: Forty-eight 

children, aged 2-5 years, presenting with watery diarrhoea of less than 48 h duration at home 

prior to hospitalization, were admitted into a randomized controlled clinical trial, 24 children 

being treated during the first 24 h of admission with oral rehydration solution (ORS) alone 

and 24 children being given 'ORS plus boiled-rice feeding'. The latter group received boiledrice to supply at least 55 kcal/kg/d (about 150 g boiled-rice per feed, given four times daily). 

Vibrio cholerae were isolated by stool culture on admission from all children. No antibiotics 

were given. Clinical characteristics of children in the two treatment groups were comparable. 

Among children given 'ORS plus boiled rice', there was a significant increase in volume of 

diarrhoea stools (P less than 0.05), duration of diarrhoea in hospital (P less than 0.01), and 

more frequent diarrhoea motions (not significant statistically). However, the children fed 

boiled rice absorbed and retained 176 ml more fluid, and had gain in body weight comparable 

to that observed in children who were not fed during the first 24 h of hospitalization. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0263-8290 (Print). 

Khin-Maung-U, Tin-Aye, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai and Thane-Toe. 1986. “Composition and 

Contamination of Oral Rehydration Solutions Prepared with Well Water by Village Mothers 

in Burma.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,. Volume 

80, Issue 2, Pages 329-332. Abstract: A field study was carried out at Htaukkyant village in 

Burma to assess (i) whether village mothers could use condensed milk tins to measure one 

litre of water with reasonable accuracy for the preparation of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) 

and (ii) whether the extent of bacterial contamination of well water was serious and if this 

affected the bicarbonate content of the ORS solution. Empty condensed milk tins have a fairly 

uniform volume around 330 ml and using three condensed milk tins full of water mothers 

made up one litre quite consistently. Mothers also proved capable of preparing ORS solution 

by dissolving one packet of oral rehydration salt (ORS) in three condensed milk tins full of 

water to obtain solutions which contained acceptable and safe concentrations of sodium and 

potassium. Contamination of well water with faecal coliforms was present. Both storing water 

in domestic vessels and boiling water reduced the coliform count. Storing could be a good 

way of reducing the risk of infection if repeated contamination from dipping in to the water 

could be avoided. The counts on coliforms and faecal coliforms in ORS both increased by 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 74 
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aboaut 1 log per day over the first and second 24 hours after the preparation with 

contaminated well water. Despite this the bicarbonate content of ORS remained stable. In the 

absence of boiled water, ORS solution can be made using the cleanest available water and 

using it within 24 hours. 

Khin-Maung-U, Tin-Aye, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai and Thane-Toe. 1986. “Composition and 

Contamination of Oral Rehydration Solutions Prepared with Well Water by Village Mothers 

in Burma.” Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. ; Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. Volume 80, 

Issue 2, Pages 329-32 Additional Info: ENGLAND. Descriptors: Fluid Therapy; Water 

Microbiology; Bicarbonates -- analysis; Bicarbonates -- therapeutic use; Dehydration -- 

therapy; Enterobacteriaceae -- isolation & purification; Feces -- microbiology; Female; 

Glucose -- analysis; Glucose -- therapeutic use; Humans; Myanmar; Potassium -- analysis; 

Potassium Chloride -- therapeutic use; Sodium -- analysis; Sodium Chloride -- therapeutic 

use; Water Supply -- analysis. Notes: Chemical Subst: Bicarbonates [0] World Health 

Organization oral rehydration solution [0] Glucose [50-99-7] Potassium [7440-09-7] Sodium 

[7440-23-5] Potassium Chloride [7447-40-7] Sodium Chloride [7647-14-5]; Citation: Status: 

MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19870122; Date Completed: 19870122; Date of 

Update: 20041117. Abstract: A field study was carried out at Htaukkyant village in Burma to 

assess whether village mothers could use condensed milk tins to measure one litre of water 

with reasonable accuracy for the preparation of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) and whether 

the extent of bacterial contamination of well water was serious and if this affected the 

bicarbonate content of the ORS solution. Empty condensed milk tins have a fairly uniform 

volume around 330 ml and using three condensed milk tins full of water mothers made up one 

litre quite consistently. Mothers also proved capable of preparing ORS solution by dissolving 

one packet of oral rehydration salt (ORS) in three condensed milk tins full of water to obtain 

solutions which contained acceptable and safe concentrations of sodium and potassium. 

Contamination of well water with faecal coliforms was present. Both storing water in 

domestic vessels and boiling water reduced the coliform count. Storing could be a good way 

of reducing the risk of infection if repeated contamination from dipping in to the water could 

be avoided. The counts on coliforms and faecal coliforms in ORS both increased by about 1 

log per day over the first and second 24 hours after the preparation with contaminated well 

water. Despite this the bicarbonate content of ORS remained stable. In the absence of boiled 

water, ORS solution can be made using the cleanest available water and using it within 24 

hours. ISSN/ISBN: 0035-9203 (Print). 

Kite G. Affiliation: G. Kite, Hydrologic-Solutions, Bryn Eithin, Cefn Bychan Rd., Pantymwyn, 

Flintshire CH7 SEN Country: United Kingdom E-mail:,geoffkite@hydrologic-solutions.com. 

2001. “Modelling the Mekong: Hydrological Simulation for Environmental Impact Studies.” 

Journal of Hydrology. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: 15 NOV. Volume 253, Issue 1-

4, Pages 1-13 Additional Info: Netherlands. Descriptors: Runoff, streamflow and basins -- 

71.6.5; environmental impact assessment; hydrological cycle; Internet; hydrological 

modeling. Notes: References: Number: 28; Geographic: China -- Mekong River Laos -- 

Mekong River Myanmar -- Mekong River Thailand -- Mekong River Cambodia -- Mekong 

River Viet Nam -- Mekong River. Abstract: The Mekong, with a basin area of almost 800,000 

km2 and a length of 4500 km, is one of the most important rivers of the world. The many 

lakes and wetlands along the fiver, including Cambodia's Tonle Sap (Grand Lac), are major 

sources offish for the riparian peoples and form an important part of the regional economy. 

This resource may be affected by proposed developments in the basin. Using climatic, 

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topographic and land cover data from the Internet, the semi-distributed land-use runoff 

process (SLURP) hydrological model was used to simulate the complete hydrological cycle 

of the Mekong and its tributaries, Information on dam locations and reservoir characteristics 

were obtained from local sources. The model was verified by comparing simulated flows with 

recorded daily flows for the Mekong River and by comparing simulated levels of the Tonle 

Sap lake with recorded daily levels. The daily computed levels of the Tonle Sap lake were 

then converted into flooded areas for each land cover around the lake which were then used in 

a fish production model to evaluate the possible impacts of basin development on the 

fisheries. Model outputs may also be used to investigate issues such as water allocations and 

the effects of land use change or climate change on water resources and the aquatic and 

riparian environments. (c) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All fights reserved. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-

1694. Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. 

Libraries worldwide that own item: 578 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect 

to the catalog at your library. 

Kojicic, Bozidar; Berggren, Gretchen Glode; Khin Maung U; UNICEF and International Nutrition 

Communication Service. 1979-1986. [Nutrition Policy and Children in Burma Materials]. 

Descriptors: Nutrition -- Burma; Nutrition policy -- Burma; Children -- Burma -- Nutrition; 

Diarrhea in children -- Burma; Public health -- Burma; Water-supply -- Burma. Abstract: 

Guidelines for drilling water wells / Bozidar Kojicic, UNICEF. 1979 -- Consultant report for 

Burma : policy recommendations for alleviating national maternal and infant nutrition 

problems / Gretchen Glodé; INCS. 1980 (v.2) -- Interactions in diarrhoea, intestinal 

absorption and child growth, nutrition / Khin Maung U. 1986. Notes: 3 pieces : ill. ; 28-36 

cm.; Note(s): Includes bibliographical references.; Entry: 20041010; Update: 20060217. 

OCLC Accession Number: 64057348. 

Kraññ` Khan`, U”. 1997. Nam`' Kinnari Jat` Lam`”. Ran` kun`: Ca pe Biman`. page(s): 270. 

Descriptors: Hydroelectric power plants -- Burma. Abstract: Reminiscences of the author 

about the project to set up the hydroelectric power plant in Burma. Notes: ill. ; 19 cm.; 

Note(s): “1996 khu nhac`, a myui` sa” chon` pud` mya” ca pe pruin` pvai, kyam`” ca mu, 

tatiya chu ra.”/ Includes bibliographical references (p. 263).; Responsibility: Kraññ` Khan`.; 

Entry: 19981224; Update: 20080331. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 98-903216. OCLC Accession 

Number: 40550995. 

Kumar, Arun and Sanoujam, Manichandra. 2007. “Landslide Studies Along the National Highway 

(NH 39) in Manipur; Hazards and Disaster Mitigation.” Nat. Hazards. Kluwer Academic 

Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands (NLD): Netherlands (NLD). Mar. Volume 40, Issue 3, 

Pages 603-614. Descriptors: Asia; atmospheric precipitation; Burma; Churachandpur-Mao 

Thrust; creep; displacements; failures; Far East; faults; fluctuations; geologic hazards; ground 

water; India; Indian Peninsula; Indo-Myanmar subduction zone; kinematics; landslides; 

Manipur India; mass movements; National Highway 39; Northeastern India; pressuremeters; 

rain; slip rates; slope stability; slopes; strike-slip faults; subduction zones; transportation; 

water table. Notes: FE: References: 22; illus. incl. 6 tables, sketch map; LL: 

Latitude:N252900,N252900 Longitude:E0940800,E0940800; CY: GeoRef in Process, 

Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be 

added to Georef. Database: GeoRef In Process. ISSN/ISBN: 0921-030X. 

Kundal, Pradeep and Wanjarwadkhar, K. M. 2003. “Dasycladacean Algae from Late Paleocene 

Limestone of Middle Andaman Island, Andaman, India; Implication to Paleoenvironments, 

Paleobathymetry and Stratigraphy; Recent Developments in Indian Micropaleontology.” 

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Gondwana Geological Magazine. Gondwana Geological Society, Nagpur, India (IND): India 

(IND). Aug. Volume Special volume 6, Pages 277-288. Descriptors: Acroporella indica; 

algae; Andaman Islands; Asia; Baratang Formation; Bengal Islands; biostratigraphy; Burma 

Dera Member; Cenozoic; Chlorophyceae; Chlorophyta; Cymopolia; Dactylopora minuta; 

Dasycladaceae; depositional environment; floral studies; Furcuporella diplopora; India; 

Indian Peninsula; marine environment; microfossils; Middle Andaman Island; morphology; 

new taxa; paleobathymetry; Paleocene; paleoenvironment; Paleogene; Plantae; shallow-water 

environment; taxonomy; Tertiary; Trinocladus bellus; upper Paleocene. Notes: FE: 

References: 52; illus. incl. strat. cols., 3 plates, geol. sketch map; LL: 

Latitude:N120000,N130000 Longitude:E0930000,E0923000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Abstract: The Cenozoic Dasycladales include about 40 genera 

and 200 species and the rich Cenozoic assemblages have been found during Paleocene and 

Paleocene-Eocene in different parts of the world while from Indian Paleocene-Eocene 

sedimentary sequences only 15 Dasycladacean species are known. The greyish white algal 

limestone belonging to Burma Dera Member (Late Paleocene) of Baratang Formation is 

exposed at Burma Dera and Budha Nala localities of Middle Andaman Island, Andaman, 

India. Thin sections of this limestone show a rich assemblage of Dasycladacean algae 

comprising six species, namely Acroporella indica sp. nov., Cymopolia elongata (Defrance) 

Monier-Chalmas, C. mayaense Johnson and Kaska, Dactylopora minuta sp. nov., 

Furcoporella diplopora Pia and Trinocladus bellus Yu-Jing. The species have Tethyan 

affinities and indicate that the limestone of Burma Dera Member of Baratang Formation was 

deposited in shallow marine tropical water at a depth of about 10-12 m below low tide level. 

Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0970-261X. 

Kuo, Albert; Lewis, J. K. and Fang, C. S. 1976. Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia 

Estuaries : VII. Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the Pagan Estuary. 

Gloucester Point, Va: VIMS. page(s): 78. Descriptors: Water quality -- Burma -- Pagan 

Estuary. Notes: ill. ; 28 cm.; Responsibility: A.Y. Kuo, J.K. Lewis and C.S. Fang.; Entry: 

19780314; Update: 20041128. OCLC Accession Number: 3716178. 

Kyaw Myint. 1957. Freight Rates of the Inland Water Transport Board of Burma. Rangoon: 

Departments of Economics, Statistics & Commerce University of Rangoon. page(s): 38. 

Descriptors: Shipping -- Rates -- Burma; Burma (Union). Inland Water Transport Board. 

Notes: ii; ; 27 cm.; Note(s): Bibliography: p. 38.; Responsibility: Kyauw Myint. Vendor Info: 

Baker and Taylor (BTCP); Entry: 19790912; Update: 20080412. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 79-

313259. OCLC Accession Number: 5445421. 

Kyaw, U. W., Zaw, U. M., Dredge, A., Fischer, P. and Steiger, K. 2007. “Myanmar's Yeywa RCC 

Dam.” Int. J. Hydro. Dams. Volume 14, Issue 4, Pages 77-82. Descriptors: Article Subject 

Terms: Dam Construction; Dam Design; Dams; Hydroelectric Plants; Materials Testing; 

Pozzolans; Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar. Abstract: This article provides an overview 

of the development and design of Myanmar's largest dam and hydro project, Yeywa, with 

emphasis on the RCC dam. Details are included of the investigations for, and testing of, 

natural pozzolans located near the site, as well as and ongoing progress with construction. 

Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN/ISBN: 1352-2523. 

Lahiri, S. and Chanthaphone S Affiliation: Water and Sanitation Program, Vientiane, Lao 

PDR.,Slahiri@worldbank.org. 2003. “Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: A Situation Analysis 

Paper for Lao PDR.” Int. J. Environ. Health Res. ; Int. J. Environ. Health Res. Jun. Volume 

13 Suppl 1: S107-14 Additional Info, Pages England. Descriptors: Hygiene; Sanitation; Water 

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Supply; Community-Institutional Relations; Decision Making; Humans; Laos; Public Health; 

Rural Population. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 

20030530; Date Completed: 20030923; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: The Lao 

People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is located in the Greater Mekong sub-region in East 

Asia, neighbouring with China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, with a land area 

of 236,800 square kilometres, and an average population density of 22 persons per square 

kilometre. The population of Lao PDR is 5.5 million with 49 ethnic groups. Most of the 

population is located in rural areas, with a significant number of the neediest villages in 

remote localities. In the past decade, there have been many positive developments in the rural 

water supply and sanitation (RWSS) sector. Despite improved coverage in latrine and water 

supply services, health remains a serious problem. The improved services were often not 

sustained or poorly maintained, while hygiene received inadequate attention. In Lao PDR, as 

in many other countries, the provision of a safe and reliable water supply and appropriate 

sanitation services, based on sustainable approaches, therefore, remains a challenge. This 

paper will provide an overview of the Lao PDR's RWSS Sector. Special emphasis is placed 

on actual field level application of informed choices for water supply, sanitation and hygiene 

awareness. ISSN/ISBN: 0960-3123 (Print); 1369-1619 (Electronic). 

Lahiri, S. and Chanthaphone S. Affiliation: S. Lahiri, Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank, 

Pathou Xay, Vientiane Country: Laos E-mail:,Slahiri@worldbank.org. 2003. “Water, 

Sanitation and Hygiene: A Situation Analysis Paper for Lao PDR.” International Journal of 

Environmental Health Research 13, SUPPL. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 

1, Pages S107-S114 Additional Info: United Kingdom. Descriptors: Water supply and 

sanitation -- 74.13.2; Social Planning -- 70.10.4; water supply; health policy; sanitation; 

hygiene; rural population. Notes: References: Number: 6; Geographic: Lao People's 

Democratic Republic. Abstract: The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is located 

in the Greater Mekong sub-region in East Asia, neighbouring with China, Cambodia, 

Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, with a land area of 236,800 square kilometres, and an 

average population density of 22 persons per square kilometre. The population of Lao PDR is 

5.5 million with 49 ethnic groups. Most of the population is located in rural areas, with a 

significant number of the neediest villages in remote localities. In the past decade, there have 

been many positive developments in the rural water supply and sanitation (RWSS) sector. 

Despite improved coverage in latrine and water supply services, health remains a serious 

problem. The improved services were often not sustained or poorly maintained, while hygiene 

received inadequate attention. In Lao PDR, as in many other countries, the provision of a safe 

and reliable water supply and appropriate sanitation services, based on sustainable 

approaches, therefore, remains a challenge. This paper will provide an overview of the Lao 

PDR's RWSS Sector. Special emphasis is placed on actual field level application of informed 

choices for water supply, sanitation and hygiene awareness. ISSN/ISBN: 0960-3123. 

Lahiri, S. and Chanthaphone, S. 2003. “Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: A Situation Analysis Paper 

for Lao PDR.” Int. J. Environ. Health Res. S107-S114. Jun. Volume 13, Issue Suppl. 1, Pages 

S107-S114. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Environmental Quality; Environmental 

health; Ethnic groups; Hygiene; Population Density; Public Health; Rural Areas; Sanitation; 

Sustainable development; Water Supply; Water supplies; villages; Article Geographic Terms: 

Cambodia; China, People's Rep.; Lao, People's Dem. Rep.; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam. 

Abstract: The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is located in the Greater Mekong 

sub-region in East Asia, neighbouring with China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and 

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Vietnam, with a land area of 236,800 square kilometres, and an average population density of 

22 persons per square kilometre. The population of Lao PDR is 5.5 million with 49 ethnic 

groups. Most of the population is located in rural areas, with a significant number of the 

neediest villages in remote localities. In the past decade, there have been many positive 

developments in the rural water supply and sanitation (RWSS) sector. Despite improved 

coverage in latrine and water supply services, health remains a serious problem. The 

improved services were often not sustained or poorly maintained, while hygiene received 

inadequate attention. In Lao PDR, as in many other countries, the provision of a safe and 

reliable water supply and appropriate sanitation services, based on sustainable approaches, 

therefore, remains a challenge. This paper will provide an overview of the Lao PDR's RWSS 

Sector. Special emphasis is placed on actual field level application of informed choices for 

water supply, sanitation and hygiene awareness. Database: Environmental Sciences and 

Pollution Mgmt. ISSN/ISBN: 0960-3123. 

Laluraj, C. M., Balachandran, K. K., Sabu, P. and Panampunnayil, S. U. 2006. “Persistent Volcanic 

Signature Observed Around Barren Island, Andaman Sea, India.” Mar. Geophys. Res. 

Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands (NLD): Netherlands (NLD). Volume 27, Issue 4, Pages 

283-288. Descriptors: air; Andaman Sea; Asia; Barren Island; Burma Microplate; climate; 

earthquakes; Far East; geologic hazards; global change; global warming; great earthquakes; 

hydrographs; Indian Ocean; Indonesia; ocean floors; Sumatra; Sumatra earthquake 2004; 

temperature; tsunamis; volcanic features; volcanism; volcanoes; winds. Notes: CD: 

MGYRA7; FE: References: 37; illus. incl. sketch map; LL: Latitude:N093000,N133000 

Longitude:E0950000,E0910000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0025-3235. 

LE BACQUER, ALAIN and PRADO, VINCENT. 1996. ON THE TRAIN, BETWEEN BURMA'S 

PAGODAS AND MOUNTAINS.. Les Editions La Vie du Rail. La Vie Du Rail Et Des 

Transports. Descriptors: Burma; Myanmar; Passenger traffic; Railroads. Abstract: No abstract 

provided. Notes: P. 20-24: COL. ILL.; LA VIE DU RAIL ET DES TRANSPORTS NO 2573 

(4 DEC. 1996). ISSN/ISBN: 1145-4466. OCLC Accession Number: 00867335. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

Lee, Kyung-Hee, Chai, Hee-Byung, Tamez, Pamela A., et al. 2003. “Biologically Active Alkylated 

Coumarins from Kayea Assamica.” Phytochemistry,. 9. Volume 64, Issue 2, Pages 535-541. 

Descriptors: Kayea assamica; Clusiaceae; Alkylated coumarins; Xanthones; Cytotoxicity; 

Antimalarial activity. Abstract: Four coumarin derivatives, theraphins A (1), B (2), C (3), and 

D (4), along with three known xanthones, 2-hydroxyxanthone, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone, and 5-

hydroxy-1-methoxyxanthone, were isolated from the bark of Kayea assamica (Clusiaceae) 

native to Myanmar. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic and chemical 

techniques. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by the modified Mosher ester 

method. Theraphins A (1), B (2), and C (3) exhibited good cytotoxicity against Col2, KB, and 

LNCaP human cancer cell lines. Theraphin D (4) showed mild activity only against the KB 

cell line. The coumarins also exhibited mild antimalarial activities. 

Leelarasamee, A., Trakulsomboon, S. and Sittisomwong N Affiliation: Department of Medicine, 

Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University,,Bangkok. 1990. “Undetectable 

Anti-Bacterial Activity of Andrographis Paniculata (Burma) Wall. Ex Ness.” J. Med. Assoc. 

Thai. ; J. Med. Assoc. Thai. Jun. Volume 73, Issue 6, Pages 299-304 Additional Info: 

THAILAND. Descriptors: Plants, Medicinal; Animals; Bacteria -- drug effects; Drugs, 

Chinese Herbal -- pharmacology; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant 

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Extracts -- pharmacology; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thailand. Notes: Chemical Subst: 

Drugs, Chinese Herbal [0] Plant Extracts [0]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date 

of Entry: 19901211; Date Completed: 19901211; Date of Update: 20061115. Abstract: 

Andrographis paniculata (Burma) Wall. ex Ness (AP) is a herbal medicine and has been used 

for therapy of upper respiratory tract infection (URI) as well as acute diarrhea with reported 

efficacy of 75-100 per cent. To investigate whether anti-bacterial activity was responsible for 

the reported therapeutic success of AP, we carried out a number of studies. The first study 

was a direct assay of anti-bacterial activity of AP suspended in water. The tested pathogens 

included Salmonella, Shigella, E.coli, gr. A Streptococci and S.aureus. Anti-bacterial activity 

was not demonstrable even in a solution containing 25,000 mg per litre of crude powder. The 

second was designed to detect serum bactericidal activity after oral intake of stem and leaves 

of AP. Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. They received a single oral dose of 

AP (1, 2, 3 and 6 g) in a randomized, cross-over manner. The washout period was one week. 

Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after ingestion. Serum bactericidal 

activity was assayed by agar diffusion technique using Bacillus spores and five strains of each 

pathogen (Shigella, Salmonella typhi, S.aureus and gr. A Streptococci) incubated for 24 

hours. Again serum bactericidal activity was not detected in any of the sera tested. In a third 

study, ninety-six rats were daily fed with high doses of AP ranging 0.12-24 g per kg body wt. 

for six months before sacrifice. Antibacterial activity was still undetectable when lung 

parenchyma and liver tissue was placed on culture media containing bacteria tested. In 

conclusion, anti-bacterial activity of AP is undetectable in our study. ISSN/ISBN: 0125-2208 

(Print). 

Lehmann, B., Yungyusul, N., Khositanont, S., Hohndorf, A. and Kuroda, Y. 1992. “The Magmatic 

and Hydrothermal Evolution of the Pilok (Thailand) and Hermyingyi (Burma) Tin-Tungsten 

Ore System; Seventh Regional Conference on Geology, Mineral and Hydrocarbon Resources 

of Southeast Asia (GEOSEA VII).” Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences. Pergamon, 

Oxford, United Kingdom (GBR): United Kingdom (GBR). May. Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 

280. Descriptors: age; alkaline earth metals; Asia; Burma; Cenozoic; crystallization; dates; 

Far East; Hermyingyi Burma; hydrothermal alteration; hydrothermal processes; igneous 

processes; interpretation; isotopes; Jurassic; magmas; Mesozoic; metal ores; metals; 

metasomatism; mineral assemblages; mineral deposits, genesis; mineral exploration; 

mineralization; Paleocene; Paleogene; Pilok Thailand; Rb/Sr; Sr-87/Sr-86; stable isotopes; 

strontium; Tertiary; Thailand; tin ores; tungsten ores. Notes: CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0743-9547. 

Leicester, Peter and Key map of Insein Town,Insein District. . 1972. “Key Map of Insein Town, 

Insein District.” N.p. Descriptors: Wells -- Burma -- Insein -- Maps; Groundwater -- Burma -- 

Insein -- Maps; Insein (Burma) -- Maps. Notes: Description: map; 125 x 110 cm. on 2 sheets 

128 x 63 cm.; Scale ca. 1:3,600.; Note(s): “Plate IV.”/ Map source: The Geology and 

underground water of Rangoon (with special reference to tube-wells) by the Geological 

Survey of Burma. 1959./ Base map: G.U.C.P.O. No. 416, L.G.D., 10.11.1932. [By] Sd/ P. 

Leicester, asst. superintendent, Geological Survey of India./ Includes index to 4 sheets./ 

Reproduction: Photocopy.; Other Titles: Insein Town.; Entry: 19750528; Update: 20041117. 

ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 75-695038. OCLC Accession Number: 5473684. 

Lenz, H. and Mueller, P. 1981. “Rb/Sr Determinations (Total Rock) of Rocks of the the Bawdwin 

Volcanic formation/northern Shan State, Burma.” Geologisches Jahrbuch.Reihe D: 

Mineralogie, Petrographie, Geochemie, Lagerstaettenkunde. Schweizerbart in Komm., 

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Stuttgart, Federal Republic of Germany (DEU): Federal Republic of Germany (DEU); 

Geochemie, Lagerstaettenkunde. Volume 43, Pages 47-52. Descriptors: absolute age; alkaline 

earth metals; Asia; Bawdwin Mine; Burma; Cambrian; dates; economic geology; Far East; 

geochemistry; geochronology; homogenization; hydrothermal alteration; igneous rocks; leadzinc deposits; Mesozoic; metal ores; metals; metasomatism; Ordovician; Paleozoic; Rb/Sr; 

rhyolites; Shan; strontium; Triassic; volcanic rocks; volcaniclastics; whole rock. Notes: CD: 

GJRDAL; FE: References: 10; illus. incl. 2 tables; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American 

Geological Institute. Reference includes data from PASCAL, Institute de l'Information 

Scientifique et Technique, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 

0341-6429. 

Liao Zhijie, Tong Wei and Zhang Baoshan. 1985. “Cenozoic Volcanism and Geothermal Activities 

in Southwest China.” The Records of Geological Research. [publisher unknown], China 

(CHN): China (CHN). Volume 1985, Pages 177-185. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Cenozoic; 

China; Eurasian Plate; Far East; Hengduan; hydrothermal alteration; hydrothermal processes; 

Indian Peninsula; Indian Plate; Jammu and Kashmir; Kashmir; metasomatism; petrology; 

Qiangtang Plateau; Southwestern China; Tengchong; Tibet; volcanic belts; volcanism; 

volcanology; Yunnan China. Notes: CD: #02495; FE: References: 13; sketch maps; CY: 

GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

Liebscher, Hans-Juergen. 2005. “Oekologische Und Wasserwirtschaftliche Auswirkungen Des 

Seebebens Im Indischen Ozean Und Des Nachfolgenden Tsunami Am 26.12.2004. the 

Earthquake and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean on 26 December 2004; the Ecological 

Consequences and Impacts on Water-Resources.” Hydrologie Und Wasserbewirtschaftung. 

Bundesanstalt fuer Gewaesserkunde, Koblenz, Federal Republic of Germany (DEU): Federal 

Republic of Germany (DEU). Volume 49, Issue 3, Pages 133-141. Descriptors: Africa; Asia; 

Bangladesh; Burma; catastrophes; damage; East Africa; ecology; environmental geology; 

erosion; evaluation; Far East; fertilizers; geologic hazards; hydrology; India; Indian Ocean; 

Indian Ocean Islands; Indian Peninsula; Indonesia; Kenya; Malaysia; Maldive Islands; 

pesticides; petroleum; pollutants; pollution; Seychelles; Somali Republic; Southern Africa; 

Sri Lanka; subsidence; Sumatra; Tanzania; Thailand; tsunamis; water; water management. 

Notes: CD: DGMTAO; FE: References: 16; illus. incl. 1 table, geol. sketch maps; CY: 

GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. After editing and 

indexing, this record will be added to Georef. Reference includes data from Geoline, 

Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hanover, Germany. Database: GeoRef 

In Process. ISSN/ISBN: 1439-1783. 

Liu, Heng, Liu, Jiufu and Tang, Haixing. 1998. “Present and Future of Water Resources 

Development in Lancang River Basin in Yunnan Province.” Shuikexue Jinzhan/Advances in 

Water Science. Volume 9, Issue 1, Pages 70-76. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, 

Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: Lancang River is an international river flowing from 

China to Vietnam via Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. The downstream river from 

the border of China, Laos and Myanmar to the river mouth is called Mekong River. Lancang 

is the largest international river in China and one of very important hydropower bases in 

southwest China. There are 8 cascade dams are planned which one completed. Lancang river 

basin abounds with natural resources and has great potential for further development, but the 

water resources development is lower. The further development will focus on hydropower, 

navigation and irrigation. The development has some special characters, i.e. integrated, 

hydropower priority and international cooperation. Refer to international river and riparian 

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countries concerns, the water resources development in Lancang should follow principles of 

peaceful use, friendly negotiation and equal mutual benefits. ISSN/ISBN: 1001-6791. 

Lwin, Nyo and Thin, Maung. 1981. “Occurrence and Quality of Ground Waters in MyingyanNatogyi-Taungtha Area.” Contributions to Burmese Geology. Ministry of Mines, Dep. of 

Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration, [Rangoon], Burma (BUR): Burma (BUR). Jan. 

Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages 23-28. Descriptors: aquifers; Asia; Burma; Far East; ground water; 

interpretation; irrigation; Myingyan Burma; Natogyi Burma; pollution; Taungtha Burma; 

water management; water quality. Notes: CD: #03639; FE: References: 15; 1 table, geol. 

sketch map; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

LWIN, THURA U. THAUNG. 1996. RAILWAYS ARE A VITAL DEVELOPMENT TOOL. 

Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation. Int. Railway J. Descriptors: Burma; Myanmar; 

Railroads. Abstract: SUBTITLE: THE GOVERNMENT OF MYANMAR BELIEVES THAT 

EXPANSION OF THE COUNTRY'S RAILWAYS IS VITAL FOR ECONOMIC 

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE PEOPLE. Notes: 

INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY JOURNAL, V. 36, NO. 3 (MAR. 1996), P. 19-20: ILL., 

MAP. ISSN/ISBN: 0744-5326. OCLC Accession Number: 00872789. URL: Transportation 

Research Board. 

MacDonald, Rhona. 2007. “Human Rights Abuses Threaten Health in Burma.” Lancet. Elsevier 

Limited Aug 4-Aug 10, 2007: Aug 4-Aug 10. Volume 370, Issue 9585, Pages 375-376. 

Descriptors: Humanitarian aid; Human immunodeficiency virus--HIV; Public health; Water 

supply; Population; Mortality; Medical supplies; Malaria; Living conditions; Health services; 

Geneva Conventions; Disease; Civilians; Armed forces; Tuberculosis. Notes: Details: 

Photographs; Named Corp: International Committee of the Red Cross SIC/NAICS: 

621991;813212; Geographic: Burma. Abstract: According to a recent report by researchers 

from the Human Rights Center of the University of California at Berkeley and Johns Hopkins 

Bloomberg School of Public Health, the Burmese military is destroying medical supplies 

intended for civilian populations and detaining and killing medical workers in areas of 

internal conflict. The report-which is based on data on infectious diseases gathered from 

health clinics and interviews with health professionals, governmental officials, and nongovernmental and community-based organisations-also states that decades of neglect, civil 

war, and corruption have rendered the country's health system incapable of responding to 

these endemic infectious diseases and that even with substantial amounts of foreign aid 

Burma's capacity to curb these diseases is hindered by its military leaders. ISSN/ISBN: 0140-

6736. 

Macko, Stephen Alexander. 1981. STABLE NITROGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS AS TRACERS OF 

ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES. The University of Texas at Austin; 0227. DAI. 

Volume: 42, 07B, page(s): 192-2743. Descriptors: GEOCHEMISTRY. Abstract: Through the 

use of a refined Dumas combustion, this study sought information on the natural abundance 

levels of the (delta)('15)N of organic nitrogen in the marine environment. Individual studies 

included the mixing of organic matter, the effect of diagenesis on (delta)('15)N, the tracing of 

oil pollution, the resolution of animal-diet relationships, and the analysis of isotope effects in 

natural tetrapyrroles. The knowledge of (delta)('15)N and (delta)('13)C of sedimentary 

materials has enabled the resolution of sources of organic matter during mixing at six 

different locations. These studies included: mixing of planktonic matter with either algal mat, 

brown algal, or seagrass material, terrestrial nitrogen mixing with marine nitrogen, and 

recently fixed nitrogen mixing with detrital mangrove nitrogen. If (delta)('15)N had not been 

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used, different types of organic matter may have been confused. In Maine estuaries, organic 

material from fucoids was discerned even though the (delta)('13)C values of those plants 

resembled other local organic inputs. Support for the model of the Baffin Bay algal mat mud 

layers originating from catastrophic events resulted from (delta)('15)N analyses of them. 

Diagenetic processes may result in an increase in (delta)('15)N of the residual material on the 

order of 3 to 5('o)/oo. This enrichment was observed in both blue-green algal mats and 

seagrass beds of South Texas. A broad range of (delta)('15)N values and the conservative 

nature of (delta)('15)N during weathering of oil enabled this study to distinguish sources of 

tarballs on the beaches of Port Aransas, Texas. Principal sources of tarballs were two major 

oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico: the Ixtoc I well blow-out of June, 1979, and the breakup of 

the tanker BURMAH AGATE in November, 1979 ((delta)('15)N= + 0.6 and + 5.5, 

respectively). When in conjunction with (delta)('13)C, the (delta)('15)N values of oil aid in 

determining the source of the petroleum. Animal-diet relationships have been mapped by 

(delta)('15)N analyses. Amphipods (Ampithoe valida) grown on different diets have shown 

the same fractionation (-0.3 per mil) while Parhyale hawaiiensis, raised on the same diets has 

shown a different fractionation (+2.3 per mil). Natural populations of the same animals had 

similar fractionations. Naturally occurring tetrapyrrole (delta)('15)N values (chlorophylls) 

have been observed to be variable with respect to whole plant (delta)('15)N values. Marine 

plants associated with sediments tended to have (delta)('15)N enriched tetrapyrroles while 

water column and terrestrial tetrapyrroles were similar to whole plant (delta)('15)N values. 

Notes: Degree: PH.D. OCLC Accession Number: AAG8128657. 

Manfrino, Annick. 1998. “Letpadaung, Myanmar; Mineralisation Controls and Indicator 

Variographic Analysis on a Large Porphyry Copper Deposit; Geoscience for the New 

Millennium; Abstracts.” Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. Geological Society of 

Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia (AUS): Australia (AUS). Volume 49, Pages 287. 

Descriptors: andesites; Asia; breccia; Burma; Cenozoic; clastic rocks; copper ores; 

enrichment; Far East; fracture zones; framework silicates; geochemical controls; 

hydrothermal alteration; igneous rocks; intrusions; Letpadaung Deposit; metal ores; 

metasomatism; mineral deposits, genesis; models; oxidation; porphyry copper; quartz; 

sedimentary rocks; silica minerals; silicates; spatial distribution; statistical analysis; structural 

controls; sulfides; Tertiary; upper Tertiary; variance analysis; variograms; volcanic rocks. 

Notes: CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0729-011X. 

Manimaran, G. and Ravindran A. Affiliation: G. Manimaran, School of Tectonics, Department of 

Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin 628 008 Country: India Email:,acugemmani@yahoo.co.in. 2007. “A Caution on Forthcoming Volcanogenic Tsunami 

in Indian Ocean.” Res. J. Chem. Environ. 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: Volume 

11, Issue 1, Pages 19-22 Additional Info: India. Descriptors: Coastal protection -- 76.11.4; 

Earthquakes -- 72.12.4; Indian Ocean tsunami 2004; aftershock; earthquake event; island arc; 

landslide; marine sediment; nuclear explosion; submarine volcano; tsunami; volcanic 

eruption. Notes: References: Number: 11; Geographic: Andamans and Nicobars Andamans 

Asia Eurasia Greater Sunda Islands India Indian Ocean islands Indian Ocean Indonesia Java 

Malay Archipelago Myanmar South Asia Southeast Asia Sunda Isles. Abstract: Tsunamies 

are generated due to sudden displacement of vertical sea water column during the events of 

earthquakes [Magnitude>7], eruptions of submarine and coastal volcanoes, sudden slumping 

of marine sediments, land slides near the coast, the large meteor impact on sea from space and 

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manmade nuclear explosion in the sea. Recently on 26 December 2004, a destructive Tsunami 

of Indian Ocean was generated due to the second largest earthquake of the world ever 

recorded (Magnitude 9.3) which occurred at off the west coast of Northern Sumatra. 

Subsequently on 28 March 2005 a weak tsunamigenic but great earthquake of magnitude 8.7 

occurred at western shelf region of Northern Sumatra. Northernly moving thousands of aftershocks of December 2004 earthquake up to Burma border and Southeasternly moving 

hundreds of after shocks of March 2005 earthquakes occurred upto Java are still going on and 

releasing tremendous energy along this seismic belt. The couplet of the great earthquakes and 

their aftershocks were triggered eruptions of inland volcanoes like Talang volcano of Central 

Sumatra and of Barren Volcano of Andaman. A chain of hundreds of active volcanoes are 

seen along the Andaman - Indonesian Volcanic Arc System. It is a right time to remember the 

tsunamigenic, violent explosion of Krakatau Volcano on 27 August 1883, which was 

triggered due to the Tsunamigenic Car Nicobar earthquake (Magnitude 7.9) occuring on 31 

December 1881 and had its aftershocks upto August 1883. On considering the above scenario, 

it is possible for a consecutive great earthquake of December 2004 and March 2005 with their 

ongoing aftershocks to trigger and explode any one of the submarine volcanoes of the 

Andaman - Indonesian Arc System. As a result, a Volcanogenic Tsunami may be generated in 

Indian Ocean probably before the end of the year 2007 or in near future. ISSN/ISBN: 0972-

0626. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Marshall, T. R., Amos, B. J. and Stephenson, D. 1983. “Base Metal Concentrations in Kaolinised 

and Silicified Lavas of the Central Burma Volcanics; Residual Deposits; Surface Related 

Weathering Processes and Materials.” Special Publication - Geological Society of London. 

Geological Society of London, London, United Kingdom (GBR): United Kingdom (GBR). 

Volume 11, Pages 59-68. Descriptors: Asia; base metals; Burma; central Burma; economic 

geology; exogene processes; Far East; hydrothermal alteration; igneous rocks; kaolinization; 

leaching; metal ores; metasomatism; mineral deposits, genesis; minor elements; potential 

deposits; processes; silicification; tropical environment; volcanic rocks; weathering. Notes: 

CD: GSLSBW; FE: References: 1 p.; illus. incl. 7 anal., 1 table, sketch map, sect., sketch 

map; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data 

from PASCAL, Institute de l'Information Scientifique et Technique, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, 

France. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0375-6440. 

MARYLAND UNIV BALTIMORE DEPT OF MICROBIOLOGY and Wisseman, Jr,Charles L. 

1978. “Clinical and Epidemiological Studies on Rickettsial Infections.” 01 OCT. Descriptors: 

INFECTIOUS DISEASES; TICKBORNE DISEASES; RICKETTSIA; RATS; RODENTS; 

ETHIOPIA; BURMA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; TABLES(DATA); MEDICINE AND MEDICAL 

RESEARCH. Abstract: The observations reported confirm and extend the material previously 

reported. Thus, in Ethiopia and Burma, as in other areas we are studying, murine typhus is 

intimately associated with introduced commensal rodents (Rattus, Mus musculus, etc.) and 

shrews (Suncus) and their ectoparasites, indoors. In Ethiopia, native rodents, like Praomys 

and Mastomys, that may act like commensals do not seem to play a role in the ecology of this 

rickettsiosis in the absence of concurrent infestation with Rattus, even though they may be 

common in domiciles and parasitized by Xenopsylla cheopis, the presumed vector. If Rattus 

coexist indoors with Praomys, then the latter (and probably other native murines as well) may 

become secondarily infected on a limited scale. In Rangoon, 5 species of small mammals are 

peridomestic and all have been frequently found naturally infected with Rickettsia mooseri, 

the etiological agent. Among the naturally infected fleas found in this study are X. bantorum, 

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Leptopsylla segnis and Ctenocephalides felis. Rat-lice in Ethiopia and Rangoon have also 

been found to harbor R. mooseri. Rats from shops in Kuching, Sarawak, were demonstrated 

to have a high rate of natural infection with this rickettsiosis. Infection with the spotted fevergroup of rickettsiae was shown to be widespread in Ethiopian rodents, including some 'wild' 

rodents that entered domiciles. Notes: Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC 

RELEASE. Database: DTIC. OCLC Accession Number: ADA061952. URL: 

http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA061952. 

Mastny, Lisa. 2003. “Messing with the Mekong.” World Watch. Nov./Dec. Volume 16, Issue 6, 

Pages 21-28. Descriptors: Regional economic development -- Southeast Asia; Water 

resources development -- Southeast Asia. Notes: Details: il map tab.; Geographic: Mekong 

River valley. China -- Foreign relations -- Southeast Asia. Southeast Asia -- Foreign relations 

-- China.; Date of Entry: 20031119. Abstract: A number of concerns have been raised about 

planned development by China on the Mekong River, Southeast Asia. China aims to open up 

northern segments of the Mekong River to year-round navigation by large cargo ships. If fully 

implemented, dredging and subsequent channelization would more than double the annual 

shipping capacity of the Mekong. Laos, which, together with Burma and Thailand, has 

formally agreed to the plans, hopes the development will bring economic rewards. However, 

villagers fear that incoming Chinese vessels will flood local markets with inexpensive goods 

and undermine local shopkeepers and farmers. There are also concerns about the potential 

environmental effects of blasting and channeling the river. Resistance, although slow to 

emerge, is underway. ISSN/ISBN: 0896-0615. 

Matsui S Affiliation: Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, 

Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Japan.,matsui@eden.env.kyoto-u.ac.jp. 2005. 

“Protecting Human and Ecological Health Under Viral Threats in Asia.” Water Sci. Technol. 

Volume 51, Issue 8, Pages 91-7 Additional Info: England. Descriptors: Disease Outbreaks; 

Public Health; Social Conditions; Agriculture; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; 

Asia, Southeastern -- epidemiology; Birds; Feces -- virology; Housing; Humans; Influenza 

Vaccines; Influenza in Birds -- epidemiology; Influenza in Birds -- transmission; Influenza, 

Human -- epidemiology; Influenza, Human -- prevention & control; Influenza, Human -- 

transmission; Mammals; Risk Factors; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -- epidemiology; 

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome -- transmission; Waste Disposal, Fluid -- methods; 

Zoonoses. Notes: Chemical Subst: Influenza Vaccines [0]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE 

Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20050712; Date Completed: 20050823; Date of Update: 

20051122. Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbroke in 2003, and the 

avian influenza A (H5N1) also outbroke in 2003 and continued to 2004. These pandemic viral 

diseases originated in South East Asia. Many human and animal lives were lost. Economic 

damages due to the pandemics were also very large. The question arises of why did the 

pandemics originate from South East Asian areas. Human influenza A consists of many subtypes of coronaviruses including the SARS virus and the avian influenza (H5N1) that are all 

variants of RNA of avian coronavirus. Variants are formed during infection of a coronavirus 

through not only birds but also mammals, including human beings. There are hot spots where 

viral infection rates are accelerated among birds, mammals and human beings. Suspicious 

areas are in South East Asia, where living conditions of birds, mammals and human beings 

are so close that there are always risks of viral infection. When we see the living conditions of 

farmers in southern China, northern Vietnam, Laos and northern Myanmar, they commonly 

raise ducks/chickens with pigs sharing ponds into which they discharge household 

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wastewater, including human excreta, and pig excreta that are significant carriers of viruses. 

Bird faeces are also key carriers of the viruses. In the ponds, they raise ducks and conduct fish 

culture. Other important players are migrating birds from North Asia, which are principal 

vectors of avian influenza viruses. There is an urgent necessity of improving human and 

ecological health in South East Asia to control viral infection among birds, mammals and 

human beings. We can hinder the vicious cycle of virus infection through water 

contamination in ponds by providing good human, pig and chicken sanitation. It is easy to 

provide good sanitation practices for human, pigs and chickens, introducing collection and 

treatment of excreta. Our modern water technology can find good solutions for the problem. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0273-1223 (Print). Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes 

to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 280 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES 

DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Matsui S. Affiliation: S. Matsui, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto 

University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City 606-8501 Country: Japan Email:,matsui@eden.env.kyoto-u.ac.jp. 2005. “Protecting Human and Ecological Health Under 

Viral Threats in Asia.” Water Science and Technology. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights 

reserved.: Volume 51, Issue 8, Pages 91-97 Additional Info: United Kingdom. Descriptors: 

HEALTH, HEALTH SYSTEMS AND SERVICES -- 74.22; health and disease; severe acute 

respiratory syndrome; viral disease Species Term: Animalia; Aves; Mammalia; Coronavirus; 

Anas; Gallus gallus; Sus scrofa; SARS coronavirus; Avian influenza virus. Notes: 

References: Number: 3; Geographic: Asia Eurasia Eastern Hemisphere World. Abstract: 

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbroke in 2003, and the avian influenza A 

(H5N1) also outbroke in 2003 and continued to 2004. These pandemic viral diseases 

originated in South East Asia. Many human and animal lives were lost. Economic damages 

due to the pandemics were also very large. The question arises of why did the pandemics 

originate from South East Asian areas. Human influenza A consists of many sub-types of 

coronaviruses including the SARS virus and the avian influenza (H5N1) that are all variants 

of RNA of avian coronavirus. Variants are formed during infection of a coronavirus through 

not only birds but also mammals, including human beings. There are hot spots where viral 

infection rates are accelerated among birds, mammals and human beings. Suspicious areas are 

in South East Asia, where living conditions of birds, mammals and human beings are so close 

that there are always risks of viral infection. When we see the living conditions of farmers in 

southern China, northern Vietnam, Laos and northern Myanmar, they commonly raise 

ducks/chickens with pigs sharing ponds into which they discharge household wastewater, 

including human excreta, and pig excreta that are significant carriers of viruses. Bird faeces 

are also key carriers of the viruses. In the ponds, they raise ducks and conduct fish culture. 

Other important players are migrating birds from North Asia, which are principal vectors of 

avian influenza viruses. There is an urgent necessity of improving human and ecological 

health in South East Asia to control viral infection among birds, mammals and human beings. 

We can hinder the vicious cycle of virus infection through water contamination in ponds by 

providing good human, pig and chicken sanitation. It is easy to provide good sanitation 

practices for human, pigs and chickens, introducing collection and treatment of excreta. Our 

modern water technology can find good solutions for the problem. (c) IWA Publishing 2005. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0273-1223. Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this 

publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 280 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV 

CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 86 
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Matsui, S. 2005. Protecting Human and Ecological Health Under Viral Threats in Asia. Alliance 

House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS UK: IWA Publishing. Water Sci. 

Technol.Volume: 51, 8, page(s): 91-97. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Avian 

physiology; Birds; Catchment Areas; Contamination; Cultures; Damage; Diseases; Drainage; 

Ducks; Fish; Fish culture; Infection; Mammals; Ponds; Public health; Risk; River basins; 

Sanitation; Symptoms; Viral diseases; Viruses; Water management; Article Taxonomic 

Terms: SARS coronavirus; Article Geographic Terms: China, People's Rep.; Myanmar; 

Sweden, Stockholm; Vietnam. Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbroke 

in 2003, and the avian influenza A (H5N1) also outbroke in 2003 and continued to 2004. 

These pandemic viral diseases originated in South East Asia. Many human and animal lives 

were lost. Economic damages due to the pandemics were also very large. The question arises 

of why did the pandemics originate from South East Asian areas. Human influenza A consists 

of many sub-types of coronaviruses including the SARS virus and the avian influenza (H5N1) 

that are all variants of RNA of avian coronavirus. Variants are formed during infection of a 

coronavirus through not only birds but also mammals, including human beings. There are hot 

spots where viral infection rates are accelerated among birds, mammals and human beings. 

Suspicious areas are in South East Asia, where living conditions of birds, mammals and 

human beings are so close that there are always risks of viral infection. When we see the 

living conditions of farmers in southern China, northern Vietnam, Laos and northern 

Myanmar, they commonly raise ducks/chickens with pigs sharing ponds into which they 

discharge household wastewater, including human excreta, and pig excreta that are significant 

carriers of viruses. Bird faeces are also key carriers of the viruses. In the ponds, they raise 

ducks and conduct fish culture. Other important players are migrating birds from North Asia, 

which are principal vectors of avian influenza viruses. There is an urgent necessity of 

improving human and ecological health in South East Asia to control viral infection among 

birds, mammals and human beings. We can hinder the vicious cycle of virus infection through 

water contamination in ponds by providing good human, pig and chicken sanitation. It is easy 

to provide good sanitation practices for human, pigs and chickens, introducing collection and 

treatment of excreta. Our modern water technology can find good solutions for the problem. 

Notes: TR: CS0727406. ISSN/ISBN: 1843394944. Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and 

Fisheries Abstracts. OCLC Accession Number: 6585392. 

Matsui, S. 2005. “Protecting Human and Ecological Health Under Viral Threats in Asia.” Water 

Science and Technology. IWA Publishing, London, SW1H 0QS, United Kingdom: Volume 

51, Issue 8, Pages 91-97. Descriptors: Medical problems; Health care; Ecology; Diseases; 

Disease control; Viruses; Sanitation; Contamination; Wastewater. Notes: Compilation and 

indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome 

(SARS) outbroke in 2003, and the avian influenza A (H5N1) also outbroke in 2003 and 

continued to 2004. These pandemic viral diseases originated in South East Asia. Many human 

and animal lives were lost. Economic damages due to the pandemics were also very large. 

The question arises of why did the pandemics originate from South East Asian areas. Human 

influenza A consists of many sub-types of coronaviruses including the SARS virus and the 

avian influenza (H5N1) that are all variants of RNA of avian coronavirus. Variants are 

formed during infection of a coronavirus through not only birds but also mammals, including 

human beings. There are hot spots where viral infection rates are accelerated among birds, 

mammals and human beings. Suspicious areas are in South East Asia, where living conditions 

of birds, mammals and human beings are so close that there are always risks of viral 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 87 
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infection. When we see the living conditions of farmers in southern China, northern Vietnam, 

Laos and northern Myanmar, they commonly raise ducks/chickens with pigs sharing ponds 

into which they discharge household wastewater, including human excreta, and pig excreta 

that are significant carriers of viruses. Bird faeces are also key carriers of the viruses. In the 

ponds, they raise ducks and conduct fish culture. Other important players are migrating birds 

from North Asia, which are principal vectors of avian influenza viruses. There is an urgent 

necessity of improving human and ecological health in South East Asia to control viral 

infection among birds, mammals and human beings. We can hinder the vicious cycle of virus 

infection through water contamination in ponds by providing good human, pig and chicken 

sanitation. It is easy to provide good sanitation practices for human, pigs and chickens, 

introducing collection and treatment of excreta. Our modern water technology can find good 

solutions for the problem. © IWA Publishing 2005. ISSN/ISBN: 0273-1223. 

May, W. 2004. “Simulation of the Variability and Extremes of Daily Rainfall during the Indian 

Summer Monsoon for Present and Future Times in a Global Time-Slice Experiment.” Clim. 

Dyn. Springer-Verlag: Mar. Volume 22, Issue 2-3, Pages 183-204. Descriptors: Article 

Subject Terms: Atmospheric convergences; Atmospheric precipitations; Climate; Climates; 

Climatology; Coasts; Convergence zones; Daily precipitation; Data reanalysis; Future 

climates; General circulation models; Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP); 

Hydrologic Data; Monsoon rainfall variations; Monsoons; Oceans; Rainfall; Rainfall 

Intensity; Rainy season; Summer; Summer monsoon; Tropical meteorology; Variability; 

Article Geographic Terms: Bangladesh; China, People's Rep., Xizang; China, People's Rep., 

Xizang, Tibetan Plateau; ISW, Arabian Sea; ISW, Bangladesh, Bengal Bay; ISW, Indian 

Ocean, Bengal Bay; ISW, Myanmar; ISW, Pakistan; ISW, Tropical Indian Ocean; India; 

India, Himalaya Mts.; Myanmar; Pakistan; Pakistan, Himalayas; Marine. Notes: TR: 

CS0408979. Abstract: In this study the simulation of the variability and extremes of daily 

rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon for the present-day and the future climate is 

investigated. This is done on the basis of a global time-slice experiment (TSL) with the 

ECHAM4 atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) at a high horizontal resolution of 

T106. The first time-slice (period: 1970-1999) represents the present-day climate and the 

second (2060-2089) the future climate. Moreover, observational rainfall data from the Global 

Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP, 1997-2002) and rainfall data from the ECMWF reanalysis (ERA, 1958-2001) are considered. ERA reveals serious deficiencies in its 

representation of the variability and extremes of daily rainfall during the Indian summer 

monsoon. These are mainly a severe overestimation of the frequency of wet days over the 

oceans and in the Himalayas, where also the rainfall intensity is overestimated. Further, ERA 

shows unrealistically heavy rainfall events over the tropical Indian Ocean. The ECHAM4 

atmospheric GCM at a horizontal resolution of T106, on the other hand, simulates the 

variability and extremes of daily rainfall in good agreement with the observations. The only 

marked deficiencies are an underestimation of the rainfall intensity on the west coast of the 

Indian peninsula and in Bangladesh, an overestimation over the tropical Indian Ocean, due to 

an erroneous northwestward extension of the tropical convergence zone, and an 

overestimation of the frequency of wet days in Tibet. Further, heavy rainfall events are 

relatively strong in the centre of the Indian peninsula. For the future, TSL predicts large 

increases in the rainfall intensity over the tropical Indian Ocean as well as in northern 

Pakistan and northwest India, but decreases in southern Pakistan, in the centre of the Indian 

peninsula, and over the western part of the Bay of Bengal. The frequency of wet days is 

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markedly increased over the tropical Indian Ocean and decreased over the northern part of the 

Arabian Sea and in Tibet. The intensity of heavy rainfall events is generally increased in the 

future, with large increases over the Arabian Sea and the tropical Indian Ocean, in northern 

Pakistan and northwest India as well as in northeast India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. 

Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN/ISBN: 0930-7575. 

McCrae, Alister; Prentice, Alan and Joint Author. 1978. Irrawaddy Flotilla. Paisley: James Paton 

Limited. Descriptors: Inland water transportation -- Burma -- History; Irrawaddy Flotilla 

Company -- History. Notes: 195 p., [12] p. of plates : ill., 2 maps ; 23 cm.; Note(s): Includes 

index./ Bibliography: p. 191.; Responsibility: by Alister McCrae and Alan Prentice ; with a 

foreword by Bernard Fergusson.; Entry: 19790531; Update: 20080316. ISSN/ISBN: 

0950606103 :; 9780950606101 LCCN: 79-305182. OCLC Accession Number: 5125832. 

Mekong Development Research Network. 1993-1999. Investigation and Study of the Current 

Status of the Mekong River and the River Basin Area in Myanmar. Bangkok, Thailand: 

Mekong Development Research Network. Descriptors: Water resources development -- 

Mekong River Watershed; Water resources development -- Burma; Irrigation -- Mekong 

River Watershed; Irrigation -- Burma. Notes: 23, [9] leaves : maps ; 29 cm.; Note(s): “Draft 

copy for workshop review.”/ “Part of a 6-country study of the Mekong River Basin, supported 

by the International Research Development Center of Canada.”/ Includes bibliographical 

references.; Entry: 19991221; Update: 19991221. OCLC Accession Number: 43075178. 

Mekong River Commission. Mekong River Commission for Sustainable Development. Phnom 

Penh: Mekong River Commission. Descriptors: Environmental management; Sustainable 

development; Water quality management; Cambodia; Laos; Vietnam; Thailand; China; 

Burma; Mekong River Watershed; Development; Environment. Abstract: Web site of the 

UN-sponsored Mekong River Commission which promotes sustainable management and 

development of water and related resources among member countries. Provides background 

information about the organization and activities. The information resources page includes 

“Catch and culture” newsletter with back issues and publications. Extensive collection of 

information about the region includes maps and links to related Web sites. Notes: Named 

Corp: Mekong River Commission.; Genre/Form: Organization. Article/Paper/Report. Map.; 

System Info: Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Note(s): Description based on contents 

viewed Sept. 18, 2002; title from home page.; Date of Entry: 20020918; Update: 20050616. 

OCLC Accession Number: 50628429. 

Milton, D. A. and Chenery S.R. Affiliation: D.A. Milton, CSIRO Division of Marine Research, PO 

Box 129, Cleveland, QLD 4163 Country: Australia E-mail:,david.milton@marine.csiro.au. 

2001. “Can Otolith Chemistry Detect the Population Structure of the Shad Hilsa Tenualosa 

Ilisha? Comparison with the Results of Genetic and Morphological Studies.” Mar. Ecol. Prog. 

Ser. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: 05 NOV. Volume 222, Pages 239-251 Additional 

Info: Germany. Descriptors: Fisheries and aquatic resources -- 73.9.4; Case studies -- 76.13.3; 

stock assessment; genetic structure; otolith; chemical composition; morphology; fishery 

management Species Term: Tenualosa ilisha; Hilsa; Ilisha; Tenualosa. Notes: References: 

Number: 49; Geographic: Bay of Bengal. Abstract: The stock structure of the valuable 

tropical shad Tenualosa ilisha ('hilsa') has been studied in Bangladesh and India by analysing 

morphometric and genetic data. However, these studies had a narrow geographic scope and 

their results conflict. We made a comprehensive study of the stock structure of hilsa with 

otolith microchemistry in conjunction with complementary genetic and morphometric studies 

of the same fish. We examined the trace-element composition of the otolith cores of hilsa 

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with laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The otoliths of fish from 

19 collections at 13 sites in Bangladesh and 6 collections at 4 sites from elsewhere within the 

species' range (Kuwait, SE India, Myanmar and Sumatra) were analysed for 8 trace elements. 

Samples were collected from Bangladesh mainly during 2 comprehensive surveys (1996 and 

1997). When these data were analysed separately, there were significant differences in otolith 

composition among sites. However, when both years' data were analysed together, there were 

few significant differences among sites, and some sites separated by hundreds of kilometres 

that were sampled in different seasons and years had very similar compositions. This was in 

spite of both large seasonal intra-site and between-site differences in water chemistry. Repeat 

samples from 5 sites (4 in Bangladesh) showed that differences in otolith composition at a 

single site were significant and of similar magnitude to that found among sites. Our results 

support the conclusion from allozyme studies that there is extensive movement and mixing of 

hilsa throughout Bangladesh, and therefore the population should be managed as a single 

stock. Genetic and otolith data both showed that hilsa from SE India and Myanmar were not 

significantly different from fish collected in coastal areas of Bangladesh, and suggest that 

hilsa in the Bay of Bengal were a single stock. Both methods also separated fish from 

Sumatra and Kuwait from other sites, providing strong evidence of separate stocks in those 

regions. In contrast, morphometric studies separate fish from several nearby sites in 

Bangladesh, but these differences are likely to be largely due to phenotypic variability and are 

unlikely to be geneticallybased. Our results suggest that otolith microchemistry may be a 

good proxy for genetic structure at large scales where differences in water chemistry are 

highly likely. However, for sedentary species and those without distinct spawning and nonbreeding areas, it requires both comprehensive and repeated sampling at finer scales before 

any confidence should be placed in the results. ISSN/ISBN: 0171-8630. Availability: 

FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that 

own item: 278 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your 

library. 

Mirumachi, N. and Nakayama M. Affiliation: N. Mirumachi, Department of International Studies, 

Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Country:,Japan. 2007. 

“Improving Methodologies for Transboundary Impact Assessment in Transboundary 

Watercourses: Navigation Channel Improvement Project of the Lancang-Mekong River from 

China-Myanmar Boundary Marker 243 to Ban Houei Sai of Laos.” Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 

2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages 411-425 Additional Info: 

United Kingdom. Descriptors: Concepts and issues in environmental planning -- 74.2.2; 

Environmental Assessment and Monitoring -- 70.11.1; economic impact; environmental 

impact assessment; environmental monitoring; underpinning. Notes: References: Number: 13; 

Geographic: Asia Eurasia Laos Mekong River Southeast Asia. Abstract: This paper analyzes 

the factors underpinning transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 

methodologies through an examination of the Navigation Channel Improvement Project of the 

Lancang-Mekong River from China-Myanmar Boundary Marker 243 to Ban Houei Sai of 

Laos. A comparison of the project's expected and reported transboundary impacts shows that 

the EIA failed to predict a number of adverse impacts, including social and economic 

impacts. The restricted scale and scope of the transboundary impact assessment (TIA) is 

probably due to certain fundamental restrictions on how the EIA was conducted. The case 

study highlights the importance of public involvement (including advance notification) and 

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adequate regulatory frameworks or guidelines in the EIA and TIA processes. ISSN/ISBN: 

0790-0627 E- 1360-0648. 

Mirumachi, Naho and Nakayama, Mikiyasu. 2007. “Improving Methodologies for Transboundary 

Impact Assessment in Transboundary Watercourses: Navigation Channel Improvement 

Project of the Lancang-Mekong River from China-Myanmar Boundary Marker 243 to Ban 

Houei Sai of Laos.” Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. Routledge, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 

4RN, United Kingdom: Volume 23, Issue 3, Pages 411-425. Descriptors: Rivers; Boundary 

layer flow; Economic and social effects; Environmental impact assessments; Laws and 

legislation; Navigation; Open channel flow. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, 

Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: This paper analyzes the factors underpinning 

transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) methodologies through an 

examination of the Navigation Channel Improvement Project of the Lancang-Mekong River 

from China-Myanmar Boundary Marker 243 to Ban Houei Sai of Laos. A comparison of the 

project's expected and reported transboundary impacts shows that the EIA failed to predict a 

number of adverse impacts, including social and economic impacts. The restricted scale and 

scope of the transboundary impact assessment (TIA) is probably due to certain fundamental 

restrictions on how the EIA was conducted. The case study highlights the importance of 

public involvement (including advance notification) and adequate regulatory frameworks or 

guidelines in the EIA and TIA processes. ISSN/ISBN: 0790-0627. 

Mitchell, A. H. G. 1986. “Ophiolite and Associated Rocks in Four Settings: Relationships to 

Subduction and Collision.” Memoir of the Geological Society of China (Taiwan). 2005 

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 7, Pages 91-105. Descriptors: MINERALOGY -- 

72.1. Notes: Note(s): Special Feature: 1 map. Abstract: In Burma, Oman and Cyprus 

detachment of ophiolite from oceanic lithosphere prior to emplacement onto a continent can 

best be explained by initiation of subduction at a spreading axis. Subduction of the spreading 

system may have resulted in basic dykes in the detached ophiolite slab, deposition of 

stratiform massive sulphides, and indirectly in amphibolite facies metamorphism of basalt 

subducted beneath the young hot ophiolite wedge. Continued subduction of colder remnant 

ocean-basin lithosphere resulted in volcanism above the ophiolite, and eventually in closure 

of the remnant basin. Accretion of imbricate nappes of flysch and pelagic sediments beneath 

the ophiolite preceded and accompanied collision of a continental fragment (Burma) or 

continental margin (Oman, and possibly Cyprus) with the arc system. In Cyprus and Burma 

ophiolite emplacement onto the continental margin was probably accompanied by 

serpentinization of harzburgite with water expelled from underthrust sediments. Serpentinized 

harzburgite rose as sheets into the overlying sediments. Olistostromes were deposited above 

or adjacent to the ophiolite after their emplacement into a continental margin. The Lichi 

melange in Taiwan can speculatively be explained by mobilization, diapiric rise, extrusion of 

eastward flow of sediments including bentonite clays, tectonically buried by collision-related 

east-directed back-thrusting. -J.M.H. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Mittermayr, Florian. 2006. “Loeslichkeitsexperimente, Kristallisationsversuche Und Analytische 

Untersuchungen an Korund.” Mitteilungen Der Oesterreichischen Mineralogischen 

Gesellschaft (Print). Oesterreichische Mineralogische Gesellschaft, Vienna, Austria (AUT): 

Austria (AUT). Volume 152, Pages 68-69. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; color centers; 

corundum; electron probe; experimental studies; Far East; fluid inclusions; hydrothermal 

conditions; inclusions; natural materials; oxides; recrystallization; solubility; spectroscopy; 

synthetic materials; theses. Notes: CY: GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2008, American 

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Geological Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be added to Georef. 

Reference includes data from Geoline, Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, 

Hanover, Germany. Database: GeoRef In Process. ISSN/ISBN: 1609-0144. 

Miyama, Masashi and Hanagata, Nobutaka. 2007. “Microarray Analysis of 7029 Gene Expression 

Patterns in Burma Mangrove Under High-Salinity Stress.” Plant Science. Elsevier Ireland 

Ltd, Limerick, Ireland: Volume 172, Issue 5, Pages 948-957. Descriptors: Gene expression; 

Plants (botany); Salinity measurement. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 

2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: To identify genes of potential importance to salt tolerance in 

burma mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza), we analyzed the gene expression profiles in saltstressed burma mangrove using cDNA microarray containing 7029 clones based on 14,842 

expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Combined results from all hybridization, we identified 287 

genes with a greater than 5-fold change at least 1 time point after salt treatment (500 mM) 

compared with control water-treated plant; 228 genes were up-regulated more than five-fold 

and 61 genes were suppressed less than one-fifth. Venn diagram analysis showed tissuespecific and -overlapping of these highly changed genes for up- and down-regulation, 

respectively. These highly up- and down- regulated genes were characterized using gene 

ontology. Based on these genes, we conducted a hierarchical clustering analysis to reveal the 

patterns of gene expression. The analysis identified 6 major co-expression clusters that 

support the interpretation of an adaptive process to high-salinity environment. The microarray 

results were validated by real-time quantitative PCR on 3 selected genes. © 2007 

Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. ISSN/ISBN: 0168-9452. 

Miyama, Masashi and Hanagata, Nobutaka. 2007. “Microarray Analysis of 7029 Gene Expression 

Patterns in Burma Mangrove Under High-Salinity Stress.” Plant Science (Oxford). Thomson 

2007: MAY 2007. Volume 172, Issue 5, Pages 948-957. Notes: DOI: 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.01.004; Concept: 03502, Genetics - General 03504, 

Genetics - Plant 10062, Biochemistry studies - Nucleic acids, purines and pyrimidines; Major 

Concepts: Methods and Techniques ; Molecular Genetics Broader Term(s): Biochemistry and 

Molecular Biophysics; Super Taxa: Dicotyledones Angiospermae Spermatophyta Plantae; 

Taxa Notes: Angiosperms, Dicots, Plants, Spermatophytes, Vascular Plants; Organism 

Classifier: Rhizophoraceae [26660]; Organism Name: Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; Type: species; 

Variant: burma mangrove; Type: common; Chemicals: cDNA; Variant: complementary DNA 

expressed sequence tag; Variant: EST gene; Process: expression, regulation; Methods & 

Equipment: microarray analysis; Role(s): laboratory techniques, genetic techniques; Misc 

Descript: high-salinity stress; Entry: 20070702. Abstract: To identify genes of potential 

importance to salt tolerance in burma mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza), we analyzed the 

gene expression profiles in salt-stressed burma mangrove using cDNA microarray containing 

7029 clones based on 14,842 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Combined results from all 

hybridization, we identified 287 genes with a greater than 5-fold change at least I time point 

after salt treatment (500 mM) compared with control water-treated plant; 228 genes were upregulated more than five-fold and 61 genes were suppressed less than one-fifth. Venn diagram 

analysis showed tissue-specific and -overlapping of these highly changed genes for up- and 

down-regulation, respectively. These highly up- and down- regulated genes were 

characterized using gene ontology. Based on these genes, we conducted a hierarchical 

clustering analysis to reveal the patterns of gene expression. The analysis identified 6 major 

co-expression clusters that support the interpretation of an adaptive process to high-salinity 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 92 
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environment. The microarray results were validated by real-time quantitative PCR on 3 

selected genes. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. ISSN/ISBN: 0168-9452. 

Mogg R. Affiliation: Richard,Mogg. 1997. “China's Challenge.” Int. Water Power Dam Constr. 

2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 49, Issue 11, Pages 36-38. Descriptors: Dams 

and embankments -- 77.9.4; hydroelectric power plant. Notes: Geographic: China -- Mekong 

River. Abstract: Reports on challenges and controversy surroundiing China's plans to build an 

extensive cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Lancang Jiang (Upper Mekong) 

River. The 1500 MW Manwan run-of-river project was completed in 1994, and the 1350MW 

Dachaoshan project is currently under construction. Two further schemes totalling 5700MW 

are planned by 2020 and a further four projects totalling 7000 MW will follow. The effects of 

the cascade on the 5 downstream countries (Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and 

Vietnam) are discussed based on a 1996 document entitled Doenstream implications of 

China's dams on the Lancang Jiang (Upper Mekong) and their potential significance for 

greater regional co-operation basin-wide. The various agencies involved in the scheme, 

associated studies, and China's role in co-ordinating the various political and technical aspects 

of the project are discussed. ISSN/ISBN: 0306-400X. 

Molnar, A. 1990. “Land Tenure Issues in Watershed Development.” IN: Watershed Development 

in Asia: Strategies and Technologies.World Bank Technical Paper no.127.World Bank, 

Washington, DC.1990.p 131-158.2 Tab, 76 Ref. append. Descriptors: Asia; Economic 

aspects; Land tenure; Land use; Public rights; Soil conservation; Water conservation; 

Watershed management; Watersheds; Arable soils; Burma; China; Federal jurisdiction; 

Financial feasibility; Government finance; Human population; India; Indonesia; Java; 

Malaysia; Philippines; Population density; Subsidies; Taiwan; Thailand. Abstract: Watershed 

development projects aim at improving the overall productivity, sustainability and equity of 

land use in fragile, arable and nonarable lands. Land tenure can be an important factor in 

achieving these goals. Systems of land tenure in the Asian uplands are often adapted to 

certain ecological/economic conditions, cultural/historical traditions, and population densities, 

and may be (1) watersheds with relatively stable land tenure systems, such as the island of 

Java or Taiwan; (2) watersheds with relatively ancient, state-recognized land tenure systems, 

such as Burma, China, India and Nepal; or (3) watersheds in frontier areas, such as the 

Philippines, north Thailand, Malaysia, or the Outer Islands of Indonesia. Certain kinds of 

tenure changes can have a positive impact on adoption, and in some cases, titling or land 

consolidation on private land in areas with socially recognized tenure rights is effective. Some 

positive measures that can be included in projects to support land tenure changes or to 

broaden the range of adoption within existing tenure systems include: providing increased 

extension support, providing sources of credit, focusing on technologies with quicker and 

higher returns, strengthening local institutions, and providing mediation or legal aid to 

participants. The World Bank needs to continue to study the relationship between land tenure 

and the adoption of soil and water conservation technologies, so that clearer directives can be 

given to task managers as to what strategies are most productive, sustainable, and equitable in 

different Asian settings. (See also W92-06084) (Brunone-PTT) 35 888888888. Database: 

Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Mooley D.A. Editor: Ikeda,S. 1980. “Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. all Rights Reserved.; Suitable 

Probability Model for Severe Cyclonic Storms Striking the Coast Around the Bay of Bengal.” 

Elsevier Scientific. page(s): 349-357. Descriptors: HYDROLOGY -- 71.6; METEOROLOGY 

AND CLIMATOLOGY -- 71.7; cyclonic storms; Arakan Coast; Burma; Bangladesh; India; 

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Sri Lanka; Swed and Eisenhart's runs test; Mann Kendall Rank Statistic test; interval; random. 

Abstract: All the 141 severe cyclonic storms which struck the Arakan Coast of Burma and the 

coasts of Bangla Desh, E. India and Sri Lanka during the period 1877-1977 have been 

considered in this study. Swed and Eisenhart's runs test for runs above and below the median 

to detect trend or oscillation and Mann-Kendall Rank Statistic test for randomness were 

applied to the time interval between successive severe cyclonic storms which struck the coast. 

The results of these tests suggest that this interval can be generally taken to be random.-from 

Authors. Notes: Note(s): Special Features: 2 figs, 5 tables, 11 refs. Availability: Connect to 

the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession Number: 0031682. 

Moore, E. and Win S. Affiliation: E. Moore, Department of Art and Archaeology, SOAS, 

University of London, London Country: United,Kingdom. 2007. “The Gold Coast: 

Suvannabhumi? Lower Myanmar Walled Sites of the First Millennium A.D.” Asian 

Perspectives. 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: Volume 46, Issue 1, Pages 202-232 

Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: The Holocene -- 71.3.7; The Holocene -- 72.7.7; 

Iron Age; archaeological evidence; architectural design; artifact; historical perspective; 

settlement history; water management. Notes: References: Number: 68; Geographic: Asia 

Eurasia Myanmar Southeast Asia. Abstract: The high rainfall of the Lower Myanmar coast is 

balanced by the aridity of the country's inland plains. The article profiles three sites in a 

laterite-rich area located in the northern part of the Lower Myanmar peninsula. The walls and 

moats of these sites underline their role in water management, one where control of water was 

the decisive catalyst. The sites of Kyaikkatha, Kelasa, and Winka illustrate how slight 

changes in topography signal critical junctures, the points where walls and moats were 

constructed. As a result, up to seven walls flank the higher edges of these sites; these 

protected the interior by diverting excess water to lower areas. Using large finger-marked 

bricks and terra-cotta artifacts such as votive tablets, plaques, and architectural elements, a 

broad chronology of c. the sixth to ninth centuries a.d. is proposed, although a majority of the 

pieces dated to the seventh century a.d. Attention is also drawn to evidence of Lower 

Myanmar prehistoric habitation in lowland areas close to the coast, where natural and manmade changes continue to alter the ecology and affect archaeological interpretation. The 

survey is used to encourage comparative studies, drawing in environmentally diverse but 

culturally related areas of South and Southeast Asia. (c) 2007 by the University of Hawai'i 

Press. ISSN/ISBN: 0066-8435. 

Moravec, F., Taraschewski, H., Anantaphruti, M. T., Maipanich, W. and Laoprasert T Affiliation: 

Institute of Parasitology, Biological Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 

Branisovská 31, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.,moravec@paru.cas.cz. 2007. 

“Heliconema Longissimum (Ortlepp, 1923) (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) from Pisodonophis 

Boro (Teleostei: Ophichthidae) in Thailand, with Remarks on the Taxonomy of the 

Proleptinae Schulz, 1927.” Syst. Parasitol. ; Syst. Parasitol. Jan. Volume 66, Issue 1, Pages 

73-80 Additional Info: Netherlands. Descriptors: Animals; Eels -- parasitology; Microscopy, 

Electron, Scanning; Spirurida -- anatomy & histology; Spirurida -- classification; Spirurida -- 

isolation & purification; Spirurida -- ultrastructure; Stomach -- parasitology; Thailand. Notes: 

Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20061207; Date Completed: 

20070322. Abstract: Physalopterid nematodes identified as Heliconema longissimum 

(Ortlepp, 1923) were collected from the stomach of rice-paddy eels Pisodonophis boro 

(Hamilton) (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae) from two brackish-water localities (mangroves) in 

Thailand: one in Phan-Nga Province, southwestern Thailand, northeast of Phuket Island, and 

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one in Ranong Province, near the border with Myanmar. Study of the morphology of this 

hitherto insufficiently known nematode species, including its first SEM examination, enabled 

a detailed redescription of H. longissimum. Present taxonomic problems in the subfamily 

Proleptinae Schulz, 1927 are discussed, where a new delimitation of Proleptus Dujardin, 

1845, Heliconema Travassos, 1919 and Paraleptus Wu, 1927 is proposed based on the 

cephalic dentation. H. minnanensis [sic] Damin & Heqing, 2001 is transferred to Paraleptus 

Wu, 1927 as P. minnanensis (Damin & Heqing, 2001) n. comb. and Paraleptus chiloscyllii 

Yin & Zhang, 1983 transferred by Damin & Heqing (2001) to Heliconema, is retained in 

Paraleptus. H. ahiri Karve, 1941 is considered a junior synonym of H. longissimum (Ortlepp, 

1923). The present finding of H. longissimum in Pisodonophis boro represents the first host 

record and the first record of this nematode from Thailand. ISSN/ISBN: 0165-5752 (Print). 

Morgan, Dan. 1996. Water Project Funding Drained in House Bill. WP. Jul 26. page(s): A, 4:1. 

Descriptors: Government spending; Federal legislation; Water supply; Foreign investment. 

Abstract: Congress moved ahead on more spending bills Jul 25, 1996, and in the process put 

its stamp on matters as close to home as a major water project in Colorado and as far-flung as 

US investment in military-ruled Burma. Notes: Details: Photograph; Named Corp: Congress; 

Geographic: Colorado Burma. ISSN/ISBN: 0190-8286. 

Mukherjee, A., Sengupta, M. K., Hossain, M. A., et al. 2006. “Arsenic Contamination in 

Groundwater: A Global Perspective with Emphasis on the Asian Scenario.” J. Health Popul. 

Nutr. ; J. Health Popul. Nutr. Jun. Volume 24, Issue 2, Pages 142-63 Additional Info: 

Bangladesh. Descriptors: Arsenic -- adverse effects; Arsenic -- analysis; Arsenic Poisoning -- 

epidemiology; Arsenic Poisoning -- etiology; Arsenic Poisoning -- prevention & control; 

Water Pollutants, Chemical -- adverse effects; Water Pollutants, Chemical -- analysis; Water 

Supply -- analysis; Water Supply -- statistics & numerical data; World Health; Asia -- 

epidemiology; Cause of Death; Environmental Exposure -- adverse effects; Environmental 

Exposure -- analysis; Environmental Exposure -- statistics & numerical data; Environmental 

Monitoring; Health Services Needs and Demand; Health Status; Humans; Incidence; 

Population Surveillance; Public Health -- statistics & numerical data; Risk Factors; Water 

Purification. Notes: References: Number: 161; Chemical Subst: Water Pollutants, Chemical 

[0] Arsenic [7440-38-2]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 

20070101; Date Completed: 20070213. Abstract: The incidence of high concentrations of 

arsenic in drinking-water has emerged as a major public-health problem. With newer-affected 

sites discovered during the last decade, a significant change has been observed in the global 

scenario of arsenic contamination, especially in Asian countries. This communication 

presents an overview of the current scenario of arsenic contamination in countries across the 

globe with an emphasis on Asia. Along with the present situation in severely-affected 

countries in Asia, such as Bangladesh, India, and China, recent instances from Pakistan, 

Myanmar, Afghanistan, Cambodia, etc. are presented. ISSN/ISBN: 1606-0997 (Print). 

Mukherjee, A., Sengupta, M. K., Hossain, M. A., et al. 2006. “Arsenic Contamination in 

Groundwater: A Global Perspective with Emphasis on the Asian Scenario.” J. Health, Popul. 

Nutr. Jun. Volume 24, Issue 2, Pages 142-163. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Aquifers; 

Arsenic; Communication; Contamination; Drinking Water; Groundwater; Groundwater 

Pollution; Nutrition; Public health; Article Geographic Terms: Afghanistan; Bangladesh; 

Cambodia; China, People's Rep.; India; Myanmar; Pakistan. Abstract: The incidence of high 

concentrations of arsenic in drinking-water has emerged as a major public-health problem. 

With newer-affected sites discovered during the last decade, a significant change has been 

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observed in the global scenario of arsenic contamination, especially in Asian countries. This 

communication presents an overview of the current scenario of arsenic contamination in 

countries across the globe with an emphasis on Asia. Along with the present situation in 

severely-affected countries in Asia, such as Bangladesh, India, and China, recent instances 

from Pakistan, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Cambodia, etc. are presented. Database: 

Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN/ISBN: 1606-0997. 

Murray, D. 1994. ““from Battlefield to Market Place' - Regional Economic Co-Operation in the 

Mekong Zone.” Geography. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 79, Issue 4, 

Pages 350-353. Descriptors: GEOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY -- 

70; WATER -- 74.13; infrastructure development; regional trade; trading block; economic 

association; developing region; geopolitical relations; trading bloc; regional cooperation. 

Notes: Geographic: Asia -- (Southeast) -- Mekong Delta Asia -- (Southeast). Abstract: Since 

1993 some progress has occurred towards developing a regional trading bloc in mainland 

Southeast Asia. Improved infrastructure has been identified as a prerequisite to economic 

growth in an Asian Development Bank report whose recommendations are briefly discussed. 

Consideration of recent activity in the area suggests that the proposals' prospects are bright. 

Though sources of funding for projects appear to be available, there are difficulties related to 

the stability of peace and political problems such as the human rights record of Myanmar 

(Burma). Doubts also exist about the complementarity of the economies of the countries 

involved. While prospects for inter-regional trade and infrastructure development are good, 

there is the prospect that capitalist competition rather than neighbourly co-operation will 

influence economic development in the Mekong zone. -D.G.Price. ISSN/ISBN: 0016-7487. 

Musa, A. G. and Tarnoff, A. 2005. An Enduring Commitment to Sustainable Community 

Development in Myanmar: The Yetagun Socio-Eco Development Program. Kuala Lumpur, 

Malaysia: Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, United States. 

Volume: 2005, page(s): 71-74. 2005 SPE Asia Pacific Health, Safety and Environment 

Conference and Exhibition - Proceedings. Conference: Sep 19-20 2005. Descriptors: 

Petroleum industry; Health care; Oil wells; Economic and social effects; Education; Pipelines; 

Knowledge acquisition. Abstract: In 1997, three years before the production of gas and 

condensate went on-line in the Yetagun Field of the Andaman Sea in territorial waters of the 

Union of Myanmar, the start of the Yetagun Socio-Economic Development Program 

represented the collective commitment and vision of Yetagun Joint Venture Partners. The 

objective is to improve the social and economic condition of local residents in the onshore 

pipeline corridor of operations and the country as a whole. The Yetagun Socio-Economic 

Development Program has been implementing a series of complementary programs to address 

the most essential health, education and income generating needs of disadvantaged 

communities, especially women and children. The Yetagun Socio-Economic Development 

Program has reached over 150,000 beneficiaries. Immediate and measurable improvements in 

the quality of life for thousands of beneficiaries have also strengthened the capacity and 

empowered communities with the knowledge, skills and tools to achieve long-term and 

sustainable impact for generations to come. Copyright 2005, Society of Petroleum Engineers. 

Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, copyright 2008 elsevier inc.; T3: 2005 SPE asia 

pacific health, safety and environment conference and exhibition - proceedings. 

Mya, Maung. 1994. “On the Road to Mandalay: A Case Study of the Sinonization of Upper 

Burma.” Asian Survey. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 34, Issue 5, Pages 

447-459. Descriptors: WATER -- 74.13; socioeconomic impact; trade. Notes: Geographic: 

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Burma -- Mandalay China. Abstract: Since 1988, Chinese traders, engineers, and trucks 

loaded with Chinese goods and modern arms have been traveling on the famous Burma Road 

that runs across the Shan state of northern Burma to the ancient “Golden City' of Mandalay. 

This study analyzes and evaluates the socioeconomic impact of China's free access to Burma 

and is based mostly on Burmese sources. -from Author. ISSN/ISBN: 0004-4687. 

Myanmar; UNDP and FAO. 2000. Myanmar : Watershed Management for Three Critical Areas : 

Project Findings and Recommendations. Rome: UNDP : FAO. Descriptors: RIVER BASINS; 

RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT; WATER MANAGEMENT; SUSTAINABLE 

DEVELOPMENT; MYANMAR; PROJECT ACTIVITIES; UNDP -- Programme 

management; Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). 

Abstract: Conclusion: collaborative borders 111(2) Restricted Access: Carrying Cargo in the 

Borderlands 113(25) Introduction: independence and regulation 113(1) Long-distance truck 

and boat operations 114(10) Long-distance transport and the state 124(10) Conclusion: 

regulatory nonchalance? 134(4) Women, Space and History: Long-Distance Trade 138(25) 

Introduction: mobile women 138(2) From Chiang Khong to Oudomaxai and Mengla 140(10) 

A space of opportunity 150(9) Conclusion: travelling identities 159(4) Entrepreneurs, 

Bureaucrats and the Army: Sawmills and the Timber Trade 163(23) Introduction: incident at 

Sin Udom 163(3) Entrepreneurs: Thai investment in sawmilling 166(4) Bureaucrats: 

regulating the timber industry 170(7) The Army: changing the rules 177(5) Conclusion: a new 

regional resource economy? 182(4) Conclusion 186(8) Regulation and liberalisation 186(3) 

The future of the Economic Quadrangle 189(5) Epilogue: The Legend of the Golden Boat 

194(2) Bibliography 196(29) Index 225 ( ). Notes: vii, 30 p.; Note(s): FO:DP/MYA/93/005./ 

Terminal report./ Report prepared for the Government of Myanmar by the Food and 

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, acting as executing agency for UNDP./ 

Material type: Development projects./ Material type: Govt. documents/publications./ Material 

type: Specialized agencies (incl. GATT and IAEA) material.; General Info: Distribution: 

Restricted.; Entry: 20001212; Update: 20080122. OCLC Accession Number: 78363019. 

Myat Thein and Naing Oo. 1986. An Evaluation of Rural Water Supply Project in Ayadaw 

Township, Burma. Rangoon: PHC-BHS Project, Dept. of Health. Descriptors: Water-supply, 

Rural -- Burma -- Sagaing (Division); Drinking water -- Burma -- Sagaing (Division); Water 

resources development -- Burma -- Sagaing (Division). Notes: 44 leaves ; 28 cm.; Note(s): 

“In honour of 1986 Sasakawa health prize winner.”/ “March 1986”--P. [4] of cover./ Includes 

bibliographical references (leaves 43-44).; Responsibility: Myat Thein, Naing Oo.; Entry: 

19890303; Update: 20060217. OCLC Accession Number: 64007953. 

Myint Aung, U. and Zaw Win, U. 1983. Small Hydro Power Development : The Socialist Republic 

of the Union of Burma. Vienna: UN. Descriptors: HYDROELECTRIC POWER; ENERGY 

RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT; MYANMAR; Government publication (gpb); International 

government publication (igp). Notes: ii, 5 p.; General Info: Distribution: Limited.; 

Responsibility: by U Zaw Win and U Myint Aung.; Entry: 19840227; Update: 20070217. 

OCLC Accession Number: 84204993. 

Myint Thein. 1968. “Hydrocarbon Type Composition of Prome Crude from Different Depths.” 

Union of Burma Journal of Science and Technology. Union of Burma Applied Research 

Institute, Rangoon, Burma (BUR): Burma (BUR). Volume 1, Issue 3, Pages 399-400. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; composition; economic geology; Far East; hydrocarbons; organic 

compounds; organic materials; petroleum; Prome field. Notes: CD: UBJSAM; CY: GeoRef, 

Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0566-7542. 

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NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE NSTL STATION MS and LaViolette, Paul E. 1967. 

“TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, AND DENSITY OF THE WORLD'S SEAS: BAY OF 

BENGAL AND ANDAMAN SEA.” AUG. Descriptors: (*OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA; 

INDIAN OCEAN); SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; SALINITY; PERIODIC 

VARIATIONS; RAINFALL; DRAINAGE; WIND; TRANSPORT PROPERTIES; OCEAN 

CURRENTS; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; DENSITY; WEATHER; METEOROLOGY 

PHYSICAL AND DYNAMIC OCEANOGRAPHY. Abstract: The values and variations of 

temperature, salinity, and density in the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea depend largely 

on the monsoonal regime. In addition, because of the semienclosed geography of the region, 

water masses outside the area can influence the bay waters only from the south. The wind, 

rain, and land drainage cause a year-round low-salinity surface layer to form. Toward the end 

of the northeast monsoon, the surface waters in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea become 

warmer and more saline, reaching the year's maximum for temperature and salinity in May. 

As the southwest monsoon approaches the east coast of India, the warm, highly stratified 

surface layers cool, tumble and mix thoroughly. Upwelling is a prominent feature of both 

monsoons. During the northeast monsoon it is prevalent along the coasts of Burma and 

eastern India, whereas during the southwest monsoon it occurs along the coasts of 

southwestern India and the Malay Peninsula. (Author). Notes: Distribution Statement: 

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. OCLC Accession Number: AD0820709. 

NAVAL WEATHER SERVICE COMMAND WASHINGTON DC. 1972. “Summary of Synoptic 

Meteorological Observations. Southeast Asian Coastal Marine Areas. Volume 4. Area 12 - 

Victoria Point, Area 13 - Rangoon, Area 14 - Pagoda Point.” SEP. Descriptors: MARINE 

METEOROLOGY; COASTAL REGIONS; OCEAN WAVES; WIND; ATMOSPHERIC 

TEMPERATURE; HUMIDITY; BURMA; CEILING; CLOUD COVER; VISIBILITY; 

TABLES(DATA); SURFACE TEMPERATURE; METEOROLOGY. Abstract: The report 

contains data taken from marine surface observations in the areas of Victoria Point, Rangoon, 

and Pagoda Point. Notes: Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. 

Database: DTIC. OCLC Accession Number: AD0750159. URL: 

http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD750159. 

Nelson B.W. Affiliation: B.W. Nelson, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of 

Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903 Country: United States E-mail:,bwn@virginia.edu. 2001. 

“Sediment Dynamics in Rangoon River, Myanmar.” Sci. Total Environ. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. 

All rights reserved.: 05 FEB. Volume 266, Issue 1-3, Pages 15-21 Additional Info: 

Netherlands. Descriptors: Sediments and sedimentary processes - transport -- 71.4.3; 

Sediments and sedimentary processes - transport -- 72.5.3; fine grained sediment; freshwater 

input; seasonal variation; sediment transport; tidal power. Notes: References: Number: 9; 

Geographic: Myanmar -- Rangoon River. Abstract: The behavior of fine-grained sediment in 

Rangoon River depends on seasonal variations in freshwater discharge and tidal amplitudes 

that range from 2 to 5 m. During the monsoon, freshwater with sediment concentrations of 1 

g/l, or less, causes unidirectional, seaward flow. In the dry season, salinities reach 20‰ 

and sediment concentrations rise to 6 g/l. The saline intrusion advects large quantities of 

sediment landward from seaward sources. Near-surface sediment concentrations are very low 

during neap tides, while a layer of 'fluid mud' rests on the bottom. Current speeds greater than 

0.2 m/s are needed to entrain sediment into the upper layer. Layered suspensions occur most 

commonly during decelerating phases of tidal flow and are dispersed by rapidly accelerating 

flow. When current speeds exceed 0.6 m/s, no 'fluid mud' forms, and sediment concentrations 

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as great as 6-8 g/l extend through the water column. Copyright (c) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0048-9697. 

Nelson BW Affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 

Charlottesville 22903, USA.,bwn@virginia.edu. 2001. “Sediment Dynamics in Rangoon 

River, Myanmar.” Sci. Total Environ. ; Sci. Total Environ. Feb 5. Volume 266, Issue 1-3, 

Pages 15-21 Additional Info: Netherlands. Notes: Citation: Status: PubMed-not-MEDLINE 

Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20010321; Date Completed: 20010405; Date of Update: 

20031031. Abstract: The behavior of fine-grained sediment in Rangoon River depends on 

seasonal variations in freshwater discharge and tidal amplitudes that range from 2 to 5 m. 

During the monsoon, freshwater with sediment concentrations of 1 g/l, or less, causes 

unidirectional, seaward flow. In the dry season, salinities reach 20% and sediment 

concentrations rise to 6 g/l. The saline intrusion advects large quantities of sediment landward 

from seaward sources. Near-surface sediment concentrations are very low during neap tides, 

while a layer of 'fluid mud' rests on the bottom. Current speeds greater than 0.2 m/s are 

needed to entrain sediment into the upper layer. Layered suspensions occur most commonly 

during decelerating phases of tidal flow and are dispersed by rapidly accelerating flow. When 

current speeds exceed 0.6 m/s, no 'fluid mud' forms, and sediment concentrations as great as 

6-8 g/l extend through the water column. ISSN/ISBN: 0048-9697 (Print). 

Nelson, B. W., Tin Tut, U. and Saw Lwin, U. 1990. “Fine-Grained Sediment Transport in Rangoon 

River, Burma; 13th International Sedimentological Congress; Abstracts.” International 

Sedimentological Congress. International Association of Sedimentologists, Comparative 

Sedimentology Division, Utrecht, Netherlands (NLD): Netherlands (NLD). Volume 13, Pages 

382. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Far East; fines; hydrogeology; hydrology; Rangoon River; 

rivers and streams; sedimentation; sediments; stream transport. Notes: CD: #03249; CY: 

GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

Nelson, Bruce W. 2001. “Clay Mineral Clues to Estuarine Sediment Provenance; Geological 

Society of America, 2001 Annual Meeting.” Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of 

America. Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States (USA): United 

States (USA). Nov. Volume 33, Issue 6, Pages 407. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; clay 

mineralogy; climate; estuarine sedimentation; Far East; hydrology; Irrawaddy River; 

Malaysia; provenance; Rangoon River; rivers and streams; sediment transport; sedimentation; 

sediments; Selangor River; stream transport; suspended materials; tributaries; tropical 

environment; weathering. Notes: CD: GAAPBC; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American 

Geological Institute. Reference includes data supplied by the Geological Society of America, 

Boulder, CO, United States. Abstract: The clay mineral composition of estuarine sediments 

reflects tectonic and climatic conditions that exist in the source areas, modified by differential 

transportation and diagenesis. Rangoon River (Burma) and Selangor River (Malaysia) 

illustrate extremes that may be compared with mid-latitude estuaries elsewhere. Rangoon 

River is an estuarine distributary of the Irrawaddy River whose headwaters drain the 

Himalayas; the main stream then flows within an inter-arc trough adjacent to a Cenozoic 

volcanic arc. The river carries well-defined muscovite, chlorite, quartz, and feldspar above 

Mandalay. Below Mandalay and above the delta, the Cenozoic volcanics add significant 

amounts of fine-grained smectite. The estuary is macro-tidal. During the dry season, high 

sediment concentrations and multi-layered suspensions are found and the net transport is 

landward. Smectite is most abundant in the concentrated suspensions, while muscovite and 

chlorite dominate in the low concentration suspensions during average and neap tidal flows. 

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This leads to preferential concentration of smectite in estuarine deposits. High discharge 

during the monsoon often flushes much of the accumulated sediment load seaward. Selangor 

River drains granitic and metamorphic terrain of Paleozoic age. The deep, tropically 

weathered soils contain clays rich in kaolinite and gibbsite (and little mica or feldspar). These 

clay minerals become the most abundant components of the estuarine sediments. The 

Selangor is a mesotidal estuary where multi-layered suspensions have not been detected. 

Little differentiation in mineral composition exists between the suspended and deposited 

sediments. The clay minerals reflect their origin in a mature tropical landscape. The highest 

freshwater discharges rarely push the 0 o/oo isohaline beyond the mouth, so the sediment load 

is trapped within the estuary. The clay mineral composition of estuarine sediment in midlatitude and temperate estuaries is usually intermediate in composition to those above, and it 

reflects intermediate tectonic and climatic conditions in their source areas. Database: GeoRef. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0016-7592. 

Nelson, Bruce W. 2001. “Sediment Dynamics in Rangoon River, Myanmar.” The Science of the 

Total Environment,. 2/5. Volume 266, Issue 1-3, Pages 15-21. Descriptors: Sediment 

dynamics; Estuarine; Rangoon River. Abstract: The behavior of fine-grained sediment in 

Rangoon River depends on seasonal variations in freshwater discharge and tidal amplitudes 

that range from 2 to 5 m. During the monsoon, freshwater with sediment concentrations of 1 

g/l, or less, causes unidirectional, seaward flow. In the dry season, salinities reach 20‰ and 

sediment concentrations rise to 6 g/l. The saline intrusion advects large quantities of sediment 

landward from seaward sources. Near-surface sediment concentrations are very low during 

neap tides, while a layer of 'fluid mud' rests on the bottom. Current speeds greater than 0.2 

m/s are needed to entrain sediment into the upper layer. Layered suspensions occur most 

commonly during decelerating phases of tidal flow and are dispersed by rapidly accelerating 

flow. When current speeds exceed 0.6 m/s, no 'fluid mud' forms, and sediment concentrations 

as great as 6-8 g/l extend through the water column. 

Ngo, Quoc-Trung. 1980. AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCES 

DEVELOPMENT IN DELTAIC REGIONS OF ASIA: THE CASE OF CENTRAL 

THAILAND. The University of Wisconsin - Madison; 0262. DAI. Volume: 41, 05A, page(s): 

301-2226. Descriptors: ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL. Abstract: This study analyzes the 

process of transforming a large deltaic basin, such as the Chao Phya Plain in central Thailand, 

into irrigated agricultural lands. The strategic role of infrastructure improvement in the 

process of agricultural modernization is well recognized. The historical experience of Japan, 

Taiwan, Korea, and more recent experience of the Philippines, indicate that increasing 

population pressure on agricultural land has provided a strong stimulus for irrigation 

construction, and also for the introduction of land-saving technologies in the form of modern 

fertilizer-responsive rice varieties and improved farm practices. But irrigation and drainage 

facilities, which are a basic condition for the diffusion of the new technology, can require 

capital investments so large as to overwhelm the financial capacity of many less developed 

countries. Rainfall patterns and topography are relevant considerations.Where rainfall is well 

distributed over the year and where the hydrography of the country consists of physically 

separate watersheds, water control can be achieved through individual projects generally of 

small or medium size. Such agroclimatic conditions have supported a relatively fast rate of 

land infrastructure improvement in the insular countries of Asia. In contrast, the deltaic 

regions of Burma, Thailand, and Viet Nam, which are the traditional rice exporting areas, face 

very different environmental conditions--sharply seasonal rainfall patterns and vast, flat 

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terrain--which require large scale basin-wide irrigation construction. The mobilization of 

enormous amounts of resources and complex and lengthy planning are necessary. The 

development of water resources in the Chao Phya Delta is analyzed, using conventional cost 

benefit analysis, as a case study to illustrate this problem. There, water control development 

had to be undertaken in successive phases, with the earliest phases of construction yielding 

low social returns. The early projects, however, constitute the backbone structure necessary to 

support the further development of the Delta. The analysis shows that the latent benefits of 

Phase One construction built in the 1950's and early 1960's were not captured until the 

intensive construction of Phase Three was completed in the late 1970's. The development of 

large alluvial deltas requires huge initial investments that can pay off only after an extensive 

gestation period. The need for international financial assistance is crucial. This pattern is in 

contrast with the experience of insular countries where irrigation can easily be started with 

small profitable projects at the earliest stage of agricultural development. Analysis of 

distribution of the social gains derived from irrigation investments in the Chao Phya Plain 

indicates that a large share of the benefits accrues to rice consumers in other food-deficit less 

developed countries. This effect gives added support to the argument calling for international 

assistance to support the development of large alluvial rice growing deltas in Asia. Finally, 

results from the analysis of Chao Phya Delta development are used to provide perspectives to 

the problem of developing of the Mekong Delta in Viet Nam. Notes: Degree: PH.D. OCLC 

Accession Number: AAG8015222. 

Nieuwolt S. Editor: Takahashi,K. and Arakawa, H. 1981. “Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. all Rights 

Reserved.; the Climates of Continental Southeast Asia.” Elsevier. page(s): 1-66. Descriptors: 

HYDROLOGY -- 71.6; METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY -- 71.7. Abstract: 

Describes the climates of Vietnam, Laos, Kampuchea, Thailand, Burma, Malaya and 

Singapore, analysing in turn: the NE monsoon season; the inter-monsoon period; the SW 

monsoon season; climatic variations; local factors; the variability of the climatic parameters; 

and sources of statistical data. Concludes with 29 tables of climatic data for the region.-

L.F.Musk. Notes: Note(s): Special Features: 9 figs, 38 tables, 51 refs. Availability: Connect to 

the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession Number: 0394611. 

Nu Nu San. 2004. Study on Aquatic Birds Around Inle Wetland Sanctuary. Taunggyi: Taunggyi 

University, Zoology Department. page(s): 10. Descriptors: Bird refuges -- Burma -- Inle 

Lake; Water birds -- Burma -- Inle Lake. Notes: 49 p.; of plates : 1 map ; 22 cm.; Note(s): A 

research paper./ Includes bibliographical references (p. 38).; Responsibility: Nu Nu San ... [et 

al.]. Vendor Info: Baker and Taylor (BTCP); Entry: 20060925; Update: 20080413. 

ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 2006-349337. OCLC Accession Number: 83252724. 

NUTTALL, MARTIN. 1999. ON THE ROAD TO MANDALAY. Harding Publishing Company, 

Incorporated. International Railway Traveler. Descriptors: Burma; Myanmar; Passenger 

service; Railroads. Abstract: AUTHOR'S ACCOUNT OF 15-HOUR TRIP FROM YANGON 

(RANGOON). Notes: INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY TRAVELER, NO. 105 (MAR. 1999), 

P. 1+: ILL., MAP. ISSN/ISBN: 0891-7655. OCLC Accession Number: 00893907. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

Nyíri, Pál. 2006. “THE YELLOW MAN'S BURDEN: CHINESE MIGRANTS ON A CIVILIZING 

MISSION.” CHIJ. Australian National University, Contemporary China Centre Jul 2006: Jul. 

Issue 56, Pages 83-0_7. Descriptors: International organizations; Economic indicators; 

Government subsidies; Real estate developments; Christianity. Notes: Details: Photographs; 

References. Abstract: Not coincidentally, the expanding scope of projects financed by China 

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abroad, mainly in Africa and South America but also closer to home in Burma, Cambodia and 

Laos, attracted considerable attention from Western media in 2005.2 From Guyana to Nigeria, 

China has emerged as a key source of state-led investment in infrastructure projects without 

the good-governance and human-rights strings that are attached to financing through 

international development structures, and Chinese companies have become a visible presence 

as major builders of roads, pipelines, bridges, hospitals, harbors, stadiums, water-supply 

facilities and so on.3 In the Sudan, Chinese state-owned enterprises have invested US$3 

billion in the oil industry and helped to build a 1,540-kilometre pipeline and a refinery.4 In 

July 2005, censured by the UN for evicting 700,000 people from their houses, Zimbabwe's 

President Robert Mugabe traveled to China for a US$300 million loan (he was denied it). The 

authors' optimistic evaluation contrasts starkly with the view taken by international 

organizations and their advisors, who are wary of the risks posed by the sudden introduction 

of a cash economy, the displacement of slash-and-burn agriculturalists, and the 

commodification of sexual exchanges that accompany such projects, not to mention the 

smuggling of drugs and gems that finance the Burmese junta and the borderland ethnic armies 

allied to it.9 The situation in Sudan (to which, as to Burma, China provides military aid) is 

similar: while Western-based NGOs blame the Chinese government for fuelling Khartoum's 

ethnic cleansing,10 Chinese diplomats and managers portray their investment in the oil 

industry as a selfless contribution to development: When we started, they were an oil 

importer, and now they are an oil exporter.11 A Western company couldn't have done what 

we did ... ISSN/ISBN: 1324-9347. 

O'Brien, Morrough Parker. 1934. Rangoon Tidal Model. Descriptors: Tidal flats -- Models; 

Hydraulic models. Notes: 1 folder; Geographic: Rangoon River (Burma); Note(s): Typescript, 

bound.; Entry: 19930120; Update: 20040421. OCLC Accession Number: 27296938. 

Obukhova, V. A. and Fedorov, K. N. 1974. “Micromorphology of the Hydromorphic Soils of the 

Irrawaddy Delta.” Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin. Allerton Press, New York, NY, 

United States (USA): United States (USA). Volume 29, Issue 1-2, Pages 29-32. Descriptors: 

Asia; Burma; deltas; Far East; horizons; hydromorphic; Irrawaddy River; micromorphology; 

morphology; soils; tropical. Notes: CD: MUSBDU; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American 

Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0147-6874. 

OBUKHOVA, V. A. and FEDOROV, K. N. 1974. “Micromorphology of Hydromorphic Soils of 

Irrawaddy River Delta, (in Russian).” Vestn Mosk Univ Ser 6 Biol Pochvoved.29(2), P 85-90. 

1974. Descriptors: CLAYS; SOILS; GEOMORPHOLOGY; DELTAS; RIVERS; IRON; 

MANGANESE; CULTIVATION; SOIL PROFILES; BURMA(IRRAWADDY RIVER 

DELTA); GLEYING; HYDROMORPHIC SOILS; NODULES; PADDY; BURMESE 

SOILS. Abstract: PERMANENT USE OF THESE BURMESE SOILS FOR MANY YEARS 

UNDER PADDY CULTIVATION PROMOTED SURFACE GLEYING, 

ACCUMULATION OF VARIOUS KINDS OF FE AND MN NODULES, INTENSIVE 

BIOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER, THE SIGNIFICANT 

ACCUMULATION OF ORIENTED CLAYS IN MEADOW GLEY SOILS THROUGHOUT 

THE PROFILE AND IN ILLUVIAL LAYERS OF DEGRADED SOILS.--COPYRIGHT 

1975, BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, INC. Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution 

Mgmt. 

Oo, K. N., Aung, K. S., Thida, M., Knine, W. W., Soe, M. M. and Aye T Affiliation: Bacteriology 

Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Yangon,,Myanmar. 1993. 

“Effectiveness of Potash Alum in Decontaminating Household Water.” J. Diarrhoeal Dis. 

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Res. ; J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. Sep. Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 172-4 Additional Info: 

BANGLADESH. Descriptors: Alum Compounds; Decontamination -- methods; Humans; 

Myanmar; Water Supply -- standards. Notes: Chemical Subst: Alum Compounds [0] 

aluminum sulfate [10043-01-3]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 

19940124; Date Completed: 19940124; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: To evaluate the 

effectiveness of potash alum in purifying household water, this study was carried out in a 

suburban community in Yangon, Myanmar. It was designed to test whether the application of 

potash alum (0.05%) regularly into household water storage vessels during water 

replenishment was capable of decontaminating household water in homes using shallow well 

water. It was conducted in 100 households (50 each in intervention and control groups). After 

alum (0.05%) was added, the contamination level of water decreased on the 2nd and 3rd days. 

The alum-treated water was well tolerated by the users; only one member complained of a 

metallic taste. We conclude that potash alum was effective and acceptable in this community 

in decontaminating household water. ISSN/ISBN: 0253-8768 (Print). 

Oo, K. N., Aung, W. W., Thida, M., Toe, M. M., Lwin, H. H. and Khin EE Affiliation: Department 

of Medical Research, Yangon Children Hospital,,Myanmar. 2000. “Relationship of BreastFeeding and Hand-Washing with Dehydration in Infants with Diarrhoea due to Escherichia 

Coli.” J. Health Popul. Nutr. ; J. Health Popul. Nutr. Sep. Volume 18, Issue 2, Pages 93-6 

Additional Info: BANGLADESH. Descriptors: Breast Feeding; Escherichia coli Infections -- 

complications; Escherichia coli Infections -- microbiology; Cohort Studies; Dehydration -- 

etiology; Diarrhea, Infantile -- complications; Diarrhea, Infantile -- microbiology; Escherichia 

coli -- isolation & purification; Handwashing -- methods; Humans; Infant; Prospective 

Studies; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: 

NLM; Date of Entry: 20001207; Date Completed: 20001207; Date of Update: 20041117. 

Abstract: This prospective cohort study was carried out in the neonatal unit of the Yangon 

Children Hospital, Myanmar, to gather more information on the types of feedings and handwashing practices of mothers as the determinant of severe dehydration in infants with acute 

diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli. The study subjects included 100 infants with diarrhoea, 

aged less than 4 months, admitted to the hospital from June 1997 to May 1998. Data on 

isolation of E. coli from rectal swab samples, types of feedings, hand-washing practices, and 

dehydration status were collected. Of the 100 cases, E. coli was isolated from rectal swab 

samples of 48 infants. Of these 48 cases, 28 had some dehydration and 20 had severe 

dehydration. Exclusive breast-feeding was observed only in the age group 1-2 month(s). The 

association of the severity of dehydration with other types of feedings compared to exclusive 

breast-feeding was not statistically significant. In this study, most mothers washed their hands 

with water only after cleansing their children's defaecation, and before and after feeding their 

children. The severity of dehydration was statistically significant in hand-washing practices 

when compared to washing with water only and washing with soap and water. This study has 

shown the association between types of feedings and hand-washing practices with 

dehydration in infants with acute diarrhoea due to E. coli. The results of the study suggest that 

there is a need for appropriate intervention programmes to promote exclusive breast-feeding 

and hand-washing practices with soap and water after cleansing children's defaecation, and 

before and after feeding children. ISSN/ISBN: 1606-0997 (Print). 

Oo, K. N., Han, A. M., Hlaing, T. and Aye T Affiliation: Bacteriology Division, Department of 

Medical Research, Yangon,,Myanmar. 1991. “Bacteriologic Studies of Food and Water 

Consumed by Children in Myanmar: 1. the Nature of Contamination.” J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 

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; J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. Jun. Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 87-90 Additional Info: 

BANGLADESH. Descriptors: Food Microbiology; Water Microbiology; Bacterial Toxins -- 

biosynthesis; Child, Preschool; Escherichia coli -- growth & development; Humans; India; 

Infant; Salmonella -- growth & development; Vibrio cholerae -- growth & development; 

Water Supply. Notes: Chemical Subst: Bacterial Toxins [0]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE 

Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19911121; Date Completed: 19911121; Date of Update: 

20041117. Abstract: To isolate major bacterial pathogens from children's food and drinking 

water, a 3-month study was conducted in a suburban community in Yangon, Myanmar. From 

the morning meals and stored drinking water of 208 randomly selected children, 775 food and 

113 water samples were collected and were cultured using standard methods. Escherichia 

coli, Vibrio cholerae non-01, and Salmonella were isolated from 505, 28 and 6 food samples 

respectively, and E. coli and V. cholerae non-01 were isolated from 29 and 5 water samples 

respectively. Among the E. coli isolates, 8 produced heat-stable toxin (ST) and 3 were 

enteroinvasive. Nine V. cholerae non-01 produced cholera-like toxin. Of the 29 E. coli 

isolates from the samples of drinking water, 3 produced ST. All water samples were negative 

for Salmonella. The study underscores the importance of bacterial contamination of children's 

food and drinking water and stresses the need to improve environmental sanitation. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0253-8768 (Print). 

Oo, K. N., Myint, T., Nwe, Y. Y. and Aye, T. 1993. “Vibrio Spp. Isolated from Natural Waters of 

the City of Yangon, Myanmar.” J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. ; J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. Jun. Volume 

11, Issue 2, Pages 105-7 Additional Info: BANGLADESH. Descriptors: Water Microbiology; 

Cholera -- transmission; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Myanmar; Vibrio -- classification; 

Vibrio -- isolation & purification; Vibrio -- pathogenicity; Virulence. Notes: Citation: Status: 

MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19931110; Date Completed: 19931110; Date of 

Update: 20041117. Abstract: Virulence properties of the environmental isolate of vibrios 

from natural waters of Yangon, Myanmar were studied. Vibrio spp. were isolated for 

identification by the membrane filtration method and cultured on thio-sulphate-bile-sucrose 

media. No Vibrio cholerae O1 were isolated. V. cholerae non-O1 were the major vibrio 

species isolated from the samples. None of them were detected for cholera-toxin-like toxin, 

thermostable direct haemolysin, or heat-stable enterotoxin. Sixty-one isolates gave haemolytic 

activity; 27 V. cholerae non-O1 and 6 V. fluvialis isolates produced protease. ISSN/ISBN: 

0253-8768 (Print). 

Oo, Nay Win, Robinson, Ruth A. J., Bird, Michael Ian, et al. 2007. “Re-Analysis of the Nineteenth 

Century Hydrology and Sediment Load Data for the Ayeyarwady River, Myanmar; 

Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University; Special Issue in Honor of Professor 

Nobuyuki Hori.” Geographical Reports of Tokyo Metropolitan University. Tokyo 

Metropolitan University, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Tokyo, Japan (JPN): 

Japan (JPN). Volume 42, Pages 71-84. Descriptors: Asia; Ayeyarwady River; bedload; 

Burma; concentration; denudation; discharge; drainage basins; errors; Far East; filters; flows; 

Gulf of Martaban; hydrographs; hydrology; Indian Ocean; land use; measurement; monsoons; 

regression analysis; statistical analysis; suspended materials; Thanlwin River; velocity. Notes: 

FE: References: 17; illus. incl. 1 table, sketch map; LL: Latitude:N150000,N280000 

Longitude:E1000000,E0920000; CY: GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2008, American 

Geological Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be added to Georef. Abstract: 

The Ayeyarwady (Irrawaddy) River of Myanmar (formerly Burma) is generally though to 

have the 5th largest suspended load of any world river, and the 4th highest total dissolved 

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load. From these flux estimates, the combined systems of the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin 

(Salween) rivers are regarded as contributing 20% of the total flux of material from the 

Himalayan-Tibetan orogen and deliver it over a short length of coastline into the Gulf of 

Martaban in the eastern Indian Ocean. The estimates for the Ayeyarwady are taken from 

published quotes of a 19th Century dataset (Gordon 1885) and there are no available 

published data for the Thanlwin. We present a reanalysis of the Ayeyarwady data from the 

original 550 page report of Gordon (1879) covering ten years of discharge (1869-1879) and 

one year of sediment concentration measurements (1877) and demonstrate that the commonly 

cited values of sediment loads (and therefore chemical fluxes) are in error. Taken at face 

value, the sediment flux estimates are conservatively assessed as being underestimated by 

18%, and possibly as much as 38%, due to omission of the fine particulate load. However, an 

early 20th Century Ayeyarwady River engineer criticised Gordon's discharge measuring 

methods, suggesting they lead to over-estimation of both water and sediment fluxes. These 

two opposing uncertainties require careful review. We describe the approaches employed, 

evaluate Gordon's measurements, calculations, and subsequent adjustments and present our 

revised interpretation of daily and annual discharges and sediment fluxes along with an 

estimate of uncertainty. Our re-evaluation suggests that the annual sediment flux from the 

Ayeyarwady-Thanlwin system may be significant for ocean geochemistry and estimation of 

denudation rates. The new values suggest that the Ayeyarwady and Thanlwin rivers 

contribute half the present day Ganges-Brahmaputra flux to the Indian Ocean. Database: 

GeoRef In Process. ISSN/ISBN: 0386-8710. 

Oo, T. T., Storch, V. and Becker N Affiliation: Zoological Institute, University of 

Heidelberg,,Germany. 2002. “Studies on the Bionomics of Anopheles Dirus (Culicidae: 

Diptera) in Mudon, Mon State, Myanmar.” J. Vector Ecol. Jun. Volume 27, Issue 1, Pages 44-

54 Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: Anopheles; Environment; Animals; Fishes; 

Insects; Larva -- growth & development; Myanmar; Plants; Population Dynamics; Predatory 

Behavior; Water. Notes: Chemical Subst: Water [7732-18-5]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE 

Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20020719; Date Completed: 20021224; Date of Update: 

20061115. Abstract: This study examined some environmental factors influencing the larval 

habitats of Anopheles dirus (breeding in wells) in Mudon, Myanmar, from May 1998 to 

March 2000. The larval/pupal density was found to be directly proportional to rainfall and 

indirectly proportional to the well water level. Shade, vegetation and debris on the surface of 

well water were important factors influencing the abundance of the aquatic stages of An. 

dirus. Salinity had an inverse correlation with the larval and pupal density. Other mosquito 

species associated with An. dirus were identified. Important predators of the mosquito larvae 

were larvivorous fish, damselfly and dragonfly nymphs. All wells examined were lined with 

lateritic rocks. Chemical analysis of water samples from wells was conducted. ISSN/ISBN: 

1081-1710 (Print). 

Oo, T. T., Storch, V. and Becker, N. 2002. “Studies on the Bionomics of Anopheles Dirus 

(Culicidae: Diptera) in Mudon, Mon State, Myanmar.” Journal of Vector Ecology : Journal of 

the Society for Vector Ecology. June. Volume 27, Issue 1, Pages 44-54. Additional Info: 

Santa Ana, CA : The Society, [1995- Publishing Agencies: US Imprint, not USDA. 

Descriptors: NAL: RA639 .S63; Well water Anopheles dirus; Larvae; Pupae; Population 

density; Population ecology; Breeding places; Wells; Water quality; Environmental factors; 

Rain; Shade; Vegetation; Salinity; Predatory insects; Insectivorous fishes; Myanmar; Subj 

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Category: L821 PESTS OF ANIMALS, INSECTS; L300 ANIMAL ECOLOGY; L001 

ENTOMOLOGY RELATED. ISSN/ISBN: 1081-1710. 

Pal, S. C. “Dysentery: An Overview. Still Problems to Resolve.” Descriptors: Communicable 

Disease Control; Communicable Diseases; Developing Countries; Diarrhea; Digestive 

System; Disease; Disease Outbreaks; Education; Health; Health Education; Information 

Services; Public Health; Asia; Biology; Delivery of Health Care; Health Planning; Health 

Services; India; Infection; Knowledge; Organization and Administration; Physiology; 

Preventive Medicine; Vaccination; Diseases; Epidemics; Gastrointestinal Effects; Iec; 

Southern Asia Asia; Infections; Program Activities; Programs. Notes: Source: Dialogue on 

diarrhoea (Dialogue Diarrhoea) 1986 Jun(25): 4 Additional Info: ENGLAND; Note(s): TJ: 

DIALOGUE ON DIARRHOEA; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: PIP Other ID: PIP: 

040696; POP: 00173578; Date of Entry: 19880907; Date Completed: 19880907; Date of 

Update: 20031114. Abstract: This article reviews the global situation with regard to bacillary 

dysentery, with particular emphasis on findings from the recent epidemic in West Bengal. 

Infection is by the fecal-oral route and generally spread by person-to-person transmission. 

Serious epidemics caused by the multiple-drug-resistant Shigella shigae have occurred 

recently in Bangladesh, Somalia, South India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Rwanda, and 

Zaire. In each situation, dysentery attacked over 10% of the population and killed 2-10% of 

hospitalized cases. In 1984, a dysentery epidemic spread rapidly throughout West Bengal, 

especially among young children, and was resistant to most commonly available drugs and 

antibiotics. A mass media campaign was initiated which emphasized boiling or chlorination 

of drinking water, covering feces with soil, protecting food from flies, avoiding exposed raw 

vegetables and cut fruits, and hand washing. However, these measures were difficult to 

implement and the epidemic subsided only gradually. Scientific knowledge about the exact 

mode of transmission of the pathogen, the mechanisms of pathogenicity, and the actual cause 

of death in dysentery cases could contribute to the development of practical public health 

interventions and an effective vaccine. ISSN/ISBN: 0950-0235 (Print). 

Paoletto, G. and Uitto J.I. Affiliation: G. Paoletto, Academic Division, The United Nations 

University, 5-53-70 Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150 Country:,Japan. 1996. “The Salween 

River: Is International Development Possible?” Asia Pacific Viewpoint. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. 

All rights reserved.: Volume 37, Issue 3, Pages 269-282. Descriptors: Water Resources: 

Economic -- 70.4.3.1; Water resources development - general -- 74.13.1; water resources; 

developing region; regional cooperation; river basin development; regional development; 

international water resources; water resources management. Notes: Geographic: Asia -- 

Salween River. Abstract: Running through China, Myanmar and Thailand, the Salween River 

is rich in water resources with the potential to play a major role in regional development 

strategy. Issues related to its development are complex, but recent trends call for a closer 

examination of the types of possibilities available. This paper examines issues surrounding 

the Salween, considers governance systems for international waters, and draws some 

preliminary conclusions on the options that may be available to the riparians. There is a clear 

need for further scientific, technical and analytical work in identifying the alternative 

scenarios for the development of the river system, and their environmental and social impacts, 

as well as moving towards an international governance system for joint management and 

conflict resolution along the river. ISSN/ISBN: 1360-7456. 

Penney, David, Ross, Andrew J. (prefacer) and York, Peter V. (prefacer). 2004. “A New Genus and 

Species of Pisauridae (Araneae) in Cretaceous Burmese Amber; the Lower Cretaceous 

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(Albian) Arthropod Fauna of Burmese Amber, Myanmar.” Journal of Systematic 

Palaeontology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom (GBR): United 

Kingdom (GBR). Jun. Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 141-145. Descriptors: Albian; amber; 

Arachnida; Araneae; Arthropoda; Asia; Burma; Chelicerata; Cretaceous; Far East; fresh-water 

environment; Invertebrata; Lower Cretaceous; Mesozoic; morphology; new taxa; organic 

minerals; Palaeohygropoda myanmarensis; paleoenvironment; Pisauridae; taxonomy. Notes: 

FE: References: 47; illus.; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. 

Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 1477-2019. 

Peretti, Adolf and Mullis, Joseph. 1997. “Distinction of Natural and Synthetic Rubies by Fluid 

Inclusion Analyses; Proceedings of the XIVth European Current Research on Fluid 

Inclusions.” Proceedings of the ...European Current Research on Fluid Inclusions (ECROFI). 

International (III): International (III). Volume 14, Pages 264-265. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; 

calcium carbonate; carbon dioxide; Commonwealth of Independent States; Far East; fluid 

inclusions; gems; hydrogen sulfide; inclusions; natural materials; nitrogen; Novosibirsk 

Russian Federation; paleosalinity; potassium chloride; ruby; Russian Federation; synthetic 

materials; temperature; water. Notes: CD: #05159; FE: References: 2; CY: GeoRef, 

Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

Perret JL Affiliation: Service de Pathologie Infectieuse et Tropicale, l'Hopital d'Instruction des 

Armées Laveran, Marseille,,France. 1997. “La Mélioïdose: Une “Bombe à Retardement 

Tropicale” En Voie De Dissémination? Translated Title: [Melioidosis: A Tropical Time 

Bomb that is Spreading].” Mars. Volume 57, Issue 2, Pages 195-201 Additional Info: 

FRANCE. Descriptors: Endemic Diseases; Tropical Medicine; World Health; Anti-Bacterial 

Agents -- therapeutic use; Humans; Incidence; Melioidosis -- drug therapy; Melioidosis -- 

epidemiology; Melioidosis -- microbiology; Melioidosis -- transmission; Microbial 

Sensitivity Tests; Tropical Climate. Notes: References: Number: 64; Chemical Subst: AntiBacterial Agents [0]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19970925; 

Date Completed: 19970925; Date of Update: 20061115. Abstract: Melioidosis, an infectious 

disease that affects many mammals, was first identified in Burma by Whitmore in 1912. It is 

caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, a gram negative bacillus of the Pseudomonas family, 

which is found in soil and water. Long present in Southeast Asia and numerous tropical areas, 

melioidosis has recently appeared in temperate zones including mainland France. The 

incidence in endemic areas is between 6% and 20% of the population and short period of 

exposure is sufficient to be contaminated. In man the contamination occurs mainly through 

skin wounds and the disease can be clinically inapparent. Diabetes, renal disease, and various 

forms of immunodepression are triggering factors for the onset of a variety of symptoms 

ranging from acute septicemia to abscesses involving almost any organ in the body. 

Ceftazidime alone or a combination of clavulanate and amoxicilline is the treatment of choice 

but the mortality rate in patients with acute forms is still 40% and relapse can occur if 

treatment is stopped too soon. Bacteriologic and serologic tests can fail and awareness of a 

history of geographic exposure is an important diagnostic criteria for this disease which has 

been expanded with the growth of international travel. ISSN/ISBN: 0025-682X (Print). 

Perret, J. L., Vidal, D. and Thibault F Affiliation: HIA Laveran, Service de Pathologie Infectieuse 

et Tropicale,,Marseille. 1998. “La Mélioïdose Pulmonaire. Translated Title: [Pulmonary 

Melioidosis].” Rev. Pneumol. Clin. ; Rev. Pneumol. Clin. Dec. Volume 54, Issue 6, Pages 

365-72 Additional Info: FRANCE. Descriptors: Melioidosis -- diagnosis; Melioidosis -- drug 

therapy; Pneumonia, Bacterial -- diagnosis; Pneumonia, Bacterial -- drug therapy; 

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Amoxicillin -- therapeutic use; Anti-Bacterial Agents -- therapeutic use; Anti-Infective 

Agents -- therapeutic use; Ceftazidime -- therapeutic use; Cephalosporins -- therapeutic use; 

Chloramphenicol -- therapeutic use; Clavulanic Acid -- therapeutic use; Diagnosis, 

Differential; Doxycycline -- therapeutic use; Drug Therapy, Combination -- therapeutic use; 

Humans; Penicillins -- therapeutic use; Radiography, Thoracic; TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole Combination -- therapeutic use. Notes: References: Number: 65; Chemical 

Subst: Anti-Bacterial Agents [0] Anti-Infective Agents [0] Cephalosporins [0] Penicillins [0] 

Amoxicillin [26787-78-0] Chloramphenicol [56-75-7] Doxycycline [564-25-0] Clavulanic 

Acid [58001-44-8] Ceftazidime [78439-06-2] Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Combination 

[8064-90-2]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19990419; Date 

Completed: 19990419; Date of Update: 20061115. Abstract: Melioidosis is most frequently 

encountered in pulmonary localization. Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by 

Burkholderia pseudomallei first described by Whitmore in 1912 in Burma. B. pseudomallei is 

a Gram negative rod belonging to the Pseudomonadaceae family. Soil and water are the 

natural reservoirs for the germ which is a specific pathogen for several mammal species. Long 

endemic in Southeast Asia and several tropical zones, B. pseudomallei has recently been 

found in temperate zones, including France. Human contamination occurs via the 

transcutaneous route and often leads to dormant inapparent infection. Many conditions, such 

as diabetes, renal lithiasis, various circumstances of immunodepression or stress, facilitate 

clinical manifestations which vary greatly. Pulmonary manifestations may be acute and 

extensive, producing a torpid pseudo-tuberculous condition or a variety of clinical and 

radiological features mimicking other diseases. Bacteriological and serological tests may be 

negative. Exposure in an endemic zone, the notion of a favorable context, weight loss, 

cavitary images on successive chest x-rays and the presence of extra-pulmonary localizations 

may be suggestive. Ceftazidime or the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination are indicated, 

but mortality in acute forms still reaches 40%. Relapse can be expected if the treatment 

duration is too short. ISSN/ISBN: 0761-8417 (Print). 

Peters, Charles M., Henderson, Andrew, Maung, U. Myint, et al. 2007. “The Rattan Trade of 

Northern Myanmar: Species, Supplies, and Sustainability.” Econ. Bot. Thomson 2007: SPR 

2007. Volume 61, Issue 1, Pages 3-13. Notes: Concept: 05500, Social biology and human 

ecology 07502, Ecology: environmental biology - General and methods 07506, Ecology: 

environmental biology - Plant 50524, Botany: general and systematic - Monocotyledones 

50528, Botany: general and systematic - Floristics and distribution 53500, Forestry and forest 

products; Major Concepts: Biogeography ; Forestry Broader Term(s): Population Studies; 

Super Taxa: Primates Mammalia Vertebrata Chordata; Geographic: Myanmar; Geopolitical 

Location(s): Asia; Zoogeographical Region: Oriental region; Misc Descript: species 

management rattan supply rattan sustainability rattan trade; Entry: 20070829. Abstract: 

Although Myanmar exports millions of dollars of rattan cane each year, the last systematic 

treatment of rattans in this country was done over 100 years ago, and virtually nothing has 

been written about the collection and trade of this important forest resource. Here we report 

the results from a study of rattans in the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve in northern Myanmar. 

A total of 15 species of rattan were encountered; seven species are new records for Myanmar 

and two species are new to science. Inventory transects revealed that the density of 

commercial rattans in local forests averages 40.5 canes >= 4m long/hectare. Populations of all 

species appear to be actively regenerating. The current pattern of rattan exploitation, however, 

is largely uncontrolled and will eventually lead to resource depletion unless some form of 

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management is implemented. ISSN/ISBN: 0013-0001. Availability: FirstSearch indicates 

your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 912 US 

ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Phien, H. N. and Lee, S. T. 1986. “Forecasting of Daily Discharges of Burmese Rivers.” 

International Journal for Development Technology. Sept. Volume 4, Issue 3, Pages 173-188. 

maps. Additional Info: Beirut : International Centre for Technical Research. Publishing 

Agencies: Non-US Imprint, not FAO. Descriptors: NAL: T1.I54; River basins; River water; 

Rain; Forecasting; Discharges; Hydrological models; Hybrid model Subj Category: P200 

WATER RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT; X100 MATHEMATICS AND 

STATISTICS. Notes: Geographic: Burma. ISSN/ISBN: 0263-418X. 

Phien, H. N. and Lee, Shyh-Tsai. 1986. “FORECASTING OF DAILY DISCHARGES OF 

BURMESE RIVERS.” International Journal for Development Technology. Volume 4, Issue 

3, Pages 173-188. Descriptors: RIVERS -- Discharge; HYDROLOGY - Mathematical 

Models; METEOROLOGY - Weather Forecasting. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, 

Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: The forecasting of daily river discharges plays a very 

important part in the national development of Burma. In this study a model for forecasting 

daily discharges with a lead-time of one day, as adopted by the Department of Meteorology 

and Hydrology of Burma, is developed. This model is essentially an extension of the Hybrid 

Model, also known as the Linear Perturbation Model, in which old (past) values of both 

rainfall and discharge departures from their corresponding means are used. Application of the 

model to actual data from the Chindwin River Basin of Burma shows that it is capable of 

excellent forecasts that are much more accurate than those obtained from the original Hybrid 

Model. Results also show that for all the stations considered in this study, old values of 

discharge contribute more significantly to forecasts than do values of rainfall. ISSN/ISBN: 

0263-418X. 

Phone, Hla and Suzuki, Hiroshi. 2004. “Macrobrachium Patheinense, a New Species of Freshwater 

Prawn (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Myanmar.” Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 

Biological Society of Washington: Volume 117, Issue 4, Pages 523-528. Descriptors: Article 

Subject Terms: Animal appendages; Animal morphology; Inland water environment; New 

species; Taxonomy; Telson; Article Taxonomic Terms: Chela; Macrobrachium patheinense; 

Palaemonidae; Article Geographic Terms: Myanmar; Freshwater. Notes: TR: CS0523798. 

Abstract: A new species of freshwater palaemonid prawn, Macrobrachium patheinense, is 

described from Mayan Creek near Pathein City, Ayeyawaddy Division, Myanmar. The new 

species is most closely related to M. mirabile (Kemp, 1917), M. palaemonoides Holthuis, 

1950, M. superbum (Heller, 1862) and M. inflatum Liang & Yan, 1985, but can be 

differentiated by the rostrum shape and dentition, telson shape, and the second pereiopod 

chela proportions. Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN/ISBN: 

0006-324X. 

Piper-Jenks, N., Horowitz, H. W. and Schwartz E Affiliation: Hudson River Health Care, Peekskill, 

New York,,U.S.A. 2000. “Risk of Hepatitis E Infection to Travelers.” J. Travel Med. Jul-Aug. 

Volume 7, Issue 4, Pages 194-9 Additional Info: CANADA. Descriptors: Adolescent; Adult; 

Africa -- epidemiology; Age Factors; Aged; Asia -- epidemiology; Child; Female; Hepatitis E 

-- epidemiology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Travel -- statistics & numerical 

data; Tropical Climate. Notes: References: Number: 73; Note(s): Comment In: J Travel Med. 

2000 Jul-Aug; 7 (4): 167-9 PMID: 11003726; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; 

Date of Entry: 20001019; Date Completed: 20001019; Date of Update: 20061107. Abstract: 

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV), previously referred to as enterically transmitted non-A, non-B 

hepatitis, is a major cause of epidemic hepatitis and acute, sporadic hepatitis in endemic areas 

of the world. The existence of HEV was suspected based upon epidemiological grounds for 

many years. However, it was only in the early 1990s that confirmation occurred when two 

prototype strains of HEV from Burma and Mexico were sequenced.1-3 Outbreaks of HEV 

infection as well as sporadic transmission commonly occur in Asia, Africa, Central and South 

America, the Middle East, and the Republics of the former USSR. Southeast Asia seems to be 

a particularly high HEV endemic region. HEV is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and 

contaminated drinking water is a common source of infection.4 Many of the large outbreaks 

have occurred after heavy rains and flooding.4 During interepidemic periods sporadic 

infections occur frequently. This suggests a constant environmental reservoir, allowing for 

transmission between epidemics. The existence of a zoonotic reservoir for the virus is likely. 

HEV has been detected in a number of species, including swine, rats, and chicken. 

ISSN/ISBN: 1195-1982 (Print); 1708-8305 (Electronic). 

Pocha, Jehangir. 2004. WATER CRISIS LOOMING FOR CHINA, OFFICIALS WARN. BOST. 

Jan 2. page(s): A.8. Descriptors: Water resources; Industrial development; Environmental 

protection; Water supply; Drought. Abstract: Picturesque Hubei Province, home to Beijing, is 

known as the “Province of a Thousand Lakes.” But industrialization has turned more than 

three-fourths of its once pristine lakes into sandpits. Beijing responded this year by finalizing 

a massive project that will transfer 50 billion cubic meters of water each year from the 

Yangtze River in the south to the Yellow, Huai, and Hai rivers in the north. Western 

diplomatic officials in Beijing say they are also troubled by China's damming of the Mekong 

River and its diversion of water from Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam. Some officials 

also are concerned that China could divert rivers that originate in Tibet, such as the Indus and 

Sutlej, which are also critical to India and Pakistan, and the Brahmaputra, which is critical to 

India and Burma. Notes: Named Corp: International Bank for Reconstruction & Development 

SIC/NAICS: 928120 D-U-N-S No: 06-202-4112 World Bank SIC/NAICS: 928120 D-U-N-S 

No: 06-202-4112; Geographic: China. ISSN/ISBN: 0743-1791. 

Postlewaite, Susan. 2000. Wrath of the Monsoons. Chronicle Publishing Company Oct 31, 2000. 

SF. Oct 31. page(s): A.12. Descriptors: Series & special reports; Rain; Foreign aid; Floods. 

Abstract: According to the Mekong River Commission, Cambodia and Vietnam are the 

nations most vulnerable because of their location toward the mouth of the 2,600-mile Mekong 

River that begins high up in the Tibetan Plateau and doubles in volume as it passes through 

China, Burma and Laos before reaching Cambodia and Vietnam. Some economists say 

Cambodia's economic growth will suffer in the next two years because of severe damage to 

agriculture and infrastructure. The Asian Development Bank, which is carrying development 

loans of $400 million in Cambodia, recently revised its estimate for the nation's annual 

economic growth rate in 2000 from 5 percent to 4 percent. The situation is much the same in 

Vietnam, where more than 300 people have died, entire villages are submerged and 

agriculture has been severely damaged. “People can live with flooding, but not of this 

magnitude,” said Sok Saing Im, a senior hydrologist with the Phnom Penh-based Mekong 

River Commission, which includes representatives of Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and 

Cambodia. “There is too much damage.”. Notes: Geographic: Cambodia Mekong River. 

Praññ` tvan`” re kron” say` yu pui' chon` re” ko` ma rhan`. 1952. Praññ` Tvan`” Re Kron” Say` Yu 

Pui' Chon` Re” Ko` Ma Rhan` e* a Ci Ran` Kham Ca. Ran` kun`: Praññ` thon` cu Mran` ma 

nuin` nam to` a cui” ra ca pum nhip` tuik`. Descriptors: Inland water transportation -- Burma; 

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Praññ` tvan`” re kron” say` yu pui' chon` re” ko` ma rhan`. Notes: 102 p. ; 34 cm.; Note(s): 

Burmese and English.; Responsibility: [Praññ` tvan`” re kron” say` yu pui' chon` re” ko` ma 

rhan`].; Entry: 19950824; Update: 20060624. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 77-986057. OCLC 

Accession Number: 39101626. 

Puckridge, D. W., Catling, H. D., Vongsaroj, Prasan, Boonyawivatana, Samlee, Niyomwit, Lavan 

and Thongbai, Pongmanee. 1989. “Factors Affecting Deepwater Rice in the Central Plain of 

Thailand.” Field Crops Research,. 1. Volume 19, Issue 4, Pages 263-283. Abstract: 

Deepwater rices from Thailand have been among the most promising lines tested in the deepwater areas of Africa, Burma, Indonesia, and Vietnam, and the effect of environmental factors 

and cultural practices on production in Thailand is relevant to those countries. In Thailand, 

approximately 800 000 ha of deepwater rice is grown in fields which are flooded to depths of 

50 cm or more for over a month during the growing season. Most of this specially adapted 

rice is grown in three regions of the central plain. Dry seeds are broadcast on ploughed fields 

at the beginning of the wet season, and the crop grows under rainfed dryland conditions for 

about 3 months before floods arrive in July-August. The plants elongate to maintain foliage 

above the floodwater, which may be as deep as four m. The crop is harvested after the fields 

drain in December-January. Investigations were made to assess yields in farmers' fields, and 

to determine yield-limiting factors and crop responses to inputs. Farmers were interviewed to 

determine production practices, and fields were sampled to estimate yields. Samples from 30 

fields gave an average yield of 2.18 t ha-1 (0.7-3.5 t ha-1) for the 1981/1982 season, and from 

63 fields in 1982/1983 gave an average of 1.83 t ha-1 (0.1-2.9 t ha-1). There were 32 different 

varieties. Maximum water depths ranged from 60 cm to 200 cm. Major pests were yellow 

stem-borers and rats. A multi-location factorial experiment with 13 sites tested the possibility 

of improving yields by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, or by use of a herbicide spray to 

control broadleaved weeds. However, grain yields were increased by N only at four sites, by 

P at one site, and by herbicide spraying at one site. Major yield-limiting factors were drought 

and poor plant stands in the pre-flood period, and some flood damage. Better characterisation 

of the environment and of its interaction with genotypes is necessary before adequate 

prediction of performance and improvements in production will be obtained. 

Quang N.N. Affiliation: N.N. Quang, Vietnam National Mekong Committee, 23 Hang Tre, Hanoi 

Country: Viet Nam E-mail:,nhanquang@hn.vnn.vn. 2002. “Vietnam and the Sustainable 

Development of the Mekong River Basis.” Water Science and Technology. 2005 Elsevier 

Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 45, Issue 11, Pages 261-266 Additional Info: United 

Kingdom. Descriptors: Water Resources: Planning -- 70.4.3.2; Water resources development - 

general -- 74.13.1; hydroelectric power; basin management; sustainable development; water 

resource; water management Species Term: Riparia. Notes: References: Number: 10; 

Geographic: Viet Nam -- Mekong River. Abstract: Vietnam is a riparian country located in 

most downstream area of the Mekong river basin which is also shared by other states namely 

China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. While the Central Highlands of Vietnam has 

a great potential for hydropower development in tributaries of Mekong river, the Mekong 

delta in Vietnam territory is rich in natural resources which are favorable for agricultural 

development. However, besides local constraints which being gradually remedied by 

Vietnam, the development of the Mekong delta is subject to, in both terms of quantity and 

quality, availability of water resources which relates to the water use of or discharge into the 

river of upper riparians. With a view to co-developing these resources in a sustainable and 

mutually beneficial manner, Vietnam has cooperated with other states through framework of 

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the Mekong River Commission set up by the 1995 Mekong Agreement. This paper describes 

the strategy and action plan applied by Viet Nam National Mekong Committee to reach the 

sustainable development of the Mekong river basin in general and of Vietnam parts located in 

the Mekong basin in particular. ISSN/ISBN: 0273-1223. Availability: FirstSearch indicates 

your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 280 US 

ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Quang NN Affiliation: Vietnam National Mekong Committee, Hanoi.,nhanquang@hn.vnn.vn. 

2002. “Vietnam and the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basis.” Water Sci. 

Technol. Volume 45, Issue 11, Pages 261-6 Additional Info: England. Descriptors: 

Conservation of Natural Resources; Water Supply; Agriculture; Environment; Vietnam; 

Water Movements. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 

20020812; Date Completed: 20030129. Abstract: Vietnam is a riparian country located in 

most downstream area of the Mekong river basin which is also shared by other states namely 

China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. While the Central Highlands of Vietnam has 

a great potential for hydropower development in tributaries of Mekong river, the Mekong 

delta in Vietnam territory is rich in natural resources which are favorable for agricultural 

development. However, besides local constraints which being gradually remedied by 

Vietnam, the development of the Mekong delta is subject to, in both terms of quantity and 

quality, availability of water resources which relates to the water use of or discharge into the 

river of upper riparians. With a view to co-developing these resources in a sustainable and 

mutually beneficial manner, Vietnam has cooperated with other states through framework of 

the Mekong River Commission set up by the 1995 Mekong Agreement. This paper describes 

the strategy and action plan applied by Viet Nam National Mekong Committee to reach the 

sustainable development of the Mekong river basin in general and of Vietnam parts located in 

the Mekong basin in particular. ISSN/ISBN: 0273-1223 (Print). Availability: FirstSearch 

indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that own item: 

280 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Quang, Nguyen Nhan. 2002. “Vietnam and the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River 

Basis.” Water Science and Technology. Volume 45, Issue 11, Pages 261-266. Descriptors: 

Hydrology; Rivers; Sustainable development; Water power. Notes: Compilation and indexing 

terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: Vietnam is a riparian country located in most 

downstream area of the Mekong river basin which is also shared by other states namely 

China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia. While the Central Highlands of Vietnam has 

a great potential for hydropower development in tributaries of Mekong river, the Mekong 

delta in Vietnam territory is rich in natural resources which are favorable for agricultural 

development. However, besides local constraints which being gradually remedied by 

Vietnam, the development of the Mekong delta is subject to, in both terms of quantity and 

quality, availability of water resources which relates to the water use of or discharge into the 

river of upper riparians. With a view to co-developing these resources in a sustainable and 

mutually beneficial manner, Vietnam has cooperated with other states through framework of 

the Mekong River Commission set up by the 1995 Mekong Agreement. This paper describes 

the strategy and action plan applied by Viet Nam National Mekong Committee to reach the 

sustainable development of the Mekong river basin in general and of Vietnam parts located in 

the Mekong basin in particular. ISSN/ISBN: 0273-1223. 

Quang, NN. 2002. Vietnam and the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin. Alliance 

House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS UK: IWA Publishing. Water Sci. 

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Technol.Volume: 45, 11, page(s): 261-266. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Agriculture; 

Competing Use; Environment management; Hydroelectric Power; International 

Commissions; International agencies; Natural resources; Planning; Potential resources; 

Resource development; River Basin Development; River basin management; River basins; 

River discharge; Sustainable development; Water Resources Management; Water Use; Water 

management; Water resources; commissions; committees; deltas; downstream; territory; 

water availability; Article Geographic Terms: Asia, Mekong R.; Asia, Mekong R. basin; 

China, People's Rep.; ISEW, Cambodia; ISEW, Thailand; ISEW, Vietnam; ISEW, Vietnam, 

Central Highlands; ISEW, Vietnam, Mekong R. Delta, Mekong Delta; ISW, Myanmar; 

Southeast Asia, Mekong Basin; Vietnam, Mekong R.; Vietnam, Mekong R. basin; 

Freshwater. Abstract: Vietnam is a riparian country located in most downstream area of the 

Mekong river basin which is also shared by other states namely China, Myanmar, Laos, 

Thailand and Cambodia. While the Central Highlands of Vietnam has a great potential for 

hydropower development in tributaries of Mekong river, the Mekong delta in Vietnam 

territory is rich in natural resources which are favorable for agricultural development. 

However, besides local constraints which being gradually remedied by Vietnam, the 

development of the Mekong delta is subject to, in both terms of quantity and quality, 

availability of water resources which relates to the water use of or discharge into the river of 

upper riparians. With a view to co-developing these resources in a sustainable and mutually 

beneficial manner, Vietnam has cooperated with other states through framework of the 

Mekong River Commission set up by the 1995 Mekong Agreement. This paper describes the 

strategy and action plan applied by Viet Nam National Mekong Committee to reach the 

sustainable development of the Mekong river basin in general and of Vietnam parts located in 

the Mekong basin in particular. Notes: TR: CS0633883. ISSN/ISBN: 1843394081. Database: 

ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts. OCLC Accession Number: 5445307. 

Quin-Harkin, A. J. 1996. IMPERIAL AIRWAYS, 1924-1940. IN: AIR TRANSPORT. Ashgate 

Publishing Company. Studies in Transport History. page(s): p. 27-45. Descriptors: Air 

transportation; Airlines; Cargo handling; England; Technological innovations; Tourists; 

Traffic. Abstract: The story of Imperial Airways is sixteen years of pioneering and 

development--sixteen years of glorious achievement. From its birth as a public company in 

1924 to its absorption within the state-owned British Overseas Airways Corporation, this 

virile airline, begotten of the first generation of a new form of transport, had by the outbreak 

of war in September 1939 surveyed, opened, and put into regular operation air services 

between the United Kingdom and the Dominions and Colonies of the British Commonwealth. 

In the beginning Imperial Airways operated a heterogeneous fleet of thirteen single and twinengine serviceable aircraft, and its' only service was to the nearby capitals of Western Europe, 

with the tourist traffic to Paris featured as its most popular and lucrative service. At the 

outbreak of war, fifteen years later, its four-engined fleet of over thirty flying boats and 

twenty landplanes was carrying passengers, mail, and cargo to South Africa, India, Burma, 

Malaya, and the territories between, and was also flying to Australia and New Zealand, in 

association with Queensland and Northern Territories Air Service (QANTAS) and Tasman 

Empire Airways (TEA). It had, further, inaugurated a service between the USA and Bermuda, 

joined Bangkok to Hong Kong, and Khartoum with Kano, and had moreover operated in the 

summers and early autumns of 1937, 1938, and 1939 a series of experimental transatlantic 

flights. Notes: Originally published in Journal of Transport History, 1st series, vol. I, no. 4 

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(1954) pp. 197-215. ISSN/ISBN: 1859283004. OCLC Accession Number: 00794173. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

Raghu, V., Sastry, D. V. J. and Mruthyunjaya Reddy K. Affiliation: V. Raghu, A.P. State Remote 

Sensing Applications Centre (APSRAC), DES Campus, Khairatabad, Hyderabad - 500 004 

Country: India E-mail:,raghuvangeepuram@rediffmail.com. 2006. “Oozing of Water in Wells 

and Agricultural Fields of Certain Villages in Ranga Reddy and Mahabubnagar Districts, 

Andhra Pradesh.” Journal of the Geological Society of India. 2006 Elsevier B.V., All rights 

reserved.: Volume 67, Issue 2, Pages 151-158 Additional Info: India. Descriptors: Natural 

Hazards -- 70.3.1; Earthquakes -- 72.12.4; HAZARDS AND DISASTER PLANNING -- 

74.21; earthquake damage; tsunami; groundwater; water level; agricultural land; village. 

Notes: References: Number: 9; Geographic: Andhra Pradesh Ranga Reddy Mahabubnagar 

India South Asia Asia Eurasia. Abstract: A devastating mega thrust earthquake of magnitude 

9.3 occurred on 26th December 2004 at the interface of India and Burma Plates. This 

triggered a tsunami that lashed south coastal Andhra Pradesh causing damage to life and 

property. This event was followed by a strange phenomenon of sudden rise in groundwater 

levels at some villages in Ranga Reddy and Mahabubnagar Districts. Unusual rise in water 

levels was observed in old, dried and abandoned wells and in some agricultural fields, which 

created a flutter among local population. A preliminary investigation carried out in parts of 

Ranga Reddy and Mahabubnagar Districts reveals that all the villages where oozing of water 

was observed, are located adjacent to structurally controlled streams. Except Pirampalli all the 

villages are located in WNW-ESE direction and located between two major faults trending in 

the same direction. Detailed further investigations could reveal the underlying cause for such 

strange occurrences. ISSN/ISBN: 0016-7622. 

Ramalingaswami, V. and Purcell RH Affiliation: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes 

of Health, Bethesda,,Maryland. 1988. “Waterborne Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis.” Lancet; Lancet. 

Mar 12. Volume 1, Issue 8585, Pages 571-3 Additional Info: ENGLAND. Descriptors: 

Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Asia, Central; Disease Outbreaks -- epidemiology; Feces -- 

microbiology; Female; Hepatitis C -- epidemiology; Hepatitis C -- prevention & control; 

Hepatitis C -- transmission; Hepatitis Viruses -- isolation & purification; Hepatitis, Viral, 

Human -- epidemiology; Humans; Hygiene; Immunization, Passive; India; Indonesia; Male; 

Myanmar; Nepal; Pregnancy; Thailand; Water Pollution; Water Supply. Notes: Citation: 

Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19880411; Date Completed: 19880411; Date 

of Update: 20041117. Abstract: Waterborne non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANB) is responsible 

for outbreaks of hepatitis with a predilection for young adults. The disease is usually mild, 

except in pregnant women, who have a high case-fatality rate from fulminant hepatic failure. 

Diagnosis is largely based on the epidemiological findings of faecal contamination of 

drinking water and serological exclusion of hepatitis A and B virus infection. Histological 

features of liver biopsy specimens are characteristic and virus-like particles in the stool are 

aggregated by antibody present in acute and convalescent phase sera of the test subject. 

NANB is widespread in India and several countries of South-East Asia; it is increasingly 

recognised in Africa and may occur in Latin America. Control measures include provision of 

clean water supplies, safe disposal of human excreta, and sound personal and food hygiene 

practices. Passive immunisation with immunoglobulin derived from healthy donors resident 

in the countries affected by the disease may protect vulnerable groups. ISSN/ISBN: 0140-

6736 (Print); 1474-547X (Electronic). 

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Ratterman, Walt and Garwood, Anna. 2005. “Solar Power in the War Zone: Burma's Clinics Light 

Up.” Refocus. Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, OX5 1GB, United Kingdom: Volume 6, Issue 1, Pages 

46-48. Descriptors: Solar energy; Photovoltaic cells; Electricity; Renewable energy resources; 

Project management; Patient monitoring; Diseases; Societies and institutions; Hospitals; 

Personnel training; Lighting; Rural areas; Fossil fuels; Social aspects; Finance; Potable water; 

Health care. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: 

The efforts of the Karen Health and Welfare Department, Burma, Palang Thai (Thailandbased non-profit organization), and Portland-based Green Empowerment (non-profit 

organization), in assisting various clinics in Burma with solar photovoltaic power, are 

discussed. The Karen Health and Welfare Department manages 26 remote clinics, scattered 

600 miles, to serve the needs of internally displaced people (IDP). Most of the clinics are 

deprived of electricity due to their remote location. The role of Green Empowerment is to 

catalyze the use of renewable energy for community needs by providing organizational 

support, fundraising assistance and technical expertise to local groups. ISSN/ISBN: 1471-

0846. 

Reddy Keshav, Tirupati and Basu, S. 2007. “Gas-to-Liquid Technologies: India's Perspective.” 

Fuel Processing Technology,. 5. Volume 88, Issue 5, Pages 493-500. Descriptors: GTL; 

Syngas technology; Direct conversion of methane; Oxygenates. Abstract: Gas-to-liquid 

(GTL) technologies are capable of converting gas to clean, useful liquid hydrocarbons and 

thus suitable for addressing problems of remote gas utilization, increase in crude oil price, 

depletion of fossil fuel and environmental pollution. The Indian state of Tripura is considered 

to be the richest province with 26 billion cubic meters of gas reserves. Neighboring country 

Myanmar has huge gas reserves but these reserves remain unutilized mainly because of landlocked situation. GTL is a well developed and proven technology and it is an important option 

for moving natural gas to the market place. GTL options include not only the well-known 

production of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis liquids but also the production of oxygen containing 

fuels, fuel additives and chemicals, such as methanol and DME. An alternative, promising 

option to convert surplus gas is the direct route of methane conversion, which is more energy 

efficient than the indirect route since it bypasses the energy intensive endothermic steam 

reforming step of syngas formation. On-site conversion to liquid products of commercial 

importance using direct route would make transportation of these natural deposits much more 

economical and practical. In this paper an attempt has been made to review recent 

developments in syngas technologies, direct routes of methane conversion into useful liquids, 

and status of both existing and future developments in GTL industry around the world. 

Finally challenges in GTL technology are discussed. 

Reyes, G. R., Yarbough, P. O., Tam, A. W., et al. 1991. “Hepatitis E Virus (HEV): The Novel 

Agent Responsible for Enterically Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis.” Gastroenterol. Jpn. 

; Gastroenterol. Jpn. Jul. Volume 26 Suppl 3: 142-7 Additional Info, Pages JAPAN. 

Descriptors: Cloning, Molecular; Genes, Viral; Hepatitis E -- microbiology; Hepatitis Viruses 

-- genetics; Humans; Open Reading Frames; RNA, Viral -- genetics. Notes: Chemical Subst: 

RNA, Viral [0]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19911004; Date 

Completed: 19911004; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: A normally endemic form of 

viral hepatitis is the cause of major epidemic outbreaks in developing countries. This disease 

has a global distribution and has been referred to as water-borne, epidemic or enterically 

transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (ET-NANBH). Although the fecal-oral route of 

transmission predominates, person-to-person routes of exposure were also suggested in some 

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epidemiologic studies. The disease has been documented as having an extremely high 

mortality in pregnant women (approximately 20%). Sporadic cases of ET-NANBH, as well as 

imported travel exposures, have been reported in developed countries. Molecular cloning was 

hampered by the lack of a tissue culture system for virus propagation, however, an available 

animal model and a newly developed non-specific amplification procedure were used to clone 

and identify an exogenous cDNA (ET1.1) from a Burma-isolate infected animal. Molecular 

clones were also identified by immunoscreening of a cDNA library made from a fecal 

specimen collected from a Mexican outbreak of ET-NANBH. The isolation and sequencing of 

a set of overlapping cDNA clones had led to the recognition that this form of hepatitis is 

caused by a virus unlike any of the other viral hepatitis agents. The molecular characterization 

of HEV will lead to important pathobiologic insights and hasten the development of 

potentially useful diagnostic and therapeutic products for ET-NANBH. ISSN/ISBN: 0435-

1339 (Print). 

Rice, Edward B. 1997. Paddy Irrigation and Water Management in Southeast Asia. Washington, 

D.C.: World Bank. Descriptors: Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; 

Irrigation -- Q150; Irrigation; Water. Abstract: Assesses the agro-economic impacts of 

investments in gravity-fed irrigation schemes in the paddylands of Southeast Asia, and 

determines whether and how the quality of operation and maintenance services influence the 

sustainability of those impacts. Based on a study of six gravity-fed irrigation schemes with 

reservoirs for water storage in Thailand, Myanmar, and Vietnam and on an audit of a flood 

control and drainage project at three sites in Bangladesh. No index. Notes: xix, 63; Entry: 

199710. ISSN/ISBN: 0-8213-3914-1. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

OCLC Accession Number: 0425610. 

Ripley, S. D. and Beehler, B. M. 1989. “Ornithogeographic Affinities of the Andaman and Nicobar 

Islands.” J. Biogeogr. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 16, Issue 4, Pages 323-

332. Descriptors: GENERAL MICROBIAL ECOLOGY -- 73.5; island; avifauna; 

colonization. Notes: Geographic: Burma India -- Andaman Islands India -- Nicobar Islands. 

Abstract: Despite an intervening deep water barrier, the 2 island groups share a single insular 

avifauna, the Nicobarese species list comprising a subset of that of the Andaman Islands. As 

measured by shared breeding species, the Andaman/Nicobar avifauna is closest to that of SW 

Burma (78% shared species) and should be considered Indochinese. Colonization apparently 

occurred primarily by island-hopping from SW Burma. The Andamanese/Nicobarese 

avifauna is an assemblage of species that have crossed permanent water barriers to colonize 

the archipelago. The breeding avifauna is notably poor in passerines and disproportionately 

rich in herons (11 species), hawks (9), pigeons (8) and kingfishers (8). Nearly all sister-groups 

of endemic insular species are widespread forms that range from SE Asia to India. -from 

Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 0305-0270. 

Roberge D. Affiliation: D. Roberge, Office of Surveyor General, Champlain Branch, Canadian 

Institute of Geomatics E-mail:,daniel.roberge@mrnf.gouv.qc.ca. 2005. “Après Le Tsunami 

Translated Title: After the Tsunami.” Geomatica. 2006 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: 

Volume 59, Issue 4, Pages 445-450 Additional Info: Canada. Descriptors: Natural Hazards -- 

70.3.1; tsunami; natural hazard Species Term: Somalia. Notes: References: Number: 7. 

Abstract: In the early hours of the day after Christmas 2004, a major earthquake measuring 

9.0 on the Richter scale struck the coast of many South-East Asian countries. The quake 

triggered a powerful tsunami, reaching ten to twenty metres in height moving through the 

Indian Ocean at over 500 kilometres an hour. The tsunami flooded coastal areas in India, 

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Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Maldives, Myanmar, Seychelles, and Somalia, wiping away 

homes and lives. This cataclysm made us realize how vulnerable humanity is in the face of 

nature's strength. The weeks that followed the tragedy were focused on rescue efforts and 

tending to the survivors; trying to meet the latter's primary needs by providing them care, 

food and water, and emergency shelters were obvious priorities. Reconstruction of 

infrastructures such as roads, bridges, sanitary networks, etc. would have to follow. How can 

we resettle communities while respecting land rights that prevailed before the deadly wave 

that wiped out all landmarks? During the reconstruction phase, the international community 

of land surveyors will have to be present in order to promote the importance of land rights 

issues and tenure. If the land related issues are well managed in the resettlement plan, it can 

translate into an opportunity to improve the land rights situation. If not, it can aggravate an 

already problematic situation. The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) must take the 

lead along with the United Nations (UN) agencies to promote land tenure issues and ensure 

that they are taken into consideration in the reconstruction and resettlement plans for the 

communities affected by such natural disasters. ISSN/ISBN: 1195-1036. 

Roberge, Daniel. 2005. “Apres Le Tsunami; After the Tsunami.” Geomatica. Canadian Institute of 

Geomatics, Ottawa, Ontario, ONT K2C 3N6, Canada: Volume 59, Issue 4, Pages 445-450. 

Descriptors: Disasters; Tsunamis; Earthquake effects; Reconstruction (structural); Laws and 

legislation; Public policy. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier 

Inc. Abstract: In the early hours of the day after Christmas 2004, a major earthquake 

measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale struck the coast of many South-East Asian countries. The 

quake triggered a powerful tsunami, reaching ten to twenty metres in height moving through 

the Indian Ocean at over 500 kilometres an hour. The tsunami flooded coastal areas in India, 

Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Maldives, Myanmar, Seychelles, and Somalia, wiping away 

homes and lives. This cataclysm made us realize how vulnerable humanity is in the face of 

nature's strength. The weeks that followed the tragedy were focused on rescue efforts and 

tending to the survivors; trying to meet the latter's primary needs by providing them care, 

food and water, and emergency shelters were obvious priorities. Reconstruction of 

infrastructures such as roads, bridges, sanitary networks, etc. would have to follow. How can 

we resettle communities while respecting land rights that prevailed before the deadly wave 

that wiped out all landmarks? During the reconstruction phase, the international community 

of land surveyors will have to be present in order to promote the importance of land rights 

issues and tenure. If the land related issues are well managed in the resettlement plan, it can 

translate into an opportunity to improve the land rights situation. If not, it can aggravate an 

already problematic situation. The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) must take the 

lead along with the United Nations (UN) agencies to promote land tenure issues and ensure 

that they are taken into consideration in the reconstruction and resettlement plans for the 

communities affected by such natural disasters. ISSN/ISBN: 1195-1036. 

Robinson, R. A. J., Bird, M. I., Oo, Nay Win, et al. 2007. “The Irrawaddy River Sediment Flux to 

the Indian Ocean; the Original Nineteenth-Century Data Revisited.” J. Geol. University of 

Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, United States (USA): United States (USA). Nov. Volume 115, 

Issue 6, Pages 629-640. Descriptors: annual variations; Asia; bedload; Burma; Cenozoic; 

discharge; Far East; fluvial sedimentation; geomorphology; historical records; history; 

Holocene; hydrology; Indian Ocean; Irrawaddy River; modern; Quaternary; rivers and 

streams; sediment transport; sedimentation; sedimentation rates; stream transport; suspended 

materials; upper Holocene. Notes: CD: JGEOAZ; FE: References: 26; illus. incl. 1 table, 

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sketch map; LL: Latitude:N160000,N200000 Longitude:E0980000,E0950000; CY: GeoRef, 

Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. Abstract: The Irrawaddy (Ayeyarwady) River 

of Myanmar is ranked as having the fifth-largest suspended load and the fourth-highest total 

dissolved load of the world's rivers, and the combined Irrawaddy and Salween (Thanlwin) 

system is regarded as contributing 20% of the total flux of material from the HimalayanTibetan orogen. The estimates for the Irrawaddy are taken from published quotations of a 

nineteenth-century data set, and there are no available published data for the Myanmar 

reaches of the Salween. Apart from our own field studies in 2005 and 2006, no recent 

research documenting the sediment load of these important large rivers has been conducted, 

although their contribution to biogeochemical cycles and ocean geochemistry is clearly 

significant. We present a reanalysis of the Irrawaddy data from the original 550-page report of 

Gordon covering 10 yr of discharge (1869-1879) and 1 yr of sediment concentration 

measurements (1877-1878). We describe Gordon's methodologies, evaluate his measurements 

and calculations and the adjustments he made to his data set, and present our revised 

interpretation of nineteenth-century discharge and sediment load with an estimate of 

uncertainty. The 10-yr average of annual suspended sediment load currently cited in the 

literature is assessed as being underestimated by 27% on the basis of our sediment rating 

curve of the nineteenth-century data. On the basis of our sampling of suspended load, the 

nineteenth-century concentrations are interpreted to be missing about 18% of their total mass, 

which is the proportion of sediment recovered by a 0.45-mu m filter. The new annual 

Irrawaddy suspended sediment load is 364+ or -60 MT. Our revised estimate of the annual 

sediment load from the Irrawaddy-Salween system for the nineteenth century (600 MT) 

represents more than half the present-day Ganges-Brahmaputra flux to the Indian Ocean. 

Since major Chinese rivers have reduced their load due to damming, the Irrawaddy is likely 

the third-largest contributor of sediment load in the world. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 

0022-1376. 

Robinson, Ruth. 2006. Reanalysis of the 19th Century Hydrology and Sediment Load Dataset for 

the Irrawaddy, Myanmar. Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Myanmar; Hydrology; 

Sediment pollution; Sediments; Sediment load. Notes: CF: 2006 BGRG international 

conference on geomorphology and earth system science (GESS 2006), loughborough 

university, loughborough (UK), 28-30 jun 2006. Database: Conference Papers Index. OCLC 

Accession Number: 4262491. URL: 

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/gy/gess/Provisional%20programme.pdf. 

Rodger, Alex and National Library of Australia. Forest Reservation in Burma in the Interests of an 

Endangered Water-Supply. Canberra: National Library of Australia. Descriptors: Watersupply -- Burma; Forest influences -- Burma; Forest reserves -- Burma; Government 

publication (gpb); National government publication (ngp); Microfiche (mfc). Notes: 1 

microfiche (36 fr.) : negative, ill.; Note(s): Reproduction of: Calcutta : Supt. Govt. Printing, 

India, 1909.; Responsibility: by Alex Rodger.; Entry: 19980205; Update: 20080320. OCLC 

Accession Number: 38324479. 

ROSE, C. J. 1973. “Management Science in the Developing Countries: A Comparative Approach 

to Irrigation Feasibility.” Management Science, Vol 20, no 4. P 423-438, DECEMBER. 

Volume PART I, Pages 5 REF. Descriptors: IRRIGATION; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; 

OPERATIONS RESEARCH; MANAGEMENT; AGRICULTURE; ECONOMICS; 

RIVERS; DECISION MAKING; CONSTRAINTS; METHODOLOGY; CROPS; 

NATURAL RESOURCES; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; 

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BURMA; MIXED INTEGER PROGRAMMING; WATER AVAILABILITY; MU 

RIVER(BURMA). Abstract: AN IRRIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY IS DESCRIBED IN 

WHICH SYSTEMS ANALYSIS METHODS WERE USED TO SELECT FOR A WELLDEFINED GEOGRAPHICAL AREA AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM BEST SUITED TO 

BOTH LOCAL AND NATIONAL NEEDS. THE PROBLEM WAS TO DECIDE WHAT 

MAJOR WORKS TO BUILD AND CROPS TO GROW TO MAKE OPTIMAL USE OF 

THE AVAILABLE NATURAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES, THE AVAILABILITY OF 

WATER BEING A PRIME CONSIDERATION. THE AREA EXAMINED COMPRISES 

SOME ONE MILLION ACRES OF LAND IN BURMA, AND THE STUDY WAS 

UNDERTAKEN FOR THE BURMESE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE AUSPICES OF 

THE UNITED NATIONS. THE SOLUTION TECHNIQUE USED WAS MIXED INTEGER 

PROGRAMMING IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO HANDLE SOME 750 CONTINUOUS 

VARIABLES, 50 INTEGER VARIABLES, AND 250 CONSTRAINTS. THIS PAPER 

REPORTS ON A SPECIFIC PROJECT, THE MU RIVER VALLEY MULTIPURPOSE 

SCHEME, AND IS DIVIDED INTO THREE SECTIONS: THE REAL PROBLEM 

DESCRIPTION, ADOPTION OF SOLUTION APPROACH, AND STUDY RESULTS. THE 

PROBLEM WAS SOLVED USING BOTH CONVENTIONAL AND OPERATIONS 

RESEARCH METHODS INDEPENDENTLY; A COMPLETE COMPARISON OF THE 

RELATIVE MERITS OF BOTH APPROACHES IS CONSIDERED IN DETAIL. THE 

ADVANTAGES ARISING FROM THE USE OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL ARE 

CONSIDERABLE. (BELL-CORNELL). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution 

Mgmt. 

Rose, E. P. F. and Clatworthy J.C. Affiliation: E.P.F. Rose, Department of Geology, Royal 

Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX Country: United Kingdom Email:,ted.rose@virgin.net. 2007. “Specialist Maps of the Geological Section, Inter-Service 

Topographical Department: Aids to British Military Planning during World War II.” 

Cartographic Journal. 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: Volume 44, Issue 1, Pages 13-

43 Additional Info: United Kingdom. Descriptors: Applications: human -- 71.8.8.5; GIS, 

Remote Sensing -- 70.2.6; geological mapping; military application; permeability; planning 

method; terrain; thematic mapping; topographic mapping. Notes: References: Number: 34. 

Abstract: Between November 1943 and May 1946, geologists assisted the Inter-Service 

Topographical Department (ISTD) to prepare reports and maps to guide planning of British 

military operations in Europe and the Far East. Early reports were illustrated by pre-war 

geological maps reprinted by the Geographical Section, General Staff, (GSGS), later reports 

by new simplified geological maps, usually accompanied by one or more thematic maps. An 

airfield suitability map for Bulgaria and soils maps for both the Middle Danube region 

(Hungary) and Austria were printed as part of the GSGS Miscellaneous map series, and 

groundwater and soils maps prepared as tracing overlays for use with topographical maps for 

parts of Germany. Simplified geological maps were prepared by ISTD and printed by GSGS 

for Sumatra, Borneo, Formosa, the Kra Isthmus region of the Burma/Thailand peninsula, 

Siam (Thailand) and Indo-China, Java, Hainan, and the Hong Kong to Canton region of 

China. These were mostly at a scale of 1:1000 000 but in varying styles, to innovatively 

indicate terrain features of specific military significance. Airfield suitability maps were 

printed at scales between 1:250 000 and 1:1000 000 for many of these regions, based on 

ground features and predicted soil permeability. All these specialist maps were printed in 

small numbers, and few copies have survived the war - notably in the British Library, the 

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National Archives, or the library of the Royal Geographical Society. The ISTD Geological 

Section constituted the larger of only two teams of British military geologists to be 

established in either World War, exercising a role in military intelligence that is seldom 

acknowledged. (c) The British Cartographic Society 2007. ISSN/ISBN: 0008-7041. 

Rosegrant, M. W. and Meinzen-Dick, R. S. 1996. “Water Resources in the Asia-Pacific Region: 

Managing Scarcity.” Asian-Pacific Economic Literature. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights 

reserved.: Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 32-53. Descriptors: Water Resources: Planning -- 

70.4.3.2; Irrigated agriculture -- 74.1.8; resources management; developing region; water 

resources; water scarcity; irrigation demand; agricultural growth; water resources 

management; irrigated agriculture. Notes: Geographic: Asia. Abstract: Irrigation, together 

with improved crop varieties and substantial growth in fertiliser use in the late 1960s through 

the early 1980s, was a key factor in stimulating strong agricultural growth in much of the 

Asia-Pacific region. New sources of water are increasingly expensive to exploit, but irrigation 

continues to be a major catalyst for agricultural growth. In the face of increasing degradation, 

the maintenance of the water resource base must be a high priority policy objective. This 

paper reviews the management of water resources in the Asia-Pacific region, for countries 

with significant irrigated area: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Korea-DPR, Republic of Korea, 

Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0818-9935. 

Rosegrant, Mark W., Meinzen-Dick, Ruth S. Affiliation: IFPRI and IFPRI. 1996. “Water 

Resources in the Asia-Pacific Region: Managing Scarcity.” Asian-Pacific Economic 

Literature. November. Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 32-53. Descriptors: Renewable Resources 

and Conservation: Water -- Q250; Resource Base; Resources; Water. Notes: Geographic: 

Asia-Pacific Region: Asia; Added: 199706. Abstract: Irrigation, together with improved crop 

varieties and substantial growth in fertilizer use in the late 1960s through the early 1980s, was 

a key factor in stimulating strong agricultural growth in much of the Asia-Pacific region. New 

sources of water are increasingly expensive to exploit, but irrigation continues to be a major 

catalyst for agricultural growth. In the face of increasing degradation, the maintenance of the 

water resource base must be a high priority policy objective. This paper reviews the 

management of water resources in the Asia-Pacific region, for countries with significant 

irrigated area: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Korea-DPR, Republic of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, 

Mongolia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. ISSN/ISBN: 0818-9935. 

Availability: Publisher's URL. 

Rothwell, Eric L. and Wood, Spencer H. 2004. “Characterization of Gravel Bars of the Mekong 

River Near the Golden Triangle of Northern Thailand; Geological Society of America, Rocky 

Mountain Section, 56th Annual Meeting; Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section, 

100th Annual Meeting.” Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America. 

Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United States (USA): United States 

(USA). Apr. Volume 36, Issue 4, Pages 31. Descriptors: Asia; bars; Burma; Cambodia; 

characterization; China; Chordata; clastic sediments; exploitation; Far East; geomorphology; 

gravel; human activity; hydroelectric energy; hydrology; land use; Laos; Mekong River; 

natural resources; North Pacific; Northwest Pacific; Pacific Ocean; Pisces; sedimentation; 

sediments; South China Sea; Thailand; vegetation; Vertebrata; water resources; West Pacific. 

Notes: CD: GAAPBC; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. 

Reference includes data supplied by the Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, United 

States. Abstract: The Mekong River starts in the Qinghai Province, China near Tibet; the river 

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flows as a border between Laos and Burma and between Thailand and Laos before flowing 

through Cambodia and finally to the South China Sea through Vietnam. Each of these 

countries has industrial and agricultural interests for the river; for the people living near the 

Mekong, the river is a source of subsistence fishing and is widely used for transport and 

tourism. The Mekong River is also a unique ecological and hydrologic system. With multiple 

hydroelectric dams and two reservoirs (Xiaowan and Dachaoshan) on the Mekong River in 

China and continued interest in dam development in Laos for hydropower production, flow 

changes to the river are inevitable. This study focuses on characterizing gravel bars near 

Chiang Saen, Thailand, with the purpose of documenting the current size distribution of bedload gravels and the bed form or texture. The study site consists of two lateral bars on the 

Laotian side. During bank full flow the river is approximately 0.6km wide and has an 

approximate depth of 10m over the gravel bars. Annual peak flows are around 10,000 cubic 

meters/second, and the maximum flow of record is 23,600 cubic meters/second, occurring on 

September 3, 1966. The pebble counts yield a D (sub 50) of 75mm, and outsized clasts of 250 

mm (maximum diameters) conducted on exposed bars during low flows of January, 2004. 

The gravel bars also exhibit large ripples spaced approximately 4m with amplitude of 0.5m. 

Most of the bars and islands in this reach of the Mekong are of fine to medium sand, but these 

gravel bars are important to local people for harvesting algae and may be an important bed 

form for fish habitat. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0016-7592. 

Rubeykin, V. Z.; Marinov, N. A.; Vostokova, Ye A.; Abrosimov, I. K. and Samylin, A. I. 1974. 

“Gidrogeologicheskaya Oblast' Basseyna Stoka Indiyskogo Okeana. the Hydrogeological 

Province of the Drainage Basin of the Indian Ocean.” USSR (SUN): Izd. Nedra, Moscow, 

USSR (SUN). Descriptors: Arabian Peninsula; Arabian Sea; artesian basins; artesian waters; 

Asia; Burma; Commonwealth of Independent States; east; Far East; ground water; Gulf of 

Aden; hydrogeology; India; Indian Ocean; Indian Peninsula; Iraq; Koryak; Middle East; 

Oman; Red Sea region; Sri Lanka; surveys; USSR. Notes: FE: illus. incl. tables, sketch maps; 

CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. OCLC 

Accession Number: 1977-001379. 

Ryder, Grainne. 1997. “Stauen Des Mekong; Regionale Energiepolitik.” Federal Republic of 

Germany (DEU): Secolo-Verl., Osnabruck, Federal Republic of Germany (DEU). 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Cambodia; China; dams; ecology; Far East; fluvial features; 

hydroelectric energy; Laos; planning; policy; power plants; rivers; spatial distribution; 

streams; Thailand; Vietnam; water management; water supply. Notes: CY: GeoRef in 

Process, Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. After editing and indexing, this 

record will be added to Georef. Reference includes data from Geoline, Bundesanstalt fur 

Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hanover, Germany. ISSN/ISBN: 3929979373. Database: 

GeoRef In Process. Availability: 1998 A 610. OCLC Accession Number: 296709-10. 

Sanderson, W. C. and Jee-Peng, Tan. 1995. “Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. all Rights Reserved.; 

Population in Asia.” World Bank; Regional and Sectoral Studies. page(s): 243p. Descriptors: 

Fertility -- 70.6.3; WATER -- 74.13; population growth; family planning; policy approach; 

fertility control; social policy; fertility; demography. Abstract: Building on the existing 

literature, this study attempts to draw together quantitative information on the countries of 

East and South Asia to inform policy dialogue on a broad range of issues relating to fertility 

and population growth. (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, The 

Republic of Korea, the People's Democratic Republic of Korea, Lao People's Democratic 

Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Papus New Guinea, the Philippines, Sri 

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Lanka, Thailand, and VietNam, occasionally data on Mongolia). Data for these countries are 

also used to highlight the nature of the population issues in the region and the options 

potentially available to address them. The study addresses three separate aspects of population 

issues, with countries as the units of observation; the demography of Asian populations and 

the power of policies to affect fertility and future population size; the design of current 

intervetions to lower fertility through family planning programs; and population prospects and 

their implications in selected sectors. -from Authors. Notes: Geographic: Asia -- (East) Asia -- 

(South) Asia. ISSN/ISBN: 0821331310. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

OCLC Accession Number: 1162706. 

SANN-MYINT, K., TU, M. and CHEN, H. 1970. “The Bacteriology of the Water Supplies of 

Rangoon: Ii. Cool Dry and Hot Dry Seasons.” Union Burma J Life Sci.Vol 3, no 2, P 181-

190. 1970. ILLUS. Descriptors: ALCALIGENES-FAECALIS; BACTERIOLOGY; 

BURMA(RANGOON); CITROBACTER-FREUNDII; COLIFORM COUNT; 

CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS; ENTEROBACTER; E. COLI; HOT; KLEBSIELLAAEROGENES; PROTEUS-MIRABILIS; PROTEUS-VULGARIS; PSEUDOMONASAERUGINOSA; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; SEASONS; STAPHYLOCOCCUSEPIDERMIDIS; STREPTOCOCCUS-FECALIS; WATER SUPPLY. Abstract: WATER 

SAMPLES FROM 19 PIPED AND NATURAL SOURCES IN RANGOON WERE 

EXAMINED BACTERIOLOGICALLY DURING THE COOL DRY SEASON OF 1966-67 

AND THE HOT DRY SEASON OF 1967 FOR THE PRESUMPTIVE COLIFORM 

COUNT, THE PRESUMPTIVE ENTEROCOCCUS COUNT AND THE PRESENCE OF 

PRESUMPTIVE CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS. BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM 

MACCONKEY BILE SALT LACTOSE PEPTONE WATER AND SODIUM AZIDE 

MEDIUM PRIMARY CULTURES WERE IDENTIFIED. USING AS CRITERIA THE 

PRESUMPTIVE COLIFORM COUNT AND THE ISOLATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI 

AND/OR KLEBSIELLA AEROGENS AND/OR STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS, FOR 

THE COOL DRY SEASON, ALL OF THE 15 SAMPLES TESTED WERE FOUND 

UNSATISFACTORY FOR DRINKING PURPOSES. AGAIN, FOR THE COOL DRY 

SEASON, ALL OF THE 16 SAMPLES TESTED WERE FOUND UNSATISFACTORY. 

THE BACTERIA ISOLATED WERE E. COLI, K. AEROGENES, CITROBACTER 

FREUNDII, ENTEROBACTER SPP., ALCALIGENES FAECALIS, PROTEUS 

MIRABILIS, P. MORGANII, P. VULGARIS, PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA, P. 

FLUORESCENS, STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIS AND S. FAECALIS. AT ROOM 

TEMPERATURE, IN THE COLIFORMS, E. COLI AND K. AEROGENES WERE 

VIABLE UP TO 140, AND C. FREUNDII (1 STRAIN) UP TO 14 DAYS. AT 4 C, K. 

AEROGENES, C. FREUNDII (1 STRAIN) AND/OR ENTEROBACTER SP. (1 STRAIN) 

WERE VIABLE FOR 56, 14, AND 7 DAYS, RESPECTIVELY, AND IN THE 

NONCOLIFORMS, P. MIRABILIS AND P. MORGANII FOR 14, P. VULGARIS (1 

STRAIN) FOR 28, AND P. FLUORESCENS FOR 56 DAYS.--COPYRIGHT 1972, 

BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, INC. Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Saravanapavananthan, N. 1986. “Water Supply and Sanitation in the Southeast-Asia Region.” 

World Health Statistics Quarterly Vol.39. No. 1, p 58-70. Pages 1 ref. Descriptors: 

Community development; Regional development; Southeast Asia; Water supply 

development; Sanitation; Human population; Bangladesh; Burma; India; Indonesia; Maldives; 

Nepal; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Statistical analysis. Abstract: The progress of community water 

supply and sewage disposal services development in the member states of the World Health 

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Organization, South-East Asia Region, since the beginning of the International Drinking 

Water Supply and Sanitation Decade is reviewed. Countries participating in the Decade 

progress monitoring activities were: Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Nepal, 

Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Two sets of aggregated analyses were carried out: one without India 

and one including India. In urban areas, water supply coverage did not keep pace with 

increasing populations, whereas in rural areas it appears that mid-decade targets will be 

achieved overall, but on a country by country basis, only Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and 

Sri Lanka are likely to meet or exceed their mid-decade targets. In the area of sanitation, 

coverage increased in urban areas in the 1981-83 period, but in rural areas improvements in 

sanitation coverage did not keep pace with population. Major constraints identified by the 

countries in the 1983 sector update were as follows: lack of adequate financial resources, lack 

of community participation, logistics, insufficient health education, and import restrictions. 

(Rochester-PTT). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Saravanapavananthan, N. 1986. “Water Supply and Sanitation in the South-East Asia Region.” 

World Health Statistics Quarterly. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 39, Issue 

1, Pages 58-70. Descriptors: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ABSTRACTS -- 74. 

Notes: References: Number: 1; Note(s): Special Feature: 2 graphs, 1 reference, 5 tables. 

Abstract: Reviews the progress of community water supply and excreta disposal services 

development in the Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) S-E Asia 

Region since the commencement of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation 

Decade. In order to make a comparative assessment of the impact of the Decade, includes the 

5 year period prior to the commencement of the Decade. Data were collected by the relevant 

officials in each country with the assistance of WHO staff, and 8 of the 11 countries of the 

Region took part in the Decade progress monitoring exercises: Bangladesh, Burma, India, 

Indonesia, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand. In order to ensure that India, with nearly 

two-thirds of the population of the Region, does not overshadow the situation in the 

remaining 7 countries, 2 sets of aggregated analyses have been carried out, one including and 

the other excluding India.-from Author. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Saw, H. 2001. “Seismological Monitoring System of Myanmar.” Bulletin of the International 

Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: 

Volume 35, Pages 165-174 Additional Info: Japan. Descriptors: Earthquakes -- 72.12.4; 

Earthquake mechanisms and effects -- 77.1.3; earthquake; monitoring; seismology. Notes: 

Geographic: Myanmar. Abstract: Myanmar lies in one of the earthquake belts of the world 

namely the Alpide-Himalayan Belt. The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology realizing 

the importance of maintaining earthquake records had prepared the publication of earthquake 

for 1950 to 1999, making use of the information on felt earthquakes reported by observers in 

the meteorological observations scattered over the country. At present there are 4 

seismological stations operating the Japanese Katsujima seismographs in Yangon, Mandalay, 

Sittway and Dawei. The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology now takes pride in 

publishing the seismological data and technical notes for the needs of various national 

projects. ISSN/ISBN: 0074-655X. 

Saw, Naw Tha. 1988. CROP-CLIMATE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE DRY SEASON ON THE 

IRRAWADDY DELTA (BURMA). UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE; 0032 

Advisor: Chairperson: ROBERT W. PEASE. DAI. Volume: 49, 08B, page(s): 241-3075. 

Descriptors: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY; AGRICULTURE, AGRONOMY. Abstract: The 

geography of the Irrawaddy Delta (Burma) and the neccessity to grow more rice, soybeans 

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and maize are briefly discussed. Empirical methods for estimating potential 

evapotranspiration for the Irrawaddy Delta during the dry season are evaluated to determine 

water use for soybeans, maize and rice. According to the statistical methods applied, the 

Penman method as modified by Frere and Popov appears most suitable. Two methodologies, 

the Equivalent Hours of Maximum Net Photosynthesis (EHMNP) and the growing degree 

days (GDD) are used to evaluate the possibility of the growing of rice, maize and soybeans on 

the delta during the dry season. The EHMNP unit is the net photosynthetic response of a plant 

for one hour at optimum condition of temperature and light where hours with partial 

responses can add together to make full hours. EHMNP totals regressed against yields of rice, 

soybeans and maize grown in the United States result in a positive linear relationship. 

Application of EHMNP totals to the Irrawaddy Delta in the dry season suggest relatively low 

yields of rice, soybeans and maize. The GDD used here is obtained by the summation of 

mean temperature above a threshold temperatures for the corresponding crops. Regression 

analysis of GDD versus crop yields suggest that within the domain of the data used, rice 

yields decrease as GDD increase. There is a curvilinear relationship between GDD and yields 

of soybeans and maize, where yields increase as GDD increase to a certain degree beyond 

which yields decline. The GDD indicated lower than optimum yields of soybeans, maize and 

rice during the dry season. Notes: Degree: PH.D. OCLC Accession Number: AAG8822063. 

Schmidt-Vogt D. Affiliation: Dr. D. Schmidt-Vogt, School of Environment Rsrc./Devmt., Asian 

Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 Country: Thailand Email:,Schmidt@ait.ac.th. 2004. “Staudämme Am Mekong Translated Title: Dams Along the 

Mekong River.” Geographische Rundschau. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 

56, Issue 12, Pages 22-27 Additional Info: Germany. Descriptors: Agriculture, resource 

development and the environment -- 74.2.1; National and Land-Use Planning -- 70.10.1; dam 

construction; land use planning; international cooperation; hydroelectric power. Notes: 

References: Number: 13; Geographic: Mekong River Asia Eurasia Eastern Hemisphere 

World. Abstract: The Mekong river is the largest river of Southeast Asia and provides a 

linkage between six countries: Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar and Yunnan 

Province of the People's Republic of China. After decades of retarded economic development, 

the Mekong river is of being converted into a highway of hydro-development through a total 

of about 50 large dam projects. The project goals include irrigation, flood control, and 

improving navigation, but the most important goal is hydropower development. China has 

embarked in the 1980s on a scheme to build eight dams on the upper Mekong mainly to 

generate power for Yunnan Province and for export to Thailand. Export of energy is also the 

main rationale for plans of the Lao government to construct a string of dams along tributaries 

of the Mekong. Dam projects in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam are on a smaller scale, and 

Thailand has actually abandoned plans to further develop hydropower on its own territory in 

the face of massive protests and the availability of power from Laos. Potential negative 

effects of theses dams on the hydrology and ecology of the Mekong are causing concern. The 

most prominent concern is with the effect of dams on fisheries. Despite the existence of 

international institutions for integrated development in the Mekong-region - the Mekong 

River Commission (MRC) and the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Programme of the 

Asian Development Bank - communication between countries, and coordination of the 

various national dam projects is relatively poor, and likely to cause ecological disruptions and 

regional conflicts in the future. ISSN/ISBN: 0016-7460. 

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Schomaker, N. B. and Aufmuth, R. E. 1971. BURMA SOILS: A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF 

LIME AND CEMENT ON PADDY AND LATERITE MATERIAL. Construction 

Engineering Research Laboratory. Descriptors: Calcium oxide; Cement; Compressive 

strength; Laterites; Lime; Paddy field soil; Soil stabilization; Strength; Strength of materials. 

Abstract: LABORATORY TESTS WERE PERFORMED ON SAMPLES OF PADDY AND 

LATERITE SOILS OBTAINED FROM THE PROPOSED RIGHT-OF-WAY OF THE 

RANGOON-MANDALAY HIGHWAY, BURMA. THESE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED 

TO DETERMINE THE BASIC ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THE SOILS AND TO 

EVALUATE THE FEASIBILITY OF STABILIZING THESE SOILS WITH LIME AND 

CEMENT. THE ADDITION OF LIME HAD LITTLE BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON EITHER 

SOIL, DUE TO THE NON- REACTIVE NATURE OF THE SOILS AND THE POOR 

STABILIZING QUALITY OF LIME AVAILABLE IN BURMA. SPECIAL TESTS USING 

AMERICAN LIME INDICATED A STRENGTH INCREASE OF ABOUT 300% OVER 

THE NATURAL SOIL STRENGTH, COMPARED TO AN INCREASE OF LESS THAN 

100% WITH BURMA LIME. ADDITION OF CEMENT, ON THE ORDER OF 6% BY 

DRY WEIGHT OF SOIL, EFFECTIVELY STABILIZES BOTH SOILS. UNCONFINED 

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS OF BOTH ARE INCREASED ON THE ORDER OF 300%. 

/AUTHOR/. Notes: Tech Rept M-6, 12 PP. OCLC Accession Number: 00233085. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

Schwendinger, Peter Josef. 1990. ZUR TAXONOMIE, BIOLOGIE UND OKOLOGIE EINIGER 

ORTHOGNATHER SPINNENFAMILIEN VON THAILAND (ARANEAE:LIPHISTIIDAE, 

ATYPIDAE, IDIOPIDAE, DIPLURIDAE) Translated Title: ON TAXONOMY, BIOLOGY 

AND ECOLOGY OF SOME FAMILIES OF ORTHOGNATHOUS SPIDERS FROM 

THAILAND (ARANEAE:LIPHISTIIDAE, ATYPIDAE, IDIOPIDAE, DIPLURIDAE). 

Innsbruck University (Austria); 0200. DAI. Volume: 53, 03C, page(s): 162-443. Descriptors: 

BIOLOGY, ENTOMOLOGY. Abstract: Data obtained in the course of a 2${1over2}$-year 

research project at the University of Chiang Mai, Thailand, are presented in 8 separate parts, 

as manuscripts and published papers*. Ground-dwelling spiders of the families Liphistiidae, 

Atypidae, Idiopidae and Dipluridae in Thailand are treated taxonomically. A new genus, 

Prothemenops, several new species, Liphistius ornatus, L. lannaianus, L. marginatus, L. 

thaleban, Atypus suthepicus, A. lannaianus, Prothemenops siamensis, Idiops pylorus, and 

hitherto unknown males of L. trang, L. lordae Platnick & Sedgwick, L. niphanae Ono, A. 

dorsualis Thorell, A. javanus Thorell are described; the liphistiid trap-door spiders of 

Thailand and Burma and the purseweb spiders of the world are revised. New taxonomic 

characters, including histological and microstructural details, are given; the variation of 

characters is analyzed, taxonomic relationships are shown. For the spiders observed, 

information is given on habitat, distribution, web- and burrow structure, annual cycle, 

postembryonic development, mating, behaviour, prey, predators and parasites. The 

communities of orthognathous spiders in Thailand, and Chiang Mai Province in particular, are 

shown; their horizontal, vertical and annual distribution are discussed. Finally, experimental 

data on the transpiration rates of 16 species from Thailand and Burma are compared with 

similar results on orthognathous spiders from the literature. The comparatively high water 

losses of the species examined are explained with adaptation to life in a burrow. ftn*Bulletin 

of the British Arachnological Society; Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society; 

Zoological Scripta. Reference Copy: UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK DER UNIVERSITAT 

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INNSBRUCK, INNRAIN 50, A-6020 INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA. Notes: Degree: DR.NAT. 

OCLC Accession Number: AAGC173502. 

SCOTT, KEN. 1995. GOLDEN TRIANGLE -- ROADS AND ENERGY TO REPLACE OPIUM. 

John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. Infrastructure. Descriptors: Asia; Roads. Abstract: 

SUBTITLE: WITH ADB SUPPORT, THE ECONOMIC PROSPECTS OF THE 

NEIGHBOURING CORNERS OF THAILAND, CHINA, BURMA AND LAOS ARE SET 

TO CONVERGE DESPITE PAST ENMITIES. Notes: INFRASTRUCTURE, OCT. 1995, P. 

42-44: ILL. ISSN/ISBN: 1081-7174. OCLC Accession Number: 00871446. URL: 

Transportation Research Board. 

Sebastian, A., Myint Myint, Sein and Myat Myat, Thu. 1990. “Suppression of Aedes Aegypti 

(Diptera: Culicidae) using Augmentative Release of Dragonfly Larvae (Odonata: 

Libellulidae) with Community Participation in Yangon, Myanmar.” Bull. Entomol. Res. 2005 

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 80, Issue 2, Pages 223-232. Descriptors: 

EVOLUTION AND PALAEOECOLOGY -- 73.10; INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 

ABSTRACTS -- 74; Diptera; dragonfly; Odonata; biological control; community 

participation; mosquito control; water storage; vector control; dengue haemorrhagic fever 

Species Term: Aedes aegypti; Libellulidae; Anisoptera (dragonflies); Culicidae; Crocothemis 

servilia. Notes: Geographic: Burma -- Rangoon. Abstract: Describes periodic augmentative 

release of predatory larvae of Crocothemis servilia to suppress a mosquito, of which >90% of 

pre-adults occurred in domestic water-storage containers. The trial's success was ascribed to: 

virtual confinement of pre-adult stages of the target mosquito to containers accessible to 

control operators; behaviour, growth rate, survival and ready availability of the chosen 

species of dragonfly; and participation of local householders. -from Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 

0007-4853. 

Seekins, D. M. 1992. “Japan's Aid Relations with Military Regimes in Burma, 1962-1991: The 

Kokunaika Process.” Asian Survey. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 32, Issue 

3, Pages 246-262. Descriptors: WATER -- 74.13; Japanese aid; military regime; aid relations. 

Notes: Geographic: Burma. Abstract: The central argument of this article is that Japan's aid 

relations with Burma are comprehensible in terms of the kind of state Japan has evolved into 

since the end of World War Two. Both Japan's political process, controlled by the businessoriented Liberal Democratic Party and a bureaucratic elite that overshadows the Diet, and the 

country's foreign policy can usefully be described as kokunaika (domesticization). 

Domesticized polities operate on the basis of closed, though not necessarily unbreachable 

circles of individuals and groups who confer favors upon each other within the framework of 

long-term, reciprocal relationships. Such group dynamics have tended to preclude the pursuit 

of an active role in global affairs or major contributions to what can be called “international 

public goods'. -from Author. ISSN/ISBN: 0004-4687. 

Sein, T. and Vernigora, E. G. 1990. FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE IMPROVEMENTS IN 

NAVIGABILITY OF THE IRRAWADDY AND CHINDWIN RIVERS. Descriptors: 

Channel deepening; Developing countries; Improvements; River navigation; Rivers; Ship 

pilotage; Waterway improvement; Waterways. Abstract: The Irrawaddy and Chindwin rivers 

are the main arteries of inland navigation in Burma. Transport on these is inexpensive, which 

has limited road and railway development. However, navigation is impaired during the low 

water season. In order to alleviate this problem, a study was undertaken to investigate 

solutions requiring minimum investment and which are largely self-maintaining, without the 

need for recurrent dredging. The study and its conclusions are presented in this paper. Notes: 

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PIANC International Navigation Congress, 27th; Maritime Ports and Seaways, Subject 5 (for 

commercial, fishery and pleasure navigation); Osaka, May 1990, p 97 [7 p, 2 ref, 1 tab, 5 fig]. 

OCLC Accession Number: 00698910. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

SELF, L. S. and TUN, M. M. “SUMMARY OF FIELD TRIALS (1964--1969) IN RANGOON, 

BURMA USING ORGANO-PHOSPHORUS LARVICIDES AND OILS AGAINST CULEX 

PIPIENS FATIGANS IN POLLUTED WATER.” Notes: Source: WORLD HEALTH 

ORGAN ORGAN MOND SANTE WHO/VBC 70.187 (1970): 21 p. Availability: Connect to 

the catalog at your library. 

Self, L. S. and Tun, M. M. 1970. “Summary of Field Trials in 1964-69 in Rangoon, Burma, of 

Organophosphorus Larvicides and Oils Against Culex Pipiens Fatigens Larvae in Polluted 

Water.” Bull. World Health Organ. ; Bull. World Health Organ. Volume 43, Issue 6, Pages 

841-51 Additional Info: SWITZERLAND. Descriptors: Mosquito Control; Animals; Culex -- 

drug effects; Insecticides -- pharmacology; Larva -- drug effects; Myanmar; Oils -- 

pharmacology; Organophosphorus Compounds -- pharmacology; Organophosphorus 

Compounds -- toxicity; Phosphoric Acids -- pharmacology; Time Factors; Water. Notes: 

Chemical Subst: Insecticides [0] Oils [0] Organophosphorus Compounds [0] Phosphoric 

Acids [0] Water [7732-18-5]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 

19710812; Date Completed: 19710812; Date of Update: 20031114. ISSN/ISBN: 0042-9686 

(Print). 

Selth, Andrew. 1999. “The Burma Navy Under the SLORC.” J Contemp Asia Additional Info: 

Philippines. Volume 29, Issue 2, Pages 227-247. Notes: Named Corp: Burma. State Law and 

Order Restoration Council. Myanmar. Navy.; Date of Entry: 19990621. Abstract: The 

Burmese navy has changed considerably since the creation of the State Law and Order 

Restoration Council (SLORC) in 1988. Prior to this, the navy was small, ill-equipped, and 

crippled by its reliance on foreign logistics. However, it has always been, and is still, an 

important element in Burma's internal security. This view appears to be shared by the new 

generation of military leaders in the capital, Rangoon, because the the navy has experienced 

dramatic growth under the SLORC, with the fleet almost doubling since 1988. In a few years, 

Burma could have a blue water capability for the first time in its history, providing the 

SLORC's ambitious naval modernization program is successful. ISSN/ISBN: 0047-2336. 

Selth, Andrew. “From Brown Water to Blue Water.” N&A Publishing Services 1998: Descriptors: 

Armed forces. Notes: Source: Naval Forces v19n6 (1998): 30-33 Journal Code: FNAV 

Supplier No: 99083811; Details: Photograph; Map; Named Corp: Navy-Myanmar; 

Geographic: Myanmar. Abstract: The Myanmar Navy was small, with limited capabilities, 

until 1988. In only a few years, the Navy has been transformed from a weak brown water 

navy to a much larger force more capable of blue water operations. ISSN/ISBN: 0722-8880. 

Sen Gupta, R.; Ali, Mohamed; Bhuiyan, A. L., et al. 1990. “State of the Marine Environment in the 

South Asian Seas Region.” International (III): United Nations Environment Programme, 

Regional Seas Programme, Geneva, International (III). UNEP Regional Seas Reports and 

Studies. 1990. Volume: 123, page(s): 42. Descriptors: Asia; Bangladesh; Burma; 

environmental geology; experimental studies; Far East; India; Indian Ocean; Indian Ocean 

Islands; Indian Peninsula; Indonesian Seas; Malaysia; Maldive Islands; monitoring; Pacific 

Ocean; Pakistan; pollutants; pollution; sea water; southern Asia; Sri Lanka; Thailand; water; 

West Pacific. Notes: FE: References: 61; 9 tables, sketch maps; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. ISSN/ISBN: 1014-8647. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession 

Number: 1992-041070. 

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Shan Sapawa Environmental Organization. 2006. Warning Signs : An Update on Plans to Dam the 

Salween in Burma's Shan State. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Shan Sapawa Environmental 

Organization. page(s): 29. Descriptors: Dams -- Social aspects -- Burma -- Shan State; 

Hydroelectric power plants -- Social aspects -- Burma -- Shan State; Human rights -- Burma -

- Shan State. Notes: ill. (some col.), maps (chiefly col.) ; 21 cm.; Entry: 20070201; Update: 

20070201. OCLC Accession Number: 81144155. 

Shan Sapawa Environmental Organization. 2006. Warning Signs : An Update on Plans to Dam the 

Salween in Burma's Shan State. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Shan Sapawa Environmental 

Organization. page(s): 29. Descriptors: Dams -- Social aspects -- Burma -- Shan State; 

Hydroelectric power plants -- Social aspects -- Burma -- Shan State; Human rights -- Burma -

- Shan State. Notes: ill. (some col.), maps (chiefly col.) ; 21 cm.; Entry: 20070123; Update: 

20070130. OCLC Accession Number: 80805370. 

Shaw, R. P. 1992. “The Impact of Population Growth on Environment: The Debate Heats Up.” 

Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. ; Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. Feb. Volume 12: 11-36 

Additional Info, Pages UNITED STATES. Descriptors: Conservation of Natural Resources; 

Energy-Generating Resources; Models, Theoretical; Politics; Population Growth; Poverty; 

Sanitation; Urbanization; Water Supply; Demography; Economics; Environment; Geography; 

Health; Population; Population Dynamics; Public Health; Research; Socioeconomic Factors; 

Urban Population; Deforestation; Desertification; Energy Supply; Environmental 

Degradation; Models; Theoretical; Political Factors; World Demographic Factors; Economic 

Factors; Geographic Factors; Natural Resources; Research Methodology; Spatial Distribution; 

Urban Spatial Distribution. Notes: Note(s): TJ: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 

ASSESSMENT REVIEW; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: PIP Other ID: PIP: 095387; 

POP: 00247220; Date of Entry: 19960116; Date Completed: 19960116; Date of Update: 

20021004. Abstract: A proposed framework, which was introduced at the 1989 meetings of 

the American Association for the Advancement of Science, included political constraints as 

well as population growth as a proximate cause with potentially important impacts on the 

environment in Paul and Ann Ehrlich's well-known PAT equation. PAT limitations are 

identified as the 1.2 billion people caught in the debt-poverty trap, less developed countries' 

balance of payments deficits, and “distortionary factors” that undermined economic 

incentives and contributed to mismanagement of resources. Such factors could be keeping 

farm prices low and have an impact on deterring use of environmentally sound traditional 

agricultural practices. Mismanagement of public lands occurs when large commercial 

enterprises or large scale mechanization displace population onto marginal or less productive 

lands. Intergroup warfare is a new form impacting on the environment. In Burma loggers are 

authorized to clear cut large tracts of teak forests in order to ferret out Karen guerrillas. Over 

15 million refugees were thus displaced and forced to live in encampments that require trees 

for shelter, firewood for survival, and overgrazing of livestock. Social and economic 

environments are also undermined by “dependency” factors such as trade protectionism, brain 

drain, and limited foreign aid. The Group of 77 Non-Aligned Developing Countries proposed 

that discussions of the links between population and the environment be omitted from the 

agenda of the 1994 UN Conference on Population and Development. Basic clarifications are 

needed to distinguish ultimate versus proximate factors and current versus future concerns. 

The debate ignores distribution patterns, migration, or changing age structures. The debate 

blames unjustifiably rapid population growth as the ultimate cause of global environmental 

degradation and links population growth to a host of other social problems such as famine and 

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refugees, while ignoring civil unrest. The evidence suggests that population limitation will 

probably prevent environmental degradation in poor, resource constrained countries from 

getting worse. Resource conservation will remain unaffected. The World Bank proposes 

National Environmental Action Plans or the Cleaver Schreiber proposal for a “nexus strategy” 

for balancing food supply and population in Africa. ISSN/ISBN: 0195-9255 (Print). 

Shi, G. U., Wang, C., Tropper, P., Cui, W. and Tan J. Affiliation: G.U. Shi, China University of 

Geosciences, Beijing 100083 Country: China E-mail:,shiguanghai@263.net.cn. 2005. 

“Methane (CH4)-Bearing Fluid Inclusions in the Myanmar Jadeitite.” Geochem. J. 2006 

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 39, Issue 6, Pages 503-516 Additional Info: Japan. 

Descriptors: Hydrochemistry -- 72.2.4; jadeite; fluid inclusion; methane. Notes: References: 

Number: 93; Geographic: Myanmar Southeast Asia Asia Eurasia. Abstract: A combined 

hydrogen-carbon-isotope and microthermometric study has been carried out on CH4-bearing 

fluid inclusions high-pressure jadeitites from the famous jadeite tract Myanmar. Two types of 

fluid inclusions were found in jadeites, large H2O-rich and CH4-poor inclusions and small 

H2O-poor and CH4-rich inclusions, thus indicating a possible entrapment of CH4-H2O fluids 

under unmixing conditions. Microthermometric results yield lower temperature limits for the 

entrapment of these fluid inclusions of ca. 300 to 400°C. The bulk composition of the 

fluid inclusions is mostly H2O (87 to 94 mol.% H2O) and the isotopic composition of 

methane and water in the inclusions is characterized by δ 13C(CH4) values ranging 

from -30.1 to -25.5‰,and δD)(H2O) values ranging from -56.3 to -

49.8‰. The stable isotope data would be indicative of an abiogenic mechanism of CH4 

formation; the occurrence of the jadeite veins in this paleo-subduction zone thus most likely 

point to the formation of these CH4-bearing fluid inclusions by abiogenic thermal maturation 

of subducted organic carbon. These data not only provide evidence for cycling of organic 

carbon in paleo-subduction zones but also show that CH4 not only occurs as shallow CH4-

rich plumes in accretionary prisms of recent subduction zones but also occurs in deeper 

portions of at least the upper 20 km of paleo-subduction zones. Copyright (c) 2005 by The 

Geochemical Society of Japan. ISSN/ISBN: 0016-7002. 

Shi, G. Uanghai, Tropper, Peter, Cui Wenyuan, Tan Jun and Wang Chuangqiu. 2005. “Methane 

(CH (Sub 4) )-Bearing Fluid Inclusions in the Myanmar Jadeitite.” Geochem. J. Geochemical 

Society of Japan, Nagoya, Japan (JPN): Japan (JPN). Volume 39, Issue 6, Pages 503-516. 

Descriptors: accretionary wedges; aliphatic hydrocarbons; alkanes; Asia; biogenic processes; 

Burma; C-13/C-12; carbon; D/H; Far East; fluid inclusions; geologic thermometry; high 

pressure; hydrocarbons; hydrogen; inclusions; ion chromatography; isotope fractionation; 

isotope ratios; isotopes; jadeitite; low temperature; mass spectra; metamorphic rocks; 

methane; Myanmar Deposit; organic carbon; organic compounds; pressure; Raman spectra; 

spectra; stable isotopes; subduction zones; temperature; veins; water. Notes: CD: GEJOBE; 

FE: References: 93; illus. incl. anals., 4 tables, geol. sketch maps; LL: 

Latitude:N253700,N253700 Longitude:E0961800,E0961800; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Abstract: A combined hydrogen-carbon-isotope and 

microthermometric study has been carried out on CH (sub 4) -bearing fluid inclusions in 

high-pressure jadeitites from the famous jadeite tract Myanmar. Two types of fluid inclusions 

were found in jadeites, large H (sub 2) O-rich and Ch (sub 4) -poor inclusions and small H 

(sub 2) O-poor and Ch (sub 4) -rich inclusions, thus indicating a possible entrapment of CH 

(sub 4) -H (sub 2) O fluids under unmixing conditions. Microthermometric results yield lower 

temperature limits for the entrapment of these fluid inclusions of ca. 300 to 400 degrees C. 

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The bulk composition of the fluid inclusions is mostly H (sub 2) O (87 to 94 mol.% H (sub 2) 

O) and the isotopic composition of methane and water in the inclusions is characterized by 

delta (super 13) C(CH (sub 4) ) values ranging from -30.1 to -25.5 per mil, and delta D(H 

(sub 2) O) values ranging from -56.3 to -49.8 per mil. The stable isotope data would be 

indicative of an abiogenic mechanism of CH (sub 4) formation; the occurrence of the jadeite 

veins in this paleo-subduction zone thus most likely point to the formation of these CH (sub 

4) -bearing fluid inclusions by abiogenic thermal maturation of subducted organic carbon. 

These data not only provide evidence for cycling of organic carbon in paleo-subduction zones 

but also show that CH (sub 4) not only occurs as shallow CH (sub 4) -rich plumes in 

accretionary prisms of recent subduction zones but also occurs in deeper portions of at least 

the upper 20 km of paleo-subduction zones. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0016-7002. 

Siddiqa-Agha, Ayesha. 2000. “Nuclear Navies?” Bull at Sci Additional Info: United States. 

September/October. Volume 56, Issue 5, Pages 12-14. Descriptors: Nuclear weapons -- 

Pakistan; Nuclear weapons -- India. Notes: Details: il.; Named Corp: India Indian Navy; 

Geographic: Pakistan -- Foreign relations -- India. India -- Foreign relations -- Pakistan.; Date 

of Entry: 20001121. Abstract: India's naval plans are worrying its long-term adversary, 

Pakistan. India is developing nuclear weapons and boosting military technological 

capabilities, and the country's policymakers think that it should also to assert itself at sea. The 

Pakistani government, which makes no claim to being a regional power, is concerned by 

India's technological acquisitions. Pakistani analysts think that, with its increasing naval 

power and blue-water capability, India would be capable of throttling its smaller adversary in 

the event of war. India's assertion of naval power will probably also be challenged by China, 

which is attempting to make inroads into the Indian Ocean by forging links with Myanmar, 

where Chinese naval bases are being constructed. ISSN/ISBN: 0096-3402. 

Sillitoe, R. H. 1999. “Styles of High-Sulphidation Gold, Silver and Copper Mineralisation in 

Porphyry and Epithermal Environments; PACRIM '99 Congress; Proceedings [Modified].” 

Publication Series - Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. AusIMM - Australasian 

Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (AUS): Australia (AUS). 

Volume 4-99, Pages 29-44. Descriptors: absorption; Arizona; Asia; Bisbee Arizona; Burma; 

chalcocite; Cochise County Arizona; copper ores; covellite; depth; digenite; enargite; 

epithermal processes; Esmeralda County Nevada; Far East; gold ores; Goldfield Nevada; 

ground water; igneous rocks; metal ores; metasomatism; mineral deposits, genesis; mineral 

exploration; mineralization; Monywa Burma; Nevada; Peru; Pierina Peru; porphyry; 

sericitization; silver ores; South America; sulfarsenates; sulfidation; sulfides; sulfosalts; 

United States; volatiles; zoning. Notes: FE: References: 77; illus. incl. 1 table, sects.; CY: 

GeoRef, Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. Abstract: High-sulphidation (HS) 

gold, silver and/or copper deposits are generated in both the epithermal and the upper parts of 

the underlying porphyry environments over vertical intervals of up to 2 km. The HS deposits 

are generated in advanced argillic lithocaps, which are products of the absorption of acidic 

magmatic volatiles by voluminous groundwater systems. Mineralisation styles in HS systems 

reflect depth of formation as well as the interplay between structural, lithological and 

hydrothermal parameters. The deep parts of HS systems, at depths of >1000 m, are typified 

by disseminated copper+ or -gold mineralisation comprising digenite, chalcocite and covellite 

in pervasive advanced argillic as well as underlying sericitic alteration. In highly telescoped 

systems, such mineralisation may overprint porphyry stocks and associated quartz-veinlet 

stockworks. Intermediate levels of HS systems commonly contain fault-controlled copperTEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 130 
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gold mineralisation, typically as enargite in bodies of vuggy residual quartz, silicification 

and/or massive pyritic sulphide. The shallow parts of HS systems, at depths of <500 m, may 

host lithologically controlled disseminated mineralisation in which gold and/or silver tend to 

predominate over copper. Barren acid-leached zones formed in the steam-heated environment 

above paleo-water tables may be preserved above or alongside shallow HS deposits. The 

exploration focus is on four principal HS mineralisation styles: 1. copper (e.g., Chuquicamata, 

Monywa) or copper-gold (Wafi) in the deep porphyry-hosted parts of systems preferably, in 

the case of the latter, where supergene oxidation is limited and, hence, flotation may be used 

for metal recovery; 2. copper+ or -gold-bearing replacement mantos and pipes hosted by 

carbonate wallrocks in the deep parts of systems (e.g., Bisbee); 3. high-grade gold in latestage veins or hydrothermal breccias that overprint the intermediate to shallow levels of 

systems (e.g., El Indio, Goldfield); and 4. large, bulk-mineable gold deposits in the shallow 

parts of systems that were subjected to supergene oxidation, thereby permitting heap-leach 

treatment (e.g., Yanacocha, Pierina). To these preferred HS styles may be added the lowsulphidation vein or disseminated gold+ or -silver mineralisation that is commonplace 

alongside many HS systems (e.g., Victoria at Lepanto). Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 

1324-6240. 

Singh, D. and Tiong R.L.K. Affiliation: R.L.K. Tiong, School of Civil/Environ. Engineering, 

Centre for Adv. Construction Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Avenue, 

Singapore 639798 Country: Singapore E-mail:,clktiong@ntu.edu.sg. 2005. “Development of 

Life Cycle Costing Framework for Highway Bridges in Myanmar.” Int. J. Project Manage. 

2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 23, Issue 1, Pages 37-44 Additional Info: 

United Kingdom. Descriptors: Hydraulic structures -- 77.9.5; TRANSPORT AND 

COMMUNICATIONS -- 74.36; cost; life cycle analysis; engineering; road transport; 

transportation planning; bridge. Notes: References: Number: 20; Geographic: Myanmar 

Southeast Asia Asia Eurasia Eastern Hemisphere World. Abstract: The aim of any 

engineering design is to minimize the total cost of the structure without compromising the 

functional requirements while maximizing the utility of the structure to the users in particular 

and to the society in general. Life cycle costing is a technique for determining the most 

effective capital investment option for achieving technical-economic optimization of a 

structure/system. This paper briefly describes a detailed procedure for developing a 

framework for life cycle costing analysis (LCCA) of highway bridges in Myanmar. The paper 

discusses various cost components and other statistical factors that need to be taken into 

consideration while assessing the life cycle cost (LCC) of a highway structure. A stepwise 

procedure to determine various cost components that come into LCC calculation is also 

illustrated. The effect of uncertainties associated with various factors on the total cost of the 

structure is demonstrated performing sensitivity analysis. An attempt is also made to 

demonstrate how better quality construction with increased initial cost can lead to lower LCC 

of a highway structure. The study has made a call for the development of comprehensive life 

cycle costing framework for transportation-related projects in Myanmar in order to be able to 

strike a balance between the need for maintenance and replacement of highway structures and 

limited funds available for their upkeep. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd and IPMA. All rights reserved. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0263-7863. 

SINGH, G. P. 1974. “The Sewage System of the City of Rangoon.” The Public Health Engineer, no 

9, P 96. MAY 1974. Descriptors: WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE; SEWERS; MUNICIPAL 

WASTES; WASTE WATER TREATMENT; WATER UTILIZATION; HISTORY; 

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BURMA(RANGOON). Abstract: THE EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN RANGOON 

WAS INSTALLED IN THE YEAR 1874 DURING THE BRITISH REGIME; IT COVERED 

AN AREA OF 3.4 SQUARE MILES OF CENTRAL RANGOON, BURMA. FROM 1915 

TO 1924 THE SYSTEM WAS EXTENDED, BRINGING THE TOTAL AREA COVERED 

TO 6.3 SQUARE MILES. THE REMAINING 44 SUBURBS HAVE NO SEWERAGE AT 

PRESENT, BUT ARE SERVED WITH BUCKET AND PIT LATRINES. THE CONTENTS 

OF BOTH COLLECTING CHAMBERS FLOW INTO THE MAIN SEWERS WHICH 

DISCHARGE INTO THE EASTERN END OF THE IRRAWADDY RIVER. MUNICIPAL 

SEWAGE IS DISCHARGED INTO THE MAIN SEWERS BY EJECTOR STATIONS AT 

THE ROADSIDE. WATER CONSUMPTION IN THE CITY IS ABOUT 35 GALLONS 

PER HEAD PER DAY OR 70 MILLION GALLONS PER DAY. THE SUPPLY IS 

INSUFFICIENT AND AUTHORITIES HAVE BEGUN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A 

WATER RESERVOIR PROJECT AT PUGYI, 32 MILES FROM RANGOON. 

(SANDOSKI-FIRL). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Sirisanthana, T., Navachareon, N., Tharavichitkul, P., Sirisanthana, V. and Brown, A. E. 1984. 

“Outbreak of Oral-Oropharyngeal Anthrax: An Unusual Manifestation of Human Infection 

with Bacillus Anthracis.” Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. ; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. Jan. Volume 33, 

Issue 1, Pages 144-50 Additional Info: UNITED STATES. Descriptors: Disease Outbreaks; 

Abattoirs; Adult; Animals; Anthrax -- epidemiology; Anthrax -- pathology; Buffaloes; Cattle; 

Female; Humans; Male; Meat -- adverse effects; Middle Aged; Mouth -- pathology; Mouth 

Diseases -- epidemiology; Mouth Diseases -- pathology; Pharyngeal Diseases -- 

epidemiology; Pharyngeal Diseases -- pathology; Pharynx -- pathology; Thailand. Notes: 

Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19840323; Date Completed: 

19840323; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: An oral-oropharyngeal form of human 

anthrax is described in 24 individuals. The cases occurred as an epidemic in northern 

Thailand, concurrent with an epidemic of the common cutaneous form. This syndrome is a 

potentially fatal, febrile illness, characterized by a mucosal lesion in the oral cavity and/or 

oropharynx which can progress to pseudomembranous necrosis, and to cervical adenopathy 

and edema. Cattle and water buffaloes, recently arrived from Burma and eaten raw or 

undercooked, were the probable source of the infection. Determination of etiology was based 

on both microbiologic and epidemiologic evidence. The clinical syndrome and epidemiology 

are discussed. ISSN/ISBN: 0002-9637 (Print); 1476-1645 (Electronic). 

Smedley, Pauline L. 2003. “Arsenic in Groundwater; South and East Asia.” United States (USA): 

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA, United States (USA). Descriptors: aquifers; 

arsenic; Asia; Bangladesh; Burma; Cambodia; case studies; China; concentration; drinking 

water; Far East; geochemistry; ground water; hydrochemistry; Indian Peninsula; metals; 

mineral composition; Nepal; Pakistan; pollutants; pollution; public health; risk assessment; 

Taiwan; Thailand; toxic materials; Vietnam; water resources. Notes: FE: 11 tables, sketch 

maps; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. ISSN/ISBN: 

1402073178. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 2003-076254. 

Sobhan,Rehman Affiliation: Centre for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka. 2000. “Growth Zones in South 

Asia: Potential and Feasibility.” Asia-Pacific Development Journal. June. Volume 7, Issue 1, 

Pages 23-41. Descriptors: International Linkages to Development; Role of International 

Organizations -- O190; Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods -- L520; Economic 

Development: Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses -- O180. Notes: Geographic: S. Asia 

Region: Asia; Added: 200012. Abstract: Following the apparent success of growth zones in 

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South-East Asia and southern China the feasibility of a growth zone embodying Bangladesh, 

Bhutan, India (north-east India and West Bengal), Myanmar and Nepal (BBIMN) in South 

Asia needs to be examined. The paper argues that there are significant structural 

complementarities between the countries concerned to make such a zone a success. These 

complementarities create opportunities in the fields of transport, water and energy. However, 

there are substantial concerns arising from possible political differences between the countries 

that will need to be resolved before such a zone can be translated into reality. ISSN/ISBN: 

1020-1246. Availability: Publisher's URL. 

Soe, T., Batterham, R. L. and Drynan, R. G. 1994. “Demand for Food in Myanmar (Burma).” 

Agricultural Economics. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 11, Issue 2-3, Pages 

207-217. Descriptors: GEOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY -- 70; 

WATER -- 74.13; developing country; food demand; double-log model; almost ideal demand 

system; welfare implication; income elasticity; food pricing policy. Notes: Geographic: 

Burma. Abstract: Aggregate quarterly time series data from 1975 to 1987 on government 

procurement prices and open (black) market prices were used in estimating an almost ideal 

demand system (AIDS) and double-log models for consumption of foodstuffs in Myanmar. 

The results from the AIDS model were superior to those from the double-log models. The 

estimated income elasticity of demand for non-meat foodstuffs was high. The income 

elasticities for the non-cereals are positive and less than one. Contrary to expectation, the 

income elasticities for all meat items are low. Own-price elasticities for most foodstuffs were 

less than one. The estimated cross-price elasticities indicate the complementary nature of the 

basic food items to rice. A brief analysis of the effects of taxing Myanmarese rice exports and 

subsidising consumers indicated that there are net costs to government, unevenly distributed 

welfare gains to consumers and welfare losses to farmers. -from Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 0169-

5150. 

Sood, L. and Basu, S. 1979. “Bacteriophage Typing of Salmonella Weltevreden.” Antonie Van 

Leeuwenhoek; Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Volume 45, Issue 4, Pages 595-604 Additional 

Info: NETHERLANDS. Descriptors: Bacteriophage Typing -- methods; Carrier State -- 

microbiology; Disease Outbreaks; Gastroenteritis -- microbiology; Humans; India; 

Salmonella -- classification; Salmonella Infections -- microbiology; Salmonella Phages. 

Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19810116; Date Completed: 

19810116; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: Salmonella weltevreden has been found to be 

one of the commonest Salmonella serotypes isolated from diverse sources in India and has 

also been isolated in a number of other countries. A phage typing scheme was developed for 

this serotype using a set of six typing phages. These phages had been selected out of 146 

phage strains isolated and purified from stool samples of man, laboratory animals and other 

animals, sewage and surface water sources, and the lytic mutants of temperate phages form S. 

weltevreden. The phage typing scheme was applied systematically to type the 946 strains 

from India isolated during 1958-1974 and 148 strains originating from Australia, Burma, 

England, Gan Island, Holland, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, The 

Philippines, Thailand, The United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971. The scheme was 

particularly studied to evaluate its utility in mapping the epidemiologically related strains 

from various sources. The S. weltevreden strains could be classified into ten phage types. 

Phage types 2 and 7 were found exclusively amongst Indian strains, type 6 from Vietnam and 

type 8 from Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. Phage types were found to be stable and 

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consistent with the independent epidemiological data available. ISSN/ISBN: 0003-6072 

(Print). 

Sood, L. R. and Basu, S. 1977. “Phage-Typing of Salmonella Weltevreden Based on Lysogeny. II. 

Epidemiological Usefulness of the System and Geographical Distribution of its PhageTypes.” Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek; Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Volume 43, Issue 3-4, 

Pages 262-8 Additional Info: NETHERLANDS. Descriptors: Lysogeny; Water Microbiology; 

Animals; Bacteriophage Typing -- methods; Humans; India; Salmonella -- classification; 

Salmonella Infections -- epidemiology; Salmonella Infections -- microbiology; Salmonella 

Infections, Animal -- epidemiology; Salmonella Infections, Animal -- microbiology. Notes: 

Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19780321; Date Completed: 

19780321; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: Nine hundred and forty-six strains of 

Salmonella weltevreden isolated in different states of India during 1958-1974 and 124 strains 

from Australia, Burma, Holland, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the 

Philippines, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971 were phage-typed 

according to the phage-typing scheme described in the first part of this paper (Sood and Basu, 

1977). The epidemiological incidence and geographical distribution of phage-types of 

Salmonella weltevreden were studied. All the phage-types were present in India, the 

predominant phage-types being b, d and i. Phage-type g was isolated exclusively from India. 

All the 14 strains from Hawaii belonged to phage-type i. Phage-type h was the most 

predominant phage-type in Vietnam. The 15 strains isolated from Papua New Guinea in 1965, 

which were supposed to have originated from a single source, belonged to 3 phage-types. 

Except these cultures all the available epidemiologically related strains were of uniform 

phage-types - a finding which establishes the epidemiological validity of the scheme. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0003-6072 (Print). 

Southeast Asia Regional Office/World Health Organization. 2006. “Health Aspects of Disaster 

Preparedness and Response--Panel Session 1: Water-Related Hazards.” Prehosp. Disaster 

Med. Sep-Oct. Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages s79-81 Additional Info: United States. Descriptors: 

Natural Disasters; Asia, Southeastern; Disaster Planning -- organization & administration; 

Humans. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20070214; Date 

Completed: 20070316; Date of Update: 20070731. Abstract: This Panel Session consisted of 

three country reports (Bagladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar) and the common issues identified 

during the Panel discussions relative to water-related hazards and events in the Southeast Asia 

Region. The primary event discussed regardless of the hazards encountered was flooding. The 

merits of the responses generated in Bangladesh before, during, and following the 2004 floods 

provide evidence of what can be accomplished in community and national levels of 

preparedness. Many key issues arose in the discussions: (1) command and control systems 

and SOPs; (2) ready resources; (3) public information and education and human resource 

development; (4) community-level preparedness; (5) accessibility to health care; (6) increased 

focus on disease prevention and control; (7) management of dead bodies; (8) need for a legal 

framework; (9) funding and the management of funds; and (10) relationships with the media. 

ISSN/ISBN: 1049-023X (Print). 

Steinberg, D. I. 1991. “Democracy, Power, and the Economy in Myanmar: Donor Dilemmas.” 

Asian Survey. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 31, Issue 8, Pages 729-742. 

Descriptors: WATER -- 74.13; aid donors; political change; democracy; economic reform. 

Notes: Geographic: Burma. Abstract: The world's critical bilateral economic donors have 

made the relationship between open markets and open polities explicit. The US Agency for 

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International Development has recently stated a conscious and programmatic link between the 

two. This essay attempts to demonstrate in the contemporary Myanmar context the gulf 

between a hypothetically attractive development program and the desirability of its ends, on 

the one hand, and on the other, the lack of “leverage' of those who might contribute to 

supporting it as well as the complexity of the relationship. It considers the developmental 

dilemmas both the Burmese and sympathetic donors face in moving toward an economically 

and politically pluralistic nation, beginning with discussion of fundamental issues and then 

focusing on more narrow (although no less acute) problems. -from Author. ISSN/ISBN: 

0004-4687. 

Stoll, Heather M., Vance, Derek and Arevalos, Alicia. 2007. “Records of the Nd Isotope 

Composition of Seawater from the Bay of Bengal; Implications for the Impact of Northern 

Hemisphere Cooling on ITCZ Movement.” Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 

Netherlands (NLD): Netherlands (NLD). 15 Mar. Volume 255, Issue 1-2, Pages 213-228. 

Descriptors: Arakan Basin; Asia; Bay of Bengal; Brahmaputra River; Burma; Cenozoic; 

cores; discharge; drainage; Far East; Foraminifera; Ganges River basin; general circulation 

models; Holocene; hydrology; ice sheets; ICP mass spectra; Indian Ocean; Indian Peninsula; 

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone; Invertebrata; Irrawaddy River basin; isotope ratios; 

isotopes; last glacial maximum; mass spectra; metals; microfossils; Mn/Ca; monsoons; Nd144/Nd-143; neodymium; O-18/O-16; oxygen; paleocirculation; paleoclimatology; planktonic 

taxa; Protista; provenance; Quaternary; rainfall; rare earths; sea water; sediment yield; 

simulation; snow; spectra; stable isotopes; upper Holocene. Notes: CD: EPSLA2; FE: 

References: 57; illus. incl. 4 tables, geol. sketch maps; LL: Latitude:N050000,N300000 

Longitude:E0910000,E0880000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Reference includes data from CAPCAS, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, 

Netherlands. Abstract: This study presents a record of planktonic foraminiferal neodymium 

isotopic gradients along a north-south transect in the Bay of Bengal during time slices of late 

Holocene and last glacial maximum (LGM) age, together with a record of planktonic 

foraminiferal variation in the northern Bay of Bengal (15 degrees N) over the last 195 ky. In 

late Holocene core top planktonic foraminifera, the north-south epsilon (sub Nd) gradient 

rises from nonradiogenic values of -12 at 20 degrees N to -10 at 5 degrees N, in parallel with 

the modern surface salinity gradient controlled by discharge of Himalayan rivers in the 

northern Bay. During the LGM, epsilon (sub Nd) increased throughout the Bay, the contrast 

between northernmost and southernmost sites decreased, and maximum epsilon (sub Nd) 

values of -6.5 occurred between 12 and 15 degrees N. A small part of the shift to higher mean 

epsilon (sub Nd) throughout the Bay during the glacial may arise from a uniform increase in 

deposition of far-field dust from Arabian and Persian Gulf regions. However, the spatial 

pattern of epsilon (sub Nd) variation between LGM and late Holocene also suggests a shift 

from modern dominance of nonradiogenic Nd sources from the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin to 

LGM dominance of more radiogenic Nd sources from Arakan coastal rivers. Over the last 195 

ky at 15 degrees N, the most radiogenic epsilon (sub Nd) values of -7 occur at glacial maxima 

and the most nonradiogenic values of -11 occur during interglacials. epsilon (sub Nd) values 

are highly correlated with glacial interglacial variations in planktonic foraminiferal delta 

(super 18) O. In this record, shifts in river sources from the more northerly GangesBrahmaputra watershed to the more southerly Arakan coastal river systems respond 

dominantly to Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) movement driven by Northern 

Hemisphere cooling during 100 ky glacial/interglacial cycles, with a small component of 

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variation on precessional timescales. The nonlinear correlation of epsilon (sub Nd) with ice 

volume suggests that ITCZ movement responds to aerial coverage of ice sheets and snow 

rather than to ice thickness and volume. These data add support to recent general circulation 

models of ITCZ response to Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, which simulate decreased 

glacial precipitation in the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin and increased glacial precipitation in 

the southern Arakan coastal basin. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0012-821X. 

Su, M. and Jassby A.D. Affiliation: A.D. Jassby, Dept. of Envrn. Science and Policy, University of 

California, Davis, CA 95616 Country: United States E-mail:,adjassby@ucdavis.edu. 2000. 

“Inle: A Large Myanmar Lake in Transition.” Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and 

Management. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 49-54 

Additional Info: Australia. Descriptors: Pollution -- 70.3.3; Pollution and waste recycling -- 

74.2.6; lake dynamics; lake pollution; environmental management; agricultural runoff; 

industrial waste Species Term: Cyprinus carpio; elephant; Saccharum hybrid cultivar; Aves; 

Pennisetum purpureum; Saccharum. Notes: References: Number: 7; Geographic: Myanmar -- 

Inle Lake. Abstract: Inle Lake is situated in the southern part of Shan State in Myanmar. It is 

the country's second-largest lake, home to more than 120 000 people and a large bird 

sanctuary and a major source of hydroelectric power for southern Myanmar. Several distinct 

environmental problems have arisen in the lake basin. A long-term decrease in lake area has 

taken place over the last 30 years, probably because of siltation and climate. The drought of 

the last 2 years in particular has caused a drop in hydroelectric power output, which is 

affecting southern Myanmar. Many marginal parts of the lake are occupied by elephant grass 

mats (Saccharum spotaneum L.), known locally as kaing. These mats mature to form solid, 

floating islands, which are used for a unique form of agriculture but are also an increasing 

source of pesticide and fertilizer runoff into the lake. Textile cottage industries also abound, 

and both natural and manufactured dyes are discharged into the lake. Households, including 

many houses built on stilts in the lake, are a source of garbage and sewage. Livestock 

breeding also is a source of sewage. Shifting (taungyar) cultivation and village expansion has 

greatly increased erosion. Dredging is now necessary in many places and water clarity has 

decreased. The Inle carp (Cyprinus carpio intha), known locally as nga-phane, plays an 

important role in the food supply, as well as being a cultural symbol of the local Intha people. 

Nga-phane population abundance is currently low, probably because of changes in water 

chemistry and decreased clarity in the lake water. Partially because of the perceived potential 

for tourism, many sectors are now involved in lake rehabilitation and management. 

ISSN/ISBN: 1320-5331. 

Su, M. and Jassby, D. A. 2000. “Inle: A Large Myanmar Lake in Transition.” Lakes Reserv. : Res. 

Manage. Blackwell Science Ltd: Mar. Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 49-54. Descriptors: Article 

Subject Terms: Agricultural runoff; Drought; Droughts; Dyes; Environment management; 

Environmental Quality; Eutrophication; Hydroelectric Power; Hydroelectric power plants; 

Industrial Wastewater; Industrial wastes; Lake Basins; Lakes; Resource management; Water 

Management; Water Pollution Sources; Water Resources; Article Geographic Terms: 

Myanmar, Inle L.; Myanmar, Inle L.; Freshwater. Notes: TR: CS0017051. Abstract: Inle Lake 

is situated in the southern part of Shan State in Myanmar. It is the country's second-largest 

lake, home to more than 120 000 people and a large bird sanctuary and a major source of 

hydroelectric power for southern Myanmar. Several distinct environmental problems have 

arisen in the lake basin. A long-term decrease in lake area has taken place over the last 30 

years, probably because of siltation and climate. The drought of the last 2 years in particular 

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has caused a drop in hydroelectric power output, which is affecting southern Myanmar. Many 

marginal parts of the lake are occupied by elephant grass mats (Saccharum spotaneum L.), 

known locally as kaing. These mats mature to form solid, floating islands, which are used for 

a unique form of agriculture but are also an increasing source of pesticide and fertilizer runoff 

into the lake. Textile cottage industries also abound, and both natural and manufactured dyes 

are discharged into the lake. Households, including many houses built on stilts in the lake, are 

a source of garbage and sewage. Livestock breeding also is a source of sewage. Shifting 

(taungyar) cultivation and village expansion has greatly increased erosion. Dredging is now 

necessary in many places and water clarity has decreased. The Inle carp (Cyprinus carpio 

intha), known locally as nga-phane, plays an important role in the food supply, as well as 

being a cultural symbol of the local Intha people. Nga-phane population abundance is 

currently low, probably because of changes in water chemistry and decreased clarity in the 

lake water. Partially because of the perceived potential for tourism, many sectors are now 

involved in lake rehabilitation and management. Database: ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and 

Fisheries Abstracts. ISSN/ISBN: 1320-5331. 

Subramanian, V. and Ittekkot V. Editor: Degens,E.T. 1990. “Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. all 

Rights Reserved.; Carbon Transport by the Himalayan Rivers.” Wiley; SCOPE 42. page(s): 

157-168. Descriptors: GEOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY -- 71; 

carbon transport; river transport; surface water quality; sediment transport. Abstract: The 

Himalayan rivers, i.e. Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus and Irrawady, contribute one-third of the 

global sediment transport to the world oceans. Elemental transport by these rivers assumes 

global importance in continent-ocean mass balance studies. Basic hydrological data for these 

rivers is summarised. With the exception of the Irrawady, they drain predominantly Tertiary 

or younger rock types of variable chemical composition. The common watersheds for these 

rivers lie on either side of an axis running a distance of more than 1500 km west to east. -from 

Authors. Notes: Geographic: Burma -- Irrawady India -- Ganges River Bangladesh -- 

Brahmaputra River Pakistan -- Indus River. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your 

library. OCLC Accession Number: 0870803. 

Tarling, N. 1993. “Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. all Rights Reserved.; the Cambridge History of 

Southeast Asia. Volume 2: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Cambridge University 

Press. Volume: 2: the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, page(s): 706p. Descriptors: 

HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY -- 70.5; WATER -- 74.13; historical studies; nineteenth 

century; twentieth century; regional history; political structure. Abstract: The history of the 

whole of mainland and island Southeast Asia from Burma to Indonesia is analysed. This 

second volume of the history takes us into the 19th and 20th centuries, from the late 18th 

century of the Christian era, when most of the region was incorporated into European 

empires, to the complexity and dramatic change after WWII. This volume covers economic 

and social life as well as the religious and popular culture of the region as they develop over 

two centuries. The political structures of the region are also closely examined, from the 

insurgencies and rebellions of early this century to the modern nationalist movements which 

challenged the control of the colonial powers and led to the formation of independent states. 

The final section of the book indicates that by the late 20th century, a greater degree of 

regional cohesion has emerged and the Southeast Asian states have gained marginally more 

control over their futures. -from Publisher. Notes: Geographic: Asia -- (Southeast); Note(s): 

Special Features: index. ISSN/ISBN: 0521355060. Availability: Connect to the catalog at 

your library. OCLC Accession Number: 1021137. 

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Taylor, Dennis and Van Leeuwen, Theo. 1980. “Porphyry-Type Deposits in Southeast Asia; 

Granitic Magmatism and Related Mineralization.” Kozan Chishitsu = Mining Geology. Nihon 

Shigen Chishitsu Gakkai - Society of Resource Geologists of Japan, Tokyo, Japan (JPN): 

Japan (JPN). Issue 8, Pages 95-116. Descriptors: Asia; Borneo; Burma; Celebes; Cenozoic; 

continental margin; copper ores; East Malaysia; economic geology; Far East; faults; geologic 

maps; gold ores; hydrothermal alteration; hydrothermal processes; igneous rocks; Indonesia; 

island arcs; Loei; Malala; Malay Archipelago; Malaysia; maps; Mesozoic; metal ores; metals; 

metasomatism; mineral deposits, genesis; molybdenum; Monywa; paleogeographic maps; 

plate tectonics; polymetallic ores; porphyry; processes; Sabah Malaysia; silver ores; strikeslip faults; subduction; Sumatra; tectonics; tectonophysics; Thailand; transform faults; 

Triassic. Notes: CD: MISJD4; FE: References: 42; illus. incl. tables, geol. sketch maps; LL: 

Latitude:N013000,N073000 Longitude:E1190000,E1000000; Latitude:S113000,N063000 

Longitude:E1413000,E0950000; Latitude:N090000,N284500 

Longitude:E1014500,E0920000; Latitude:N054500,N203000 

Longitude:E1060000,E0963000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0026-5209. 

Tet Ne Wunn. 2006. Quality of Bottled Drinking Water and Risk Management Systems. 

Descriptors: Bottled water; Bottled water industry; Drinking water -- Standards; Drinking 

water -- Health aspects; Water quality management; Water quality management -- Burma; 

Thesis/dissertation (deg). Notes: viii, 74 leaves, bound : ill. ; 30 cm.; Dissertation: Thesis 

(M.Eng.Sc.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Civil & Engineering Science, 2006.; Note(s): 

Typescript./ Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-62).; Responsibility: Tet Ne 

Wunn.; Entry: 20070110; Update: 20080417. OCLC Accession Number: 225234029. 

Than Nyunt. 1968. “Early Performance Review of the Middle Fifth Sand Water Flood Project in 

North Central Fault Block Chauk Field.” Burma J.Sci.Tech., Vol.l. Volume 1, Pages 23-31. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Chauk field; economic geology; Far East; petroleum; production; 

reserves; water injection. Notes: FE: illus. (incl. sketch map); CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Abstract: Oil reservoirs, cross faults, north-south trending 

asymmetrical anticlines, Burma. Database: GeoRef. 

Thet-Khine, Z., Maung-U, K., Myint, Y. Y., Thi, M. and May, K. K. 1992. “Sodium Balance 

during Acute Diarrhoea in Malnourished Children.” J. Trop. Pediatr. Aug. Volume 38, Issue 

4, Pages 153-157. Additional Info: Oxford : Oxford University Press. Publishing Agencies: 

Non-US Imprint, not FAO. Descriptors: NAL: RJ1.J6; Malnutrition; Diarrhea; Sodium; Blood 

serum; Human feces; Urine; Hydrocortisone; Balance studies; Boys; Preschool children. 

Notes: Geographic: Burma Subj Category: T300 DIET AND DISEASES. Abstract: Forty-six 

male children 12-59 months old (27 malnourished and 19 with normal nutrition) admitted for 

acute water diarrhoea of <48 hours' duration were studied. Using a metabolic balance and 

separate collections of urine and stools over each 6-hour period, balance studies were carried 

out up to 48 hours. Blood, stool, and urine samples were analysed for sodium and potassium 

levels. Serum cortisol levels were determined using radio-immunoassay in a subsample of six 

normal and five malnourished children. Malnourished children lost more sodium in their 

stools and urine during diarrhoea, so that they had significantly diminished gut net sodium 

balance and significantly diminished total body sodium balance. Significantly higher levels of 

serum cortisol were observed initially on admission among children with malnutrition. This 

study demonstrated that malnourished children had poorer sodium balance during acute 

diarrhoea. ISSN/ISBN: 0142-6338. 

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Thomas, Axel. 1992. “Agricultural Water Balance of Yunnan Province, PR China: Agroclimatic 

Zoning with a Geographical Information System.” Agricultural Water Management,. 9. 

Volume 21, Issue 4, Pages 249-263. Abstract: Yunnan Province is located in the extreme 

southwest of the PR China, bordering Vietnam and Burma. Mostly mountainous in character 

it features a subtropical monsoon climate and moderate temperatures due to average 

elevations of 1000-3000 m. 

Tin Tun Aung, Barbier, E., Dickson, M. H. and Fanelli, M. 1988. “Geothermal Resources of 

Burma; Small Geothermal Resources; Part 2, Geothermal Projects in Developing Countries.” 

Geothermics. Pergamon Press, Oxford - New York, International (III): International (III). 

Volume 17, Issue 2/3, Pages 429-437. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; chemical composition; 

distribution; economic geology; exploration; Far East; geothermal energy; hot springs; 

hydrogeology; igneous activity; Karen State; Magwe Division; Mandalay Division; 

metamorphic rocks; metasedimentary rocks; Mon State; Sagaing Division; Shan State Burma; 

springs; Tenasserim Division; thermal waters. Notes: CD: GTMCAT; FE: References: 1; 1 

table, geol. sketch maps; LL: Latitude:N161500,N163000 Longitude:E0973500,E0973000; 

CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 

0375-6505. 

Tin U, U., Lun Wai, U., Ba Tun, U., Mya Win, U. and Thein Dan, U. 1988. “'we Want Water, Not 

Gold.” World Health Forum WHFODN Vol.9, no.4, p 519-525. 1988. Descriptors: Burma; 

Sanitation; Technology transfer; Public health; Developing countries; Water supply; 

Community development; Economic aspects; Social participation; Financing; Social aspects; 

Planning; Education. Abstract: A study in the dry-zone township of Ayadaw, Burma has 

shown that the success of health development activities is largely attributable to collective 

leadership, viable community organization, balance between local and central priorities, the 

use of appropriate interventions and technology, community participation, and the 

maintenance of a proper community financing system. The Ayadaw township People 's 

Health Plan Committee was awarded the 1986 Sasakawa Health Prize at the Thirty-ninth 

World Health Assembly. Since the People 's Health Plan was introduced in 1978, the water 

supply and sanitation program has been one of the country 's major health service programs, 

as part of the national development plan under the International Water Supply and Sanitation 

Decade. The main challenge facing technical staff was that of encouraging people to improve 

their health by their own efforts. An educational campaign dealt with disease carried by water 

and human waste, the benefits of safe water and sanitation, and the activities required of 

villagers to combat adverse sanitary conditions. Volunteer health workers were assigned tasks 

intended to satisfy urgent needs of the community. The Ayadaw case study has thrown light 

on how community organization evolved in relation to primary health care. It has also 

indicated effective mechanisms of technology transfer and has shown the importance of 

timing and sequencing of steps taken for the implementation of health development plans. 

Further study should help towards planning the expansion of community participation in this 

work. (Doria-PTT). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Tin, Myint, Myo Thet, Htoon and Tin, Shwe. 1992. “Estimation of Leprosy Prevalence in Bago and 

Kawa Townships using Two-Stage Probability Proportionate to Size Sampling Technique.” 

Int. J. Epidemiol. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 21, Issue 4, Pages 778-783. 

Descriptors: Medical Geography -- 70.3.4; WATER -- 74.13; medical geography; developing 

country; leprosy; disease prevalence; control programme; disease estimation technique; 

leprosy prevalence; disability. Notes: Geographic: Burma -- Myanmar -- Bago Township 

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Burma -- Myanmar -- Kawa Township Burma. Abstract: Two surveys to estimate leprosy 

prevalence using two-stage probability proportionate to size sampling technique were 

conducted in Bago and Kawa townships. A total of 3519 and 3739 individuals were examined 

in each township. The two surveys were finished within 25 (Bago) and 30 (Kawa) working 

days at a cost of Kyats 10 000 (US$ 1500) for each survey. The estimated leprosy prevalence 

obtained in Bago was 9.95 per 1000 population (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.11-12.78) 

and in Kawa it was 12.04 per 1000 population (95% CI: 8.85-15.22). A total of 30 (Bago) and 

34 (Kawa) new leprosy cases were detected in the two surveys. Grade I disability was seen to 

be 20% in Bago and 18.78% in Kawa, whereas grade II disability was 17.14% in Bago and 

15.56% in Kawa. -Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 0300-5771. 

Tin, U. U., Thein Dan, U., Than Sein, U., Lun Wai, U., Ba Tun, U. and Mya Win, U. 1988. ““we 

Want Water, Not Gold'.” World Health Forum. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: 

Volume 9, Issue 4, Pages 519-525. Descriptors: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 

ABSTRACTS -- 74; dry zone township; health development activity; collective leadership; 

community organisation; community financing system. Notes: Geographic: Burma -- 

Ayadaw. Abstract: A study in the dry-zone township of Ayadaw, Burma, has shown that the 

success of health development activities is largely attributable to collective leadership, viable 

to community organization, balance between local and central priorities, the use of 

appropriate interventions and technology, community participation, and the maintenance of a 

proper community financing system. -from Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 0251-2432. 

Towards Ecological Recovery and Regional Alliance (Organization) and Nuin` nam to` Nrim` vap` 

Pi pra” mhu Taññ` chok` re” A phvai' (Burma). 1997. Hydroelectric and Trans-Basin Water 

Diversion Projects in the Salween River Basin Including Project Proposals of the Royal Thai 

Government and the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), Burma. Bangkok: 

The Alliance. page(s): 39. Descriptors: Hydroelectric power plants -- Thailand; Hydroelectric 

power plants -- Burma; Salween River Watershed; Microfiche (mfc); Master microform 

(mmc). Notes: maps ; 30 cm.; Note(s): Includes bibliographical references (p. 39)./ 

Reproduction: Microfiche./ New Delhi :/ Library of Congress Office ;/ Washington, D.C. :/ 

Library of Congress Photoduplication Service,/ 2000./ 1 microfiche.; Responsibility: 

compiled by Towards Ecological Recovery and Regional Alliance.; Entry: 19990816; Update: 

20080405. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 98-943692. OCLC Accession Number: 43885956. 

Travis, John. 2003. “Children of Sea See Clearly Underwater.” Sci. News. May 17. Volume 163, 

Issue 20, Pages 308-309. Descriptors: Bajau (Southeast Asian people); Sight -- Man. Notes: 

Date of Entry: 20030825. Abstract: In the May 13 Current Biology, Gislén and colleagues 

report that children of a sea gypsy tribe of Southeast Asia have enhanced underwater vision. 

The researchers compared the underwater vision of 6 children of the Moken tribe, which 

inhabits the archipelago along the west coasts of Burma and Thailand, with that of 28 

European children and found that the sea gypsy children had superior resolving power and 

better perception of contrasts. As sea gypsies have depended on the ocean for hundreds of 

years, Moken children may have inherited genetic variations that enable them to see more 

clearly under water, although regular diving may simply help the eye learn to adapt to the 

underwater environment. ISSN/ISBN: 0036-8423. 

TU, M., HLA-GYAW, S. and CHEN, H. 1970. “Bacteriological Findings in the Chlorinated Water 

Supplies of 1968 in Rangoon.” Union Burma J Life Sci. VOL 3, NO 1. Volume P 59-70, 

Pages ILLUS. Descriptors: ALCALIGENES-FAECALIS; BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES; 

BURMA; CHLORINATED WATER SUPPLY; CITROBACTER-FREUNDII; 

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CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS; COLIFORMS; ENTEROBACTER; ENTEROCOCCUS; 

ESCHERICHIA-COLI; KLEBSIELLA-AEROGENES; PROTEUS-FLUROESCENS; 

PROTEUS-VULGARIS; PSEUDOMONAS; RANGOON; SERRATIA-MARCESCENS; 

STREPTOCOCCUS-FECALIS. Abstract: CHLORINATED WATERS FROM 20 SITES IN 

RANGOON WERE SAMPLED AND EXAMINED BACTERIOLOGICALLY FOR 

COLIFORMS ENTEROCOCCIS AND CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS. BACTERIAL 

SPECIES OBTAINED FROM PRIMARY MACCONKEY BILE-SALT LACTOSE 

PEPTONE WATER AND SODIUM AZIDE CULTURES WERE IDENTIFIED. OF A 

TOTAL OF 26 SAMPLES TESTED, 22 WERE OF UNSATISFACTORY, AND 1 OF 

SUSPICIOUS, BACTERIAL SANITARY QUALITY. THE REMAINING 3 SAMPLES 

SHOULD BE CONSIDERED SATISFACTORY. THE CRITERIA USED WERE THE 

PRESUMPTIVE COLIFORM COUNT, THE PRESUMPTIVE ENTEROCOCCUS COUNT, 

AND/OR THE ISOLATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI. THE BACTERIAL SPECIES 

ISOLATED INCLUDED E. COLI, KLEBSIELLA AEROGENES, CITROBACTER 

FREUNDII, STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS, ALCALIGENES FAECALIS, AND 

ENTEROBACTER, PROTEUS AND PSEUDOMONAS SPP. THE VIABILITIES OF 

COLIFORM SPECIES AT 4 DEG C EXTENDED UP TO 112 DAYS IN 2 E. COLI AND 3 

K. AEROGENES STRAINS, AND UP TO 56 DAYS IN 2 ENTEROBACTER STRAINS 

AND 1 E. COLI STRAIN. IN THE NONCOLIFORM SPECIES TESTED 3 A. FAECALIS 

STRAINS PERSISTED TILL THE 112TH, AND 1 P. AERUGINOSA STRAIN, 2 P. 

FLUORESCENS STRAINS AND 1 SERRATIA MARCESCENS STRAIN TILL THE 56TH 

DAY. NONE OF 5 S. FAECALIS STRAINS TESTED PERSISTED TILL THE 56TH DAY. 

THE VIABILITIES OF COLIFORM SPECIES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE EXTENDED 

UP TO 112 DAYS IN 2 E. COLI AND 5 K. AEROGENES STRAINS, AND UP TO 56 

DAYS IN 3 E. COLI STRAINS, 3 K. AEROGENES STRAINS, AND 1 STRAIN EACH OF 

C. FREUNDII AND AN ENTEROBACTER SPECIES. IN THE NONCOLIFORM SPECIES 

TESTED, 1 BACILLUS STRAIN, 2 P. MIRABILIS STRAINS, 2 P. AERUGINOSA 

STRAINS AND 1 P. FLUORESCENS STRAIN PERSISTED TILL THE 112TH, AND 2 A. 

FAECALIS STRAINS, 1 BACILLUS STRAIN, 1 P. VULGARIS STRAIN, A 

PROVIDENCE B STRAIN AND 4 P. FLUORESCENS STRAINS TILL THE 56TH DAY. 

NONE OF 3 S. FAECALIS STRAINS TESTED PERSISTED TILL THE 56TH DAY.--

COPYRIGHT 1972, BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, INC. Database: Environmental Sciences 

and Pollution Mgmt. 

Tuckey, Michael Edward. 1988. GLOBAL BIOGEOGRAPHY, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND 

EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS OF ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BRYOZOA. 

Michigan State University; 0128. DAI. Volume: 49, 10B, page(s): 194-4206. Descriptors: 

PALEONTOLOGY; GEOLOGY. Abstract: The data for each of the chapters in this thesis 

was dervied from a global bryozoan data base assembled for this project. The data base 

contains information on nearly all species of Ordovician and Silurian Bryozoa which have 

been described in the literature. The information recorded for each reported occurrence of a 

species includes: geographic locality, geologic formation, lithology of the formation, and 

colony morphology. Ages of formations were estimated from recently published stratigraphic 

charts. Taxonomy and synonymies of bryozoan clades were assembled with the advice of Dr. 

Robert Anstey. The bibliography of sources for the data base is contained in Appendix A. 

Four independent problems were addressed in this thesis: (1) An investigation of the 

biogeography of Ordovician and Silurian Bryozoa revealed the existence of four major 

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Ordovician bryozoans provinces: Baltic, North American, Siberian and Mediterranean. The 

Llandeilo-Carodoc was a period of high provinciality as all four provinces were in existence. 

Provinciality was reduced in the Ashgill, as the North American and Siberian and the Baltic 

and Mediterranean Provinces merged. In the Llandovery and Wenlock, the temperate latitude 

Mongolian Province existed on the northern portion of the Siberian plate. Silurian 

provinciality was reduced with the merging of the North American-Siberian and Baltic 

Provinces in the Wenlock. (2) An investigation of Ordovician-Silurian radiations of the 

Bryozoa revealed that the major center of origin of bryozoan radiation in the Early 

Ordovician was the temperate latitude continent of Baltica. Within North America, bryozoan 

genera and families made their first appearances in shallow water and reef environments 

along the continental margin, while speciation rates were highest in offshore areas of the 

craton. (3) The statistical technique of gradient analysis was found to be useful for 

stratigraphic correlation, and faunas from Poland and Burma were dated by this method. (4) 

The Late Ordovician mass extinction was found to be a composite of three separate extinction 

events. The major extinction occurred at the end of the Rawtheyan, and was associated with a 

marine regression which affected primarily species from terrigenous lithotopes. Notes: 

Degree: PH.D. OCLC Accession Number: AAG8900113. 

Tun-Lin, W., Htay-Aung, Moe-Moe, Sebastian, A., Myo-Paing and Myat-Myat-Thu. 1987. “Some 

Environmental Factors Influencing the Breeding of Anopheles Balabacensis Complex (Dirus) 

in Domestic Wells in Burma.” J. Commun. Dis. ; J. Commun. Dis. Dec. Volume 19, Issue 4, 

Pages 291-9 Additional Info: INDIA. Descriptors: Breeding; Seasons; Social Environment; 

Water Supply; Animals; Anopheles -- physiology; Female; Larva -- physiology; Myanmar. 

Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19890428; Date Completed: 

19890428; Date of Update: 20061115. ISSN/ISBN: 0019-5138 (Print). 

Tun-Lin, W., Maung-Maung-Mya, Sein-Maung-Than and Tin-Maung-Maung Affiliation: Medical 

Entomology Research Division, Ministry of Health, Yangon,,Myanmar. 1995. “Rapid and 

Efficient Removal of Immature Aedes Aegypti in Metal Drums by Sweep Net and Modified 

Sweeping Method.” Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health; Southeast Asian J. Trop. 

Med. Public Health. Dec. Volume 26, Issue 4, Pages 754-9 Additional Info: THAILAND. 

Descriptors: Aedes; Insect Vectors; Water Supply; Analysis of Variance; Animals; CostBenefit Analysis; Dengue -- prevention & control; Humans; Larva; Mosquito Control -- 

instrumentation; Myanmar; Time Factors. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; 

Date of Entry: 19970502; Date Completed: 19970502; Date of Update: 20041117. Abstract: 

A modified sweeping method was developed using a cotton sweep net for control of Ae. 

aegypti immatures in 200 liter (44 gallon) metal drums which are major sources of breeding 

in Yangon. Laboratory experiments revealed that with only 4 sweeps (approximately 10 

minutes duration), the mean % removal (+/- SD) of Ae. aegypti fourth stage larvae was 88.5% 

+/- 1.47. This was followed by a field study undertaken in Sanchaung township, Yangon. 

Twenty-eight drums with moderate ( or = 500 immatures) Ae. aegypti density were tested in 

the field. It was found that with only 4 sweeps per drum, a total of 24,886 immatures were 

removed out of 29,155 immatures in these 28 drums, giving a mean % removal per drum of 

85.36% +/- 10.74 (range = 55.54-98.62%). This sweeping method is simple, cost-effective, 

and readily accepted by the community. It could be an appropriate technology for control of 

the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) vector Ae. aegypti. ISSN/ISBN: 0125-1562 (Print). 

U Khim Zaw, U Aung Pwa and U Thet Aung Zan. 1984. “Lead-Zinc Mineralization at Theingon 

Mine, Bawsaing, Southern Shan State, Burma; a Mississippi Valley-Type Deposit?” Buletin 

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Persatuan Geologi Malaysia = Bulletin Geological Society of Malaysia. Geological Society of 

Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (MYS): Malaysia (MYS). Dec. Volume 17, Pages 283-

306. Descriptors: Asia; Bawsaing; Burma; carbonate rocks; clastic rocks; claystone; copper 

ores; economic geology; epigene processes; Far East; hydrothermal alteration; hydrothermal 

processes; leaching; lead-zinc deposits; metal ores; metasomatism; meteoric water; mineral 

deposits, genesis; mineralization; mississippi valley-type deposits; Ordovician; ore-forming 

fluids; Paleozoic; sedimentary rocks; Shan State Burma; Theingon Mine; Wunbye Formation. 

Notes: CD: GSMBBK; FE: References: 36; illus. incl. 2 tables, sects., geol. sketch maps; LL: 

Latitude:N200000,N220000 Longitude:E0980000,E0960000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0126-6187. 

U Khin Zaw and Daw Khin Myo Thet. 1983. “A Note on a Fluid Inclusion Study of Tin-Tungsten 

Mineralization at Mawchi Mine, Kayah State, Burma.” Econ. Geol. Bull. Soc. Econ. Geol. 

Economic Geology Publishing Company, Lancaster, PA, United States (USA): United States 

(USA). May. Volume 78, Issue 3, Pages 530-534. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; economic 

geology; Far East; fluid inclusions; fluorides; fluorite; framework silicates; geologic 

thermometry; halides; homogenization; hydrothermal alteration; hydrothermal processes; 

inclusions; Kayah; Mawchi Mine; metal ores; metasomatism; mineral deposits, genesis; oreforming fluids; paleosalinity; quartz; scheelite; silica minerals; silicates; temperature; tin ores; 

tungstates; tungsten ores. Notes: CD: ECGLAL; FE: References: 13; illus. incl. 1 table, geol. 

sketch map; LL: Latitude:N184800,N185000 Longitude:E0971100,E0970900; CY: GeoRef, 

Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0361-0128. 

U, K. M., Khin, M., Wai, N. N., Hman, N. W., Myint, T. T. and Butler T Affiliation: Department of 

Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Yangon (Rangoon), Myanmar,,Burma. 1992. “Risk 

Factors for the Development of Persistent Diarrhoea and Malnutrition in Burmese Children.” 

Int. J. Epidemiol. ; Int. J. Epidemiol. Oct. Volume 21, Issue 5, Pages 1021-9 Additional Info: 

ENGLAND. Descriptors: Case-Control Studies; Child, Preschool; Diarrhea -- epidemiology; 

Diarrhea -- etiology; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Infant; Myanmar -- 

epidemiology; Nutrition Disorders -- epidemiology; Nutrition Disorders -- etiology; Risk 

Factors; Socioeconomic Factors. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of 

Entry: 19930128; Date Completed: 19930128; Date of Update: 20061115. Abstract: To 

identify socioeconomic and behavioural risk factors for development of persistent diarrhoea 

and malnutrition in children, a case-control study was carried out in Burma. Cases were 67 

children 1-59 months old hospitalized for diarrhoea lasting > 14 days and complicated by 

severe malnutrition; for each case, a healthy control child was selected who was age- and sexmatched from the same neighbourhood. Homes of cases and controls were visited for 

interviews and for direct observation of household child-care practices. Risk factors were 

catalogued and calculations made for relative risk and etiologic fractions. Risk factors that 

were associated with persistent diarrhoea and malnutrition included low family income, low 

education of mothers, unhygienic latrines, flies in the house and on the child, dirty appearance 

of child and mother, mother not using soap and water when washing child's hands, 

defaecation of child on floor, breastfeeding on demand, child eating food from floor, not 

feeding recommended weaning foods, and lack of knowledge by mother about causes of 

diarrhoea and about foods that prevent malnutrition. These results indicated that persistent 

diarrhoea and malnutrition in Burma is caused by a complex of several interrelated 

socioeconomic factors, unsanitary behaviour pertaining to personal hygiene, the practice of 

demand breastfeeding and lack of certain weaning foods, and low education of mothers who 

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showed less knowledge about causes of diarrhoea and prevention of malnutrition. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0300-5771 (Print); 1464-3685 (Electronic). 

U, U. T., Wai, U. L., Tun, U. B., Win, U. M., Dan, U. T. and Sein, U. T. 1988. ““we Want Water, 

Not Gold”.” World Health Forum; World Health Forum. Volume 9, Issue 4, Pages 519-25 

Additional Info: SWITZERLAND. Descriptors: Community Health Services; Rural Health; 

Water Supply; Health Promotion; Humans; Myanmar. Notes: Citation: Status: MEDLINE 

Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19890817; Date Completed: 19890817; Date of Update: 

20041117. ISSN/ISBN: 0251-2432 (Print). 

Uchida T Affiliation: Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 

Tokyo,,Japan. 1992. “Hepatitis E: Review.” Gastroenterol. Jpn. ; Gastroenterol. Jpn. Oct. 

Volume 27, Issue 5, Pages 687-96 Additional Info: JAPAN. Descriptors: Hepatitis E -- 

microbiology; Hepatitis E -- pathology; Animals; Humans. Notes: References: Number: 55; 

Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 19921223; Date Completed: 

19921223; Date of Update: 20061115. Abstract: Hepatitis E is endemic, often provoking 

epidemics in many developing countries. It resembles hepatitis A clinically and 

epidemiologically but show a higher mortality rate and less infectiousness. Several lines of 

evidence strongly support the assumption that humans become immunized once they contract 

hepatitis E. Because of the low infectiousness, most of the adult population of endemic areas 

are susceptible to hepatitis E until an epidemic occurs, although they are almost always 

infected with hepatitis A during infancy. Epidemics are caused by accidental contamination 

by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) in feces of water provided to these people. The liver change 

reveals necroinflammation related to the immune-mediated mechanism. The HEV is 

molecularly cloned and sequenced and has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome, 

7,194 nucleotides followed by a poly (A) tail. There are three open reading frames. The nonstructural gene, approximately 5 kb is located at the 5' end, while the structural gene, 

approximately 2 kb is located at the 3' end of the genome. There is a low level of nucleotide 

variations among HEV strains isolated from Myanmar and China and a single serotype 

appears to exist. The HEV may be a new RNA virus or belong to Caliciviridae family. 

Further investigation include in vitro propagation, elucidation of the gene replication, global 

seroepidemiology and vaccination of the HEV. ISSN/ISBN: 0435-1339 (Print). 

Ul-Haq, Islam. 2005. “Ground Water Arsenic Contamination Integrated Approach for Making 

Arsenic Free Drinking Water National Action Plan for Arsenic Mitigation (NAPAM, 2005-

09); Geological Society of America, 2005 Annual Meeting.” Abstracts with Programs - 

Geological Society of America. Geological Society of America (GSA), Boulder, CO, United 

States (USA): United States (USA). Oct. Volume 37, Issue 7, Pages 454-455. Descriptors: 

aquifers; arsenic; Asia; Bangladesh; Burma; cartography; China; drinking water; Far East; 

ground water; India; Indian Peninsula; metals; National Action Plan for Arsenic Mitigation; 

Nepal; Pakistan; pollutants; pollution; public health; Vietnam; water pollution; water quality; 

water treatment. Notes: CD: GAAPBC; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Reference includes data supplied by the Geological Society of America, Boulder, 

CO, United States. Abstract: Ground water arsenic contamination has exponentially 

endangered the human life and complicated the efforts for obtaining and maintaining drinking 

water quality standards. The deadly contaminant (arsenic) has created an alarming and 

catastrophic crises world over, especially in South Asia, e.g., Bangladesh, India, Nepal, 

Vietnam, China and Myanmar who are facing ground water arsenic contamination problems. 

Every affected country is combating the arsenic contamination menace within the framework 

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of their own socio-economic, legal and cultural perspectives which may not be cost-effective 

and efficient in time and space dimensions. The reason might be of devoid of integration 

approach amongst the key stakeholders. Hence, under the circumstances, there was a dire 

need of an integrated approach to combat the arsenic contamination which has virtually 

emerged as a crises situation thus necessitating formulation of national action plan for arsenic 

mitigation. Strategies and objectives within the Action Plan Framework are based on the 

earlier initiatives of addressing the serious issue of arsenic contamination resulting in the 

formulation of national action plan for arsenic mitigation which includes, establishing 

integrated institutional arrangement and developing capacity, coordination mechanism among 

all the implementing agencies at various levels of administration with government(s), NGOs, 

donor agencies and other departments, policy decisions and legislation to enforce for arsenic 

mitigation, monitoring and surveillance of water quality/aquifer mapping/treatment and data 

base thereof, establishing case diagnosis/treatment of affected arsenicosis under health 

department, developing effective and sustainable behavioral change program including 

community participation/social mobilization and developing cost-effective water treatment 

technologies and establishment of research related infrastructures. The major components of 

national action plan for arsenic mitigation are described diagrammatically in the subsequent 

paragraphs. This paper is based on the arsenic contamination status in Pakistan and inferences 

thus were drawn and shaped as national action plan for arsenic mitigation (NAPAM) which is 

going to be equally good for any affected country. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0016-

7592. 

Umbangtalad, S., Parkpian, P., Visvanathan, C., Delaune, R. D. and Jugsujinda A Affiliation: 

Environmental Engineering and Management Program, School of Environment Resources 

and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani,,Thailand. 2007. “Assessment 

of Hg Contamination and Exposure to Miners and Schoolchildren at a Small-Scale Gold 

Mining and Recovery Operation in Thailand.” J. Environ. Sci. Health. A. Tox. Hazard. Subst. 

Environ. Eng. Dec. Volume 42, Issue 14, Pages 2071-9 Additional Info: United States. 

Descriptors: Gold; Mining; Child; Creatine -- analysis; Creatine -- metabolism; Creatine -- 

urine; Environmental Exposure -- analysis; Female; Geography; Hair -- metabolism; Humans; 

Male; Mercury -- analysis; Mercury -- metabolism; Mercury -- urine; Students -- statistics & 

numerical data; Thailand. Notes: Chemical Subst: Creatine [57-00-1] Mercury [7439-97-6] 

Gold [7440-57-5]; Citation: Status: MEDLINE Owner: NLM; Date of Entry: 20071212; Date 

Completed: 20080226. Abstract: Gold extracted by Hg-amalgamation process, which can 

cause both health and environmental problems, is widespread in South East Asia including 

Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Small-scale gold mining operations have been 

carried out since the year 2000 in Phanom Pha District, Phichit Province, Thailand. Since no 

data is available for evaluating Hg exposure, an investigation of mercury (Hg) contamination 

and exposure assessment was carried out at this mine site. Environmental monitoring 

illustrated the total Hg in water was as high as 4 microg/l while Hg in sediment ranged 

between 102 to 325 microg/kg dry weight. Both Hg deposition from the air (1.28 microg/100 

cm(2)/day) and concentration in surface soil (20,960 microg/kg dry weight) were elevated in 

the area of amalgamation. The potential of Hg exposure to miners as well as to schoolchildren 

was assessed. The concentrations of Hg in urine of 79 miners who were directly (group I) or 

indirectly (group II) involved in the gold recovery operation were 32.02 and 20.04 microg/g 

creatinine, respectively, which did not exceed regulatory limits (35 microg/g creatinine). Hair 

Hg levels in both groups (group I and group II) also were not significantly higher than the 

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non-exposed group. In terms of risk factors, gender and nature of food preparation and 

consumption were the two significant variables influencing the concentration of Hg in urine 

of miners (P < 0.05). A hazard quotient (HQ) was estimated based on the inorganic Hg 

exposure of individual miners. The HQ values of group I were in a range 16 to 218 times 

higher than the safety level set as 1. By comparison the group II HQ index was very low 

(0.03-0.39). The miners in group I who worked and ate food from this area experienced 

potentially high exposure to Hg associated with the mining process. In a second Hg exposure 

assessment, a group of 59 schoolchildren who attended an elementary school near the gold 

mine site was evaluated for Hg exposure. A slightly higher Hg urine concentration was 

detected in group I and group II (involved and not involved in gold recovery) at average 

levels of 15.82 and 9.95 microg/g creatinine, respectively. The average Hg values for both 

groups were below the established levels indicating no risk from Hg intake. Average Hg hair 

level in all schoolchildren (0.93 microg/g) was not significantly higher than reference group. 

There were two variables (gender and personal hygiene) which affected the concentration of 

Hg in urine of schoolchildren (P < 0.05). The result (HQ) also suggested that schoolchildren 

were not at risk (< 1). Schoolchildren involved in gold mining activities showed some indirect 

exposure to Hg from the adults working in mining area. ISSN/ISBN: 1093-4529 (Print); 

1532-4117 (Electronic). 

Umbangtalad, S., Parkpian, P., Visvanathan, C., Delaune, R. D. and Jugsujinda, A. 2007. 

“Assessment of Hg Contamination and Exposure to Miners and Schoolchildren at a SmallScale Gold Mining and Recovery Operation in Thailand.” Journal of Environmental Science 

and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering. Taylor and 

Francis Inc., Philadelphia PA, PA 19106, United States: Volume 42, Issue 14, Pages 2071-

2079. Descriptors: Mercury (metal); Contamination; Environmental impact; Gold; Health 

hazards; Mining; Risk assessment. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 

Elsevier Inc. Abstract: Gold extracted by Hg-amalgamation process, which can cause both 

health and environmental problems, is widespread in South East Asia including Myanmar, 

Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Small-scale gold mining operations have been carried out 

since the year 2000 in Phanom Pha District, Phichit Province, Thailand. Since no data is 

available for evaluating Hg exposure, an investigation of mercury (Hg) contamination and 

exposure assessment was carried out at this mine site. Environmental monitoring illustrated 

the total Hg in water was as high as 4 μg/l while Hg in sediment ranged between 102 to 

325 μg/kg dry weight. Both Hg deposition from the air (1.28 μg/100 cm2/day) and 

concentration in surface soil (20,960 μg/kg dry weight) were elevated in the area of 

amalgamation. The potential of Hg exposure to miners as well as to schoolchildren was 

assessed. The concentrations of Hg in urine of 79 miners who were directly (group I) or 

indirectly (group II) involved in the gold recovery operation were 32.02 and 20.04 μg/g 

creatinine, respectively, which did not exceed regulatory limits (35 μg/g creatinine). Hair 

Hg levels in both groups (group I and group II) also were not significantly higher than the 

non-exposed group. In terms of risk factors, gender and nature of food preparation and 

consumption were the two significant variables influencing the concentration of Hg in urine 

of miners (P less than or equal 0.05). A hazard quotient (HQ) was estimated based on the 

inorganic Hg exposure of individual miners. The HQ values of group I were in a range 16 to 

218 times higher than the safety level set as 1. By comparison the group II HQ index was very 

low (0.03-0.39). The miners in group I who worked and ate food from this area experienced 

potentially high exposure to Hg associated with the mining process. In a second Hg exposure 

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assessment, a group of 59 schoolchildren who attended an elementary school near the gold 

mine site was evaluated for Hg exposure. A slightly higher Hg urine concentration was 

detected in group I and group II (involved and not involved in gold recovery) at average 

levels of 15.82 and 9.95 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The average Hg values for both 

groups were below the established levels indicating no risk from Hg intake. Average Hg hair 

level in all schoolchildren (0.93 μg/g) was not significantly higher than reference group. 

There were two variables (gender and personal hygiene) which affected the concentration of 

Hg in urine of schoolchildren (P less than or equal 0.05). The result (HQ) also suggested that 

schoolchildren were not at risk ( less than or equal 1). Schoolchildren involved in gold mining 

activities showed some indirect exposure to Hg from the adults working in mining area. 

Copyright © Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. ISSN/ISBN: 1093-4529. 

UN University. 1993. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. Vol. 14, no. 4, December 1992. Tokyo: United 

Nations University Press. Descriptors: BREAST-FEEDING; TURKEY; CHILD 

NUTRITION; INFANT MORTALITY; NATIVE AMERICANS; PERU; NUTRITION; 

DIET; FOOD CONSUMPTION; SEASONAL VARIATIONS; HOUSEHOLDS; CHAD; 

FOOD DISTRIBUTION; CHILD FEEDING; FOOD AID; GUATEMALA; NUTRITION 

PROGRAMMES; FOOD SHORTAGE; NIGER; MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH; 

HEALTH SERVICES; NUTRITIONAL DISEASES; MONGOLIA; WOMEN WORKERS; 

FOOD SECURITY; GHANA; MYANMAR; MALAYSIA; SORGHUM; NIGERIA; IRON; 

WATER SUPPLY; SOILS; RURAL POPULATION; URBAN POPULATION; EARLY 

WARNING SYSTEMS; JOINT WHO/UNICEF NUTRITION SUPPORT PROGRAMME. 

Notes: p. 289-371 : charts, graphs, tables.; Note(s): Includes bibliographical references./ 

Reports and studies./ General (not for deposit).; Entry: 19940831; Update: 20070223. 

ISSN/ISBN: 9280808079; 9789280808070. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your 

library. OCLC Accession Number: 81951160. 

UN University. 1993. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. Vol. 14, no. 4, December 1992. Tokyo: United 

Nations University Press. Descriptors: BREAST-FEEDING; TURKEY; CHILD 

NUTRITION; INFANT MORTALITY; AMERINDIANS; PERU; NUTRITION; DIET; 

FOOD CONSUMPTION; SEASONAL VARIATIONS; HOUSEHOLDS; CHAD; FOOD 

DISTRIBUTION; CHILD FEEDING; FOOD AID; GUATEMALA; NUTRITION 

PROGRAMMES; FOOD SHORTAGE; NIGER; MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH; 

HEALTH SERVICES; NUTRITIONAL DISEASES; MONGOLIA; WOMEN WORKERS; 

FOOD SECURITY; GHANA; MYANMAR; MALAYSIA; SORGHUM; NIGERIA; IRON; 

WATER SUPPLY; SOILS; RURAL POPULATION; URBAN POPULATION; EARLY 

WARNING SYSTEMS; Joint WHO/UNICEF Nutrition Support Programme; Government 

publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). Notes: p. 289-371 : charts, 

graphs, tables.; Note(s): Includes bibliographical references./ Material type: Reports/studies.; 

General Info: Distribution: General (not for deposit).; Entry: 19940831; Update: 20070423. 

ISSN/ISBN: 9280808079; 9789280808070; 0379-5721. OCLC Accession Number: 

123412897. 

UN University. 1982. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, v. 4, no. 4, Oct. 1982. Tokyo: United Nations 

University. page(s): 81. Descriptors: CRETINISM; STATISTICAL DATA; HEALTH 

STATISTICS; CHINA; MALNUTRITION; MEXICO; BREAST-FEEDING; MYANMAR; 

CHILD DEVELOPMENT; NUTRITION; MATERNAL WELFARE; FAMILY; CHILD 

NUTRITION; NUTRITION STATISTICS; FOOD; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; TRADE 

STATISTICS; PROTEIN RESEARCH; FISH; CONFERENCES; INFANT FEEDING; 

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DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; VITAMINS; WATER HYACINTH. Notes: charts, diagram, 

ill., maps, tables.; Note(s): Includes bibliographical references./ Miscellaneous documents.; 

Entry: 19861120; Update: 20070222. ISSN/ISBN: 9280804618; 9789280804614. 

Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession Number: 78567245. 

UN University. 1982. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, v. 4, no. 4, Oct. 1982. Tokyo: United Nations 

University. page(s): 81. Descriptors: CRETINISM; STATISTICAL DATA; HEALTH 

STATISTICS; CHINA; MALNUTRITION; MEXICO; BREAST-FEEDING; MYANMAR; 

CHILD DEVELOPMENT; NUTRITION; MATERNAL WELFARE; FAMILY; CHILD 

NUTRITION; NUTRITION STATISTICS; FOOD; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; TRADE 

STATISTICS; PROTEIN RESEARCH; FISH; CONFERENCES; INFANT FEEDING; 

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; VITAMINS; WATER HYACINTH; Government publication 

(gpb); International government publication (igp). Notes: charts, diagram, ill., maps, tables.; 

Note(s): Includes bibliographical references./ Material type: Misc.; General Info: Distribution: 

General.; Entry: 19861120; Update: 20070422. ISSN/ISBN: 9280804618; 9789280804614; 

0379-5721. OCLC Accession Number: 123397688. 

UN. Department of Technical Cooperation for Development. 1986. Ground Water in Continental 

Asia (Central, Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern Asia). New York: UN. page(s): 391. 

Descriptors: GROUNDWATER; WATER RESOURCES; MAPS; ASIA; EAST ASIA; 

SOUTH ASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; AFGHANISTAN; BANGLADESH; BHUTAN; 

MYANMAR; CHINA; CAMBODIA; INDIA; LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC 

REPUBLIC; MALAYSIA; MALDIVES; MONGOLIA; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; REPUBLIC 

OF KOREA; SINGAPORE; SRI LANKA; THAILAND; SIBERIA; USSR; VIET NAM; 

HYDROGEOLOGY; HYDROLOGY; Government publication (gpb); International 

government publication (igp). Notes: viii; maps, tables.; Note(s): At head of title: Department 

of Technical Co-operation for Development./ “Annex: Ground-water projects in continental 

Asia sponsored by the United Nations Development Programme”: p. 390-391./ Includes 

bibliographical references./ Includes UN map no. 3323: Asia (Mar. 1985); UN map no. 

3323.1x: [Asia] : surface configuration ; UN map no. 3323.2x: [Asia] : geologic structure ; 

UN map no. 3323.3x: [Asia] : rainfall ; UN map no. 3323.4x: [Asia] : population ; UN map 

no. 3319: Afghanistan (Feb. 1985); UN map no. 3323.5: Afghanistan : hydrogeology (June 

1985); UN map no. 3323.6x: Bangladesh : mean annual rainfall and major rivers ; UN map 

no. 3323.7x: Bangladesh : depth to main aquifer ; UN map no. 3323.8x: Bangladesh : 

potentiometric surface, June 1979 ; UN map no. 3323.9x: Bangladesh : depth to water, June 

1979 ; UN map no. 3323.10x: Bangladesh : transmissivity of wells, tapping main aquifer ; 

UN map no. 3323.11x: Bangladesh : total dissolved solids, dry season, 1978 ; UN map no. 

3323.12: Bhutan : geological sketch (Apr. 1985); UN map no. 3323.14x: Burma : rainfall 

distribution ; UN map no. 3323.13: Burma : geological sketch (Apr. 1985); UN map no. 

3323.15x: Burma : hydrogeological map of the dry zone ; UN map no. 3323.29x: China : 

hydrogeology ; UN map no. 3323.16: Democratic Kampuchea : geological-lithological sketch 

(May 1985); UN map no. 3323.17: India : main ground-water units (May 1985); UN map no. 

3323.18x: India : average annual rainfall ; UN map no. 3323.21x: Lao People's Democratic 

Republic : summary geology ; UN map no. 3323.22x: Lao People's Democratic Republic : 

hydrographic basins ; UN map no. 3323.23x: Malaysia : simplified hydrogeological map ; UN 

map no. 3323.24x: Malaysia : areas of hydrological investigations in Sarawak ; UN map no. 

1692 rev. 1: Maldives (Apr. 1982); UN map no. 3215: Mongolia (Jan. 1983); UN map no. 

3323.25x: Nepal : geological map ; UN map no. 3112: Pakistan : administrative divisions 

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(Aug. 1980); UN map no. 3323.26x: Pakistan : physiography ; UN map no. 3323.27x: 

Pakistan : aquifers of Punjab, Sind and north-west frontier provinces ; UN map no. 3323.28x: 

Pakistan : aquifers of Baluchistan ; UN map no. 3323.21x: Korean peninsula : geology ; UN 

map no. 3323.20x: Republic of Korea : ground-water resources ; UN map no. 3323.30x: 

[Singapore : geology] ; UN map no. 3323.31x: [Singapore : sketch map and section of the 

Quarternary basin in the eastern part of Singapore] ; UN map no. 3323.32x: Sri Lanka : wet 

and dry zones ; UN map no. 3323.33x: Sri Lanka : geology ; UN map no. 3323.34x: Sri 

Lanka : system “A” project area ; UN map no. 3323.35x: Thailand : physiographic provinces ; 

UN map no. 3323.36x: Thailand : main aquifers ; UN map no. 3323.37: Outline of the 

hydrological zones of the Asian part of the USSR (May 1985); UN map no. 3323.38x: Viet 

Nam : hydrological regions ./ UN sales no.: 86.II.A.2./ Contains: Maps (in UN documents)./ 

Material type: Sales publications (UN).; General Info: Distribution: General.; Entry: 

19861020; Update: 20070426. ISSN/ISBN: 9211041759; 9789211041750; Stock no: 

86.II.A.2. OCLC Accession Number: 123533779. 

UN. Economic and Social Council (1995 : New York and Geneva). 1996. Report of the Economic 

and Social Council for the Year 1995. New York: UN. page(s): 184. Descriptors: 

TRANSPORT; COMMUNICATIONS; ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; EXTERNAL 

DEBT; AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT; 

RESOURCES MOBILIZATION; ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING 

COUNTRIES; AFRICA; HUMAN RIGHTS; CAMBODIA; CUBA; LEBANON; IRAN 

(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF); HAITI; MYANMAR; AFGHANISTAN; SUDAN; BOSNIA 

AND HERZEGOVINA; RWANDA; BURUNDI; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE 

CONGO; EQUATORIAL GUINEA; OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES; ORGANIZATIONAL 

CHANGE; DROUGHT; DESERTIFICATION; SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 

NARCOTIC DRUGS; DRUG CONTROL; DISASTER RELIEF; DISASTER 

PREVENTION; HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE; HEALTH HAZARDS; 

DECOLONIZATION; PROGRAMMES OF ACTION; WOMEN'S RIGHTS; WOMEN'S 

ADVANCEMENT; YOUTH; AGEING PERSONS; DISABLED PERSONS; INDIGENOUS 

PEOPLES; REFUGEES; HUMAN SETTLEMENTS; SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT; CRIME 

PREVENTION; CRIMINAL JUSTICE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; 

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; WATER SUPPLY; SANITATION; NATURAL 

RESOURCES; POPULATION; INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION; CONFERENCES; 

INTERNATIONAL TRADE; REGIONAL COOPERATION; ENVIRONMENTAL 

PROTECTION; HAZARDOUS WASTES; TERRITORIES OCCUPIED BY ISRAEL; 

PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY; AIDS PREVENTION; COORDINATION WITHIN UN 

SYSTEM; INTER-AGENCY COOPERATION; STATISTICS; INFORMATION 

SYSTEMS; NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS; ELECTION OF MEMBERS; 

WORK ORGANIZATION; AGENDA; SUBSIDIARY BODIES; WORK PROGRAMME; 

INTERNATIONAL YEARS; INTERNATIONAL DECADES; UN. ECONOMIC AND 

SOCIAL COUNCIL -- ACTIVITIES (1995); UN. Economic and Social Council (1995, 

substantive sess. : Geneva); UN. Economic and Social Council (1995, high-level segment : 

Geneva); UN. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL -- WORK PROGRAMME (1996-

1997); UN. Commission on Human Rights; UN. Centre for Human Rights; UN High 

Commissioner for Refugees; World Food Programme. Committee on Food Aid Policies and 

Programmes; UN University; UN Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (4th 

sess. : 1995 : Vienna); UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of 

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Offenders (9th : 1995 : Cairo); International Conference on Population and Development 

(1994 : Cairo); UN Conference on International Migration and Development (Proposed); 

World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related 

Intolerance (2001 : Durban, South Africa); Meeting of Experts on the United Nations 

Programme in Public Administration and Finance (12th : 1995 : New York); Government 

publication (gpb); International government publication (igp); Internet resource (url). Notes: 

viii; tables.; Title Subject: International Year of Older Persons (1999) UN New Agenda for 

the Development of Africa in the 1990s (1991) Decade for Action to Combat Racism and 

Racial Discrimination (3rd : 1993-2002) World Youth Programme of Action to the Year 2000 

and Beyond (1995) International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1990-2000) 

Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1960) 

International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990); Note(s): UN Job 

no.: N9617196 E./ Material type: Annual/sessional reports (UN)./ Issued under agenda item 

12, agenda document A/50/251.; General Info: Distribution: General.; Date of Entry: 

19961002; Update: 20070220. ISSN/ISBN: 0082-8203. OCLC Accession Number: 

84598802. URL: http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3/Rev.1(SUPP)&Lang=A; Materials specified: 

Full text: Arabic File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3/Rev.1(SUPP)&Lang=A Note: Click here; 

Materials specified: Full text: Chinese File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3/Rev.1(SUPP)&Lang=C Note: Click here; 

Materials specified: Full text: English File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3/Rev.1(SUPP)&Lang=E Note: Click here; 

Materials specified: Full text: French File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3/Rev.1(SUPP)&Lang=F Note: Click here; 

Materials specified: Full text: Russian File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3/Rev.1(SUPP)&Lang=R Note: Click here; 

Materials specified: Full text: Spanish File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3/Rev.1(SUPP)&Lang=S Note: Click here. 

UN. Economic and Social Council (1995 : New York and Geneva). 1995. Report of the Economic 

and Social Council. New York: UN. Descriptors: TRANSPORT; COMMUNICATIONS; 

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; EXTERNAL DEBT; AGRICULTURAL 

DEVELOPMENT; WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT; RESOURCES MOBILIZATION; 

ECONOMIC COOPERATION AMONG DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; AFRICA; HUMAN 

RIGHTS; CAMBODIA; CUBA; LEBANON; IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF); IRAQ; 

HAITI; MYANMAR; AFGHANISTAN; SUDAN; BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA; 

RWANDA; BURUNDI; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO; EQUATORIAL 

GUINEA; OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES; ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE; DROUGHT; 

DESERTIFICATION; SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; NARCOTIC DRUGS; DRUG 

CONTROL; DISASTER RELIEF; DISASTER PREVENTION; HUMANITARIAN 

ASSISTANCE; TOBACCO; HEALTH HAZARDS; DIARRHOEAL DISEASES; 

DECOLONIZATION; PROGRAMMES OF ACTION; WOMEN'S RIGHTS; WOMEN'S 

ADVANCEMENT; YOUTH; AGEING PERSONS; DISABLED PERSONS; INDIGENOUS 

PEOPLES; REFUGEES; HUMAN SETTLEMENTS; SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT; CRIME 

PREVENTION; CRIMINAL JUSTICE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; 

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; WATER SUPPLY; SANITATION; NATURAL 

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RESOURCES; POPULATION; INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION; CONFERENCES; 

INTERNATIONAL TRADE; REGIONAL COOPERATION; ENVIRONMENTAL 

PROTECTION; HAZARDOUS WASTES; TERRITORIES OCCUPIED BY ISRAEL; 

PERMANENT SOVEREIGNTY; AIDS PREVENTION; COORDINATION WITHIN UN 

SYSTEM; INTER-AGENCY COOPERATION; STATISTICS; INFORMATION 

SYSTEMS; NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS; ELECTION OF MEMBERS; 

WORK ORGANIZATION; AGENDA; SUBSIDIARY BODIES; WORK PROGRAMME; 

INTERNATIONAL YEARS; INTERNATIONAL DECADES; UN. ECONOMIC AND 

SOCIAL COUNCIL -- ACTIVITIES (1995); UN. Economic and Social Council (1995, 

substantive sess. : Geneva); UN. Economic and Social Council (1995, high-level segment : 

Geneva); UN. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL -- WORK PROGRAMME (1996-

1997); UN. Commission on Human Rights; UN. Centre for Human Rights; UN High 

Commissioner for Refugees; World Food Programme. Committee on Food Aid Policies and 

Programmes; UN Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders (9th : 

1995 : Cairo); International Conference on Population and Development (1994 : Cairo); UN 

Conference on International Migration and Development (Proposed); World Conference 

against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (2001 : Durban, 

South Africa); Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp); 

Internet resource (url). Notes: 140 p.; Title Subject: International Year of Older Persons 

(1999) UN New Agenda for the Development of Africa in the 1990s (1991) Decade for 

Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination (3rd : 1993-2002) World Youth 

Programme of Action to the Year 2000 and Beyond (1995) International Decade for Natural 

Disaster Reduction (1990-2000); Note(s): UN Job no.: N9527823 E./ Material type: 

Annual/sessional reports (UN)./ Issued under agenda item 12, agenda document A/50/251./ 

Issued under agenda item 20a, agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 103, 

agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 90, agenda document A/50/251./ 

Issued under agenda item 112, agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 107, 

agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 105, agenda document A/50/251./ 

Issued under agenda item 106, agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 108, 

agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 109, agenda document A/50/251./ 

Issued under agenda item 95, agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 95a, 

agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 95d, agenda document A/50/251./ 

Issued under agenda item 102, agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 101, 

agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 95b, agenda document A/50/251./ 

Issued under agenda item 96, agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 96b, 

agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 95f, agenda document A/50/251./ 

Issued under agenda item 12[1], agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 96f, 

agenda document A/50/251./ Issued under agenda item 12[8], agenda document A/50/251.; 

General Info: Distribution: General.; Date of Entry: 19951205; Update: 20070212. OCLC 

Accession Number: 82964156. URL: http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3&Lang=A; Materials specified: Full text: Arabic 

File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3&Lang=A Note: Click here; Materials specified: 

Full text: Chinese File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3&Lang=C Note: Click here; Materials specified: 

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ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3&Lang=E Note: Click here; Materials specified: 

Full text: French File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3&Lang=F Note: Click here; Materials specified: 

Full text: Russian File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3&Lang=R Note: Click here; Materials specified: 

Full text: Spanish File transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/50/3&Lang=S Note: Click here. 

UN. ESCAP. 1998. Towards Efficient Water use in Urban Areas in Asia and the Pacific. New 

York: UN. page(s): 146. Descriptors: WATER CONSUMPTION; WATER 

MANAGEMENT; URBAN AREAS; WATER REUSE; WATER STATISTICS; ASIA AND 

THE PACIFIC; WATER CONSERVATION; WATER POLLUTION; SINGAPORE; 

WATER SUPPLY; PHNOM PENH (CAMBODIA); CAMBODIA; CHINA; HONG KONG; 

MANILA (PHILIPPINES); PHILIPPINES; SRI LANKA; SEWAGE DISPOSAL; IRAN 

(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF); MALDIVES; THAILAND; MYANMAR; Regional Seminar on 

Efficient Water Use in Urban Areas in Asia and the Pacific (1997 : Singapore); Conference 

publication (cnp); Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). 

Notes: vi; graphs, tables.; Note(s): UN sales no.: 98.II.F.60./ Material type: Sales publications 

(UN)./ Material type: Conferences, etc. (proceedings/final reports).; General Info: 

Distribution: General.; Entry: 19981203; Update: 20070223. ISSN/ISBN: 9211198461; 

9789211198461; Stock no: 98.II.F.60. OCLC Accession Number: 82701263. 

UN. ESCAP. 1996. Water Pricing Policies and Structures and Investment Promotion in the Water 

Sector in Asia and the Pacific. New York: UN. page(s): 209. Descriptors: WATER PRICES; 

BANGLADESH; CAMBODIA; CHINA; INDIA; INDONESIA; MALAYSIA; MYANMAR; 

NEPAL; PAKISTAN; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; PHILIPPINES; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; 

SINGAPORE; SRI LANKA; THAILAND; VIET NAM; WATER SUPPLY; INVESTMENT 

PROMOTION; LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC; RUSSIAN FEDERATION; 

UZBEKISTAN; ASIA AND THE PACIFIC; Government publication (gpb); International 

government publication (igp). Notes: ix; tables.; Note(s): UN sales no.: 97.II.F.11./ Material 

type: Sales publications (UN).; General Info: Distribution: General.; Entry: 19970523; 

Update: 20070223. ISSN/ISBN: 9211197406; 9789211197402; Stock no: 97.II.F.11 Series 

0082-8130 ;. OCLC Accession Number: 82644272. 

UN. ESCAP. 1993. Water Resources Journal. June 1993. Bangkok: UN. page(s): 85. Descriptors: 

IRRIGATION; INDIA; WATER MANAGEMENT; MONGOLIA; HYDROELECTRIC 

POWER; PAKISTAN; HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; DROUGHT; CYCLONES; 

FLOODS; ASIA AND THE PACIFIC; CHINA; HONG KONG; JAPAN; REPUBLIC OF 

KOREA; MYANMAR; PHILIPPINES; THAILAND; VIET NAM; WATER PRICES; 

RUNOFF; MATHEMATICAL MODELS. Notes: charts, graphs, maps, tables.; Note(s): 

Reports and studies.; Entry: 19950124; Update: 20070120. OCLC Accession Number: 

79030775. 

UN. ESCAP. 1991. The use of Microcomputers in Selected Fields of Water Resources 

Development. New York: UN. page(s): 347. Descriptors: WATER RESOURCES 

DEVELOPMENT; BANGLADESH; CHINA; INDIA; VIET NAM; MYANMAR; NEPAL; 

PHILIPPINES; SRI LANKA; THAILAND; URBAN WATER SUPPLY; SEWERAGE; 

WATER SUPPLY; IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF); WATER MANAGEMENT; 

WATER POLICY; COMPUTER APPLICATIONS; MICROCOMPUTERS; 

MATHEMATICAL MODELS; DATA PROCESSING; CONFERENCES; Seminar on the 

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Use of Microcomputers in Water Resources Development (1989 : Bangkok); Government 

publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). Notes: xii; ill., charts, graphs, 

tables.; Note(s): Material type: Misc.; General Info: Distribution: General.; Entry: 19920110; 

Update: 20070120. OCLC Accession Number: 79192857. 

UN. ESCAP. Committee on Natural Resources (7th sess.). 1981. Proceedings of the Seventh 

Session of the Committee on Natural Resources. New York: UN. Descriptors: AUSTRALIA; 

BANGLADESH; MYANMAR; CHINA; INDONESIA; JAPAN; NEPAL; NEW ZEALAND; 

PHILIPPINES; SAMOA; SRI LANKA; USSR; WATER RESOURCES; WATER 

RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT; ASIA AND THE PACIFIC; INDUSTRY; RIVER BASIN 

DEVELOPMENT; RURAL WATER SUPPLY; WATER CONSUMPTION; WORK 

PROGRAMME; TERMS OF REFERENCE; RECOMMENDATIONS; UN. ESCAP. 

COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES -- WORK PROGRAMME (1980-1981); UN. 

ESCAP. COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES -- WORK PROGRAMME (1982-

1983); UN. ESCAP. COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES -- TERMS OF 

REFERENCE; UN. ESCAP. COMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES (7TH SESS. : 

1980 : BANGKOK) -- RECOMMENDATIONS; Government publication (gpb); 

International government publication (igp). Notes: viii, 146 : figures, tables.; Note(s): UN 

sales no.: 81.II.F.10./ Material type: Annual/sessional reports (UN)./ Material type: Sales 

publications (UN).; General Info: Distribution: General.; Other Titles: CNR [ESCAP]. (7th 

sess.). Proceedings.; Entry: 19830223; Update: 20070215. ISSN/ISBN: Stock no: 81.II.F.10. 

OCLC Accession Number: 83881107. 

UN. ESCAP. Secretariat. 1995-09-21. Water Transport : Shipping, Ports and Inland Waterways : 

Note. Bangkok: UN. page(s): 30. Descriptors: INLAND WATER TRANSPORT; PORTS; 

BANGLADESH; CAMBODIA; CHINA; INDIA; INDONESIA; LAO PEOPLE'S 

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC; MYANMAR; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; THAILAND; VIET 

NAM; MARITIME TRANSPORT; MERCHANT MARINE; SHIPPING POLICY; 

MARITIME SAFETY; MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT; SHIPPING STATISTICS; 

STATISTICAL DATA; ASIA AND THE PACIFIC; CARGO SHIPS; CONTAINER SHIPS. 

Notes: i; graphs, tables.; Note(s): Issued under agenda item 4, agenda document 

E/ESCAP/CTC/(2)/L.1./ Miscellaneous documents./ For participants only.; Responsibility: by 

the Secretariat.; Entry: 19960222; Update: 20070204. Availability: Connect to the catalog at 

your library. OCLC Accession Number: 81697987. 

UN. ESCAP. Secretariat. 1995. Water Transport : Shipping, Ports and Inland Waterways : Note. 

Bangkok: UN. page(s): 30. Descriptors: INLAND WATER TRANSPORT; PORTS; 

BANGLADESH; CAMBODIA; CHINA; INDIA; INDONESIA; LAO PEOPLE'S 

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC; MYANMAR; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; THAILAND; VIET 

NAM; MARITIME TRANSPORT; MERCHANT MARINE; SHIPPING POLICY; 

MARITIME SAFETY; MULTIMODAL TRANSPORT; SHIPPING STATISTICS; 

STATISTICAL DATA; ASIA AND THE PACIFIC; CARGO SHIPS; CONTAINER SHIPS; 

Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). Notes: i; graphs, 

tables.; Note(s): UN Job no.: B95091572 E./ Material type: Misc./ Issued under agenda item 

4, agenda document E/ESCAP/CTC/(2)/L.1.; General Info: Distribution: Participants only.; 

Responsibility: by the Secretariat.; Entry: 19960222; Update: 20070423. OCLC Accession 

Number: 123415586. 

UN. ESCAP. Secretariat. 1982-10-13. Review of Developments in Inland Waterways : Note. 

Bangkok: UN. page(s): 15. Descriptors: INLAND WATER TRANSPORT; BANGLADESH; 

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MYANMAR; CHINA; INDIA; INDONESIA; LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC 

REPUBLIC; PAKISTAN; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; PHILIPPINES; SRI LANKA; 

THAILAND; TRANSPORT STATISTICS; STATISTICAL DATA; ASIA AND THE 

PACIFIC. Notes: graphs, tables.; Note(s): Issued under agenda item 4, agenda document 

E/ESCAP/STC/6/L.1./ Issued under agenda item 4a, agenda document E/ESCAP/STC/6/L.1./ 

Miscellaneous documents.; Responsibility: by the Secretariat.; Entry: 19860806; Update: 

20080122. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession Number: 

78932963. 

UN. ESCAP. Secretariat. 1982. Review of Developments in Inland Waterways : Note. Bangkok: 

UN. page(s): 15. Descriptors: INLAND WATER TRANSPORT; BANGLADESH; 

MYANMAR; CHINA; INDIA; INDONESIA; LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC 

REPUBLIC; PAKISTAN; PAPUA NEW GUINEA; PHILIPPINES; SRI LANKA; 

THAILAND; TRANSPORT STATISTICS; STATISTICAL DATA; ASIA AND THE 

PACIFIC; Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). Notes: 

graphs, tables.; Note(s): Material type: Misc./ Issued under agenda item 4, agenda document 

E/ESCAP/STC/6/L.1./ Issued under agenda item 4a, agenda document E/ESCAP/STC/6/L.1.; 

General Info: Distribution: General.; Responsibility: by the Secretariat.; Entry: 19860806; 

Update: 20070422. OCLC Accession Number: 123397448. 

UN. ESCAP and UNDP. 1991. Conversion of Dumb Barges to Push-Towing Barges. New York: 

UN. page(s): 372. Descriptors: INLAND WATER TRANSPORT; ASIA AND THE 

PACIFIC; BANGLADESH; CHINA; INDIA; MYANMAR; THAILAND; VIET NAM; 

BARGES; CARGO HANDLING. Notes: xvi; ill., graphs, maps, tables.; Note(s): At head of 

title: United Nations Development Programme./ Miscellaneous documents.; Entry: 19930701; 

Update: 20070219. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession 

Number: 84510934. 

UN. ESCAP and UNDP. 1991. Conversion of Dumb Barges to Push-Towing Barges. New York: 

UN. page(s): 372. Descriptors: INLAND WATER TRANSPORT; ASIA AND THE 

PACIFIC; BANGLADESH; CHINA; INDIA; MYANMAR; THAILAND; VIET NAM; 

BARGES; CARGO HANDLING; Government publication (gpb); International government 

publication (igp). Notes: xvi; ill., graphs, maps, tables.; Note(s): At head of title: United 

Nations Development Programme./ Material type: Misc.; General Info: Distribution: 

General.; Entry: 19930701; Update: 20080122. OCLC Accession Number: 123435152. 

UN. Secretary-General. 2005. Programme Budget Implications of Resolutions and Decisions 

Recommended for Adoption by the Economic and Social Council Contained in the Report of 

the Commission on Human Rights at its 61st Session : Statement. New York: UN. page(s): 

27. Descriptors: PROGRAMME BUDGETING; FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS; HUMAN 

RIGHTS; MYANMAR; DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA; BELARUS; 

SUDAN; SOMALIA; ADVISORY SERVICES; NEPAL; DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF 

THE CONGO; MERCENARIES; RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT; ECONOMIC REFORM; 

DEBT; RIGHT TO HEALTH; DISAPPEARANCE OF PERSONS; JUDICIAL 

INDEPENDENCE; FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION; TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL 

TREATMENT; GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE; MIGRANTS; INDIGENOUS PEOPLES; 

SOLIDARITY; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS; MINORITIES; COUNTERTERRORISM; CORRUPT PRACTICES; RIGHT TO DRINKING WATER; TERRORISM; 

EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION; NATURAL RESOURCES; UN. Commission on 

Human Rights (61st sess. : 2005 : Geneva) -- Resolutions and decisions; UN -- Budget (2004-

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2005); UN -- Budget (2006-2007); UN. Commission on Human Rights (62nd sess. : 2006 : 

Geneva) -- Work organization; UN. Commission on Human Rights. Working Group to 

Elaborate a Draft Declaration in accordance with Paragraph 5 of General Assembly 

Resolution 49/214; UN -- Organizational reform; World Conference against Racism, Racial 

Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (2001 : Durban, South Africa); 

Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp); Internet resource 

(url). Notes: tables.; Title Subject: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the 

Crime of Genocide (1948) Declaration of the World Conference against Racism, Racial 

Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (2001) Programme of Action of the 

World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related 

Intolerance (2001) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966); 

Note(s): UN Job no.: N0543317 E./ Material type: Misc./ Issued under agenda item 14g, 

agenda document E/2005/100./ Issued under agenda item 14g[2], agenda document 

E/2005/100.; General Info: Distribution: General.; Responsibility: submitted by the SecretaryGeneral in accordance with rule 31 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social 

Council.; Date of Entry: 20050725; Update: 20070505. OCLC Accession Number: 

124026882. URL: http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/2005/L.34&Lang=A; File transfer mode: PDF 

http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/2005/L.34&Lang=A File transfer 

mode: PDF http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/2005/L.34&Lang=C File 

transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/2005/L.34&Lang=E File transfer mode: PDF 

http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/2005/L.34&Lang=F File transfer 

mode: PDF http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/2005/L.34&Lang=R File 

transfer mode: PDF http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/2005/L.34&Lang=S. 

UNDP. Administrator. 1994. Assistance to the Union of Myanmar : Note. New York: UN. page(s): 

13. Descriptors: COUNTRY PROGRAMMES; DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE; 

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; AIDS PREVENTION; WATER SUPPLY; SANITATION; 

PRIMARY EDUCATION; FOOD SECURITY; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; 

MYANMAR; PROJECT EVALUATION; PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT; UNDP -- 

Programme management; Government publication (gpb); International government 

publication (igp). Notes: tables.; Note(s): UN Job no.: N9419301 E./ Material type: Misc./ 

Issued under agenda item 5, agenda document DP/1994/L.2.; General Info: Distribution: 

General.; Responsibility: by the Administrator.; Entry: 19940725; Update: 20070211. OCLC 

Accession Number: 82871107. 

UNDP. Governing Council (26th sess. : 1979 : New York). 1979. “Country and Intercountry 

Programming and Projects : [UNDP].” Descriptors: COUNTRY PROGRAMMES; 

CARIBBEAN REGION; BARBADOS; BENIN; BHUTAN; MYANMAR; GHANA; 

GUINEA; INDIA; KUWAIT; LIBERIA; MOROCCO; MOZAMBIQUE; PAPUA NEW 

GUINEA; SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE; SAUDI ARABIA; SURINAME; SWAZILAND; 

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO; YEMEN; DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE; TECHNICAL 

COOPERATION; DEVELOPMENT FINANCE; DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC 

OF KOREA; INTERCOUNTRY PROGRAMMES; LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES; 

ASIA AND THE PACIFIC; INDICATIVE PLANNING FIGURES; DEVELOPING 

ISLAND COUNTRIES; OCEANIA; ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA; SAINT KITTS AND 

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NEVIS; ANGUILLA; SAINT LUCIA; DOMINICA; SAINT VINCENT AND THE 

GRENADINES; GUATEMALA; PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT; DECOLONIZATION; 

GLOBAL PROGRAMMES; DISEASE CONTROL; DIARRHOEAL DISEASES; RICE 

RESEARCH; COTTON; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; FERTILIZER USE; 

TRAINING PROGRAMMES; WATER SUPPLY; SANITATION; PROGRAMME 

IMPLEMENTATION; LOCUSTS; EMERGENCY RELIEF; PROJECT FINANCE; PEST 

MANAGEMENT; GovDoc: DP/DEC/79/6. Notes: Named Corp: UNDP -- Programme 

management.; Note(s): Adopted at the 635th meeting, 8 June 1979./ Material type: 

Resolutions/decisions (UN).; General Info: Distribution: General./ In: Governing Council of 

the United Nations Development Programme : report on the 26th session, 6 June-16 July 

1979. - E/1979/40. - 1979. - p. 140-142. - (ESCOR, 1979, Suppl. no. 10).; Entry: 19880113; 

Update: 20070425. OCLC Accession Number: 123526448. 

UNDP and UN. ESCAP. 1992. Guidelines for the Determination of Standard High and Low Water 

Levels (SHWL & SLWL). New York: UN. page(s): 163. Descriptors: INLAND WATER 

TRANSPORT; RHINE RIVER; MEKONG RIVER; BANGLADESH; CHINA; INDIA; 

THAILAND; MYANMAR; HYDROLOGY; INLAND WATERS; STANDARDS. Notes: 

vii; ill., charts, graphs, maps, tables.; Note(s): At head of title: United Nations Development 

Programme. - Bibliography: p. 118-120./ Miscellaneous documents.; Entry: 19930621; 

Update: 20070131. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession 

Number: 80929149. 

UNDP and UN. ESCAP. 1992. Guidelines for the Determination of Standard High and Low Water 

Levels (SHWL & SLWL). New York: UN. page(s): 163. Descriptors: INLAND WATER 

TRANSPORT; RHINE RIVER; MEKONG RIVER; BANGLADESH; CHINA; INDIA; 

THAILAND; MYANMAR; HYDROLOGY; INLAND WATERS; STANDARDS; 

Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). Notes: vii; ill., 

charts, graphs, maps, tables.; Note(s): At head of title: United Nations Development 

Programme./ Bibliography: p. 118-120./ Material type: Misc.; General Info: Distribution: 

General.; Entry: 19930621; Update: 20070421. OCLC Accession Number: 123383459. 

UNEP International Environmental Technology Centre; Mekong River Commission; UN. ESCAP 

and UNEP. Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. 2001. International Consultation on the 

Transfer and Implementation of Environmentally Sound Technologies for Water Quality 

Management in the Mekong River Basin : Regional Consultation with Stakeholders to 

Identify Needs and Actions, November 14-16, 2000 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia ; November 

20, 2000 in Bangkok, Thailand. Osaka ; Shiga, Japan: UNEP International Environmental 

Technology Centre. page(s): 86. Descriptors: WATER QUALITY; MEKONG RIVER; 

RIVER BASIN DEVELOPMENT; WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT; MEKONG 

RIVER BASIN; ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND TECHNOLOGY; CAMBODIA; LAO 

PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC; MYANMAR; THAILAND; VIET NAM; 

EUTROPHICATION; LAKES; CHINA; WASTE MANAGEMENT; URBAN 

DEVELOPMENT; TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER; CONSULTATIONS; International 

Consultation on the Transfer and Implementation of Environmentally Sound Technologies for 

Water Quality Management in the Mekong River Basin : Regional Consultation; with 

Stakeholders to Identify Needs and Action (2000 : Phnom Penh and Bangkok); Conference 

publication (cnp); Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). 

Notes: iv; ill., charts, graphs, maps, tables.; Note(s): Organized by UNEP International 

Environmental Technology Centre in cooperation with the Mekong River Commission; 

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supported by ESCAP and the UNEP Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific./ Includes 

bibliographical references./ Sales no. not printed./ UN sales no.: 01.III.D.29./ Material type: 

Conferences, etc. (proceedings/final reports)./ Material type: Addresses, essays, etc./ Material 

type: Sales publications (UN).; General Info: Distribution: General (not for deposit).; Other 

Titles: Transfer and implementation of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) for water 

quality management in the Mekong River Basin : Regional Consultation with Stakeholders to 

Identify Needs and Action; Entry: 20010702; Update: 20080123. ISSN/ISBN: 9280719823; 

9789280719826; Stock no: 01.III.D.29. OCLC Accession Number: 153315728. URL: 

https://unp.un.org/details.aspx?entry=E01214; File transfer mode: PDF 

https://unp.un.org/details.aspx?entry=E01214. 

UNICEF. 1987. Project Plans of Action : Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation (1987-1990). 

Rangoon: Government of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma in cooperation with 

the United Nations Children's Fund. Descriptors: Water-supply -- Burma -- International 

cooperation; Sanitation -- Burma -- International cooperation; Community development -- 

Burma; Rural development projects -- Burma. Notes: 1 v. [various pagings) ; 28 cm.; Note(s): 

Spiral binding.; Entry: 19920915; Update: 20080408. OCLC Accession Number: 221361458. 

UNICEF Myanmar. 1998. Universal Salt Iodization in Myanmar, from Sea Water to IDD 

Elimination. Yangon: UNICEF, Myanmar. page(s): 23. Descriptors: Iodine deficiency 

diseases -- Burma; Iodized salt -- Burma; NAL: RA645.I55 U54 1998; Bibliography. Notes: 

[6] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 30 cm. Availability: Connect to the catalog at 

your library. OCLC Accession Number: CAT30935353. 

UNICEF. Executive Director. 1991-02-11. Country Programme Recommendation : Myanmar. New 

York: UN. Descriptors: CHILDREN; WOMEN; SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS; 

COUNTRY PROGRAMMES; WATER SUPPLY; SANITATION; CHILD 

DEVELOPMENT; CHILD HEALTH; NUTRITION PROGRAMMES; IMMUNIZATION; 

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; EDUCATION; STATISTICAL DATA; MYANMAR; 

PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT; RECOMMENDATIONS; FINANCING; UNICEF--

PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT; UNICEF--FINANCING. Notes: 19 p.; Note(s): Consists 

of recommendation of the Executive Director of UNICEF./ UN development projects./ 

Limited distribution.; Entry: 19910422; Update: 20070211. OCLC Accession Number: 

82808310. 

UNICEF. Executive Director. 1987-02-19. Country Programme Recommendation : Burma. New 

York: UN. page(s): 26. Descriptors: BASIC SERVICES; CHILDREN; NUTRITION; 

DRINKING WATER; SANITATION; PRIMARY EDUCATION; IMMUNIZATION; 

ORAL REHYDRATION; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; LITERACY PROGRAMMES; 

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION; WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT; COUNTRY 

PROGRAMMES; STATISTICAL DATA; SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS; MAPS; 

MYANMAR; RECOMMENDATIONS; PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT; FINANCING; 

UNICEF--PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT. Notes: map, tables.; Note(s): Includes UN map 

no. 3107 rev. 1: Burma (Apr. 1981). - Consists of recommendation of the Executive Director 

of UNICEF./ UN development projects./ UN maps included in documents./ Limited 

distribution.; Entry: 19870528; Update: 20070121. Availability: Connect to the catalog at 

your library. OCLC Accession Number: 79373883. 

UNICEF. Executive Director. 1987. Country Programme Recommendation : Burma. New York: 

UN. page(s): 26. Descriptors: BASIC SERVICES; CHILDREN; NUTRITION; DRINKING 

WATER; SANITATION; PRIMARY EDUCATION; IMMUNIZATION; ORAL 

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REHYDRATION; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; LITERACY PROGRAMMES; NONFORMAL EDUCATION; WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT; COUNTRY PROGRAMMES; 

STATISTICAL DATA; SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS; MAPS; MYANMAR; 

RECOMMENDATIONS; PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT; FINANCING; UNICEF -- 

Programme management; Government publication (gpb); International government 

publication (igp). Notes: map, tables.; Note(s): Includes UN map no. 3107 rev. 1: Burma 

(Apr. 1981)./ Consists of recommendation of the Executive Director of UNICEF./ Material 

type: Development projects./ Contains: Maps (in UN documents).; General Info: Distribution: 

Limited.; Entry: 19870528; Update: 20080122. OCLC Accession Number: 123445293. 

United Nations Development Programme and World Meteorological Organization. 1968. Burma : 

Expansion of Meteorological and Hydrological Services, Report. Geneva: United Nations 

Development Programme : World Meteorological Organization. page(s): 31. Descriptors: 

Meteorological services -- Burma -- International cooperation; Hydrometeorological services 

-- Burma -- International cooperation; Technical assistance -- Burma; Economic development 

projects -- Burma -- Costs -- Statistics; Government publication (gpb); International 

government publication (igp). Notes: ill., maps ; 28 cm.; Other Titles: Expansion of 

meteorological and hydrological services.; Burma; Responsibility: prepared for the 

Government of Burma by the World Meteorological Organization acting as executing agency 

for the United Nations Development Programme.; Entry: 20020624; Update: 20030313. 

OCLC Accession Number: 50050587. 

United Nations Sittang River Valley Survey Mission. 1964. Report on Sittang Valley Water 

Resources Development. Rangoon, Burma: United Nations Sittang River Valley Survey 

Mission. Descriptors: Water resources development -- Burma -- Sittang River Valley. Notes: 

1 portfolio (2 v.) : ill., maps ; 34 cm.; Note(s): “September 1964.”; Entry: 20001115; Update: 

20040528. OCLC Accession Number: 45428050. 

United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand 

(THA). 1995. “Guidebook to Water Resources, use and Management in Asia and the Pacific; 

Volume One, Water Resources and Water use.” Water Resources Series. United Nations, 

New York, NY, International (III): International (III). Volume 74, Pages 305. Descriptors: 

Afghanistan; Asia; Australasia; Australia; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Borneo; Brunei; Burma; 

Cambodia; Caroline Islands; China; Cook Islands; drainage; Far East; Fiji; French Polynesia; 

ground water; Guam; hydrology; Indian Ocean Islands; Indian Peninsula; Indonesia; Iran; 

Japan; Kiribati; Korea; Laos; Malay Archipelago; Malaysia; Maldive Islands; Mariana 

Islands; Marshall Islands; Melanesia; Micronesia; Middle East; Mongolia; Nauru Island; 

Nepal; New Zealand; Oceania; Pacific region; Pakistan; Palau; Papua New Guinea; patterns; 

Philippine Islands; Polynesia; runoff; Samoa; Singapore; Solomon Islands; Sri Lanka; surface 

water; Thailand; Tonga; Tuvalu; Vanuatu; Vietnam; water management; water quality; water 

resources; water use; waterways. Notes: CD: UNWRBX; FE: References: 66; illus. incl. 154 

tables; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0082-8130. 

United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, New York, NY, United 

States (USA). 1997. Geology and Mineral Resources of Myanmar. International (III): United 

Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, International 

(III). Atlas of Mineral Resources of the ESCAP Region. Volume: 12, Language: English. 

Descriptors: Asia; Burma; coal; coal seams; economic geology maps; export; Far East; gems; 

geologic maps; ground water; hot springs; import; industrial minerals; lithofacies; 

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lithostratigraphy; magmatism; maps; metal ores; metallogeny; mineral deposits, genesis; 

mineral exploration; mineral resources; mines; mining; mining geology; mining legislation; 

oil and gas fields; petroleum; sedimentary rocks; springs; tectonics; thermal waters. Notes: 

FE: References: 191; illus. incl. sects., strat. cols., 32 tables, geol. sketch maps; MP: Scale: 

1:1,500,000 ; 1:1,500,000. type: Geologic map ; economic geology map; LL: 

Latitude:N090000,N284500 longitude:E1014500,E0920000; CY: GeoRef, copyright 2007, 

american geological institute. ISSN/ISBN: 9211196825. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession 

Number: 1998-023230. URL: 

[URL:http://www.unescap.org/enrd/water_mineral/pub_amrs.htm]. 

United Nations, New York, NY, United States, performer (USA). 1995. “Atlas of Mineral 

Resources of the ESCAP Region; Geology and Mineral Resources of Myanmar.” United 

States (USA): Volume: ISBN 92-1-119682-5, Descriptors: Asia; atlas; Burma; economics; 

Far East; mineral resources; mineralization; reserves; water resources. Abstract: This series 

shows the distribution of mineral deposits and occurrences in the countries of the Asia and 

Pacific region irrespective of their economic significance and provides information on their 

contained commodities, reserves, geographic locations, their relation to the geological 

environment and other characteristics. Notes: CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American 

Geological Institute. Reference includes data from NTIS database, National Technical 

Information Service, Springfield, VA, United States. Database: GeoRef. National Technical 

Information Service, (703)605-6000, order number UN-0562NEG, Springfield, VA, United 

StatesOCLC Accession Number: 2002-079499. 

United Nations and Dept. of Technical Cooperation for Development. 1986. Ground Water in 

Continental Asia (Central, Eastern, Southern, South-Eastern Asia). New York: United 

Nations. page(s): 391. Descriptors: Groundwater -- Asia; GROUNDWATER; WATER 

RESOURCES; MAPS; ASIA; EAST ASIA; SOUTH ASIA; SOUTHEAST ASIA; 

AFGHANISTAN; BANGLADESH; BHUTAN; MYANMAR; CHINA; CAMBODIA; 

INDIA; LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC; MALAYSIA; MALDIVES; 

MONGOLIA; NEPAL; PAKISTAN; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; SINGAPORE; SRI LANKA; 

THAILAND; SIBERIA; USSR; VIET NAM; HYDROGEOLOGY; HYDROLOGY; 

Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). Notes: viii; , [1] 

folded leaf of plates : ill. ; 28 cm.; Responsibility: Department of Technical Co-Operation for 

Development. Vendor Info: Baker & Taylor Baker and Taylor YBP Library Services (BKTY 

BTCP YANK) 35.00 Status: active; Entry: 19870923; Update: 20080404. ISSN/ISBN: 

9211041759; 9789211041750 LCCN: 87-106389. OCLC Accession Number: 14269367. 

United Nations and Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. 1995. Assessment 

of Water Resources and Water Demand by User Sectors in Myanmar. New York: United 

Nations. page(s): 54. Descriptors: Water resources development -- Burma; Water-supply -- 

Burma; Water consumption -- Burma; Government publication (gpb); International 

government publication (igp). Notes: ix; ill., maps ; 30 cm.; Note(s): At head of title: 

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific./ “ST/ESCAP/1573”--T.p. verso./ 

“Sales. No. E.95.II.F.13”--T.p. verso./ Includes bibliographical references.; Entry: 19960827; 

Update: 20080321. ISSN/ISBN: 9211196787; 9789211196788. OCLC Accession Number: 

35405064. 

United States; Agency for International Development and Metcalf & Eddy. 1965. Report on 

Immediate Improvements to Water Distribution System, Rangoon, Burma. Boston: Metcalf & 

Eddy Engineers. Descriptors: Water resources development -- Burma; Water-supply -- 

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Burma; Water use -- Burma; Water consumption -- Burma. Notes: 1 v. (various pagings) ; 29 

cm.; Note(s): Prepared for National Housing & Town and Country Development Board, 

Union of Burma and United States Agency for International Development.; Entry: 19900926; 

Update: 19950516. OCLC Accession Number: 22439674. 

USSR. Selkhozpromexport; UN; UNDP and Burma. 1977. Development of the Sittang River 

Valley : Yenwe-Pyuntaza Project. Moscow: Selkhozpromexport. Descriptors: 

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; MAPS; WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT; 

PROJECT ACTIVITIES; MYANMAR; PROJECT MANAGEMENT; UNDP--

PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT. Notes: 3 parts in 14 vol. : charts, maps; ans, tables.; 

Note(s): Prepared by Selkhozpromexport for the United Nations acting as executing agency 

for UNDP. Project symbol : BUR-68-513./ Government./ UN development projects./ For 

restricted use only.; Responsibility: Selkhozpromexport.; Entry: 19810511; Update: 

20070206. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession Number: 

82119060. 

USSR. Selkhozpromexport; UN; UNDP and Burma. 1977. Development of the Sittang River 

Valley : Yenwe-Pyuntaza Project. Moscow: Selkhozpromexport. Descriptors: 

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT; MAPS; WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT; 

PROJECT ACTIVITIES; MYANMAR; PROJECT MANAGEMENT; UNDP -- Programme 

management; Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp). 

Notes: 3 parts in 14 vol. : charts, maps; ans, tables.; Note(s): Prepared by Selkhozpromexport 

for the United Nations acting as executing agency for UNDP. Project symbol : BUR-68-513./ 

Material type: Govt. documents/publications./ Material type: Development projects.; General 

Info: Distribution: Restricted.; Responsibility: Selkhozpromexport.; Entry: 19810511; 

Update: 20070423. OCLC Accession Number: 123416233. 

van Spilbergen, Joris; Balbi, Gasparo; Viaggio dell' Indie Orientali, et al. 1606. Indiæ Orientalis. 

Pars Septima, Nauigationes Duas : Primam, Trium Annorum, à Georgio Spilbergio, Trium 

Nauium Præfecto, Ann. 1601, Ex Selandia in Indiam Orientalem Susceptam : Alteram, 

Nouem Annorum,à Casparo Balby, Gemmario Veneto, Anno. 1579, Ex Alepo Babyloniam 

Versus, & Inde Porro Ad Regnum Pegu Vsque Continuatam, Continens : Omnium, Quæ Illi 

Quidem Ad Annum 1604, Huic Vero Ad Annum 1588, Vsque Acciderunt, Commemoratione 

: Regum Item, Locorum, Populorum, Rituumque Variorum Descriptione Addita. Francofurti: 

Typis VVolffgangi Richteri, Place: Germany. Descriptors: Mon (Southeast-Asiatic people) -- 

Early works to 1800; Voyages and travels -- Early works to 1800; Water-marks -- Specimens; 

Spilbergen, Joris van, 1568?-1620; Sri Lanka -- Description and travel -- Early works to 

1800; Sri Lanka -- Discovery and exploration -- Early works to 1800; Burma -- Description 

and travel -- Early works to 1800; Burma -- Discovery and exploration -- Early works to 

1800; Syria -- Description and travel -- Early works to 1800. Notes: [4], 126, [2] p., [22] 

leaves of plates (some folded) : ill. (engravings), maps; rt. ; 32 cm. (fol.); References: Church, 

E.D. Discovery,; 216.; Genre/Form: Exploration literature -- Germany -- Frankfurt am Main -

- 17th century. Travel literature -- Germany (West) -- Frankfurt am Main -- 17th century. 

Engravings -- Germany (West) -- Frankfurt am Main -- 17th century.; Note(s): Sole ed., 2nd 

issue./ Signatures: (:)2, A-Q4, a-b4, c-d2, e-f4, g6 (Q4 and g6 blanks)./ Engraved t.p. border, 

dedication vignette with coat of arms of Johann Adam, Archbishop of Mayence, ornaments./ 

Sidenotes./ Separate t.p. to plates, sig. a1r: Icones, hoc est: Veræ variorvm popvlorvm et 

regvm .../ Contains: 1. An account of a voyage made under the command of Joris van 

Spilbergen to Ceylon in 1601-1604: p. 1-42. It was first published at Delft; was translated into 

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German, for the German ed. of: India Orientalis, by Gotthardt Artus, and again into Latin for 

the present ed.; these translations are much abridged and mutilated. 2. The relation of the 

voyage of Gasparo Balbi, a Venetian, to the kingdom of Pegu, via Syria, in 1579-1588: p. 43-

126. This translation was made from the Italian ed., published at Venice under the title: 

Viaggio dell' Indie Orientali ...; Other Titles: Nauigationes duas. 1606; India Orientalis.; Pars 

7.; Indiæ Orientalis.; Pars 7.; Indiæ Orientalis.; Pars VII.; Icones, hoc est, Veræ variorvm 

popvlorvm et regvm ...; Veræ variorvm popvlorvm et regvm ...; Responsibility: auctore M. 

Gotardo Arthvs Dantiscano ; omnia elegantissimis in æs incisis iconibus illustrata & in lucem 

emissa, à Ioanne Theodoro et Ioanne Israële de Bry ...; Entry: 19860926; Update: 20070205. 

OCLC Accession Number: 81988425. 

Vandewiele, G. L., Chong-Yu, Xu and Ni-Lar-Win. 1992. “Methodology and Comparative Study 

of Monthly Water Balance Models in Belgium, China and Burma.” Journal of Hydrology. 

2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 134, Issue 1-4, Pages 315-347. Descriptors: 

Runoff, streamflow and basins -- 71.6.5; rainfall/runoff; water balance; river discharge; areal 

precipitation; evapotranspiration. Notes: Geographic: Belgium China Burma. Abstract: A set 

of new monthly rainfall runoff models is defined, for use in river catchments smaller than 

about 4000km2, without appreciable frost or natural or artificial lakes. The input series are 

areal precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The output is riverflow. The number of 

parameters used in the description of the hydrological phenomena in the catchment, is in most 

cases three or four. The statistical methodology used for calibrating the models of given 

catchments is described; it reduces essentially to regression analysis, including residual 

analysis, sensitivity to calibration period and extrapolation test. Automatic calibration is used, 

excluding subjective elements. -from Authors. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-1694. Availability: 

FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries worldwide that 

own item: 578 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the catalog at your 

library. 

Vandewiele, G. L. and Xu, C. Y. 1992. “Methodology and Comparative Study of Monthly Water 

Balance Models in Belgium, China and Burma.” Journal of Hydrology JHYDA7. Vol. 134, 

No. 1/4. June. Volume p 315-347, Pages 20 ref. Descriptors: Hydrologic models; 

Mathematical models; Model studies; Rainfall-runoff relationships; Small watersheds; Areal 

precipitation; Belgium; Burma; Calibrations; China; Evapotranspiration; Monthly 

distribution; Numerical analysis; Parameter estimation; Parametric hydrology; Regression 

analysis; Runoff; Statistical analysis; Storage capacity. Abstract: A set of new monthly 

rainfall-runoff models, (water balance models) has been developed for use in river catchments 

smaller than about 4,000 sq km, without appreciable frost or natural or artificial lakes. The 

input series are areal precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. The output is riverflow. 

The number of parameters, used in the description of the hydrological phenomena in the 

catchment, is in most cases three or four. The statistical methodology used for calibrating the 

models of given catchments essentially involves regression analysis including residual 

analysis, sensitivity to calibration period, and an extrapolation test. In particular, automatic 

calibration is used, excluding subjective elements. The models were applied to 79 river basins 

in Belgium, China, and Burma. Comparison of the results with four similar models taken 

from the literature showed that the new models are statistically satisfactory, and are much 

better than those quoted in the literature in explaining a greater part of the observed runoff 

and in lack of residual seasonality. This results from the different mathematical structure of 

the models, e.g., the square-root transformation of the runoff series, and especially from the 

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use of only one storage where the memory of the catchment is summarized in one number. 

Several storages with maximum 'capacities' are used in the published models, with no 

distinction between slow and fast runoff corresponding to baseflow and direct runoff, 

respectively. Because a catchment is a complicated heterogeneous system it is better to avoid 

thresholds for soil moisture capacities. Although the parameters in the new models do not 

have 'direct' physical meaning, they translate general intuitive ideas about the process; the 

parameter values are related to physical characteristics of the basins. (Fish-PTT). Database: 

Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Vandewiele, G. L., Xu, Chong-Yu and Ni-Lar-Win. 1992. “Methodology and Comparative Study 

of Monthly Water Balance Models in Belgium, China and Burma.” Journal of Hydrology. 

Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands (NLD): Netherlands (NLD). Volume 134, Issue 1-4, Pages 

315-347. Descriptors: Asia; atmospheric precipitation; Belgium; Burma; China; discharge; 

Europe; evapotranspiration; Far East; hydrogeology; hydrology; models; rainfall; runoff; 

statistical analysis; streamflow; water balance; Western Europe. Notes: CD: JHYDA7; CY: 

GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 

0022-1694. 

Vandewiele, G. L., Xu, Chong-Yu and Ni-Lar-Win. 1992. “Methodology and Comparative Study 

of Monthly Water Balance Models in Belgium, China and Burma.” Journal of Hydrology. 

Volume 134, Issue 1-4, Pages 315-347. Descriptors: Runoff -- Mathematical Models; 

Watersheds - Hydrology; Rain and Rainfall - Mathematical Models; Mathematical Models - 

Calibration; Statistical Methods - Regression Analysis. Notes: Compilation and indexing 

terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: A set of new monthly rainfall runoff models 

(water balance models) is defined, for use in river catchments smaller than about 4000 km2, 

without appreciable frost or natural or artificial lakes. The input series are areal precipitation 

and potential evapotranspiration. The output is riverflow. The number of parameters, used in 

the description of the hydrological phenomena in the catchment, is in most cases three, 

sometimes four. The statistical methodology used for calibrating the models of given 

catchments is described; it reduces essentially to regression analysis, including residual 

analysis, sensitivity to calibration period and extrapolation test. In particular, automatic 

calibration is used, excluding subjective elements. The models are applied to 79 river basins 

in Belgium, China and Burma. The results are compared with four similar models taken from 

the literature. The results of applying the new models are satisfactory from a statistical point 

of view and are much better than those quoted in the literature; a greater part of the observed 

runoff is explained and there is no residual seasonality. This results from the different 

mathematical structure of the models, and especially from the use, in the published models, of 

several storages with maximum `capacities', with no distinction between slow and fast runoff 

corresponding to baseflow and direct runoff, respectively. ISSN/ISBN: 0022-1694. 

Vandewiele, G. L., Xu, Chong-Yu and Ni-Lar-Win. 1992. “Methodology and Comparative Study 

of Monthly Water Balance Models in Belgium, China and Burma.” Journal of Hydrology,. 6. 

Volume 134, Issue 1-4, Pages 315-347. Abstract: A set of new monthly rainfall runoff models 

(water balance models) is defined, for use in river catchments smaller than about 4000 km2, 

without appreciable frost or natural or artificial lakes. The input series are areal precipitation 

and potential evapotranspiration. The output is riverflow. The number of parameters, used in 

the description of the hydrological phenomena in the catchment, is in most cases three, 

sometimes four. The statistical methodology use for calibrating the models of given 

catchment is described; it reduces essentially to regression analysis, including residual 

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analysis, sensitivity to calibration period and extrapolation test. In particular, automatic 

calibration is used, excluding subjective elements. The models are applied to 79 river basins 

in Belgium, China and Burma. The results are compared with four similar models taken from 

the literature. The results of applying the new models are satisfactory from a statistical point 

of view and are much better than those quoted in the literature; a greater part of the observed 

runoff is explained and there is no residual seasonality. This results from the different 

mathematical structure of the models, and especially from the use, in the published models, of 

several storages with maximum 'capacities', with no distinction between slow and fast runoff 

corresponding to baseflow and direct runoff, respectively. 

Vaziri, M. 2006. “Sustainable Development of Urban Water Resources: An Appraisal for Asian 

Monsoon Region.” Asian J. Water Enviro. Pollut. Volume 3, Issue 2, Pages 43-50. 

Descriptors: Article Subject Terms: Droughts; Economics; Flooding; Meteorology; 

Monsoons; Sustainable development; Urban areas; Wastewater treatment; Water resources; 

Water wells; air flow; summer; sustainability; taxonomy; water demand; winter; Article 

Geographic Terms: China, People's Rep.; ISEW, Indonesia; ISEW, Malaysia; ISEW, 

Philippines; ISEW, Singapore; ISEW, Thailand; ISEW, Vietnam; ISW, Bangladesh; ISW, 

India; ISW, Myanmar; ISW, Sri Lanka; Korea, Rep. Abstract: The challenges of water 

resources sustainable development are enormous in the Asian monsoon region. 

Meteorological behaviour in this region is signified by its warm and moist winds, northwest 

monsoon, blowing from the sea to the land during summer and bringing heavy rains in India 

and South East Asia. On the contrary, the northeast monsoon occurs when cold and dry winter 

air flows out of the interior of Asia from the northeast and bring the cool and dry winter 

season. This unique cyclic behaviour often results in several months of drought followed by a 

period of flooding, demanding robust water resources management at regional as well as local 

scales. The objective of this study was to assess water resources sustainable development for 

selected urban areas in the Asian monsoon region during the last decade. Using centralized 

databases of international agencies, for the period of 1993 to 1998, urban information 

pertinent to water resources were collected, analyzed and modelled. The study database 

consisted of information regarding urban water accessibility, consumption, price, wastewater 

treatment, and other pertinent social, environmental and economic indicators. Due to data 

inaccessibility, incompleteness and missing, less than 20 cities from Bangladesh, Brunei, 

China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Malaysia, The Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, 

South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam were selected for detailed analysis. The statistical 

analyses for the selected cities showed interesting results and relations in connection with 

urban water resources sustainable development of Asian monsoon region. For the period of 

1993 to 1998, elasticity of database indicators were developed. Using elasticities, a composite 

urban water resources sustainability index was suggested. The elasticities and index were 

used in taxonomy of the selected cities, and reflected considerable variations in urban water 

demand and supply development. The study confirmed the significance of urban areas water 

resources sustainability challenges of the 21st century for the Asian monsoon region. 

Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. ISSN/ISBN: 0972-9860. 

Verma, Rishendra and Jaiswal, T. N. 1998. “Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccines.” Vaccine,. 7. 

Volume 16, Issue 11-12, Pages 1184-1192. Descriptors: Haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccines; 

immune responses. Abstract: Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), an economically important 

disease of cattle and buffaloes, is caused by Pasteurella multocida (6:B). Vaccination against 

this disease is widely practised. Plain broth bacterins, or alum precipitated and aluminium 

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hydroxide gel vaccines are administered twice a year since these vaccines offer an immunity 

of 4-6 months. Many countries use oil adjuvant vaccine (OAV), which gives both a higher 

degree and a longer duration of immunity up to 1 year. A double emulsion and multiple 

emulsion vaccine consisting of a thin viscosity have also been experimentally developed that 

gave an immunity parallel to OAV. Recently, a live vaccine developed from a fallow deer 

strain (B:3,4) has been used in Myanmar that offers an immunity for more than a year but is 

not free from constraints. The present review provides information on HS vaccines developed 

from time to time using whole bacteria or their components. The kinetics and isotype of 

antibody and cell-mediated immune responses have also been poorly understood so far, and 

hence information on their role in protection against HS is reviewed. 

Volker A. Editor: Keller,R. 1983. “Copyright 2005 Elsevier Ltd. all Rights Reserved.; Rivers of 

Southeast Asia: Their Regime, Utilization and Regulation.” International Association of 

Hydrological Sciences; IAHS Publication 140. page(s): 127-138. Descriptors: HYDROLOGY 

-- 71.6; METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY -- 71.7; hydrological regime; Irrawaddy; 

Chao Phya; Mekong; Red River. Abstract: Deals mainly with the hydrological regime, 

utilization and possible regulation of large rivers such as the Irrawaddy (Burma), Chao Phya 

(Thailand), Mekong (an international river), and the Red River (Vietnam). Emphasis is given 

to the effects of human intervention in the river valleys and deltas on the river regime.-from 

Author. Notes: Note(s): Special Features: 9 figs, 5 refs. Availability: Connect to the catalog at 

your library. OCLC Accession Number: 0486679. 

Volker, A. 1983. “Rivers of Southeast Asia: Their Regime, Utilization and Regulation.” Hydrology 

of Humid Tropical Regions IAHS Publication no.140, 1983.Proceedings of a Symposium 

Held at the 18th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. 

Hamburg, West Germany. Volume August 15-27, Pages 5 ref. Descriptors: Rivers; Asia; 

Water use; Water management; Rainfall; Agricultural watersheds; Rainfall-runoff 

relationships; Water availability; Irrawaddy River; Burma; Mekong River; Chao Phya River; 

Thailand; Red River; Vietnam. Abstract: Southeast Asia is a region with copious rainfall, 

large rivers and a high population density. The population is concentrated in the lower river 

valleys and deltas where lowland rice, the staple diet is produced. Therefore river flooding 

and high rainfall play an important role in agricultural water supply. The annual average per 

capita volume of water available is 4,000 cu m, which is below the world average and about 

equal to that for Europe. The intimate relationship between man and rivers in southeast Asia 

is due both to these facts and to the warm climate. The paper deals mainly with the 

hydrological regime, utilization and possible regulation of large rivers such as the Irrawaddy 

(Burma), Chao Phya (Thailand), Mekong (an international river), and the Red River 

(Vietnam); some smaller rivers are also considered. Emphasis is given to the effects of human 

intervention in the river valleys and deltas on the river regime. Some of these effects are: 1) 

possible rise of flood levels due to embarking, 2) possible rise of river levels due to 

embanking, 3) elimination of silt creating a situation where agricultural lands are being 

deprived of the fertilizing effect of silt, and 4) elimination of the beneficial flushing and 

rinsing effects of the floods removing dirt, waste products and human disposal. (See also 

W87-00086) (Lantz-PTT). Database: Environmental Sciences and Pollution Mgmt. 

Volker, A.; Boekelman, R. H.; de Haas, A. W., et al. 1993. “Hydrology and Water Management of 

Deltaic Areas.” Netherlands (NLD): Volume: 93-5, Descriptors: Africa; aquifers; Argentina; 

Asia; Burma; case studies; coastal environment; deltaic environment; deltas; discharge; 

drainage basins; ecology; ecosystems; Egypt; estuarine environment; Europe; Far East; 

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floods; geologic hazards; ground water; human activity; hydrology; Irrawaddy Delta; land 

use; marshes; Mekong Delta; mires; Netherlands; Niger Delta; Nigeria; Nile Delta; North 

Africa; Parana River; planning; policy; pollution; preventive measures; protection; 

reclamation; Rhine River; salt-water intrusion; sea-level changes; soils; South America; 

surface water; urban environment; Vietnam; water management; water quality; water 

resources; water supply; West Africa; Western Europe. Notes: Includes seven appendices; 

FE: References: 195; illus.; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. 

ISSN/ISBN: 9054101687. Database: GeoRef. Centre for Civil Engineering Research and 

Codes, Gouda, NetherlandsOCLC Accession Number: 1997-057206. 

Vorosmarty, Charles J., Ericson, Jason P., Dingman, S. Lawrence, Ward, Larry G. and Meybeck, 

Michel. 2007. “Future Impacts of Freshwater Resource Management; Sensitivity of Coastal 

Deltas; Water Quality and Sediment Behaviour of the Future; Predictions for the 21st 

Century.” IAHS-AISH Publication. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 

International (III): International (III). Volume 314, Pages 231-238. Descriptors: Andaman 

Sea; Asia; Burma; coastal environment; deltaic environment; deltas; economics; 

environmental management; Far East; fresh water; geologic hazards; hydrocarbons; 

hydrology; Indian Ocean; Irrawaddy Delta; land subsidence; landform evolution; organic 

compounds; risk assessment; sea-level changes; sedimentation; water management; water 

resources; watersheds. Notes: CD: PIHSD9; FE: References: 19; illus. incl. 3 tables, sketch 

map; LL: Latitude:N163000,N183000 Longitude:E0963000,E0943000; CY: GeoRef, 

Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. Abstract: We present an assessment of 

contemporary and future effective sea-level rise (ESLR) using a sample of 40 deltas 

distributed worldwide. For any delta, ESLR is a net rate defined by eustatic sea-level rise, 

natural gross rates of fluvial sediment deposition and subsidence, and accelerated subsidence 

due to groundwater and hydrocarbon extraction. Present-day ESLR, estimated from 

geospatial data and a simple model of deltaic dynamics, ranges from 0.5 to 12.5 mm year 

(super -1) . Reduced accretion of fluvial sediment from upstream siltation of reservoirs and 

freshwater consumptive irrigation losses are primary determinants of ESLR in nearly 70% of 

the deltas, while for only 12% eustatic sea-level rise predominates. Future scenarios indicate a 

much larger impact on deltas than previously estimated. Serious challenges to human 

occupancy of deltas worldwide are conveyed by upland watershed factors, which have been 

studied less comprehensively than the climate change and sea-level rise question. Database: 

GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 1901502145. 

Vouillamoz, J. M., Baltassat, J. M., Legchenko, A., Chatenoux, B. and Mathieu F. Affiliation: J.M. 

Vouillamoz, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Indo-French Cell for Water 

Science, Indian Institute of Science, 560012 Bangalore Country: India E-mail:,JeanMichel.Vouillamoz@ird.fr. 2007. “Efficiency of Joint use of MRS and VES to Characterize 

Coastal Aquifer in Myanmar.” J. Appl. Geophys. 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: 

Volume 61, Issue 2, Pages 142-154 Additional Info: Netherlands. Descriptors: Electricity -- 

72.11.5; Geophysical techniques -- 77.5.3; vertical electrical sounding; coastal aquifer; water 

quality; hydrogeology; geophysical survey; site investigation; magnetic survey; electron spin 

resonance; phreatic zone; borehole logging; drilling; pumping; electrical conductivity; 

electrical resistivity. Notes: References: Number: 23; Geographic: Myanmar Southeast Asia 

Asia Eurasia. Abstract: The productivity and the water quality of coastal aquifers can be 

highly heterogeneous in a complex environment. The characterization of these aquifers can be 

improved by hydrogeological and complementary geophysical surveys. Such an integrated 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 165 
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approach is developed in a non-consolidated coastal aquifer in Myanmar (previously named 

Burma). A preliminary hydrogeological survey is conducted to know better the targeted 

aquifers. Then, 25 sites are selected to characterize aquifers through borehole drillings and 

pumping tests implementation. In the same sites, magnetic resonance soundings (MRS) and 

vertical electrical soundings (VES) are carried out. Geophysical results are compared to 

hydrogeological data, and geophysical parameters are used to characterize aquifers using 

conversion equations. Finally, combining the analysis of technical and economical impacts of 

geophysics, a methodology is proposed to characterize non-consolidated coastal aquifers. 

Depth and thickness of saturated zone is determined by means of MRS in 68% of the sites 

(evaluated with 34 soundings). The average accuracy of confined storativity estimated with 

MRS is ± 6% (evaluated over 7 pumping tests) whereas the average accuracy of 

transmissivity estimation with MRS is ± 45% (evaluated using 15 pumping tests). To reduce 

uncertainty in VES interpretation, the aquifer geometry estimated with MRS is used as a fixed 

parameter in VES inversion. The accuracy of groundwater electrical conductivity evaluation 

from 15 VES is enough to estimate the risk of water salinity. In addition, the maximum depth 

of penetration of the MRS depends on the rocks' electrical resistivity and is between 20 and 

80 m at the study area. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ISSN/ISBN: 0926-9851. 

Availability: FirstSearch indicates your institution subscribes to this publication. Libraries 

worldwide that own item: 375 US ARMYCOPRS OF ENG RES DEV CT Connect to the 

catalog at your library. 

Vouillamoz, J. M., Chatenoux, B., Mathieu, F., Baltassat, J. M. and Legchenko, A. 2007. 

“Efficiency of Joint use of MRS and VES to Characterize Coastal Aquifer in Myanmar.” J. 

Appl. Geophys. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands (NLD): Netherlands (NLD). Feb. Volume 

61, Issue 2, Pages 142-154. Descriptors: aquifers; Asia; boreholes; Burma; coastal aquifers; 

electrical methods; Far East; geometry; geophysical methods; geophysical surveys; ground 

water; heterogeneous materials; nuclear magnetic resonance; pump tests; saturated zone; 

sounding; spectroscopy; surveys; transmissivity; vertical electrical sounding; water quality. 

Notes: Based on Publisher-supplied data; CY: GeoRef in Process, Copyright 2008, American 

Geological Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be added to Georef. 

Reference includes data from CAPCAS, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, Amsterdam, 

Netherlands. Abstract: The productivity and the water quality of coastal aquifers can be 

highly heterogeneous in a complex environment. The characterization of these aquifers can be 

improved by hydrogeological and complementary geophysical surveys. Such an integrated 

approach is developed in a non-consolidated coastal aquifer in Myanmar (previously named 

Burma). A preliminary hydrogeological survey is conducted to know better the targeted 

aquifers. Then, 25 sites are selected to characterize aquifers through borehole drillings and 

pumping tests implementation. In the same sites, magnetic resonance soundings (MRS) and 

vertical electrical soundings (VES) are carried out. Geophysical results are compared to 

hydrogeological data, and geophysical parameters are used to characterize aquifers using 

conversion equations. Finally, combining the analysis of technical and economical impacts of 

geophysics, a methodology is proposed to characterize non-consolidated coastal aquifers. 

Depth and thickness of saturated zone is determined by means of MRS in 68% of the sites 

(evaluated with 34 soundings). The average accuracy of confined storativity estimated with 

MRS is + or -6% (evaluated over 7 pumping tests) whereas the average accuracy of 

transmissivity estimation with MRS is + or -45% (evaluated using 15 pumping tests). To 

reduce uncertainty in VES interpretation, the aquifer geometry estimated with MRS is used as 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 166 
Myanmar Water 

a fixed parameter in VES inversion. The accuracy of groundwater electrical conductivity 

evaluation from 15 VES is enough to estimate the risk of water salinity. In addition, the 

maximum depth of penetration of the MRS depends on the rocks' electrical resistivity and is 

between 20 and 80 m at the study area. Database: GeoRef In Process. ISSN/ISBN: 0926-

9851. 

Vouillamoz, J. M., Chatenoux, B., Mathieu, F., Baltassat, J. M. and Legchenko, A. 2007. 

“Efficiency of Joint use of MRS and VES to Characterize Coastal Aquifer in Myanmar.” J. 

Appl. Geophys. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, Netherlands: Volume 61, Issue 2, Pages 142-

154. Descriptors: Geophysics; Oceanography; Aquifers; Water quality; Hydrology; 

Groundwater; Magnetic resonance. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 

Elsevier Inc. Abstract: The productivity and the water quality of coastal aquifers can be 

highly heterogeneous in a complex environment. The characterization of these aquifers can be 

improved by hydrogeological and complementary geophysical surveys. Such an integrated 

approach is developed in a non-consolidated coastal aquifer in Myanmar (previously named 

Burma). A preliminary hydrogeological survey is conducted to know better the targeted 

aquifers. Then, 25 sites are selected to characterize aquifers through borehole drillings and 

pumping tests implementation. In the same sites, magnetic resonance soundings (MRS) and 

vertical electrical soundings (VES) are carried out. Geophysical results are compared to 

hydrogeological data, and geophysical parameters are used to characterize aquifers using 

conversion equations. Finally, combining the analysis of technical and economical impacts of 

geophysics, a methodology is proposed to characterize non-consolidated coastal aquifers. 

Depth and thickness of saturated zone is determined by means of MRS in 68% of the sites 

(evaluated with 34 soundings). The average accuracy of confined storativity estimated with 

MRS is ± 6% (evaluated over 7 pumping tests) whereas the average accuracy of 

transmissivity estimation with MRS is ± 45% (evaluated using 15 pumping tests). To 

reduce uncertainty in VES interpretation, the aquifer geometry estimated with MRS is used as 

a fixed parameter in VES inversion. The accuracy of groundwater electrical conductivity 

evaluation from 15 VES is enough to estimate the risk of water salinity. In addition, the 

maximum depth of penetration of the MRS depends on the rocks' electrical resistivity and is 

between 20 and 80 m at the study area. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0926-9851. 

Vouillamoz, J. M., Chatenoux, B., Mathieu, F., Baltassat, J. M. and Legchenko, A. 2007. 

“Efficiency of Joint use of MRS and VES to Characterize Coastal Aquifer in Myanmar.” J. 

Appl. Geophys. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1000 AE, Netherlands: Volume 61, Issue 2, Pages 142-

154. Descriptors: Geophysics; Oceanography; Aquifers; Water quality; Hydrology; 

Groundwater; Magnetic resonance. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 

Elsevier Inc. Abstract: The productivity and the water quality of coastal aquifers can be 

highly heterogeneous in a complex environment. The characterization of these aquifers can be 

improved by hydrogeological and complementary geophysical surveys. Such an integrated 

approach is developed in a non-consolidated coastal aquifer in Myanmar (previously named 

Burma). A preliminary hydrogeological survey is conducted to know better the targeted 

aquifers. Then, 25 sites are selected to characterize aquifers through borehole drillings and 

pumping tests implementation. In the same sites, magnetic resonance soundings (MRS) and 

vertical electrical soundings (VES) are carried out. Geophysical results are compared to 

hydrogeological data, and geophysical parameters are used to characterize aquifers using 

conversion equations. Finally, combining the analysis of technical and economical impacts of 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 167 
Myanmar Water 

geophysics, a methodology is proposed to characterize non-consolidated coastal aquifers. 

Depth and thickness of saturated zone is determined by means of MRS in 68% of the sites 

(evaluated with 34 soundings). The average accuracy of confined storativity estimated with 

MRS is ± 6% (evaluated over 7 pumping tests) whereas the average accuracy of 

transmissivity estimation with MRS is ± 45% (evaluated using 15 pumping tests). To 

reduce uncertainty in VES interpretation, the aquifer geometry estimated with MRS is used as 

a fixed parameter in VES inversion. The accuracy of groundwater electrical conductivity 

evaluation from 15 VES is enough to estimate the risk of water salinity. In addition, the 

maximum depth of penetration of the MRS depends on the rocks' electrical resistivity and is 

between 20 and 80 m at the study area. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0926-9851. 

Vouillamoz, J. M., Chatenoux, B., Mathieu, F., Baltassat, J. M. and Legchenko, A. 2007. 

“Efficiency of Joint use of MRS and VES to Characterize Coastal Aquifer in Myanmar.” 

Journal of Applied Geophysics,. 2. Volume 61, Issue 2, Pages 142-154. Descriptors: Aquifer; 

Magnetic resonance soundings; Vertical electrical soundings; Conversion equation; 

Hydrogeophysics; Myanmar. Abstract: The productivity and the water quality of coastal 

aquifers can be highly heterogeneous in a complex environment. The characterization of these 

aquifers can be improved by hydrogeological and complementary geophysical surveys. Such 

an integrated approach is developed in a non-consolidated coastal aquifer in Myanmar 

(previously named Burma). A preliminary hydrogeological survey is conducted to know 

better the targeted aquifers. Then, 25 sites are selected to characterize aquifers through 

borehole drillings and pumping tests implementation. In the same sites, magnetic resonance 

soundings (MRS) and vertical electrical soundings (VES) are carried out. Geophysical results 

are compared to hydrogeological data, and geophysical parameters are used to characterize 

aquifers using conversion equations. Finally, combining the analysis of technical and 

economical impacts of geophysics, a methodology is proposed to characterize nonconsolidated coastal aquifers. Depth and thickness of saturated zone is determined by means 

of MRS in 68% of the sites (evaluated with 34 soundings). The average accuracy of confined 

storativity estimated with MRS is ± 6% (evaluated over 7 pumping tests) whereas the average 

accuracy of transmissivity estimation with MRS is ± 45% (evaluated using 15 pumping tests). 

To reduce uncertainty in VES interpretation, the aquifer geometry estimated with MRS is 

used as a fixed parameter in VES inversion. The accuracy of groundwater electrical 

conductivity evaluation from 15 VES is enough to estimate the risk of water salinity. In 

addition, the maximum depth of penetration of the MRS depends on the rocks' electrical 

resistivity and is between 20 and 80 m at the study area. 

Vuoristo, K. -V. 1994. “Kaakkois-Aasian Erityistalousalueet Translated Title: The Special 

Economic Zones and Regions in Southeast Asia.” Terra. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights 

reserved.: Volume 106, Issue 2, Pages 96-104. Descriptors: GEOGRAPHICAL 

ABSTRACTS: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY -- 70; WATER -- 74.13; international cooperation; 

developing region; economic zone; regional development; export processing zone; special 

economic zone; trade; foreign direct investment; industrial development. Notes: Geographic: 

Asia -- (Southeast). Abstract: A lot of economic zones and regions have been established 

during last decades in the Asean member countries in order to improve industrial regional 

development and foreign trade and to get foreign direct investments to Southeast Asia. Some 

development projects cross the state borders. They are known as triangles or quandrangles, 

and most of them are still not in operation. One regional project (The Golden Quadrangle) 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 168 
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will be developed in cooperation between an Asean (Afta-) country (Thailand) and three nonmember neighbours (Myanmar, Laos, China). The most interesting inter-state economic 

region is The Southern Triangle (Singapore-Johore-Batam) around the globally important 

“Straits of Malaka'. Most of these economic regions are however areas or zones which are 

situated in one country or province. In this article, the different types of economic triangles 

and regions are presented and analyzed, especially the most important ones. -from English 

summary. ISSN/ISBN: 0040-3741. 

Wain, Barry. 2004. “THE MEKONG'S TOOTHLESS GUARDIAN.” FER. Dow Jones & 

Company Inc Aug 26, 2004: Aug 26. Volume 167, Issue 34, Pages 50. Descriptors: Asia & 

the Pacific; Natural resources; Short articles; Rivers; Resource management; Conservation; 

Water resources. Notes: Geographic: Mekong River Asia. Abstract: Efforts to ensure that the 

Mekong isn't ruined by development are hampered by the lack of an umbrella organization 

with authority over the entire river. The Mekong River Commission, formed by Thailand, 

Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia in 1995 to coordinate the management and conservation of the 

Mekong basin, has some obvious flaws: China isn't a member. Nor is Burma, also along the 

river's upper reaches. ISSN/ISBN: 0014-7591. 

Walker, Andrew. 1999. The Legend of the Golden Boat : Regulation, Trade and Traders in the 

Borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China, and Burma. Richmond: Curzon. page(s): 232. 

Descriptors: Boundaries -- Mekong River Region; Ethnology -- Mekong River Region; Inland 

water transportation -- Mekong River; Trade regulation -- Laos; Trade regulation -- Thailand; 

Trade regulation -- China; Trade regulation -- Burma; Mekong River Region -- Commerce; 

Southeast Asia -- Commerce. Notes: xviii; , [4] leaves of plates : ill., maps ; 25 cm.; Note(s): 

Includes bibliographical references (p. 196-224) and index.; Responsibility: Andrew Walker.; 

Entry: 19991021; Update: 20080323. ISSN/ISBN: 0700710744; 9780700710744. OCLC 

Accession Number: 42682034. 

Walker, Andrew. 1999. The Legend of the Golden Boat : Regulation, Trade and Traders in the 

Borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China, and Burma. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 

page(s): 232. Descriptors: Ethnology -- Mekong River Region; Inland water transportation -- 

Mekong River; Trade regulation -- Laos; Trade regulation -- Thailand; Trade regulation -- 

China; Trade regulation -- Burma; Frontières -- Mékong, Région du; Ethnologie -- Mékong, 

Région du; Transports de navigation intérieure -- Mékong (Fleuve); Commerce -- 

Réglementation -- Laos; Commerce -- Réglementation -- Thaïlande; Commerce -- 

Réglementation -- Chine; Commerce -- Réglementation -- Birmanie; Mekong River Region -- 

Commerce; Borderlands -- Mekong River Region; Asia Sudoriental -- Comercio; Mékong, 

Région du -- Commerce; Government publication (gpb); State or province government 

publication (sgp). Notes: xviii; ill., maps ; 25 cm.; Note(s): Includes bibliographical 

references (p. 196-224) and index.; Responsibility: Andrew Walker. Vendor Info: Baker & 

Taylor Baker & Taylor Ingram Baker and Taylor YBP Library Services (BKTY BKTY INGR 

BTCP YANK) 20.00 39.00 Status: active active; Entry: 19990406; Update: 20080325. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0824822552 (cloth : alk. paper); 9780824822552 (cloth : alk. paper); 

0824822560 (pbk. : alk. paper); 9780824822569 (pbk. : alk. paper) LCCN: 99-28886. OCLC 

Accession Number: 41143078. 

Walker, Leanne. 2007. “Lake of the Floating Gardens.” Geographical Additional Info: United 

Kingdom. June. Volume 79, Issue 6, Pages 60-4, 66. Descriptors: Indigenous peoples -- 

Myanmar. Notes: Details: il map.; Date of Entry: 20070827. Abstract: The unusual way of 

life of Myanmar's Intha people, who live and work on the waters of Inle Lake, is described. 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 169 
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The Intha, known for their unusual technique for rowing with one leg, live in houses on stilts 

above the water and earn their living from fishing or growing vegetables in extremely fertile 

floating gardens created from lake mud carried by reed mats. Availability: Connect to the 

catalog at your library. 

WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER WASHINGTON D C. 1966. “Health Data 

Publications no. 30. Burma (Union of Burma).” JAN. Descriptors: PUBLIC HEALTH; 

BURMA; TRANSPORTATION; GOVERNMENT(FOREIGN); NATURAL RESOURCES; 

DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASES; COMMUNICATION AND RADIO SYSTEMS; MAPS; 

ANIMALS; INFECTIOUS DISEASES; MEDICAL SERVICES; NUTRITION; 

AGRICULTURE; GEOGRAPHY; SOUTHEAST ASIA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; 

PLANTS(BOTANY); SANITARY ENGINEERING; DISEASE VECTORS; MEDICINE 

AND MEDICAL RESEARCH. Abstract: ;Contents: Geography, area, and population; Socioeconomic; Government and education; Resources and commerce; Transportation and 

communications; Diet, nutrition, and food sanitation; Housing and water supplies; Sewage 

waste, garbage disposal; Plants of medical importance; Animals of medical importance; 

Diseases of Burma; Community health services; Medical personnel and facilities. Notes: 

Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE. OCLC Accession Number: 

ADA001424. 

Wan, X., Wu, Y. and Li G. Affiliation: X. Wan, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083 

Country: China E-mail:,wanxq@cugb.edu.cn. 2003. “Distribution of Mid-Cretaceous 

Orbitolinids in Xizang (Tibet) and its Paleobiogeographic Implications.” Acta Geologica 

Sinica. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 77, Issue 1, Pages 8-14 Additional 

Info: China. Descriptors: Palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography -- 72.8.8; Tethys; 

Cretaceous; paleobiogeography; continental drift; foraminifera Species Term: Orbitolinidae. 

Notes: References: Number: 37; Geographic: China -- Tibet. Abstract: Orbitolinids is a kind 

of larger foraminifera. It occurred frequently during late Barremian to Cenomanian of 

Cretaceous and distributed worldwide, especially in the shallow marine belts surrounding the 

Tethys ocean. Its distribution in Xizang (Tibet) is limited in the Lhasa Block and some parts 

of the Qiangtang Basin. To both sides of this area, the distribution extends to Myanmar in the 

east and Ladakh to the west. Along the coast of Tethys, it migrated to Japan, Malaysia, 

Indonesia, Kashmir, Afghanistan, Mid-East, West and South Europe, North Africa and 

Caribbean regions. It never migrated into the Indian Plate where a mixed planktonic and 

smaller benthic foraminiferal fauna appeared during that time. Orbitolinids was found in the 

Tanganyika region in east Africa, but it did not migrate eastward into the Indian Plate either. 

Like Orbitolinids, a bivalve fauna of Isodomella-Caestocorbula found in the Lhasa Block 

belongs to the Japanese-East Asia sub-province (Wen, 1992), and no affinity has been found 

from the Indian continent. Whatley and Bajpai (2000) described an ostracod fauna of 

Limnocythere falsocarinata-Frambocythere tumiensis-Gom phocythere gom phiomatos. The 

fauna is shown to be an endemic Indian fauna without links to the specific level with China or 

Mongolia. The distribution of Orbitolinids and relative biotas support the tectonic geography. 

It is firmly established that the rise of the Tibetan plateau is the result of convergence of 

different terranes. During mid-Cretaceous, the Lhasa block had attached to the Eurasian 

continent. The Bangong Lake-Nujiang River suture closed at the end of Jurassic. By that time 

the Lhasa block was at the south margin of the Eurasian continent, thus the shallow water 

faunas like Orbitolinids and bivalves could migrate along the east and west margin of the 

Eurasian continent. Paleonbiogeographically, the Lhasa Block belongs to the north temperate 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 170 
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realm. The Indian Plate started to move away from Africa by early Cretaceous and drifted to 

the north. It was isolated from Eurasian continent to the north and from Africa to the west by 

Neo-Tethys ocean that was a barrier for migration of shallow water faunas. No Orbitolinids 

have been found from Indian Plate where faunas are shown not to be closely related to 

contemporary shallow water biota of the Eurasian continent. ISSN/ISBN: 0001-5717. 

Wang, Dandan; Yuan, Xiping and Gan, Shu. 2008. Study on Land Cover Remote Sensing 

Monitoring and LUCC Analysis in Frontier Small River Basin. Barcelona, Spain: Institute of 

Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, United States. page(s): 

3482-3485. 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARSS 

2007. Conference: Jun 23-28 2007. Descriptors: Remote sensing; Geographic information 

systems; Land use; River basin projects. Abstract: Selected WanDing river basin as a case 

study which is located in Yunnan frontier area, based on comprehensive integrated 

application of remote sensing and GIS technology, this research used interpretation method to 

extract study area's land use/land cover information in 2004, and adopted spectrum direct 

comparison method to extract its land use/land cover change information from 1990 to 2004. 

In consideration of the small river basin's special character that its land cover or landscape not 

only has spatial integrity of surface unit, and internal characteristic similarity, but also has 

some difference in land use forms and intensions between different neighboring nations, in 

order to obtain LUCC information in this study area, this research analyzed each land use 

type's quantity, spatial distribution characteristic and their land use/land cover change's 

quantity, spatial distribution characteristic, land use change degree characteristic etc, 

emphasized on those characteristics' difference between different neighboring nations. 

Finally, took the area in china in this basin as example, discussed and analyzed the main 

driving factors which caused its land use/land cover change, and their influence process. The 

preliminary results indicate that: 1) remote sensing monitoring and GIS processing 

technology is necessary, progressive, and scientific when apply to this kind of special area, 

and after field sampling analysis we could come to conclusion that the interpretation precision 

of this study area's monitoring result comes near to 90%; 2) the landscape pattern in 2004 was 

that the percentage of woodland was the biggest one(47.35%), the next was 

farmland(30.68%), the remaining lawn, water area, construction land and unused land were 

14.14%, 1.06%, 4.43%, and 2.34% respectively; 3) contrasted the land use structure status 

belongs to our country and Burma in this basin, we can find that there exited obvious 

difference in land use forms and its effect in 2004, the most obvious representation was 

construction land use, its proportion in our country was 6.34%,while 3.62% in Burma, this 

phenomena shows that the urbanization level was higher in our country, and our land use 

degree was greater than that of our neighboring country; 4) it can be concluded from LUCC 

monitoring result that, from 1990 to 2004, the total area whose land use type had changed in 

this basin up to 25.81Km2, reached 12.06% of the whole basin's area, it indicates that, the 

land use changed greatly, the most prominent performance was that construction land 

expanded to a large degree, its grow index up to 6.02% per year, the spatial distribution of 

this expansion main occurred along important road regions on the edge of WanDing 

economic development zone, and expanded at the cost of occupying a mass of farmland. The 

next prominent performance was that water area and woodland reduced in a large-scale. 5) 

contrasted and analyzed the two neighboring countries' LUCC in this basin, we can conclude 

that, except water area and construction land changed in a consistent way, the others were all 

presented a different tendency, this distinction fully presents land use difference between the 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 171 
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two countries; 6) made analysis to nature factors and humanities factors which affects land 

use and land cover change in the part of china in this basin, it indicates that, the special 

climate and terrain landform natural factors, the rapid growth of population and economical, 

the progress of social product level and technical, and the guidance function to land use by 

system and policy were the main driving forces, within them, the driving function of social 

economy factor was dominant. © 2007 IEEE. Notes: Compilation and indexing terms, 

copyright 2008 elsevier inc.; T3: International geoscience and remote sensing symposium 

(IGARSS). ISSN/ISBN: 1424412129. URL: 

http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2007.4423596. 

Wang, Jian, Ye, Zheng-Ren and He, Jian-Kun. 2008. “Three-Dimensional Mechanical Modeling of 

Large-Scale Crustal Deformation in China Constrained by the GPS Velocity Field.” 

Tectonophysics,. 1/1. Volume 446, Issue 1-4, Pages 51-60. Descriptors: Crustal deformation; 

Fault friction; Topographic loading; Lithospheric viscosity structure. 

Wellner, P. 1994. “A Pipeline Killing Field: Exploitation of Burma's Natural Gas.” Ecologist. 2005 

Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 24, Issue 5, Pages 189-193. Descriptors: 

GEOGRAPHICAL ABSTRACTS: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY -- 70; WATER -- 74.13; natural 

gas; gas production; cultural impact; energy investment; investment source; pipeline; social 

impact; environmental impact; hydrocarbon exploration; gas industry. Notes: Geographic: 

Burma. Abstract: Burma received independence from Britain in 1948 but has been under 

military rule since 1962 when the military seized power from the democratic government. 

The military leaders in need of funds for their operations have in the past sold timber and 

fishing concessions to foreign companies. Multinationals have also been invited to prospect 

freely for oil. Economical workable quantities of reserves seemed for some time to be 

unlikely leading some companies to pull out until the discovery of natural gas in the Yadama 

field. This gas field is expected to be on line by 1998. To enable transportation a gas pipeline 

is being constructed from the Andaman Sea across Tenasserim to Thailand. Its construction 

has resulted in the forcible displacement of villages, deforestation and enforced labour. This 

paper investigates the source of both moral and financial support for these abuses from both 

governments and multinationals. -D.Jarratt. ISSN/ISBN: 0261-3131. 

Wijayananda, N. P. and Cronan, D. S. 1994. “The Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Marine 

Sediments from the Eastern Indian Ocean.” Marine Geology,. 3. Volume 117, Issue 1-4, 

Pages 275-285. Abstract: Chemical, mineralogical and smear slide analyses of marine 

sediments from the eastern Indian Ocean have revealed at least eight sediment groups in the 

region. The Bay of Bengal contains sediments derived from the Himalayan Range, Indian 

subcontinent, Sri Lanka and West Burma. Sediments from the Indian subcontinent are carried 

south, passing the eastern abyssal plain of Sri Lanka and then turn west. This sediment path 

can be identified by A1, Fe and smectite distributions. The principal sediment source to the 

Andaman Sea is the Irrawaddy River. In the Central Indian and Wharton Basins, hydrogenous 

sediments contain additional material slumped from Java and Sumatra and wind blown from 

western Australia. 

Wilson, John G. and Brennan, Edward. 1987. Structural Control of Gold Mineralisation at a Plate 

Boundary; the Kyauk Pahto Photogeological Case History North-Central Burma; Pacific Rim 

Congress 87; an International Congress on the Geology, Structure, Mineralisation and 

Economics of the Pacific Rim. Australia (AUS): Australas. Inst. Min. and Metall., Parkville, 

Victoria, Australia (AUS). Pacific Rim Congress 87; an International Congress on the 

Geology, Structure, Mineralisation and Economics of the Pacific Rim, Gold Coast, Queensl. 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 172 
Myanmar Water 

Australia Conference: Aug. 26-29,1987. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; controls; economic 

geology; Far East; faults; fractures; geophysical surveys; gold ores; hydrothermal alteration; 

Kyauk Pahto; Landsat; metal ores; metasomatism; mineral deposits, genesis; mineralization; 

photogeology; remote sensing; Sagaing Fault; satellite methods; seismicity; structural 

controls; surveys. Notes: SP: IGC, international geological congress; FE: References: 4; illus. 

incl. sketch map; LL: Latitude:N090000,N284500 longitude:E1014500,E0920000; CY: 

GeoRef, copyright 2007, american geological institute. ISSN/ISBN: 0949106151. Database: 

GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 1988-031511. 

Wilson, T. and Reid, J. A. 1949. “Malaria among Prisoners of War in Siam (“F” Force).” 

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene,. 11. Volume 43, Issue 

3, Pages 257-272. 

WIN, K., KYI, T. and HMUN, T. “CHANGES OF PH IN GYOGON PADDY SOILS UNDER 

WATER-LOGGED CONDITION.” Notes: Source: UNION BURMA LIFE SCI J 2, no. 1 

(JAN 1969): 11-15.; Note(s): BIBLIOGRAPHY: P. 15. Subj Category: 80 SOILS AND 

FERTILIZERS. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Win, U. 1987. “IRRIGATION IN BURMA: AN OVERVIEW.” Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. Volume 

3, Issue 3, Pages 193-200. Descriptors: IRRIGATION -- Burma; WATER RESOURCES - 

Reviews; DATA PROCESSING - Natural Sciences Applications; ECONOMICS. Notes: 

Compilation and indexing terms, Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. Abstract: Spatial and temporal 

variations in the availability of water for cultivation has given rise to the critical importance 

of irrigation in the Burmese economy. Recently Burma has increased its investment by 25 to 

30 million dollars for irrigation development projects. Since the projects have been mainly 

focused on medium and large-scale operations, Burma has encountered problems such as the 

inadequacy of basic data, shortage of skilled laborers and inadequacy of financial resources. 

Existing underutilized systems and low acreage under multiple cropping suggest a need for 

emphasis on vertical expansion rather than horizontal extension. ISSN/ISBN: 0790-0627. 

Win, U. 1987. “Irrigation in Burma : An Overview.” - 3(3). Descriptors: IRRIGATION; WATER 

RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT; MYANMAR. Notes: 193-200; Note(s): Bibliography: p. 

200.; Responsibility: U. Win.; Entry: 19890703; Update: 20070213. Availability: Connect to 

the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession Number: 83422263. 

Win, U. 1987. “Irrigation in Burma: An Overview.” Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. Sept. Volume 3, 

Issue 3, Pages 193-200. maps. Additional Info: Surrey : Butterworth Scientific Ltd. 

Publishing Agencies: Non-US Imprint, not FAO. Descriptors: NAL: TD201.I56; Irrigation; 

Development projects; Dams; Tanks; Water reservoirs; History. Notes: Geographic: Burma 

Subj Category: P210 DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION; B500 HISTORY. ISSN/ISBN: 0790-

0627. 

Win, U.; Aung, U. Kyaw and Oo, U. Thet. 1992. “Myanmar; Water Quality Monitoring Activities 

and Irrigation Water Quality in some Areas; Groundwater Quality and Monitoring in Asia and 

the Pacific.” International (III): United Nations, New York, NY, International (III). Water 

Resources Series. 1992. Volume: 70, page(s): 195-201. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; Far East; 

ground water; irrigation; monitoring; water quality; water resources. Notes: CD: UNWRBX; 

FE: References: 22; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. 

ISSN/ISBN: 9211195950. Database: GeoRef. OCLC Accession Number: 1994-018698. 

Wongwanich, Thanis and Burrett, Clive. 1995. “The Upper Ordovician Deeper Water Stromatolites 

of Thailand and its Correlation in SE Asia; Proceedings of the International Symposium; 

Geology of Southeast Asia and Adjacent Areas.” Journal of Geology, Series B. Geological 

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Survey of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam (VNM): Vietnam (VNM). Volume 1995, Issue 5-6, 

Pages 172-173. Descriptors: algae; Asia; biogenic structures; Burma; correlation; deep-water 

environment; Far East; IGCP; Linwe Formation; microfossils; Naungkangi Group; 

Nyaungbaw Formation; Ordovician; Pa Kae Formation; Paleozoic; Pindaya Group; Plantae; 

Satun Thailand; sedimentary structures; Shan State Burma; Southeast Asia; stromatolites; 

Thailand; Upper Ordovician. Notes: SP: IGCP, International Geological Correlation 

Programme; CD: #04155; IGCP Project No. 306, 321, 359; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. 

Wood, Gordon D. 1996. “The Importance of Palynology and Palynofacies in Geochemical and 

Thermal Maturation Modeling; Geoscience for the Community; 13th Australian Geological 

Convention [Modified].” Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. Geological Society of 

Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia (AUS): Australia (AUS). Volume 41, Pages 481. 

Descriptors: Asia; biofacies; Burma; carbon; case studies; Cenozoic; Chindwin Basin; 

correlation; Cretaceous; depositional environment; Eocene; exploitation; Far East; hydrogen; 

Indian Peninsula; Jatta Gypsum; kerogen; macerals; Mesozoic; microfossils; models; 

Neogene; organic carbon; organic compounds; organic materials; outcrops; Pakistan; 

Paleogene; palynomorphs; petroleum; petroleum exploration; Pleistocene; Pliocene; 

provenance; Quaternary; reflectance; reworking; Robat Pakistan; source rocks; South 

America; Tertiary; thermal maturity; Upper Cretaceous; vitrinite. Notes: CY: GeoRef, 

Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0729-011X. 

Wooltorton, F. L. 1944. A FOUNDATION PROBLEM IN BURMA. Highway Research Board. 

Highway Research Board Proceedings. Descriptors: Chemical analysis; Climate; Climatic 

conditions; Field tests; Foundation problems; Foundations; Insitu methods; Loading; Loads; 

Measurement; Permeability; Pressure; Shrinkage; Shrinkage tests; Swelling soils. Abstract: 

AN UNUSUAL PHENOMENON OF SWELLING PRESSURE OF SOILS IS DESCRIBED, 

INCLUDING ITS EFFECT ON STRUCTURES, THE METHODS USED IN STUDYING 

THE PROBLEM, AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO MINIMIZE ITS ACTION. THE 

TYPE, FORMATION AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE SOIL AND THE 

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ARE GIVEN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP DISCUSSED. 

THE VALUE OF IN SITU PERMEABILITY AND SHRINKAGE TESTS AND 

OBSERVATIONS IS STRESSED. A MINIMUM RATHER THAN A MAXIMUM SAFE 

LOADING IS RECOMMENDED FOR THE SOILS IN QUESTION AND IF THE 

TRANSMITTED LOADING IS LESS THAN THE EFFECTIVE SWELLING PRESSURE 

OF THE SOIL ALLOWANCE SHOULD BE MADE FOR THE STRESSES INDUCED BY 

SOIL MOVEMENTS. /AUTHOR/. Notes: Vol 24, pp 441-444, 1 TAB, 5 REF. OCLC 

Accession Number: 00237981. URL: Transportation Research Board. 

World Bank; World Bank; Asia Projects Dept and International Development Association. 1973. 

Appraisal of an Inland Water Transport Project, Burma. Washington, D.C: International Bank 

for Reconstruction and Development [and] International Development Association. 

Descriptors: Inland water transportation -- Burma; Government publication (gpb); 

International government publication (igp). Notes: 1 v. (various pagings) : ill. ; 28 cm. + 1 

folded col. map.; Note(s): “Not for public use.”/ Title from cover./ “May 31, 1973.”/ Prepared 

by: Asia Projects Dept.; Entry: 20020225; Update: 20080413. OCLC Accession Number: 

223193486. 

World Meteorological Organization; Burma and United Nations Development Programme. 1968. 

Expansion of Meteorological and Hydrological Services; Geneva: United Nations 

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Development Programme. Descriptors: Meteorology -- Research -- Burma; Hydrology -- 

Research -- Burma. Notes: 28 p. illus. 28 cm.; Note(s): At head of title: Burma.; 

Responsibility: report prepared for the Government of Burma by the World Meteorological 

Organization acting as executing agency for the United Nations Development Programme. 

Vendor Info: Baker and Taylor (BTCP); Entry: 19700706; Update: 20080316. ISSN/ISBN: 

LCCN: 70-476169. OCLC Accession Number: 82680. 

World Meteorological Organization; Burma and United Nations Development Programme. 1900-

1983. Expansion of Meteorological and Hydrological Services. Geneva: United Nations 

Development Programme. Descriptors: Meteorological research -- Burma; Hydrology -- 

Research -- Burma; Government publication (gpb); International government publication 

(igp); Microfiche (mfc); Master microform (mmc). Notes: 28 p. illus. 28 cm.; Note(s): At 

head of title: Burma./ Master microform held by: NN./ Reproduction: Microfiche./ New York, 

N.Y.,/ New York Public Library,/ 19--.; Responsibility: report prepared for the Government 

of Burma by the World Meteorological Organization acting as executing agency for the 

United Nations Development Programme.; Entry: 19901012; Update: 20040515. ISSN/ISBN: 

LCCN: nuc 87-813523. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. OCLC Accession 

Number: 22504777. 

World Meteorological Organization and United Nations Development Programme. 1968. Burma, 

Expansion of Meteorological and Hydrological Services; Report Prepared for the Government 

of Burma by the World Meterological Organization Acting as Executing Agency for the 

United Nations Development Programme. Geneva: United Nations Development Programme; 

World Meteorological Organization. Descriptors: Meteorology -- Research; Hydrology -- 

Burma -- Research; Meteorology -- Burma. Notes: 30 p. illus. 28 cm.; Entry: 19850523; 

Update: 20060410. ISSN/ISBN: LCCN: 70-476169. OCLC Accession Number: 63228325. 

Wyszogrodzka, Anna Julia. 1984. MULTIPLE PATHOGEN INOCULATION AND SELECTION 

FOR GUMMY STEM BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN CUCUMBERS (CUCUMIS, 

DIDYMELLA, SCREENING). The University of Wisconsin - Madison; 0262. DAI. Volume: 

45, 04B, page(s): 142-1077. Descriptors: AGRICULTURE, PLANT PATHOLOGY. 

Abstract: Methodology was developed for simultaneous inoculation of cucumber seedlings 

with Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, Colletotrichum 

orbiculare race 1 and Cladosporium cucumerinum and sequential inoculation with 

Corynespora cassiicola under controlled environments. Localized inoculation of selected sites 

on two-day-postemergent cotyledons with P. syringae pv. lachrymans (2.2 x 10('4) colony 

forming units delivered into a toothpick wound), with P. cubensis (50 zoospores in 1 (mu)l of 

water), with C. orbiculare (200 spores in 5 (mu)l of water) and with C. cucumerinum (2000 

spores in 10 (mu)l of water delivered on the apical growing point), followed by 48 hr 

incubation at 20 C, 100% RH in the dark and 24 hr in a 20 C lighted growth chamber, resulted 

in interaction phenotypes permitting differentiation between resistant and susceptible 

cucumber cultivars GY14, Wisconsin SMR18, GY3 and Straight 8. No induced resistance 

was observed in GY14 when C. cassiicola was inoculated (1000 spores in 5 (mu)l of water 

followed by 48 hr incubation at 24 C, 100% RH in the dark) 72 hr after inoculation with the 

above pathogens. Resistance to gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae) was not detected 

among 1208 cucumber lines of diverse origin when cotyledons of four-day-old seedlings were 

inoculated with an aqueous suspension of 5000 spores of D. bryoniae delivered to freshly 

crushed tissue, followed by 48 hr incubation at 20 C, 100% RH in the dark. Among 49 lots 

evaluated for gummy stem blight in the field, cv. Homegreen #2 and PI 200818 from Burma 

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were resistant. Earliness in fruit maturity was positively correlated with susceptibility to 

gummy stem blight (r = 0.424). Cucumber accessions differed in the incidence of stem and 

hypocotyl cankers. In greenhouse grown plants at the 2nd-3rd leaf stage, differentiation of 

resistant lines was obtained by spraying plants with an aqueous suspension of 10('6)/ml D. 

bryoniae spores followed by 48 hr incubation at 20 C, 100% RH in the dark. One cycle of 

mass selection in Homegreen #2 resulted in improved gummy stem blight resistance. Notes: 

Degree: PH.D. OCLC Accession Number: AAG8410804. 

Xu Zongxue, Gong Tongliang and Liu Changming. 2007. “Detection of Decadal Trends in 

Precipitation Across the Tibetan Plateau; Methodology in Hydrology.” IAHS-AISH 

Publication. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, [Louvain], International 

(III): International (III). Volume 311, Pages 271-276. Descriptors: Asia; atmospheric 

precipitation; Bhutan; Brahmaputra River; Burma; China; climate; climate change; data 

bases; data processing; Far East; geographic information systems; Himalayas; hydrology; 

India; Indian Peninsula; information systems; land use; Lhasa China; meteorology; 

mountains; Nepal; seasonal variations; Sikkim India; Tibetan Plateau; water resources; 

Xizang China. Notes: CD: PIHSD9; FE: References: 10; illus. incl. sketch maps; LL: 

Latitude:N265000,N365300 Longitude:E0990600,E0782500; CY: GeoRef in Process, 

Copyright 2008, American Geological Institute. After editing and indexing, this record will be 

added to Georef. Database: GeoRef In Process. ISSN/ISBN: 1901502930. 

Yamamoto, K., Fukuda, Y., Nakaegawa, T. and Nishijima J. Affiliation: K. Yamamoto, 

Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa 

Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Country: Japan E-mail:,yamamoto@kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp. 2007. 

“Landwater Variation in Four Major River Basins of the Indochina Peninsula as Revealed by 

GRACE.” Earth, Planets and Space. 2007 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.: Volume 59, 

Issue 4, Pages 193-200 Additional Info: Japan. Descriptors: Applications: hydrosphere -- 

71.8.8.4; estimation method; gravity field; hydrological modeling; numerical model; river 

basin; satellite imagery; water storage. Notes: References: Number: 26; Geographic: Asia 

Central Region [Thailand] Chao Phraya Basin Eurasia Indochina Irrawaddy River Mekong 

Basin Myanmar Salween Basin Southeast Asia Thailand. Abstract: We estimated mass 

variations in four major river basins - the Mekong, Irrawaddy, Salween and Chao Phraya river 

basins - of the Indochina Peninsula using the newly released GRACE (Gravity Recovery and 

Climate Experiment) monthly gravity field solutions of UTCSR RL02 (University of Texas at 

Austin, Center for Space Research Release 02), JPL RL02 (Jet Propulsion Laboratory Release 

02) and GFZ RL03 (GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam Release 03). The estimated variations 

were compared with that calculated from a numerical model. The results show that there is a 

good agreement between the GRACE estimations and the model calculation for the Mekong 

and Irrawaddy basins, while the aggreement for the Salween and Chao Phraya basins is poor, 

mainly due to the spatial scale of the areas concerned. The comparison over the combined 

area of the four river basins shows fairly good agreement, although there are small 

quantitative discrepancies. The amplitudes of the annual signals of the GRACE solutions are 

0.9- to 1.4-fold larger than that of the hydrological model, and the phases are delayed about 1 

month compared with the model signal. The phase differences are probably due to improper 

treatments of the groundwater storage process in the hydrological model, suggesting that the 

GRACE data possibly provide constraints to the model parameters. Copyright (c) The Society 

of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences (SGEPSS); The Seismological 

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Society of Japan; The Volcanological Society of Japan; The Geodetic Society of Japan; The 

Japanese Society for Planetary Sciences; TERRAPUB. ISSN/ISBN: 1343-8832. 

Yan, X., Ohara, T. and Akimoto H. Affiliation: X. Yan, Frontier Res. System Global Change, 

Yokohama 236-0001 Country: Japan E-mail:,yanxy@jamstec.go.jp. 2003. “Development of 

Region-Specific Emission Factors and Estimation of Methane Emission from Rice Fields in 

the East, Southeast and South Asian Countries.” Global Change Biol. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All 

rights reserved.: Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 237-254 Additional Info: United Kingdom. 

Descriptors: GLOBAL ECOLOGY -- 73.2; Biogeochemical cycles -- 71.1.3; rice; agricultural 

emission; methane; geographical distribution; estimation method. Notes: References: 

Number: 83; Geographic: Asia. Abstract: Rice cultivation areas in East, Southeast and South 

Asia account for 89% of the world total, and field measurements of methane (CH4) emission 

from rice cultivation have been widely performed in this area. In this paper, we assembled 

most of the measurements and developed region-specific CH4 emission factors. Efforts were 

made in order to regionalize rice fields by climate and soil properties, and to incorporate the 

effect of organic input and water regime on emission. Data on rice cultivation areas of 1995 

were collected at subdivision level (province, state, prefecture, etc.). Total emission from 

these areas was estimated at 25.1 Tg CH4 year-1, of which 7.67 Tg was emitted from China 

and 5.88 Tg from India. Irrigated and rainfed rice fields contributed 70.4 and 27.5% to the 

total emission, respectively. Deepwater rice fields had a very small share. A high-resolution 

and quality emission distribution map was constructed as the emission was directly estimated 

at province level and below that, a 30-second land-use dataset was used in order to translate 

the emission to grid format. As the rice cultivation area in the study region accounts for 89% 

of the world total, extrapolating the estimate to the global scale indicates a global emission of 

28.2 Tg CH4 year-1. The estimate was compared with country reports made by local 

scientists. For some countries - such as Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, South 

Korea, Pakistan and the Philippines - the results of this estimate agree reasonably well with 

their country reports (CV <15%). For some other countries - such as China, India and 

Bangladesh - there is relatively large disagreement between our estimate and their country 

reports. The reasons for the discrepancies were discussed. ISSN/ISBN: 1354-1013. 

Yang Jin and Wang Zhihui. 2001. “Textures and Genesis of Jadeite Ore from Burma.” Chengdu 

Ligong Xueyuan Xuebao = Journal of Chengdu Institute of Technology. Chengdu Liguong 

Xueyuan = Chengdu Institute of Technology, Chengdu, China (CHN): China (CHN). Oct. 

Volume 28, Issue 4, Pages 363-365. Descriptors: Asia; Burma; chain silicates; clinopyroxene; 

Far East; gems; hydrothermal alteration; jadeite; magmatism; metamorphism; metasomatism; 

mineral deposits, genesis; P-T conditions; pyroxene group; silicates; textures. Notes: FE: 

References: 8; illus. incl. 2 tables; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological 

Institute. Abstract: Based on the characteristics of jadeite and its mineralization, the textures 

of jadeite ore from Burma are classified as three types. According to the geology of the 

deposit, chemical composition and textures of the ore, physico-chemical conditions of ore 

formation, ore-forming source, and geotectonic environment, jadeite ore is thought to be the 

result of magmatism, hydrothermal metasomatism and metamorphism during plate collision. 

The metamorphic temperature was 200-350 degrees and the pressure 500-800 MPa. Jadeite 

ore is closely related to glaucophane schist. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 1005-9539. 

Zangaki. 1889. [Album of Photographs of Burma, India and Egypt]. Descriptors: Buddhist temples 

-- Burma; Carts & wagons; Castles & palaces -- Burma; Churches -- India; Clubhouses -- 

India; Dancers -- Burma; Forts & fortifications -- Burma -- Mandalay; Forts & fortifications -

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- India; Gardens -- India; Markets -- India; Men -- Clothing & dress; Monks -- Burma; 

Monuments & memorials; Mosques -- India; Nuns -- Burma; Pagodas -- Burma; Palms; 

Railroad stations -- India; Sailing ships -- Egyptian; Schools -- Burma; Taj Mahal (Agra, 

India); Tombs & sepulchral monuments -- India; Water buffaloes; Wells -- Egypt; Women -- 

Burma -- Clothing & dress; Graphic (grp); Photograph (pht). Abstract: Views in Burma: 

Mandalay: fort and moat, and the King Thibaw's classroom in the fort; the palace; pagodas; 

pagodas and monasteries at Wunsho, Rangoon and other locations, and including view of 

Phomsee school, and monks with begging bowls; individuals and groups, including group 

from Sagiang, a Burmese princess in court costume, Shan woman, Kachin woman, Hunthol 

(?) woman, women and girls including one identified as “Sussanah, the artist's wife”; a 

Burmese nun; men, a father and child; women cleaning rice; men and water buffalo at oil 

cake factory; water buffalo-drawn carts; dancers who performed for Prince Albert Victor. 

Views in India: Taj Mahal at Agra, including interior view of tomb, masoleum of “Prince 

Dowlah” [Itimad ud-Daula?]; Pearl Mosque; Iron Pillar, Dehli; Lahore gate, entrance to fort 

at Dehli; Agra Fort; Kasuali: Taps Nose or Monkey Point; Christ Church; market and depot; 

club house and recreation grounds; Lawrence Military Asylum, Sanawur, near Kasauli; 

Ootacamund [Udagamandalam]: St. Stephen's Church, Government Gardens, Ootacamund 

Lake; general view of Coonoor, showing people and carts gathered in center of village; an 

encampment in a valley; bridge over mountain stream, and men with carts. Banana trees and 

group of people; 99th Regiment memorial pillar. Views in Egypt or vicinity: water buffalo 

drawing water, men harvesting dates and one mounted on camel; Alexandria: boat moored 

near bridge, and a general view; man drawing water; palm trees; views of water buffalo in a 

river. Portraits of unidentified men, all wearing turbans, some with embroidered jackets, 

medals and swords. Notes: 1 album (68 photographic prints); Named Person: Thibaw, King of 

Burma, fl.1875-1885 -- Homes and haunts.; Genre/Form: Albums. Group portraits. Portraits. 

Albumen prints. Photographic prints. Silver gelatin prints.; Geographic: Agra (India) 

Alexandria (Egypt) Coonoor (India) Dehli (India) Mandalay (Burma) Rangoon (Burma) 

Udagamandalam (India); Note(s): Title devised by cataloger./ Photographic prints are 

mounted on heavy paper in a half-leather-bound album. “Early photos of the East” in pencil 

on inside cover./ Two images depict dancers who performed for Prince Albert Victor who 

visited Burma beginning late 1889. See Rees, H.R.H. The Duke of Clarence and Avondale in 

Southern India, 1891./ Most are captioned in English on page below photographs. Those that 

lack captions are silver gelatin prints which may have been added to the album later. Some 

are numbered and captioned in English in negative; images by “Zangaki,” have 

photographer's name, captions in French and numbers in negative.; General Info: Admission 

is granted through application to the Office of Special Collections./ Transfer from Dance 

Collection, 1985.; Other Titles: Early photos of the east.; Entry: 19930916; Update: 

20070201. OCLC Accession Number: 81220913. 

Zaw, Khin. 2004. “Geological Setting and Formation of the Bawdwin Deposit, Northern Shan 

State, Myanmar; a Silver-Rich, Volcanic-Hosted Polymetallic Massive Sulfide Deposit; 

Dynamic Earth; Past, Present and Future.” Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. 

Geological Society of Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia (AUS): Australia (AUS). Volume 

73, Pages 139. Descriptors: Asia; Bawdwin Deposit; Burma; Cambrian; Far East; 

hydrothermal vents; igneous rocks; intrusions; isotope ratios; isotopes; marine environment; 

massive deposits; massive sulfide deposits; metal ores; mineral deposits, genesis; Paleozoic; 

pipes; polymetallic ores; rhyolitic composition; S-34/S-32; Shan State Burma; silver ores; 

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stable isotopes; sulfur; volcanic rocks; volcaniclastics. Notes: LL: 

Latitude:N210000,N241100 Longitude:E1010500,E0961000; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, 

American Geological Institute. Produced under license from the Commonwealth of Australia 

as represented by Geoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Database: GeoRef. 

ISSN/ISBN: 0729-011X. 

Zaw, Khin. 2002. “Sediment-Hosted Gold Mineralisation at Kyaukpahto, Kawlin-Wuntho District, 

Northern Myanmar; Geoscience 2002; Expanding Horizons; Abstracts of the 16th Australian 

Geological Convention.” Abstracts - Geological Society of Australia. Geological Society of 

Australia, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia (AUS): Australia (AUS). Volume 67, Pages 349. 

Descriptors: aliphatic hydrocarbons; alkanes; Asia; Burma; carbon dioxide; Cenozoic; clastic 

rocks; disseminated deposits; Eocene; epithermal processes; Far East; faults; fluid inclusions; 

fractures; gold ores; hydrocarbons; inclusions; Kawlin-Wuntho mining district; Kyaukpahto 

Burma; laser ablation; laser methods; Male Formation; metal ores; methane; mineral deposits, 

genesis; Miocene; Neogene; northern Burma; organic compounds; Paleogene; Sagaing Fault; 

sandstone; sedimentary rocks; strike-slip faults; sulfides; sulfur; Tertiary; transfer faults. 

Notes: FE: References: 2; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. 

Produced under license from the Commonwealth of Australia as represented by Geoscience 

Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Database: GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0729-011X. 

Zaw, Khin. 1998. “Geological Evolution of Selected Granitic Pegmatites in Myanmar (Burma); 

Constraints from Regional Setting, Lithology, and Fluid-Inclusion Studies.” Int. Geol. Rev. 

Winston & Son, Silver Spring, MD, United States (USA): United States (USA). Jul. Volume 

40, Issue 7, Pages 647-662. Descriptors: Asia; beryl; Burma; dikes; Far East; fluid inclusions; 

gems; geologic thermometry; granites; granitic composition; hydrothermal conditions; 

igneous rocks; inclusions; intrusions; kaolin deposits; lithofacies; metal ores; mineral 

deposits, genesis; mineral exploration; mineralization; ore-forming fluids; P-T conditions; 

pegmatite; petrography; plutonic rocks; ring silicates; S-type granites; silicates; structural 

controls; tin ores; tungsten ores; veins. Notes: CD: IGREAP; FE: References: 71; illus. incl. 3 

tables; CY: GeoRef, Copyright 2007, American Geological Institute. Abstract: Pegmatite 

deposits commonly occur in the 1500 km long, N-S-trending, tungsten-tin-bearing granitoid 

belt in Myanmar. Pegmatites are emplaced as veins and dikes that cut granitoid, migmatite, 

gneiss, gneiss, and schist. The pegmatite veins and dikes are mostly 2 to 5 meters wide and 30 

to 150 meters long, and some are traceable over a distance of 300 meters. The pegmatites are 

composed of quartz, orthoclase, albite, microcline microperthite, and muscovite, with minor 

biotite, tourmaline, beryl, garnet, topaz, lepidolite, magnetite, wolframite, cassiterite, and rare 

columbite. They are commonly zoned, feldspars and muscovite being more abundant in the 

center and quartz more common at the margin. The zoning pattern is rather distinct in the 

pegmatite body, where tourmaline is present. The light-colored felsic minerals are confined to 

the core zone and the dark-colored tourmaline crystals to the outer zone. Numerous fluid 

inclusions have been found in quartz, topaz, and beryl. Most of the inclusions are rounded to 

elliptical, with a variable degree of liquid filling. All inclusions are aqueous, two-phase 

(liquid and vapor) inclusions with no daughter minerals. Homogenization temperatures of 173 

fluid inclusions were measured in this study. Geothermometric studies indicate that the 

pegmatites were formed over a homogenization temperature range of 230 degrees to 410 

degrees C. Salinities of fluid inclusions in pegmatite minerals yielded from 1.0 to 10.8 NaCl 

equiv. wt%. Topaz and quartz single crystals (several cm across) from the Sakangyi pegmatite 

provide an opportunity to extract the fluids trapped in these minerals. The Na/K ratios of the 

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fluid inclusions in two topaz samples were 3.0 to 4.9, and those of two quartz samples were 

2.9 to 10.5, suggesting the presence of substantial potassium in the pegmatite-forming fluids. 

In this study, evidence for phase separation of the pegmatite-forming fluids was not observed. 

The post-magmatic, hydrothermal fluids responsible for the pegmatite veins evidently 

emanated from cooling S-type granitoids, with which they are spatially associated. Database: 

GeoRef. ISSN/ISBN: 0020-6814. 

Zhu, B. Q., Mao, C. X., Lugmair, G. W. and Macdougall, J. D. 1983. “Isotopic and Geochemical 

Evidence for the Origin of Plio- Pleistocene Volcanic Rocks Near the Indo-Eurasian 

Collisional Margin at Tengchong, China.” Earth & Planetary Science Letters. 2005 Elsevier 

Ltd. All rights reserved.: Volume 65, Issue 2, Pages 263-275. Descriptors: MINERALOGY -- 

72.1. Notes: Note(s): Special Feature: 10 figs, 2 maps. Abstract: In Yunnan Province, China, 

regional extensional stresses associated with the collision between India and Asia have 

formed a series of downfaulted N-S-trending basins. Near Tengchong, in extreme W Yunnan, 

close to the Burma border, one of these basins is characterized by volcanism which began in 

the Pliocene (approx 7 m.y. B.P.) and has continued until historic times. This suite ranges in 

composition from basalt to dacite, with most lavas being K- rich. Five chemical groups are 

recognized, which are broadly consistent with previous groupings made on the basis of 

geological and age data. The main series of lavas was derived by partial melting of a 

metasomatized and heterogeneous mantle source, with crustal and possibly sea-water 

components probably related to prior subduction beneath Asia. An andesite-dacite series with 

similarities to Tibetan calc-alkaline lavas shows clear indications of assimilated crust and 

crystal fractionation. There is no evidence for a strongly depleted subcontinental mantle such 

as has been recognized elsewhere. -P.Br. Availability: Connect to the catalog at your library. 

Zhu, B-Q, Mao, C-X, Lugmair, G. W. and Macdougall, J. D. 1983. “Isotopic and Geochemical 

Evidence for the Origin of Plio-Pleistocene Volcanic Rocks Near the Indo-Eurasian 

Collisional Margin at Tengchong, China.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters,. 11. Volume 

65, Issue 2, Pages 263-275. 

Ziegler, Jean and UN. Commission on Human Rights. Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food. 

2003. The Right to Food : Report. Geneva: UN. Descriptors: RIGHT TO FOOD; FOOD 

SECURITY; RIGHT TO DRINKING WATER; GUIDELINES; HUNGER; 

MALNUTRITION; FOOD POLICY; CASE STUDIES; NIGER; BANGLADESH; BRAZIL; 

HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS; ZIMBABWE; MYANMAR; TERRITORIES 

OCCUPIED BY ISRAEL; RECOMMENDATIONS; FAO; UN. Committee on Economic, 

Social and Cultural Rights; World Food Summit : Five Years Later (2002 : Rome); 

Government publication (gpb); International government publication (igp); Internet resource 

(url). Abstract: Reports on the Special Rapporteur's activities to promote greater awareness 

and implementation of the right to food; focuses on the development of International 

Guidelines on the Right to Food, under the auspices of FAO, and a new General Comment no. 

15 on the right to water by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; describes 

the process in place for receiving and responding to allegations of violations of the right to 

food; ends with conclusions and recommendations. Notes: 23 p.; Title Subject: International 

Guidelines on the Right to Food (Draft) International Covenant on Economic, Social and 

Cultural Rights (1966); Note(s): Includes bibliographical references (p. 21-23)./ UN Job no.: 

G0311070 E./ UN Job no.: G0310236 E./ Material type: Reports/studies./ Issued under 

agenda item 10, agenda document E/CN.4/2003/1.; General Info: Distribution: General.; 

Responsibility: submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Jean Ziegler, in 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 180 
Myanmar Water 

TEC/ERDC 3:07:44 PM 5/7/2008 181 

accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/25.; Date of Entry: 

20030214; Update: 20070202. OCLC Accession Number: 81285490. URL: http://daccessods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=E/CN.4/2003/54&Lang=A; Materials specified: Full 

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