United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

In cooperation with

West Virginia Agricultural

and Forestry Experiment

Station; United States

Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service; and

Pocahontas County

Commission

Soil Survey of

Pocahontas County,

West Virginia

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is the color map preceding the detailed soil maps, shows the survey area divided

into groups of associated soils called general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and

management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map,

identify the name of the map unit in the area on the color-coded map

legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a

general description of the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps follow the

general soil map. These maps

can be useful in planning the use

and management of small areas.

To find information about your

area of interest, locate that area

on the Index to Map Sheets,

which precedes the soil maps.

Note the number of the map

sheet and turn to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map

units symbols that are in that

area. Turn to the Contents, which

lists the map units by symbol and

name and shows the page where

each map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table has data on a specific land use for each detailed soil map unit. Also see the

Contents for sections of this publication that may address your specific needs.

3

How to Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web. The

address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov.

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The

Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1990. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1992. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1992. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service; the West Virginia

Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station; the United States Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service; and the Pocahontas County Commission. The survey is

part of the technical assistance furnished to the Greenbrier Valley Soil Conservation

District.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its

programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all

programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication

of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s

TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D.C. 20250 or call 1-800-245-6340 (voice) or 202-720-1127 (TDD). USDA

is an equal employment opportunity employer.

Cover: A variety of landforms and land uses in the vicinity of Hillsboro, looking northeastward

from the lookout tower at Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park.
5

Contents

Cover ....................................................................... 1

How to Use This Soil Survey .................................. 3

Contents .................................................................. 5

Foreword ................................................................. 9

General Nature of the County ................................. 11

Settlement .......................................................... 11

Farming .............................................................. 12

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage .................... 12

Climate ............................................................... 12

Geology .............................................................. 13

How This Survey Was Made ................................... 16

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 19

Dominantly Mesic Soils Formed in Alluvium

Derived From Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale,

Limestone, or Chert ............................................ 19

1. Potomac-Tioga-Holly ............................. 19

2. Allegheny-Atkins .................................... 19

Dominantly Mesic Soils Formed in

Material Derived From Level-Bedded

Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, Limestone,

or Chert .............................................................. 20

3. Duffield-Lodi-Belmont ............................ 20

4. Cateache-Shouns-Belmont .................... 20

Dominantly Mesic Soils Formed in Material

Derived From Folded Sandstone, Siltstone,

Shale, Limestone, or Chert ................................. 21

5. Blackthorn-Faywood-Berks .................... 21

6. Calvin-Shouns ....................................... 21

7. Berks-Weikert ........................................ 23

8. Dekalb-Calvin-Mertz-Elliber ................... 23

Dominantly Frigid Soils Formed in Material

Derived From Level-Bedded Sandstone,

Siltstone, and Shale ........................................... 24

9. Mandy-Snowdog-Gauley ....................... 24

10. Mandy ................................................... 24

Detailed Soil Map Units ........................................ 27

Soil Descriptions ................................................ 28

AlB—Allegheny loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 28

AlC—Allegheny loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .................................................... 29

At—Atkins silt loam ........................................ 29

BaB—Belmont silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 30

BaC—Belmont silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .................................................... 31

BaD—Belmont silt loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes .................................................... 32

BbC—Belmont silt loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, very rocky.................................. 33

BbE—Belmont silt loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, very rocky.................................. 35

BbF—Belmont silt loam, 35 to 55 percent

slopes, very rocky.................................. 36

BeB—Berks channery silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 37

BeC—Berks channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 37

BeD—Berks channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes .................................. 38

BeE—Berks channery silt loam, 25 to

35 percent slopes .................................. 39

BfC—Berks channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 40

BfE—Berks channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony ................ 41

BfF—Berks channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony ................ 42

BgC—Berks-Dekalb complex, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 43

BgE—Berks-Dekalb complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony ................ 44

BgF—Berks-Dekalb complex, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony ................ 45

BhG—Berks, Weikert, and Calvin soils,

55 to 80 percent slopes, very stony ....... 46

BlC—Blackthorn channery loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, extremely stony ....... 47

BlE—Blackthorn channery loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony ....... 48

BlF—Blackthorn channery loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, extremely stony ....... 49

BoB—Blairton silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 49

BrF—Briery-Rock outcrop complex, very

steep ..................................................... 50

CaC—Calvin channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 51
6

CbC—Calvin channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 52

CbE—Calvin channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony ................ 54

CbF—Calvin channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony ................ 55

CdC—Calvin-Dekalb-Berks complex, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 56

CdE—Calvin-Dekalb-Berks complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony ................ 57

CdF—Calvin-Dekalb-Berks complex, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony ................ 58

CeB—Cateache channery silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 59

CeC—Cateache channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 60

CeD—Cateache channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes .................................. 62

CfC—Cateache channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 63

CfE—Cateache channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony ................ 64

CfF—Cateache channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony ................ 65

CfG—Cateache channery silt loam, 55 to

80 percent slopes, very stony ................ 66

Ch—Chavies fine sandy loam ........................ 66

CuB—Culleoka silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 67

CuC—Culleoka silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .................................................... 68

CuD—Culleoka silt loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes .................................................... 69

CuE—Culleoka silt loam, 25 to 35 percent

slopes .................................................... 70

CuF—Culleoka silt loam, 35 to 55 percent

slopes .................................................... 71

DhC—Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 71

DhE—Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony ................ 73

DhF—Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony ................ 74

DuB—Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 75

DuC—Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .................................................... 76

ElF—Elliber extremely channery silt loam,

35 to 55 percent slopes ......................... 77

FaC—Faywood silt loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, very rocky.................................. 77

FaE—Faywood silt loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, very rocky.................................. 78

FaF—Faywood silt loam, 35 to 55 percent

slopes, very rocky.................................. 79

GaC—Gauley channery sandy loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, extremely stony ....... 80

GaE—Gauley channery sandy loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony ....... 81

Ho—Holly silt loam ......................................... 82

LeC—Leatherbark silt loam, 0 to

15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 83

LlB—Lily loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes ............. 83

LlC—Lily loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes ........... 85

LlD—Lily loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes ......... 86

Lo—Lobdell silt loam ...................................... 87

LyB—Lodi silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................... 88

LyC—Lodi silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .................................................... 89

MaB—Macove channery silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................... 90

MaC—Macove channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 90

MaD—Macove channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes .................................. 91

McC—Macove channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 92

McE—Macove channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony ................ 93

MdC—Mandy channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes .................................. 94

MdD—Mandy channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes .................................. 96

MfC—Mandy channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony ................ 97

MfE—Mandy channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony ................ 98

MfF—Mandy channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony ................ 99
7

MfG—Mandy channery silt loam, 55 to

80 percent slopes, very stony .............. 100

Mh—Medihemists, very deep....................... 101

MrB—Mertz channery silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes .................................. 101

MzC—Mertz channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes, very stony .............. 103

MzE—Mertz channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony .............. 104

Or—Orrville silt loam .................................... 105

Ph—Philo silt loam ....................................... 105

Po—Potomac loam ...................................... 106

Pt—Potomac very gravelly loam .................. 107

Pu—Purdy silt loam ..................................... 108

Sc—Sees silt loam ....................................... 108

Se—Sensabaugh silt loam ........................... 109

ShB—Shouns silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes .................................................. 110

ShC—Shouns silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes .................................................. 111

SsC—Shouns silt loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, extremely stony ....................... 112

SsE—Shouns silt loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, extremely stony ....................... 113

SsF—Shouns silt loam, 35 to 55 percent

slopes, extremely stony ....................... 114

SwE—Snowdog silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony ..... 114

Tg—Tioga fine sandy loam .......................... 115

TrC—Trussel silt loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony................................ 116

Uf—Udifluvents-Fluvaquents complex ......... 117

Us—Udorthents, smoothed.......................... 118

WeC—Weikert channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes ................................ 118

WeD—Weikert channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes ................................ 120

WeF—Weikert channery silt loam, 25 to

55 percent slopes ................................ 121

Use and Management of the Soils .................... 123

Crops and Pasture ........................................... 123

Yields per Acre............................................. 124

Land Capability Classification ...................... 124

Prime Farmland ........................................... 125

Woodland Management and Productivity ......... 126

Recreation ........................................................ 128

Wildlife Habitat ................................................. 129

Engineering ...................................................... 132

Building Site Development ........................... 133

Sanitary Facilities ......................................... 133

Construction Materials ................................. 135

Water Management...................................... 136

Soil Properties .................................................... 139

Engineering Index Properties ........................... 139

Physical and Chemical Properties .................... 140

Soil and Water Features ................................... 141

Classification of the Soils .................................. 143

Soil Series and Their Morphology ......................... 143

Allegheny Series .............................................. 143

Atkins Series .................................................... 144

Belmont Series ................................................. 145

Berks Series..................................................... 146

Blackthorn Series ............................................. 146

Blairton Series .................................................. 147

Briery Series .................................................... 148

Calvin Series .................................................... 149

Cateache Series............................................... 149

Chavies Series ................................................. 150

Culleoka Series ................................................ 151

Dekalb Series ................................................... 151

Duffield Series .................................................. 152

Elliber Series .................................................... 153

Faywood Series ................................................ 154

Fluvaquents...................................................... 154

Gauley Series................................................... 154

Hazleton Series ................................................ 155

Holly Series ...................................................... 156

Leatherbark Series ........................................... 157

Lily Series ........................................................ 158

Lobdell Series .................................................. 158

Lodi Series ....................................................... 165

Macove Series ................................................. 166

Mandy Series ................................................... 166

Medihemists ..................................................... 167

Mertz Series ..................................................... 168

Orrville Series .................................................. 168

Philo Series ...................................................... 169

Potomac Series ................................................ 170

Purdy Series .................................................... 170

Sees Series ...................................................... 171
8

Sensabaugh Series .......................................... 172

Shouns Series .................................................. 173

Snowdog Series ............................................... 173

Tioga Series ..................................................... 174

Trussel Series .................................................. 175

Udifluvents ....................................................... 176

Udorthents ....................................................... 176

Weikert Series .................................................. 176

Formation of the Soils........................................ 179

Factors of Soil Formation ................................. 179

Parent Material, Time, and Climate .............. 179

Living Organisms ......................................... 179

Topography .................................................. 180

Morphology of the Soils .................................... 180

References .......................................................... 181

Glossary .............................................................. 183

Tables .................................................................. 199

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation .......... 200

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall........ 201

Table 3.—Growing Season ............................... 202

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate

Extent of the Soils ...................................... 203

Table 5.—Land Capability and Yields per

Acre of Crops and Pasture ......................... 205

Table 6.—Capability Classes and

Subclasses ................................................ 210

Table 7.—Prime Farmland ................................ 210

Table 8.—Woodland Management.................... 211

Table 9.—Woodland Productivity ...................... 222

Table 10.—Recreational Development.............. 238

Table 11.—Wildlife Habitat ................................ 245

Table 12.—Building Site Development .............. 251

Table 13.—Sanitary Facilities ........................... 258

Table 14.—Construction Materials .................... 266

Table 15.—Water Management ........................ 273

Table 16.—Engineering Index Properties ......... 278

Table 17.—Physical and Chemical

Properties of the Soils ................................ 290

Table 18.—Soil and Water Features ................. 295

Table 19.—Classification of the Soils ................ 299

Issued 1998
9

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey

area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also

highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the

impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, foresters, and

agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management needed

for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials, engineers,

developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use, select sites

for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper performance.

Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, wildlife

management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help them

understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is

intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land

treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users

identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations that affect various land uses. The

landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and

regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are

poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil

poorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

William J. Hartman

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword

11

POCAHONTAS COUNTY is in the southeastern part of

West Virginia (fig. 1). It has a total area of nearly 942

square miles, or 602,600 acres. The rugged

mountainous terrain, where eight rivers find their

source, lends the county its nickname “birthplace of

rivers.” The Greenbrier River is the major river in the

county. The population of Pocahontas County in 1990

was 8,973. The major enterprises in the county are

agriculture, wood industries, small factories, and the

tourism industry.

The transportation needs of Pocahontas County are

served by Federal and State highways. U.S. Route 250

runs east-west in the northern part of the county, and

U.S. Route 219 runs north-south through the center of

the county. West Virginia Routes 92 and 28 run northsouth in the eastern part of the county, and West

Virginia Route 39 runs east-west through the center of

the county.

This soil survey updates the survey of Pocahontas

County, West Virginia, published in 1938 (Williams and

Fridley 1938). It provides additional information and

has larger maps, which show the soils in greater

detail.

General Nature of the County

This section provides information about some of

the natural and cultural factors that affect land use in

the county. It describes settlement; farming;

physiography, relief, and drainage; climate; and

geology.

Settlement

Pocahontas County was formed in 1821 from

parts of Bath, Pendleton, and Randolph Counties.

In 1825, part of Greenbrier County was also added

to Pocahontas County.

In 1749, Jacob Marlin and Steven Sewell settled in

what is present day Marlinton. Marlin and Sewell, who

were the first English settlers west of the Alleghenies,

built their cabin on the low divide between Marlin Run

and Knapp’s Creek.

In 1800, about 150 families lived in what is now

Pocahontas County according to the census taken

that year. The original county seat was designated as

Huntersville in 1822. A special election was held in

1891 to authorize moving the location of the county

seat to its present day location of Marlinton

(Pocahontas County Historical Society, Inc. 1981).

Soil Survey of

Pocahontas County, West Virginia

By Donald G. Flegel, Natural Resources Conservation Service

Soils surveyed by Donald G. Flegel1

, Mary Ellen Cook, Douglas A. Adamo,

James W. Bell, and Quintin R. Johnson, Natural Resources Conservation Service;

and Nancy Burt, Linton Wright, Jr., and Nancy Schlachter, Forest Service

Map finishing by D. Paul Amick, Debra Barnette, Linda Handley, and Denise Donelson,

Natural Resources Conservation Service

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with

the West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station; the United States

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; and the Pocahontas County Commission

1 Donald G. Flegel also surveyed soils as a volunteer for the Forest

Service.
12 Soil Survey

Farming

In 1987, the county had 379 farms and a total of

118,540 acres of farmland (Colyer and Ferrise 1989).

Between 1982 and 1987, the total acreage of farmland

in the county decreased by 11,177 acres, but the

average size of farms increased from 302 acres to

313 acres.

The main agricultural enterprises in the county are

raising beef cattle and sheep and producing corn,

oats, pasture, and hay. Raising cattle provides the

greatest source of farm income. Most farms are

operated on a part-time basis.

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage

Pocahontas County lies in both the Eastern

Allegheny Plateau and Mountains and the Southern

Appalachian Ridges and Valleys Major Land Resource

Areas. The dividing line between these areas roughly

follows the west side of the Greenbrier River.

The landforms of the county show the effects of

orogenic movement coupled with erosional forces.

Elevation, kind and position of rock, position of

drainage courses, and climate are factors that also

affect the type of topography in the county. The plateau

and mountain area has nearly horizontal rocks that

contain many resistant layers at the higher elevations

with more weatherable rock below. This results in a

dendritic drainage pattern. The ridge and valley area is

slightly to strongly folded with resistant layers

separated by large expanses of more weatherable

rock. This results in a trellis drainage pattern.

The western part of the county, or plateau and

mountain area, is generally higher in elevation and

lower in temperature and has a greater amount of

precipitation than that of the eastern part of the county,

or ridge and valley area. As a result of these factors, a

rugged and complicated relief exists (Price 1929). The

highest and lowest elevations in the survey area are

4,842 feet at Bald Knob on Back Allegheny Mountain

and 1,952 feet where the Greenbrier River flows out of

the county.

Climate

Winters are cold and snowy at the higher elevations

in Pocahontas County. They are also cold in the

valleys, but intermittent thaws preclude a long-lasting

snow cover. Summers are fairly warm on mountain

slopes and very warm with occasional very hot days in

the valleys. Rainfall is evenly distributed during the

year, but it is appreciably heavier on the windward,

west-facing slopes than in the valleys. Normal annual

precipitation is adequate for all crops, although

summer temperatures and the length of the growing

season, particularly at the higher elevations, may be

inadequate.

The divide of the Allegheny Mountains, the main

topographic barrier of the Eastern Allegheny Plateau

and Mountains, runs through the center of the county

and forms a “rain shadow” that shelters the eastern

half of the county from the prevailing storm systems

that move from northwest to southeast. For this

reason, climatic data recorded at Snowshoe in the

western part of the county shows lower average

temperatures and higher average precipitation than

the data recorded at Buckeye in the eastern part of the

county shows.

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Buckeye in the

period 1961 to 1990 and at Snowshoe in the period

1976 to 1992. Although the 16-year data record at

Snowshoe is not long enough to generate a normal, it

does indicate the effects of elevation in the county and

adequately represents the contrasting climate. Table 2

shows probable dates of the first freeze in fall and the

last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides data on length of

the growing season.

In winter, the average temperature is 29 degrees F

at Buckeye and 23 degrees at Snowshoe. The average

daily minimum temperature in winter is 17 degrees at

Figure 1.—Location of Pocahontas County in West Virginia.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 13

Buckeye and 15 degrees at Snowshoe. The lowest

temperature on record, which occurred at Buckeye on

January 21, 1985, is -26 degrees. In summer, the

average temperature is 68 degrees at Buckeye and

62 degrees at Snowshoe. The average daily maximum

temperature in summer is 81 degrees at Buckeye and

70 degrees at Snowshoe. The highest recorded

temperature, which occurred at Buckeye on

August 22, 1983, is 95 degrees.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They

are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month,

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that

the average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (40 degrees F). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The total annual precipitation is about 45 inches at

Buckeye. Of this, about 23 inches, or nearly

52 percent, usually falls in April through September.

The growing season for most crops falls within this

period. The total annual precipitation is about 57

inches at Snowshoe. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during

the period of record was 3.68 inches at Buckeye on

November 5, 1985. Thunderstorms occur on about

44 days each year, and most occur in summer.

Periods of heavy rainfall, which can occur throughout

the year, and severe thunderstorms in summer can

cause flash floods, particularly in narrow valleys.

The average seasonal snowfall is about 39 inches

at Buckeye and about 156 inches at Snowshoe. The

greatest snow depth at Buckeye at any one time

during the period of record was 25 inches. On the

average, 24 days of the year have at least 1 inch of

snow on the ground. The number of such days varies

greatly from year to year.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 60 percent. Humidity is higher at night, and the

average at dawn is about 85 percent. The sun shines

65 percent of the time possible in summer and 55

percent in winter. The prevailing wind is from the

northwest. Average windspeed is highest, 8 miles per

hour, in spring.

Geology

Gordon Bayles, geologist, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, and Linda Tracy, geologist, Forest Service, helped to

prepare this section.

The surface rocks in the county are of sedimentary

origin. The county can be divided into four areas that

have somewhat different geologic features.

The area in the headwaters of the Cherry,

Cranberry, Williams, Gauley, Elk, and Tygart Valley

Rivers and Shavers Fork of the Cheat River is an

eroded plateau where the ridgetops and upper side

slopes are comprised of the Kanawha and New River

Formations of the Pottsville Group of Pennsylvanian

age. The middle and lower side slopes consist of the

Bluestone, Princeton, Hinton, and Bluefield

Formations of the Mauch Chunk Group of

Mississippian age. The Pottsville Group on ridgetops

usually consists of sandstone and conglomerate. The

Gauley and Leatherbark soils are on this position. The

Pottsville Group also includes yellow and brown shale

and siltstone. With the Bluestone and Princeton

Formations of the Mauch Chunk Group, Mandy soils

are on the upper and middle side slopes and Snowdog

and Trussel soils are on the foot slopes. The Gilbert,

Hughes Ferry, and Sewell coals are the dominant

minable seams in the Pottsville Group. Areas in the

vicinity of Briery and Sharp Knobs have been

stripmined. Briery soils are in these disturbed areas.

The lower side slopes that are in the Hinton and

Bluefield Formations of the Mauch Chunk Group are

comprised mainly of red siltstone and shale. Cateache

soils are on the side slopes, and Shouns soils are on

the foot slopes.

The west-central part of the county includes the

flats along the Greenbrier River to the area previously

described. In the northern part of the county, the area

west of the West Fork of the Greenbrier River and the

area in the vicinity of the head of the East Fork of the

Greenbrier River are also included. This area is

comprised, in part, by the Bluefield Formation of the

Mauch Chunk Group, which in the vicinity of Lobelia

and Jacox exists as olive brown siltstone and shale.

Culleoka soils are in this area of the county. Also in the

areas of Droop and Woodrow, a massive sandstone

exists that forms large flats having Lily, Dekalb, and

Berks soils on them. The Greenbrier Group, which

occurs directly below the Bluefield Formation, consists

of limestone and calcareous shale. The Greenbrier

reaches its maximum exposure in the Hillsboro area,

also known as Little Levels. Belmont soils are on the

side slopes, and Shouns soils are on foot slopes and

benches. Lodi and Duffield soils are in the rolling area

of Little Levels. The Maccrady Series consists

primarily of red shale and siltstone and some thinbedded sandstone. Cateache and Shouns soils are in

areas of this geologic deposit. The Pocono Group

consists of several hard sandstone members that form

many of the ridges and flats near the Greenbrier River.

It also includes some shale and siltstone. Berks and

Dekalb soils are generally on the side slopes, and Lily

soils are in the more level areas. This is especially

evident in the area of the Brownsburg and Airport

Roads. The area near the head of the East Fork of the
14 Soil Survey

Greenbrier River is a Pocono bench. The Mandy,

Snowdog, and Trussel soils are in this area.

The remaining two areas are in the eastern half of

the county. The area containing the oldest rock in the

county starts at Green Bank and extends

southwestward generally staying between West

Virginia Routes 28 and 92 and extending down into

Greenbrier County. This area is highly folded and is

comprised of lower Devonian, Silurian, and Ordovician

aged rocks. The Huntersville Chert and the Oriskany

Formation, which is comprised of massive sandstone,

form the flanks of this area and occasionally outcrop in

the Browns Mountain area because of the extensive

folding that has taken place. Elliber, Dekalb, and

Hazleton soils are in areas of these geologic deposits.

The Helderberg Group is comprised primarily of

limestone. The dominant soil is Faywood. Blackthorn

soils are in areas where the limestone has been

blanketed by coarse colluvial material. The Silurian

age materials are made up of the Cayugan Series, the

McKenzie Formation, the Clinton Group, and the

Tuscarora Sandstone. The Cayugan Series is

comprised of thin-bedded, platy limestone, shale, and

a sandstone member. Soils are Faywood, Blackthorn,

Berks, and Dekalb. The McKenzie Formation consists

of limestone. Faywood and Blackthorn soils are in this

area. The Clinton Group and the Tuscarora Sandstone,

combined with the Ordovician aged Juniata Formation,

form the rugged landscape that is mainly on Michael,

Brushy, and Beaver Lick Mountains. The Clinton Group

is comprised of shale, sandstone, and what has been

called “iron stone.” The Tuscarora is a white quartzitic

sandstone that carries a siliceous cement, which

makes it the most weather resistant rock in the county

(Price 1929). The Juniata Formation, which is

comprised of red shale and sandstone, is the oldest

deposit exposed in the county. It outcrops in a few

small areas. Calvin, Dekalb, and Berks soils are on

this rugged landscape.

The last area includes everything east of the

Figure 2.—Schematic cross section of the major geologic strata and dominant soils in Pocahontas County (A-A ́).
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 15

Greenbrier River except for the area that extends from

Green Bank southwestward into Greenbrier County.

The material here is of upper and middle Devonian

age. It is comprised of the Hampshire Formation, the

Chemung Group, the Brallier Formation, and the

Millboro Shales.

The Hampshire Formation is made up of shale,

siltstone, and sandstone. In the central part of the

county, in the vicinity of Cass, the formation is

dominated by red layers, but as the formation extends

to the northeast and southwest from this area,

yellowish brown layers dominate. Calvin, Berks,

Dekalb, Shouns, and Macove soils are on this

formation. Mandy, Snowdog, and Trussel soils are in

the northeastern section of the county where this

formation occurs.

The Chemung Group is the largest expanse of

geologic material exposed in the county. It consists of

yellowish brown interbedded sandstone and shale.

The sandstone ranges from lenses to massive ledges.

Berks, Weikert, and Macove soils are on this

formation. Mandy, Snowdog, and Trussel soils are at

the higher elevations in the northeastern section of the

county where the Chemung Group outcrops.

The Brallier Formation is comprised mainly of gray

shale, but it includes some siltstone and fine grained

sandstone. This formation weathers to form low,

rounded hills that parallel the major drains. Weikert

soils are on the residual portions of this geologic

formation, and Macove and Allegheny soils are on foot

slopes and stream terraces, respectively.

The Millboro Shales are comprised of black and

greenish gray fissile shales, some of which are the

most erodible rocks in the county. These areas are

frequently covered by alluvial soils, such as Orrville,

Lobdell, Tioga, and Potomac soils, and terrace soils,

Figure 3.—Schematic cross section of the major geologic strata and dominant soils in Pocahontas County (A ́-A ́ ́).
16 Soil Survey

such as Allegheny and Chavies soils. They are in the

main valleys east of the Greenbrier River, along

creeks such as Knapps Creek, North Fork of Anthony

Creek, Browns Creek, and Deer Creek. Weikert soils

are in the residual areas, which are usually low and

rolling hills. Many of these areas are also covered with

colluvial material, originating in the lower Devonian,

Silurian, and Ordovician Systems. Mertz soils are in

these areas. This is especially evident in the areas

east of Beaver Creek and Cummings Creek Roads

and east of West Virginia Route 28, between Dilley’s

Mill and Dunmore.

The relationship between soils, geology, and

topography (Price 1929; West Virginia Geological and

Economic Survey 1968) in Pocahontas County is

shown in cross sections A-A ́ and A ́-A ́ ́ (figs. 2 and

3).

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area.

The information includes a description of the soils and

miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock.

They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is

the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil.

The profile extends from the surface down into the

unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The

unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other

living organisms and has not been changed by other

biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind

of landform or with a segment of the landform. By

observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the

survey area and relating their position to specific

segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a

concept or model of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist

to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the

kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location

on the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,

soil scientists must determine the boundaries between

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of

soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soilvegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to

verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey

area and determining their properties, the soil

scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes

(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each

taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with

precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a

basis for comparison to classify soils systematically.

Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification

used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind

and character of soil properties and the arrangement

of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data

based on experience and research.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some

of the soils in the area generally are collected for

laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil

scientists interpret the data from these analyses and

tests as well as the field-observed characteristics and

the soil properties to determine the expected behavior

of the soils under different uses. Interpretations for all

of the soils are field tested through observation of the

soils in different uses and under different levels of

management. Some interpretations are modified to fit

local conditions, and some new interpretations are

developed to meet local needs. Data are assembled

from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists.

For example, data on crop yields under defined levels

of management are assembled from farm records and

from field or plot experiments on the same kinds of

soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not

only on soil properties but also on such variables

as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions

are predictable over long periods of time, but they

are not predictable from year to year. For example,

soil scientists can predict with a fairly high degree

of accuracy that a given soil will have a high water
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 17

table within certain depths in most years, but

they cannot predict that a high water table will

always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific

date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map

unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating

boundaries accurately.

The descriptions, names, and delineations of the

soils in this survey area do not fully agree with those

of the soils in adjacent survey areas. Differences are

the result of a better knowledge of soils, modifications

in series concepts, or variations in the intensity of

mapping or in the extent of the soils in the survey

areas.

19

The general soil map at the back of this publication

shows broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of

soils, relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the

general soil map is a unique natural landscape.

Typically, it consists of one or more major soils or

miscellaneous areas and some minor soils or

miscellaneous areas. It is named for the major soils or

miscellaneous areas. The components of one map unit

can occur in another but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas

of suitable soils can be identified on the map. Likewise,

areas where the soils are not suitable can be

identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or building or other structure.

The soils in any one map unit differ from place to place

in slope, depth, drainage, and other characteristics

that affect management.

Dominantly Mesic Soils Formed in

Alluvium Derived From Sandstone,

Siltstone, Shale, Limestone, or Chert

1. Potomac-Tioga-Holly

Nearly level, very deep, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, and poorly drained loamy soils

formed in alluvium derived from sandstone, siltstone,

shale, limestone, or chert uplands; on flood plains

The landscape is characterized by broad, nearly

level flood plains that parallel streams in the survey

area. Some areas are cut by stream channels that flow

only during periods of high water. Cobbles occur

mainly along streams and old stream channels. The

better drained soils are mainly parallel and adjacent to

the streams; the wetter soils are mainly farther from

the streams. The native vegetation is dominantly

hardwoods with some conifers.

This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the

survey area. It is about 28 percent Potomac soils,

14 percent Tioga soils, 13 percent Holly soils, and

45 percent soils of minor extent.

The Potomac soils are somewhat excessively

drained and nearly level. They are on flood plains

and are subject to frequent flooding. They formed in

alluvial material washed from acid and limy soils on

uplands. They have a dark brown, medium textured

surface layer and a brown, coarse textured

substratum.

The Tioga soils are well drained and nearly level.

They are on flood plains and are subject to occasional

flooding. They formed in alluvial material washed from

acid and limy soils on uplands. They have a dark

yellowish brown, medium textured surface layer and a

brown, medium textured subsoil.

The Holly soils are poorly drained and nearly level.

They are on flood plains and are subject to frequent

flooding. They formed in alluvial material washed from

acid and limy soils on uplands. They have a very dark

gray, medium textured surface layer and a dark gray,

grayish brown, and light brownish gray, medium

textured subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the well drained

Sensabaugh, moderately well drained Lobdell, and

somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils on flood plains

and the well drained Allegheny and Chavies soils on

terraces.

About 95 percent of this unit is cleared and used

intensively for row crops, hay, or pasture. The wooded

areas are generally small in size and parallel the

streams. The main limitation of these soils for most

uses is the flooding.

2. Allegheny-Atkins

Nearly level to strongly sloping, very deep, well

drained and poorly drained loamy soils formed in

alluvium of varying age derived from sandstone,

siltstone, and shale uplands; on terraces, foot slopes,

alluvial fans, and flood plains

The landscape is characterized by broad terraces

that “stairstep” down to narrow flood plains. Some

areas are cut by stream channels that flow only during

periods of high water. The native vegetation is

dominantly hardwoods with some conifers.

This map unit makes up about 2 percent of the

survey area. It is about 40 percent Allegheny soils,

General Soil Map Units
20 Soil Survey

15 percent Atkins soils, and 45 percent soils of minor

extent.

The Allegheny soils are well drained and are gently

sloping or strongly sloping. They are on terraces, foot

slopes, and alluvial fans. They formed in old alluvial

material washed from acid soils on uplands. They have

a dark brown, medium textured surface layer and a

dark yellowish brown, strong brown, and dark brown,

medium textured subsoil.

The Atkins soils are poorly drained and nearly level.

They are on flood plains and are subject to frequent

flooding. They formed in alluvial material washed from

acid soils on uplands. They have a dark yellowish

brown, medium textured surface layer and an olive

gray and light olive gray, medium textured subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the somewhat

excessively drained Potomac, moderately well drained

Philo and Lobdell, and somewhat poorly drained

Orrville soils on flood plains and the well drained

Chavies and poorly drained Purdy soils on terraces.

About 90 percent of this unit is cleared and used

intensively for row crops, hay, or pasture or for

homesite or community development. Housing and

community development can be conveniently located

in areas of the unit that are not subject to flooding. The

wooded areas are generally on the steeper slopes

between the gently sloping terraces and the flood

plains. The main limitation of these soils for most uses

is the flooding.

Dominantly Mesic Soils Formed in

Material Derived From Level-Bedded

Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, Limestone,

or Chert

3. Duffield-Lodi-Belmont

Gently sloping to very steep, deep and very deep, well

drained clayey and loamy soils formed in limestone

and some sandstone, siltstone, shale, and chert; on

uplands

The landscape is characterized by its relatively vast

expanse of rolling farmland. The map unit is mainly a

broad rolling plateau with scattered sinkholes. All of

the surface drains in the unit become subsurface

drains before leaving the unit. Rock outcrops and

stones are on some of the steeper side slopes. The

native vegetation is dominantly hardwoods.

This map unit makes up about 1 percent of the

survey area. It is about 30 percent Duffield soils,

29 percent Lodi soils, 19 percent Belmont soils, and

22 percent soils of minor extent.

The Duffield soils are deep and well drained. These

gently sloping and strongly sloping soils are on rolling

hills. They formed in material weathered mainly from

limestone that includes layers of siltstone and chert.

They have a brown, medium textured surface layer

and a yellowish brown and strong brown, fine textured

subsoil.

The Lodi soils are very deep and well drained.

These gently sloping and strongly sloping soils are on

rolling hills. They formed in material weathered from

limestone. They have a dark brown, medium textured

surface layer and a reddish brown and yellowish red,

fine textured subsoil.

The Belmont soils are deep and well drained. These

gently sloping to very steep soils are on benches and

side slopes. They formed in material weathered mainly

from limestone with some interbedding of sandstone,

siltstone, and shale. They have a very dark grayish

brown, medium textured surface layer and a dark

yellowish brown and dark brown, medium textured

subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the well drained

Shouns soils on foot slopes and the moderately well

drained Sees soils in upland depressions.

About 95 percent of this unit is cleared and used for

general livestock farming with the production of winter

forage and cash crops. The unit is also used for

homesite or community development. The wooded

areas are small, scattered farm woodlots. The main

limitations of these soils for most uses are the slope, a

shrink-swell potential, slow permeability, and the depth

to bedrock.

4. Cateache-Shouns-Belmont

Gently sloping to extremely steep, moderately deep,

very deep, and deep, well drained loamy soils formed

in siltstone, limestone, shale, and some sandstone; on

mountainous uplands and foot slopes

The landscape is characterized by broad, strongly

sloping ridgetops; very steep side slopes broken by

long, narrow, moderately steep benches; and gently

sloping to steep foot slopes. Drainageways have cut

into the side slopes forming very steep coves. Stones

and boulders are common in this unit. Sandstone and

limestone outcrops are in bands across some of the

slopes. The native vegetation is dominantly northern

hardwoods.

This map unit makes up about 24 percent of the

survey area. It is about 54 percent Cateache soils,

23 percent Shouns soils, 19 percent Belmont soils,

and 4 percent soils of minor extent.

The Cateache soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These gently sloping to extremely steep soils

are on ridgetops and side slopes. They formed in

material weathered from dark reddish brown siltstone,

shale, and fine grained sandstone. They have a very
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 21

dark brown, medium textured surface layer and a dark

reddish brown and reddish brown, medium textured

subsoil.

The Shouns soils are very deep and well drained.

The gently sloping to very steep soils are on foot

slopes and benches and in coves. They formed in

colluvial or alluvial material derived from sandstone,

siltstone, shale, and limestone. They have a very dark

grayish brown, medium textured surface layer and a

brown, reddish brown, and dark reddish brown,

medium textured subsoil.

The Belmont soils are deep and well drained. These

gently sloping to very steep soils are on benches and

side slopes. They formed in material weathered mainly

from limestone with some interbedding of sandstone,

siltstone, and shale. They have a very dark grayish

brown, medium textured surface layer and a dark

yellowish brown and dark brown, medium textured

subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the well drained

Culleoka soils on uplands and the well drained

Udorthents in areas that have been disturbed by road

construction and urban development.

About 75 percent of this unit is wooded and used

for timber production, recreational activities, or wildlife

habitat. Sugar maple, American beech, black cherry,

northern red oak, and a few red spruce are on the

upper two-thirds of the landscape, and black locust,

black walnut, and shagbark hickory are on the lower

third of the landscape. Cleared areas of the unit

generally follow the limestone geology. Most of the

cleared areas are used for pasture with the less

sloping areas being used for the production of winter

feed. A few limestone quarries are in the unit. The

main limitations of these soils for most uses are the

slope, the stones on the surface, and downslope soil

movement.

Dominantly Mesic Soils Formed in

Material Derived From Folded Sandstone,

Siltstone, Shale, Limestone, or Chert

5. Blackthorn-Faywood-Berks

Gently sloping to very steep, very deep and

moderately deep, well drained loamy and clayey soils

formed in siltstone, shale, limestone, and sandstone;

on mountainous uplands and foot slopes

The landscape is characterized by rolling hills that

grade to low, sharp ridges or very steep side slopes

(fig. 4). Drainageways in this map unit generally sink

below the surface because of the cavernous bedrock

that underlies sections of the unit. Limestone outcrops

are common on the steep side slopes, and stones are

on the foot slopes. The native vegetation consists of

hardwoods and some conifers.

This map unit makes up about 3 percent of the

survey area. It is about 47 percent Blackthorn soils,

24 percent Faywood soils, 15 percent Berks soils, and

14 percent soils of minor extent.

The Blackthorn soils are very deep and well

drained. These strongly sloping to very steep soils are

on foot slopes, benches, and side slopes. They formed

in colluvial material derived from sandstone and shale

and in the underlying residuum of limestone and limy

shales. They have a dark brown, medium textured

surface layer. The upper part of the subsoil is yellowish

brown and is medium textured, and the lower part of

the subsoil is strong brown and is fine textured.

The Faywood soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These strongly sloping to very steep soils are

on upland flats and side slopes. They formed in

material weathered from limestone with some

interbedding of shale and siltstone. Rock outcrops are

common on these soils. The soils have a brown,

medium textured surface layer and a yellowish brown

and strong brown, fine textured subsoil.

The Berks soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These gently sloping to very steep soils are

on ridgetops and side slopes. They formed in material

weathered from interbedded siltstone, shale, and fine

grained sandstone. They have a dark brown, medium

textured surface layer and a yellowish brown, medium

textured subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the well drained

Dekalb soils on ridgetops and side slopes.

About 45 percent of this map unit is wooded and

used for timber production or as wildlife habitat. The

dominant tree species are white, chestnut, and scarlet

oaks; bitternut, mockernut, shagbark, and pignut

hickories; and eastern white pine. Eastern redcedar is

in areas of the Faywood soils. Cleared areas of the

unit generally follow the limestone geology. The unit is

used mainly as pasture or for hay production. Building

livestock watering facilities is necessary because of

the lack of surface water. The main limitations of these

soils for most uses are the slope, the stones on the

surface, the rock outcrops, and the depth to bedrock.

6. Calvin-Shouns

Gently sloping to extremely steep, moderately deep

and very deep, well drained loamy soils formed in

siltstone, shale, and sandstone; on mountainous

uplands and foot slopes

The landscape is characterized by rugged

mountainous topography. The mountains have been

dissected and have strongly contrasting local relief.

Very steep side slopes separate long, narrow, strongly
22 Soil Survey

sloping ridgetops that lie parallel to the Greenbrier

River. Stones and sandstone outcrops are common in

this unit. The outcrops generally are on the eastern

side of the mountains, directly below the ridgetops.

The native vegetation is dominantly hardwoods with

some conifers.

This map unit makes up about 5 percent of the

survey area. It is about 76 percent Calvin soils,

19 percent Shouns soils, and 5 percent soils of minor

extent.

The Calvin soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These strongly sloping to extremely steep

soils are on ridgetops and side slopes. They formed in

material weathered from dark reddish brown siltstone,

shale, and fine grained sandstone. They have a dark

reddish brown, medium textured surface layer and a

reddish brown, medium textured subsoil.

The Shouns soils are very deep and well drained.

These gently sloping to very steep soils are on foot

slopes and benches and in coves. They formed in

colluvial or alluvial material derived from sandstone,

siltstone, and shale. They have a very dark grayish

brown, medium textured surface layer and a brown,

reddish brown, and dark reddish brown, medium

textured subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the well drained

Berks soils on uplands.

About 90 percent of this unit is wooded and used

for timber production, recreational activities, or wildlife

habitat. Oaks and hickories dominate the unit.

Chestnut oak and hickories dominate ridgetops and

the upper side slopes that have south aspects. White

oak dominates the middle side slopes. Yellow-poplar,

red maple, white ash, northern red oak, and eastern

white pine are on north aspects and foot slopes.

Cleared areas of the unit are used for pasture,

Figure 4.—Typical landscape in an area of the Blackthorn-Faywood-Berks general soil map unit, east of Dilley’s Mill.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 23

production of winter feed, and community

development. The main limitations of these soils for

most uses are the slope, the depth to bedrock, and the

stones on the surface.

7. Berks-Weikert

Gently sloping to extremely steep, moderately deep

and shallow, well drained loamy soils formed in

siltstone, shale, and sandstone; on mountainous

uplands

The landscape is characterized by highly dissected

topography. The mountains have sharp, strongly

sloping ridgetops that separate very steep, smooth

side slopes. Spur ridges from the mountain area

descend to form lower hills having narrow ridges and

very steep side slopes that generally plunge to broad

flood plains. The native vegetation is dominantly

hardwoods on the upper slopes and conifers on the

lower slopes.

This map unit makes up about 30 percent of the

survey area. It is about 52 percent Berks soils,

32 percent Weikert soils, and 16 percent soils of minor

extent.

The Berks soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These gently sloping to extremely steep soils

are on ridgetops and side slopes in the more

mountainous areas. They formed in material

weathered from interbedded siltstone, shale, and fine

grained sandstone. They have a dark brown, medium

textured surface layer and a yellowish brown, medium

textured subsoil.

The Weikert soils are shallow and well drained.

These strongly sloping to extremely steep soils are on

ridgetops and side slopes of the hills. They formed in

material weathered from shale, siltstone, and fine

grained sandstone. They have a dark brown, medium

textured surface layer and a yellowish brown, medium

textured subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the well drained

Dekalb and Lily and moderately well drained Blairton

soils on uplands; the well drained Macove soils on foot

slopes, benches, and alluvial fans; and the well

drained Udorthents in areas that have been disturbed

by road construction or community development.

The majority of this map unit is within Monongahela

National Forest. About 85 percent of the unit is

wooded and used for timber production, recreational

activities, or wildlife habitat. The Berks soils produce a

more valuable stand of timber, dominated by white

oak, white ash, and eastern white pine. The Weikert

soils produce a less desirable stand of timber,

dominated by chestnut oak, white oak, hickories, pitch

pine, and, on the lower slopes, eastern white pine.

Cleared areas are used for pasture, and areas

adjacent to large expanses of bottom land are being

developed for homesites. The main limitations of these

soils for most uses are the slope and the depth to

bedrock.

8. Dekalb-Calvin-Mertz-Elliber

Gently sloping to very steep, moderately deep and

very deep, well drained loamy soils formed in

sandstone, siltstone, shale, and chert; on mountainous

uplands, benches, and foot slopes

The landscape is characterized by rugged

mountainous topography. A very narrow, high ridge is

the center of this map unit. Very steep side slopes are

met at a lower elevation by knobs that are along both

the western and eastern sides of the high ridge.

Stones are in most areas of the unit. Sandstone

outcrops are along the ridgetops and on the northern

and southern side slopes of the knobs. The native

vegetation consists mainly of hardwoods and some

conifers. The understory is a very dense growth of

mountain laurel and huckleberry.

This map unit makes up about 4 percent of the

survey area. It is about 25 percent Dekalb soils,

18 percent Calvin soils, 14 percent Mertz soils,

14 percent Elliber soils, and 29 percent soils on minor

extent.

The Dekalb soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These strongly sloping to very steep soils

are on ridgetops and side slopes. They formed in

material weathered mainly from sandstone. They

have a very dark grayish brown, medium textured

surface layer and a yellowish brown, medium textured

subsoil.

The Calvin soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These strongly sloping to very steep soils are

on ridgetops and side slopes. They formed in material

weathered from dark reddish brown siltstone, shale,

and fine grained sandstone. They have a dark reddish

brown, medium textured surface layer and a reddish

brown, medium textured subsoil.

The Mertz soils are very deep and well drained.

These gently sloping to steep soils are on foot slopes

and benches. They formed in cherty colluvium that

contains varying amounts of sandstone, siltstone, and

shale. They have a very dark grayish brown, medium

textured surface layer and a dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown, medium textured subsoil.

The Elliber soils are very deep and well drained.

These very steep soils are on side slopes. They

formed in material weathered from chert with some

interbedding of sandstone and shale. They have a very

dark grayish brown, medium textured surface layer

and a yellowish brown, medium textured subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the well drained
24 Soil Survey

Berks and Hazleton soils on ridgetops and side

slopes.

About 95 percent of this unit is wooded and used

for timber production, recreational activities, or wildlife

habitat. Oaks and hickories dominate the unit.

Chestnut oak and hickories dominate ridgetops and

the upper side slopes that have south aspects. White

oak dominates the middle side slopes. Yellow-poplar,

red maple, white ash, northern red oak, and eastern

white pine are on north aspects and foot slopes.

Cleared areas of the unit are used for pasture. Several

chert quarries and a few small sand pits are in areas

of the unit. The main limitations of these soils for most

uses are the slope, the stones on the surface, and the

depth to bedrock.

Dominantly Frigid Soils Formed in

Material Derived From Level-Bedded

Sandstone, Siltstone, and Shale

9. Mandy-Snowdog-Gauley

Strongly sloping to extremely steep, moderately

deep and very deep, well drained and moderately

well drained loamy soils formed in sandstone,

siltstone, and shale; on mountainous uplands and foot

slopes

The landscape is characterized by rough, rugged

mountainous topography. It is a greatly dissected, high

plateau that has broad, gently sloping ridgetops and

knobs and very steep side slopes. It generally is at

elevations of more than 4,000 feet. Several major

streams have their sources in this map unit.

Sandstone outcrops and stones and boulders on the

surface are common. The native vegetation is

dominantly red spruce, red maple, yellow birch, and

American beech. Also “heath barrens” that are

dominated by mountain laurel, huckleberry, blueberry,

and great rhododendron are in scattered areas of the

unit.

This map unit makes up about 16 percent of the

survey area. It is about 59 percent Mandy soils,

19 percent Snowdog soils, 11 percent Gauley soils,

and 11 percent soils of minor extent.

The Mandy soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These strongly sloping to extremely steep

soils are on ridgetops and the upper side slopes. They

formed in material weathered from interbedded

siltstone, shale, and fine grained sandstone. They

have a very dark brown, medium textured surface

layer and a dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown,

medium textured subsoil.

The Snowdog soils are very deep and moderately

well drained. These steep soils are on the lower side

slopes, foot slopes, and benches. They formed in

colluvium derived from shale, siltstone, and sandstone.

They have a very dark brown, medium textured

surface layer and a dark brown and yellowish brown,

medium textured subsoil that is very firm and brittle in

the lower part.

The Gauley soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These strongly sloping to steep soils are on

broad ridgetops under dense stands of red spruce.

They formed in material weathered from sandstone.

They have a black, coarse textured surface layer and a

dark reddish brown and strong brown, medium

textured subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the well drained

Briery soils and Udorthents in disturbed areas, the

somewhat poorly drained Leatherbark soils on broad

ridgetops, the very poorly drained Medihemists in

depressions on broad flats, the poorly drained Trussel

soils on foot slopes and benches, and the well drained

to poorly drained Udifluvents and Fluvaquents on flood

plains.

The majority of this map unit is within Monongahela

National Forest. About 95 percent of the unit is

wooded and used for timber production, recreational

activities, or wildlife habitat. Red spruce is the

dominant species on the ridgetops, knobs, and the

upper sides slopes that have west aspects. It is used

by rustic fence industries in Pocahontas County and

the surrounding area. Hardwoods are in the more

protected areas of the unit. Cleared areas are used for

ski resorts, scenic overlooks, and the production of

hay. The main limitations of these soils for most uses

are the slope, the stones on the surface, the depth to

bedrock, and a seasonal high water table.

10. Mandy

Gently sloping to extremely steep, moderately deep,

well drained loamy soils formed in interbedded

siltstone, shale, and sandstone; on mountainous

uplands

The landscape is characterized by mountainous

topography. It is a greatly dissected high plateau that

has gently sloping ridgetops and knobs and very steep

side slopes. The map unit generally is at elevations of

more than 3,000 feet. The Greenbrier River has its

source in the unit. The native vegetation is northern

hardwoods.

This map unit makes up about 12 percent of the

survey area. It is about 93 percent Mandy soils and

7 percent soils of minor extent.

The Mandy soils are moderately deep and well

drained. These strongly sloping to extremely steep

soils are on ridgetops and the upper side slopes. They

formed in material weathered from interbedded
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 25

siltstone, shale, and fine grained sandstone. They

have a very dark brown, medium textured surface

layer and a dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown,

medium textured subsoil.

The minor soils in this map unit are the moderately

well drained Snowdog soils on the lower side slopes,

foot slopes, and benches; the poorly drained Trussel

soils on foot slopes and benches; and the well drained

to poorly drained Udifluvents and Fluvaquents on flood

plains.

The majority of this map unit is within Monongahela

National Forest. About 90 percent of the unit is

wooded and used for timber production, recreational

activities, or wildlife habitat. The dominant timber

species is American beech. Other species in the unit

are sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and black

cherry. Several plantations of red pine, Norway spruce,

and red spruce are in the unit. The main limitations of

these soils for most uses are the slope, the stones on

the surface, and the depth to bedrock.

27

Dr. John Sencindiver, professor of agronomy, West Virginia

Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, helped to prepare

this section. Robert J. Hunsucker, naturalist, assisted in the

preparation of the paragraph describing the dominant forest plant

communities in each of the map units. The common plant names

given in the paragraph and the corresponding scientific names can

be found in the publication “Flora of West Virginia” (Strausbaugh

and Core n.d.).

The map units delineated on the detailed maps at

the back of this survey represent the soils or

miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit

descriptions in this section, along with the maps, can

be used to determine the suitability and potential of a

unit for specific uses. They also can be used to plan

the management needed for those uses. More

information about each map unit is given under the

heading “Use and Management of the Soils.”

A map unit delineation on a map represents an area

dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or

miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and

named according to the taxonomic classification of the

dominant soils or miscellaneous areas. Within a

taxonomic class there are precisely defined limits for

the properties of the soils. On the landscape, however,

the soils and miscellaneous areas are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic

variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of

some observed properties may extend beyond the

limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a

single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped

without including areas of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and

some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic

classes.

Most included soils have properties similar to those

of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus

they do not affect use and management. These are

called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may

or may not be mentioned in the map unit description.

Other included soils and miscellaneous areas,

however, have properties and behavioral

characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to

require different management. These are called

contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally

are in small areas and could not be mapped

separately because of the scale used. Some small

areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous

areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps.

The included areas of contrasting soils or

miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit

descriptions. A few included areas may not have been

observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in

the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous

areas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in no

way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the data.

The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into landforms or landform segments that

have similar use and management requirements. The

delineation of such segments on the map provides

sufficient information for the development of resource

plans, but if intensive use of small areas is planned,

onsite investigation is needed to define and locate the

soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name

in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes

general facts about the unit and gives the principal

hazards and limitations to be considered in planning

for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer, all the soils of a series have major

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of

erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use.

On the basis of such differences, a soil series is

divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on

the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature

that affects use or management. For example, Berks

channery silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very

stony, is a phase of the Berks series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are

complexes or undifferentiated groups.

Detailed Soil Map Units
28 Soil Survey

A complex consists of two or more soils or

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown

separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of

the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar

in all areas. Berks-Dekalb complex, 35 to 55 percent

slopes, very stony, is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or

more soils or miscellaneous areas that could be

mapped individually but are mapped as one unit

because similar interpretations can be made for use

and management. The pattern and proportion of the

soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not

uniform. An area can be made up of only one of the

major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made

up of all of them. Berks, Weikert, and Calvin soils, 55

to 80 percent slopes, very stony, is an undifferentiated

group in this survey area.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the

soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials for

many uses. The Glossary defines many of the terms

used in describing the soils or miscellaneous areas.

Soil Descriptions

AlB—Allegheny loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and well

drained. It is typically on stream terraces, foot slopes,

and alluvial fans along the major rivers of the county.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loam

about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is about 32 inches

thick. The upper 13 inches is dark yellowish brown

loam, the next 9 inches is dark yellowish brown

gravelly silt loam, the next 4 inches is strong brown

gravelly loam, and the lower 6 inches is dark brown

very gravelly fine sandy loam. The substratum to a

depth of 60 inches or more is strong brown extremely

gravelly fine sandy loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

the well drained Macove soils and the poorly drained

Purdy soils. Also included are areas of soils that are

moderately well drained, areas of soils that have a

gravelly surface layer, and areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 3 percent or more than 8 percent.

Included soils make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate to high

in the Allegheny soil. Permeability is moderate in the

subsoil. Runoff is medium, and natural fertility is low.

In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid. Depth to bedrock is more than 60

inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture.

Some are used for urban development, especially in

the area of Green Bank.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. It is used mainly for cultivated crops or hay.

The hazard of erosion is moderate in unprotected

areas. It is a management concern. If the soil is

cultivated, minimum tillage, cover crops, and a

cropping system that includes grasses and legumes

help to increase organic matter content and maintain

tilth. Establishing and maintaining a mixture of grasses

and legumes and applying a proper grazing system

are management needs in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates, a rotation grazing system, and

deferment of grazing help to maintain desirable

grasses and legumes.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

a gentle grade across the slope and seeding and

mulching bare areas help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory

on this soil are northern red oak, eastern white pine,

and white oak. The dominant plant communities in

the understory are red maple, white oak, mountain

laurel, witch hazel, hawthorn, and eastern white

pine, and those in the ground cover are ferns,

ground pine, teaberry, asters, violets, cinquefoil, and

grasses.

Small stones and the slope are the main limitations

on sites for playgrounds. The other recreational

development activities are not limited by these

features.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for whitetailed deer, ruffed grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail,

cottontail rabbit, and a variety of songbirds.

Few restrictive features affect urban development in

areas of this soil. Maintaining a plant cover on

construction sites, establishing a plant cover in

unprotected areas, and properly disposing of surface

water help to control erosion and sedimentation.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 29

AlC—Allegheny loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping, and well

drained. It is typically on stream terraces, foot slopes,

and alluvial fans along the major rivers of the county.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loam

about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is about 32 inches

thick. The upper 13 inches is dark yellowish brown

loam, the next 9 inches is dark yellowish brown

gravelly silt loam, the next 4 inches is strong brown

gravelly loam, and the lower 6 inches is dark brown

very gravelly fine sandy loam. The substratum to a

depth of 60 inches or more is strong brown extremely

gravelly fine sandy loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

the well drained Macove and Weikert soils and the

poorly drained Purdy soils. Also included are areas of

soils that are moderately well drained, areas of soils

that have a gravelly surface layer, and areas of soils

that have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than

15 percent. Included soils make up about 20 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Allegheny soil. Permeability is moderate in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is low. In

unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture.

Some are used for urban development, especially in

the area of Green Bank.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. It is used mainly for cultivated crops or hay.

The hazard of erosion is severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. If the soil is cultivated,

minimum tillage, cover crops, and a cropping system

that includes grasses and legumes help to increase

organic matter content and maintain tilth. Establishing

and maintaining a mixture of grasses and legumes

and applying a proper grazing system are

management needs in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates, a rotation grazing system, and

deferment of grazing help to maintain desirable

grasses and legumes.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

a gentle grade across the slope and seeding and

mulching bare areas help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, eastern white pine, and

white oak. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are red maple, white oak, mountain laurel,

witch hazel, hawthorn, and eastern white pine, and

those in the ground cover are ferns, ground pine,

teaberry, asters, violets, cinquefoil, and grasses.

The slope is the main limitation affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil.

Excavating the soil in areas used for camping or

picnicking or as playgrounds, establishing paths and

trails on a gentle grade across the slope, and installing

devices to help control surface water reduce the

hazard of erosion.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for whitetailed deer, ruffed grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail,

cottontail rabbit, and a variety of songbirds.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

urban uses. The effects of the slope can be minimized

by designing dwellings so that they conform to the

natural slope of the land and to the setting; land

shaping or installing distribution lines for septic tank

absorption fields across the slope; and constructing

roads and streets on a gentle grade across the slope.

Maintaining a plant cover on construction sites,

establishing a plant cover in unprotected areas, and

properly disposing of surface water help to control

erosion and sedimentation.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

At—Atkins silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and poorly

drained. It is typically on flood plains of the Deer Creek

watershed in the northeastern part of the county and

is subject to frequent flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to

3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown

silt loam about 4 inches thick. The subsoil is about 21

inches thick. The upper 7 inches is olive gray silt loam

that has dark yellowish brown and yellowish brown

mottles. The lower 14 inches is light olive gray silt loam

that has light brownish gray and yellowish brown

mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of 60

inches or more. The upper 8 inches is gray silt loam

that has light yellowish brown, dark yellowish brown,

and yellowish brown mottles. The lower part is gray

very gravelly silt loam that has yellowish brown

mottles. In some areas the subsoil has olive mottles. In

other areas the solum is thinner.
30 Soil Survey

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

the moderately well drained Philo soils and the well

drained Macove soils. Included soils make up about 20

percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Atkins soil. Permeability is slow to moderate in the

subsoil. Runoff is slow, and natural fertility is medium.

In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid. The seasonal high water table is within a

depth of 1 foot. It restricts the root zone of many types

of plants. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees.

Most of the acreage is pasture or idle land.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops but is better

suited to hay or pasture plants that tolerate wetness.

The hazard of erosion is slight. The wetness restricts

the use of most types of farm machinery. If the soil is

cultivated, minimizing tillage, including hay in the

cropping sequence, delaying tillage until the soil is

reasonably dry, and returning crop residue to the soil

help to maintain fertility and tilth. Proper stocking rates,

a rotation grazing system, and deferment of grazing

until the soil is firm are the major management needs

in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees that tolerate

wetness is moderately high on this soil, but only a

small acreage is wooded. The wetness and the

flooding are the major management concerns. Logging

should be deferred during wet periods until the soil is

reasonably firm. Using conventional skidder/tractor

logging equipment is not recommended. Haul roads

and landings should be built in adjacent areas of well

drained soils. Constructing haul roads is difficult

because this soil often is intersected by intermittent

stream channels. If haul roads are built in areas of the

soil, some gravel surfacing may be needed. Skidding

equipment should not be operated on this soil.

Intermittent stream channels should not be crossed

unless proper crossings have been developed.

Planting filter strips along streams and seeding bare

areas are recommended. Plant competition also is a

management concern. Site preparation following

harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as

soon as possible reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are pin oak, American sycamore, river birch,

red maple, and eastern white pine. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are brookside alder,

black willow, ninebark, Glade St. John’s-wort,

winterberry, and swamp rose, and those in the ground

cover are grasses, sedges, reeds, mosses, false

hellebore, and skunk cabbage.

The flooding and the wetness are limitations

affecting recreational development in areas of this soil.

Areas of the included Macove soils have fewer

restrictive features affecting recreational development.

This soil has fair potential for woodland, openland,

and wetland wildlife habitat. It can provide habitat for

small populations of wetland wildlife species, such as

red-winged blackbirds, amphibians, and insects.

The flooding and the wetness are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses. The potential for

frost action is an additional limitation on sites for local

roads and streets, and the slow permeability is an

additional limitation on sites for septic tank absorption

fields. Areas of the included Macove soils have fewer

restrictive features affecting most urban uses.

The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4W.

BaB—Belmont silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is deep, gently sloping, and well drained. It

is typically on ridgetops and benches west of the

Greenbrier River. It is also in an area near the head of

the East Fork of the Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 32 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is dark

yellowish brown silt loam, the next 6 inches is dark

brown channery silt loam, the next 11 inches is dark

brown channery silty clay loam, and the lower 12

inches is dark brown channery silty clay. The

substratum is dark brown very channery silty clay.

Gray limestone bedrock is interbedded with dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock at a depth of about 51

inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Culleoka and Cateache

soils on ridgetops and the very deep Shouns soils on

benches. Also included are areas of soils that contain

more clay in the subsoil, areas of soils that have

slopes of more than 8 percent, and areas of exposed

bedrock. Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the

unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Belmont

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is

medium, and natural fertility is medium or high. In

unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid to slightly acid

in the surface layer and upper part of the subsoil,

moderately acid to neutral in the lower part of the

subsoil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

substratum. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60

inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops

or hay. A few are used as pasture or woodland.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 31

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the

major management needs in pastured areas.

Supplying water to livestock may be difficult in some

areas because of underground channels. Developing

springs and building ponds help to overcome this

limitation in some areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. If logging roads are used year

round, suitable surfacing material is needed.

Unsurfaced roads are soft when the soil is wet and

can be impassable during rainy periods. Operating

wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet

results in excessive rutting. Using special low ground

pressure equipment when the soil is wet minimizes the

damage. Adding extra stone during road construction

may be necessary to help maintain a stable, uniform

road surface. Erosion is a major concern in areas that

have been cut and filled for roads. Establishing a plant

cover in these areas helps to control erosion. Laying

out roads and trails on a gentle grade across the

slope, controlling surface runoff, seeding and mulching

bare areas, and keeping the total mileage of roads and

trails to a minimum also help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, hickory, American

beech, sugar maple, and black walnut. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are hickory,

American beech, black locust, sassafras, dogwood,

and multiflora rose, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, mosses, ferns, and thistles.

The slope and small stones are the main limitations

on sites for playgrounds. The effects of these

limitations can be minimized by land shaping to create

level areas and by removing the stones. The other

recreational development activities are not limited by

these features.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Some areas support a

moderate population of large game species, such as

white-tailed deer and wild turkey, as well as small

game species, such as mourning dove and ruffed

grouse.

The depth to bedrock and the shrink-swell potential

are the main limitations affecting urban uses. Areas of

the included Shouns soils have fewer restrictive

features affecting most urban uses.

The depth to bedrock and the shrink-swell potential

are the main limitations on sites for dwellings with

basements. The shrink-swell potential is the main

limitation on sites for dwellings without basements.

Building above the bedrock and adding fill material

when landscaping minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock. Adding

extra reinforcement to footings and backfilling with

sandy material minimize the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling.

The depth to bedrock is a limitation on sites for

septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so that

they are larger in size may help to include areas of

more favorable soils in the lots.

Low strength is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Adding suitable base material or

utilizing special construction techniques to enhance

the load-bearing capacity of the soil minimizes the

damage caused by low strength.

Erosion is a management concern in areas cleared

for construction. Planning carefully so that only a

minimal amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

BaC—Belmont silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

This soil is deep, strongly sloping, and well drained.

It is typically on benches and ridgetops west of the

Greenbrier River. It is also in an area near the head of

the East Fork of the Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 32 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is dark

yellowish brown silt loam, the next 6 inches is dark

brown channery silt loam, the next 11 inches is dark

brown channery silty clay loam, and the lower 12

inches is dark brown channery silty clay. The

substratum is dark brown very channery silty clay.

Gray limestone bedrock is interbedded with dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock at a depth of about 51

inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Culleoka and Cateache

soils on side slopes and the very deep Shouns soils

on benches. Also included are areas of soils that
32 Soil Survey

contain more clay in the subsoil, areas of soils that

have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 15

percent, and areas of exposed bedrock. Inclusions

make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Belmont

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is

rapid, and natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed

areas reaction is strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer and upper part of the subsoil, moderately

acid to neutral in the lower part of the subsoil, and

moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the substratum.

Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops

or hay. A few are used as pasture or woodland.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the

major management needs in pastured areas.

Supplying water to livestock may be difficult in some

areas because of underground channels. Developing

springs and building ponds help to overcome this

limitation in some areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. If logging roads are used year

round, suitable surfacing material is needed.

Unsurfaced roads are soft when the soil is wet and

can be impassable during rainy periods. Operating

wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet

results in excessive rutting. Using special low ground

pressure equipment when the soil is wet minimizes the

damage. Adding extra stone during road construction

may be necessary to help maintain a stable, uniform

road surface. Erosion is a major concern in areas that

have been cut and filled for roads. Establishing a plant

cover in these areas helps to control erosion. Laying

out roads and trails on a gentle grade across the

slope, controlling surface runoff, seeding and mulching

bare areas, and keeping the total mileage of roads and

trails to a minimum also help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, hickory, American

beech, sugar maple, and black walnut. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are hickory,

American beech, black locust, sassafras, dogwood,

and multiflora rose, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, mosses, ferns, and thistles.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

recreational development in areas of this soil.

Selecting areas of the included soils that are less

sloping for use as sites or land shaping to create less

sloping areas minimizes the effects of the slope.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Some areas support a

moderate population of large game species, such as

white-tailed deer and wild turkey, as well as small

game species, such as mourning dove and ruffed

grouse.

The depth to bedrock, the slope, and the shrinkswell potential are the main limitations affecting most

urban uses. Areas of the included Shouns soils and

areas of included soils that are less sloping have fewer

restrictive features affecting most urban uses.

The depth to bedrock, the shrink-swell potential,

and the slope are the main limitations on sites for

dwellings with basements. The shrink-swell potential

and the slope are the main limitations on sites for

dwellings without basements. Building above the

bedrock, adding fill material when landscaping, and

designing dwellings so that they conform to the natural

slope of the land and to the setting minimize the

effects of the restrictions caused by the slope and the

depth to bedrock. Adding extra reinforcement to

footings and backfilling with sandy material minimize

the damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

Subdividing lots so that they are larger in size may

help to include areas of more favorable soils in the

lots. Land shaping, installing distribution lines across

the slope, or installing an alternate system minimizes

the effects of the restrictions caused by the slope and

the depth to bedrock.

Low strength is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Adding suitable base material or

utilizing special construction techniques to enhance

the load-bearing capacity of the soil minimizes the

damage caused by low strength.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

BaD—Belmont silt loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes

This soil is deep, moderately steep, and well

drained. It is typically on benches and side slopes

west of the Greenbrier River. It is also in an area near

the head of the East Fork of the Greenbrier River.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 33

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 32 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is dark

yellowish brown silt loam, the next 6 inches is dark

brown channery silt loam, the next 11 inches is dark

brown channery silty clay loam, and the lower

12 inches is dark brown channery silty clay. The

substratum is dark brown very channery silty clay.

Gray limestone bedrock is interbedded with dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock at a depth of about

51 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Culleoka and Cateache

soils on side slopes and the very deep Shouns soils

on foot slopes. Also included are areas of soils that

contain more clay in the subsoil, areas of soils that

have slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

25 percent, and some areas of exposed bedrock.

Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Belmont

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is

rapid, and natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed

areas reaction is strongly acid to slightly acid in the

surface layer and upper part of the subsoil, moderately

acid to neutral in the lower part of the subsoil, and

moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the substratum.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. A few are wooded.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. Erosion and overgrazing are

the major management concerns in pastured areas. If

the soil is cultivated, applying a system of

conservation tillage, cultivating on the contour,

including hay in the cropping sequence, and returning

crop residue to the soil help to control erosion and

maintain fertility and tilth. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in pastured areas. Supplying water to livestock

may be difficult in some areas because of sinkholes

and underground channels. Developing springs and

building ponds help to overcome these limitations in

some areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. Erosion

on roads, skid trails, and log landings and plant

competition are the major management concerns. If

logging roads are used year round, suitable surfacing

material is needed. Unsurfaced roads are soft when

the soil is wet and can be impassable during rainy

periods. Operating wheeled and tracked equipment

when the soil is wet results in excessive rutting. Using

special low ground pressure equipment when the soil

is wet minimizes the damage. Adding extra stone

during road construction may be necessary to help

maintain a stable, uniform road surface. Erosion is a

major concern in areas that have been cut and filled

for roads. Establishing a plant cover in these areas

helps to control erosion. Laying out roads and trails on

a gentle grade across the slope, controlling surface

runoff, seeding and mulching bare areas, and keeping

the total mileage of roads and trails to a minimum also

help to control erosion. Site preparation following

harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as

soon as possible reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, hickory, American

beech, sugar maple, and black walnut. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are hickory,

American beech, black locust, sassafras, dogwood,

and multiflora rose, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, mosses, ferns, and thistle.

The major limitation affecting recreational

development is the slope. Laying out hiking trails on a

gentle grade across the slope helps to overcome the

slope and control surface runoff. Land shaping to

create areas that are less sloping minimizes the

effects of the slope in areas used for other recreational

activities.

This soil has fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat and good potential for woodland wildlife habitat.

Some areas support a moderate population of large

game species, such as black bear, white-tailed deer,

and wild turkey, as well as some small game species,

such as gray squirrel and ruffed grouse.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

urban uses. Low strength is an additional limitation on

sites for local roads and streets. Areas of the included

Shouns soils have fewer restrictions for most urban

uses.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.

BbC—Belmont silt loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, very rocky

This soil is deep, strongly sloping and gently

sloping, and well drained. It is typically on benches

west of the Greenbrier River. It is also in an area near

the head of the East Fork of the Greenbrier River.

About 2 to 10 percent of the surface is exposed

bedrock. Sinkholes are common in some areas.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 32 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is dark

yellowish brown silt loam, the next 6 inches is dark
34 Soil Survey

brown channery silt loam, the next 11 inches is dark

brown channery silty clay loam, and the lower 12

inches is dark brown channery silty clay. The

substratum is dark brown very channery silty clay.

Gray limestone bedrock is interbedded with dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock at a depth of about

51 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Culleoka and Cateache

soils and the very deep Shouns soils. Also included

are areas of soils that are less than 40 inches deep

over bedrock, areas where more than 10 percent of

the surface is exposed bedrock, and areas of soils that

have slopes of more than 15 percent. Inclusions make

up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Belmont

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is

medium or rapid, and natural fertility is medium or

high. In unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid to

slightly acid in the surface layer and upper part of the

subsoil, moderately acid to neutral in the lower part of

the subsoil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in

the substratum. Depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to

60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. A few small areas are used

for hay or are wooded.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. Rock outcrop restricts the use

of most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in pastured areas. Supplying water to livestock

may be difficult in some areas because of sinkholes

and underground channels. Developing springs and

building ponds help to overcome these limitations in

some areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and the equipment limitation are the major

management concerns. The rock outcrop limits the

use of equipment. If logging roads are used year

round, suitable surfacing material is needed.

Unsurfaced roads are soft when the soil is wet and

can be impassable during rainy periods. Operating

wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet

results in excessive rutting. Using special low ground

pressure equipment when the soil is wet minimizes the

damage. Adding extra stone during road construction

may be necessary to help maintain a stable, uniform

road surface. Erosion is a major concern in areas that

have been cut and filled for roads. Establishing a plant

cover in these areas helps to control erosion. Laying

out roads and trails on a gentle grade across the

slope, controlling surface runoff, seeding and mulching

bare areas, and keeping the total mileage of roads and

trails to a minimum also help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, hickory, American

beech, sugar maple, and black walnut. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are hickory,

American beech, black locust, sassafras, dogwood,

and multiflora rose, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, mosses, ferns, and thistles.

The major limitation affecting recreational

development is the slope. Land shaping and grading

and designing the facilities so that they conform to the

natural slope of the land minimize the effects of this

limitation.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population of

large game species, such as black bear, white-tailed

deer, and wild turkey, as well as some small game

species, such as mourning dove and ruffed grouse.

The depth to bedrock, the slope, and the shrinkswell potential are the main limitations affecting most

urban uses. Areas of the included Shouns soils and

areas where there is less rock outcrop have fewer

restrictive features affecting most urban uses.

The depth to bedrock, the shrink-swell potential,

and the slope are the main limitations on sites for

dwellings with basements. The shrink-swell potential

and the slope are the main limitations on sites for

dwellings without basements. Building above the

bedrock, adding fill material when landscaping, and

designing dwellings so that they conform to the natural

slope of the land and to the setting minimize the

effects of the restrictions caused by the slope and the

depth to bedrock. Adding extra reinforcement to

footings and backfilling with sandy material minimize

the damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

Subdividing lots so that they are larger in size may

help to include areas of more favorable soils in the

lots. Land shaping, installing distribution lines across

the slope, or installing an alternate system minimizes

the effects of the restrictions caused by the slope and

the depth to bedrock.

Low strength is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Adding suitable base material or
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 35

utilizing special construction techniques to enhance

the load-bearing capacity of the soil minimizes the

damage caused by low strength.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

BbE—Belmont silt loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, very rocky

This soil is deep, steep and moderately steep, and

well drained. It is typically on benches and side slopes

west of the Greenbrier River. It is also in an area near

the head of the East Fork of the Greenbrier River.

About 2 to 10 percent of the surface is exposed

bedrock. Sinkholes are common in some areas.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 32 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is dark

yellowish brown silt loam, the next 6 inches is dark

brown channery silt loam, the next 11 inches is dark

brown channery silty clay loam, and the lower

12 inches is dark brown channery silty clay. The

substratum is dark brown very channery silty clay.

Gray limestone bedrock is interbedded with dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock at a depth of about

51 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Culleoka and Cateache

soils on side slopes and the very deep Shouns soils

on foot slopes. Also included are areas of soils that are

less than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas where

more than 10 percent of the surface is exposed

bedrock, and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 15 percent or more than 35 percent. Inclusions

make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Belmont

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is

rapid or very rapid, and natural fertility is medium or

high. In unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid to

slightly acid in the surface layer and upper part of the

subsoil, moderately acid to neutral in the lower part of

the subsoil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in

the substratum. The depth to bedrock ranges from 40

to 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. Some are wooded.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe or very severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. The slope and the rocks

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in pastured areas. Supplying water to livestock

may be difficult in some areas because of sinkholes

and underground channels. Developing springs and

building ponds help to overcome these limitations in

some areas. The rock outcrop and the slope restrict

the use of farm machinery.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. Erosion

on roads, skid trails, and landings, plant competition,

and the equipment limitation are the major

management concerns. The slope and the rock

outcrop limit the use of equipment. If logging roads are

used year round, suitable surfacing material is needed.

Unsurfaced roads are soft when the soil is wet and

can be impassable during rainy periods. Operating

wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet

results in excessive rutting. Using special low ground

pressure equipment when the soil is wet minimizes the

damage. Adding extra stone during road construction

may be necessary to help maintain a stable, uniform

road surface. Erosion is a major concern in areas that

have been cut and filled for roads. Establishing a plant

cover in these areas helps to control erosion. Laying

out roads and trails on a gentle grade across the

slope, controlling surface runoff, seeding and mulching

bare areas, and keeping the total mileage of roads and

trails to a minimum also help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, hickory, white oak,

American beech, sugar maple, and black walnut. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, hickory, American beech, black locust,

sassafras, dogwood, and multiflora rose, and those in

the ground cover are grasses, mosses, ferns, and

thistles.

The slope is the main limitation affecting

recreational development. Laying out hiking trails on a

gentle grade across the slope helps to overcome the

slope and control surface runoff. Land shaping and

grading or designing the facilities so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land minimizes the effects of

the slope in areas used for other recreational activities.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population of

large game species, such as black bear, white-tailed

dear, and wild turkey, as well as some small game

species, such as gray squirrel and ruffed grouse.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the shrinkswell potential are the main limitations affecting most

urban uses. Areas of the included Shouns soils and
36 Soil Survey

areas of included soils where slopes are 8 to

15 percent and there is less rock outcrop have

fewer restrictive features affecting most urban

uses.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.

BbF—Belmont silt loam, 35 to 55 percent

slopes, very rocky

This soil is deep, very steep, and well drained. It is

typically on side slopes west of the Greenbrier River. It

is also in an area near the head of the East Fork of the

Greenbrier River. About 2 to 10 percent of the surface

is exposed bedrock.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 32 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is dark

yellowish brown silt loam, the next 6 inches is dark

brown channery silt loam, the next 11 inches is dark

brown channery silty clay loam, and the lower

12 inches is dark brown channery silty clay. The

substratum is dark brown very channery silty clay.

Gray limestone bedrock is interbedded with dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock at a depth of about

51 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Culleoka and Cateache

soils on side slopes and the very deep Shouns soils

on foot slopes. Also included are areas of soils that are

less than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas where

more than 10 percent of the surface is exposed

bedrock, and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 35 percent or more than 55 percent. Inclusions

make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Belmont

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is

very rapid, and natural fertility is medium or high. In

unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid to slightly acid

in the surface layer and upper part of the subsoil,

moderately acid to neutral in the lower part of the

subsoil, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

substratum. The depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to

60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. Some are wooded.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the rocks restrict

the use of most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. Erosion

on roads, skid trails, and landings, plant competition,

and the equipment limitation are the major

management concerns. The slope and the rock

outcrop limit the use of equipment. If logging roads are

used year round, suitable surfacing material is needed.

Unsurfaced roads are soft when the soil is wet and

can be impassable during rainy periods. Operating

wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet

results in excessive rutting. Using special low ground

pressure equipment when the soil is wet minimizes the

damage. When timber is harvested, the slope restricts

the use of wheeled and tracked equipment in skidding

operations. Cable yarding systems generally are safer

and disturb the soil less. Adding extra stone during

road construction may be necessary to help maintain

a stable, uniform road surface. Erosion is a major

concern in areas that have been cut and filled for

roads. Establishing a plant cover in these areas helps

to control erosion. Laying out roads and trails on a

gentle grade across the slope, controlling surface

runoff, seeding and mulching bare areas, and keeping

the total mileage of roads and trails to a minimum also

help to control erosion. Site preparation following

harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as

soon as possible reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, hickory, white oak,

American beech, sugar maple, and black walnut. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, hickory, American beech, black locust,

sassafras, dogwood, and multiflora rose, and those in

the ground cover are grasses, mosses, ferns, and

thistles.

The slope is the main limitation affecting

recreational development. Laying out hiking trails on a

gentle grade across the slope minimizes the effects of

the slope and helps to control surface runoff.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population

of large game species, such as black bear, whitetailed deer, and wild turkey, as well as some small

game species, such as gray squirrel and ruffed

grouse.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the shrinkswell potential are the main limitations affecting most

urban uses. Less sloping areas of the included

Shouns soils would be better suited to urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 37

BeB—Berks channery silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping, and

well drained. It is typically in the eastern half of the

county on convex ridgetops and broad benches.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish

brown. The upper 2 inches is brown channery silt

loam, and the lower 18 inches is very channery silt

loam. The substratum is yellowish brown extremely

channery silt loam. Highly weathered, olive siltstone

bedrock is at a depth of about 31 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are many small

areas of the shallow Weikert soils and a few small

areas of the moderately deep Dekalb soils. Also

included are areas of soils that have fewer rock

fragments in the profile than the Berks soil, areas of

soils that are moderately well drained, and areas of

soils that have slopes of more than 8 percent. Included

soils make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately

rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is medium, and natural

fertility is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely

acid to strongly acid. The root zone of some types of

plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40

inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops

or hay. Some are used as pasture or woodland.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the

major management needs in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Erosion is a management concern when

timber is harvested. Roads should not be used during

wet periods. If roads must be used when the soil is

wet, adding gravel to the surface minimizes the

formation of ruts. Planting filter strips along streams,

controlling surface runoff on roads and landings by

installing dips, ditches, and water bars, and seeding

bare areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, red maple, and chestnut oak. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock,

common serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

Stoniness is the main limitation affecting

recreational uses, such as camp areas, picnic areas,

and playgrounds. Removing the small stones

minimizes this restrictive feature. Standard septic tank

absorption fields may not function properly. An

alternate system or a self-contained system, such as

sealed vault toilets, possibly could be installed. Access

roads need to have a properly designed drainage

system and a graveled surface if they will be used

during all kinds of weather. Seeding bare areas

following construction reduces the hazard of erosion.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Most areas support some large and small game

species, such as black bear, white-tailed deer, wild

turkey, and ruffed grouse, which feed on the grasses

or insects in these areas.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation affecting

most urban uses. The effects of the depth to bedrock

can be minimized on sites for dwellings with

basements by building above the bedrock, adding fill

material when landscaping, and designing dwellings

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land.

The rock, which is soft in most places, can be

excavated with conventional earth moving equipment.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an

alternate system may minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A.

BeC—Berks channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping, and

well drained. It is typically in the eastern half of the

county on convex ridgetops and broad benches.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish

brown. The upper 2 inches is channery silt loam, and

the lower 18 inches is very channery silt loam. The

substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Highly weathered, olive siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 31 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of
38 Soil Survey

the shallow Weikert soils and the moderately deep

Dekalb soils. Also included are areas of soils that have

fewer rock fragments in the profile than the Berks soil,

areas of soils that are moderately well drained, and

areas of soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent

or more than 15 percent. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately

rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility

is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops

or hay. A few are used as pasture or woodland.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the

major management needs in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log landings

is a major management concern. Laying out roads and

trails on the contour and seeding and mulching bare

areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, red maple, and chestnut oak. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock,

common serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

The slope and small stones are the main limitations

affecting most recreational development in areas of

this soil. Selecting areas of the included soils that are

less sloping and have fewer rock fragments on the

surface minimizes the effects of these limitations. Land

shaping and designing facilities so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land minimize the effects of

the slope.

This soil has fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for woodland wildlife habitat.

The woodland wildlife also feed in the cleared areas.

The unit supports an abundant population of small and

large game species, especially in the area of Back

Mountain Road north of Clover Lick.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations affecting urban uses. Areas of included soils

that are deeper to bedrock and less sloping are better

suited to urban development.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for

dwellings without basements. The slope and the depth

to bedrock are the main limitations on sites for

dwellings with basements. Building above the bedrock,

adding fill material when landscaping, and designing

dwellings so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land and to the setting minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the slope and the depth to

bedrock. Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared

for construction. Revegetating during or soon after

construction reduces the hazard of erosion.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an

alternate system may minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Constructing roads and streets on a

gentle grade across the slope minimizes this

restrictive feature.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A.

BeD—Berks channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, moderately steep, and

well drained. It is typically in the eastern half of the

county on convex ridgetops, broad benches, and side

slopes.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish

brown. The upper 2 inches is channery silt loam, and

the lower 18 inches is very channery silt loam. The

substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Highly weathered, olive siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 31 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are many small

areas of the shallow Weikert soils and a few small

areas of the moderately deep Dekalb soils. Also

included are areas of soils that have fewer rock

fragments in the profile than the Berks soil, areas of

soils that are moderately well drained, and areas of

soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or more

than 25 percent. Included soils make up about 25

percent of the unit.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 39

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately

rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility

is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. If the soil is cultivated, applying

a system of conservation tillage, cultivating on the

contour, including hay in the cropping sequence, and

returning crop residue to the soil help to control

erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

north and south aspects of this soil. Erosion is a

management concern when timber is harvested. The

limitations for operability of logging equipment and the

construction of haul roads and skid roads are

moderate. The limitations for construction of landings

are severe. The most important limiting factor is the

slope, which is minimized when soil is excavated

during the construction of haul roads, skid roads, and

landings. Where possible, landings should be

constructed in less sloping areas of included soils.

Roads should not be used during wet periods. If roads

must be used when the soil is wet, adding gravel to the

surface minimizes the formation of ruts. Planting filter

strips along streams, controlling surface runoff on

roads and landings by installing dips, ditches, and

water bars, seeding bare areas, and constructing haul

roads and skid roads on a gentle grade across the

slope help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, red maple, and chestnut oak. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock,

common serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

The slope and small stones are the main limitations

affecting most recreational development in areas of

this soil. The effects of the slope can be minimized by

land shaping and grading and by designing the

facilities so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land. The stones should be removed. Standard

septic tank absorption fields may not function properly.

An alternate system or a self-contained system, such

as sealed vault toilets, possibly could be installed in

the less sloping areas of the map unit. Access roads

need to have a properly designed drainage system

and a graveled surface if they will be used during all

kinds of weather. Seeding bare areas following

construction reduces the hazard of erosion. The soil

has moderate limitations on sites for hiking trails. The

slope is the main restrictive feature. Trails should be

established on a gentle grade across the slope. Water

bars help to control surface runoff and erosion.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas, however, support abundant

populations of small and large game species,

especially in the Boyer area, the Back Mountain Road

area north of Cloverlick, and near Watoga State Park.

These populations rely heavily on adjacent, more

suitable habitat areas for food and water. The potential

of the soil for wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing waterholes; seeding abandoned haul

roads, skid trails, and landings with grasses and

legumes beneficial to wildlife; and creating openings in

the overstory.

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the

main limitations affecting most urban uses. Areas

of included soils that are less sloping and deeper

to bedrock are better suited to urban development.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north and south

aspects.

BeE—Berks channery silt loam, 25 to

35 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, steep, and well

drained. It is typically in the eastern half of the county

on side slopes.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish

brown. The upper 2 inches is channery silt loam, and

the lower 18 inches is very channery silt loam. The

substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Highly weathered, olive siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 31 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are many small

areas of the shallow Weikert soils and a few small

areas of the moderately deep Dekalb soils. Also

included are areas of soils that have fewer rock

fragments in the profile than the Berks soil and areas

of soils that have slopes of less than 25 percent or
40 Soil Survey

more than 35 percent. Included soils make up about

25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately

rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural

fertility is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely

acid to strongly acid. The root zone of some types of

plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. A few are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is very

severe in unprotected areas. It is a management

concern. The slope restricts the use of most types of

farm machinery. Erosion and overgrazing are the

major management concerns in pastured areas.

Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable

grasses and legumes and a rotation grazing system

are the major management needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

north and south aspects of this soil. Erosion is a

management concern when timber is harvested. The

limitations for operability of logging equipment and

construction of haul roads and skid roads are

moderate. The limitations for construction of landings

are severe. The most important limiting factor is the

slope, which is minimized when soil is excavated

during the construction of haul roads, skid roads, and

landings. Where possible, landings should be

constructed in less sloping areas of the included well

drained soils. Roads should not be used during wet

periods. If roads must be used when the soil is wet,

adding gravel to the surface minimizes the formation of

ruts. Planting filter strips along streams, controlling

surface runoff on roads and landings by installing dips,

ditches, and water bars, seeding bare areas, and

constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle

grade across the slope help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, red maple, and chestnut oak. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock,

common serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

The slope and small stones are the main limitations

affecting most recreational development in areas of

this soil. The effects of the slope can be minimized by

land shaping and grading and by designing the

facilities so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land. The stones should be removed.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas, however, support abundant

populations of small and large game species,

especially in the Boyer area, the Back Mountain Road

area north of Cloverlick, and near Watoga State Park.

These populations rely heavily on adjacent, more

suitable habitat areas for food and water. The potential

of the soil for wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing waterholes; seeding abandoned haul

roads, skid trails, and landings with grasses and

legumes beneficial to wildlife; and creating grassy

openings in the overstory.

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses. Areas of

included soils that are less sloping and that are deeper

to bedrock are better suited to urban development.

The capability subclass is VIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north and south aspects.

BfC—Berks channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping and

gently sloping, and well drained. It is typically in the

eastern half of the county on convex ridgetops and

broad benches. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the

surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish

brown. The upper 2 inches is channery silt loam, and

the lower 18 inches is very channery silt loam. The

substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Highly weathered, olive siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 31 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

the moderately deep Dekalb soils on the main

ridgetops and the shallow Weikert soils on the spur

ridgetops. Also included are areas of soils that have

slopes of more than 15 percent and areas where

stones cover more than 3 percent of the surface.

Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately

rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is medium or rapid, and

natural fertility is low. In unlimed areas reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid. The root zone of some

types of plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of

20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 41

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The stones restrict the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log landings

is a major management concern. Laying out roads and

trails on the contour and seeding and mulching bare

areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, red maple, and chestnut oak. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock,

common serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

Large and small stones and the slope are the main

limitations on sites for camping and picnicking. They

prevent this soil from being used as a site for

playgrounds unless extensive excavation is

undertaken.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas, however, support an abundant

population of small and large game species,

especially in the Boyer area, the Back Mountain Road

area north of Clover Lick, and the area near Watoga

State Park.

The stones, the depth to bedrock, and the slope are

the main limitations affecting urban uses. Areas of

included soils that are deeper to bedrock and have

fewer stones on the surface are better suited to urban

development.

The stones and the slope are the main limitations

on sites for dwellings. The depth to bedrock is an

additional limitation on sites for dwellings with

basements. Building above the bedrock, adding fill

material when landscaping, and designing dwellings

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land

and to the setting minimize the restrictive features.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Revegetating during or soon after

construction reduces the hazard of erosion.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an

alternate system may minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock.

The stones and the slope are the main limitations

on sites for local roads and streets. Constructing roads

and streets on the contour and removing the stones

minimize the restrictive features.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A.

BfE—Berks channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well

drained. It is typically in the eastern half of the county

on the upper side slopes and benches. Stones cover

1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish

brown. The upper 2 inches is channery silt loam, and

the lower 18 inches is very channery silt loam. The

substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Highly weathered, olive siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 31 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

the moderately deep Dekalb soils and the shallow

Weikert soils. Also included are areas of soils that

have slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

35 percent and areas where stones cover more than

3 percent of the surface. Inclusions make up about

25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Berks soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid or very

rapid, and natural fertility is low. In unlimed areas

reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe or very severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

north and south aspects of this soil. Seedling mortality

is a concern on both aspects. Erosion on roads and

skid trails is a major management concern. Planting

special stock that is larger than usual or planting
42 Soil Survey

containerized seedlings reduces the seedling mortality

rate on south aspects. Laying out roads and skid trails

on the contour and seeding these areas help to control

erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, red maple, and chestnut oak. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock,

common serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

This soil has severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas, however, support an abundant

population of small and large game species, especially

in the Boyer area, the Back Mountain Road area north

of Clover Lick, and the area near Watoga State Park.

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north and south aspects.

BfF—Berks channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well

drained. It is typically in the eastern half of the county

on side slopes. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the

surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish

brown. The upper 2 inches is channery silt loam, and

the lower 18 inches is very channery silt loam. The

substratum is yellowish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Highly weathered, olive siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 31 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

the moderately deep Dekalb soils and the shallow

Weikert soils. Also included are areas of soils that

have slopes of less than 35 percent or more than

55 percent and areas where stones cover more than

3 percent of the surface. Inclusions make up about

25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately

rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural

fertility is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely

acid to strongly acid. The root zone of some types of

plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40

inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some small

areas are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

north and south aspects of this soil. Seedling mortality

is a concern on both aspects. The slope limits the use

of certain types of logging equipment. Erosion on

roads and skid trails is a major management concern.

Planting special stock that is larger than usual or

planting containerized seedlings reduces the seedling

mortality rate. Because of the slope, special

equipment and management techniques are needed

when timber is harvested. Laying out roads and skid

trails on the contour and seeding these areas help to

control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, red maple, and chestnut oak. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock,

common serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

This soil has severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas, however, support an abundant

population of small and large game species, especially

in the Boyer area, the Back Mountain Road area

north of Clover Lick, and the area near Watoga State

Park.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 43

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north and south aspects.

BgC—Berks-Dekalb complex, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of strongly sloping and

gently sloping, well drained, moderately deep soils on

benches and ridgetops. These soils occur as areas so

intermingled that it was not practical to map them

separately. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The unit is about 60 percent Berks soil, 30 percent

Dekalb soil, and 10 percent other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Berks soil is dark

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The

subsoil is yellowish brown. The upper 2 inches is

channery silt loam, and the lower 18 inches is very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered, olive

siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about 31 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is very

dark grayish brown channery loam about 4 inches

thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown very channery

loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum is

brownish yellow very channery sandy loam. Hard

sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 36 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are small

areas of the well drained Lily soils and the moderately

well drained Blairton soils. Also included are areas

where stones cover more than 3 percent of the

surface and areas of soils that have slopes of more

than 15 percent.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil and very low to moderate in the Dekalb

soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in

the subsoil of the Berks soil and rapid in the subsoil of

the Dekalb soil. Runoff is rapid or medium on both

soils, and natural fertility is low. In unlimed areas

reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of these soils are wooded. Some are

used as pasture. They are mainly along Back

Allegheny Mountain.

These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay,

but they are suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion in

unprotected areas is a management concern. The

stones restrict the use of most types of farm

machinery. Erosion and overgrazing are the major

management concerns in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the

major management needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

these soils. No major limitations affect harvesting.

Roads should not be used during wet periods. If roads

must be used when the soils are wet, adding gravel to

the surface minimizes the formation of ruts. Planting

filter strips along streams, installing water bars, and

revegetating disturbed areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

these soils are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

red maple, and chestnut oak. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are white oak, eastern

white pine, eastern hemlock, common serviceberry,

black locust, mountain laurel, huckleberry, witch hazel,

maple-leaved viburnum, and striped maple, and those

in the ground cover are grasses, ferns, wild lily of the

valley, partridge berry, hairy disporum, twisted stalk,

false Solomon’s seal, and dogbane.

These soils have severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion.

These soils have poor or fair potential for woodland

wildlife habitat. Many areas, however, provide cover for

an abundant population of small and large game

species. These populations rely heavily on adjacent

areas for food and water. The potential of the soils for

wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing

waterholes; seeding abandoned haul roads, skid trails,

and landings; and creating openings in the overstory

to promote the growth of ground vegetation.

Stones, the depth to bedrock, and the slope are the

main limitations affecting urban uses. Areas of

included soils that are deeper to bedrock and have

fewer stones on the surface are better suited to urban

development.

The stones and the slope are limitations on sites for

dwellings. The depth to bedrock is an additional

limitation on sites for dwellings with basements.

Building above the bedrock, adding fill material when

landscaping, and designing dwellings so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land and to the

setting minimize the effects of the restrictions. Erosion

is a severe hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Revegetating during or soon after construction

reduces the hazard of erosion.

The depth to bedrock is the restrictive feature of

these soils for septic tank absorption fields.

Subdividing lots so that they are larger in size may
44 Soil Survey

help to include areas of more favorable soils in the

lots. Installing an alternate system may minimize the

effects of the restrictions caused by the depth to

bedrock.

The stones and the slope are the main limitations

affecting the use of these soils for local roads and

streets. Constructing roads and streets on the contour

and removing the stones minimize the restrictive

features.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A.

BgE—Berks-Dekalb complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of steep and moderately

steep, well drained, moderately deep soils on benches

and side slopes. These soils occur as areas so

intermingled that it was not practical to map them

separately. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

The unit is about 55 percent Berks soil, 35 percent

Dekalb soil, and 10 percent other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Berks soil is dark

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The

subsoil is yellowish brown. The upper 2 inches is

channery silt loam, and the lower 18 inches is very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered, olive

siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about 31 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is very

dark grayish brown channery loam about 4 inches

thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown very channery

loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum is

brownish yellow very channery sandy loam. Hard

sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 36 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are small

areas of the well drained Lily and Weikert soils. Also

included are areas where stones cover more than

3 percent of the surface and areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

35 percent.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil and very low to moderate in the Dekalb

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil of the

Berks soil and moderately rapid in the substratum. It is

moderately rapid or rapid in the Dekalb soil. Runoff is

rapid or very rapid on both soils, and natural fertility is

low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of these soils are wooded. Some are

used as pasture. They are mainly along Back

Allegheny Mountain.

These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay

and are difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

north and south aspects of these soils. The limitations

for operability of logging equipment and construction

of haul roads and skid trails are moderate. The

limitations for construction of log landings are severe.

The most important limiting factor is the slope, which

is minimized when the soils are excavated during the

construction of haul roads, skid roads, and landings.

Where possible, landings should be constructed in

less sloping areas of the included soils. Roads should

not be used during wet periods. If roads must be used

when the soils are wet, adding gravel to the surface

minimizes the formation of ruts. Planting filter strips

along streams, controlling surface runoff on roads and

landings by installing dips, ditches, and water bars,

seeding bare areas, and constructing haul roads and

skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope help to

control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, red maple,

yellow buckeye, chestnut oak, and black cherry. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock,

common serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

These soils have severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion.

These soils have poor or fair potential for woodland

wildlife habitat. Many areas, however, provide cover for

an abundant population of small and large game

species. These populations rely heavily on adjacent

areas for food and water. The potential of the soils for

wildlife habitat can be improved by constructing

waterholes; seeding abandoned haul roads, skid trails,

and landings; and creating openings in the overstory

to promote the growth of ground vegetation.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 45

Because of the slope, the depth to bedrock, and the

stones, these soils are unsuited to urban development.

Areas of included soils that are less sloping, are

deeper to bedrock, and have fewer stones on the

surface are better suited to urban uses.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north and south aspects of

the Berks soil. It is 3R on north aspects of the Dekalb

soil and 2R on south aspects.

BgF—Berks-Dekalb complex, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of very steep, well drained,

moderately deep soils on side slopes. These soils

occur as areas so intermingled that it was not practical

to map them separately. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of

the surface. The unit is about 45 percent Berks soil,

40 percent Dekalb soil, and 15 percent other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Berks soil is dark

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The

subsoil is yellowish brown. The upper 2 inches is

channery silt loam, and the lower 18 inches is very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered, olive

siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about 31 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is very

dark grayish brown channery loam about 4 inches

thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown very channery

loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum is

brownish yellow very channery sandy loam. Hard

sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 36 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are small

areas of the well drained Weikert soils. Also included

are areas where stones cover more than 3 percent of

the surface and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 35 percent or more than 55 percent.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil and very low to moderate in the Dekalb

soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid in

the subsoil of the Berks soil and rapid in the subsoil of

the Dekalb soil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural

fertility is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely

acid to strongly acid. The root zone of some types of

plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of these soils are wooded. Some small

areas are used as pasture.

These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay

and are difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

north and south aspects of these soils. The limitations

for operability of logging equipment and the

construction of haul roads, skid roads, and log

landings are severe. The most important limiting factor

is the slope, which is minimized when the soils are

excavated during the construction of haul roads, skid

roads, and landings. Where possible, landings should

be constructed in less sloping areas of included soils.

Roads should not be used during wet periods. If roads

must be used when the soils are wet, adding gravel to

the surface minimizes the formation of ruts. Planting

filter strips along streams, controlling surface runoff on

roads and landings by installing dips, ditches, and

water bars, seeding bare areas, and constructing haul

roads and skid roads on a gentle grade across the

slope help to control erosion. Consideration should be

given to using special equipment, such as that used

for cable yarding, when timber is harvested.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

these soils are northern red oak, white oak, red maple,

yellow buckeye, chestnut oak, and black cherry. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock,

common serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

These soils have severe limitations affecting

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion.

These soils have poor or fair potential for woodland

wildlife habitat. Many areas of these soils, however,

provide cover for an abundant population of small and

large game species. These populations rely heavily on

adjacent areas for food and water. The potential of the

soils for wildlife habitat can be improved by seeding

abandoned haul roads, skid trails, and landings and by

creating openings in the overstory to promote the

growth of ground vegetation.

Because of the slope, the depth to bedrock, and the

stones, these soils are unsuited to urban development.

The included soils also are unsuited to most urban

uses.
46 Soil Survey

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north and south aspects of

the Berks soil. It is 3R on north aspects of the Dekalb

soil and 2R on south aspects.

BhG—Berks, Weikert, and Calvin soils,

55 to 80 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of shallow and moderately

deep, well drained soils on extremely steep side

slopes in the eastern half of the county. Most of the

acreage in the unit is in Monongahela National Forest.

Slopes range from 55 to 80 percent but are dominantly

55 to 65 percent. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the

surface. The soils were mapped together because they

have no major differences in use and management.

The unit is about 35 percent Berks soil, 25 percent

Weikert soil, 20 percent Calvin soil, and 20 percent

other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Berks soil is dark

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The

subsoil is yellowish brown. The upper 2 inches is

channery silt loam, and the lower 18 inches is very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish

brown extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered,

olive siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

31 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Weikert soil is dark

brown channery silt loam about 1 inch thick. It is

underlain by yellowish brown very channery silt loam

about 5 inches thick. The subsoil also is yellowish

brown very channery silt loam about 5 inches thick.

The substratum is brownish yellow extremely

channery silt loam. Multicolored siltstone and shale

bedrock is at a depth of about 15 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Calvin soil is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is reddish brown. The upper 2 inches is silt

loam, the next 17 inches is channery silt loam, and the

lower 6 inches is extremely channery silt loam. The

substratum is reddish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Reddish brown, highly weathered siltstone

bedrock is at a depth of about 39 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are small

areas of the sandier Dekalb soils, areas of soils

weathered from cherty material, and areas of soils that

are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock. Also

included are small areas of soils that have slopes of

less than 55 percent or more than 80 percent, areas

where stones cover less than 1 percent or more than

3 percent of the surface, and areas of rock outcrop.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Berks soil, very low in the Weikert soil, and low or

moderate in the Calvin soil. Permeability is moderate

or moderately rapid in the subsoil of the Berks soil and

moderately rapid in the subsoil of the Weikert and

Calvin soils. Runoff is very rapid on all three soils, and

natural fertility is low. Reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid in unlimed areas of the Berks soil and

very strongly acid or strongly acid in unlimed areas of

the Weikert and Calvin soils. The bedrock generally is

soft; however, layers of hard bedrock can occur. These

soils are susceptible to downslope movement. The

depth to bedrock ranges from 10 to 20 inches in the

Weikert soil and from 20 to 40 inches in the Berks and

Dekalb soils.

All areas of these soils are wooded. The soils are

not suited to cultivated crops, hay, pasture, or urban

development because of the slope.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate or

moderately high on north aspects of these soils and

moderate on south aspects. The limitations for

harvesting timber are severe. The major limitation is

the slope. Erosion is a management concern. Log

landings should be constructed in adjacent, less

sloping areas, such as on ridgetops or benches.

Constructing haul roads and skid trails in areas of

these soils requires a very large amount of excavation,

which greatly increases the potential for erosion. The

rock outcrop, which is hard and cannot be ripped, is a

problem during road construction in some areas.

Where possible, haul roads should be built in adjacent,

less sloping areas. If haul roads and skid trails are

constructed on these soils, they should be constructed

on a gentle grade across the slope. Full bench

construction is recommended on haul roads. Planting

wide filter strips along streams, controlling surface

runoff on roads, trails, and landings by installing

ditches, dips, and water bars, and seeding bare areas

help to control erosion. Alternate logging systems,

such as high lead cable logging, that are adapted to

the slope are recommended when timber is harvested.

These systems allow an area to be harvested without

the use of skid trails, thus greatly reducing the

potential for erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, chestnut oak,

eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, pitch pine,

hickory, red maple, and scarlet oak. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are white oak,

eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, common

serviceberry, black locust, mountain laurel,

huckleberry, witch hazel, maple-leaved viburnum, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, ferns, wild lily of the valley, partridge berry,

hairy disporum, twisted stalk, false Solomon’s seal,

and dogbane.

These soils have severe limitations affecting
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 47

recreational development. Trails can be built in areas

of the soils; however, construction is difficult. Erosion is

a management concern. Trails should be established

on a gentle grade across the slope. Switchbacks may

be necessary on the trails. Water bars help to control

erosion. Periodic maintenance of the trails is

necessary because the soils from cutbanks slough

onto the trails.

These soils have very poor or fair potential for

woodland wildlife habitat. Because of the extremely

steep slope, game species make limited use of the

soils for food and shelter.

Because of the slope, these soils are unsuited to

urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north and south aspects of

the Berks soil; 2R on north and south aspects of the

Weikert soil; and 4R on north aspects of the Calvin

soil and 3R on south aspects.

BlC—Blackthorn channery loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, extremely stony

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping and gently

sloping, and well drained. It is typically on foot slopes

and benches in the eastern half of the county. Stones

cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

loam about 4 inches thick. It is overlain by about 1 inch

of highly decomposed forest litter and underlain by

about 5 inches of brown very channery loam. The

upper 8 inches of the subsoil is yellowish brown very

channery loam, the next 33 inches is yellowish brown

very channery sandy loam, and the lower 14 inches is

strong brown silty clay.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

moderately deep Faywood, Dekalb, Calvin, and Berks

soils, the deep Hazleton soils, and the very deep

Elliber soils. Also included are areas of soils that have

fewer rock fragments in the profile and on the surface

than the Blackthorn soil and areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 3 percent or more than 15 percent.

Included soils make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Blackthorn soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the upper part of the subsoil and

moderately slow or moderate in the lower part. Runoff

is medium or rapid, and natural fertility is low or

medium. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly

acid to moderately acid in the upper part of the soil

profile and very strongly acid or strongly acid in the

lower part. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. A few small

areas in the vicinity of Dunmore are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It

is a management concern. The stones restrict the use

of most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is the only

management concern affecting woodland productivity.

Harvest methods that do not remove all of the

overstory or applications of herbicides reduce plant

competition. Regeneration cuts that leave an isolated

single tree or an isolated group of trees are not

recommended. Site preparation following harvest and

the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible also reduce plant competition. No major

limitations affect harvesting. Although the soil is

extremely stony, the stones are small enough that they

do not interfere with woodland management activities.

Roads should not be used during wet periods. If roads

are used when the soil is wet, adding gravel to the

surface minimizes the formation of ruts. Planting filter

strips along streams, installing water bars, and

revegetating disturbed areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, cucumbertree, and black locust. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are white pine,

black locust, flowering dogwood, and white oak, and

those in the ground cover are mosses, teaberry,

grasses, and ferns.

Large and small stones and the slope are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The effects of the slope can be minimized

by land shaping and grading and by designing facilities

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land.

Removing the stones minimizes their effect on

recreational development.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

The areas of woodland support fairly large populations

of woodland game species, such as black bear, whitetailed deer, gray and red squirrels, wild turkey, and

ruffed grouse; and nongame species, such as pileated

woodpeckers, reptiles, and a wide variety of

songbirds, especially in the Calvin Price State Forest

area.

The slope and the stones are the main limitations

affecting urban uses. The slope is a moderate

limitation on sites for dwellings, local roads and
48 Soil Survey

streets, and septic tank absorption fields. Land

shaping, installing distribution lines and roads on the

contour, and selecting areas of included soils that are

less sloping minimize the restrictions.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4X.

BlE—Blackthorn channery loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony

This soil is very deep, steep and moderately steep,

and well drained. It is typically on foot slopes and

benches in the eastern half of the county. Stones

cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

loam about 4 inches thick. It is overlain by about 1 inch

of highly decomposed forest litter and underlain by

about 5 inches of brown very channery loam. The

upper 8 inches of the subsoil is yellowish brown very

channery loam, the next 33 inches is yellowish brown

very channery sandy loam, and the lower 14 inches is

strong brown silty clay.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

moderately deep Faywood, Dekalb, Calvin, and Berks

soils, the deep Hazleton soils, and the very deep

Elliber soils. Also included are areas of soils that have

fewer rock fragments in the profile and on the surface

than the Blackthorn soil and areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

35 percent. Included soils make up about 20 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Blackthorn soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the upper part of the subsoil and

moderately slow or moderate in the lower part. Runoff

is rapid or very rapid, and natural fertility is low or

medium. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly

acid to moderately acid in the upper part of the profile

and very strongly acid or strongly acid in the lower

part. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some small

areas in the vicinity of Dunmore are used as

pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe or very severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is a moderate

limitation affecting woodland productivity. Harvest

methods that do not remove all of the overstory or

applications of herbicides reduce plant competition.

Regeneration cuts that leave an isolated single tree or

an isolated group of trees are not recommended. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible also reduce

plant competition. The limitations for operability of

logging equipment and the construction of haul roads

and skid roads are moderate. Although the soil is

extremely stony, the stones are small enough that they

do not interfere with woodland management activities.

Haul roads, skid trails, and log landings are needed

for equipment accessibility. Erosion is a concern in

areas that have been cut and filled for roads.

Establishing a plant cover in these areas reduces

erosion. Laying out roads and trails on a gentle grade

across the slope, controlling surface runoff, seeding

roads, trails, and landings, and keeping the total

mileage of roads and trails to a minimum also help to

control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, cucumbertree, and black locust. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are white pine,

black locust, flowering dogwood, and white oak, and

those in the ground cover are mosses, teaberry,

grasses, and ferns.

Large and small stones and the slope are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The effects of the slope can be minimized

by land shaping and grading, by designing facilities so

that they conform to the natural slope of the land, and

by laying out trails on gentle grades across the slope.

Installing water-control structures helps to control

surface runoff. Removing the stones minimizes their

effect on recreational development.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

The areas of woodland support fairly large populations

of woodland game species, such as black bear, whitetailed deer, gray and red squirrels, wild turkey, and

ruffed grouse; and nongame species, such as pileated

woodpeckers, reptiles, and a wide variety of

songbirds, especially in the Calvin Price State Forest

area.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

urban uses. This soil essentially is not used for urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 49

BlF—Blackthorn channery loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, extremely stony

This soil is very deep, very steep, and well drained.

It is typically on foot slopes, benches, and side slopes

in the eastern half of the county. Stones cover 3 to 15

percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

loam about 4 inches thick. It is overlain by about 1 inch

of highly decomposed forest litter and underlain by

about 5 inches of brown very channery loam. The

upper 8 inches of the subsoil is yellowish brown very

channery loam, the next 33 inches is yellowish brown

very channery sandy loam, and the lower 14 inches is

strong brown silty clay.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

moderately deep Faywood, Dekalb, Calvin, and Berks

soils, the deep Hazleton soils, and the very deep

Elliber soils. Also included are areas of soils that have

fewer rock fragments in the profile and on the surface

than the Blackthorn soil and areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 35 percent or more than

55 percent. Included soils make up about 20 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Blackthorn soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the upper part of the subsoil and

moderately slow or moderate in the lower part. Runoff

is very rapid, and natural fertility is low or medium. In

unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the upper part of the profile and

very strongly acid or strongly acid in the lower part.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. A few small

areas are pastured.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is a moderate

limitation affecting woodland productivity. Harvest

methods that do not remove all of the overstory or

applications of herbicides reduce plant competition.

Regeneration cuts that leave an isolated single tree or

an isolated group of trees are not recommended. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible also reduce

plant competition. The limitations for most logging

operations are severe on this soil. Although the soil is

extremely stony, the stones are small enough that they

do not interfere with woodland management activities.

When timber is harvested, the slope and the hazard of

erosion restrict the use of wheeled and tracked

equipment in skidding operations. Haul roads, skid

trails, and log landings are needed for equipment

accessibility. Erosion is a major management concern

in these areas. It is a severe hazard in areas that have

been cut and filled for roads. Establishing a plant cover

in these areas reduces erosion. Laying out roads and

trails on a gentle grade across the slope, controlling

surface runoff, seeding roads, trails, and landings, and

keeping the total mileage of roads and trails to a

minimum also help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, cucumbertree, and black locust. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are eastern white

pine, black locust, flowering dogwood, and white oak,

and those in the ground cover are mosses, teaberry,

grasses, and ferns.

Large and small stones and the slope are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The effects of the slope can be minimized

by land shaping and grading, by designing facilities so

that they conform to the natural slope of the land, and

by laying out trails on gentle grades across the slope.

Installing water-control structures helps to control

surface runoff. Removing the stones minimizes their

effect on recreational development.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

The areas of woodland support fairly large populations

of woodland game species, such as black bear, whitetailed deer, gray and red squirrels, wild turkey, and

ruffed grouse; and nongame species, such as pileated

woodpeckers, reptiles, and a wide variety of

songbirds, especially in the Calvin Price State Forest

area.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

urban uses. This soil is not used for urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

BoB—Blairton silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping, and

moderately well drained. It is on flats and in

depressions in the uplands throughout the county.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam
50 Soil Survey

about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is about 22 inches

thick. The upper 3 inches is dark yellowish brown silt

loam; the next 8 inches is yellowish brown silt loam;

the next 6 inches is light olive brown silty clay loam

that has grayish brown, light olive brown, and strong

brown mottles; and the lower 5 inches is light olive

brown very channery silty clay loam that has grayish

brown and strong brown mottles. The substratum is

dark grayish brown, light olive brown, and strong

brown extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered

siltstone bedrock and fine grained sandstone bedrock

is at a depth of about 34 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the well drained Berks, Dekalb, Lily, and

Shouns soils. Also included are areas of soils that

have slopes of more than 8 percent, areas of soils that

have gray mottles higher in the profile than the Blairton

soil, areas of soils that have stones on the surface,

and areas of soils that are similar to the Blairton soil

but are mapped at elevations having a shorter growing

season than is typical of the Blairton soil. Included

soils make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Blairton soil. Permeability is moderately slow in the

subsoil. Runoff and natural fertility are medium. In

unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid or very

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by the seasonal high water table at a depth

of 12 to 24 inches and by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture. Only

a few small areas are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern. The

seasonal high water table may delay cultivation in the

spring. If the soil is cultivated, applying a system of

conservation tillage, including hay in the cropping

sequence, delaying tillage until the soil is reasonably

dry, and returning crop residue to the soil help to

maintain fertility and tilth. Erosion and overgrazing are

the major management concerns in pastured areas.

Proper stocking rates, rotation grazing, and deferred

grazing in the spring until the soil is reasonably firm

are the major management needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition can be controlled

by removing competing vegetation. Equipment should

not be operated when the soil is wet and soft.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white ash, and yellow

poplar. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are flowering dogwood, mountain laurel,

rhododendron, and huckleberry, and those in the

ground cover are mosses, teaberry, grasses, and

ferns.

The wetness is the main limitation affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil. Installing

a drainage system in areas used for camping or

picnicking or as playgrounds reduces the wetness.

Trails should be located in areas of soils that are not

so wet as this soil.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for game

species, such as bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit,

Canada goose, and mourning dove, as well as various

songbirds.

The wetness, the depth to bedrock, the moderately

slow permeability, and the potential for frost action are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses. The

wetness is the main limitation on sites for dwellings.

Installing footer drains and properly designed footers,

backfilling with porous material, and selecting areas of

included well drained soils for the homesites minimize

these limitations.

The wetness and the potential for frost action are

the main limitations on sites for local roads and

streets. The addition of raised, coarse grained base

material to frost depth and a surface and subsurface

drainage system minimize these limitations.

The depth to bedrock and the wetness are

limitations affecting sanitary facilities. Selecting areas

of included well drained soils as sites for sanitary

facilities, installing a drainage system around the

absorption field, or installing a specially designed

system or an alternate system approved by the county

sanitarian may help to minimize these limitations.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

BrF—Briery-Rock outcrop complex, very

steep

This map unit consists of a very deep, well drained

Briery soil and areas of Rock outcrop where coal has

been surface mined. It is about 70 percent Briery soil,

15 percent Rock outcrop, and 15 percent other soils.

The Briery soil and the Rock outcrop were mapped

together because it was not practical to map them

separately at the scale selected for mapping. The unit

is mostly on mountain side slopes. It is on nearly

vertical highwalls, nearly level to strongly sloping

benches, and steep to extremely steep outslopes.

Areas on the highwalls make up about 15 percent of

the unit, those on the benches make up about
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 51

45 percent, and those on the outslopes make up about

40 percent. The benches are concave and have slopes

of 0 to 15 percent. The outslopes are convex and have

slopes of 15 to 80 percent. Stones and boulders

dominantly cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface, but the

extent of the coverage in most areas ranges from 1 to

15 percent.

Typically, the surface layer of the Briery soil is very

dark grayish brown very channery silt loam about 2

inches thick. The upper 19 inches of the substratum is

dark brown very channery silt loam that has strong

brown and gray lithochromic mottles. The lower part to

a depth of more than 60 inches is dark brown

extremely channery silty clay loam.

The Rock outcrop occurs as exposures of bedrock

that have resulted from surface mining. The highwalls

are vertical or nearly vertical and extend about 15 to

75 feet above the benches.

Included in this unit in mapping are areas of soils

that have bedrock within a depth of 60 inches, small

wet areas on the benches, and areas where stones

and boulders cover less than 1 percent or more than 3

percent of the surface.

The available water capacity is low to high in the

Briery soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately

rapid. Runoff is slow or medium on bench slopes and

rapid or very rapid on outslopes. Natural fertility is

medium. Reaction is strongly acid to slightly alkaline in

unlimed areas of the Briery soil.

Most areas of this unit are wooded. Some

reclaimed areas on benches are in grasses and

legumes. The areas of Rock outcrop generally are

barren.

Most areas of this unit are not suited to cultivated

crops or hay. They are difficult to manage for pasture

because of the slope, the stoniness, and the short

growing season in areas of the Briery soil. In the less

sloping areas on benches, the unit is suited to pasture.

Some of these areas are used for the production of

hay. Erosion is a concern if pastured areas are

overgrazed. Deferring grazing, applying a rotation

grazing system, applying lime and fertilizer when

needed, and planting desirable species help to

establish and maintain good forage and control

erosion.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high in areas of this unit. The Briery soil is suited to

coniferous and deciduous trees. In most areas the

trees are not large enough to harvest for saw logs.

Seedling mortality is a hazard. Few limitations affect

harvesting in areas on benches. The slope and the

Rock outcrop are moderate and severe limitations

affecting harvesting in areas on the highwalls and

outslopes. Erosion is a hazard on steep slopes in the

disturbed areas. Constructing roads on a gentle grade

across the slope and revegetating disturbed areas

help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory

on this Briery soil are red pine, scotch pine, and

black locust. The dominant plant communities in

the understory are red spruce and yellow birch,

and those in the ground cover are grasses and

legumes.

This map unit has severe limitations affecting most

recreational uses. Large and small stones, the slope,

and the Rock outcrop are the major restrictive

features.

This map unit has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Black bear, white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse,

and snowshoe hare use these areas for cover and as

a source of food.

The main restrictive features of this unit for urban

uses are stones and boulders, the very steep

outslopes, the potential for differential settling, and the

Rock outcrop. Onsite investigation and testing are

needed to determine the limitations and potentials of

the unit for most urban uses.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

CaC—Calvin channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping, and

well drained. It is typically on ridgetops near the

Greenbrier River and on Allegheny Mountain.

Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

reddish brown. The upper 2 inches of the subsoil is silt

loam, the next 17 inches is channery silt loam, and the

lower 6 inches is extremely channery silt loam. The

substratum is reddish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Reddish brown, highly weathered siltstone

bedrock is at a depth of about 39 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Berks and Dekalb soils.

Also included are areas of soils having a solum that is

less than 20 inches thick, areas of soils that have

stones on the surface, areas of soils that have fewer

rock fragments in the profile than the Calvin soil, and

areas of soils that have slopes of less than 8 percent

or more than 15 percent. Inclusions make up about 20

percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Calvin soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is low. In

unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly

acid. The root zone of some types of plants is
52 Soil Survey

restricted by the bedrock, which generally is soft, at a

depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. Some are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern. If the

soil is cultivated, applying a system of conservation

tillage, cultivating on the contour, including hay in the

cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the

soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain

desirable grasses and legumes, a rotation grazing

system, and deferment of grazing in the spring until

the soil is reasonably firm are the major management

needs in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log landings

and seedling mortality of planted stock are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

the contour and seeding and mulching bare areas help

to control erosion. Special stock that has a well

developed root system, containerized seedlings, and

special site preparation, such as furrowing, reduce the

seedling mortality rate. Planting early in spring to take

full advantage of rainfall also reduces the seedling

mortality rate. Harvest methods that do not fully

remove the overstory increase the seedling survival

rate. The remaining trees provide partial shade for

seedlings and thus minimize the loss of moisture. The

limitations affecting haul roads, skid trails, and

landings are moderate. The major limitations are low

strength and the slope. A minor amount of excavation

on landings and haul roads helps to overcome the

slope. Restricting the use of roads and landings during

wet periods and adding gravel to the surface help to

increase soil strength. Planting filter strips along

streams and water breaks and seeding bare areas

help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory, red

maple, and black locust. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are white oak, red

maple, striped maple, rhododendron, witch hazel, hop

hornbeam, flowering dogwood, and blueberry, and

those in the ground cover are marginal shield ferns,

wild sarsaparilla, wild stonecrop, blunt-lobed woodsia,

white snakeroot, teaberry, and grasses.

Small and large stones, the slope, and the depth to

bedrock are the main limitations affecting recreational

development in areas of this soil. Excavation is

necessary to create level areas for most recreational

uses. Standard septic tank absorption fields may not

function properly. An alternate system or a selfcontained system, such as sealed vault toilets, may be

used. Access roads need to have a properly designed

drainage system and a graveled surface if they will be

used during all kinds of weather. Seeding bare areas

following construction reduces the hazard of erosion.

No major limitations affect the construction of trails.

This soil has good potential for openland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for woodland wildlife habitat.

Many areas support a moderate population of ruffed

grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and numerous

other small game species. White-tailed deer and

turkey are abundant in areas of the soil. They feed in

the open areas and use the edges for cover.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations affecting urban development. Areas of

included soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

bedrock have fewer restrictive features affecting most

urban uses.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations on sites for dwellings with basements, and

the slope is the main limitation on sites for dwellings

without basements. Building above the bedrock,

adding fill material when landscaping, and designing

dwellings so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land and to the setting minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the slope and the depth to

bedrock. The bedrock is soft in most areas and, in

many cases, can be excavated using standard

methods.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an

alternate system may minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Constructing roads and streets on

the contour and adding coarse grained base material

minimize this restrictive feature.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A.

CbC—Calvin channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping and

gently sloping, and well drained. It is typically on

ridgetops near the Greenbrier River and on Allegheny
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 53

and Burner Mountains. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of

the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

reddish brown. The upper 2 inches of the subsoil is silt

loam, the next 17 inches is channery silt loam, and the

lower 6 inches is extremely channery silt loam. The

substratum is reddish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Reddish brown, highly weathered siltstone

bedrock is at a depth of about 39 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Berks and Dekalb soils.

Also included are areas of soils having a solum that is

less than 20 inches thick, areas where stones cover

less than 1 percent of the surface, areas of soils that

have fewer rock fragments in the profile than the

Calvin soil, and areas of soils that have slopes of more

than 15 percent. Inclusions make up about 25 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Calvin soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is medium or rapid, and natural fertility

is low. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid

or strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants

is restricted by the bedrock, which generally is soft, at

a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The stones restrict the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Seedling mortality of planted stock is a

management concern on south aspects because of

the droughtiness of the soil. Special stock that has a

well developed root system, containerized seedlings,

or special site preparation, such as furrowing, reduce

the seedling mortality rate. Planting early in spring to

take full advantage of rainfall also reduces the

seedling mortality rate. Harvest methods that do not

fully remove the overstory increase the seedling

survival rate. The remaining trees provide partial

shade for seedlings and thus minimize the loss of

moisture. The limitations affecting haul roads, skid

trails, and landings are moderate. The major limitations

are low strength and the slope. A minor amount of

excavation on landings and haul roads helps to

overcome the slope. Restricting the use of roads and

landings during wet periods and adding gravel to the

surface help to increase soil strength. Planting filter

strips along streams, installing water bars, and

seeding bare areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory, red

maple, and black locust. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are white oak, red

maple, striped maple, rhododendron, witch hazel, hop

hornbeam, flowering dogwood, and blueberry, and

those in the ground cover are marginal shield ferns,

wild sarsaparilla, wild stonecrop, blunt-lobed woodsia,

white snakeroot, teaberry, and grasses.

Small and large stones, the slope, and the depth to

bedrock are the main limitations affecting recreational

development. Excavation is necessary to create level

areas for most recreational uses. Standard septic tank

absorption fields may not function properly. An

alternate system or a self-contained system, such as

sealed vault toilets, may be used. Access roads need

to have a properly designed drainage system and a

graveled surface if they will be used during all kinds of

weather. Seeding bare areas following construction

reduces the hazard of erosion. No major limitations

affect the construction of trails.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas support a moderate population of

ruffed grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and

numerous other small game species. White-tailed deer

and turkey are abundant in areas around Seneca

State Forest.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations affecting urban development. Areas of

included soils that are more than 40 inches deep over

bedrock have fewer restrictive features affecting most

urban uses.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations on sites for dwellings with basements, and

the slope is the main limitation on sites for dwellings

without basements. Building above the bedrock,

adding fill material when landscaping, and designing

dwellings so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land and to the setting minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the slope and the depth to

bedrock. The bedrock is soft in most areas and, in

many cases, can be excavated.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Revegetating during or soon after

construction reduces the hazard of erosion.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an
54 Soil Survey

alternate system may minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Constructing roads and streets on

the contour and adding coarse grained base material

minimize this restrictive feature.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A.

CbE—Calvin channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, steep and moderately

steep, and well drained. It is typically on ridgetops and

side slopes near the Greenbrier River and on

Allegheny and Burner Mountains. Stones cover 1 to 3

percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

reddish brown. The upper 2 inches of the subsoil is silt

loam, the next 17 inches is channery silt loam, and the

lower 6 inches is extremely channery silt loam. The

substratum is reddish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Reddish brown, highly weathered siltstone

bedrock is at a depth of about 39 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are many small

areas of the moderately deep Berks soils and a few

small areas of the moderately deep Dekalb soils on

ridgetops and side slopes. Also included are areas of

soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock,

areas where stones cover less than 1 percent of the

surface, areas of soils that have slopes of less than 15

percent or more than 35 percent, and some areas of

exposed bedrock. Inclusions make up about 25

percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Calvin soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid or very rapid, and natural

fertility is low. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid or strongly acid. The root zone of some

types of plants is restricted by the bedrock, which

generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe or very severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north aspects of this soil and moderate on

south aspects. The limitations for operability of logging

equipment and the construction of haul roads and skid

trails are moderate. The limitations for construction of

log landings are severe. The major limitations are the

slope and low strength. The effects of the slope can be

minimized when the soil is excavated during the

construction of haul roads, skid trails, and landings.

Where possible, landings should be constructed in the

less sloping areas of the included well drained soils.

Restricting the use of roads during wet periods and

adding gravel to the surface help to increase strength.

Erosion is a management concern. Planting filter strips

along streams, controlling surface runoff on roads and

landings by installing dips, ditches, and water bars,

seeding bare areas, and constructing haul roads and

skid trails on a gentle grade across the slope help to

control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory, red

maple, and black locust. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are white oak, red

maple, striped maple, rhododendron, witch hazel, hop

hornbeam, flowering dogwood, and blueberry, and

those in the ground cover are marginal shield ferns,

wild sarsaparilla, wild stonecrop, blunt-lobed woodsia,

white snakeroot, teaberry, and grasses.

The slope is the major limitation affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil.

Excavation is necessary to create level areas for

camping and picnicking and for use as playgrounds.

Designing trails and fairways so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land reduces the effects of the

slope. The stoniness is a limitation on sites for

playgrounds. The stones should be removed. Standard

septic tank absorption fields may not function properly.

Alternate systems or self-contained systems, such as

sealed vault toilets, can be installed in the less sloping

areas. Access roads need to have a properly designed

drainage system and a graveled surface if they will be

used during all kinds of weather. Revegetation of bare

soils reduces the hazard of erosion.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas support a moderate population of

ruffed grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and

numerous other small game species. White-tailed deer

and turkey are abundant in areas of this soil around

Seneca State Forest.

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses. Areas of

included soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent or

that are deeper to bedrock have fewer restrictive

features affecting most urban uses.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 55

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north aspects and 3R on

south aspects.

CbF—Calvin channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well

drained. It is typically on side slopes near the

Greenbrier River and on Allegheny and Burner

Mountains. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

reddish brown. The upper 2 inches of the subsoil is silt

loam, the next 17 inches is channery silt loam, and the

lower 6 inches is extremely channery silt loam. The

substratum is reddish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Reddish brown, highly weathered siltstone

bedrock is at a depth of about 39 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are many small

areas of the moderately deep Berks soils and a few

small areas of the moderately deep Dekalb soils on

side slopes. Also included are some small areas of the

deep Shouns soils in coves and on foot slopes, areas

of soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock, areas where stones cover less than

1 percent of the surface, areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 35 percent or more than

55 percent, and some areas of exposed bedrock.

Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Calvin soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural fertility is low.

In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by the bedrock, which generally is soft, at a

depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some

have been cleared of trees and are used as

pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north aspects of this soil and moderate on

south aspects. The limitations for harvesting timber are

severe. The major limitation is the slope. Erosion is a

management concern. Haul roads and skid trails

should be constructed on a gentle grade across the

slope. Log landings should be constructed in the less

sloping, well drained areas of the included soils.

Roads and landings should not be used during wet

periods. If roads are used when the soil is wet, adding

gravel to the surface minimizes the formation of ruts

and strengthens the roadbed. Controlling surface

runoff on roads and landings by installing dips,

ditches, and water bars, seeding bare areas, planting

filter strips along streams, and keeping the total

mileage of roads and skid trails to a minimum help to

control erosion. A cable logging system also helps to

control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory, red

maple, and black locust. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are white oak, red

maple, striped maple, rhododendron, witch hazel, hop

hornbeam, flowering dogwood, and blueberry, and

those in the ground cover are marginal shield ferns,

wild sarsaparilla, wild stonecrop, blunt-lobed woodsia,

white snakeroot, teaberry, and grasses.

The slope is the major limitation affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil.

Excavation is necessary to create level areas for

camping and picnicking and for use as playgrounds.

Designing trails and fairways so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land reduces the effects of the

slope. The stoniness is a limitation on sites for

playgrounds. The stones should be removed. Standard

septic tank absorption fields may not function properly.

Alternate systems or self-contained systems, such as

sealed vault toilets, can be installed in the less sloping

areas. Access roads need to have a properly designed

drainage system and a graveled surface if they will be

used during all kinds of weather. Revegetation of bare

soils reduces the hazard of erosion.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas support a moderate population of

ruffed grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and

numerous other small game species. White-tailed deer

and turkey are abundant on this soil in the areas

around Seneca State Forest.

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses. Areas of

included soils that are less sloping and deeper to

bedrock have fewer restrictive features affecting most

urban uses.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north aspects and 3R on

south aspects.
56 Soil Survey

CdC—Calvin-Dekalb-Berks complex, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of strongly sloping and

gently sloping, well drained, moderately deep soils on

benches, ridgetops, and shoulder slopes, mainly on

Beaver Lick Mountain, Brushy Mountain, Michael

Mountain, and Browns Mountain. These soils occur as

areas so intermingled that it was not practical to map

them separately. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the

surface. The unit is about 45 percent Calvin soil,

25 percent Dekalb soil, 20 percent Berks soil, and

10 percent other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Calvin soil is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is reddish brown. The upper 2 inches of

the subsoil is silt loam, the next 17 inches is channery

silt loam, and the lower 6 inches is extremely

channery silt loam. The substratum is reddish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Reddish brown, highly

weathered siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

39 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is

very dark grayish brown channery loam about

4 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown very

channery loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum

is brownish yellow very channery sandy loam.

Hard sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Berks soil is dark

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The

subsoil is yellowish brown. The upper 2 inches of the

subsoil is channery silt loam, and the lower 18 inches

is very channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish

brown extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered,

olive siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

31 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are areas of

the well drained Blackthorn and Hazleton soils and

areas of soils that do not have stones on the surface.

Also included are areas of soils that have slopes of

less than 3 percent or more than 15 percent.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Calvin soil, very low to moderate in the Dekalb

soil, and very low or low in the Berks soil. Permeability

is moderately rapid in the subsoil of the Calvin soil,

rapid in the subsoil of the Dekalb soil, and moderate or

moderately rapid in the subsoil of the Berks soil.

Runoff is medium or rapid on all three soils, and

natural fertility is low. Reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid in unlimed areas of the Calvin soil and

extremely acid to strongly acid in unlimed areas of the

Dekalb and Berks soils. The root zone of some types

of plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches. The bedrock underlying the Calvin and

Berks soils is rippable.

Most areas of these soils are wooded. They are

used for timber production and wildlife habitat.

These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay,

but they are suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The stones restrict the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

these soils. No major limitations affect harvesting.

Roads should not be used during wet periods. If roads

must be used when the soil is wet, adding gravel to the

surface minimizes the formation of ruts. Planting filter

strips along streams, installing water bars, and

revegetating disturbed areas help to control erosion.

Plant competition is a management concern. Harvest

methods that do not remove all of the overstory or

applications of herbicides to control vegetation reduce

plant competition. Site preparation following harvest

and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible also reduce plant competition. Regeneration

cuts that leave single trees or a group of trees are not

recommended.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

these soils are northern red oak, white oak, chestnut

oak, pitch pine, hickory, red maple, eastern white pine,

and black locust. The dominant plant communities in

the understory are mountain laurel, witch hazel,

flowering dogwood, sassafras, American chestnut,

black locust, striped maple, blueberry, honeysuckle,

and blackberry, and those in the ground cover are

marginal shield ferns, wild sarsaparilla, wild stonecrop,

blunt-lobed woodsia, white snakeroot, teaberry, and

grasses.

Small and large stones, the slope, and the depth to

bedrock are the main limitations affecting most

recreational development in areas of these soils. The

effects of the slope can be minimized by land shaping

and grading and by designing facilities so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion. The stones should be removed.

These soils have poor or fair potential for woodland

wildlife habitat. Many areas of these soils, however,

provide cover for an abundant population of small and

large game species, especially in the Beaver Lick and
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 57

Brushy Mountain areas. These populations rely heavily

on adjacent areas for food and water. The potential of

the soils for wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing waterholes; seeding abandoned haul

roads, skid trails, and landings; and creating openings

in the overstory to promote the growth of ground

vegetation.

Stones, the depth to bedrock, and the slope are the

main limitations affecting most urban uses. Areas of

included soils that are deeper to bedrock and have

fewer stones on the surface are better suited to urban

development.

The stones and the slope are limitations on sites for

dwellings. The depth to bedrock is an additional

limitation on sites for dwellings with basements.

Building above the bedrock, adding fill material when

landscaping, and designing dwellings so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land and to the

setting minimize the effects of the restrictions. Erosion

is a severe hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Revegetating during or soon after construction

reduces the hazard of erosion.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an

alternate system may minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock.

The stones and the slope are the main limitations

affecting the use of these soils for local roads and

streets. Constructing roads and streets on the contour

and removing the stones minimize the restrictive

features.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A in areas of the Calvin, Berks,

and Dekalb soils.

CdE—Calvin-Dekalb-Berks complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of steep and moderately

steep, well drained, moderately deep soils on benches

and side slopes, mainly on Beaver Lick Mountain,

Brushy Mountain, Michael Mountain, and Browns

Mountain. These soils occur as areas so intermingled

that it was not practical to map them separately.

Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface. The unit is

about 35 percent Calvin soil, 30 percent Dekalb soil,

20 percent Berks soil, and 15 percent other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Calvin soil is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is reddish brown. The upper 2 inches is silt

loam, the next 17 inches is channery silt loam, and the

lower 6 inches is extremely channery silt loam. The

substratum is reddish brown extremely channery silt

loam. Reddish brown, highly weathered siltstone

bedrock is at a depth of about 39 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is very

dark grayish brown channery loam about 4 inches

thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown very channery

loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum is

brownish yellow very channery sandy loam. Hard

sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 36 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Berks soil is dark

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The

subsoil is yellowish brown. The upper 2 inches of the

subsoil is channery silt loam, and the lower 18 inches

is very channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish

brown extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered,

olive siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

31 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are areas of

the well drained Blackthorn and Hazleton soils and

areas of soils that do not have stones on the surface.

Also included are areas of soils that have slopes of

less than 15 percent or more than 35 percent.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Calvin soil, very low to moderate in the Dekalb

soil, and very low or low in the Berks soil. Permeability

is moderately rapid in the subsoil of the Calvin soil,

rapid in the subsoil of the Dekalb soil, and moderate or

moderately rapid in the subsoil of the Berks soil.

Runoff is rapid or very rapid on all three soils, and

natural fertility is low. Reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid in unlimed areas of the Calvin soil and

extremely acid to strongly acid in unlimed areas of the

Dekalb and Berks soils. The root zone of some types

of plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of these soils are wooded. They are

used for timber production and wildlife habitat.

These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay

and are difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate or

moderately high on north aspects of these soils and

moderate on south aspects. Plant competition is a

management concern in areas of the Calvin soil,

especially on north-facing slopes. Harvest methods

that do not remove all of the overstory or applications

of herbicides reduce plant competition. Site
58 Soil Survey

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible also reduce

plant competition. Regeneration cuts that leave an

isolated single tree or an isolated group of trees are

not recommended. The limitations for operability of

logging equipment and the construction of haul roads

and skid trails are moderate. The limitations for

construction of log landings are severe. The slope is

the major management concern. It can be minimized

during the construction of haul roads, skid roads, and

landings. Where possible, landings should be

constructed in less sloping areas of included soils.

Roads should not be used during wet periods. If roads

must be used when the soils are wet, adding gravel to

the surface minimizes the formation of ruts. Planting

filter strips along streams, controlling surface runoff on

roads and landings by installing dips, ditches, and

water bars, seeding bare areas, and constructing haul

roads and skid roads on a gentle grade across the

slope help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

these soils are northern red oak, white oak, chestnut

oak, hickory, eastern white pine, red maple, and pitch

pine. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are mountain laurel, witch hazel, flowering

dogwood, sassafras, American chestnut, black locust,

striped maple, blueberry, honeysuckle, and blackberry,

and those in the ground cover are marginal shield

ferns, wild sarsaparilla, wild stonecrop, blunt-lobed

woodsia, white snakeroot, teaberry, and grasses.

Small and large stones and the slope are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of these soils. The effects of the slope can be

minimized by land shaping and grading and by

designing facilities so that they conform to the natural

slope of the land. Trails can be constructed, but they

should include structures that help to control surface

water and erosion. Revegetating bare areas reduces

the hazard of erosion. The stones should be removed.

These soils have poor or fair potential for woodland

wildlife habitat. Many areas of these soils provide

cover for an abundant population of small and large

game species, especially in the Beaver Lick and

Brushy Mountain areas. These populations rely heavily

on adjacent areas for food and water. The potential of

the soils for wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing waterholes; seeding abandoned haul

roads, skid trails, and landings; and creating openings

in the overstory to promote the growth of ground

vegetation.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the stones are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses. This

map unit is not used for urban development. Areas of

included soils that are deeper to bedrock and have

fewer stones on the surface are better suited to urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north aspects of the Calvin

soil and 3R on south aspects; 3R on north aspects of

the Dekalb soil and 2R on south aspects; and 3R on

north and south aspects of the Berks soil.

CdF—Calvin-Dekalb-Berks complex, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of very steep, well drained,

moderately deep soils on side slopes, mainly on

Beaver Lick Mountain, Brushy Mountain, Michael

Mountain, and Browns Mountain. These soils occur as

areas so intermingled that it was not practical to map

them separately. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the

surface. The unit is about 35 percent Calvin soil,

25 percent Dekalb soil, 20 percent Berks soil, and

20 percent other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Calvin soil is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is reddish brown. The upper 2 inches of

the subsoil is silt loam, the next 17 inches is channery

silt loam, and the lower 6 inches is extremely

channery silt loam. The substratum is reddish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Reddish brown, highly

weathered siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

39 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is very

dark grayish brown channery loam about 4 inches

thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown very channery

loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum is

brownish yellow very channery sandy loam. Hard

sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 36 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Berks soil is dark

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The

subsoil is yellowish brown. The upper 2 inches of the

subsoil is channery silt loam, and the lower 18 inches

is very channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish

brown extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered,

olive siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

31 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are areas of

the well drained Blackthorn and Hazleton soils and

areas of soils that do not have stones on the surface.

Also included are areas of soils that have slopes of

less than 35 percent or more than 55 percent.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Calvin soil and very low to moderate in the Dekalb

and Berks soils. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil of the Calvin soil, rapid in the subsoil of the

Dekalb soil, and moderate or moderately rapid in the

subsoil of the Berks soil. Runoff is very rapid on all
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 59

three soils, and natural fertility is low. Reaction is very

strongly acid or strongly acid in unlimed areas of the

Calvin soil and extremely acid to strongly acid in

unlimed areas of the Dekalb and Berks soils. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of these soils are wooded. They are

used for timber production and wildlife habitat.

These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay

and are difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate or

moderately high on north aspects of these soils and

moderate on south aspects. Plant competition is a

management concern in areas of the Calvin soil,

especially on north-facing slopes. Harvest methods

that do not remove all of the overstory or applications

of herbicides reduce plant competition. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible also reduce

plant competition. Regeneration cuts that leave an

isolated single tree or an isolated group of trees are

not recommended. The limitations for operability of

logging equipment and the construction of haul roads

and skid trails are moderate. The limitations for

construction of log landings are severe. The slope is

the major management concern. It can be minimized

during the construction of haul roads, skid roads, and

landings. Where possible, landings should be

constructed in less sloping areas of included soils.

Roads should not be used during wet periods. If roads

must be used when the soils are wet, adding gravel to

the surface minimizes the formation of ruts. Planting

filter strips along streams, controlling surface runoff on

roads and landings by installing dips, ditches, and

water bars, seeding bare areas, and constructing haul

roads and skid roads on a gentle grade across the

slope help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

these soils are northern red oak, white oak, chestnut

oak, eastern white pine, hickory, pitch pine, red maple,

and black locust. The dominant plant communities in

the understory are mountain laurel, witchhazel,

flowering dogwood, sassafras, American chestnut,

black locust, blueberry, honeysuckle, striped maple,

and blackberry, and those in the ground cover are

marginal shield ferns, wild sarsaparilla, wild stonecrop,

blunt-lobed woodsia, white snakeroot, teaberry, and

grasses.

These soils have severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion.

These soils have poor or fair potential for woodland

wildlife habitat. Many areas of these soils, however,

provide cover for an abundant population of small and

large game species, especially in the Beaver Lick and

Brushy Mountain areas. These populations rely heavily

on adjacent areas for food and water. The potential of

the soil for wildlife habitat can be improved by

constructing waterholes; seeding abandoned haul

roads, skid trails, and landings; and creating openings

in the overstory to promote the growth of ground

vegetation.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the stones are

the main limitations affecting urban uses. This map

unit is not used for urban development. Areas of

included soils that are deeper to bedrock and have

fewer stones on the surface are better suited to urban

use.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north aspects of the Calvin

soil and 3R on south aspects; 3R on north aspects of

the Dekalb soil and 2R on south aspects; and 3R on

north and south aspects of the Berks soil.

CeB—Cateache channery silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping, and

well drained. It is typically on ridgetops and benches

west of the Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 26 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam, the next 16 inches

is reddish brown channery silty clay loam, and the

lower 6 inches is reddish brown very channery silty

clay loam. The substratum is reddish brown extremely

channery silty clay loam. Highly weathered, dark

reddish brown, fractured siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 32 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Shouns soils on foot slopes.

Also included are areas of soils that are less than

20 inches deep over bedrock or more than 40 inches
60 Soil Survey

deep over bedrock and areas of soils that have slopes

of more than 8 percent. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Cateache soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil.

Runoff is medium, and natural fertility is medium or

high. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the solum and strongly acid or

moderately acid in the substratum. The root zone of

some types of plants is restricted by the bedrock,

which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. Some are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern. If the

soil is cultivated, applying a system of conservation

tillage, cultivating on the contour, including hay in the

cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the

soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain

desirable grasses and legumes, a rotation grazing

system, and deferment of grazing in the spring until

the soil is reasonably firm are the major management

needs in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is the major

management concern. Site preparation following

harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as

soon as possible reduce plant competition. Generally,

no major limitations affect the use of equipment for

logging operations; however, if unsurfaced roads are

used during wet periods when the soil is soft,

operating wheeled and tracked equipment results in

excessive rutting. Using special low ground pressure

equipment when the soil is wet minimizes the damage.

Seeding roads, skid trails, and log landings and

keeping the total mileage of roads and skid trails to a

minimum help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, black cherry,

cucumbertree, American beech, and sugar maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, mountain maple, black cherry,

American beech, and black locust, and those in the

ground cover are wood nettle, blue cohosh, white

snakeroot, jewelweed, columbine, black cohosh,

grasses, ferns, and ramps.

Small stones, the slope, and the depth to bedrock

are the main limitations affecting most recreational

development in areas of this soil. The effects of the

slope can be minimized by selecting the less sloping

areas of the soil for development, by land shaping and

grading, and by designing the facilities so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land. Removing the

stones minimizes their effect on recreational

development.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Some areas support a

moderate population of ruffed grouse, red and gray

squirrels, and other small game species, and large

game species, including black bear, white-tailed deer,

and wild turkey.

The depth to bedrock and a shrink-swell potential

are the main limitations affecting most urban uses.

Areas of the included Shouns soils and other soils that

are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock have

fewer restrictive features affecting most urban uses.

This soil is limited as a site for septic tank

absorption fields because of the depth to bedrock.

Septic tank absorption fields may not function properly.

The effluent may come to the surface, resulting in

unhealthy conditions. Choosing a better suited

alternate site of deeper soils and installing a larger

filter field may help to overcome this limitation.

The depth to bedrock and the shrink-swell potential

are the main limitations on sites for dwellings with

basements. The shrink-swell potential is the main

limitation on sites for dwellings without basements.

The bedrock is soft in most areas and can be

excavated using standard methods. Building above the

bedrock and adding fill material when landscaping

minimize the effects of the restrictions caused by the

depth to bedrock. Backfilling with coarse textured

material and adding extra reinforcement to the footers

help to prevent the damage caused by shrinking and

swelling.

The shrink-swell potential is the main limitation on

sites for local roads and streets. The damage caused

by shrinking and swelling can be minimized by

providing a coarser grained subgrade or base

material.

Erosion is a moderate hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

CeC—Cateache channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping, and

well drained. It is typically on ridgetops and benches

west of the Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 61

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 26 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam, the next 16 inches

is reddish brown channery silty clay loam, and the

lower 6 inches is reddish brown very channery silty

clay loam. The substratum is reddish brown extremely

channery silty clay loam. Highly weathered, dark

reddish brown, fractured siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 32 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Shouns soils on foot slopes.

Also included are areas of soils that are less than

20 inches deep over bedrock or more than 40 inches

deep over bedrock and areas of soils that have slopes

of less than 8 percent or more than 15 percent.

Included soils make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Cateache soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil.

Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is medium or high.

In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the solum and strongly acid or

moderately acid in the substratum. The root zone of

some types of plants is restricted by the bedrock,

which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. Some are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern. If the

soil is cultivated, applying a system of conservation

tillage, cultivating on the contour, including hay in the

cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the

soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain

desirable grasses and legumes, a rotation grazing

system, and deferment of grazing in the spring until

the soil is reasonably firm are the major management

needs in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

the contour and seeding and mulching bare areas help

to control erosion. Site preparation following harvest

and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible reduce plant competition. The slope is a

severe limitation on log landings, which are needed for

equipment accessibility. Erosion is a major

management concern on the landings. It is an

additional concern in areas that have been cut and

filled for roads. Establishing a plant cover in these

areas helps to control erosion. Laying out roads and

trails on a gentle grade across the slope, controlling

surface runoff, seeding roads, trails, and landings, and

keeping the total mileage of roads and trails to a

minimum also help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, black cherry,

cucumbertree, American beech, and sugar maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, mountain maple, black cherry,

American beech, and black locust, and those in the

ground cover are wood nettle, blue cohosh, white

snakeroot, jewelweed, columbine, black cohosh,

grasses, ferns, and ramps.

Small stones, the slope, and the depth to bedrock

are the main limitations affecting most recreational

development in areas of this soil. The effects of the

slope can be minimized by selecting the less sloping

areas of the soil for development, by land shaping and

grading, and by designing the facilities so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land. Removing the

stones minimizes their effect on recreational

development.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Some areas support a

moderate population of ruffed grouse, red and gray

squirrels, and other small game species, and large

game species, including black bear, white-tailed deer,

and turkey.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and a shrink-swell

potential are the main limitations affecting most urban

uses. Areas of the included Shouns soils and other

soils that are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock

and have slopes of less than 8 percent have fewer

restrictive features affecting most urban uses.

This soil is limited as a site for septic tank

absorption fields because of the depth to bedrock.

Choosing a better suited alternate site of deeper soils

and installing a larger filter field may help to overcome

this limitation.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the shrinkswell potential are the main limitations on sites for

dwellings with basements. The slope and the shrinkswell potential are the main limitations on sites for

dwellings without basements. Designing dwellings so

that they conform to the natural slope of the land and

land shaping minimize the effects of the slope. The

bedrock is soft in most areas and can be excavated

using standard methods. Building above the bedrock

and adding fill material when landscaping minimize the

effects of the restrictions caused by the depth to

bedrock. Backfilling with coarse textured material and

adding extra reinforcement to the footers help to

prevent the damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

The slope and the shrink-swell potential are the

main limitations on sites for local roads and streets.

Constructing roads and streets on a gentle grade
62 Soil Survey

across the slope minimizes the effects of the slope.

The damage caused by shrinking and swelling can be

minimized by providing a coarser grained subgrade or

base material.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

CeD—Cateache channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, moderately steep, and

well drained. It is typically on side slopes, ridgetops,

and benches west of the Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 26 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam, the next 16 inches

is reddish brown channery silty clay loam, and the

lower 6 inches is reddish brown very channery silty

clay loam. The substratum is reddish brown extremely

channery silty clay loam. Highly weathered, dark

reddish brown, fractured siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 32 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Shouns soils on foot slopes.

Also included are areas of soils that are less than

20 inches deep over bedrock or more than 40 inches

deep over bedrock and areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

25 percent. Included soils make up about 15 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Cateache soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil.

Runoff is medium or rapid, and natural fertility is

medium or high. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid to moderately acid in the solum and

strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum.

The root zone of some types of plants is restricted by

the bedrock, which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. Some are wooded.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. Erosion and overgrazing are

the major management concerns in pastured areas.

Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable

grasses and legumes and a rotation grazing

system are the major management needs in these

areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

the contour and seeding and mulching bare areas help

to control erosion. Site preparation following harvest

and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible reduce plant competition. The slope is a

severe limitation on log landings, which are needed for

equipment accessibility. Erosion is a major

management concern on the landings. It also is a

concern in areas that have been cut and filled for

roads. Establishing a plant cover in these areas helps

to control erosion. Laying out roads and trails on a

gentle grade across the slope, controlling surface

runoff, seeding roads, trails, and landings, and keeping

the total mileage of roads and trails to a minimum also

help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, black cherry,

cucumbertree, American beech, and sugar maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, mountain maple, black cherry,

American beech, and black locust, and those in the

ground cover are wood nettle, blue cohosh, white

snakeroot, jewelweed, columbine, black cohosh,

grasses, ferns, and ramps.

The slope is the main limitation affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil.

Selecting areas that are less sloping and land shaping

minimize the effects of the slope in areas used for

camping and picnicking and as playgrounds. Laying

out trails on a gentle grade across the slope and

installing water-control structures minimize the effects

of the slope on paths and trails.

This soil has fair potential for openland wildlife

habitat and good potential for woodland wildlife habitat.

Some areas support a moderate population of ruffed

grouse, red and gray squirrels, and other small game

species, and large game species, including black bear,

white-tailed deer, and wild turkey.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and slippage are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses. Areas

of the included Shouns soils and other soils that are

more than 40 inches deep over bedrock and have

slopes of less than 15 percent have fewer restrictive

features affecting most urban uses.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 63

CfC—Cateache channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping

and gently sloping, and well drained. It is typically

on ridgetops and benches west of the Greenbrier

River. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 26 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam, the next 16 inches

is reddish brown channery silty clay loam, and the

lower 6 inches is reddish brown very channery silty

clay loam. The substratum is reddish brown extremely

channery silty clay loam. Highly weathered, dark

reddish brown, fractured siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 32 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Shouns soils on foot slopes.

Also included are areas of soils that are less than

20 inches deep over bedrock or more than 40 inches

deep over bedrock and areas of soils that have slopes

of more than 15 percent. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Cateache soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil.

Runoff is medium or rapid, and natural fertility is

medium or high. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid to moderately acid in the solum and

strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum.

The root zone of some types of plants is restricted by

the bedrock, which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. Some are wooded.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The stones restrict the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

the contour and seeding and mulching bare areas help

to control erosion. Site preparation following harvest

and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, black cherry,

cucumbertree, American beech, and sugar maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, mountain maple, black cherry,

American beech, and black locust, and those in the

ground cover are wood nettle, blue cohosh, white

snakeroot, jewelweed, columbine, black cohosh,

grasses, ferns, and ramps.

Small and large stones, the slope, and the depth to

bedrock are the main limitations affecting most

recreational development in areas of this soil. The

effects of the slope can be minimized by land shaping

and grading and by designing facilities so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land. Removing the

stones minimizes their effect on recreational

development.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population of

ruffed grouse, red and gray squirrels, and other small

game species, and large game species, including

black bear, white-tailed deer, and wild turkey.

The depth to bedrock, the slope, and a shrink-swell

potential are the main limitations affecting urban

uses. Areas of the included Shouns soils and other

soils that are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock

have fewer restrictive features affecting most urban

uses.

The depth to bedrock, the shrink-swell potential,

and the slope are the main limitations on sites for

dwellings with basements. The shrink-swell potential

and the slope are the main limitations on sites for

dwellings without basements. Building above the

bedrock, adding fill material when landscaping, and

designing dwellings so that they conform to the natural

slope of the land and to the setting minimize the

effects of the restrictions caused by the slope and the

depth to bedrock. Adding extra reinforcement to

footings and backfilling with sandy material minimize

the damage caused by shrinking and swelling.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an

alternate system may minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock.

Low strength is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Adding suitable base material or

utilizing special construction techniques to enhance

the load-bearing capacity of the soil minimizes the

damage caused by low strength.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.
64 Soil Survey

CfE—Cateache channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, steep and moderately

steep, and well drained. It is typically on benches and

side slopes west of the Greenbrier River. Stones cover

1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 26 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam, the next 16 inches

is reddish brown channery silty clay loam, and the

lower 6 inches is reddish brown very channery silty

clay loam. The substratum is reddish brown extremely

channery silty clay loam. Highly weathered, dark

reddish brown, fractured siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 32 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Gauley and Mandy soils

at the higher elevations and the very deep Shouns

soils. Also included are areas of soils that are less

than 20 inches deep over bedrock or more than

40 inches deep over bedrock, areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

35 percent, and some areas of exposed bedrock.

Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Cateache soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil.

Runoff is rapid or very rapid, and natural fertility is

medium or high. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid to moderately acid in the solum and

strongly acid or moderately acid in the substratum.

The root zone of some types of plants is restricted by

the bedrock, which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe or very severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. The slope

affects the use of some types of equipment. Erosion

on roads and skid trails, seedling mortality on southfacing slopes, and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and skid

trails on the contour and seeding bare areas help to

control erosion. Planting special stock that is larger

than usual or planting containerized seedlings reduces

the seedling mortality rate. Site preparation following

harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as

soon as possible reduce plant competition. The slope

is the major limitation affecting most logging

operations. When timber is harvested, the slope

restricts the use of wheeled and tracked equipment in

skidding operations. Cable yarding systems generally

are safer and disturb the soil less. Haul roads, skid

trails, and log landings are needed for equipment

accessibility. Erosion in these areas is a major

management concern. If logging roads are used year

round, suitable surfacing material is needed.

Unsurfaced roads are soft when the soil is wet and

can be impassable during rainy periods. Operating

wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet

results in excessive rutting. Using special low ground

pressure equipment when the soil is wet minimizes the

damage. Adding extra stone during road construction

may be necessary to help maintain a stable, uniform

road surface. Erosion is a concern in areas that have

been cut and filled for roads. Establishing a plant cover

in these areas helps to control erosion. Laying out

roads and trails on a gentle grade across the slope,

controlling surface runoff, seeding roads, trails, and

landings, and keeping the total mileage of roads and

trails to a minimum also help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, black cherry,

cucumbertree, American beech, and sugar maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, mountain maple, black cherry,

American beech, and black locust, and those in the

ground cover are wood nettle, blue cohosh, white

snakeroot, jewelweed, columbine, black cohosh,

grasses, ferns, and ramps.

Large and small stones and the slope are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The effects of the slope can be minimized

by land shaping and grading and by designing facilities

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land.

Removing the stones minimizes their effect on

recreational development.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population of

ruffed grouse, red and gray squirrels, and other small

game species, and large game species, including

black bear, white-tailed deer, and wild turkey.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and slippage are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses. Areas

of included soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent or

are more than 40 inches deep over bedrock have

fewer restrictive features affecting most urban uses.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 65

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.

CfF—Cateache channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well

drained. It is typically on side slopes west of the

Greenbrier River. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the

surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 26 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam, the next 16 inches

is reddish brown channery silty clay loam, and the

lower 6 inches is reddish brown very channery silty

clay loam. The substratum is reddish brown extremely

channery silty clay loam. Highly weathered, dark

reddish brown, fractured siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 32 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Gauley and Mandy soils

at the higher elevations and the very deep Shouns

soils. Also included are areas of soils that are less

than 20 inches deep over bedrock or more than

40 inches deep over bedrock, areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 35 percent or more than

55 percent, and some areas of exposed bedrock.

Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Cateache soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil.

Runoff is very rapid, and natural fertility is medium or

high. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the solum and strongly acid or

moderately acid in the substratum. The root zone of

some types of plants is restricted by the bedrock,

which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. The slope

affects the use of some types of equipment. Erosion

on roads and skid trails, seedling mortality on south

aspects, and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Because of the slope, special

equipment or management techniques are needed

when timber is harvested. Laying out roads and trails

on the contour and seeding bare areas help to control

erosion. Planting special stock that is larger than usual

or planting containerized seedlings reduces the

seedling mortality rate. Site preparation following

harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as

soon as possible reduce plant competition. Poor

logging practices can result in very severe erosion in

harvested areas. The slope is the major limitation

affecting most logging operations. When timber is

harvested, the slope restricts the use of wheeled and

tracked equipment in skidding operations. Cable

yarding systems generally are safer and disturb the

soil less. Haul roads, skid trails, and log landings are

needed for equipment accessibility. Erosion in these

areas is a major management concern. If logging

roads are used year round, suitable surfacing material

is needed. Unsurfaced roads are soft when wet and

can be impassable during rainy periods. Operating

wheeled and tracked equipment when the soil is wet

results in excessive rutting. Using special low ground

pressure equipment when the soil is wet minimizes the

damage. Adding extra stone during road construction

may be necessary to help maintain a stable, uniform

road surface. Erosion is a concern in areas that have

been cut and filled for roads. Establishing a plant cover

in these areas helps to control erosion. Laying out

roads and trails on a gentle grade across the slope,

controlling surface runoff, seeding roads, trails, and

landings, and keeping the total mileage of roads and

trails to a minimum also help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, black cherry,

cucumbertree, American beech, and sugar maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, mountain maple, black cherry,

American beech, and black locust, and those in the

ground cover are wood nettle, blue cohosh, white

snakeroot, jewelweed, columbine, black cohosh,

grasses, ferns, and ramps.

Small and large stones and the slope are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The effects of the slope can be minimized

by land shaping and grading and by designing facilities

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land.

Removing the stones minimizes their effect on

recreational development.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population of

ruffed grouse, red and gray squirrels, and other small

game species, and large game species, including

black bear, white-tailed deer, and wild turkey.
66 Soil Survey

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and slippage are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses.

Because of these limitations, this soil is not used for

urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.

CfG—Cateache channery silt loam, 55 to

80 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, extremely steep, and

well drained. It is typically on side slopes west of the

Greenbrier River. Most of the acreage of the soil is in

Monongahela National Forest. Slopes range from

55 to 80 percent but are dominantly 55 to 65 percent.

Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 26 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is dark

reddish brown channery silt loam, the next 16 inches

is reddish brown channery silty clay loam, and the

lower 6 inches is reddish brown very channery silty

clay loam. The substratum is reddish brown extremely

channery silty clay loam. Highly weathered, dark

reddish brown, fractured siltstone bedrock is at a

depth of about 32 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock, areas of soils that have slopes of less than

55 percent, and areas of rock outcrop. Inclusions

make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Cateache soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil.

Runoff is very rapid, and natural fertility is medium or

high. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid to

moderately acid in the solum and strongly acid or

moderately acid in the substratum. The root zone of

some types of plants is restricted by the bedrock,

which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

The soil is susceptible to downslope movement.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops, hay,

pasture, or urban development because of the slope.

All of the acreage of the soil is wooded.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. The

limitations for harvesting timber are severe because of

the slope. Erosion and instability are management

concerns. Operating conventional skidder or tractor

logging equipment and constructing roads in areas of

the soil are not recommended because of the high

potential for erosion and the hazard of mass soil

movement. Alternate logging systems, such as high

lead cable logging, that are adapted to the slope are

recommended when timber is harvested. These

systems allow an area to be harvested without the use

of skid trails, thus greatly reducing the potential for

erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, black cherry,

cucumbertree, American beech, and sugar maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, mountain maple, black cherry,

American beech, and black locust, and those in the

ground cover are wood nettle, blue cohosh, white

snakeroot, jewelweed, columbine, black cohosh,

grasses, ferns, and ramps.

This soil has severe limitations affecting

recreational development. Erosion and the instability of

cutbanks are management concerns. Trails should not

be established in areas of this soil if alternate locations

are available.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Game species make only limited use of this

soil for food and shelter because of the very steep

slope.

This soil has extremely severe limitations for all

urban development because of the slope. As a result,

it is not used for urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.

Ch—Chavies fine sandy loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and well drained.

It is on low stream terraces along the Greenbrier River

and its major tributaries and is subject to rare flooding.

The mapped areas are usually elongated. Slopes are

0 to 3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown

fine sandy loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is

dark yellowish brown fine sandy loam about 33 inches

thick. The substratum to a depth of 60 inches or more

is dark yellowish brown gravelly fine sandy loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

the well drained Tioga soils, the excessively drained

Potomac soils, the somewhat poorly drained Orrville

soils, and the poorly drained Holly soils and areas of

soils that formed on alluvial fans. The Tioga soils are

on floodplains, below the Chavies soil. Also included

are soils that are similar to the Chavies soil but have a

gravelly surface layer. These soils are in upstream

delineations along the major tributaries. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Chavies soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in

the subsoil. Runoff is slow or medium, and natural

fertility is medium. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid to neutral in the upper part of the profile
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 67

and very strongly acid to moderately acid in the lower

part. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture.

Some small wooded areas are in Monongahela

National Forest.

This soil is well suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is slight. Cultivated

crops can be grown continuously. If the soil is

cultivated, minimum tillage, cover crops, and a

cropping system that includes grasses and legumes

help to increase organic matter content and maintain

fertility and tilth. Establishing and maintaining a

mixture of grasses and legumes and applying a proper

grazing system are management needs in pastured

areas. Proper stocking rates, a rotation grazing

system, and deferment of grazing help to maintain

desirable grasses and legumes.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Only a small acreage is wooded.

Removing undesirable vegetation helps when

reestablishing woodland.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, yellow-poplar, red

maple, American sycamore, and eastern white pine,

and those in the ground cover are ground pine,

grasses, and teaberry. The dominant plant community

in the understory is rhododendron.

This soil has few limitations affecting most

recreational development. The flooding is a hazard in

areas used for camping, and stoniness is a limitation

on sites used for playgrounds.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for whitetailed deer, ruffed grouse, squirrel, bobwhite quail,

cottontail rabbit, and a variety of songbirds.

The flooding is the major limitation affecting most

urban uses.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordination

symbol is 4A.

CuB—Culleoka silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping, and

well drained. It is typically on ridgetops and benches

west of the Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is about

20 inches thick. The upper 2 inches is dark brown

channery silt loam, the next 6 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 8 inches is strong

brown channery silt loam, and the lower 4 inches is

brown very channery silt loam. The substratum is

yellowish brown extremely channery silt loam. Olive

brown, fine grained sandstone bedrock is at a depth of

about 33 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the redder Cateache soils. Also included are

areas of soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock and areas of soils that have slopes of more

than 8 percent. Included soils make up about

10 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Culleoka soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is medium, and

natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed areas

reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid in the

solum and strongly acid in the substratum. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by the

bedrock, which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture.

Some are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern. If the

soil is cultivated, applying a system of conservation

tillage, cultivating on the contour, including hay in the

cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the

soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain

desirable grasses and legumes, a rotation grazing

system, and deferment of grazing in the spring until

the soil is reasonably firm are the major management

needs in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is the major

management concern. Site preparation following

harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as

soon as possible reduce plant competition. Generally,

no major limitations affect the use of equipment for

logging operations; however, if unsurfaced roads are

used during wet periods when the soil is soft,

operating wheeled and tracked equipment results in

excessive rutting. Using special low ground pressure

equipment when the soil is wet minimizes the damage.

Seeding roads, skid trails, and log landings and

keeping the total mileage of roads and skid trails to a

minimum help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, American

beech, American basswood, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, black birch, American
68 Soil Survey

beech, and black locust, and those in the ground cover

are mayapple, grasses, ferns, mosses, daisy fleabane,

and Queen Anne’s lace.

No limitations affect the development of camp

areas, picnic areas, and paths and trails. The slope

and small stones are limitations on sites for

playgrounds. Choosing the most level areas of the soil

and land shaping help to overcome these limitations.

This soil has good potential for openland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for woodland wildlife habitat.

Some areas support a moderate population of ruffed

grouse, red and gray squirrels, and other small game

species, and large game species, including black bear,

white-tailed deer, and turkey.

The depth to bedrock, seepage, and low strength

are the main limitations affecting most urban uses. The

depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites for

dwellings with basements. Limitations are slight on

sites for dwellings without basements. The bedrock is

soft in most areas and can be excavated using

standard methods. Building above the bedrock and

adding fill material when landscaping minimize the

effects of the restrictions caused by the depth to

bedrock.

This soil is limited as a site for septic tank

absorption fields because of the depth to bedrock.

Choosing deeper soils or other soils and installing

a larger filter field may help to overcome this

limitation.

Low strength is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Adding suitable subgrade or base

material minimizes the damage caused by low

strength.

Erosion is a moderate hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

CuC—Culleoka silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping, and

well drained. It is typically on ridgetops and benches

west of the Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is about

20 inches thick. The upper 2 inches is dark brown

channery silt loam, the next 6 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 8 inches is strong

brown channery silt loam, and the lower 4 inches is

brown very channery silt loam. The substratum is

yellowish brown extremely channery silt loam. Olive

brown, fine grained sandstone bedrock is at a depth of

about 33 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the redder Cateache soils. Also included are

areas of soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 8 percent or more than 15 percent. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Culleoka soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and

natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed areas

reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid in the

solum and strongly acid in the substratum. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by the

bedrock, which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture.

Some are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern. If the

soil is cultivated, applying a system of conservation

tillage, cultivating on the contour, including hay in the

cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the

soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain

desirable grasses and legumes, a rotation grazing

system, and deferment of grazing in the spring until

the soil is reasonably firm are the major management

needs in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. The hazard of erosion on roads, skid

trails, and log landings and plant competition are the

major management concerns. Laying out trails and

roads on the contour and seeding and mulching bare

areas help to control erosion. Site preparation

following harvest and the establishment of new forest

cover as soon as possible reduce plant competition.

The slope is a limitation on log landings, which are

needed for equipment accessibility. Erosion is a

management concern on the landings. It also is a

concern in areas that have been cut and filled for

roads. Establishing a plant cover in these areas helps

to control erosion. Laying out roads and trails on a

gentle grade across the slope, controlling surface

runoff, seeding roads, trails, and landings, and keeping

the total mileage of roads and trails to a minimum also

help to control erosion.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 69

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, American

beech, American basswood, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, black birch, American

beech, and black locust, and those in the ground cover

are mayapple, grasses, ferns, mosses, daisy fleabane,

and Queen Anne’s lace.

The slope is a moderate limitation in areas used

for camping and picnicking. It is a severe limitation on

sites for playgrounds. Choosing the most level areas

of the soil and land shaping help to overcome the

slope.

This soil has good potential for openland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for woodland wildlife habitat.

Some areas support a moderate population of ruffed

grouse, red and gray squirrels, and other small game

species, and large game species, including black bear,

white-tailed deer, and wild turkey.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, seepage, and low

strength are the main limitations affecting most urban

uses. The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations on sites for dwellings with basements. The

slope is the main limitation on sites for dwellings

without basements. The bedrock is soft in most areas

and can be excavated using standard methods.

Building above the bedrock and adding fill material

when landscaping help to overcome the limited

depth to bedrock. Backfilling with coarse textured

material and adding extra reinforcement to the footers

minimize the damage caused by shrinking and

swelling.

This soil is limited as a site for septic tank

absorption fields because of the depth to bedrock.

Septic tank absorption fields may not function

properly. The effluent may come to the surface,

resulting in unhealthy conditions. Choosing a

better suited alternate site of deeper soils and

installing a larger filter field may help to overcome this

limitation.

The slope and low strength are the main limitations

on sites for local roads and streets. Constructing roads

and streets on a gentle grade across the slope

minimizes the restrictions caused by the slope. Adding

suitable subgrade or base material minimizes the

damage caused by low strength.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

CuD—Culleoka silt loam, 15 to 25 percent

slopes

This soil is moderately deep, moderately steep, and

well drained. It is typically on side slopes, ridgetops,

and benches west of the Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is about

20 inches thick. The upper 2 inches is dark brown

channery silt loam, the next 6 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 8 inches is strong

brown channery silt loam, and the lower 4 inches is

brown very channery silt loam. The substratum is

yellowish brown extremely channery silt loam. Olive

brown, fine grained sandstone bedrock is at a depth of

about 33 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the redder Cateache soils. Also included are

areas of soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 25 percent or more than 35 percent. Included

soils make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Culleoka soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and

natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed areas

reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid in the

solum and strongly acid in the substratum. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by the

bedrock, which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The hazard of erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. The

hazard of erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

the contour and seeding and mulching bare areas help

to control erosion. Site preparation following harvest

and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible reduce plant competition. The slope is a

moderate limitation on log landings, which are needed

for equipment accessibility. Erosion is a major

management concern on the landings. It also is a
70 Soil Survey

concern in areas that have been cut and filled for

roads. Establishing a plant cover in these areas helps

to control erosion. Laying out roads and trails on a

gentle grade across the slope, controlling surface

runoff, seeding roads, trails, and landings, and keeping

the total mileage of roads and trails to a minimum also

help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, American

beech, American basswood, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, black birch, American

beech, and black locust, and those in the ground cover

are mayapple, grasses, ferns, mosses, daisy fleabane,

and Queen Anne’s lace.

The slope is a moderate limitation in areas used for

paths and trails. It is a severe limitation affecting all

other recreational development. Laying out trails on a

gentle grade across the slope and installing watercontrol structures minimize the effects of the slope on

paths and trails. Choosing areas that are less sloping

and land shaping also help to overcome the slope.

This soil has fair potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Some areas support a

moderate population of ruffed grouse, red and gray

squirrels, and other small game species, and large

game species, including black bear, white-tailed deer,

and wild turkey.

The slope is the major limitation affecting most

urban uses. This soil essentially is not used for urban

development.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.

CuE—Culleoka silt loam, 25 to 35 percent

slopes

This soil is moderately deep, steep, and well

drained. It is typically on the upper side slopes west of

the Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is about

20 inches thick. The upper 2 inches is dark brown

channery silt loam, the next 6 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 8 inches is strong

brown channery silt loam, and the lower 4 inches is

brown very channery silt loam. The substratum is

yellowish brown extremely channery silt loam. Olive

brown, fine grained sandstone bedrock is at a depth of

about 33 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the redder Cateache soils. Also included are

areas of soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 25 percent or more than 35 percent. Included

soils make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Culleoka soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid,

and natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed areas

reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid in the

solum and strongly acid in the substratum. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by the

bedrock, which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay but

is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is very

severe in unprotected areas. It is a management

concern. The slope restricts the use of most types of

farm machinery. Erosion and overgrazing are the

major management concerns in pastured areas.

Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable

grasses and legumes and a rotation grazing system

are the major management needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. Erosion

on roads, skid trails, and log landings and plant

competition are the major management concerns.

Laying out roads and trails on the contour and seeding

and mulching bare areas help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition. The slope is a moderate limitation on log

landings, which are needed for equipment

accessibility. Erosion is a management concern on the

landings. It also is a concern in areas that have been

cut and filled for roads. Establishing a plant cover in

these areas helps to control erosion. Laying out roads

and trails on a gentle grade across the slope,

controlling surface runoff, seeding roads, trails, and

landings, and keeping the total mileage of roads and

trails to a minimum also help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, American

beech, American basswood, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, black birch, American

beech, and black locust, and those in the ground cover

are mayapple, grasses, ferns, mosses, daisy fleabane,

and Queen Anne’s lace.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

recreational development in areas of this soil. Laying

out trails on a gentle grade across the slope and

installing water-control structures minimize the effects

of the slope.

This soil has fair potential for openland and
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 71

woodland wildlife habitat. Some areas support a

moderate population of ruffed grouse, red and gray

squirrels, and other small game species, and large

game species, including black bear, white-tailed deer,

and wild turkey.

The slope is the major limitation affecting most

urban uses. This soil essentially is not used for urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.

CuF—Culleoka silt loam, 35 to 55 percent

slopes

This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well

drained. It is typically on side slopes west of the

Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is about

20 inches thick. The upper 2 inches is dark brown

channery silt loam, the next 6 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 8 inches is strong

brown channery silt loam, and the lower 4 inches is

brown very channery silt loam. The substratum is

yellowish brown extremely channery silt loam. Olive

brown, fine grained sandstone bedrock is at a depth of

about 33 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the redder Cateache soils. Also included are

areas of soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 35 percent or more than 55 percent. Included

soils make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Culleoka soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid,

and natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed areas

reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid in the

solum and strongly acid in the substratum. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by the

bedrock, which generally is soft, at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope restricts the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. Erosion

on roads, skid trails, and log landings and plant

competition are the major management concerns.

Laying out roads and trails on the contour and seeding

and mulching bare areas help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition. The slope is a severe limitation on log

landings, which are needed for equipment

accessibility. Erosion is a management concern on the

landings. It also is a concern in areas that have been

cut and filled for roads. Establishing a plant cover in

these areas helps to control erosion. Controlling

surface runoff, seeding roads, trails, and landings, and

keeping the total mileage of roads and trails to a

minimum also help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, American

beech, American basswood, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, black birch, American

beech, and black locust, and those in the ground cover

are mayapple, grasses, ferns, mosses, daisy fleabane,

and Queen Anne’s lace.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

recreational development in areas of this soil. Laying

out trails on a gentle grade across the slope and

installing water-control structures minimize the effects

of the slope on paths and trails.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population

of ruffed grouse, red and gray squirrels, and other

small game species, and large game species,

including black bear, white-tailed deer, and wild

turkey.

The slope is the major limitation affecting most

urban uses. This soil is not used for urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north and south aspects.

DhC—Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of strongly sloping and

gently sloping, well drained, moderately deep and

deep soils on benches and ridgetops. These soils are

on the east and west sides of Beaver Lick Mountain,

Brushy Mountain, Michael Mountain, and Browns

Mountain in areas of the Oriskany geologic deposits.

They occur as areas so intermingled that it was not

practical to map them separately. Stones cover 1 to

3 percent of the surface. The unit is about 55 percent
72 Soil Survey

Dekalb soil, 35 percent Hazleton soil, and 10 percent

other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is

very dark grayish brown channery loam about

4 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown very

channery loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum

is brownish yellow very channery sandy loam.

Hard sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Hazleton soil is

black channery loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain

by dark brown channery loam about 1 inch thick. The

subsoil is about 28 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is

dark yellowish brown channery loam, the next

6 inches is yellowish brown channery fine sandy loam,

and the lower 19 inches is yellowish brown very

channery sandy loam. The substratum is strong brown

extremely channery sandy loam. Yellowish brown,

massive sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about

50 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are small

areas of the well drained Berks soils. Also included are

areas of soils that do not have stones on the surface

and areas of soils that have slopes of more than

15 percent.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Dekalb soil and low or moderate in

the Hazleton soil. Permeability is rapid in the subsoil

of the Dekalb soil and moderately rapid or rapid in the

subsoil of the Hazleton soil. Runoff is rapid or

medium on both soils. Natural fertility is low. In unlimed

areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. The

depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches in the

Dekalb soil and from 40 to 60 inches in the Hazleton

soil.

Most areas of these soils are wooded. Some are

used as pasture. The pastured areas are mainly on

Browns Mountain.

These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay,

but they are suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The stones restrict the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

the Dekalb soil and moderately high on the Hazleton

soil. No major limitations affect harvesting. Roads

should not be used during wet periods. If roads must

be used when the soils are wet, adding gravel to the

surface minimizes the formation of ruts. Planting filter

strips along streams, installing water bars, and

revegetating disturbed areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

these soils are northern red oak, white oak, chestnut

oak, hickory, eastern white pine, and red maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, witch hazel, flowering

dogwood, mountain laurel, huckleberry, rhododendron,

and striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

teaberry, late low blueberry, deerberry, bellwort, white

snakeroot, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

These soils have moderate or severe limitations

affecting most recreational development. Small and

large stones and the slope are the main limitations.

Trails can be constructed, but they should include

structures that help to control surface water and

erosion. Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard

of erosion.

These soils have fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas of these soils provide cover for an

abundant population of small and large game species.

The potential of these soils for wildlife habitat can be

improved by constructing waterholes; seeding

abandoned haul roads, skid trails, and landings; and

creating openings in the overstory to promote the

growth of ground vegetation.

Stones, the depth to bedrock, and the slope are the

main limitations affecting urban uses. The stones and

the slope are limitations on sites for dwellings. The

depth to bedrock is an additional limitation on sites for

dwellings with basements. Building above the bedrock,

adding fill material when landscaping, and designing

dwellings so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land and to the setting minimize the effects of the

restrictions. Erosion is a severe hazard in areas

cleared for construction. Revegetating during or soon

after construction reduces the hazard of erosion.

The depth to bedrock, seepage, and a poor filtering

capacity are the main limitations affecting sanitary

facilities. Subdividing lots so that they are larger in size

may help to include areas of more favorable soils in

the lots. Installing an alternate system may minimize

the effects of the restrictions.

The depth to bedrock and large stones are the main

limitations affecting the use of these soils for local

roads and streets. Planning roads in areas where soils

are deeper to bedrock or have fewer stones on the

surface and adding coarser grained subgrade or base

material may minimize the effects of the restrictions.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A in areas of the Dekalb soil and

4A in areas of the Hazleton soil.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 73

DhE—Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of moderately steep and

steep, well drained, moderately deep and deep soils

on side slopes, benches, and ridgetops. These soils

are on the east and west sides of Beaver Lick

Mountain, Brushy Mountain, Michael Mountain, and

Browns Mountain in areas of the Oriskany geologic

deposits. They occur as areas so intermingled that it

was not practical to map them separately. Stones

cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface. The unit is about

55 percent Dekalb soil, 35 percent Hazleton soil, and

10 percent other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is

very dark grayish brown channery loam about

4 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown very

channery loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum

is brownish yellow very channery sandy loam.

Hard sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Hazleton soil is

black channery loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain

by dark brown channery loam about 1 inch thick. The

subsoil is about 28 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is

dark yellowish brown channery loam, the next

6 inches is yellowish brown channery fine sandy loam,

and the lower 19 inches is yellowish brown very

channery sandy loam. The substratum is strong brown

extremely channery sandy loam. Yellowish brown,

massive sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about

50 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are small

areas of the well drained Berks and Elliber soils. Also

included are areas of soils that do not have stones on

the surface and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 15 percent or more than 35 percent.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Dekalb soil and low or moderate in the

Hazleton soil. Permeability is rapid in the subsoil of the

Dekalb soil and moderately rapid or rapid in the

subsoil of the Hazleton soil. Runoff is very rapid or

rapid on both soils. Natural fertility is low. In unlimed

areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. The

depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches in the

Dekalb soil and from 40 to 60 inches in the Hazleton

soil.

Most areas of these soils are wooded. Some are

used as pasture. The pastured areas are mainly on

Browns Mountain.

These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay

and are difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on the north aspects of the Hazleton soil,

moderate on the north aspects of the Dekalb soil, and

moderate on the south aspects of both soils. The

limitations for operability of logging equipment and the

construction of haul roads, skid trails, and log landings

are moderate. Roads should not be used during wet

periods. If roads must be used when the soils are wet,

adding gravel to the surface minimizes the formation of

ruts. Planting filter strips along streams, controlling

surface runoff on roads and landings by installing dips,

ditches, and water bars, seeding bare areas, and

constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle

grade across the slope help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

these soils are northern red oak, white oak, chestnut

oak, hickory, eastern white pine, and red maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, witch hazel, flowering

dogwood, mountain laurel, huckleberry, rhododendron,

and striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

teaberry, late low blueberry, deerberry, bellwort, white

snakeroot, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

These soils have severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion.

These soils have fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas of this unit provide cover for an

abundant population of small and large game species.

The potential of these soils for wildlife habitat can be

improved by constructing waterholes; seeding

abandoned haul roads, skid trails, and landings; and

creating openings in the overstory to promote the

growth of ground vegetation.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the stones are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses. Areas

of included soils that are less sloping, deeper to

bedrock, and have fewer stones on the surface are

better suited to urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north aspects of the

Dekalb soil and 2R on south aspects. It is 4R on

north aspects of the Hazleton soil and 3R on south

aspects.
74 Soil Survey

DhF—Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony

This map unit consists of very steep, well drained,

moderately deep and deep soils on side slopes. These

soils are on the east and west sides of Beaver Lick

Mountain, Brushy Mountain, Michael Mountain, and

Browns Mountain in areas of the Oriskany geologic

deposits. They occur as areas so intermingled that it

was not practical to map them separately. Stones

cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface. The unit is about

55 percent Dekalb soil, 35 percent Hazleton soil, and

10 percent other soils.

Typically, the surface layer of the Dekalb soil is

very dark grayish brown channery loam about

4 inches thick. The subsoil is yellowish brown very

channery loam about 22 inches thick. The substratum

is brownish yellow very channery sandy loam.

Hard sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Typically, the surface layer of the Hazleton soil is

black channery loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain

by dark brown channery loam about 1 inch thick. The

subsoil is about 28 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is

dark yellowish brown channery loam, the next

6 inches is yellowish brown channery fine sandy loam,

and the lower 19 inches is yellowish brown very

channery sandy loam. The substratum is strong brown

extremely channery sandy loam. Yellowish brown,

massive sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about

50 inches.

Included with these soils in mapping are small

areas of the well drained Berks and Elliber soils. Also

included are areas of soils that do not have stones on

the surface and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 35 percent or more than 55 percent.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Dekalb soil and low or moderate in the

Hazleton soil. Permeability is rapid in the subsoil of the

Dekalb soil and moderately rapid or rapid in the

subsoil of the Hazleton soil. Runoff is very rapid on

both soils, and natural fertility is low. In unlimed areas

reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. The depth

to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches in the Dekalb

soil and from 40 to 60 inches in the Hazleton soil.

Most areas of these soils are wooded. Some are

used as pasture. The pastured areas are mainly on

Browns Mountain.

These soils are not suited to cultivated crops or hay

and are difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on the north aspects of the Hazleton soil,

moderate on the north aspects of the Dekalb soil, and

moderate on the south aspects of both soils. The

limitations for operability of logging equipment and the

construction of haul roads, skid trails, and log landings

are moderate. Roads should not be used during wet

periods. If roads must be used when the soils are wet,

adding gravel to the surface minimizes the formation of

ruts. Planting filter strips along streams, controlling

surface runoff on roads and landings by installing dips,

ditches, and water bars, seeding bare areas, and

constructing haul roads and skid roads on a gentle

grade across the slope help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

these soils are northern red oak, white oak, chestnut

oak, hickory, eastern white pine, and red maple. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

white oak, eastern white pine, witch hazel, flowering

dogwood, mountain laurel, huckleberry, rhododendron,

and striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

teaberry, late low blueberry, deerberry, bellwort, white

snakeroot, grasses, ferns, and mosses.

These soils have severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion.

These soils have fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Many areas of this unit provide cover for an

abundant population of small and large game species.

The potential of these soils for wildlife habitat can be

improved by constructing waterholes; seeding

abandoned haul roads, skid trails, and landings; and

creating openings in the overstory to promote the

growth of ground vegetation.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, and the stones are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses.

Because of these limitations, these soils are not used

for urban development. Areas of included soils that are

less sloping, deeper to bedrock, and have fewer

stones on the surface are better suited to urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north aspects of the

Dekalb soil and 2R on south aspects. It is 4R on

north aspects of the Hazleton soil and 3R on south

aspects.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 75

DuB—Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is deep, gently sloping, and well drained.

It is on limestone uplands, from Beard Heights south

to the county line. Sinkholes are in some areas.

Typically, the surface layer is brown silt loam about

8 inches thick. The subsoil is 38 inches thick. The

upper 9 inches is yellowish brown silty clay loam, the

next 20 inches is strong brown silty clay that has light

gray lithochromic mottles, and the lower 9 inches is

strong brown channery silty clay that has yellowish

red, brownish yellow, and light gray lithochromic

mottles. Highly weathered, pale olive, brownish yellow,

and dark reddish brown siltstone bedrock is at a depth

of about 46 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Lodi and Shouns soils, the

moderately well drained Sees soils along

drainageways and in depressions, and soils that have

slopes of more than 8 percent. Also included are some

areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil than

the Duffield soil or a layer in the subsoil that is firm and

brittle. Included soils make up about 25 percent of the

unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Duffield

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff

and natural fertility are medium. In unlimed areas

reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid. The

depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture. Only

a few small areas are wooded. The wooded areas

generally are grazed woodlots on farms. They are 5 to

10 acres in size.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes, a rotation grazing system, and

deferment of grazing in the spring until the soil is

reasonably firm are the major management needs in

pastured areas. Supplying water to livestock may be

difficult in some areas because of sinkholes and

underground channels. Developing springs and

building ponds help to overcome these limitations in

some areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Selecting planting stock that has a

well developed root system and timing planting to take

full advantage of spring rains help to control plant

competition and to ensure the successful

establishment of tree plantations.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory, black

locust, and red maple. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are rhododendron and

mountain laurel, and those in the ground cover are

grasses and mosses.

Few restrictive features affect the development of

camp areas, picnic areas, and paths and trails. The

slope and small stones are limitations affecting the

development of playgrounds. Choosing the most level

areas of the soil and land shaping help to overcome

the slope. Removing the stones minimizes their effect

on recreational development.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for game

species, such as bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit,

Canada goose, and mourning dove, as well as various

songbirds.

The shrink-swell potential of this soil is a limitation

on sites for dwellings. Installing properly designed

footers, diverting surface water away from foundations,

and backfilling with porous material minimize the

damage caused by shrinking and swelling. The depth

to bedrock is an additional limitation on sites for

dwellings with basements. Choosing the deepest

areas of the soil, building above the bedrock, and

adding fill material when landscaping minimize the

effects of the restrictions caused by the limited depth

to bedrock.

The depth to bedrock is a limitation on sites for

septic tank absorption fields. Installing a larger filter

field and choosing the deepest areas of the soil help to

overcome this limitation.

Low strength is a limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Adding suitable subgrade or base

material minimizes the damage caused by low

strength.

Erosion is a moderate hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.
76 Soil Survey

DuC—Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

This soil is deep, strongly sloping, and well drained.

It is on limestone uplands, from Beard Heights south

to the county line. Sinkholes are in some areas.

Typically, the surface layer is brown silt loam about

8 inches thick. The subsoil is 38 inches thick. The

upper 9 inches is yellowish brown silty clay loam, the

next 20 inches is strong brown silty clay that has light

gray lithochromic mottles, and the lower 9 inches is

strong brown channery silty clay that has yellowish

red, brownish yellow, and light gray lithochromic

mottles. Highly weathered, pale olive, brownish yellow,

and dark reddish brown siltstone bedrock is at a depth

of about 46 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

very deep Lodi soils, the moderately deep Cateache

soils, and soils that have slopes of less than

15 percent or more than 25 percent. Also included are

some areas of soils that have more clay in the subsoil

than the Duffield soil or a layer in the subsoil that is

firm and brittle. Included soils make up about

25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Duffield

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is

rapid, and natural fertility is medium. In unlimed areas

reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid. The

depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture. Only

a few small areas are wooded. The wooded areas

generally are grazed woodlots on farms. They are 5 to

10 acres in size.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes, a rotation grazing system, and

deferment of grazing in the spring until the soil is

reasonably firm are the major management needs in

pastured areas. Supplying water to livestock may be

difficult in some areas because of sinkholes and

underground channels. Developing springs and

building ponds help to overcome these limitations in

some areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Controlling competing vegetation,

selecting planting stock that has a well developed root

system, and timing planting to take full advantage of

spring rains help to control plant competition and to

ensure the successful establishment of tree

plantations.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory, black

locust, and red maple. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are rhododendron and

mountain laurel, and those in the ground cover are

grasses and mosses.

Few restrictive features affect the development of

paths and trails. The slope is the major limitation

affecting the use of this soil for other recreational

development. Choosing the most level areas, land

shaping, and designing facilities so that they conform

to the natural slope of the land help to overcome the

slope.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for game

species, such as bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit,

Canada goose, and mourning dove, as well as various

songbirds.

A shrink-swell potential and the slope are the

main limitations on sites for dwellings. Installing

properly designed footers, diverting surface water

away from foundations, and backfilling with porous

material minimize the damage caused by shrinking

and swelling. The slope can be overcome by

designing dwellings so that they conform to the

natural slope of the land and by land shaping. The

depth to bedrock is an additional limitation on sites for

dwellings with basements. It can be minimized by

choosing the deepest areas of the soil, building above

the bedrock, and adding fill material when

landscaping.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

These limitations can be minimized by choosing the

deepest areas of the soil; enlarging the size of the filter

field; digging wide, deep trenches under the

distribution lines; and laying out the filter field on the

contour.

Low strength is a limitation on sites for local roads

and streets. Providing suitable subgrade or base

material minimizes the damage caused by low

strength. The slope is an additional limitation in areas

of included soils that have slopes of 15 to 25 percent.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 77

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

ElF—Elliber extremely channery silt loam,

35 to 55 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, very steep, and well drained.

It is typically on side slopes in the eastern half of the

county.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown extremely channery silt loam about 2 inches

thick. The subsoil is about 63 inches thick. It is

yellowish brown. The upper 3 inches of the subsoil is

extremely channery silt loam, the next 5 inches is very

channery loam, the next 13 inches is extremely

channery loam, the next 7 inches is very channery

loam, the next 5 inches is very channery silt loam, the

next 13 inches is very channery loam, and the lower

17 inches is very channery clay loam. The lower

35 inches of the subsoil has an accumulation of clay.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

moderately deep Dekalb soils on ridges, the very deep

Mertz soils on foot slopes, and the deep Hazleton soils

on the lower side slopes. Also included are areas of

soils that have slopes of less than 35 percent or more

than 55 percent. Included soils make up about

20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Elliber soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately

rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural

fertility is low or medium. In unlimed areas reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid. Bedrock is at a depth

of more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope restricts the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north and south aspects of this soil. Low

natural fertility and droughtiness are the main

limitations. Plant competition is an additional concern,

especially on south aspects. Harvest methods that do

not remove all of the overstory minimize plant

competition. The slope is the major limitation affecting

most logging operations. It restricts the use of wheeled

and tracked equipment in skidding operations when

timber is harvested. Haul roads, skid trails, and log

landings are needed for equipment accessibility.

Erosion is a major management concern in these

areas. It also is a concern in areas that have been cut

and filled for roads. Establishing a plant cover in these

areas helps to control erosion. Logging roads

constructed in areas of this soil are of high quality

because of the availability of chert fragments as a

base. Laying out roads and trails on a gentle grade

across the slope, controlling surface runoff, seeding

roads, trails, and landings, and keeping the total

mileage of roads and trials to a minimum also help to

control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, red maple, hickory,

eastern white pine, chestnut oak, eastern hemlock,

and pitch pine. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are mountain laurel, eastern white pine,

flowering dogwood, witch hazel, common serviceberry,

and red maple, and those in the ground cover are

teaberry, black huckleberry, late low blueberry,

mosses, minnie-bush, and grasses.

The slope and small stones are the main limitations

affecting recreational development in areas of this soil.

Laying out hiking trails on a gentle grade across the

slope helps to overcome the slope and control surface

runoff.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Areas of this soil support an abundance of

woodland game species, such as black bear, whitetailed deer, gray squirrel, wild turkey, and ruffed

grouse, as well as nongame species, such as pileated

woodpeckers, reptiles, and various songbirds,

especially in the area of Calvin Price State Forest.

The slope is the major limitation affecting most

urban uses. This soil is not used for urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 5R on north aspects and 4R on

south aspects.

FaC—Faywood silt loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, very rocky

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping and

gently sloping, and well drained. It is typically in the

uplands on Browns and Michael Mountains and in the

area south of Green Bank. About 2 to 10 percent of

the surface is exposed bedrock. Sinkholes are

common in some areas.

Typically, the surface layer is brown silt loam about

5 inches thick. The subsoil is about 16 inches thick.

The upper 3 inches is yellowish brown silt loam, and

the lower 13 inches is strong brown silty clay loam.
78 Soil Survey

The substratum is strong brown clay. Limestone

bedrock is at a depth of about 28 inches. In some

areas less than 2 percent of the surface is exposed

bedrock. In other areas the subsoil is redder.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Berks and Dekalb soils

and the very deep Blackthorn soils. Also included are

areas of soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock or more than 40 inches deep over bedrock,

areas where more than 10 percent of the surface is

exposed bedrock, and areas of soils that have slopes

of more than 15 percent. Inclusions make up about

25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Faywood soil. Permeability is slow or moderately slow

in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid or medium, and natural

fertility is high. In unlimed areas reaction is slightly

acid to slightly alkaline. The root zone of some types of

plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. Some are wooded.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The rock outcrop restricts the

use of most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas. Supplying water to livestock

may be difficult in some areas because of sinkholes

and underground channels. Developing springs and

building ponds help to overcome these limitations in

some places. In other places enlarging the size of the

grazed area helps to overcome the lack of water.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is a management

concern. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log landings

and the equipment limitation are the major

management concerns. The rock outcrop limits the

use of equipment. Laying out roads and trails on a

gentle grade across the slope and seeding and

mulching bare areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, and black locust. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are white oak,

black locust, hickory, flowering dogwood, witch hazel,

and multiflora rose, and those in the ground cover are

bloodroot, Indian turnip, grasses, mosses, and thistles.

The slope, the moderately slow or slow

permeability, and erosion are the main limitations

affecting recreational development in areas of this soil.

The effects of the slope can be minimized in camp

areas and picnic areas and on playgrounds by

selecting less sloping areas as sites and excavating

the soil in those sites. Installing diversions or water

breaks to help remove surface water and maintaining

a vegetative cover reduce the hazard of erosion and

minimize the amount of water that flows through the

soil.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population of

large game species, such as black bear, white-tailed

deer, and wild turkey, as well as some small game

species, such as mourning dove and ruffed grouse.

The depth to bedrock, the slope, a shrink-swell

potential, and the moderately slow or slow

permeability are the main limitations affecting urban

uses. Areas of included soils that are more than 40

inches deep over bedrock and areas where there is

less rock outcrop have fewer restrictive features

affecting most urban uses.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for dwellings with basements. The slope, the depth to

bedrock, and a shrink-swell potential are the main

limitations on sites for dwellings without basements.

Building above the bedrock, adding fill material when

landscaping, and designing dwellings so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land and to the

setting minimize the restrictions caused by the slope

and the depth to bedrock. Adding extra reinforcement

to footings and backfilling with sandy material

minimize the damage caused by shrinking and

swelling.

The depth to bedrock and the moderately slow or

slow permeability are the main limitations on sites for

septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so that

they are larger in size may help to include areas of

more favorable soils in the lots. Installing a specially

designed system or an alternate system may minimize

the effects of the restrictions.

Low strength is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Adding suitable base material or

utilizing special construction techniques to enhance

the load-bearing capacity of the soil minimizes the

damage caused by low strength.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

FaE—Faywood silt loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, very rocky

This soil is moderately deep, steep and moderately

steep, and well drained. It is typically on uplands in the

area of Browns and Michael Mountains and in the
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 79

area south of Green Bank. About 2 to 10 percent of

the surface is exposed bedrock. Sinkholes are

common in some areas.

Typically, the surface layer is brown silt loam about

5 inches thick. The subsoil is about 16 inches thick.

The upper 3 inches is yellowish brown silt loam, and

the lower 13 inches is strong brown silty clay loam.

The substratum is strong brown clay. Limestone

bedrock is at a depth of about 28 inches. In some

areas less than 2 percent of the surface is exposed

bedrock. In other areas the subsoil is redder.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Berks and Dekalb soils

and the very deep Blackthorn soils. Also included are

areas of soils that are less than 20 inches deep over

bedrock or more than 40 inches deep over bedrock,

areas where more than 10 percent of the surface is

exposed bedrock, and areas of soils that have slopes

of less than 15 percent or more than 35 percent.

Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Faywood soil. Permeability is slow or moderately slow

in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid or rapid, and natural

fertility is high. In unlimed areas reaction is slightly

acid to slightly alkaline. The root zone of some types of

plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used as pasture. Some are wooded.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe

or very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The rock outcrop and the slope

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas. Supplying water to livestock

may be difficult in some areas because of sinkholes

and underground channels. Developing springs and

building ponds help to overcome these limitations in

some places. In other places extending the size of the

grazed area helps to overcome the lack of water.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is a management

concern. Erosion on roads and skid trails and the

equipment limitation are the major management

concerns. The slope and the rock outcrop limit the use

of equipment. Laying out roads and trails on a gentle

grade across the slope and seeding bare areas help to

control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, and black locust. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are white oak,

black locust, hickory, flowering dogwood, witch hazel,

and multiflora rose, and those in the ground cover

are bloodroot, Indian turnip, grasses, mosses, and

thistles.

The slope and erosion are the main limitations

affecting recreational development in areas of this soil.

The effects of the slope can be minimized in camp

areas and picnic areas and on playgrounds by

selecting less sloping areas as sites and excavating

the soil in those sites. Installing diversions or water

breaks to help remove surface water and maintaining

a vegetative cover reduce the hazard of erosion.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population of

large game species, such as black bear, white-tailed

deer, and wild turkey, as well as some small game

species, such as mourning dove and ruffed grouse.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, the moderately

slow and slow permeability, and a shrink-swell

potential are the main limitations affecting most urban

uses. Areas of included soils that have slopes of 8 to

15 percent and are deeper to bedrock and areas

where there is less rock outcrop have fewer restrictive

features affecting most urban uses.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

FaF—Faywood silt loam, 35 to 55 percent

slopes, very rocky

This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well

drained. It is typically on upland side slopes in the area

of Browns and Michael Mountains and in the area

south of Green Bank. About 2 to 10 percent of the

surface is exposed bedrock.

Typically, the surface layer is brown silt loam about

5 inches thick. The subsoil is about 16 inches thick.

The upper 3 inches is yellowish brown silt loam, and

the lower 13 inches is strong brown silty clay loam.

The substratum is strong brown clay. Limestone

bedrock is at a depth of about 28 inches. In some

areas less than 2 percent of the surface is exposed. In

other areas the subsoil is redder.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Berks and Dekalb soils.

Also included are areas of soils that are less than

20 inches deep over bedrock or more than 40 inches

deep over bedrock, areas where more than 10 percent

of the surface is exposed bedrock, areas of soils that

have slopes of less than 35 percent or more than

55 percent, and some areas where erosion has

removed most of the original surface layer and the
80 Soil Survey

subsoil is exposed. Inclusions make up about 25

percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Faywood soil. Permeability is slow or moderately slow

in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural fertility

is high. In unlimed areas reaction is slightly acid to

slightly alkaline. The root zone of some types of plants

is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The rock outcrop and the slope

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas. Supplying water to livestock

may be difficult in some areas because of sinkholes

and underground channels. Developing springs or

designing pastures so that they include areas where

water can be made available helps to overcome the

lack of water.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is a management

concern. The slope and the rock outcrop affect the use

of some types of equipment. Erosion on roads and

skid trails is a major management concern. Because

of the slope, special equipment or management

techniques are needed when timber is harvested.

Laying out roads and trails on a gentle grade across

the slope and seeding bare areas help to control

erosion. Poor logging practices can result in very

severe erosion in harvested areas.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

eastern white pine, and black locust. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are white oak,

black locust, hickory, flowering dogwood, witch hazel,

and multiflora rose, and those in the ground cover are

bloodroot, Indian turnip, grasses, mosses, and thistles.

The slope and erosion are the main limitations

affecting recreational development in areas of this soil.

The effects of the slope can be minimized in camp

areas and picnic areas and on playgrounds by

selecting less sloping areas as sites and excavating

the soil in those sites. Installing diversions or water

breaks to help remove surface water and maintaining

a vegetative cover reduce the hazard of erosion.

This soil has good potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Some areas support a moderate population of

large game species, such as black bear, white-tailed

deer, and wild turkey, as well as some small game

species, such as mourning dove and ruffed grouse.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, the moderately

slow or slow permeability, and a shrink-swell potential

are the main limitations affecting most urban uses.

Included soils that are less sloping and deeper to

bedrock are better suited to urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

GaC—Gauley channery sandy loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, extremely stony

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping and

gently sloping, and well drained. It is typically at the

higher elevations on convex ridgetops west of the

Greenbrier River. Stones cover 3 to 15 percent of the

surface.

Typically, the surface layer is black channery sandy

loam about 2 inches thick. It is overlain by about

3 inches of black, highly decomposed forest litter and

underlain by about 4 inches of brown very channery

sandy loam. The subsoil is about 14 inches thick. The

upper 3 inches is dark reddish brown very channery

sandy loam, and the lower 11 inches is strong brown

very channery loam. The substratum is yellowish

brown extremely channery loam. Massive, olive gray

sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 35 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

moderately deep Leatherbark soils on broad, concave

flats and the moderately deep Mandy soils. The Mandy

soils are not so stony as the Gauley soil. Also included

are areas where stones cover more than 15 percent of

the surface and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 3 percent. Inclusions make up about 10 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Gauley soil. Permeability is

moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid or

medium, and natural fertility is low. In unlimed areas

reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some areas,

especially near the head of Shavers Fork of Cheat

River, are being developed for urban and recreational

uses.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture because of the

extreme stoniness and the short growing season. The

hazard of erosion is moderate or severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

The potential productivity for red spruce is high on

this soil. Seedling mortality and plant competition are
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 81

hazards. If the timber harvest is planned to take full

advantage of the abundant seed supply, the stand will

become overstocked with red spruce and the natural

thinning process will produce a fully stocked stand of

timber. The limitations for construction of haul roads,

skid roads, and log landings are moderate. They can

be minimized by constructing haul roads and skid

roads in areas of soils that are less stony, less sandy,

and deeper to bedrock and by constructing log

landings in areas of soils are less sloping.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are red spruce, yellow birch, red maple, and

bigtooth aspen. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are red spruce, huckleberry, great

rhododendron, mountain ash, mountain holly,

mountain laurel, red elderberry, and hobblebush, and

those in the ground cover are clubmoss, ground pine,

southern mountain cranberry, ferns, and mountain

wood sorrell.

This soil has severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Stoniness is the main

limitation. The slope is an additional limitation on sites

for playgrounds. Trails can be constructed, but they

should include structures that help to control surface

water and erosion. Revegetating bare areas reduces

the hazard of erosion.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Black bear, white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse,

and snowshoe hare use areas in this unit for cover

after the areas have been clearcut.

The depth to bedrock, the large stones, and the

slope are the main limitations affecting urban uses.

They are the main limitations on sites for dwellings.

Building above the bedrock, adding fill material when

landscaping, and designing dwellings so they conform

to the natural slope of the land and to the setting

minimize the effects of the restrictions. Erosion is a

hazard in areas cleared for construction. Revegetating

during or soon after construction reduces the hazard

of erosion.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an

alternate system may minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock.

The depth to bedrock, the slope, and the large

stones are the main limitations on sites for local roads

and streets. Constructing roads and streets on a

gentle grade across the slope, removing the stones,

and providing a coarse textured base material

minimize the effects of the restrictions.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 6X.

GaE—Gauley channery sandy loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony

This soil is moderately deep, steep and moderately

steep, and well drained. It is typically at the higher

elevations on convex ridgetops and shoulder slopes

west of the Greenbrier River. Stones cover 3 to

15 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is black channery sandy

loam about 2 inches thick. It is overlain by about

3 inches of black, highly decomposed forest litter and

underlain by about 4 inches of brown very channery

sandy loam. The subsoil is about 14 inches thick.

The upper 3 inches is dark reddish brown very

channery sandy loam, and the lower 11 inches is

strong brown very channery loam. The substratum is

yellowish brown extremely channery loam. Massive,

olive gray sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about

35 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Mandy and Leatherbark

soils. Also included are areas where stones cover

more than 15 percent of the surface and areas of soils

that have slopes of less than 15 percent. Inclusions

make up about 10 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Gauley soil. Permeability is

moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid or

rapid, and natural fertility is low. In unlimed areas

reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. The root

zone of some types of plants is restricted by bedrock

at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some areas,

especially near the head of Shavers Fork of Cheat

River, are being developed for recreational uses.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops, hay, or

pasture because of the extreme stoniness, the slope,

and the short growing season.

The potential productivity for red spruce is high on

this soil. Erosion, seedling mortality, and plant

competition are hazards. Planting filter strips along

streams, controlling surface runoff on roads and

landings by installing dips, ditches, and water bars,

seeding bare areas, and constructing haul roads and

skid roads on a gentle grade across the slope help to

control erosion. If the timber harvest is planned to take

full advantage of the abundant seed supply, the stand

will become overstocked with red spruce and the

natural thinning process will produce a fully stocked

stand of timber. The limitations for construction of haul

roads and skid roads are moderate and those for log

landings are severe. They can be minimized by

constructing haul roads and skid roads in areas of

soils that are less sloping, less stony, less sandy, and
82 Soil Survey

deeper to bedrock and by constructing log landings in

areas of soils are less sloping.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are red spruce, yellow birch, red maple, and

bigtooth aspen. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are red spruce, huckleberry, great

rhododendron, mountain ash, mountain holly,

mountain laurel, red elderberry, and hobblebush, and

those in the ground cover are clubmoss, ground pine,

southern mountain cranberry, ferns, and mountain

wood sorrell.

This soil has severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Large and small stones and

the slope are the main limitations. Trails can be

constructed, but they should include structures that

help to control surface water and erosion.

Revegetating bare areas reduces the hazard of

erosion.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat. Black bear, white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse,

and snowshoe hare use areas in this unit for cover

after the areas have been clearcut.

Because of the slope, the depth to bedrock, and the

large stones, this soil it not suited to urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 6R.

Ho—Holly silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and poorly

drained. It is on flood plains throughout the county and

is subject to frequent ponding or flooding. Slopes

range from 0 to 3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray silt

loam about 4 inches thick. It has dark brown mottles.

The subsoil is about 38 inches thick. The upper

5 inches is dark gray silt loam that has dark yellowish

brown and dark brown mottles, the next 2 inches is

dark gray sandy loam that has dark gray mottles, the

next 4 inches is dark gray silt loam that has dark

brown mottles, the next 6 inches is grayish brown silt

loam that has dark yellowish brown, yellowish brown,

and brown mottles, and the lower 21 inches is light

brownish gray silt loam that has dark yellowish brown

and brown mottles. The substratum extends to a depth

of 65 inches or more. The upper 2 inches is grayish

brown sandy loam that has brown mottles, the next

8 inches is gray silt loam that has dark brown and

strong brown mottles, the next 2 inches is grayish

brown sandy loam that has brown, yellowish brown,

and dark brown mottles, and the lower 11 inches is

gray silt loam that has yellowish brown mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils

and soils along the smaller drainageways. The soils

along the drainageways have a higher content of rock

fragments in the profile than the Holly soil. Included

soils make up about 10 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Holly soil.

Permeability is moderately slow or moderate in the

subsoil. Runoff is slow, and natural fertility is medium

or high. In unlimed areas reaction is moderately acid

or slightly acid in the surface layer and the substratum

and strongly acid to slightly acid in the subsoil. The

seasonal high water table is within a depth of 1 foot. It

restricts the root zone of many types of plants.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees.

Most of the acreage is pasture or idle land.

The suitability of this soil for cultivated crops is

limited. The soil is better suited to hay or pasture

plants that tolerate wetness. The hazard of erosion is

slight. The wetness restricts the use of most types of

farm machinery. If the soil is cultivated, minimizing

tillage, including hay in the cropping sequence,

delaying tillage until the soil is reasonably dry, and

returning crop residue to the soil help to maintain

fertility and tilth. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses, a rotation grazing system,

and deferment of grazing in the spring until the soil is

reasonably firm are the major management needs in

pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded.

Logging should be deferred during wet periods until

the soil is reasonably firm. Plant competition is a

management concern. Site preparation following

harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as

soon as possible reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are pin oak, American sycamore, river birch,

red maple, and eastern white pine. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are brookside alder,

eastern white pine, and river birch, and those in the

ground cover are Saint Johnswort, skunkcabbage,

sedges, reeds, and milkweed.

The wetness and the flooding are severe limitations

affecting recreational development in areas of this soil.

This soil has fair potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat and good potential for

wetland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of brush

helps to provide food and cover for geese, ducks,

muskrat, mink, and a variety of songbirds.

The flooding, the wetness, the moderately slow

permeability, and the potential for frost action are

severe limitations affecting most urban uses.

The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 5W.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 83

LeC—Leatherbark silt loam, 0 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, nearly level to strongly

sloping, and somewhat poorly drained. It is typically at

the higher elevations on broad ridgetops and benches

west of the Greenbrier River. Stones cover 1 to

3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown silt

loam about 2 inches thick. It is underlain by grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 30 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is yellowish

brown silty clay loam that has gray and yellowish

brown mottles, the next 9 inches is brownish yellow

silty clay loam that has brownish yellow and light

brownish gray mottles, and the lower 17 inches is light

olive brown channery silt loam that has grayish brown,

dark yellowish brown, and yellowish brown mottles.

The substratum is dark brown very channery silt loam

that has gray and yellowish brown mottles. Highly

weathered, black, gray, and reddish brown, fractured

siltstone and shale bedrock is at a depth of about

38 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the well drained Gauley and Mandy soils.

Also included are areas of soils that are deeper and

have mottles lower in the profile than the Leatherbark

soil and areas where stones cover less than 1 percent

or more than 3 percent of the surface. Inclusions make

up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Leatherbark soil. Permeability is moderately slow in

the subsoil. Runoff is slow to rapid, and natural fertility

is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid. The seasonal high water table at a depth

of 6 to 12 inches and bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40

inches restrict the root zone of some types of plants.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. They are in

Monongahela National Forest.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay

because of the wetness and the short growing season.

It is suited to pasture plants that tolerate the wetness

and the short growing season. The hazard of erosion

is slight to severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The stones restrict the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is high on this

soil. Plant competition and the wetness are the major

management concerns. Site preparation following

harvest and the establishment of new forest cover as

soon as possible reduce plant competition. Logging

should be deferred during wet periods until the soil is

reasonably firm. Adding gravel to the surface of main

roads minimizes the effects of the wetness.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are red spruce, black cherry, American beech,

yellow birch, red maple, sugar maple, and eastern

hemlock. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are red spruce, yellow birch, American

beech, huckleberry, great rhododendron, mountain

ash, mountain holly, mountain laurel, red elderberry,

and hobblebush, and those in the ground cover are

clubmoss, ground pine, southern mountain cranberry,

ferns, and mountain wood sorrell.

Large stones, the wetness, and the slope are the

main limitations affecting recreational development in

areas of this soil. Choosing the less sloping areas of

the soil, removing the surface stones, and installing a

drainage system minimize the effects of the

restrictions.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Some areas of woodland support a moderate

population of small and large game species, such as

ruffed grouse, black bear, white-tailed deer, and wild

turkey.

The wetness, the depth to bedrock, the moderately

slow permeability, and the potential for frost action are

the major limitations affecting urban uses. Areas of the

included Mandy soils have fewer limitations affecting

urban development.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 7W.

LlB—Lily loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, gently sloping, and

well drained. It is on upland flats west of the

Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by dark

grayish brown loam about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is

about 30 inches thick. The upper 13 inches is

yellowish brown loam, the next 7 inches is strong

brown loam, and the lower 10 inches is strong brown

channery sandy loam. Highly weathered sandstone

bedrock is between depths of 32 and 38 inches. It is

shades of gray, white, brown, and red. Hard sandstone

bedrock in shades of gray, white, brown, and red is at

a depth of about 38 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the
84 Soil Survey

moderately deep Berks and Dekalb soils, areas of

soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock

or more than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas of

moderately well drained soils, areas of soils that have

slopes of more than 8 percent, and areas where

stones cover more than 3 percent of the surface. Also

included are areas of soils that are similar to the Lily

soil but have a surface layer of silt loam and a subsoil

of silt loam or silty clay loam and are underlain by

highly weathered sandstone or siltstone bedrock that

can be ripped. These soils are mainly north of Beard

Heights. Also included are areas of soils that are

similar to the Lily soil but are sandy loam or fine sandy

loam throughout the subsoil. These soils are mainly in

the Droop Mountain area. Inclusions make up about

15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the Lily

soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil.

Runoff is medium, and natural fertility is low. In

unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture.

Some are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern. If the

soil is cultivated, applying a system of conservation

tillage, cultivating on the contour, including hay in the

cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the

soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Erosion and overgrazing are the major

management concerns in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes, a rotation grazing system, and

deferment of grazing in the spring until the soil is

reasonably firm are the major management needs in

these areas. Providing water for livestock may be

difficult in some areas because springs and seeps

tend to go dry in the summer and ponds are subject to

seepage.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Selecting planting stock that has a well

developed root system and timing planting to take full

advantage of spring rains help to ensure the

successful establishment of tree plantations.

Generally, no major limitations affect the use of

equipment for logging operations; however, if

unsurfaced roads are used during wet periods when

the soil is soft, operating wheeled and tracked

equipment results in excessive rutting. Using special

low ground pressure equipment when the soil is wet

minimizes the damage. Seeding roads, skid trails, and

log landings and keeping the total mileage of roads

and skid trails to a minimum help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, scarlet oak,

eastern white pine, and red maple. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are mountain laurel,

eastern white pine, sassafras, rhododendron, red

maple, American chestnut, flowering dogwood, and

azalea, and those in the ground cover are teaberry,

groundpine, and grasses.

This soil has slight limitations affecting the

development of camp areas, picnic areas, and paths

and trails. The slope and the depth to bedrock are

limitations affecting the development of playgrounds.

Choosing the most level areas, land shaping, and

adding fill material minimize these limitations.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for game

species, such as bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit,

Canada goose, and mourning dove, as well as various

songbirds. The wooded areas support moderate

populations of white-tailed deer.

The depth to hard sandstone bedrock is the major

limitation affecting most urban uses. It is a limitation on

sites for dwellings with basements. It is not a problem

on sites for dwellings without basements, except in

areas where the soil is less than 2 feet deep. Choosing

the deepest areas of the soil, building above the

bedrock, and adding fill material when landscaping

minimize the restrictions caused by the depth to

bedrock.

This soil is limited as a site for septic tank

absorption fields because of the depth to hard

sandstone bedrock. Septic tank absorption fields may

not function properly. The effluent may come to the

surface, resulting in unhealthy conditions and an

unpleasant odor. Choosing an alternate site of deeper

soils and installing a larger filter field may help to

minimize this limitation.

The depth to hard sandstone bedrock is a limitation

affecting the use of this soil for local roads and streets.

Blasting may be necessary in some areas. Roads

should not be built in areas where excavating the

bedrock is necessary.

Erosion is a moderate hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 85

LlC—Lily loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping, and

well drained. It is on upland flats, mainly west of the

Greenbrier River.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by dark

grayish brown loam about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is

about 30 inches thick. The upper 13 inches is

yellowish brown loam, the next 7 inches is strong

brown loam, and the lower 10 inches is strong brown

channery sandy loam. Highly weathered sandstone

bedrock is between depths of 32 and 38 inches. It is

shades of gray, white, brown, and red. Hard sandstone

bedrock in shades of gray, white, brown, and red is at

a depth of about 38 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

moderately deep Berks and Dekalb soils, areas of

soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock

or more than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas of

moderately well drained soils, areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 15 percent,

and areas where stones cover more than 3 percent of

the surface. Also included are some areas of soils that

are similar to the Lily soil but have a surface layer of

silt loam and a subsoil of silt loam or silty clay loam

and are underlain by highly weathered sandstone or

siltstone bedrock that can be ripped. These soils are

mainly north of Beard Heights. Also included are some

areas of soils that are similar to the Lily soil but are

sandy loam or fine sandy loam throughout. These soils

are mainly in the Droop Mountain area. Inclusions

make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the Lily

soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil.

Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is low. In unlimed

areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. The

root zone of some types of plants is restricted by

bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used for pasture, hay, or

cultivated crops.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern. If the

soil is cultivated, applying a system of conservation

tillage, cultivating on the contour, including hay in the

cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the

soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Erosion and overgrazing are the major

management concerns in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes, a rotation grazing system, and

deferment of grazing in the spring until the soil is

reasonably firm are the major management needs in

these areas. Providing water for livestock may be

difficult in some areas because springs and seeps

tend to go dry in the summer and ponds are subject to

seepage.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Selecting planting stock that has a well

developed root system and timing planting to take full

advantage of spring rains help to ensure the

successful establishment of tree plantations.

Generally, no major limitations affect the use of

equipment for logging operations; however, if

unsurfaced roads are used during wet periods when

the soil is soft, operating wheeled and tracked

equipment results in excessive rutting. Using special

low ground pressure equipment when the soil is wet

minimizes the damage. Seeding roads, skid trails, and

log landings and keeping the total mileage of roads

and skid trails to a minimum help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, scarlet oak,

eastern white pine, and red maple. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are mountain laurel,

eastern white pine, sassafras, rhododendron, red

maple, American chestnut, flowering dogwood, and

azalea, and those in the ground cover are teaberry,

groundpine, and grasses.

This soil has slight limitations affecting the

development of paths and trails. The slope is a

limitation affecting the development of camp areas,

picnic areas, and playgrounds. Choosing the most

level areas of the soil and land shaping help to

overcome the slope.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for game

species, such as bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit,

Canada goose, and mourning dove, as well as various

songbirds. The wooded areas support moderate

populations of white-tailed deer.

The depth to hard sandstone bedrock is the major

limitation affecting most urban uses. It is a limitation on

sites for dwellings with basements. It is not a problem

on sites for dwellings without basements, except in

areas where the soil is less than 2 feet deep. Choosing

the deepest areas of the soil, building above the

bedrock, and adding fill material when landscaping

minimize the restrictions caused by the limited depth

to bedrock. The slope is an additional limitation on

sites for dwellings. Designing dwellings so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land and land

shaping minimize the effects of the slope.

This soil is limited as a site for septic tank
86 Soil Survey

absorption fields because of the depth to hard

sandstone bedrock. Septic tank absorption fields may

not function properly. The effluent may come to the

surface, resulting in unhealthy conditions and an

unpleasant odor. Choosing the deeper areas of the

soil and installing a larger filter field may minimize this

limitation.

The depth to hard sandstone bedrock and the slope

are limitations on sites for local roads and streets.

Blasting may be necessary in some areas. Roads

should be constructed on the contour. They should not

be built in areas where excavating the bedrock is

necessary.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3A.

LlD—Lily loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, moderately steep, and

well drained. It is on upland ridges and side slopes,

mainly east of the Greenbrier River in Watoga State

Park and Calvin Price State Forest.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by dark

grayish brown loam about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is

about 30 inches thick. The upper 13 inches is

yellowish brown loam, the next 7 inches is strong

brown loam, and the lower 10 inches is strong brown

channery sandy loam. Highly weathered sandstone

bedrock is between depths of 32 and 38 inches. It is

shades of gray, white, brown, and red. Hard sandstone

bedrock in shades of gray, white, brown, and red is at

a depth of about 38 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

moderately deep Berks and Dekalb soils, areas of

soils that are less than 20 inches deep over bedrock

or more than 40 inches deep over bedrock, areas of

soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or more

than 25 percent, and areas where stones cover more

than 3 percent of the surface. Also included are some

areas of soils that are similar to the Lily soil but have a

surface layer of silt loam and a subsoil of silt loam or

silty clay loam and are underlain by highly weathered

sandstone or siltstone bedrock that can be ripped.

These soils are mainly north of Beard Heights. Also

included are some areas of soils that are similar to the

Lily soil but are sandy loam or fine sandy loam

throughout the subsoil. These soils are mainly in the

Droop Mountain area. Included soils make up about

20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the Lily

soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the subsoil.

Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is low. In unlimed

areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. The

root zone of some types of plants is restricted by

bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Only a few small

areas have been cleared of trees and are used as

pasture.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. If the soil is cultivated, applying

a system of conservation tillage, cultivating on the

contour, including hay in the cropping sequence,

returning crop residue to the soil, and planting a cover

crop help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Erosion and overgrazing are the major

management concerns in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes, a rotation grazing system, and

deferment of grazing in the spring until the soil is

reasonably firm are the major management needs in

these areas. Providing water for livestock may be

difficult in some areas because springs and seeps

tend to go dry in the summer and ponds are subject to

seepage.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Selecting planting stock that has a well

developed root system and timing planting to take full

advantage of spring rains help to ensure the

successful establishment of tree plantations. The slope

is a limitation affecting logging operations. If

unsurfaced roads are used during wet periods when

the soil is soft, operating wheeled and tracked

equipment results in excessive rutting. Using special

low ground pressure equipment when the soil is wet

minimizes the damage. Laying out roads and skid

trails on a gentle grade across the slope, controlling

surface runoff, seeding roads, skid trails, and log

landings, and keeping the total mileage of roads and

skid trails to a minimum help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, scarlet oak,

eastern white pine, and red maple. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are mountain laurel,

eastern white pine, sassafras, rhododendron, red

maple, American chestnut, flowering dogwood, and

azalea, and those in the ground cover are teaberry,

groundpine, and grasses.

The slope is the main limitation affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil. Laying
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 87

out hiking trails on a gentle grade across the slope,

land shaping, and choosing less sloping areas

minimize the effects of the slope.

This soil has good potential for woodland

wildlife habitat. Most areas support moderate

populations of white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and

gray squirrel.

The depth to hard sandstone bedrock is the major

limitation affecting most urban uses. It is a limitation on

sites for dwellings with basements. It is not a problem

on sites for dwellings without basements, except in

areas where the soil is less than 2 feet deep. Choosing

the deepest areas of the soil, building above the

bedrock, and adding fill material when landscaping

minimize the restrictions caused by the limited depth

to bedrock. The slope is an additional limitation on

sites for dwellings. Designing dwellings so that they

conform to the natural slope of the land and land

shaping minimize the effects of the slope.

This soil is limited as a site for septic tank

absorption fields because of the depth to hard

sandstone bedrock and the slope. Septic tank

absorption fields may not function properly. The

effluent may come to the surface, resulting in

unhealthy conditions and an unpleasant odor.

Choosing the deeper areas of the soil, installing a

larger filter field, and installing the filter field on the

contour may minimize this limitation.

The depth to hard sandstone bedrock and the slope

are limitations on sites for local roads and streets.

Blasting may be necessary in some areas. Roads

should be constructed on the contour. They should not

be built in areas where excavating the bedrock is

necessary.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R.

Lo—Lobdell silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and moderately

well drained. It is typically on the flood plains of all the

major drainageways in the county, except for those

along Deer Creek. It is subject to occasional flooding.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam

about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is about 18 inches

thick. The upper 9 inches is dark yellowish brown

loam, and the lower 9 inches is dark yellowish brown

loam that has grayish brown and yellowish brown

mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of

65 inches or more. The upper 19 inches is light olive

brown sandy loam that has grayish brown and strong

brown mottles. The lower 18 inches is yellowish brown

very gravelly silt loam that has grayish brown, olive

brown, and yellowish brown mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

the poorly drained Holly soils, the somewhat poorly

drained Orrville soils, the well drained Tioga soils, and

the somewhat excessively drained Potomac soils. Also

included are areas of soils that are gravelly or cobbly

in the surface layer. Included soils make up about

25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Lobdell

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is

slow, and natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed

areas reaction is strongly acid to neutral in the surface

layer and subsoil and moderately acid to neutral in the

substratum. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by the seasonal high water table at a depth

of 1.5 to 2.0 feet. The depth to bedrock is more than

60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops

or hay. A few are used as pasture or woodland.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is slight. If the soil is

cultivated, minimizing tillage, planting a cover crop,

and including grasses and legumes in the cropping

sequence help to increase organic matter content and

maintain fertility and tilth. Establishing and maintaining

a mixture of grasses and legumes and applying a

proper grazing system are pasture management

concerns. Proper stocking rates, a rotation grazing

system, and deferment of grazing in the spring help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is a management

concern. Site preparation following harvest and the

establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible

reduce plant competition. Adding gravel to the surface

of haul roads, skid roads, and log landings areas helps

to increase soil strength.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, river birch, and American sycamore. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern white pine, river birch, and rhododendron, and

those in the ground cover are grasses.

The flooding and the wetness are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The flooding is a severe limitation in camp

areas. The flooding and the wetness are moderate

limitations in picnic areas and on playgrounds.
88 Soil Survey

Installing a drainage system minimizes the damage

caused by the wetness.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides cover for white-tailed deer,

ruffed grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail, cottontail

rabbit, and a variety of songbirds.

The flooding is a severe limitation affecting most

urban uses in areas of this soil.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 5A.

LyB—Lodi silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, undulating and gently rolling,

and well drained. It is on limestone uplands, mainly in

areas surrounding Hillsboro know locally as “Little

Levels.” Sinkholes are in some areas.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam

about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 59 inches

thick. The upper 15 inches is reddish brown clay, the

next 26 inches is yellowish red clay, and the lower

18 inches is yellowish red clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the deep Belmont and Duffield soils, the very

deep Shouns soils, and the moderately well drained

Sees soils. Also included are areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 3 percent or more than 8 percent

and some areas of soils that are similar to the Lodi

soil but are brown or strong brown, are more acid than

the Lodi soil, or are silty clay loam or silty clay

throughout. Included soils make up about 20 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Lodi soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil.

Runoff is medium, and natural fertility is high. In

unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly

acid. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops or hay. A few are

used as pasture. There is some urban development in

the Hillsboro area.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes, a

rotation grazing system, and deferment of grazing in

the spring until the soil is reasonably firm are the

major management needs in these areas. Supplying

water to livestock may be difficult in some areas

because of sinkholes and underground channels.

Developing springs and building ponds help to

overcome these limitations in some areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Intensive management to keep

undesirable plants from competing with planted

seedlings helps to ensure the successful

establishment of tree plantations.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, hickory, black locust,

and black walnut. The dominant plant communities in

the understory are northern red oak, hickory, and

eastern white pine, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, mosses, and thistles.

Few limitations affect the development of camp

areas, picnic areas, and paths and trails in areas of

this soil. The slope and small stones are limitations

affecting the development of playgrounds. Choosing

the most level areas of the soil and land shaping help

to overcome the slope.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for game

species, such as bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit,

Canada geese, and mourning dove, as well as various

songbirds.

A shrink-swell potential and low strength are the

main limitations affecting most urban uses. The shrinkswell potential is the main limitation on sites for

dwellings. Installing properly designed footers,

diverting surface water away from foundations, and

backfilling with porous material minimize the damage

caused by shrinking and swelling. In places the depth

to bedrock is an additional limitation on sites for

dwellings with basements. Choosing the deepest

areas of the soil minimizes the restrictions caused by

the depth to bedrock.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil is a

limitation on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

Installing a larger filter field and digging wide, deep

trenches under the distribution lines help to overcome

this limitation.

Low strength is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Providing suitable base material to

enhance the load-bearing capacity of the soil

minimizes the damage caused by low strength.

Erosion is a moderate hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 89

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 5A.

LyC—Lodi silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, gently rolling and rolling, and

well drained. It is on limestone uplands, mainly in the

areas surrounding Hillsboro known locally as “Little

Levels.” Sinkholes are in some areas.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam

about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about 59 inches

thick. The upper 15 inches is reddish brown clay, the

next 26 inches is yellowish red clay, and the lower

18 inches is yellowish red clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the deep Belmont and Duffield soils and the

very deep Shouns soils and areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 15 percent.

Also included are some areas of soils that are similar

to the Lodi soil but are brown or strong brown, are

more acid than the Lodi soil, or are silty clay loam or

silty clay throughout. Included soils make up about

20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Lodi soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil.

Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is high. In unlimed

areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture.

There is some urban development in the Hillsboro

area.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes, a

rotation grazing system, and deferment of grazing in

the spring until the soil is reasonably firm are the

major management needs in these areas. Supplying

water to livestock may be difficult in some areas

because of sinkholes and underground channels.

Developing springs and building ponds help to

overcome these limitations in some areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Controlling competing vegetation,

selecting planting stock that has a well developed root

system, and timing planting to take full advantage of

the spring rains help to control plant competition and

to ensure the successful establishment of tree

plantations.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, hickory, black locust,

and black walnut. The dominant plant communities in

the understory are northern red oak, hickory, and

eastern white pine, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, mosses, and thistles.

The slope and erosion are the main limitations

affecting recreational development in areas of this soil.

The effects of the slope can be minimized by choosing

areas that are less sloping, land shaping and grading,

and designing the facilities so that they conform to the

natural slope of the land. Seeding and mulching bare

areas help to control erosion.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for game

species, such as bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit,

Canada geese, and mourning dove, as well as various

songbirds.

A shrink-swell potential, the slope, and low strength

are the main limitations affecting most urban uses. The

slope and the shrink-swell potential are the main

limitations on sites for dwellings. Designing dwellings

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land

and to the setting minimizes the effects of the slope.

Installing properly designed footers, diverting surface

water away from foundations, and backfilling with

porous material minimize the damage caused by

shrinking and swelling. In places the depth to bedrock

is an additional limitation on sites for dwellings with

basements. Choosing the deepest areas of the soil

minimizes the restrictions caused by the depth to

bedrock.

The slope and, in some areas, the depth to bedrock

are limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

The effects of these limitations can be minimized by

enlarging the size of the filter field; digging wide, deep

trenches under the distribution lines; installing the filter

field on the contour; and choosing the deepest areas

of the soil.

Low strength is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Providing suitable base material to

enhance the load-bearing capacity of the soil

minimizes the damage caused by low strength.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Planning carefully so that only a minimal

amount of the soil surface is disturbed and
90 Soil Survey

revegetating during or soon after construction reduce

the hazard of erosion. Topsoil should be stockpiled for

use in revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 5A.

MaB—Macove channery silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and well

drained. It is typically on foot slopes, benches, and

alluvial fans in the eastern half of the county.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by brown

channery loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 61 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 7 inches is

yellowish brown very channery silt loam, the next

9 inches is yellowish brown very channery silty clay

loam, the next 14 inches is strong brown very

channery silty clay loam, and the lower 28 inches is

brown extremely channery silty clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Allegheny soils, the moderately

deep Berks soils, and the shallow Weikert soils. Also

included are areas of soils that are moderately well

drained and areas of soils that have slopes of more

than 8 percent. Included soils make up about

15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Macove soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is medium, and natural fertility is low or

medium. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly

acid or strongly acid. The depth to bedrock is more

than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops

or hay. A few are used as pasture or woodland.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

a gentle grade across the slope and seeding and

mulching bare areas help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are white oak, Virginia pine, eastern white

pine, red maple, eastern hemlock, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, hawthorn, mountain

laurel, flowering dogwood, and rhododendron, and

those in the ground cover are grasses, ferns, mosses,

and teaberry.

The major limitation affecting recreational uses,

such as camp areas, picnic areas, and playgrounds, is

the stoniness. The small stones should be removed or

covered with fill material that is free of stones.

This soil has good potential for openland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for woodland wildlife habitat.

Leaving small areas of crops and hay unharvested

along fence rows, field margins, and farm ponds

provides food and cover for white-tailed deer, ruffed

grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit, and

a variety of songbirds.

The stoniness is the main limitation affecting most

urban uses. Areas of the included Allegheny soils have

fewer restrictive features affecting most urban uses.

The stoniness is the main limitation on sites for

dwellings. Using suitable equipment when excavating

minimizes the effects of the large stones.

The stoniness is a limitation on sites for septic tank

absorption fields. Backfilling the trench with material

that has a lower content of stones minimizes the

chance of the distribution lines being crushed by the

large stones.

The stoniness is a limitation on sites for local roads

and streets. Removing as many of the large stones as

possible minimizes this restrictive feature.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

MaC—Macove channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping, and well

drained. It is typically on foot slopes, benches, and

alluvial fans in the eastern half of the county.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by brown

channery loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 61 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 7 inches is

yellowish brown very channery silt loam, the next

9 inches is yellowish brown very channery silty clay

loam, the next 14 inches is strong brown very
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 91

channery silty clay loam, and the lower 28 inches is

brown extremely channery silty clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Allegheny soils, the moderately

deep Berks soils, and the shallow Weikert soils. Also

included are areas of soils that are moderately well

drained and areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 8 percent or more than 15 percent. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Macove soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is low or

medium. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly

acid or strongly acid. The depth to bedrock is more

than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture.

A few areas are used for cultivated crops or woodland.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

a gentle grade across the slope and seeding and

mulching bare areas help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are white oak, Virginia pine, eastern white

pine, red maple, eastern hemlock, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, hawthorn, mountain

laurel, flowering dogwood, and rhododendron, and

those in the ground cover are grasses, ferns, mosses,

and teaberry.

The slope and small stones are the main limitations

affecting camp areas, picnic areas, and playgrounds.

The stones should be removed or covered with fill

material that is free of stones. The effects of the slope

can be minimized by selecting less sloping areas as

sites and excavating the soil in those sites. Seeding

bare areas following construction reduces the hazard

of erosion.

This soil has good potential for openland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for woodland wildlife habitat.

Leaving small areas of crops and hay unharvested

along fence rows, field margins, and farm ponds

provides food and cover for white-tailed deer, ruffed

grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit, and

a variety of songbirds.

The stoniness is the major limitation affecting most

urban uses. Areas of the included Allegheny soils and

areas of included soils that are less sloping have fewer

restrictive features affecting most urban uses.

The stoniness is the main limitation on sites for

dwellings. Using suitable equipment when excavating

minimizes the effects of the large stones.

The stoniness is a limitation on sites for septic tank

absorption fields. Backfilling the trench with material

that has a lower content of stones minimizes the

chance of the distribution lines being crushed by the

large stones.

The stoniness is a limitation on sites for local roads

and streets. Removing as many of the large stones as

possible minimizes this restrictive feature.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

MaD—Macove channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, moderately steep, and well

drained. It is typically on foot slopes, benches, and

alluvial fans in the eastern half of the county.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by brown

channery loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 61 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 7 inches is

yellowish brown very channery silt loam, the next

9 inches is yellowish brown very channery silty clay

loam, the next 14 inches is strong brown very

channery silty clay loam, and the lower 28 inches is

brown extremely channery silty clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Berks soils and the

shallow Weikert soils. Also included are areas of soils

that are moderately well drained and areas of soils

that have slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

25 percent. Included soils make up about 20 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Macove soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is low or

medium. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly

acid or strongly acid. The depth to bedrock is more

than 60 inches.
92 Soil Survey

Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture.

A few areas are used for cultivated crops or woodland.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. Erosion and overgrazing are

the major management concerns in pastured areas.

Proper stocking rates that help to maintain desirable

grasses and legumes and a rotation grazing system

are the major management needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north aspects of this soil and moderate on

south aspects. Erosion is a management concern

when timber is harvested. The limitations for

operability of logging equipment and for the

construction of haul roads and skid roads are

moderate. The limitations for construction of landings

are severe. The slope is the major management

concern. It can be minimized during the construction

of haul roads, skid roads, and landings. Where

possible, landings should be constructed in less

sloping areas of included soils. Roads should not be

used during wet periods. Adding gravel to the surface

minimizes the formation of ruts and helps to increase

soil strength. Planting filter strips along streams,

controlling surface runoff on roads and landings by

installing dips, ditches, and water bars, seeding bare

areas, and constructing haul roads and skid roads on

a gentle grade across the slope help to control

erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are white oak, Virginia pine, eastern white

pine, red maple, eastern hemlock, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, hawthorn, mountain

laurel, flowering dogwood, and rhododendron, and

those in the ground cover are grasses, ferns, mosses,

and teaberry.

This soil has severe limitations affecting camp

areas, picnic areas, and playgrounds. Erosion is a

management concern. The main limitation is the slope.

Excavation is necessary to create level areas used as

sites for camping, picnicking, and access roads.

Standard septic tank absorption fields may not

function properly. An alternate system or a selfcontained system, such as sealed vault toilets,

possibly could be installed in the less sloping areas of

the soil. Access roads need to have a properly

designed drainage system and a graveled surface if

they will be used during all kinds of weather. Seeding

bare areas following construction reduces the hazard

of erosion. The soil has moderate limitations on sites

for hiking trails. The slope is the main limitation. Trails

should be constructed on a gentle grade across the

slope. Water bars help to control surface runoff and

erosion.

This soil has fair potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of hay

unharvested along fence rows, field margins, and farm

ponds provides food and cover for white-tailed deer,

ruffed grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail, cottontail

rabbit, and a variety of songbirds.

The slope and large stones are the main limitations

affecting most urban uses. Areas of included soils that

are less sloping have few restrictive features affecting

most urban uses.

The slope and the large stones are the main

limitations on sites for dwellings. The effects of the

slope can be minimized by designing the dwellings so

that they conform to the natural slope of the land and

by land shaping. Using suitable equipment when

excavating minimizes the effects of the stones.

The slope and the large stones are limitations on

sites for septic tank absorption fields. The effects of

the slope can be minimized by land shaping, installing

the distribution lines across the slope, or installing the

distribution lines in areas of included soils that are less

sloping. The trench should be backfilled with material

that contains few large stones.

The slope and the large stones are the main

limitations on sites for local roads and streets. The

effects of these limitations can be minimized by

constructing the roads and streets on the contour, land

shaping and grading, adapting the design of the roads

and streets to the slope, and removing the large

stones.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north aspects and 3R on

south aspects.

McC—Macove channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping and gently

sloping, and well drained. It is typically on foot slopes,

benches, and alluvial fans in the eastern half of the

county. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by brown

channery loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 61 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 7 inches is

yellowish brown very channery silt loam, the next

9 inches is yellowish brown very channery silty clay

loam, the next 14 inches is strong brown very

channery silty clay loam, and the lower 28 inches is

brown extremely channery silty clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 93

areas of the very deep Allegheny soils, the moderately

deep Berks soils, and the shallow Weikert soils. Also

included are areas of soils that are moderately well

drained, areas of soils that have slopes of more than

15 percent, and areas where stones cover less than

1 percent or more than 3 percent of the surface.

Inclusions make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity of this Macove soil is

moderate. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid or medium, and natural fertility

is low or medium. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid or strongly acid.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The stones restrict the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

a gentle grade across the slope and seeding and

mulching bare areas help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are white oak, Virginia pine, eastern white

pine, red maple, eastern hemlock, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, hawthorn, mountain

laurel, flowering dogwood, and rhododendron, and

those in the ground cover are grasses, ferns, mosses,

and teaberry.

This soil has severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small stones are a

management concern in camp areas and picnic areas

and on paths and trails. Large stones and the slope

are management concerns in areas used as

playgrounds. The stones should be removed or

covered with fill material. Land shaping and grading,

locating the facilities in the less sloping areas, and

designing the facilities so that they conform to the

natural slope of the land minimize the effects of the

slope. Installing water-control structures and

revegetating bare areas help to control surface runoff

and erosion.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Some areas of woodland support a moderate

population of ruffed grouse, red and gray squirrels,

and other small game and nongame species, and

large game species, including black bear, white-tailed

deer, and wild turkey. The open areas provide forage

for many species.

The slope, the potential for frost action, and the

large stones are the main limitations affecting most

urban uses. Areas of the included Allegheny soils and

areas of included soils that are less sloping and that

have fewer stones on the surface have fewer

restrictive features affecting urban development.

The slope and the large stones are the main

limitations on sites for dwellings. The effects of the

slope can be minimized by designing the dwellings

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land

and by land shaping. Using suitable equipment

when excavating minimizes the effects of the large

stones.

The slope and the large stones are limitations on

sites for septic tank absorption fields. The effects of

the slope can be minimized by land shaping, installing

the distribution lines across the slope, or installing the

distribution lines in areas of included soils that are less

sloping. The trench should be backfilled with material

that contains few large stones.

The slope, the potential for frost action, and the

large stones are the main limitations on sites for local

roads and streets. The effects of these limitations can

be minimized by constructing the roads and streets on

the contour, land shaping and grading, adapting the

design of the roads and streets to the slope, adding

coarse grained subgrade or base material to frost

depth, and removing the large stones.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

McE—Macove channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, steep and moderately steep,

and well drained. It is typically on foot slopes, benches,

and alluvial fans in the eastern half of the county.

Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by brown

channery loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 61 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is yellowish

brown channery silt loam, the next 7 inches is

yellowish brown very channery silt loam, the next

9 inches is yellowish brown very channery silty clay

loam, the next 14 inches is strong brown very
94 Soil Survey

channery silty clay loam, and the lower 28 inches is

brown extremely channery silty clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Berks soils and the

shallow Weikert soils. Also included are areas of

soils that are moderately well drained, areas of soils

that have slopes of less than 15 percent or more

than 35 percent, and areas where stones cover less

than 1 percent or more than 3 percent of the

surface. Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the

unit.

The available water capacity is moderate in the

Macove soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is very rapid or rapid, and natural

fertility is low or medium. In unlimed areas reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north aspects of this soil and moderate on

south aspects. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings, plant competition on north aspects, and

seedling mortality on south aspects are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

a gentle grade across the slope and seeding and

mulching bare areas help to control erosion. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition. Planting larger stock or containerized

seedlings early in the year to take advantage of spring

rains reduces the seedling mortality rate. The slope

and low strength are limitations affecting haul roads

and skid roads. The slope also is a limitation affecting

log landings and equipment operability in logging

areas. Locating roads, skid trails, and landings in the

less sloping areas of included soils and adding gravel

to the surface of haul roads and skid roads help to

overcome these limitations.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are white oak, Virginia pine, eastern white

pine, red maple, eastern hemlock, and hickory. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern hemlock, witch hazel, hawthorn, mountain

laurel, flowering dogwood, and rhododendron, and

those in the ground cover are grasses, ferns, mosses,

and teaberry.

This soil has severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations. The effects of the

slope can be minimized by land shaping and grading,

locating facilities in the less sloping areas, and

designing facilities so that they conform to the natural

slope of the land. The stones should be removed or

covered with fill material. Installing water-control

structures and revegetating bare areas help to control

surface runoff and erosion.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Some areas of woodland support a moderate

population of ruffed grouse, red and gray squirrels,

and other small game and nongame species, and

large game species, including black bear, white-tailed

deer, and wild turkey. The open areas provide forage

for many species.

The slope and large stones are the main limitations

affecting urban uses. This soil generally is not used for

urban development. Areas of included soils that are

less sloping and have fewer stones on the surface are

better suited to urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north aspects and 3R on

south aspects.

MdC—Mandy channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping, and

well drained. It is mainly on ridgetops and broad

benches near the head of the East and West Forks of

the Greenbrier River and on Allegheny Mountain. It is

at the higher elevations where the average annual

precipitation is relatively high and temperatures are

cool.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 3 inches thick. It is underlain

by dark brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is about 23 inches thick. The upper

4 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt loam,

and the lower 19 inches is yellowish brown very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered, dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Trussel soils. Also included are

a few small areas of stony soils, areas of soils that

have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than

15 percent, and areas of soils that have a redder
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 95

subsoil than that of the Mandy soil. Included soils

make up about 10 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate

in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is

low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants

may be restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for hay or

pasture. Some are in woodland or are reverting to

woodland.

This soil is suited to hay and pasture. Cultivated

crops generally do not have sufficient time to mature

because the growing season is too short. The hazard

of erosion is severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. If the soil is used for hay or

pasture, the grass species selected for planting should

be those that can tolerate the short growing season.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is moderate if

openings are made in the canopy. Harvest methods

that do not remove all of the overstory reduce plant

competition. Site preparation following harvest and the

establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible

also reduce plant competition. Regeneration cuts that

leave an isolated single tree or an isolated group of

trees are not recommended. Some trees are uprooted

during heavy snowfall. Past windthrow is very evident

(fig. 5). Periodic salvaging of windthrown trees may be

necessary in some areas. Unsurfaced roads are soft

when the soil is wet. Operating wheeled and tracked

equipment when the soil is wet results in excessive

rutting. Adding extra stone during road construction

may be necessary to help maintain a stable, uniform

surface. Special low ground pressure equipment

minimizes damage to the soil. Erosion on logging

roads, skid trails, and landings is a management

concern. Roadcuts and fill slopes are somewhat

Figure 5.—A cleared area of Mandy channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes. The microrelief was caused by windthrow.
96 Soil Survey

erodible. Establishing a plant cover in these areas

helps to control erosion. Laying out roads and trails on

a gentle grade across the slope, controlling surface

runoff, and seeding roads, trails, and landings also

help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory

on this soil are black cherry, American beech, sugar

maple, yellow birch, and red spruce. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are American

beech, mountain holly, red spruce, red maple,

and striped maple, and those in the ground cover

are ferns, violets, foamflower, Indian turnip, and

grasses.

The slope and small stones are the main limitations

affecting recreational development in areas of this soil.

The effects of these limitations can be minimized by

selecting areas of the included soils that are less

sloping and that have fewer rock fragments on the

surface. Laying out paths and trails on a gentle grade

across the slope also minimizes the effects of the

slope.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for openland wildlife habitat.

The areas of woodland support some large and small

game species, such as black bear, white-tailed deer,

wild turkey, and ruffed grouse. The open areas provide

food, such as grasses and insects, for some species.

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses. The slope is a

moderate limitation on sites for dwellings. The depth to

bedrock is an additional limitation on sites for dwellings

with basements. In most places, the bedrock is soft

enough to be excavated with conventional earth

moving equipment. Building above the bedrock, adding

fill material when landscaping, and designing dwellings

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land

and to the settings minimize the effects of the

restrictions. Controlling surface runoff and revegetating

bare areas as soon as possible in construction areas

help to control erosion. Selecting areas of the included

soils that are less sloping as building sites minimizes

the effects of the slope.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. The slope also is a

limitation. Installing distribution lines across the slope

allows for more even distribution of effluent. Installing

an alternate system minimizes the restrictions caused

by the limited depth to bedrock. Selecting the less

sloping areas within the map unit as sites for

absorption fields minimizes the effects of the slope.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. The effects of the slope can be

minimized by laying out the roads and streets on a

gentle grade across the slope.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

MdD—Mandy channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

This soil is moderately deep, moderately steep, and

well drained. It is mainly on ridgetops and benches

near the head of the East and West Forks of the

Greenbrier River and on Allegheny Mountain. It is at

the higher elevations where the average annual

precipitation is relatively high and temperatures are

cool.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 3 inches thick. It is underlain

by dark brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is about 23 inches thick. The upper

4 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt loam,

and the lower 19 inches is yellowish brown very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered, dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Trussel soils. Also included are

a few small areas of stony soils, areas of soils that

have slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

25 percent, and areas of soils that have a redder

subsoil than that of the Mandy soil. Included soils

make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate

in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is

low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants

may be restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for hay or pasture.

Some are in woodland or are reverting to woodland.

This soil is suited to hay and pasture. Cultivated

crops generally do not have sufficient time to mature

because the growing season is too short. The hazard

of erosion is severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. If the soil is used for hay or

pasture, the grass species selected for planting should

be those that can tolerate the short growing season.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is moderate if

openings are made in the canopy. Harvest methods
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 97

that do not remove all of the overstory or applications

of herbicides reduce plant competition. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible also reduce

plant competition. Regeneration cuts that leave an

isolated single tree or an isolated group of trees are

not recommended. Some trees are uprooted during

heavy snowfall. Past windthrow is very evident.

Periodic salvaging of windthrown trees may be

necessary in some areas. Unsurfaced roads are soft

when the soil is wet. Operating wheeled and tracked

equipment when the soil is wet results in excessive

rutting. Adding extra stone during road construction

may be necessary to help maintain a stable, uniform

surface. Special low ground pressure equipment

minimizes damage to the soil. Erosion on logging

roads, skid trails, and landings is a management

concern. Roadcuts and fill slopes are somewhat

erodible. Establishing a plant cover in these areas

helps to control erosion. Laying out roads and trails on

a gentle grade across the slope, controlling surface

runoff, and seeding roads, trails, and landings also

help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are black cherry, American beech, sugar

maple, yellow birch, and red spruce. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are American

beech, mountain holly, red spruce, red maple, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

ferns, violets, foamflower, Indian turnip, and grasses.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

recreational development in areas of this soil. Laying

out paths and trails on a gentle grade across the slope

and installing water-control structures minimize the

effects of the slope on paths and trails.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for openland wildlife habitat.

The wooded areas support some large and small

game species, such as black bear, white-tailed deer,

wild turkey, and ruffed grouse. The open areas provide

food, such as grasses and insects, for some species.

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses. The slope is a

moderate limitation on sites for dwellings. The depth to

bedrock is an additional limitation on sites for dwellings

with basements. In most areas the bedrock is soft

enough to be excavated with conventional earth

moving equipment. Building above the bedrock, adding

fill material when landscaping, and designing dwellings

so that they conform to the natural slope of the land

and to the setting minimize the restrictions caused by

the slope and the depth to bedrock. Controlling surface

runoff and revegetating bare areas as soon as

possible in construction areas help to control erosion.

Selecting areas of the included soils that are less

sloping as building sites minimizes the effects of the

slope.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

Installing distribution lines across the slope allows for

more even distribution of effluent. Installing an

alternate system minimizes the restrictions caused by

the limited depth to bedrock. Selecting the less sloping

areas within the map unit as sites for absorption fields

minimizes the effects of the slope.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. The effects of the slope can be

minimized by laying out the roads and streets on a

gentle grade across the slope.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

MfC—Mandy channery silt loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, strongly sloping and

gently sloping, and well drained. It is typically near the

head of the East and West Forks of the Greenbrier

River, on the higher elevations of Back Allegheny

Mountain, and in the Cranberry Wilderness area,

mainly on convex ridgetops and broad benches.

Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 3 inches thick. It is underlain

by dark brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is about 23 inches thick. The upper

4 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt loam,

and the lower 19 inches is yellowish brown very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered, dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Gauley soils and the

very deep Snowdog and Trussel soils. Also included

are areas where stones cover less than 1 percent of

the surface, areas of soils that have less than 15

percent rock fragments in the surface layer, and areas

of soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent.

Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate

in the subsoil. Runoff is medium or rapid, and natural

fertility is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely

acid to strongly acid. The root zone of some types of

plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to

40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some areas,
98 Soil Survey

especially near the head of the East Fork of the

Greenbrier River, have been cleared of trees and are

used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The stones restrict the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings is a major management concern. Laying out

roads and trails on a gentle grade across the slope

and seeding and mulching bare areas help to control

erosion. Windthrow and plant competition are hazards.

Past windthrow is very evident. Periodic salvaging of

windthrown trees may be necessary in some areas.

Regeneration cuts that leave isolated single trees or

groups of trees are not recommended. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are black cherry, American beech, sugar

maple, yellow birch, and red spruce. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are American

beech, mountain holly, red spruce, red maple, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

ferns, violets, foamflower, Indian turnip, and grasses.

Small and large stones, the slope, and the depth to

bedrock are the main limitations affecting recreational

development in areas of this soil. The effects of these

restrictive features can be minimized by selecting

areas of the included soils that are less sloping and

have fewer rock fragments on the surface. Laying out

paths and trails on a gentle grade across the slope

also minimizes the effects of the slope.

This soil has poor potential for woodland and

openland wildlife habitat. The wooded areas support

some large and small game species, such as black

bear, white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and ruffed grouse.

The open areas provide food, such as grasses and

insects, for some species.

Stones, the depth to bedrock, and the slope are the

main limitations affecting urban uses. Areas of

included soils that are deeper to bedrock and have

fewer stones on the surface are better suited to urban

development.

The stones and the slope are the main limitations

on sites for dwellings. The depth to bedrock is an

additional limitation on sites for dwellings with

basements. Building above the bedrock, adding fill

material when landscaping, and designing dwellings

so they conform to the natural slope of the land and to

the setting minimize the effects of the restrictions.

Erosion is a severe hazard in areas cleared for

construction. Revegetating during or soon after

construction reduces the hazard of erosion.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an

alternate system may minimize the restrictions caused

by the depth to bedrock.

The stones and the slope are the main limitations

on sites for local roads and streets. Constructing roads

and streets on a gentle grade across the slope and

removing the stones minimize the effects of the

restrictions.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

MfE—Mandy channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, moderately steep and

steep, and well drained. It is typically near the head of

the East and West Forks of the Greenbrier River, on

the higher elevations of Back Allegheny Mountain, and

in the Cranberry Wilderness area, mainly on side

slopes and benches. Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of

the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 3 inches thick. It is underlain

by dark brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is about 23 inches thick. The upper

4 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt loam,

and the lower 19 inches is yellowish brown very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered, dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Snowdog and Trussel soils.

Also included are areas of soils having sandier

textures than those of the Mandy soil, areas where

stones cover less than 1 percent of the surface, areas

of soils that have less than 15 percent rock fragments

in the surface layer, and areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

35 percent. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of

the unit.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 99

in the subsoil. Runoff is rapid or very rapid, and natural

fertility is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely

acid to strongly acid. The root zone of some types of

plants is restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40

inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some areas,

especially near the head of the East Fork of the

Greenbrier River, have been cleared of trees and are

used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe or very severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads and skid trails is a

major management concern. Windthrow and plant

competition are hazards. Past windthrow is very

evident. Laying out roads and trails on a gentle grade

across the slope and seeding and mulching bare

areas help to control erosion. Periodic salvaging of

windthrown trees may be necessary in some areas.

Regeneration cuts that leave isolated single trees or

groups of trees are not recommended. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are black cherry, American beech, sugar

maple, yellow birch, and red spruce. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are American

beech, mountain holly, red spruce, red maple,

and striped maple, and those in the ground cover

are ferns, violets, foamflower, Indian turnip, and

grasses.

Small and large stones and the slope are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The effects of these restrictive features can

be minimized by selecting areas of the included soils

that are less sloping and have fewer rock fragments on

the surface. Laying out paths and trails on a gentle

grade across the slope also minimizes the effects of

the slope.

This soil has poor potential for woodland and

openland wildlife habitat. The wooded areas support

some large and small game species, such as black

bear, white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and ruffed grouse.

The open areas provide food, such as grasses and

insects, for some species.

The stones, the depth to bedrock, and the slope are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses. This

soil generally is not used for urban development. The

included soils that are less sloping and deeper to

bedrock are better suited to urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

MfF—Mandy channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, very steep, and well

drained. It is typically on side slopes near the head of

the East and West Forks of the Greenbrier River, on

the higher elevations of Back Allegheny Mountain, and

in the Cranberry Wilderness area. Stones cover 1 to

3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 3 inches thick. It is underlain

by dark brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is about 23 inches thick. The upper

4 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt loam,

and the lower 19 inches is yellowish brown very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered, dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Snowdog soils. Also included

are areas of soils having sandier textures than those

of the Mandy soil, areas where stones cover less than

1 percent of the surface, areas of soils that have less

than 15 percent rock fragments in the surface layer,

and areas of soils that have slopes of less than

35 percent or more than 55 percent. Inclusions make

up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate

in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural fertility

is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some areas,

especially near the head of the East Fork of the

Greenbrier River, have been cleared of trees and are

used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a
100 Soil Survey

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. The slope limits the use of certain

types of logging equipment. Erosion on roads and skid

trails is a major management concern. Windthrow and

plant competition are hazards. Because of the slope,

special equipment and management techniques are

needed when timber is harvested. Laying out roads

and skid trails on a gentle grade across the slope and

seeding these areas help to control erosion. Past

windthrow is very evident. Periodic salvaging of

windthrown trees may be necessary in some areas.

Regeneration cuts that leave isolated single trees or

groups of trees are not recommended. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are black cherry, American beech, sugar

maple, yellow birch, and red spruce. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are American

beech, mountain holly, red spruce, red maple, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

ferns, violets, foamflower, Indian turnip, and grasses.

Small and large stones and the slope are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The effects of these restrictive features can

be minimized by selecting areas of the included soils

that are less sloping and have fewer rock fragments on

the surface. Laying out paths and trails on a gentle

grade across the slope also minimizes the effects of

the slope.

This soil has poor potential for woodland and

openland wildlife habitat. The wooded areas support

some large and small game species, such as black

bear, white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and ruffed grouse.

The open areas provide food, such as grasses and

insects, for some species.

The stones, the depth to bedrock, and the slope are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses. This

soil generally is not used for urban development. The

included soils that are less sloping and deeper to

bedrock are better suited to urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

MfG—Mandy channery silt loam, 55 to

80 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is moderately deep, extremely steep, and

well drained. It is typically near the head of the East

and West Forks of the Greenbrier River, on the higher

elevations of Back Allegheny Mountain and Gauley

Mountain, and in the Cranberry Wilderness area. Most

of the acreage of the soil is on side slopes in

Monongahela National Forest. Slopes range from

55 to 80 percent but are dominantly 55 to 65 percent.

Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown

channery silt loam about 3 inches thick. It is underlain

by dark brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick.

The subsoil is about 23 inches thick. The upper

4 inches is dark yellowish brown channery silt loam,

and the lower 19 inches is yellowish brown very

channery silt loam. The substratum is yellowish brown

extremely channery silt loam. Highly weathered, dark

grayish brown siltstone bedrock is at a depth of about

36 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of soils having sandier textures than those of

the Mandy soil, areas of soils that have less than

15 percent rock fragments in the surface layer, areas

of soils that have slopes of less than 55 percent, and

areas of rock outcrop. Inclusions make up about

20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low to

moderate in the Mandy soil. Permeability is moderate

in the subsoil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural fertility

is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.

The soil is susceptible to downslope movement.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops, hay,

pasture, or urban uses because of the slope. All of the

acreage of the soil is wooded.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. The limitations for harvesting timber

are severe because of the slope. Erosion is a

management concern. Operating conventional skidder

or tractor logging equipment and constructing roads

are not recommended because of the high potential

for erosion. Conventional operations should only be

used if it is determined that the amount of erosion can

be kept to a minimum through the use of site specific

mitigation measures. Alternate logging systems, such

as high lead cable logging, that are adapted to the

slope should be used when timber is harvested. These

systems allow an area to be harvested without the use

of skid trails, thus greatly reducing the potential for

erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are black cherry, American beech, sugar

maple, yellow birch, and red spruce. The dominant

plant communities in the understory are American

beech, mountain holly, red spruce, red maple, and

striped maple, and those in the ground cover are

ferns, violets, foamflower, Indian turnip, and grasses.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 101

This soil has severe limitations affecting

recreational development. Trails can be built in areas

of the soil; however, construction is difficult. Erosion is

a management concern. Trails should be constructed

on a gentle grade across the slope. Switchbacks may

be necessary on the trails. Water bars help to control

erosion. Periodic maintenance of the trails is

necessary because the soil from cutbanks sloughs

onto the trails.

This soil has poor potential for woodland and

openland wildlife habitat. It supports some large and

small game species, such as black bear, white-tailed

deer, wild turkey.

This soil has very severe limitations affecting urban

uses. As a result, it is not used for urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

Mh—Medihemists, very deep

These nearly level, very poorly drained soils formed

in organic material. They generally are on broad flats

near the head of drainageways at elevations of more

than 3,000 feet. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Included with these soils in mapping are a few small

areas of the well drained to poorly drained Udifluvents

and Fluvaquents, the poorly drained Trussel soils, and

the well drained Shouns soils. Included soils make up

about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the

Medihemists. Permeability is very slow, and natural

fertility is low. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely

acid or very strongly acid. The depth to bedrock is

more than 60 inches.

The content of water makes these soils poorly

suited to farming, woodland, recreation, and urban

development. Most areas are used for wildlife habitat

(fig. 6). The potential of the soils for uses other than

wetland wildlife habitat is poor. The soils have good

potential for wetland wildlife habitat because they

support wetland plants and are in shallow water areas.

These soils have not been assigned a capability

subclass or a woodland ordination symbol.

MrB—Mertz channery silt loam, 3 to

8 percent slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and well

drained. It is typically on foot slopes and benches in

the eastern half of the county.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. It is

underlain by dark grayish brown channery silt loam

about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is about 51 inches

thick. The upper 5 inches is dark yellowish brown

channery silt loam, the next 13 inches is yellowish

brown channery silty clay loam, the next 15 inches is

yellowish brown very channery clay loam, and the

lower 18 inches is extremely channery silty clay loam.

The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is

yellowish brown extremely channery silty clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

shallow Weikert soils on steep side slopes and the

very deep Elliber soils on steep foot slopes and side

slopes. Also included are areas of soils that have

fewer rock fragments in the profile than the Mertz soil,

areas of moderately well drained soils, areas of soils

that have a dense substratum, and areas of soils that

have slopes of more than 8 percent. Included soils

make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Mertz soil. Permeability is moderately slow in the

subsoil. Runoff and natural fertility are medium. In

unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid or moderately

acid in the solum and very strongly acid or strongly

acid in the substratum. The depth to bedrock is more

than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture.

Some are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern. If the

soil is cultivated, applying a system of conservation

tillage, cultivating on the contour, including hay in the

cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the

soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Erosion and overgrazing are the major

management concerns in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes, a rotation grazing system, and

deferment of grazing in the spring until the soil is

reasonably firm are the major management needs in

these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Seedling mortality and plant

competition are limitations. Selecting planting stock

that has a well developed root system and timing

planting to take full advantage of spring rains help to

control plant competition and to ensure the successful

establishment of tree plantations. Harvest methods

that do not remove all of the overstory reduce plant

competition. Generally, no major limitations affect the

use of equipment for logging operations; however, if

unsurfaced roads are used during wet periods when

the soil is soft, operating wheeled and tracked

equipment results in excessive rutting. Using special
102 Soil Survey

low ground pressure equipment when the soil is wet

minimizes the damage. Seeding roads, skid trails, and

log landings and keeping the total mileage of roads

and skid trails to a minimum help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, red maple, and pitch pine. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are flowering dogwood,

mountain laurel, eastern white pine, witch hazel,

common serviceberry, and red maple, and those in the

ground cover are ground pine, teaberry, deerberry, late

low blueberry, black huckleberry, grasses, clovers, and

yarrow.

Small stones and the moderately slow permeability

in the subsoil are the main limitations affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil. The

stones should be removed or covered with fill material

that is free of stones. Diversions should be installed to

help remove surface water, or a subsurface drainage

system should be installed to help remove excess

water.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for game

species, such as bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit,

Figure 6.—Cranberry Glades Botanical Area in Monongahela National Forest includes the most extensive acreage of Medihemists,

very deep, in the county.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 103

Canada goose, and mourning dove, as well as various

songbirds. The wooded areas support moderate

populations of white-tailed deer.

Low strength and the moderately slow permeability

are the main limitations affecting most urban uses.

This soil has only slight limitations on sites for

dwellings.

This soil is limited as a site for septic tank

absorption fields because of the moderately slow

permeability. Choosing areas of included soils and

installing a larger filter field may help to overcome this

limitation.

Low strength and small stones are the major

limitations in areas cleared for construction. Adding

suitable base material or utilizing special construction

techniques to enhance the load-bearing capacity of

the soil minimizes damage caused by low strength.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

MzC—Mertz channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping, and well

drained. It is typically on foot slopes and benches in

the eastern half of the county. Stones cover 1 to

3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. It is

underlain by dark grayish brown channery silt loam

about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is about 51 inches

thick. The upper 5 inches is dark yellowish brown

channery silt loam, the next 13 inches is yellowish

brown channery silty clay loam, the next 15 inches is

yellowish brown very channery clay loam, and the

lower 18 inches is extremely channery silty clay loam.

The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is

yellowish brown extremely channery silty clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

shallow Weikert soils on steep side slopes and the

very deep Elliber soils on steep foot slopes and side

slopes. Also included are areas of soils that have

fewer rock fragments in the profile than the Mertz soil,

areas of moderately well drained soils, areas of soils

that have a dense substratum, and areas of soils that

have slopes of more than 15 percent. Included soils

make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Mertz soil. Permeability is moderately slow in the

subsoil. Runoff is medium or rapid, and natural fertility

is medium. In unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid

or moderately acid in the solum and very strongly acid

or strongly acid in the substratum. The depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay

but is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The stones restrict the use of

most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is the major

management concern. Seedling mortality is a

moderate limitation. Harvest methods that do not

remove all of the overstory or applications of

herbicides reduce plant competition. Selecting planting

stock that has a well developed root system and

planting as early as possible to take full advantage of

spring rains reduce the seedling mortality rate. In

natural stands, harvest methods that do not expose

the soil surface to the drying effects of the sun also

reduce the seedling mortality rate. No major limitations

affect harvesting. Roads should not be used during

wet periods. If roads must be used when the soil is

wet, adding gravel to the surface minimizes the

formation of ruts. The gravel can possibly be obtained

from nearby deposits of chert. Planting filter strips

along streams, installing water bars, and revegetating

disturbed areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, red maple, and pitch pine. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are flowering dogwood,

mountain laurel, eastern white pine, witch hazel,

common serviceberry, and red maple, and those in the

ground cover are ground pine, teaberry, deerberry, late

low blueberry, black huckleberry, grasses, clovers, and

yarrow.

This soil has severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. The management concerns

are small stones in camp areas and picnic areas and

large stones in areas used as playgrounds. No major

limitations affect the development of paths and trails;

however, installing water-control structures and

revegetating bare areas help to control surface runoff

and erosion.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Some areas of woodland support a moderate

population of ruffed grouse, red and gray squirrels,

and other small game and nongame species, and

large game species, including black bear, white-tailed
104 Soil Survey

deer, and wild turkey. The open areas provide forage

for many species.

The slope, low strength, and the moderately slow

permeability are the main limitations affecting most

urban uses. The slope is the main limitation on sites

for dwellings. Land shaping and designing the

dwellings so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land minimize the effects of the slope.

The slope and the moderately slow permeability are

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

Installing a larger filter field or choosing an alternate

absorption system minimizes the restrictions.

Low strength is a moderate limitation on sites for

local roads and streets. Adding suitable base material

or utilizing special construction techniques to enhance

the load-bearing capacity of the soil minimizes the

damage caused by low strength.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

MzE—Mertz channery silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, steep and moderately steep,

and well drained. It is typically on foot slopes and

benches in the eastern half of the county. Stones

cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown channery silt loam about 2 inches thick. It is

underlain by dark grayish brown channery silt loam

about 1 inch thick. The subsoil is about 51 inches

thick. The upper 5 inches is dark yellowish brown

channery silt loam, the next 13 inches is yellowish

brown channery silty clay loam, the next 15 inches

is yellowish brown very channery clay loam, and

the lower 18 inches is extremely channery silty clay

loam. The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or

more is yellowish brown extremely channery silty clay

loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are areas of the

shallow Weikert soils on steep side slopes and the

very deep Elliber soils on steep foot slopes and side

slopes. Also included are areas of soils that have

fewer rock fragments in the profile than the Mertz soil,

areas of moderately well drained soils, areas of soils

that have a dense substratum, and areas of soils that

have slopes of less than 15 percent or more than

35 percent. Included soils make up about 25 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is low or moderate in

the Mertz soil. Permeability is moderately slow in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid or very rapid, and natural

fertility is medium. In unlimed areas reaction is

strongly acid or moderately acid in the solum and very

strongly acid or strongly acid in the substratum. The

depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is the main

limitation. Harvest methods that do not remove all of

the overstory or applications of herbicides reduce

plant competition. Site preparation following harvest

and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible also reduce plant competition. Regeneration

cuts that leave an isolated single tree or an isolated

group of trees are not recommended. The slope and

low strength are limitations affecting the operability of

logging equipment and the construction of haul roads,

skid trails, and log landings, which are needed for

equipment accessibility. Erosion is a concern in areas

that have been cut and filled for roads. Establishing a

plant cover in these areas helps to control erosion.

Laying out roads and trails on a gentle grade across

the slope, controlling surface runoff, seeding roads,

trails, and landings, and keeping the total mileage or

roads and trails to a minimum also help to control

erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, red maple, and pitch pine. The dominant plant

communities in the understory are flowering dogwood,

mountain laurel, eastern white pine, witch hazel,

common serviceberry, and red maple, and those in the

ground cover are ground pine, teaberry, deerberry, late

low blueberry, black huckleberry, grasses, clovers, and

yarrow.

This soil has severe limitations affecting most

recreational development. Small and large stones and

the slope are the main limitations in camp areas, in

picnic areas, on playgrounds, and on paths and trails.

Laying out paths and trails on a gentle grade across

the slope and installing water-control structures to help

control surface runoff minimize the effects of the slope.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Some areas of woodland support a moderate

population of ruffed grouse, red and gray squirrels,
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 105

and other small game and nongame species, and

large game species, including black bear, white-tailed

deer, and wild turkey. The open areas provide forage

for many species.

The slope and the moderately slow permeability are

severe limitations affecting all urban uses. This soil

generally is not used for urban development. Areas of

included soils that are less sloping may be better

suited to these uses.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

Or—Orrville silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

poorly drained. It is typically on flood plains east of the

Greenbrier River and is subject to occasional flooding.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt

loam about 9 inches thick. The subsoil is about

31 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is yellowish brown

silt loam, and the lower 27 inches is grayish brown silt

loam that has yellowish red, reddish yellow, and gray

mottles. The substratum extends to a depth of

65 inches or more. The upper 10 inches is gray silt

loam that has strong brown, reddish yellow, and

yellowish red mottles, and the lower part is gray very

gravelly loam that has reddish yellow and yellowish

red mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the well drained Tioga and Macove soils, the

poorly drained Holly soils, the moderately well drained

Lobdell soils, and the somewhat excessively drained

Potomac soils. Included soils make up about

20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is high in the Orrville

soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil. Runoff is

slow, and natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed

areas reaction is strongly acid to slightly acid. The

seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1 to 2 feet. It

restricts the root zone of some types of plants. The

depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are in hay or pasture. Some

areas are used for cultivated crops.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture plants that can

tolerate the wetness. The hazard of erosion is slight.

Planting in spring may be delayed by the wetness.

Minimizing tillage, including hay in the cropping

sequence, delaying tillage until the soil is reasonably

dry, and returning crop residue to the soil help to

maintain fertility and tilth. Grasses rather than legumes

are better suited to the soil because of the seasonal

high water table. The wetness is the major

management concern in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses,

a rotation grazing system, and deferment of grazing in

the spring until the soil is reasonably firm are the

major management needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil; however, only a small acreage is

wooded. Logging should be deferred during wet

periods until the soil is reasonably firm. Plant

competition is a management concern. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, river birch, and American sycamore. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern white pine, brookside alder, and river birch,

and those in the ground cover are sedges, reeds, and

milkweed.

The wetness and the flooding are limitations

affecting most recreational development in areas of

this soil. Installing a drainage system and selecting

areas of included soils that are better drained and are

flooded less often minimize the damage caused by

wetness and flooding.

This soil has good potential for woodland and

openland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides cover for white-tailed deer,

ruffed grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail, cottontail

rabbit, and a variety of songbirds.

This soil has severe limitations as a site for most

urban uses because of the flooding and the wetness.

Areas of the included Macove soils have fewer

restrictive features affecting most urban uses.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4W.

Ph—Philo silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and moderately

well drained. It is typically on flood plains of the Deer

Creek watershed in the northeastern part of the

county and is subject to occasional flooding. Slopes

range from 0 to 3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown silt loam

about 9 inches thick. The subsoil is about 24 inches

thick. The upper 10 inches is yellowish brown loam,

the next 7 inches is yellowish brown silt loam that has

gray and strong brown mottles, and the lower 7 inches

is yellowish brown gravelly loam that has gray and

strong brown mottles. The substratum extends to a

depth of 65 inches or more. The upper 7 inches is
106 Soil Survey

brown very gravelly loam that has gray and strong

brown mottles, the next 8 inches is mixed brown and

gray extremely gravelly loam that has strong brown

mottles, and the lower 17 inches is light olive brown

extremely gravelly loam that has gray and strong

brown mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of

the poorly drained Atkins soils and the well drained

Macove soils. Also included are areas of soils that are

gravelly or cobbly in the surface layer. Included soils

make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Philo soil. Permeability is moderate in the subsoil

and rapid or very rapid in the substratum. Runoff is

slow, and natural fertility is medium. In unlimed areas

reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid. The

seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1.5 to 3.0

feet. It restricts the root zone of some types of plants.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops

or hay. A few are used as pasture or woodland.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. If the soil is cultivated, minimum tillage, cover

crops, and a cropping system that includes grasses

and legumes help to increase organic matter content

and maintain tilth. Establishing and maintaining a

mixture of grasses and legumes and applying a proper

grazing system are management concerns in pastured

areas. Proper stocking rates, a rotation grazing

system, and deferment of grazing help to maintain

desirable grasses and legumes.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Plant competition is a management

concern. Site preparation following harvest and the

establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible

reduce plant competition. Adding gravel to the surface

of haul roads, skid roads, and log landings helps to

increase soil strength.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, river birch, and American sycamore. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern white pine, river birch, and rhododendron, and

those in the ground cover are grasses.

The flooding, the wetness, and small stones are the

main limitations affecting most recreational

development in areas of this soil. Installing a drainage

system and selecting areas of included soils that are

better drained and are flooded less often minimize the

damage caused by wetness and flooding. The small

stones should be removed or covered with fill material

that is free of stones.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides cover for white-tailed deer,

ruffed grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail, cottontail

rabbit, and a variety of songbirds.

This soil has severe limitations as a site for most

urban uses because of the flooding.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 5A.

Po—Potomac loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

excessively drained. It is typically on moderately wide

to narrow flood plains in the eastern half of the county

and is subject to frequent flooding.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown loam

about 10 inches thick. The substratum extends to a

depth of more than 65 inches. It is brown. The upper

11 inches is extremely gravelly sandy loam, the next

19 inches is extremely gravelly loamy coarse sand that

has pockets of sandy loam, and the lower 25 inches is

extremely gravelly sandy loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately well drained Lobdell soils and

the well drained Macove soils and small areas of soils

that are cobbly loam in the surface layer. Also included

are some areas of soils that are similar to the Potomac

soil but have a thin cambic horizon, a thin surface

layer of recently deposited alluvial material, or a

subhorizon in the subtratum in which the content of

rock fragments is more than 80 percent. Included soils

make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Potomac soil. Permeability is rapid or very rapid in

the substratum. Runoff is slow, and natural fertility is

medium. In unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid to

neutral. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are in pasture or woodland. A

few are used for cultivated crops or hay.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture. The hazard of

erosion is slight. The soil is droughty because it has a

high content of sand and gravel. The sand and gravel

interfere with cultivation in some areas. If the soil is

cultivated, minimum tillage, cover crops, and a

cropping sequence that includes grasses and legumes

help to increase organic matter content and maintain

fertility and tilth. Overgrazing is a major management

concern in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are management needs in

pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. No major limitations affect harvesting.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 107

Planting filter strips along streams and revegetating

bare areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, river birch, and American sycamore. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

flowering dogwood, black locust, eastern white pine,

and brookside alder, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, mosses, jewelweed, milkweed, and Saint

John’s-wort.

The flooding is the main limitation affecting most

recreational development in areas of this soil.

Recreation facilities should not be built on the flood

plain, or they should be constructed on raised fill

material. Standard septic tank absorption fields are not

feasible in these areas. An alternate system is needed.

Access roads need to have a properly designed

drainage system and a graveled surface if they will be

used during all kinds of weather.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for openland wildlife habitat. It

provides habitat for many species and generally is an

important source of water. The open areas provide

forage, and the wooded areas provide cover. The

potential of the soil for wildlife habitat can be improved

by seeding abandoned haul roads, skid trails, and

landings with grasses and legumes beneficial to

wildlife and by creating grassy openings in the wooded

areas.

This soil is severely limited as a site for most urban

uses because of the flooding, small stones, and the

droughtiness. Areas of the included Macove soils are

better suited to most urban uses.

The capability subclass is IVs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4F.

Pt—Potomac very gravelly loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and somewhat

excessively drained. It is typically on moderately wide

to narrow flood plains in the eastern half of the county

and is subject to frequent flooding. Slopes range from

0 to 3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown very

gravelly loam about 10 inches thick. The substratum

extends to a depth of more than 65 inches. It is brown.

The upper 11 inches is extremely gravelly sandy loam,

the next 19 inches is extremely gravelly loamy coarse

sand that has pockets of sandy loam, and the lower

25 inches is extremely gravelly sandy loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately well drained Lobdell soils and

the well drained Macove soils and small areas of soils

that have a surface layer of loam or very cobbly loam.

Also included are some areas of soils that are similar

to the Potomac soil but have a thin cambic horizon, a

thin surface layer of recently deposited alluvial

material, or a subhorizon in the subtratum in which the

content of rock fragments is more than 80 percent.

Included soils make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Potomac soil. Permeability is rapid or very rapid in

the substratum. Runoff is slow, and natural fertility is

medium. In unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid to

neutral. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used as pasture or are

wooded. A few are used for cultivated crops or hay.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay but

is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is slight.

The soil is droughty because it has a high content of

sand and gravel. The sand and gravel interfere with

cultivation in some areas. Overgrazing is a major

management concern in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes and a rotation grazing system are

management needs in pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. No major limitations affect harvesting.

Planting filter strips along streams and revegetating

bare areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, eastern white

pine, river birch, and American sycamore. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

flowering dogwood, black locust, eastern white pine,

and brookside alder, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, mosses, jewelweed, milkweed, and Saint

John’s-wort.

The flooding and small stones are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. Recreation facilities should not be built on

the flood plain, or they should be constructed on

raised fill material. Standard septic tank absorption

fields are not feasible in these areas. An alternate

system is needed. The stones should be removed or

covered with fill material that is free of stones. Access

roads need to have a properly designed drainage

system and a graveled surface if they will be used

during all kinds of weather. No serious limitations

affect hiking trails.

This soil has poor potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and fair potential for openland wildlife habitat. It

provides habitat for many species and generally is an

important source of water. The open areas provide

forage, and the wooded areas provide cover. The

potential of the soil for wildlife habitat can be improved

by seeding abandoned haul roads, skid trails, and

landings with grasses and legumes beneficial to
108 Soil Survey

wildlife and by creating grassy openings in the wooded

areas.

This soil is severely limited as a site for most urban

uses because of the flooding, the stoniness, and the

droughtiness. Areas of the included Macove soils are

better suited to most urban uses.

The capability subclass is Vs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4F.

Pu—Purdy silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and poorly

drained. It is typically on low stream terraces, mainly

along Deer Creek.

Typically, the surface layer is dark grayish brown silt

loam about 5 inches thick. The subsoil is about

33 inches thick. The upper 4 inches is grayish brown

silty clay loam, the next 5 inches is grayish brown silty

clay that has brownish yellow and strong brown

mottles, and the lower 24 inches is gray silty clay that

has gray, strong brown, and brownish yellow mottles.

The substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is

grayish brown very gravelly silty clay loam that has

gray, light olive brown, and strong brown mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the well drained Chavies soils. Also included

are areas of soils that are moderately well drained or

somewhat poorly drained and areas of soils that have

a gravelly or cobbly surface layer. Included soils make

up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Purdy soil. Permeability is slow or very slow in the

subsoil. Runoff is slow or medium, and natural fertility

is medium. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid

to strongly acid. The seasonal high water table is

within a depth of 1 foot. It restricts the root zone of

some types of plants. The depth to bedrock is more

than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees.

Most of the acreage is pasture or idle land.

This soil has very limited suitability for cultivated

crops. It is better suited to hay and pasture plants that

tolerate wetness. The hazard of erosion is slight. The

wetness restricts the use of most types of farm

machinery. If the soil is cultivated, minimizing tillage,

including hay in the cropping sequence, delaying

tillage until the soil is reasonably dry, and returning

crop residue to the soil help to maintain fertility and

tilth. Overgrazing is the major management concern in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates, a rotation

grazing system, and deferment of grazing until the soil

is firm are the major management needs in pastured

areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded.

Logging activities should be deferred during wetter

periods until the soil is reasonably firm. Plant

competition is a management concern. Site

preparation following harvest and the establishment of

new forest cover as soon as possible reduce plant

competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are pin oak, yellow-poplar, and sweet gum.

The dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern white pine, river birch, and rhododendron, and

those in the ground cover are common Saint John’swort, skunk cabbage, sedges, reeds, mayflower, and

milkweed.

The wetness and the slow or very slow permeability

are the main limitations affecting most recreational

development in areas of this soil. Installing diversions

to help remove surface water and installing a drainage

system minimize the effects of the restrictions.

This soil has fair potential for openland, woodland,

and wetland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of

brush helps to provide food and cover for geese,

ducks, muskrat, mink, and a variety of songbirds.

The wetness is a severe limitation affecting most

urban uses. Areas of included soils that are better

drained have fewer limitations affecting urban

development.

The capability subclass is IVw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 5W.

Sc—Sees silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and moderately

well drained. It is in depressions and along

drainageways on limestone uplands and is subject to

rare flooding. Sinkholes are common in some areas.

Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown

silt loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil is about

50 inches thick. The upper 6 inches is yellowish brown

silty clay, the next 6 inches is yellowish brown silty clay

that has brownish gray, strong brown, and yellowish

red mottles, and the lower 38 inches is gray silty clay

that has brownish yellow, strong brown, and reddish

brown mottles. The substratum to a depth of 65 inches

or more is reddish brown silty clay that has gray,

brownish yellow, and reddish yellow mottles. In places

the soils have a redder subsoil, have gray mottles

higher in the subsoil, or have more clay throughout the

profile.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the well drained Shouns soils and the poorly

drained Holly soils. Included soils make up about

20 percent of the unit.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 109

The available water capacity is high in the Sees

soil. Permeability is slow in the subsoil. Runoff is slow,

and natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed

areas reaction is strongly acid to neutral in the solum

and neutral to moderately alkaline in the substratum.

The seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1 to

2 feet. It restricts the root zone of some types of

plants.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture. Only

a few small areas are wooded.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture plants that tolerate

wetness. The wetness restricts the use of most types

of farm machinery. If the soil is cultivated, minimizing

tillage, including hay in the cropping sequence,

delaying tillage until the soil is reasonably dry, and

returning crop residue to the soil help to maintain

fertility and tilth. Overgrazing is the major management

concern in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates, a

rotation grazing system, and deferment of grazing until

the soil is firm are the major management needs in

pastured areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Controlling competing vegetation and

selecting planting stock that has a well developed root

system help to ensure the successful establishment of

tree plantations.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are white oak, shingle oak, red maple, and

quaking aspen. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are flowering dogwood, silky dogwood,

black willow, and white willow, and those in the ground

cover are grasses, mosses, pipestem, and Saint

John’s-wort.

The wetness and the slow permeability are the

main limitations affecting recreational development in

areas of this soil. Installing diversions to help remove

surface water and installing a drainage system

minimize the effects of the restrictions. Paths and trails

can be developed in areas of the soil. They need a

properly designed drainage system and a graveled

surface.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides food and cover for game

species, such as bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit,

Canada geese, and mourning dove, as well as various

songbirds.

The wetness, a shrink-swell potential, low strength,

and the slow permeability are the main limitations

affecting most urban uses. The wetness and the

shrink-swell potential are limitations on sites for

dwellings without basements. Installing properly

designed footers and footer drains, diverting surface

water away from foundations, backfilling with porous

material, and selecting the best drained areas as

homesites minimize the effects of the limitations. The

soil should not be used as a site for dwellings with

basements.

The wetness and the slow permeability are

limitations on sites for septic tank absorption fields.

Selecting areas of the included well drained soils

as sites, installing a drainage system around the

filter field, or installing a specially designed system

or an alternate system approved by the county

sanitarian may minimize the effects of these

limitations.

Low strength and the wetness are the main

limitations on sites for local roads and streets.

Providing suitable base material to enhance the loadbearing capacity of the soil minimizes the damage

caused by low strength.

Planning carefully so that only a minimal amount of

the soil surface is disturbed, revegetating during or

soon after construction, and properly disposing of

surface water help to control erosion on construction

sites. Topsoil should be stockpiled for use in

revegetation.

The capability subclass is IIIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 5A.

Se—Sensabaugh silt loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and well drained.

It is on flood plains along small streams and

drainageways west of the Greenbrier River and is

subject to occasional flooding. Slopes range from 0 to

3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown silt

loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is about

34 inches thick. It is dark reddish brown. The upper

15 inches is gravelly loam, the next 13 inches is

gravelly sandy clay loam, and the lower 6 inches is

very gravelly loam. The substratum extends to a depth

of 65 inches or more. The upper 15 inches is reddish

brown very gravelly loam, and the lower part is dark

reddish brown extremely gravelly loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the well drained Chavies soils, the poorly

drained Holly soils, and the somewhat excessively

drained Potomac soils. Also included are areas of soils

that have a higher content of rock fragments in the

profile. Included soils make up about 20 percent of the

unit.
110 Soil Survey

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Sensabaugh soil. Permeability is moderate or

moderately rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is slow, and

natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed areas

reaction is slightly acid or neutral. The depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture.

Some small areas are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is slight. If the soil is

cultivated, minimum tillage, cover crops, and a

cropping system that includes grasses and legumes

help to increase organic matter content and maintain

fertility and tilth. Establishing and maintaining a

mixture of grasses and legumes and applying a proper

grazing system are the major management concerns

in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates, a rotation

grazing system, and deferment of grazing help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded.

Plant competition is severe if openings are made in

the canopy. Harvest methods that do not remove all of

the overstory or applications of herbicides reduce

plant competition. The seedling mortality rate is

moderate. It can be reduced by planting containerized

seedlings or more mature seedlings.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are yellow-poplar, white oak, river birch, and

American sycamore. The dominant plant communities

in the understory are rhododendron, river birch, and

brookside alder, and those in the ground cover are

grasses, mosses, and goldenrod.

Few limitations affect the development of picnic

areas and trails. The flooding and small stones are

moderate limitations on sites for playgrounds, and the

flooding is a severe limitation in camp areas.

Recreation facilities should not be built on the flood

plain, or they should be constructed on raised fill

material. The stones should be removed or covered

with fill material that is free of stones.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides cover for white-tailed deer,

ruffed grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail, cottontail

rabbit, and a variety of birds.

The flooding is the major limitation affecting most

urban uses. It limits the soil as a site for dwellings,

septic tank filter fields, and local roads and streets.

The capability subclass is IIw. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

ShB—Shouns silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, gently sloping, and well

drained. It is typically on foot slopes and benches,

mainly in the Hillsboro area.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 50 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is brown silt

loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown channery

silty clay loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown

very channery silty clay loam, and the lower 13 inches

is dark reddish brown very channery clay loam. The

substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is dark red

very channery clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Lodi soils, the deep Belmont

and Duffield soils, and the moderately deep Cateache

soils. Also included are areas of soils that are

moderately well drained, areas of soils that have more

than 35 percent clay in the subsoil, areas of rock

outcrop and associated sinkholes, areas of soils that

have cobbles on the surface, areas of soils that are

flooded when sinkholes become blocked, and areas of

soils that have slopes of less than 3 percent or more

than 8 percent. Inclusions make up about 25 percent

of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Shouns soil. Permeability is moderate in the

subsoil. Runoff is medium, and natural fertility is

medium or high. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid to moderately acid. The depth to bedrock

is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops

or hay. A few are used as pasture or are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is moderate in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

the contour and seeding and mulching bare areas help

to control erosion. Site preparation following harvest
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 111

and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, American beech, black

cherry, eastern hemlock, white oak, and sugar maple.

The dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, witch hazel, black birch, black cherry,

American beech, flowering dogwood, rhododendron,

and black locust, and those in the ground cover are

mayapple, false Solomon’s seal, blue cohosh,

American lily-of-the-valley, black cohosh, ramps,

grasses, ferns, mosses, and wood nettle.

The slope and small stones are the main limitations

on sites for playgrounds. The other recreational

development activities are not limited by these

features. Land shaping or grading to create level areas

or locating the facilities in the less sloping areas

minimizes the effects of the slope. The stones should

be removed or covered with fill material that is free of

stones.

This soil has good potential for woodland and

openland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides cover for ruffed grouse,

bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit, and a variety of

songbirds.

Low strength and the potential for frost action are

the main limitations affecting most urban uses. This

soil has few limitations on sites for dwellings.

The moderate permeability in the subsoil is the

main limitation on sites for septic tank absorption

fields. Enlarging the size of the filter field and digging

wide, deep trenches under the distribution lines

minimize the effects of the restricted permeability.

Low strength is the main limitation on sites for local

roads and streets. Adding suitable base material or

providing special construction techniques to enhance

the load-bearing capacity of the soil minimizes the

damage caused by low strength.

The capability subclass is IIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

ShC—Shouns silt loam, 8 to 15 percent

slopes

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping, and well

drained. It is typically on foot slopes and benches in

the Hillsboro area.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 50 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is brown silt

loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown channery

silty clay loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown

very channery silty clay loam, and the lower 13 inches

is dark reddish brown very channery clay loam. The

substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is dark red

very channery clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Lodi soils, the deep Belmont

and Duffield soils, and the moderately deep Cateache

soils. Also included are areas of soils that are

moderately well drained and areas of soils that have

slopes of less than 8 percent or more than 15 percent.

Included soils make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Shouns soil. Permeability is moderate in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is medium

or high. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid

to moderately acid. The depth to bedrock is more than

60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used for cultivated crops

or hay. A few are used as pasture or are wooded.

This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe in

unprotected areas. It is a management concern.

Applying a system of conservation tillage, cultivating

on the contour, including hay in the cropping

sequence, and returning crop residue to the soil help

to control erosion and maintain fertility and tilth.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

the contour and seeding and mulching bare areas help

to control erosion. Site preparation following harvest

and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, American beech, black

cherry, eastern hemlock, white oak, and sugar maple.

The dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, witch hazel, black birch, black cherry,

American beech, flowering dogwood, rhododendron,

and black locust, and those in the ground cover are

mayapple, false Solomon’s seal, blue cohosh,

American lily-of-the-valley, black cohosh, ramps,

grasses, ferns, mosses, and wood nettle.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

recreational development in areas of this soil. The

effects of the slope can be minimized by excavating

the soil to create level areas. The topsoil removed

during excavation should be saved and used when

revegetating the cleared areas.
112 Soil Survey

This soil has good potential for woodland and

openland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides cover for ruffed grouse,

bobwhite quail, cottontail rabbit, and a variety of

songbirds.

The slope and low strength are the main limitations

affecting urban development. Areas of included soils

that have slopes of 3 to 8 percent have fewer

restrictive features affecting most urban uses.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for

dwellings. Designing dwellings so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land and to the setting

minimizes this restrictive feature. Erosion is a severe

hazard in areas cleared for construction. Revegetating

during or soon after construction reduces the hazard

of erosion.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for septic

tank absorption fields. Installing distribution lines

across the slope or land shaping minimize the effects

of the restrictions caused by the slope.

Low strength and the slope are the main limitations

on sites for local roads and streets. Adding suitable

base material or utilizing special construction

techniques to enhance the load-bearing capacity of

the soil and constructing roads and streets on the

contour minimize the effects of the restrictions.

The capability subclass is IIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4A.

SsC—Shouns silt loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, extremely stony

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping and gently

sloping, and well drained. It is typically on foot slopes

and benches and in coves and drainageways

throughout the county. Stones cover 3 to 15 percent of

the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 50 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is brown silt

loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown channery

silty clay loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown

very channery silty clay loam, and the lower 13 inches

is dark reddish brown very channery clay loam. The

substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is dark red

very channery clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the deep Belmont soils and the moderately

deep Calvin and Cateache soils. Also included are

areas of soils that are moderately well drained, areas

where stones cover less than 3 percent of the surface,

areas of alluvial soils adjacent to drainageways, areas

of soils that have slopes of more than 15 percent,

areas near drainageways where the soils have a

dense layer in the subsoil, and areas west of the

Greenbrier River where boulders cover 3 to 15 percent

of the surface. Inclusions make up about 20 percent of

the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Shouns soil. Permeability is moderate in the

subsoil. Runoff is medium or rapid, and natural fertility

is medium or high. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid to moderately acid. The depth to bedrock

is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are used as pasture or are

wooded. The soil is not suited to cultivated crops or

hay and is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard

of erosion is moderate or severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. The stones restrict the

use of most types of farm machinery. Erosion and

overgrazing are the major management concerns in

pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that help to

maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings and plant competition are the major

management concerns. Laying out roads and trails on

the contour and seeding and mulching bare areas help

to control erosion. Site preparation following harvest

and the establishment of new forest cover as soon as

possible reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, American beech, black

cherry, eastern hemlock, white oak, and sugar maple.

The dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, witch hazel, black birch, black cherry,

American beech, flowering dogwood, rhododendron,

and black locust, and those in the ground cover are

mayapple, false Solomon’s seal, blue cohosh,

American lily-of-the-valley, black cohosh, ramps,

grasses, ferns, mosses, and wood nettle.

Large stones and the slope are limitations affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil. Areas

that are less sloping and have fewer stones on the

surface have fewer restrictions affecting recreational

uses.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Many areas support a moderate population of ruffed

grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and numerous

other small game species. White-tailed deer, black

bear, and turkey are abundant in many areas of the

soil.

The slope and low strength are the main limitations

affecting urban development. Areas of this soil that
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 113

have slopes of 3 to 8 percent have fewer restrictive

features affecting most urban development.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for

dwellings. Designing dwellings so that they conform to

the natural slope of the land and to the setting

minimize the restrictions caused by the slope. Erosion

is a severe hazard in areas cleared for construction.

Revegetating during or soon after construction

reduces the hazard of erosion.

The slope is the main limitation on sites for septic

tank absorption fields. Installing distribution lines

across the slope or land shaping minimize the effects

of the restrictions caused by the slope.

Low strength and the slope are the main limitations

on sites for local roads and streets. Adding suitable

base material or utilizing special construction

techniques to enhance the load-bearing capacity of

the soil and constructing roads and streets on the

contour minimize the effects of the restrictions.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4X.

SsE—Shouns silt loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, extremely stony

This soil is very deep, steep and moderately steep,

and well drained. It is typically on foot slopes and

benches and in coves and drainageways throughout

the county. Stones cover 3 to 15 percent of the

surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 50 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is brown silt

loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown channery

silty clay loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown

very channery silty clay loam, and the lower 13 inches

is dark reddish brown very channery clay loam. The

substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is dark red

very channery clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the deep Belmont soils and the moderately

deep Calvin and Cateache soils. Also included are

areas where stones cover less than 3 percent of the

surface, areas of alluvial soils adjacent to

drainageways, areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 15 percent or more than 35 percent, areas near

drainageways where the soils have a dense layer in

the subsoil, and areas west of the Greenbrier River

where boulders cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface.

Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Shouns soil. Permeability is moderate in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid or very rapid, and natural

fertility is medium or high. In unlimed areas reaction is

very strongly acid to moderately acid. The depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe or very severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north aspects of this soil and moderate on

south aspects. The slope affects the use of some

types of equipment. Erosion on roads and skid trails

and plant competition are the major management

concerns. Laying out roads and trails on the contour

and seeding and mulching bare areas help to control

erosion. Site preparation following harvest and the

establishment of new forest cover as soon as possible

reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, American beech, black

cherry, eastern hemlock, white oak, and sugar maple.

The dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, witch hazel, black birch, black cherry,

American beech, flowering dogwood, rhododendron,

and black locust, and those in the ground cover are

mayapple, false Solomon’s seal, blue cohosh,

American lily-of-the-valley, black cohosh, ramps,

grasses, ferns, mosses, and wood nettle.

Large stones and the slope are limitations affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil. Areas

that are less sloping and have fewer stones on the

surface have fewer restrictions affecting recreational

development. Laying out trails on a gentle grade

across the slope and installing water-control

structures minimize the effects of the slope on paths

and trails.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Many areas support a moderate population of ruffed

grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and numerous

other small game species. White-tailed deer, black

bear, and turkey are abundant in many areas of the

soil.

The slope and low strength are the main limitations

affecting most urban uses. Areas of included soils that

have slopes of 8 to 15 percent have fewer restrictive

features affecting most urban uses.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland
114 Soil Survey

ordination symbol is 4R on north aspects and 3R on

south aspects.

SsF—Shouns silt loam, 35 to 55 percent

slopes, extremely stony

This soil is very deep, very steep, and well drained.

It is typically on foot slopes and in coves and

drainageways throughout the county. Stones cover

3 to 15 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark grayish

brown silt loam about 3 inches thick. The subsoil is

about 50 inches thick. The upper 3 inches is brown silt

loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown channery

silty clay loam, the next 17 inches is reddish brown

very channery silty clay loam, and the lower 13 inches

is dark reddish brown very channery clay loam. The

substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is dark red

very channery clay loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the deep Belmont soils and the moderately

deep Calvin and Cateache soils. Also included are

areas where stones cover less than 3 percent of the

surface, areas of alluvial soils adjacent to

drainageways, areas of soils that have slopes of less

than 35 percent or more than 55 percent, areas near

drainageways where the soils have a dense layer in

the subsoil, and areas west of the Greenbrier River

where boulders cover 3 to 15 percent of the surface.

Inclusions make up about 15 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Shouns soil. Permeability is moderate in the

subsoil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural fertility is

medium or high. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid to moderately acid. The depth to bedrock

is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some have

been cleared of trees and are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on north aspects of this soil and moderate on

south aspects. The slope restricts the use of some

types of equipment. Erosion on roads and skid trails

and plant competition are the major management

concerns. Because of the slope, special equipment or

management techniques are needed when timber is

harvested. Laying out roads and trails on the contour

and seeding and mulching bare areas help to control

erosion. Poor logging practices can result in very

severe erosion in harvested areas. Site preparation

following harvest and the establishment of new forest

cover as soon as possible reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, American beech, black

cherry, eastern hemlock, white oak, and sugar maple.

The dominant plant communities in the understory are

striped maple, witch hazel, black birch, black cherry,

American beech, flowering dogwood, rhododendron,

and black locust, and those in the ground cover are

mayapple, false Solomon’s seal, blue cohosh,

American lily-of-the-valley, black cohosh, ramps,

grasses, ferns, mosses, and wood nettle.

Large stones and the slope are limitations affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil. Areas

that are less sloping and have fewer stones on the

surface have fewer restrictions affecting recreational

development. Laying out trails on a gentle grade

across the slope and installing water-control structures

minimize the effects of the slope on paths and trails.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Many areas support a moderate population of ruffed

grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and numerous

other small game species. White-tailed deer, black

bear, and turkey are abundant in many areas of the

soil.

The slope and low strength are the main limitations

affecting most urban uses. Areas of included soils that

are less sloping have fewer restrictive features

affecting most urban uses.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R on north aspects and 3R on

south aspects.

SwE—Snowdog silt loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony

This soil is very deep, steep and moderately steep,

and moderately well drained. It is typically at the higher

elevations on the lower side slopes, foot slopes, and

benches west of the Greenbrier River. Stones cover

3 to 15 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is very dark brown silt

loam about 2 inches thick. The subsoil is about

53 inches thick. The upper 2 inches is dark brown silt

loam; the next 12 inches is yellowish brown channery

silt loam; the next 24 inches is a fragipan of very firm,

brittle, yellowish brown very channery loam that has

grayish brown and yellowish brown mottles; and the
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 115

lower 15 inches is yellowish brown very channery

sandy loam that has grayish brown and yellowish

brown mottles. The substratum to a depth of 65 inches

or more is yellowish brown channery silt loam that has

grayish brown and yellowish brown mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the poorly drained Trussel soils. Also included

are areas where stones cover less than 3 percent or

more than 15 percent of the surface and areas of soils

that have slopes of more than 35 percent. Inclusions

make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Snowdog soil. Permeability is moderate above the

fragipan and slow or moderately slow in the fragipan.

Runoff is rapid or very rapid, and natural fertility is low.

In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid. The seasonal high water table is at a depth of 1.0

to 2.5 feet. It restricts the root zone of some types of

plants. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some small

areas near the head of the East Fork of the Greenbrier

River are used as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture because of the

stones, the slope, and the short growing season. The

hazard of erosion is very severe in unprotected areas.

It is a management concern. The slope and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil. The slope affects the use of some

types of equipment. Erosion on roads and skid trails

and plant competition are the major management

concerns. Laying out roads and trails on a gentle

grade across the slope and seeding and mulching

bare areas help to control erosion. Site preparation

following harvest, the establishment of new forest

cover as soon as possible, and applications of

herbicides reduce plant competition.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are black cherry, red spruce, red maple, and

yellow birch. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are red spruce, yellow birch, American

beech, eastern hemlock, rhododendron, mountain

holly, and mountain maple, and those in the ground

cover are clubmoss, groundpine, ferns, and wood

sorrell.

Large and small stones and the slope are the main

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The effects of the slope can be minimized

by land shaping and grading to create level areas or

by designing the facilities so that they conform to the

natural slope of the land. The stones should be

removed or covered with fill material that is free of

stones.

This soil has fair potential for woodland wildlife

habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife habitat.

Woodland areas support large game species, such as

black bear, white-tailed deer, and wild turkey, and

nongame species, such as pileated woodpeckers,

reptiles, and a variety of songbirds.

The slope is the main limitation affecting most

urban uses. This soil essentially is not used for urban

development.

The capability subclass is VIIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 4R.

Tg—Tioga fine sandy loam

This soil is very deep, nearly level, and well drained.

It is on the flood plains of the Greenbrier River and its

tributaries and is subject to occasional flooding.

Individual areas generally are long and narrow. Slope

ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

Typically, the surface layer is dark yellowish brown

fine sandy loam about 10 inches thick. The subsoil is

brown fine sandy loam about 28 inches thick. The

substratum to a depth of 65 inches or more is brown

fine sandy loam.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the somewhat excessively drained Potomac

soils, the well drained Chavies soils, the moderately

well drained Lobdell soils, and the somewhat poorly

drained Orrville soils. Also included are areas of soils

that are silt loam throughout the profile. Included soils

make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is moderate or high in

the Tioga soil. Permeability is moderate or moderately

rapid in the subsoil. Runoff is slow or medium, and

natural fertility is medium or high. In unlimed areas

reaction is strongly acid to neutral in the solum and

moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the substratum.

Most areas of this soil have been cleared of trees

and are used for cultivated crops, hay, or pasture

(fig. 7). Some small areas have not been cleared of

trees because access to the areas is severely

restricted by the Greenbrier River or by extremely

steep side slopes.

This soil is well suited to cultivated crops, hay, and

pasture. The hazard of erosion is slight. Cultivated

crops can be grown continuously. If the soil is

cultivated, minimum tillage, cover crops, and a

cropping system that includes grasses and legumes

help to increase organic matter content and maintain
116 Soil Survey

fertility and tilth. Establishing and maintaining a

mixture of grasses and legumes and applying a proper

grazing system are management needs in pastured

areas. Proper stocking rates, a rotation grazing

system, and deferment of grazing help to maintain

desirable grasses and legumes.

The potential productivity for trees is moderately

high on this soil, but only a small acreage is wooded.

No major limitations affect woodland management.

Planting filter strips along streams and revegetating

bare areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, yellow-poplar, American

sycamore, river birch, and yellow buckeye. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

rhododendron, greenbrier, and hawthorn, and those in

the ground cover are grasses.

The flooding is the main limitation affecting

recreational development in areas of this soil.

Recreation facilities should not be built on the flood

plain, or they should be constructed on raised fill

material.

This soil has good potential for openland and

woodland wildlife habitat. Leaving small areas of crops

and hay unharvested along fence rows, field margins,

and farm ponds provides cover for white-tailed deer,

ruffed grouse, squirrels, bobwhite quail, cottontail

rabbit, and a variety of songbirds.

This soil is severely limited as a site for urban uses

because of the flooding.

The capability class is I. The woodland ordination

symbol is 4A.

TrC—Trussel silt loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony

This soil is very deep, strongly sloping and gently

sloping, and poorly drained. It is typically on foot

Figure 7.—An area of Tioga fine sandy loam used for the production of grass-legume hay.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 117

slopes and benches near the head of the East Fork of

the Greenbrier River, along tributaries of Shavers Fork

of Cheat River, and in the Cranberry Wilderness area.

Stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface.

Typically, the surface layer is black silt loam about

2 inches thick. It is underlain by 4 inches of light

brownish gray silt loam that has brownish yellow

mottles. The subsoil is about 41 inches thick. The

upper 5 inches is gray silt loam that has brownish

yellow and dark yellowish brown mottles; the next

7 inches is gray channery silt loam that has yellowish

brown and dark yellowish brown mottles; the next

17 inches is a fragipan of firm, brittle, olive channery

loam that has gray and strong brown mottles; and the

lower 12 inches is light olive gray very channery loam

that has strong brown mottles. The substratum to a

depth of 65 inches or more is light olive brown very

channery loam that has gray and strong brown

mottles.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately well drained Snowdog soils

and the well drained to poorly drained Udifluvents and

Fluvaquents. Also included are areas where stones

cover more than 3 percent of the surface. Inclusions

make up about 20 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low or low in

the Trussel soil. Permeability is moderate above the

fragipan and slow or moderately slow in the fragipan.

Runoff is medium or rapid, and natural fertility is low. In

unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid. The seasonal high water table is within a depth of

6 inches. It restricts the root zone of most types of

plants. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. They are in

Monongahela National Forest.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is

moderate or severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The wetness and the stones

restrict the use of most types of farm machinery.

Erosion and overgrazing are the major management

concerns in pastured areas. Proper stocking rates that

help to maintain desirable grasses and legumes and a

rotation grazing system are the major management

needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for red spruce is high on

this soil. Plant competition and the wetness are the

major management concerns. Site preparation

following harvest and the establishment of new forest

cover as soon as possible reduce plant competition.

Logging should be deferred during wet periods until

the soil is reasonably firm. Adding gravel to the surface

of main roads minimizes the effects of the wetness.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are red spruce, red maple, black cherry, and

yellow birch. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are red spruce, yellow birch, serviceberry,

American beech, and black birch, and those in the

ground cover are groundpine, partridge berry, grasses,

and ferns.

The wetness, the slope, and large stones are

limitations affecting recreational development in areas

of this soil. The effects of the slope can be minimized

by land shaping and grading or by designing the

facilities so that they conform to the natural slope of

the land. The large stones should be removed or

covered with additional fill material. Installing

diversions and drainage systems minimizes the

restrictions caused by the wetness.

This soil has poor potential for woodland and

openland wildlife habitat. Some areas of woodland

support a moderate population of small and large

game species, such as woodcock, ruffed grouse,

beaver, black bear, white-tailed deer, and wild turkey.

The open areas provide forage for many species.

The wetness, the moderately slow permeability, and

the potential for frost action are the main limitations

affecting most urban uses. This soil is not used for

urban development.

The capability subclass is VIs. The woodland

ordination symbol is 7W.

Uf—Udifluvents-Fluvaquents complex

This map unit consists of very deep, well drained to

poorly drained soils on nearly level flood plains at

elevations of more than 3,000 feet. These soils occur

as areas so intermingled that it was not practical to

map them separately. Generally, the Udifluvents are

along the larger drainageways and the Fluvaquents

are along the smaller drainageways. The hazard of

flooding ranges from frequent to rare. The unit is about

45 percent Udifluvents, 35 percent Fluvaquents, and

20 percent other soils. The slopes range from 0 to 3

percent.

Included with these soils in mapping are a few small

areas of soils that are similar to the Udifluvents but

have a cambic horizon and areas of soils that are

similar to the Fluvaquents but have a histic epipedon.

Also included are areas where stones cover 1 to 3

percent of the surface.

The available water capacity, permeability, natural

fertility, and many other characteristics of the

Udifluvents and Fluvaquents vary. Reaction ranges

from extremely acid to strongly acid. The depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches.

All areas of these soils are managed for woodland

and for wildlife habitat. Because of the flooding and the
118 Soil Survey

variability of soil properties, these soils are poorly

suited to other uses.

The potential productivity for trees, the seedling

mortality rate, and plant competition vary on these

soils. The limitations that affect harvesting are severe.

The major limiting factors are the wetness and the

flooding. Operating conventional skidder or tractor

logging equipment is not recommended in areas

where Fluvaquents are the dominant soils.

Conventional skidder or tractor logging equipment can

be used in areas dominated by Udifluvents during the

drier periods of the year if precautions are taken. Haul

roads and landings should be built in adjacent areas of

well drained soils. Because these soils are often

intersected by intermittent stream channels,

constructing haul roads is difficult. If haul roads are

built in areas of the soils, adding gravel to the surface

may be necessary. Skidding equipment should not be

operated in poorly drained areas, and intermittent

stream channels should not be traversed unless

proper crossings have been developed. Planting filter

strips along streams and seeding bare areas help to

control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

these soils are northern red oak, yellow birch,

American beech, American sycamore, river birch, and

red spruce. The dominant plant communities in the

understory are river birch, brookside alder, American

beech, American sycamore, winterberry, and swamp

rose, and those in the ground cover are sphagnum

moss, reeds, sedges, grasses, and ferns.

The flooding and the wetness are limitations

affecting most recreational development in areas of

these soils. Hiking trails can be located in areas of the

soils; however, because of the wetness, special

construction techniques are needed to ensure that the

surface of the trails is stable and well drained.

These soils have poor or very poor potential for

woodland wildlife habitat. Areas of the Fluvaquents,

however, have potential to support wetland plants in

shallow water areas. Many areas of the Fluvaquents

are in grassy meadows, which provide food for wildlife.

These soils have not been assigned a capability

subclass or a woodland ordination symbol.

Us—Udorthents, smoothed

These nearly level to extremely steep, well drained

soils are in areas that have been disturbed by road

construction and industrial and urban development.

They are mainly along the Highland Scenic Highway

(fig. 8) and in the town of Marlinton. Slopes range from

0 to 80 percent but generally are less than 15 percent.

These soils commonly are red, brown, yellow, or

olive. In most areas they are loamy, but in some areas

they are clayey.

Included with these soils in mapping are small

areas of Berks, Cateache, Mandy, Orrville, Tioga, and

Weikert soils. Also included are quarries, dumps, and

storage and processing areas related to logging and

tannery industries. Inclusions make up about

30 percent of the unit.

Estimating the physical and chemical properties of

these soils is impractical because the soils have been

disturbed and vary greatly. The soils in most fill areas,

however, are more than 60 inches deep over bedrock.

Runoff ranges from medium in nearly level areas to

extremely rapid in extremely steep areas. Natural

fertility ranges from low to high.

These soils are in areas used for building site

development, or the acreage is idle land.

Because of the extreme variability of these soils,

onsite investigation is necessary to determine the

suitability of the soils for any proposed use.

These soils have not been assigned a capability

subclass or a woodland ordination symbol.

WeC—Weikert channery silt loam, 8 to

15 percent slopes

This soil is shallow, strongly sloping, and well

drained. It is typically in the eastern half of the county

on low convex ridgetops or adjacent to terraces.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by yellowish

brown very channery silt loam about 5 inches thick.

The subsoil also is yellowish brown very channery silt

loam about 5 inches thick. The substratum is brownish

yellow extremely channery silt loam. Multicolored

siltstone and shale bedrock is at a depth of about

15 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Allegheny soils and the

moderately deep Berks soils. Also included are areas

of soils that are less than 10 inches deep over

bedrock, areas of soils that have fewer rock fragments

in the profile than the Weikert soil, areas of soils that

have slopes of less than 8 percent or more than

15 percent, and areas where stones cover 1 to 3

percent of the surface. Inclusions make up about 20

percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low in the

Weikert soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is low. In

unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly

acid. Bedrock is at a depth of 10 to 20 inches. It

restricts the root zone of some types of plants.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 119

as pasture, and a few are used for hay or cultivated

crops.

This soil has limited suitability for cultivated crops. It

is better suited to hay and pasture. The hazard of

erosion is severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. The slope, the depth to

bedrock, and droughtiness during the growing season

are the main restrictive features affecting cultivated

crops. Applying a system of conservation tillage,

growing crops on the contour, including hay in the

cropping sequence, and returning crop residue to the

soil help to control erosion and maintain fertility and

tilth. Erosion and overgrazing are the major

management concerns in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the

major management needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Seedling mortality is severe because of the

depth to bedrock and the droughtiness during the

growing season. Special stock that is larger than

usual, containerized seedlings, and special site

preparation, such as furrowing, reduce the seedling

mortality rate. Erosion on roads, skid trails, and log

landings is a major management concern. Laying out

roads and trails on the contour and seeding and

mulching bare areas help to control erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory, pitch

pine, eastern white pine, and chestnut oak. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern white pine, white oak, hickory, flowering

dogwood, witch hazel, mountain laurel, and

rhododendron, and those in the ground cover are

white snakeroot, gaywings, late low blueberry, black

huckleberry, grasses, mosses, and teaberry.

The slope, the depth to bedrock, the droughtiness,

and small stones are the main limitations affecting

most recreational development in areas of this soil.

The soil is suitable as a site for paths and trails if the

paths and trails are layed out on a gentle grade across

the slope.

This soil has very poor potential for woodland

wildlife habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife

habitat. Many areas support a moderate population of

ruffed grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and

Figure 8.—An area of Udorthents, smoothed, along Highland Scenic Highway. Mandy and Gauley soils are in the background.
120 Soil Survey

numerous other small game species. White-tailed deer

and wild turkey are abundant in areas along Deer and

Sitlington Creeks.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations affecting urban uses. Areas of the included

Allegheny soils have fewer restrictive features affecting

urban development because they are deeper to

bedrock.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations on sites for dwellings. Building above the

bedrock, adding fill material when landscaping, and

designing dwellings so that they conform to the natural

slope of the land and to the setting minimize the

effects of the restrictions caused by the slope and the

depth to bedrock. Erosion is a severe hazard in areas

cleared for construction. Revegetating during or soon

after construction reduces the hazard of erosion.

The depth to bedrock is the main limitation on sites

for septic tank absorption fields. Subdividing lots so

that they are larger in size may help to include areas

of more favorable soils in the lots. Installing an

alternate system may minimize the effects of the

restrictions caused by the depth to bedrock.

The depth to bedrock and the slope are the main

limitations on sites for local roads and streets.

Designing grades that do not require excavation of

bedrock, constructing roads and streets on the

contour, and adding coarse grained base material

minimize the effects of the restrictions caused by the

slope and the depth to bedrock.

The capability subclass is IVe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 2D.

WeD—Weikert channery silt loam, 15 to

25 percent slopes

This soil is shallow, moderately steep, and well

drained. It is typically in the eastern half of the county

on low, narrow ridgetops and on side slopes adjacent

to terraces.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by yellowish

brown very channery silt loam about 5 inches thick.

The subsoil also is yellowish brown very channery silt

loam about 5 inches thick. The substratum is brownish

yellow extremely channery silt loam. Multicolored

siltstone and shale bedrock is at a depth of about

15 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the very deep Allegheny and Macove soils

and the moderately deep Berks soils. Also included

are areas of soils that are less than 10 inches deep

over bedrock, areas of soils that have fewer rock

fragments in the profile than the Weikert soil, areas of

soils that have slopes of less than 15 percent or more

than 25 percent, and areas where stones cover 1 to

3 percent of the surface. Inclusions make up about

25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity is very low in the

Weikert soil. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is rapid, and natural fertility is low. In

unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or strongly

acid. Bedrock is at a depth of 10 to 20 inches. It

restricts the root zone of some types of plants.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay, but

it is suited to pasture. The hazard of erosion is severe

in unprotected areas. It is a management concern. The

slope restricts the use of some types of farm

machinery. Erosion and overgrazing are the major

management concerns in pastured areas. Proper

stocking rates that help to maintain desirable grasses

and legumes and a rotation grazing system are the

major management needs in these areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

north and south aspects of this soil. Seedling mortality

is severe because of the depth to bedrock and

droughtiness during the growing season. The slope

affects the use of some types of equipment. Erosion

on roads and skid trails is a major management

concern. Planting special stock that is larger than

usual or planting containerized seedlings reduces the

seedling mortality rate. Laying out roads and trails on

the contour and seeding these areas help to control

erosion.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory on

this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory, pitch

pine, eastern white pine, and chestnut oak. The

dominant plant communities in the understory are

eastern white pine, white oak, hickory, flowering

dogwood, witch hazel, mountain laurel, and

rhododendron, and those in the ground cover are

white snakeroot, gaywings, late low blueberry, black

huckleberry, grasses, mosses, and teaberry.

The depth to bedrock, the slope, the droughtiness,

and small stones are the main limitations affecting

most recreational development in areas of this soil.

Land shaping and grading or designing the facilities so

that they conform to the natural slope of the land

minimizes the effects of the slope. Paths and trails

should be established on a gentle grade across the

slope. Water-control structures should be installed to

help control surface runoff. The stones should be

removed or covered with fill material that is free of

stones. Maintaining a vigorously growing vegetative
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 121

cover on the soil minimizes the effects of the limited

depth to bedrock and the droughtiness.

This soil has very poor potential for woodland

wildlife habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife

habitat. Many areas support a moderate population of

ruffed grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and

numerous other small game species. White-tailed deer

and wild turkey are abundant in areas along Deer and

Sitlington Creeks.

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses. Areas of

included soils that have slopes of 8 to 15 percent and

are deeper to bedrock have fewer restrictive features

affecting urban development.

The capability subclass is VIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 3R on north aspects and 2R on

south aspects.

WeF—Weikert channery silt loam, 25 to

55 percent slopes

This soil is shallow, steep and very steep, and well

drained. It is typically in the eastern half of the county

on side slopes that generally are adjacent to flood

plains or terraces.

Typically, the surface layer is dark brown channery

silt loam about 1 inch thick. It is underlain by yellowish

brown very channery silt loam about 5 inches thick.

The subsoil also is yellowish brown very channery silt

loam about 5 inches thick. The substratum is brownish

yellow extremely channery silt loam. Multicolored

siltstone and shale bedrock is at a depth of about

15 inches.

Included with this soil in mapping are a few small

areas of the moderately deep Berks soils on the lower

side slopes, the very deep Macove soils on foot slopes

and in coves, and the very deep Orrville soils on

narrow flood plains. Also included are areas of soils

that are less than 10 inches deep over bedrock, areas

of soils that have fewer rock fragments in the profile

than the Weikert soil, areas of soils that have slopes of

less than 25 percent or more than 55 percent, areas

where stones cover 1 to 3 percent of the surface, and

areas where most of the original surface layer has

been removed by erosion and the subsoil is exposed.

Inclusions make up about 25 percent of the unit.

The available water capacity of this Weikert soil is

very low. Permeability is moderately rapid in the

subsoil. Runoff is very rapid, and natural fertility is low.

In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid or

strongly acid. The root zone of some types of plants is

restricted by bedrock at a depth of 10 to 20 inches.

Most areas of this soil are wooded. Some are used

as pasture.

This soil is not suited to cultivated crops or hay and

is difficult to manage for pasture. The hazard of

erosion is very severe in unprotected areas. It is a

management concern. Erosion and overgrazing

are the major management concerns in pastured

areas. Proper stocking rates that help to maintain

desirable grasses and legumes and a rotation grazing

system are the major management needs in these

areas.

The potential productivity for trees is moderate on

this soil. Seedling mortality is severe because of the

depth to bedrock and droughtiness during the growing

season. The slope affects the use of some types of

equipment. Erosion on roads and skid trails is a major

management concern. Planting special stock that is

larger than usual or planting containerized seedlings

reduces the seedling mortality rate. Because of the

slope, special equipment or management techniques

are needed when timber is harvested. Laying out

roads and trails on the contour and seeding these

areas help to control erosion. Poor logging practices

can result in very severe erosion in harvested

areas.

The dominant plant communities in the overstory

on this soil are northern red oak, white oak, hickory,

pitch pine, eastern white pine, and chestnut oak.

The dominant plant communities in the understory

are eastern white pine, white oak, hickory,

flowering dogwood, witch hazel, mountain laurel,

and rhododendron, and those in the ground cover

are white snakeroot, gaywings, late low blueberry,

black huckleberry, grasses, mosses, and

teaberry.

The depth to bedrock, the slope, the droughtiness,

and small stones are the main limitations affecting

most recreational development in areas of this soil.

Land shaping and grading or designing the facilities so

that they conform to the natural slope of the land

minimizes the effects of the slope. Paths and trails

should be established on a gentle grade across the

slope. Water-control structures should be installed to

help control surface runoff. The stones should be

removed or covered with fill material that is free of

stones. Maintaining a vigorously growing vegetative

cover on the soil minimizes the effects of the limited

depth to bedrock and the droughtiness.

This soil has very poor potential for woodland

wildlife habitat and poor potential for openland wildlife

habitat. Many areas support a moderate population of

ruffed grouse; red, gray, and fox squirrels; and
122

numerous other small game species. White-tailed deer

and wild turkey are abundant in areas along Deer and

Sitlington Creeks.

The slope and the depth to bedrock are the main

limitations affecting most urban uses. This soil is not

used for urban development. Areas of included soils

that are less sloping and deeper to bedrock are better

suited to urban development.

The capability subclass is VIIe. The woodland

ordination symbol is 2R on north and south aspects.
123

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation

of the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of these soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis in predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as woodland; as sites for buildings, sanitary facilities,

highways and other transportation systems, and parks

and other recreational facilities; and for wildlife habitat.

It can be used to identify the potentials and limitations

of each soil for specific land uses and to help prevent

construction failures caused by unfavorable soil

properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain

or create a land use pattern in harmony with the

natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can

use it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness,

or very firm soil layers can cause difficulty in

excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers,

and others may also find this survey useful. The

survey can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes

and locate sites for pavements, sidewalks,

campgrounds, playgrounds, lawns, and trees and

shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

Dave Crickenberger, district conservationist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

General management needed for crops and pasture

is suggested in this section. The estimated yields of

the main crops and pasture plants are listed for each

soil, the system of land capability classification used

by the Natural Resources Conservation Service is

explained, and prime farmland is described.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider the detailed

information given in the description of each soil under

the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific

information can be obtained from the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or the

Cooperative Extension Service.

Some general principles of management apply to all

of the soils suitable for farm crops and pasture

throughout the county, although individual soils or

groups of soils require different kinds of management.

The general principles of management are described

in the following paragraphs.

Most of the soils in the county have a moderate or

low supply of plant nutrients. As a result, applications

of lime and fertilizer are necessary. The amounts to be

applied depend on the type of soil, the cropping

history, the type of crop grown, and the level of desired

yields and should be determined by the results of soil

tests and analyses.

The content of organic matter is low in most of the

cultivated soils in the county. Increasing the content is

not feasible. The content can be maintained, however,

by adding farm manure, by returning crop residue to

the soil, and by growing sod crops, cover crops, and

green manure crops.

Tillage tends to break down soil structure and

should be kept to the minimum necessary to prepare

the seedbed and control weeds. Maintaining the

Use and Management of the Soils
124 Soil Survey

content of organic matter in the plow layer helps to

maintain soil structure.

No-till farming is becoming more common when

some annual crops and new stands of grasses and

legumes are established. Winter cover crops also are

being included as part of no-till systems when row

crops are grown. These practices help to maintain the

soil structure and the content of organic matter.

Runoff and erosion occur mainly while a cultivated

crop is growing or soon after it has been harvested. If

cultivated, all of the gently sloping and steeper soils in

the county are subject to erosion. A suitable cropping

system that helps to control erosion is needed on

these soils. In areas where such a system is applied,

the main management needs are proper crop

rotations, minimum tillage, mulch planting, crop

residue management, cover crops and green manure

crops, and applications of lime and fertilizer. Other

major erosion-control measures are contour farming,

contour stripcropping, and grassed waterways. The

effectiveness of a particular combination of these

measures differs from one soil to another. Different

combinations can be equally effective on the same

soil.

Erosion is a critical problem in the county on some

of the soils commonly used for pasture. Additional

management concerns that are very difficult to

overcome include the slope, the large size of the

individual pastured areas, low fertility, encroachment

of brush, and a lack of adequate water sources in

proper locations.

A high level of pasture management, including

applications of fertilizer, controlled grazing, and proper

selection of forage species, is needed to prevent

excessive erosion on some soils. The best controlled

grazing system is rotating livestock from one pasture

to another and allowing for regrowth of the pasture

plants. Other means of controlling grazing are varying

the stocking rate according to forage production at

different times in the growing season, deferring

grazing to provide extra time for plant growth in areas

grazed in the midsummer or fall, improving the grazing

distribution in pastures by providing additional sources

of water, and periodically moving the salt to areas that

are undergrazed.

Generally, the quality of plant species in pastured

areas varies in direct proportion to the level of

management. In some situations it may be necessary

to provide a seed source for better quality forage

plants as the overall management level is improved.

This is sometimes accomplished by feeding hay in

areas where the ground cover is sparse or the species

are undesirable. Frost seeding also is an option.

The composition of the plant species also can be

improved by increasing the level of available plant

nutrients in areas of soils that have adequate pH.

Applications of phosphate in pastured areas generally

result in a higher percentage of white clover. Aerial

application of phosphate is the common method of

improving pastures in steep areas.

The local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service can provide information and

assistance in choosing suitable practices for the

management of the soils for crops and pasture.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected

of the principal crops under a high level of

management are shown in table 5. In any given year,

yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in

the table because of variations in rainfall and other

climatic factors. The land capability classification of

each map unit also is shown in the table.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations are also

considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the

proper planting and seeding rates; suitable highyielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage;

control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects;

favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown

in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed

because the acreage of such crops is small. The local

office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service

or of the Cooperative Extension Service can provide

information about the management and productivity of

the soils for those crops.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 125

Crops that require special management are excluded.

The soils are grouped according to their limitations for

field crops, the risk of damage if they are used for

crops, and the way they respond to management. The

criteria used in grouping the soils do not include major

and generally expensive landforming that would

change slope, depth, or other characteristics of the

soils, nor do they include possible but unlikely major

reclamation projects. Capability classification is not a

substitute for interpretations designed to show

suitability and limitations of groups of soils for

woodland or for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally grouped

at three levels—capability class, subclass, and unit

(USDA 1961). Only class and subclass are used in

this survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals

indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower

choices for practical use. The classes are defined as

follows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their

use.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require special

conservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations that

reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other

limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations that

make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that nearly preclude their use for

commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one

class. They are designated by adding a small letter, e,

w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe. The

letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of

erosion unless close-growing plant cover is

maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil

interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some soils

the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial

drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly

because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used

in only some parts of the United States, shows that the

chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very dry.

In class I there are no subclasses because the soils

of this class have few limitations. Class V contains only

the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because the

soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion. They

have other limitations that restrict their use to pasture,

rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or recreation.

The acreage of soils in each capability class and

subclass is shown in table 6. The capability

classification of the map units in this survey area is

given in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” and in

the yields table.

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important

farmland defined by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the

Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and

fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is

limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes

that responsible levels of government, as well as

individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise

use of our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of

physical and chemical characteristics for producing

food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is

available for these uses. It could be cultivated land,

pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not

urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil qualities,

growing season, and moisture supply are those

needed for the soil to economically produce sustained

high yields of crops when proper management,

including water management, and acceptable farming

methods are applied. In general, prime farmland has

an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from

precipitation or irrigation, a favorable temperature and

growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an

acceptable salt and sodium content, and few or no

rocks. It is permeable to water and air. It is not

excessively erodible or saturated with water for long

periods, and it either is not frequently flooded during

the growing season or is protected from flooding. The

slope ranges mainly from 0 to 6 percent. More detailed

information about the criteria for prime farmland is

available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

About 30,075 acres in the survey area, or about 5

percent of the total acreage, meets the soil

requirements for prime farmland. Most areas of this

land are adjacent to the major drainageways in the

county.

The map units in the survey area that are

considered prime farmland are listed in table 7. This

list does not constitute a recommendation for a

particular land use. On some soils included in the list,
126 Soil Survey

measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such

as flooding, wetness, and droughtiness, are needed.

Onsite evaluation is needed to determine whether or

not the hazard or limitation has been overcome by

corrective measures. The extent of each listed map

unit is shown in table 4. The location is shown on the

detailed soil maps at the back of this publication. The

soil qualities that affect use and management are

described under the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Woodland Management and Productivity

Charles L. Rowan, forester, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, and Harry Mahoney, timber utilization forester, Forest

Service, helped to prepare this section.

Of the total 602,600 acres in the county, about

471,000 acres, or more than 78 percent of the total

acreage, is used as commercial forest land. About

47,600 acres is noncommercial forest land, and the

remaining 84,000 acres in the county is not forested.

The noncommercial forest land, which includes State

parks and the Cranberry Wilderness area, has

extremely low productivity or is not available for timber

harvest.

About 308,700 acres of the forest land in the county

is in Monongahela National Forest. Most of this

acreage is commercial forest land. In addition to the

Cranberry Wilderness area, about 38,000 acres of the

National forest land has been designated for

semiprimitive, nonmotorized recreational activities.

This acreage has not been subtracted from the total

acreage of commercial forest land but cannot be

considered available for commercial harvest for 10 to

15 years.

Pocahontas County has a significantly higher

proportion of northern hardwoods, or maple-beechbirch type, than any other county in the state. The

maple-beech-birch type is on highly productive sites,

especially west of the Greenbrier River. It generally

includes a significant proportion of black cherry. The

oak-hickory type is in the drier areas east of the

Greenbrier River. Much of the eastern part of the

county originally supported large stands of high-quality

eastern white pine, and many areas within the present

day oak-hickory type are returning to eastern white

pine through succession. The increased production of

eastern white pine represents a long-term opportunity

in the county. Soils at the higher elevations, generally

above 3,500 feet, support an increasing amount of red

spruce, either in relatively pure stands or mixed with

northern hardwoods.

The main product manufactured by sawmills in the

county is green lumber, which is used primarily by

furniture manufacturers in North Carolina and Virginia.

Lower grades of lumber are sold and used locally or in

the manufacture of pallets. Some high-quality logs are

sold for veneer manufactured outside the county. Four

rustic fence companies within the county produce

fencing, utilizing both hardwoods and softwoods,

notably red spruce.

Parts of the county are within the normal

procurement area of the pulp and paper mills at

Covington, Virginia, and Luke, Maryland. In 1981,

more than 5,000 cords of wood from Pocahontas

County were sent to these mills.

In general, Pocahontas County has a major timber

resource, particularly of hardwood species. The output

of timber could be greatly increased on a sustained

yield basis, especially through expanded use of

smaller sized timber. The molding and dimension mills,

which were recently built in the area, will utilize this

resource. Development of drying facilities and smallor moderate-sized secondary manufacturing facilities

is especially desirable to improve the contribution of

forest products to the local economy. Locating a

pulpwood concentration or processing yard, or both, in

the western part of the county would improve the

market for small-sized timber cut down when stands

are thinned and for the residual material left over when

sawlogs are harvested.

Tables 8 and 9 can be used by woodland owners or

forest managers in planning the use of soils for wood

crops. The aspects of some soils, generally those

having slopes of more than 15 percent, are shown in

these tables. North aspects are those that face in any

compass direction from 315 degrees to 135 degrees.

South aspects are those that face in any compass

direction from 135 degrees to 315 degrees. A soil with

north aspect generally is moister than the same soil

with south aspect and commonly has a productivity

rating that is one number better than that for the same

soil with south aspect. For example, a Calvin soil with

north aspect has an ordination symbol of 4F, while the

same Calvin soil with south aspect has an ordination

symbol of 3F. Aspect also affects the occurrence of

tree species and the degree of management

concerns.

In table 8, slight, moderate, and severe indicate the

degree of the major soil limitations to be considered in

management.

Erosion hazard is the probability that damage will

occur as a result of site preparation and cutting where

the soil is exposed along roads, skid trails, and fire

lanes and in log-handling areas. Forests that have

been burned or overgrazed are also subject to erosion.

Ratings of the erosion hazard are based on the

percent of the slope. A rating of slight indicates that no

particular prevention measures are needed under
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 127

ordinary conditions. A rating of moderate indicates that

erosion-control measures are needed in certain

silvicultural activities. A rating of severe indicates that

special precautions are needed to control erosion in

most silvicultural activities. The proper construction

and maintenance of roads, landings, and fire lanes

help to control erosion.

Seedling mortality refers to the death of naturally

occurring or planted tree seedlings, as influenced by

the kinds of soil, soil wetness, or topographic

conditions. The factors used in rating the soils for

seedling mortality are texture of the surface layer,

depth to a seasonal high water table and the length of

the period when the water table is high, rock

fragments in the surface layer, effective rooting depth,

and slope aspect. A rating of slight indicates that

seedling mortality is not likely to be a problem under

normal conditions. Expected mortality is less than 25

percent. A rating of moderate indicates that some

problems from seedling mortality can be expected.

Extra precautions are advisable. Expected mortality is

25 to 50 percent. A rating of severe indicates that

seedling mortality is a serious problem. Extra

precautions are important. Replanting may be

necessary. Expected mortality is more than 50

percent. Special planting stock and special site

preparation, such as bedding, furrowing, or surface

drainage, reduce the seedling mortality rate.

Plant competition ratings indicate the degree to

which undesirable species are expected to invade and

grow when openings are made in the tree canopy. The

main factors that affect plant competition are depth to

the water table and the available water capacity. A

rating of slight indicates that competition from

undesirable plants is not likely to prevent natural

regeneration or suppress the more desirable species.

Planted seedlings can become established without

undue competition. A rating of moderate indicates that

competition may delay the establishment of desirable

species. Competition may hamper stand development,

but it will not prevent the eventual development of fully

stocked stands. A rating of severe indicates that

competition can be expected to prevent regeneration

unless precautionary measures are applied. Adequate

site preparation before planting or soon after

regeneration of the new crop helps to control plant

competition.

Haul roads and skid roads ratings refer to the soil

properties that affect construction, trafficability, and

maintenance of roads. Haul roads lead from log

landings to primary or surfaced roads. Skid roads

differ from skid trails in that they are in designated

locations, have repeated passes made over them, and

may have limited maintenance performed on them.

Slope, soil stability, wetness, rockiness, stoniness, soil

strength, soil texture, depth to hard bedrock, and

flooding should be considered when selecting routes.

A rating of slight indicates no serious limitations affect

construction, maintenance, season of use, or the

return of the soil to forest production. A rating of

moderate indicates some limitations affect

construction. These limitations can be overcome by

applying routine construction techniques. Construction

and maintenance costs are higher in these areas than

in areas that have only slight limitations. Returning the

soil to forest production generally is more difficult. The

season of use is somewhat limited in places. A rating

of severe indicates that one or more limitations require

the application of special or expensive construction

techniques. Construction and maintenance costs are

high, or the season of use is severely limited in places.

Returning the disturbed soils to forest production is

difficult or impossible. Planning routes so that the least

amount of soil is disturbed during construction,

building the roads on a gentle grade across the slope,

providing for adequate disposal of surface water, and

surfacing the roads with durable material help to

overcome the limitations.

Log landings are areas where logs are assembled

and loaded for transport. Areas that require little or no

surface preparation or cutting and filling are the best

sites for log landings. Wetness, flooding, rockiness,

stoniness, rock fragments in the soil, depth to hard

bedrock, soil strength, soil texture, slope, and soil

stability should be considered when selecting the

sites. A rating of slight indicates that no serious

limitations affect the construction, season of use, or

the return of the soil to forest production. A rating of

moderate indicates that some limitations affect

construction. These limitations can be overcome by

applying proper construction techniques. Areas rated

moderate generally are more difficult to return to forest

production than those rated slight. A rating of severe

indicates that some limitations require the application

of special or expensive construction techniques.

Construction and maintenance costs are high, or the

season of use is very limited. Areas rated severe are

very difficult or impossible to return to forest

production. Installing diversion ditches, grading the soil

so that it has a more desirable slope, and surfacing

the landing with durable material help to overcome the

limitations.

Operability of equipment in logging areas ratings

refer to the characteristics and conditions of the soil

that restrict use of the equipment generally needed in

woodland management or harvesting. The areas are

either partially or completely logged. The logging

activities include operating a rubber-tired skidder from
128 Soil Survey

the stumps to the skid roads or log landings. The chief

characteristics and conditions considered in the

ratings are slope, slippage, soil wetness, rock outcrop,

stones on the surface, texture of the surface layer, and

flooding. A rating of slight indicates that use of

equipment generally is not restricted either in kind of

equipment that can be used or time of year because of

soil factors. If soil wetness is a factor, the use of

equipment can be restricted for a period not to exceed

3 months. A rating of moderate indicates that the use

of equipment is moderately restricted because of one

or more soil factors. If soil wetness is a factor, the use

of equipment is restricted for a period of 3 to 6 months.

A rating of severe indicates that the use of equipment

is severely restricted either in kind of equipment or

season of use. If soil wetness is a factor, the use of

equipment is restricted for a period of more than 6

months. Using the best suited equipment and

operating the equipment only when the soil is dry or

frozen help to overcome the equipment limitation.

Table 9 lists the ordination symbol, which shows the

potential productivity of merchantable or common

trees, for those soils in the county that are suitable for

wood crops. It also lists the site index and average

annual growth. Soils assigned the same ordination

symbol require the same general management and

have about the same potential productivity.

The first part of the ordination symbol, a number,

indicates the potential productivity of the soils for an

indicator tree species. The number indicates the

volume, in cubic meters per hectare per year, which

the indicator species can produce. The larger the

number, the greater the potential productivity. The

number 1 indicates low potential productivity; 2 or 3,

moderate; 4 or 5, moderately high; 6 to 8, high; 9 to 11,

very high; and 12 to 39, extremely high. The second

part of the symbol, a letter, indicates the major kind of

soil limitation. The letter R indicates steep slopes; X,

stoniness or rockiness; W, excess water in or on the

soil; T, toxic substances in the soil; D, restricted rooting

depth; C, clay in the upper part of the soil; S, sandy

texture; F, a high content of rock fragments in the soil;

L, low strength; and N, snowpack. The letter A

indicates that limitations or restrictions are

insignificant. If a soil has more than one limitation, the

priority is as follows: R, X, W, T, D, C, S, F, L, and N.

The potential productivity of merchantable or

commonly grown trees on a soil is expressed as a site

index. This index is the average height, in feet, that

dominant and codominant trees of a given species

attain in 50 years. The site index applies to fully

stocked, even-aged, unmanaged stands. Commonly

grown trees are those that woodland managers

generally favor in intermediate or improvement

cuttings. They are selected on the basis of growth rate,

quality, value, and marketability.

Average annual growth of some of the commonly

grown trees is expressed as cubic feet, board feet,

and cords per acre (Schnur 1937).

The first species listed under commonly grown

trees for a soil is the indicator species for that soil. It is

the most common species on the soil and generally is

the most productive species. The productivity class of

the indicator species is the number for the ordination

symbol.

Recreation

Norris Long, member, Pocahontas County Parks and

Recreation Board, helped to prepare this section.

Pocahontas County is located within a day’s travel

distance of approximately one-half of the population of

the United States, providing a demographic location

high in potential use for recreation.

Pocahontas County is known as “the birthplace of

rivers.” Eight rivers have their headwaters in the

county. They are the Greenbrier, Cherry, Cheat, Elk,

Cranberry, Gauley, Williams, and Tygart Rivers. These

major rivers, combined with their tributaries, provide

for about 106 miles of warm water fishing and

224 miles of cold water fishing. There are also four

lakes in the county that provide opportunities for

recreational boating and fishing.

The wooded areas in the county provide habitat for

a wide variety of wildlife. The large game species are

white-tailed deer, black bear, and wild turkey. The

major small game species include squirrels, ruffed

grouse, cottontail rabbit, and snowshoe hare.

About 57 percent of the total acreage in the county

is public land. The majority of this land is managed by

the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service.

The portion of Monongahela National Forest that is

in the county provides opportunities for hunting,

fishing, camping, hiking, and rock climbing. It also

includes scenic vistas and unique botanical areas.

Areas of special interest in Monongahela National

Forest include the Cranberry Glades Botanical Area,

Falls of Hills Creek Scenic Area, and Gaudineer

Scenic Area. The Highland Scenic Highway, a 45-mile

National scenic byway, offers views of some of the

most beautiful and rugged terrain in the county.

The State of West Virginia owns or controls 34,067

acres of recreational land in the county. This acreage

makes up five State parks, two State forests, and the

Handley Public Hunting and Fishing area. Watoga

State Park is West Virginia’s largest and oldest State
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 129

park. Droop Mountain Battlefield State Park is the site

of the largest Civil War engagement in West Virginia.

Beartown State Park is an area of geologic interest

and natural beauty. Cass Scenic Railroad State Park

and Greenbrier River Trail State Park offer unique and

varied recreational experiences. The State forests are

Seneca State Forest, which is West Virginia’s oldest

State forest, and Calvin Price State Forest. Both offer

many recreational opportunities for hiking, camping,

fishing, and hunting.

Skiing is becoming an increasingly important

recreational activity in the county. Three resorts in the

county offer some of the most popular and challenging

ski areas south of New England.

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 10

according to limitations that affect their suitability for

recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility of

the area, the size and shape of the area and its scenic

quality, vegetation, access to water, potential water

impoundment sites, and access to public sewer lines.

The capacity of the soil to absorb septic tank effluent

and the ability of the soil to support vegetation are also

important. Soils subject to flooding are limited for

recreational uses by the duration and intensity of

flooding and the season when flooding occurs. In

planning recreational facilities, onsite assessment of

the height, duration, intensity, and frequency of

flooding is essential.

In the table, the degree of soil limitation is

expressed as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight

means that soil properties are generally favorable and

that limitations are minor and easily overcome.

Moderate means that limitations can be overcome or

alleviated by planning, design, or special maintenance.

Severe means that soil properties are unfavorable and

that limitations can be offset only by costly soil

reclamation, special design, intensive maintenance,

limited use, or a combination of these measures.

The information in the table can be supplemented

by other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in

table 13 and interpretations for dwellings without

basements and for local roads and streets in table 12.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing

campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the

season of use. The surface is free of stones and

boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.

If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock

or a hardpan should be considered.

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or boulders

on the surface. The suitability of the soil for tees or

greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

Gary A. Gwinn, state biologist, Natural Resources Conservation

Service, and Arnold Schulz, wildlife biologist (retired), Forest

Service, helped to prepared this section.

Wildlife is an important natural resource in

Pocahontas County. White-tailed deer and wild turkey

are common in most parts of the county. Gray squirrel,

cottontail rabbit, raccoon, red and gray fox, and ruffed

grouse inhabit the lower slopes of the larger valleys.

They are most common east of the Greenbrier River.

Black bear are most common in the remote sections of

the county, such as in the Shavers Fork and Gauley

Mountain areas. Beaver, mink, and muskrat inhabit

areas along the headwaters of streams in the

mountains and areas on bottom land along rivers,

especially in the area of Dunmore. Snowshoe hare are

common at the higher elevations. Woodchucks live
130 Soil Survey

mainly in areas that are farmed, such as the Knapp

Creek area and in the vicinity of Hillsboro.

Smallmouth and rock bass, sunfish, catfish, and

suckers are in the larger warm water streams. Suitable

cold water streams are stocked with trout, while native

brook trout inhabit many of the smaller streams.

Wildlife populations are the product of available

habitat. Habitat condition is determined by such

factors as land use and vegetation structure and type.

These factors in turn are related to climate,

topography, elevation, and soil type. Thus a

relationship between existing habitat and soils can be

established based upon common definitive features.

While all 10 of the general soil map units in the

county support viable populations of wildlife, significant

differences in species composition and numbers often

exist between individual or groups of general soil map

units. These differences between general soil map

units and their relationship to existing habitat and

associated kinds and numbers of wildlife are

described in the following paragraphs.

General soil map units 1 and 2 (Potomac-TiogaHolly and Allegheny-Atkins). These map units are

characterized by broad flood plains and terraces.

About 90 percent of the acreage in these units has

been cleared of trees and is used for corn, small grain,

hay, or pasture. These units encompass much of the

high-quality openland wildlife habitat in the county.

Common species include cottontail rabbit, red fox, and

meadowlark.

These units also provide openland habitat for those

species that prefer edge habitat situated at the

wooded borders of surrounding general soil map

units. Such species include white-tailed deer, ruffed

grouse, raccoon, fox squirrel, mourning dove, and

woodchuck.

Because the larger streams in the county flow

through these units, most of the waterfowl that inhabit

the county are in these units. Wood ducks and Canada

geese nest in these areas, and the streams provide

food and cover for wading birds. The larger streams

also provide good habitat for several species of fish,

including smallmouth and rock bass, catfish, and

suckers.

General soil map unit 3 (Duffield-Lodi-Belmont).

This map unit is characterized by its relatively vast

expanse of rolling farmland. There are many sinkholes

in the unit. All of the surface drains become

subsurface drains before leaving the unit. About

95 percent of the unit has been cleared of trees and is

used for corn, small grain, hay, or pasture.

Wildlife most common to the unit include

woodchuck, fox squirrel, swallows, and bobwhite quail.

Several species of cave dwellers are also in the unit,

including various species of bats and the cave

salamander.

General soil map unit 4 (Cateache-ShounsBelmont). This map unit is characterized by gently

sloping to extremely steep mountainous uplands.

About 75 percent of the unit is covered with trees. The

remainder is covered with grasses and legumes. The

forest species consist of northern hardwoods, black

locust, black walnut, and shagbark hickory. Some of

the shrubs and vines are wild grape, camphorvine,

dogwood, serviceberry, rhododendron, elderberry, and

hawthorn. The herbaceous plants include stinging

nettle, ramps, snakeroot, jewelweed, and columbine.

The unit provides habitat for a wide variety of species.

It supports good populations of white-tailed deer, wild

turkey, ruffed grouse, and black bear and provides

habitat for a variety of wood warblers and other

songbirds.

General soil map unit 5 (Blackthorn-FaywoodBerks). This map unit is characterized by rolling hills

that grade into low, sharp ridges and very steep side

slopes. About 45 percent of the unit is covered with

trees, mostly oaks, hickories, and eastern white pine.

Some of the shrubs and vines are mountain laurel,

rhododendron, huckleberry, dogwood, wild grape, and

greenbrier. The herbaceous plants include grasses,

ferns, and thistles. The cleared areas are mainly used

for pasture or hay. A small acreage is used for corn.

This unit provides excellent edge habitat for whitetailed deer and ruffed grouse. It also supports good

populations of cottontail rabbit and gray and fox

squirrels.

General soil map units 6, 7, and 8 (CalvinShouns, Berks-Weikert, and Dekalb-Calvin-MertzElliber). These map units are mainly characterized by

steep mountainous slopes and sloping ridgetops. They

are east of the Greenbrier River. About 90 percent of

the acreage in these units is used as woodland, which

is dominated by oaks, hickories, and eastern white

pine. The shrubs and vines in these areas are

mountain laurel, rhododendron, huckleberry, dogwood,

greenbrier, wild grape, witch hazel, and honeysuckle.

The herbaceous plants include grasses, ferns, yarrow,

and mayapple. While not producing rapid vegetative

growth, these units produce good mast crops when

the stands are fully stocked with mature trees. They

provide good or excellent habitat for those species,

such as gray squirrel and wild turkey, that are

dependent on hard mast crops. Most of the acreage of

openland in the units is used as pasture.

General soil map unit 9 (Mandy-SnowdogGauley). This map unit is characterized by a high

plateau that has broad ridgetops and steep side

slopes. It generally is at elevations of more than
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 131

4,000 feet. About 95 percent of the acreage in the unit

is wooded with red spruce and northern hardwoods.

Heath barrens that are dominated by blueberries and

rhododendron are in scattered areas throughout the

unit. The shrub community consists of mountain ash,

mountain holly, mountain maple, and hobblebush. The

herbaceous plants include ferns, grasses, and sorrels.

Because of the climate and vegetation associated

with this map unit, the population of such game

species as white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and gray

squirrel is limited. The remoteness of the unit,

however, enhances its use by such species as black

bear and mountain lion. Open areas of Briery and

associated soils, which are minor soils in the unit,

enhance wildlife diversity. The unique vegetation in this

unit provides habitat for endemic species, such as

snowshoe hare and northern flying squirrel.

General soil map unit 10 (Mandy). This map unit

is characterized by a highly dissected landscape.

About 90 percent of the acreage in this unit is forested.

The forest is dominantly made up of American beech

but also includes maples, yellow birch, and black

cherry. The shrub community consists of striped maple

and rhododendron. The herbaceous plants include

ferns, grasses, and sorrels.

Because of the lack of diverse vegetation, the

population of such game species as white-tailed deer,

wild turkey, and gray squirrel is limited. The

remoteness of the region, however, enhances its use

by species such as black bear.

Soils affect the kind and amount of vegetation that

is available to wildlife as food and cover. They also

affect the construction of water impoundments. The

kind and abundance of wildlife depend largely on the

amount and distribution of food, cover, and water.

Wildlife habitat can be created or improved by planting

appropriate vegetation, by maintaining the existing

plant cover, or by promoting the natural establishment

of desirable plants.

In this report individual soils are rated in

accordance with their inherent capability to produce

certain key habitat elements. Specific areas of soil are

not evaluated as to existing vegetative conditions

which in turn determine the present carrying capacity

for wildlife on a site. Current habitat conditions at a

specific site may be excellent for a given species of

wildlife even though the soil at that site may rate poor

for production of suitable habitat due to the length of

time vegetation has been allowed to develop on the

site.

In table 11, the soils in the survey area are rated in

relative terms and existing habitat is disregarded. This

information can be used in planning parks, wildlife

refuges, nature study areas, and other developments

for wildlife; in selecting soils that are suitable for

establishing, improving, or maintaining specific

elements of wildlife habitat; and in determining the

intensity of management needed for each element of

the habitat.

The potential of the soil is rated good, fair, poor, or

very poor. A rating of good indicates that the element

or kind of habitat is easily established, improved, or

maintained. Few or no limitations affect management,

and satisfactory results can be expected. A rating of

fair indicates that the element or kind of habitat can be

established, improved, or maintained in most places.

Moderately intensive management is required for

satisfactory results. A rating of poor indicates that

limitations are severe for the designated element or

kind of habitat. Habitat can be created, improved, or

maintained in most places, but management is difficult

and must be intensive. A rating of very poor indicates

that restrictions for the element or kind of habitat are

very severe and that unsatisfactory results can be

expected. Creating, improving, or maintaining habitat

is impractical or impossible.

The elements of wildlife habitat are described in the

following paragraphs.

Grain and seed crops are domestic grains and

seed-producing herbaceous plants. Soil properties

and features that affect the growth of grain and seed

crops are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface

layer, available water capacity, wetness, slope, surface

stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and soil

moisture are also considerations. Examples of grain

and seed crops are corn, wheat, oats, and barley.

Grasses and legumes are domestic perennial

grasses and herbaceous legumes. Soil properties and

features that affect the growth of grasses and legumes

are depth of the root zone, texture of the surface layer,

available water capacity, wetness, surface stoniness,

flooding, and slope. Soil temperature and soil moisture

are also considerations. Examples of grasses and

legumes are fescue, timothy, bromegrass, clover, and

alfalfa.

Wild herbaceous plants are native or naturally

established grasses and forbs, including weeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of these

plants are depth of the root zone, texture of the

surface layer, available water capacity, wetness,

surface stoniness, and flooding. Soil temperature and

soil moisture are also considerations. Examples of wild

herbaceous plants are bluestem, goldenrod,

beggartick, quackgrass, ragweed, foxtail, wild carrot,

and panic grass.

Hardwood trees and shrubs produce nuts or other
132 Soil Survey

fruit, buds, catkins, twigs, bark, and foliage. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

hardwood trees and shrubs are depth of the root zone,

available water capacity, and wetness. Examples of

these plants are oak, birch, cherry, maple, apple,

hawthorn, dogwood, hickory, blackberry, and

blueberry. Examples of fruit-producing shrubs that are

suitable for planting on soils rated good are gray

dogwood and crabapple.

Coniferous plants furnish browse and seeds. Soil

properties and features that affect the growth of

coniferous trees, shrubs, and ground cover are depth

of the root zone, available water capacity, and

wetness. Examples of coniferous plants are pine,

spruce, cedar, and hemlock.

Wetland plants are annual and perennial wild

herbaceous plants that grow on moist or wet sites.

Submerged or floating aquatic plants are excluded.

Soil properties and features affecting wetland plants

are texture of the surface layer, wetness, reaction,

salinity, slope, and surface stoniness. Examples of

wetland plants are smartweed, arrowhead, bur

reed, pickerelweed, cutgrass, rushes, sedges, and

cattails.

Shallow water areas have an average depth of less

than 5 feet. Some are naturally wet areas. Others are

created by dams, levees, or other water-control

structures. Soil properties and features affecting

shallow water areas are depth to bedrock, wetness,

surface stoniness, slope, and permeability. Examples

of shallow water areas are marshes, swamps, and

ponds.

The habitat for various kinds of wildlife is described

in the following paragraphs.

Habitat for openland wildlife consists of cropland,

pasture, meadows, and areas that are overgrown

with grasses, herbs, shrubs, and vines. These

areas produce grain and seed crops, grasses and

legumes, and wild herbaceous plants. Wildlife

attracted to these areas include bobwhite quail,

meadow vole, meadowlark, field sparrow, cottontail,

and red fox.

Habitat for woodland wildlife consists of areas of

deciduous plants or coniferous plants or both and

associated grasses, legumes, and wild herbaceous

plants. Wildlife attracted to these areas include wild

turkey, ruffed grouse, woodcock, thrushes,

woodpeckers, squirrels, gray fox, raccoon, and

deer.

Habitat for wetland wildlife consists of open,

marshy or swampy shallow water areas. Some of

the wildlife attracted to such areas are ducks, geese,

herons, shore birds, muskrat, frogs, and tree

swallow.

Engineering

Michael M. Blaine, state conservation engineer, Natural

Resources Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the

soils and on the estimated data and test data in the

“Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has limitations.

For example, estimates and other data generally apply

only to that part of the soil within a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Because of the map scale, small areas of different

soils may be included within the mapped areas of a

specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced in

the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about grain-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6

feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal

high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural

soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were

collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of

the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed

cations. Estimates were made for erodibility,

permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential,

available water capacity, and other behavioral

characteristics affecting engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 133

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds,

terraces, and other structures for soil and water

conservation; and predict performance of proposed

small structures and pavements by comparing the

performance of existing similar structures on the same

or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Building Site Development

Table 12 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if

soil properties and site features are generally

favorable for the indicated use and limitations are

minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties

or site features are not favorable for the indicated use

and special planning, design, or maintenance is

needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and

severe if soil properties or site features are so

unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special

design, significant increases in construction costs, and

possibly increased maintenance are required. Special

feasibility studies may be required where the soil

limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, and other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the depth

to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm dense

layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope. The time

of the year that excavations can be made is affected

by the depth to a seasonal high water table and the

susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The resistance of

the excavation walls or banks to sloughing or caving is

affected by soil texture and depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope,

and flooding affect the ease of excavation and

construction. Landscaping and grading that require

cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not

considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather surface

and carry automobile and light truck traffic all year.

They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material; a base

of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil material; and

a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills are generally

limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings are based on

soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan, a high water table, flooding, large

stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating and

grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the engineering

classification of the soil), shrink-swell potential, frost

action potential, and depth to a high water table affect

the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water

capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of

salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant

growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the

amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface

layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 13 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site features

are generally favorable for the indicated use and

limitations are minor and easily overcome; moderate if

soil properties or site features are not favorable for the

indicated use and special planning, design, or

maintenance is needed to overcome or minimize the

limitations; and severe if soil properties or site features

are so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increases in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

The table also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good
134 Soil Survey

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and good performance and low

maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable

for the use and one or more soil properties or site

features make the soil less desirable than the soils

rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil

properties or site features are unfavorable for the

use and overcoming the unfavorable properties

requires special design, extra maintenance, or costly

alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to

a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of the

effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented pan

interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and hillside

seepage, can affect public health. Ground water can

be polluted if highly permeable sand and gravel or

fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below the base of

the absorption field, if slope is excessive, or if the

water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption

field to filter the effluent effectively. Many local

ordinances require that this material be of a certain

thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water.

The table gives ratings for the natural soil that

makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and,

generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface

layer are excavated to provide material for the

embankments. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope,

permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to

a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of

organic matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid

permeability in the soil or a water table that is high

enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon

causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution

results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater

overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter

is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon

because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock, and

cemented pans can cause construction problems, and

large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon

floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types

of landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the

waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted,

and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated

at the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The

waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily

with a thin layer of soil from a source away from the

site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered.

The ratings in the table are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding

affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and

boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and

content of salts and sodium affect trench landfills.

Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that

part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For

deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate

may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the material

during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty soils that

are free of large stones or excess gravel are the best

cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or cloddy

and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are subject to

wind erosion.

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water

table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as

the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for

plants. The surface layer generally has the best

workability, more organic matter, and the best potential

for plants. Material from the surface layer should be

stockpiled for use as the final cover.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 135

Construction Materials

Table 14 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal

compaction, minor processing, and other standard

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is

evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another place

(fig. 9). In this table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

Figure 9.—A chert pit in an area of Elliber extremely channery silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes. This material is used mainly in the

construction of roads.
136 Soil Survey

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized

with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a

high water table, and slope. How well the soil performs

in place after it has been compacted and drained is

determined by its strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil) and shrink-swell

potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils

rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized

particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10.

They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes of

15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the water

table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a plasticity

index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell potential,

many stones, or slopes of more than 25 percent. They

are wet and have a water table at a depth of less than

1 foot. They may have layers of suitable material, but

the material is less than 3 feet thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In the table, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a source

of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes (as

indicated by the engineering classification of the soil),

the thickness of suitable material, and the content of

rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and stratification

are given in the soil series descriptions. Gradation of

grain sizes is given in the table on engineering index

properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that is

up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at

least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,

large stones. All other soils are rated as an improbable

source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock, such as

shale and siltstone, are not considered to be sand and

gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper

40 inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected by

slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and

toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones

and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes

of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of

soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to

fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that

have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or

soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to

15 percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation

is difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have less

than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes

of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high

water table at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.

Water Management

Table 15 gives information on the soil properties

and site features that affect water management. The

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond

reservoir areas and for embankments, dikes, and

levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil

properties and site features are generally favorable for

the indicated use and limitations are minor and are

easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or site

features are not favorable for the indicated use and

special planning, design, or maintenance is needed to

overcome or minimize the limitations; and severe if soil

properties or site features are so unfavorable or so

difficult to overcome that special design, significant

increase in construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, terraces and diversions,

and grassed waterways.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 137

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth even greater than the height of the embankment

can affect performance and safety of the embankment.

Generally, deeper onsite investigation is needed to

determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts

or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of

usable material. It also affects trafficability.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that

affect the rate of water movement; permeability;

depth to a high water table or depth of standing water

if the soil is subject to ponding; slope; susceptibility

to flooding; subsidence of organic layers; and the

potential for frost action. Excavating and grading and

the stability of ditchbanks are affected by depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope,

and the hazard of cutbanks caving. The productivity

of the soil after drainage is adversely affected by

extreme acidity or by toxic substances in the root

zone, such as salts, sodium, and sulfur. Availability

of drainage outlets is not considered in the

ratings.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large

stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan

affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A

restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind

erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse

texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect

maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity. Large

stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan affect the construction of grassed

waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available

water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic

substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted

permeability adversely affect the growth and

maintenance of the grass after construction.

139

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey. The data and the

estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures are

followed. During the survey, many shallow borings are

made and examined to identify and classify the soils

and to delineate them on the soil maps.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables

include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the

physical and chemical properties of the major layers of

each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are

given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 16 gives estimates of the engineering

classification and of the range of index properties for

the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most

soils have layers of contrasting properties within the

upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each

soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil that

is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and less

than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an

appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.”

Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according to

the Unified soil classification system (ASTM 1993) and

the system adopted by the American Association of

State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO

1986).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis of

visual inspection.

If laboratory data are available, the A-1, A-2, and A7 groups are further classified as A-1-a, A-1-b, A-2-4,

A-2-5, A-2-6, A-2-7, A-7-5, or A-7-6. As an additional

refinement, the suitability of a soil as subgrade

material can be indicated by a group index number.

Group index numbers range from 0 for the best

subgrade material to 20 or higher for the poorest.

Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter are

indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dryweight basis. The percentages are estimates

determined mainly by converting volume percentage

in the field to weight percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than

3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight. The

Soil Properties
140 Soil Survey

sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA Standard

Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420, and 0.074

millimeters, respectively. Estimates are based on

laboratory tests of soils sampled in the survey area

and in nearby areas and on estimates made in the

field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil.

The estimates are based on test data from the

survey area or from nearby areas and on field

examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit,

and plasticity index are generally rounded to the

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2

percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 17 shows estimates of some characteristics

and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates

are given for the major layers of each soil in the survey

area. The estimates are based on field observations

and on test data for these and similar soils.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of

each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by

weight, of the soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and earthmoving

operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry) per

unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is at

field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture content at

1

/3-bar moisture tension. Weight is determined after

drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In this table, the

estimated moist bulk density of each major soil

horizon is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter of

soil material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

Bulk density data are used to compute shrink-swell

potential, available water capacity, total pore space,

and other soil properties. The moist bulk density of a

soil indicates the pore space available for water and

roots. A bulk density of more than 1.6 can restrict

water storage and root penetration. Moist bulk density

is influenced by texture, kind of clay, content of organic

matter, and soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of

downward movement of water when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design of

soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil

layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil

properties that affect the retention of water and the

depth of the root zone. The most important properties

are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk

density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is

an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to

be grown and in the design and management of

irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an

estimate of the quantity of water actually available to

plants at any given time.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity and

is expressed as a range in pH values. The range in pH

of each major horizon is based on many field tests. For

many soils, values have been verified by laboratory

analyses. Soil reaction is important in selecting crops

and other plants, in evaluating soil amendments for

fertility and stabilization, and in determining the risk of

corrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture. Volume

change occurs mainly because of the interaction of

clay minerals with water and varies with the amount

and type of clay minerals in the soil. The size of the

load on the soil and the magnitude of the change in

soil moisture content influence the amount of swelling

of soils in place. Laboratory measurements of swelling

of undisturbed clods were made for many soils. For

others, swelling was estimated on the basis of the kind

and amount of clay minerals in the soil and on the

basis of measurements of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to

very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage

to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special

design is often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The

classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent;

moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent;

and very high, greater than 9 percent.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 141

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a soil

to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is one of six

factors used in the Universal Soil Loss Equation

(USLE) to predict the average annual rate of soil loss

by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per year. The

estimates are based primarily on percentage of silt,

sand, and organic matter (up to 4 percent) and on soil

structure and permeability. Values of K range from

0.02 to 0.64. Other factors being equal, the higher the

value, the more susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill

erosion by water.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur without affecting crop productivity over

a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per

year.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the

table, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue to

the soil. Organic matter affects the available water

capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source of

nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Table 18 gives estimates of various soil and water

features. The estimates are used in land use planning

that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of

runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four

groups according to the rate of water infiltration when

the soils are not protected by vegetation, are

thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from longduration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate

of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that

have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface,

and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious

material. These soils have a very slow rate of water

transmission.

If a soil is assigned to two hydrologic groups in the

table, the first letter is for drained areas and the

second is for undrained areas.

The table gives the frequency of flooding. Flooding,

the temporary inundation of an area, is caused by

overflowing streams, by runoff from adjacent slopes,

or by tides. Water standing for short periods after

rainfall or snowmelt is not considered flooding, and

water standing in swamps and marshes is considered

ponding rather than flooding.

Frequency is estimated and generally is expressed

as none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means

that flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but

possible under unusual weather conditions (the

chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in

any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average,

once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to

50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on

the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of

flooding is more than 50 percent in any year).

The information is based on evidence in the soil

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic

matter content with increasing depth; and little or no

horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a

saturated zone in the soil in most years. The estimates

are based mainly on observations of the water table at

selected sites and on the evidence of a saturated

zone, namely grayish colors or mottles (redoximorphic

features) in the soil. Indicated in the table are the

depth to the seasonal high water table; the kind of

water table—that is, perched, apparent, or artesian;

and the months of the year that the water table

commonly is high. A water table that is seasonally high

for less than 1 month is not indicated in the table.
142

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free water

in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which water

stands in an uncased borehole after adequate time is

allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil. A

perched water table is water standing above an

unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched,

water table is separated from a lower one by a dry

zone. An artesian water table is under hydrostatic

head, generally below an impermeable layer. When

this layer is penetrated, the water level rises in an

uncased borehole.

Two numbers in the column showing depth to the

water table indicate the normal range in depth to a

saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.

The first numeral in the range indicates the highest

water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table

is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of

6 feet for less than a month.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a

depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil

borings and on observations during soil mapping.

The rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft

or fractured, excavations can be made with

trenching machines, backhoes, or small rippers.

If the rock is hard or massive, blasting or

special equipment generally is needed for

excavation.

Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or

lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation of

segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the

subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on

thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves

into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature, texture,

density, permeability, content of organic matter, and

depth to the water table are the most important factors

considered in evaluating the potential for frost action. It

is assumed that the soil is not insulated by vegetation

or snow and is not artificially drained. Silty and highly

structured, clayey soils that have a high water table in

winter are the most susceptible to frost action. Well

drained, very gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least

susceptible. Frost heave and low soil strength during

thawing cause damage mainly to pavements and other

rigid structures.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a severe

hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations that

intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that

are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil

layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also expressed

as low, moderate, or high. It is based on soil texture,

acidity, and amount of sulfates in the saturation

extract.
143

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(USDA 1975). Beginning with the broadest, these

categories are the order, suborder, great group,

subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based on

soil properties observed in the field or inferred from

those observations or from laboratory measurements.

Table 19 shows the classification of the soils in the

survey area. The categories are defined in the

following paragraphs.

ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Alfisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into suborders

primarily on the basis of properties that influence soil

genesis and are important to plant growth or

properties that reflect the most important variables

within the orders. The last syllable in the name of a

suborder indicates the order. An example is Udalf (Ud,

meaning humid, plus alf, from Alfisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into great

groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each

great group is identified by the name of a suborder

and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An

example is Hapludalfs (Hapl, meaning minimal

horizonation, plus udalf, the suborder of the Alfisols

that has a udic moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept

of the great group; it is not necessarily the most

extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders,

suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some

properties that are not representative of the great

group but do not indicate transitions to any other

taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one or

more adjectives preceding the name of the great

group. The adjective Ultic identifies the subgroup that

intergrades to the Ultisol order. An example is Ultic

Hapludalfs.

FAMILY. Families are established within a subgroup

on the basis of physical and chemical properties and

other characteristics that affect management.

Generally, the properties are those of horizons below

plow depth where there is much biological activity.

Among the properties and characteristics considered

are particle size, mineral content, soil temperature

regime, soil depth, and reaction. A family name

consists of the name of a subgroup preceded by terms

that indicate soil properties. An example is fine-loamy,

mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs.

SERIES. The series consists of soils within a family

that have horizons similar in color, texture, structure,

reaction, consistence, mineral and chemical

composition, and arrangement in the profile.

Soil Series and Their Morphology

Dr. John Sencindiver, professor of agronomy, West Virginia

Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, helped to prepare

this section.

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil

and the material in which it formed are identified for

each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional area

of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey area is

described. The detailed description of each soil

horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey Manual”

(USDA 1993). Many of the technical terms used in the

descriptions are defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA

1975) and in “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (USDA 1992).

Unless otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions

are for moist soil. Following the pedon description is

the range of important characteristics of the soils in

the series.

The map units of each soil series are described in

the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Allegheny Series

The Allegheny series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in loamy alluvium derived

mainly from acid sandstone, siltstone, and shale.

These soils are on stream terraces, foot slopes, and

alluvial fans. They generally are in the Green Bank

Classification of the Soils
144 Soil Survey

area but also are along the major streams. Slope

ranges from 3 to 15 percent.

Allegheny soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Chavies and Weikert soils and the poorly

drained Purdy soils. Unlike Allegheny soils, Chavies

soils are subject to flooding. Allegheny soils are

deeper than the Weikert soils and have less clay in the

subsoil than the Purdy soils.

Typical pedon of Allegheny loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, in a grassy area on the campus of the Green

Bank Elementary/Middle School; about 800 feet north,

75 degrees west of the intersection of West Virginia

Routes 28 and 92 and Hosterman Road:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

friable; common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent

rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bt1—8 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine and

fine roots; few faint clay films in pores; 10 percent

rock fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—21 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

gravelly silt loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; few

distinct clay films on faces of peds, on rock

fragments, and in pores; 15 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt3—30 to 34 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

gravelly loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few distinct clay films on

faces of peds, on rock fragments, and in pores; 30

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

BC—34 to 40 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very

gravelly fine sandy loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; loose; 35 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2C—40 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

extremely gravelly fine sandy loam; massive;

loose; 80 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 55

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of pebbles and cobbles ranges, by

volume, from 0 to 15 percent in the A horizon, from 0

to 30 percent in the Bt horizon, from 0 to 35 percent in

the BC horizon and the part of the 2C horizon above a

depth of 40 inches, and from 30 to 80 percent in the

part of the 2C horizon below a depth of 40 inches. The

pebbles and cobbles are dominantly sandstone. In

unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 8. In some pedons

the entire horizon is mottled in shades of brown, red,

or yellow and the lower part of the horizon below the

upper 24 inches is mottled in shades of gray or olive.

The texture of the fine-earth material is clay loam,

loam, silt loam, or silty clay loam.

The BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 8. Some pedons

have mottles in shades of brown, red, yellow, gray, or

olive. The texture of the fine-earth material is fine

sandy loam, loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. Some pedons

have mottles in shades of brown, gray, yellow, or olive.

The texture of the fine-earth material is fine sandy

loam, loam, or clay loam.

Atkins Series

The Atkins series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in alluvial material derived

mainly from acid soils underlain by shale, siltstone, or

sandstone. The Atkins soils are on the flood plains of

the Southern Ridge and Valley physiographic province

in the Deer Creek watershed. They are subject to

frequent flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

Atkins soils are on the landscape with the

moderately well drained Philo soils and the poorly

drained Purdy soils. Atkins soils are flooded more

frequently than the Philo soils and have less clay in

the subsoil than the Purdy soils.

Typical pedon of Atkins silt loam in a meadow;

about 2,000 feet north, 50 degrees west of the

intersection of West Virginia Routes 28 and 92 and

Lambert Road, 75 feet south of Brush Run, about

1.2 miles north of Boyer:

A—0 to 4 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silt

loam; common fine prominent olive gray (5Y 5/2)

mottles; weak very fine and fine granular structure;

friable; common very fine and fine and many

medium roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bg1—4 to 11 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) silt loam;

common fine and medium prominent dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) and yellowish brown
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 145

(10YR 5/8) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and medium roots;

2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bg2—11 to 25 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silt

loam; many medium and coarse distinct light

brownish gray (2.5Y 6/3) and common fine and

medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

mottles; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable, sticky; few very fine and common

medium roots; 2 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—25 to 33 inches; gray (N 6/0) silt loam; common

fine and medium distinct light yellowish brown

(2.5Y 6/4), common medium prominent dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6), and common medium

prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles;

massive; friable, sticky; few very fine and fine and

common medium roots; 2 percent rock fragments;

very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg2—33 to 65 inches; gray (N 5/0) very gravelly silt

loam; common coarse prominent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/8) mottles; massive; firm, sticky; few fine

and common medium roots; 40 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 44

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of gravel ranges, by volume, from 0 to 5

percent in the solum and from 0 to 40 percent in the

substratum. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly

acid or strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The B horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y or is neutral. It

has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 2. Mottles have

hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 2

to 8. The texture of the fine-earth material is silt loam,

loam, or silty clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y or is

neutral. It has value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 0 to 2.

Mottles have hue of 10YR or 2.5YR, value of 3 to 6,

and chroma of 2 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam.

Belmont Series

The Belmont series consists of deep, well drained

soils that formed in material weathered from limestone

interbedded with some shale, siltstone, or sandstone.

These soils are on benches and side slopes in areas

of the Greenbrier geologic deposits. They are mainly

west of the Greenbrier River but also are in an area

near the head of the East Fork of the Greenbrier River.

Slope ranges from 3 to 55 percent.

Belmont soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Cateache, Culleoka, Duffield, Lodi, and

Shouns soils and the moderately well drained Sees

soils. Belmont soils are deeper and have a lower

content of rock fragments in the profile than the

Cateache and Culleoka soils. They have less clay in

the subsoil and are not so deep as the Lodi and Sees

soils. Belmont soils are less acid in the lower part of

the profile than the Duffield soils. They are not so deep

as the Shouns soils, which formed in local alluvium or

colluvium.

Typical pedon of Belmont silt loam, 35 to 55 percent

slopes, very rocky, in a pastured area; about

1,500 feet north, 60 degrees west of the intersection of

Back Mountain Road and Nottingham Road:

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; slightly decomposed grass.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; friable; many very fine and fine and

common medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—3 to 6 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; many very fine and fine and

common medium roots; 10 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—6 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) channery

silt loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine and

fine and few medium roots; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds, on rock fragments, and in

pores and root channels; 15 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—12 to 23 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

medium roots; many prominent clay films on faces

of peds, on rock fragments, and in pores and root

channels; 15 percent rock fragments; slightly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—23 to 35 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

channery silty clay; strong medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; firm, sticky and

plastic; few medium roots; many prominent clay

films on faces of peds, on rock fragments, and in

pores and root channels; 20 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—35 to 51 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very

channery silty clay; massive; firm, sticky and

plastic; 45 percent rock fragments; slightly

alkaline; abrupt irregular boundary.

R—51 inches; gray (N 5/0) limestone bedrock

interbedded with dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

siltstone bedrock.
146 Soil Survey

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 40

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60

inches. The content of limestone, shale, siltstone, and

sandstone fragments ranges, by volume, from 0 to 5

percent in the A horizon, from 0 to 20 percent in the B

horizon, and from 20 to 45 percent in the C horizon. In

unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid to slightly acid

in the A horizon and in the upper part of the B horizon,

moderately acid to neutral in the lower part of the B

horizon, and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and value

and chroma of 2 or 3.

The BA horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 or 4, and chroma of 4. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silt loam or silty clay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fineearth material is silty clay or silty clay loam.

Berks Series

The Berks series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils that formed in acid material weathered

from interbedded siltstone, shale, or fine grained

sandstone (fig. 10). These soils are on uplands in the

eastern half of the county, mainly in areas of the

Chemung, Hampshire, Pocono, Brallier, and Millboro

Shale geologic deposits. Slope ranges from 3 to

80 percent.

Berks soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Blackthorn, Calvin, Dekalb, Faywood, Lily,

Macove, Mertz, and Weikert soils and the moderately

well drained Blairton soils. Berks soils are not so deep

as the Blackthorn, Macove, and Mertz soils; do not

have the red color that is typical of the Calvin soils;

have less sand in the subsoil than the Dekalb soils;

have less clay and more rock fragments in the subsoil

than the Faywood, Lily, and Blairton soils; and are

deeper than the Weikert soils.

Typical pedon of Berks channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony, in a wooded area; about

1.5 miles south, 87 degrees east of the Pocahontas

Picnic and Campground area, near the head of Big

Sandy Run:

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) channery silt

loam; weak very fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; 15 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BA—2 to 4 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 20 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw1—4 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; 40 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—13 to 22 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

very channery silt loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine, medium, and coarse roots; 50

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C—22 to 31 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

extremely channery silt loam that has pockets of

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), light brownish gray

(2.5Y 6/2), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) channery silt loam;

massive; friable; few very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; 65 percent rock fragments;

extremely acid; clear irregular boundary.

Cr—31 inches; highly weathered, olive (5Y 4/3)

siltstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 30

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The content of siltstone, shale, and fine

grained sandstone fragments ranges, by volume, from

15 to 40 percent in the A horizon, from 15 to 60

percent in the B horizon, and from 55 to 75 percent in

the C horizon. The content of rock fragments in the

particle-size control section averages, by volume,

more than 35 percent. In unlimed areas reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 to 4.

The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

Blackthorn Series

The Blackthorn series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in colluvial material derived

from acid sandstone and shale and in the underlying

material weathered from limestone and limy shale.

These soils are on gently sloping to very steep foot

slopes and benches in areas of the Helderberg,
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 147

Cayugan, and McKenzie geologic deposits. Slope

ranges from 3 to 55 percent.

Blackthorn soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Berks, Calvin, Dekalb, Faywood, and Hazleton

soils. Blackthorn soils are deeper than the other soils.

They also have less clay and more rock fragments in

the upper part of the profile than the Faywood soils.

Typical pedon of Blackthorn channery loam, 15 to

35 percent slopes, extremely stony, in a wooded area

of Calvin Price State Forest; about 1.6 miles south,

60 degrees east of the intersection of County Route

21 and the south entrance to Watoga State Park:

Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest

litter.

Oe—1 inch to 0; moderately decomposed forest litter.

Oa—0 to 1 inch; highly decomposed forest litter.

A—1 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

30 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

E—5 to 10 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very channery

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure

parting to weak fine granular; very friable; many

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 40

percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BE—10 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; very friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 35 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw—18 to 24 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery sandy loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common

fine and medium roots; 40 percent rock fragments;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—24 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery sandy loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and

medium roots; common prominent clay films on

faces of peds, on rock fragments, and in pores; 50

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt2—39 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery sandy loam; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium

roots; few prominent clay films on faces of peds,

on rock fragments, and in pores; 60 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt3—51 to 65 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty

clay; common fine and medium prominent yellow

(2.5Y 7/6) lithochromic mottles; common

prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and

yellowish red (5YR 5/6) coatings; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

and fine roots; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 10 percent rock fragments;

very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

bedrock are more than 60 inches. Depth to the 2Bt

horizon ranges from 42 to 55 inches. The content of

rock fragments ranges, by volume, from 5 to 45

percent in the A and E horizons, from 20 to

60 percent in the B horizon, and from 10 to 25 percent

in the 2Bt horizon. The rock fragments are dominantly

sandstone, but some are cherty limestone. The

content of rock fragments in the particle-size control

section averages, by volume, more than 35 percent.

In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid

to moderately acid above the 2Bt horizon and

very strongly acid or strongly acid in the 2Bt

horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 or 3.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5, and

chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth material

is sandy loam or loam.

The BE horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5, and

chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth material

is sandy loam or loam.

The Bw and Bt horizons have hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. The

texture of the fine-earth material is sandy loam or

loam.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of

4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The texture of the fineearth material is silty clay loam or silty clay.

Blairton Series

The Blairton series consists of moderately deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in material

weathered from shale, sandstone, or siltstone. These

soils are on upland flats, in depressions, and at the

head of drainageways, mainly in areas of the Bluefield,

Hinton, and Clinton geologic deposits. Slope ranges

from 3 to 8 percent.

Blairton soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Berks and Dekalb soils. Blairton soils have

fewer rock fragments and more clay in the subsoil than

the Berks and Dekalb soils.

Typical pedon of Blairton silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, in a pastured area; about 2,400 feet north,

22 degrees east of the intersection of County

Routes 17/1 and 17/2, northwest of Woodrow:
148 Soil Survey

A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam;

moderate very fine and fine granular structure;

friable; many very fine and fine roots; 5 percent

rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

BA—2 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

silt loam; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure parting to weak fine granular; friable;

common very fine and fine roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—5 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt

loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—13 to 19 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) silty

clay loam; few fine and medium distinct grayish

brown (2.5Y 5/2) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

and few fine and medium prominent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few

very fine and fine roots; few distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

BC—19 to 24 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) very

channery silty clay loam; common medium and

coarse distinct grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and

common medium and coarse prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate medium

platy structure parting to weak very fine

subangular blocky; friable; 45 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—24 to 34 inches; mixed dark grayish brown (2.5Y

4/2), light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4), and strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) extremely channery silt loam;

massive; friable; 75 percent rock fragments;

extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—34 inches; highly weathered siltstone and fine

grained sandstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. The content of

shale, sandstone, and siltstone fragments ranges, by

volume, from 0 to 30 percent in the A horizon, from 5

to 30 percent in the Bt horizon, and from 15 to 75

percent in the BC and C horizons. In unlimed areas

reaction is extremely acid or very strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 2 to 4.

The BA, Bt, and BC horizons have hue of 10YR or

2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. The texture

of the fine-earth material is silt loam, loam, or silty clay

loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silt loam or loam.

Briery Series

The Briery series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in partly weathered shale,

siltstone, and sandstone and in some coal from

surface-mined coal seams (fig. 11). These soils are on

uplands at elevations of more than 3,500 feet in areas

of the New River geologic deposits. Slope ranges from

0 to 80 percent.

Briery soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Gauley and Mandy soils, the moderately well

drained Snowdog soils, and the somewhat poorly

drained Leatherbark soils. Briery soils are deeper than

the Gauley, Mandy, and Leatherbark soils. They do not

have the fragipan that is characteristic of the Snowdog

soils. They have more rock fragments in the profile

than the Leatherbark and Snowdog soils.

Typical pedon of Briery very channery silt loam in

an area of Briery-Rock outcrop complex, very steep,

on a bench revegetated with crownvetch, birdsfoot

trefoil, and orchardgrass; about 4.5 miles south,

45 degrees west of Sharp Knob on Gauley Mountain:

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very channery silt loam; weak very fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine, and

medium roots; 45 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

C1—2 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

channery silt loam; common distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) and prominent gray (10YR 5/1)

lithochromic mottles; massive; friable; few fine and

medium roots; 55 percent rock fragments; neutral;

gradual irregular boundary.

C2—21 to 65 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3)

extremely channery silty clay loam; massive;

friable; few very fine and fine roots; 75 percent

rock fragments; slightly alkaline.

The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. The

content of rock fragments ranges, by volume, from 15

to 85 percent throughout the profile. The content of

rock fragments in the particle-size control section

averages, by volume, more than 35 percent. The rock

fragments are siltstone, shale, sandstone, or coal, and

the percentage of each is less than 65 percent, by

volume, of the total rock fragments in the control

section. The fragments are dominantly channers, but

some are stones and a few are boulders. The content

of clay in the control section ranges from 18 to 35
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 149

percent. Some pedons have red or yellow lithochromic

mottles in the C horizon. In unlimed areas reaction is

strongly acid to slightly alkaline.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 5, and

chroma of 1 to 3.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam, silty clay loam, or loam.

Calvin Series

The Calvin series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils that formed in material weathered from

shale, siltstone, or fine grained sandstone (fig. 12).

These soils are on ridgetops, benches, and side

slopes in areas of the Hampshire geologic deposits.

They are mainly in areas of the Greenbrier River and

in some areas on Burner and Allegheny Mountains.

Slope ranges from 3 to 80 percent.

Calvin soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Berks, Blackthorn, Dekalb, and Shouns soils.

Calvin soils are shallower and have less clay in the

subsoil than the Blackthorn and Shouns soils. They

are redder than the Berks and Dekalb soils and have

less sand in the subsoil than the Dekalb soils.

Typical pedon of Calvin channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony, in a wooded area; about

1.5 miles south, 77 degrees east of the junction of

County Route 39/2 and Stillhouse Run:

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)

channery silt loam; weak very fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine, and

medium roots; 25 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BA—2 to 4 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) silt loam;

weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to

weak very fine granular; very friable; many very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 10 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bw1—4 to 13 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

channery silt loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; very friable; common

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 25

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—13 to 21 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 25 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BC—21 to 27 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very

channery silt loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine, fine, and

medium roots; 55 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—27 to 39 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

extremely channery silt loam; massive; firm; few

very fine, fine, and medium roots; 65 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Cr—39 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3), highly

weathered siltstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 32

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The content of shale, siltstone, and fine

grained sandstone fragments ranges, by volume, from

5 to 25 percent in the A and BA horizons, from 25 to

55 percent in the Bw and BC horizons, and from 55 to

70 percent in the C horizon. The content of rock

fragments in the particle-size control section averages,

by volume, more than 35 percent. In unlimed areas

reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 2

to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The BA horizon has hue of 5YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth

material is loam or silt loam.

The Bw and BC horizons have hue of 2.5YR or

5YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture

of the fine-earth material is loam or silt loam.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR and value

and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth

material is loam or silt loam.

Cateache Series

The Cateache series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils that formed in material weathered

from calcareous siltstone, shale, or fine grained

sandstone (fig. 13). These soils are on ridgetops,

benches, and side slopes west of the Greenbrier River

and in an area near the head of the East Fork of the

Greenbrier River. They mainly are in areas of the

Maccrady, Bluefield, and Hinton geologic deposits.

Slope ranges from 3 to 80 percent.

Cateache soils are near Belmont, Culleoka,

Duffield, Lily, Mandy, and Shouns soils. Cateache soils

are shallower and have more rock fragments in the

profile than the Belmont, Duffield, and Shouns soils.

They are redder than the Culleoka, Lily, and Mandy

soils. They have a mesic soil temperature regime,

while Mandy soils have a frigid soil temperature

regime.

Typical pedon of Cateache channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony, in a wooded area; about
150 Soil Survey

1.25 miles northwest of the confluence of the East

Fork and the West Fork of the Greenbrier River:

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

channery silt loam; weak fine and medium

granular structure; very friable; many fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 20 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

BA—2 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

channery silt loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—6 to 22 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many

fine, medium, and coarse roots; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds, on rock fragments,

and in pores; 25 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—22 to 28 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very

channery silty clay loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and

medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds, on rock fragments, and in pores; 45

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C—28 to 32 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4)

extremely channery silty clay loam; massive; firm;

few fine roots; 80 percent rock fragments; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—32 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4),

fractured siltstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 40

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The content of rock fragments ranges, by

volume, from 5 to 25 percent in the A and BA

horizons, from 10 to 50 percent in the Bt horizon, and

from 35 to 80 percent in the C horizon. The content of

rock fragments in the upper 20 inches of the Bt

horizon ranges, by volume, from 15 to 35 percent. The

rock fragments are mostly channers of siltstone, but

some are shale or fine grained sandstone. In unlimed

areas reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid

in the A and B horizons and strongly acid or

moderately acid in the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR,

value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 2.

The BA horizon has hue of 5YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silt loam or loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3

or 4, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or silty clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10R, 2.5YR, or 5YR and

value and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or silty clay loam.

Chavies Series

The Chavies series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in alluvium derived mainly

from soils underlain by sandstone or siltstone or, in

some places, by limestone. The Chavies soils are on

low stream terraces along the Greenbrier River and its

larger tributaries. They are subject to rare flooding.

Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

Chavies soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Allegheny, Sensabaugh, and Tioga soils, the

moderately well drained Lobdell soils, the somewhat

poorly drained Orrville soils, and the poorly drained

Holly and Purdy soils. Chavies soils are subject to

flooding, whereas the Allegheny soils are not. Chavies

soils are flooded less frequently than the Sensabaugh,

Tioga, Lobdell, Orrville, and Holly soils. They have less

clay in the subsoil than the Purdy soils.

Typical pedon of Chavies fine sandy loam in a

meadow; about 1.4 miles south, 64 degrees east of

the intersection of U.S. Route 219 and the Airport

Road:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

fine sandy loam; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate medium granular;

friable; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; 2

percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many very fine and fine roots;

few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

10 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt2—14 to 33 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid;

clear wavy boundary.

BC—33 to 41 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; 5 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—41 to 65 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

gravelly fine sandy loam; massive; firm; 25 percent

rock fragments; strongly acid.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 151

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 50

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 0 to 15 percent in the solum and from 0 to 30

percent in the substratum. The rock fragments are

dominantly sandstone pebbles. In unlimed areas

reaction is very strongly acid to neutral in the A and Bt

horizons and very strongly acid to moderately acid in

the BC and C horizons.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bt and BC horizons have hue of 5YR, 7.5YR,

or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The

texture of the fine-earth material is fine sandy loam,

loam, or silt loam.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture of

the fine-earth material is fine sandy loam, loam, or silt

loam.

Culleoka Series

The Culleoka series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils that formed in material weathered

from calcareous siltstone, shale, or fine grained

sandstone. These soils are on ridgetops, benches, and

side slopes west of the Greenbrier River in areas of

the Greenbrier and Bluefield geologic deposits. Slope

ranges from 3 to 55 percent.

Culleoka soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Belmont and Cateache soils. Culleoka soils

are not so deep and have more rock fragments in the

profile than the Belmont soils. They are yellower than

the Cateache soils.

Typical pedon of Culleoka silt loam, 35 to 55

percent slopes, in a wooded area; about 2,600 feet

north, 20 degrees east of the intersection of County

Routes 29 and 29/5, north of Jacox:

Oi—3 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest

litter.

Oe—1 inch to 0; moderately decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt

loam; weak very fine and fine granular structure;

very friable; many very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; 10 percent rock fragments; strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

BA—1 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) channery

silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure

parting to weak fine granular; very friable; many

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 15

percent rock fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—3 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

channery silt loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; few faint clay

films on rock fragments and in pores; 15 percent

rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—9 to 17 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

channery silt loam; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; few distinct

clay films on faces of peds, on rock fragments,

and in pores; 30 percent rock fragments; strongly

acid; clear irregular boundary.

BC—17 to 21 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) very

channery silt loam; moderate fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium

roots; 35 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

C—21 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

extremely channery silt loam; massive; friable; few

fine and medium roots; 75 percent rock fragments;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

R—33 inches; olive brown (2.5YR 4/4), fine grained

sandstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. The rock

fragments are dominantly siltstone, but some are

shale or fine grained sandstone. The content of rock

fragments ranges, by volume, from 0 to 20 percent in

the A horizon, from 10 to 35 percent in the B horizon,

and from 25 to 80 percent in the C horizon. In unlimed

areas reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid in

the A and B horizons and strongly acid in the C

horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 or 3.

The BA, Bt, and BC horizons have hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. The

texture of the fine-earth material is silt loam or silty

clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and value

and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silt loam or silty clay loam.

Dekalb Series

The Dekalb series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils that formed in acid material

weathered from sandstone. These soils are on

uplands in the eastern half of the county, mainly in

areas of the Hampshire, Pocono, and Oriskany

geologic deposits. Slope ranges from 3 to 55 percent.

Dekalb soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Berks, Blackthorn, Calvin, Elliber, Hazleton,

Lily, and Macove soils and the moderately well drained
152 Soil Survey

Blairton soils. Dekalb soils contain more sand in the

subsoil than the other soils; do not have the colors that

are typical of the Calvin soils; are not so deep as the

Blackthorn, Elliber, and Macove soils; and have more

rock fragments in the profile than the Blairton and Lily

soils.

Typical pedon of Dekalb channery loam in a

wooded area of Berks-Dekalb complex, 35 to 55

percent slopes, very stony; about 1 mile south, 43

degrees east of the intersection of U.S. Route 219 and

Seebert Road:

Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest

litter.

Oe—1 inch to 0; moderately decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

channery loam; weak fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw—4 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine, medium,

and coarse roots; 40 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BC—17 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine, medium, and coarse

roots; 55 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—26 to 36 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) very

channery sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 60 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

R—36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), massive

sandstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. The content of

sandstone fragments ranges, by volume, from 10 to 30

percent in the A horizon, from 10 to 60 percent in the

B horizon, and from 50 to 90 percent in the C horizon.

The content of rock fragments in the particle-size

control section averages, by volume, more than 35

percent. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to

strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3,

and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bw and BC horizons have hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

texture of the fine-earth material is loam, fine sandy

loam, or sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fineearth material is sandy loam or loamy sand.

Duffield Series

The Duffield series consists of deep, well drained

soils that formed in material weathered from

interbedded limestone, siltstone, or chert. These soils

are on gently sloping to strongly sloping uplands from

Beard Heights south to the county line. They are in

areas of the lower Greenbrier geologic deposits. Slope

ranges from 3 to 15 percent.

Duffield soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Belmont, Cateache, Lodi, and Shouns soils

and the moderately well drained Sees soils. Duffield

soils are more acid in the lower part of the profile than

the Belmont soils, are deeper and have a lower

content of rock fragments in the profile than the

Cateache soils, have less clay in the subsoil than the

Lodi and Sees soils, and are not so red in the subsoil

as the Shouns soils.

Typical pedon of Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, in an area of cropland; about 1,100 feet south,

78 degrees east of the intersection of Workman and

Denmar Roads:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak

fine granular structure; friable; many very fine, fine,

and medium roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty

clay loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots; few distinct clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 5 percent rock fragments;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—17 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty

clay; few medium prominent light gray (10YR 7/2)

lithochromic mottles; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine

roots; few distinct clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; 5 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—26 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty

clay; few medium prominent light gray (10YR 7/2)

lithochromic mottles; weak coarse prismatic

structure parting to moderate medium platy; firm;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 10 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

BC—37 to 46 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

channery silty clay; common medium and coarse

faint yellowish red (5YR 5/6), common medium

and coarse distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/8),

and few medium prominent light gray (2.5Y 7/2)

lithochromic mottles; weak coarse prismatic

structure; firm; 20 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 153

Cr—46 inches; highly weathered, pale olive (5Y 6/3),

brownish yellow (10YR 6/8), and dark reddish

brown (5YR 3/4) siltstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 70

inches. The depth to hard bedrock is more than 48

inches. The content of limestone, siltstone, and chert

fragments ranges, by volume, from 0 to 20 percent in

the upper part of the solum and from 10 to 35 percent

in the lower part. In unlimed areas reaction is very

strongly acid to moderately acid.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 to 4.

The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. Many pedons have

lithochromic mottles in shades of brown, white, gray,

yellow, or red. The texture of the fine-earth material is

silt loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay.

Elliber Series

The Elliber series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in material weathered from

chert interbedded with shale or sandstone (fig. 14).

These soils are on side slopes in the eastern half of

the county in areas of the Huntersville Chert geologic

deposits. Slope ranges from 35 to 55 percent.

Elliber soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Dekalb, Hazleton, Mertz, and Weikert soils.

Elliber soils are deeper than the Dekalb, Hazleton, and

Weikert soils. They have more clay in the upper part of

the Bt horizon and a higher content of chert fragments

than the Mertz soils.

Typical pedon of Elliber extremely channery silt

loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, in a wooded area;

about 5,000 feet north, 86 degrees east of the

intersection of County Route 21 and Violet Road,

south of Huntersville:

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

extremely channery silt loam; weak fine granular

structure; friable; many very fine, fine, medium,

and coarse roots; 65 percent chert fragments;

extremely acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BA—2 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

extremely channery silt loam; weak fine granular

structure; friable; many very fine, fine, medium,

and coarse roots; 65 percent chert fragments;

extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—5 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery loam; weak fine granular structure;

friable; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; 60

percent chert fragments; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—10 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

extremely channery loam; weak fine granular

structure; friable; many very fine, fine, and

medium and few coarse roots; 75 percent chert

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bw3—23 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

very channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure parting to weak fine granular; friable;

many very fine and common fine roots; 45 percent

chert fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—30 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; few distinct clay films on faces of

peds and on rock fragments; 55 percent chert

fragments; extremely acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—35 to 41 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure parting to weak fine granular; friable; few

very fine, fine, and medium roots; few faint clay

films on rock fragments and in root channels; 50

percent chert fragments; extremely acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt3—41 to 48 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine, fine, and

medium roots; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; 50 percent chert fragments; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt4—48 to 62 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery clay loam; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

common faint clay films on faces of peds; 60

percent chert fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bt5—62 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery clay loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds; 40

percent chert fragments; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 70

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 40 to 65 percent in the A horizon and from 40 to

80 percent in the B horizon. The content of rock

fragments in the particle-size control section averages,

by volume, more than 35 percent. The rock fragments

are mainly chert or cherty sandstone. In unlimed areas

reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3,

and chroma of 1 or 2.

The BA, Bw, and Bt horizons have hue of 10YR,
154 Soil Survey

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silt loam, loam, or clay loam.

Faywood Series

The Faywood series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils that formed in material weathered

from limestone interbedded with thin layers of shale or

siltstone (fig. 15). These soils are on uplands in the

areas of Browns, Brushy, and Michael Mountains and

in the area south of Green Bank. They are in areas of

the Helderberg, Cayugan, and McKenzie geologic

deposits. Slope ranges from 3 to 55 percent.

Faywood soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Berks and Blackthorn soils. Faywood soils

have more clay and fewer rock fragments in the

subsoil than the Berks soils. They are not so deep and

have fewer rock fragments in the subsoil than the

Blackthorn soils.

Typical pedon of Faywood silt loam, 15 to 35

percent slopes, very rocky, in a pastured area; about 1

mile north, 40 degrees west of the intersection of West

Virginia Routes 92 and 84 at Frost:

Ap—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

friable; many very fine and fine roots; 2 percent

rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BA—5 to 8 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable;

common fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt—8 to 21 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silty clay

loam; strong fine and medium angular blocky

structure; firm; few fine roots; many prominent

coatings on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent

rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—21 to 28 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay;

olive (5Y 5/4) and black (10YR 2/1), highly

weathered siltstone fragments; massive; firm; 10

percent rock fragments; slightly alkaline; clear

wavy boundary.

R—28 inches; limestone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 30

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The content of limestone, shale, and siltstone

fragments ranges, by volume, from 0 to 5 percent in

the A horizon, from 0 to 15 percent in the B horizon,

and from 5 to 15 percent in the C horizon. In unlimed

areas reaction is slightly acid to slightly alkaline.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 2 or 3.

The BA horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 4. The texture of the fine-earth material

is silt loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y

and value and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the

fine-earth material is silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is clay.

Fluvaquents

Fluvaquents are very deep, poorly drained soils that

formed in alluvial material derived from soils underlain

by siltstone, sandstone, or limestone. These soils are

on nearly level flood plains along minor drainageways

above elevations of 3,000 feet. Slope ranges from 0 to

3 percent.

Fluvaquents are on the landscape with the well

drained, moderately well drained, and somewhat

poorly drained Udifluvents; the poorly drained Trussel

soils; and the very poorly drained Medihemists.

Fluvaquents generally have more clay in the profile

than the Udifluvents. They do not have the fragipan

and the soil development that are typical of the Trussel

soils. Unlike the Medihemists, they do not consist

dominantly of organic matter.

A typical pedon for Fluvaquents is not given

because of the variability of these soils. The depth to

bedrock is more than 60 inches. The content of rock

fragments ranges, by volume, from 0 to 10 percent in

the A horizon and from 0 to 60 percent in the

underlying horizons. In unlimed areas reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3

or 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. The texture of the fineearth material is loam, silt loam, or sandy loam.

The underlying horizons have hue of 2.5Y, 5Y, or

5GY, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. The texture

of the fine-earth material is loam, sandy loam, loamy

sand, clay loam, or sandy clay loam.

Gauley Series

The Gauley series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils that formed in material weathered

from acid sandstone (fig. 16). These soils are on broad

ridgetops and the upper side slopes west of the

Greenbrier River at elevations of more than 4,000 feet.

They are in areas of the Kanawha and New River

geologic deposits. Slope ranges from 3 to 35 percent.

Gauley soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Briery and Mandy soils and the somewhat

poorly drained Leatherbark soils. Gauley soils have
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 155

more sand in the subsoil than the Mandy soils and are

not so deep as the Briery soils. They have more rock

fragments in the subsoil than the Leatherbark soils.

Typical pedon of Gauley channery sandy loam, 3 to

15 percent slopes, extremely stony, in a young stand

of red spruce; about 1.25 miles north, 28 degrees east

of the Bald Knob fire tower on Back Allegheny

Mountain:

Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter.

Oa—0 to 3 inches; black (5YR 2/1), highly

decomposed forest litter.

A—3 to 5 inches; black (N 2/0) channery sandy loam;

weak fine and medium granular structure; friable;

many fine, medium, and coarse roots; 30 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—5 to 9 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) very channery

sandy loam; weak fine and medium granular

structure; firm; few fine, medium, and coarse roots;

40 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bhs—9 to 12 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)

very channery sandy loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; moderately

smeary; few fine, medium, and coarse roots; 40

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bs—12 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

channery loam; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; weakly smeary; 40

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C—23 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

extremely channery loam; massive; friable; 70

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

R—35 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) sandstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

sandstone or conglomerate bedrock ranges from 20 to

40 inches. The content of rock fragment ranges, by

volume, from 5 to 90 percent in individual horizons;

however, it generally ranges between 35 and 60

percent in the particle-size control section. In unlimed

areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or is neutral. It has

value of 2 and chroma of 0 or 1.

The E horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture of

the fine-earth material is loam, sandy loam, or loamy

sand.

The Bhs horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR,

value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 4. The texture of

the fine-earth material is loam or sandy loam.

The Bs horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fineearth material is loam or sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and value

and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth

material is loam, sandy loam, or loamy sand.

Hazleton Series

The Hazleton series consists of deep, well drained

soils that formed in acid material weathered from

sandstone. These soils are on uplands in the eastern

half of the county in areas of the Oriskany geologic

deposits. Slope ranges from 3 to 55 percent.

Hazleton soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Blackthorn, Dekalb, and Elliber soils. Hazleton

soils are deeper than the Dekalb soils but are not so

deep as the Blackthorn and Elliber soils.

Typical pedon of Hazleton channery loam in a

wooded area of Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 35 to 55

percent slopes, very stony; about 1 mile north, 85

degrees east of the intersection of County Route 21

and Violet Road, south of Huntersville:

Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest

litter.

Oe—1 inch to 0; moderately decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 1 inch; black (10YR 2/1) channery loam; weak

fine granular structure; very friable; many very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 20 percent

rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—1 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) channery

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

20 percent rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

BE—2 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

channery loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; many very fine, fine, medium,

and coarse roots; 25 percent rock fragments;

extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw1—5 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

channery fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 25 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw2—11 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

very channery sandy loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 40 percent

rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw3—18 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)
156 Soil Survey

very channery sandy loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and

medium roots; 55 percent rock fragments; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—30 to 50 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

extremely channery sandy loam; massive; friable;

few fine and medium roots; 75 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

R—50 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), massive

sandstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 25 to 50

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60

inches. The content of sandstone fragments ranges,

by volume, from 5 to 70 percent in the solum and from

35 to 80 percent in the substratum. The content of rock

fragments in the particle-size control section averages,

by volume, more than 35 percent. In unlimed areas

reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3,

and chroma of 1 or 2.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth

material is loam or sandy loam.

The BE and Bw horizons have hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The

texture of the fine-earth material is loam, fine sandy

loam, or sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fineearth material is sandy loam or loamy sand.

Holly Series

The Holly series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in alluvial material derived

mainly from soils underlain by shale, siltstone,

sandstone, limestone, or chert. The Holly soils are on

flood plains throughout the county. They are subject to

frequent flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

Holly soils are on the landscape with the somewhat

excessively drained Potomac soils, the well drained

Chavies, Sensabaugh, and Tioga soils, the moderately

well drained Lobdell and Sees soils, and the

somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils. Holly soils are

flooded more frequently than the Chavies,

Sensabaugh, Tioga, Lobdell, Sees, and Orrville soils.

They have more clay and fewer rock fragments in the

profile than the Potomac soils.

Typical pedon of Holly silt loam in a pastured area;

about 1.25 miles south, 68 degrees east of the

intersection of U.S. Route 219 and the Airport Road,

north of Marlinton:

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; many fine distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) mottles; moderate fine

granular structure; friable; many very fine and fine

roots; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bg1—4 to 9 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam;

common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) and common fine prominent dark brown

(7.5YR 3/4) mottles; moderate fine subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine and

fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bg2—9 to 11 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) sandy

loam; few fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bg3—11 to 15 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) silt loam;

common fine prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine and

fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bg4—15 to 21 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt

loam; many fine prominent dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/6), yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and

common fine prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4)

mottles; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; 2

percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bg5—21 to 42 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2)

silt loam; many medium prominent dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/6) and common medium

prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; moderate

medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky;

friable; few very fine roots; 2 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cg1—42 to 44 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy

loam; common fine and medium distinct brown

(10YR 5/3) mottles; massive; friable; 2 percent

rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cg2—44 to 52 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silt loam; many

medium prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) and

strong brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; massive; friable;

2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Cg3—52 to 54 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

sandy loam; many fine and medium faint brown

(10YR 5/3), many fine and medium distinct
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 157

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and few fine and

medium prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

mottles; massive; friable; 2 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cg4—54 to 65 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) silt loam; few

medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

mottles; massive; friable; 2 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 44

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 0 to 10 percent in the A horizon, from 0 to 15

percent in the B horizon, and from 0 to 25 percent in

the C horizon. The rock fragments generally are

gravel. In unlimed areas reaction is moderately acid or

slightly acid in the A horizon, strongly acid to slightly

acid in the upper part of the B horizon, and moderately

acid or slightly acid in the lower part of the B horizon

and in the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 6, and

chroma of 1 or 2.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 2. The

texture of the fine-earth material is silt loam, loam,

sandy loam, or silty clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y or is

neutral. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 2. The

texture of the fine-earth material is silt loam, loam,

sandy loam, or silty clay loam.

Leatherbark Series

The Leatherbark series consists of moderately

deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in

material weathered from interbedded sandstone,

siltstone, or shale (fig. 17). These soils are on broad

ridgetops and in upland depressions west of the

Greenbrier River at elevations of more than 3,500 feet.

They are in areas of the Kanawha and New River

geologic deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent.

Leatherbark soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Briery, Gauley, and Mandy soils. Leatherbark

soils have fewer rock fragments in the profile than the

other soils. They also are not so deep as the Briery

soils.

Typical pedon of Leatherbark silt loam, 0 to 15

percent slopes, very stony, in a wooded area; about

4,000 feet north, 38 degrees west of Bald Knob and

1.1 miles north, 66 degrees west of the Cass Scenic

Railroad observation platform:

Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest

litter.

Oe—1 inch to 0; moderately decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam; weak fine granular structure; friable; many

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 5

percent rock fragments; extremely acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

E—2 to 5 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam;

weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to

weak fine granular; friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—5 to 9 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty

clay loam; common coarse prominent gray (10YR

6/1) and few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

mottles; moderate coarse prismatic structure;

friable; few fine roots; continuous prominent brown

(10YR 5/3) coatings on faces of peds and few

distinct coatings in pores; 5 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—9 to 18 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) silty

clay loam; common medium faint brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) and common medium distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; moderate

coarse prismatic structure; friable; few fine roots;

few distinct coatings in pores; 5 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; gradual irregular

boundary.

Bw3—18 to 35 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

channery silt loam; many coarse distinct grayish

brown (2.5Y 5/2) and many coarse prominent dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) and yellowish brown

(10YR 5/8) mottles; moderate coarse prismatic

structure; firm; few distinct coatings on rock

fragments and in pores; 20 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—35 to 38 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

channery silt loam; many medium distinct gray

(10YR 5/1) and common medium prominent

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; massive;

friable; 35 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—38 inches; black (10YR 2/1), gray (10YR 5/1), and

reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4), fractured siltstone and

shale bedrock.

The thickness of the solum and the depth to

bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. The depth to lowchroma mottles ranges from 4 to 7 inches. The content

of siltstone, shale, and sandstone fragments ranges,

by volume, from 5 to 20 percent in the A and E

horizons, from 5 to 35 percent in the Bw horizon,

and from 20 to 55 percent in the C horizon. In

unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly

acid.
158 Soil Survey

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3,

and chroma of 1 or 2.

The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silty clay loam, clay loam, silt

loam, or loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silty clay loam, silt loam, or

loam.

Lily Series

The Lily series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils that formed in material weathered from

acid sandstone. These soils are on upland flats,

ridgetops, and side slopes, mainly west of the

Greenbrier River. They are in areas of the Pocono and

Bluefield geologic deposits. Slope ranges from 3 to 25

percent.

Lily soils are on the landscape with the well drained

Berks, Cateache, and Dekalb soils. Lily soils have

fewer rock fragments and more clay in the subsoil than

the Berks and Dekalb soils. They do not have the red

colors that are typical of the Cateache soils.

Typical pedon of Lily loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes, in

a wooded area; about 3,200 feet south, 71 degrees

west of where the Tom Edgar Bridge passes over the

Greenbrier River at Seebert:

Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest

litter.

Oe—1 inch to 0; moderately decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 1 inch; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; extremely acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

E—1 to 2 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; extremely acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

BE—2 to 5 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very friable; common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; extremely acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—5 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine and medium roots; few faint clay

films in pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—15 to 22 inches; strong brown (10YR 5/6) loam;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

few fine and medium roots; few faint clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

BC—22 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

channery sandy loam; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 20 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cr—32 to 38 inches; gray, white, brown, and red,

highly weathered sandstone bedrock; abrupt wavy

boundary.

R—38 inches; gray, white, brown, and red sandstone

bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 35

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The content of sandstone fragments ranges,

by volume, from 0 to 10 percent in the A and E

horizons, from 0 to 25 percent in the B horizon, and

from 5 to 35 percent in the C horizon. In unlimed areas

reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth

material is loam or fine sandy loam.

The BE horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 8. The texture of the fineearth material is loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy

loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is loam, sandy clay loam, or

clay loam.

The BC horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The fine-earth

material is loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Lobdell Series

The Lobdell series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in alluvial

material derived from soils underlain by sandstone,

siltstone, shale, limestone, or chert. The Lobdell soils

are on flood plains, mainly in the eastern half of the

county. They are subject to occasional flooding. Slope

ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

Lobdell soils are on the landscape with the

somewhat excessively drained Potomac soils, the well

drained Chavies and Tioga soils, the somewhat poorly
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 159

Figure 10.—Representative profile of a Berks soil. Olive brown

sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 30 inches. Rock

fragments are dominantly less than 3/4 inch in size. The

content of rock fragments increases with increasing

depth. Depth is marked in feet.

Figure 11.—Profile of a Briery soil. This soil has a very thin

surface layer underlain by a loamy-skeletal substratum.

The dominant rock type is black sandstone. The red and

gray colors are lithochromic. Depth is marked in feet.
160 Soil Survey

Figure 13.—Profile of a Cateache soil. An accumulation of clay

is between depths of 8 and 24 inches. Dusky red, highly

weathered sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 30

inches. Depth is marked in feet.

Figure 12.—Profile of a Calvin soil. Reddish brown, fine

grained sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 24

inches. Depth is marked in feet.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 161

Figure 14.—Profile of an Elliber soil. Fragments of chert are

throughout the profile but are most easily seen at a depth

of about 24 inches. An accumulation of clay begins at a

depth of about 30 inches and extends to a depth of more

than 65 inches. Depth is marked in feet.

Figure 15.—Representative profile of a Faywood soil. Clay has

accumulated in layers in the subsoil, directly below the

surface soil. These layers have strong structure. The

depth to limestone bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches.

It varies significantly within short distances. Depth is

marked in feet.
162 Soil Survey

Figure 17.—Representative profile of a Leatherbark soil. Lowchroma mottles are at a depth of about 8 inches. Black,

gray, and reddish brown siltstone and shale bedrock is at

a depth of about 38 inches. Depth is marked in feet.

Figure 16.—Profile of a Gauley soil. Organic matter and iron

and aluminum compounds have been leached from the

light colored layer that is at a depth of about 6 inches.

They have been deposited in the upper part of the

subsoil. Sandstone bedrock is at a depth of about 35

inches. Depth is marked in feet.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 163

Figure 19.—Profile of a Potomac soil. The surface layer is

about 10 inches thick. It is underlain by a sandy-skeletal

substratum. Depth is marked in feet.

Figure 18.—Representative profile of a Mandy soil. Olive

brown, platy, fine grained sandstone bedrock is at a depth

of about 26 inches. Depth is marked in feet.
164 Soil Survey

Figure 21.—Representative profile of a Weikert soil. Black and

yellowish brown, highly folded, soft shale and siltstone

bedrock is at a depth of about 12 inches. Depth is marked

in feet.

Figure 20.—Representative profile of a Shouns soil. Clay has

accumulated in layers in the subsoil. These layers begin

at a depth of about 12 inches and extend to a depth of

about 54 inches. The rock fragments are siltstone and

sandstone. Depth is marked in feet.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 165

drained Orrville soils, and the poorly drained Holly

soils. Lobdell soils are not flooded as often as the

Potomac and Holly soils but are flooded more often

than the Chavies soils. They have less sand in the

subsoil than the Tioga soils. They are slightly higher on

the landscape than the Orrville soils.

Typical pedon of Lobdell silt loam in a pastured

area; about 1 mile north, 52 degrees east of the

intersection of West Virginia Routes 92 and 39, north

of Minnehaha Springs:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure parting to

moderate fine granular; friable; many very fine and

fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—10 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

common dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

krotovinas; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—19 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam; common medium distinct grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots; 2

percent rock fragments; moderately acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C1—28 to 47 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3)

sandy loam; common medium faint grayish brown

(2.5Y 5/2) and common medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; massive; friable; few

very fine and fine roots; 5 percent rock fragments;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

C2—47 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

gravelly silt loam; few medium prominent grayish

brown (2.5Y 5/2) and olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) and

common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/8) mottles; massive; friable; 50 percent rock

fragments; neutral.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 40

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 0 to 5 percent in the A horizon and from 0 to 15

percent in the Bw and C horizons. The content of rock

fragments is higher below a depth of 40 inches than it

is above that depth. The rock fragments dominantly

are gravel. In unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid to

neutral in the A and Bw horizons and moderately acid

to neutral in the C horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and

chroma of 1 to 3.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. Low-chroma

mottles are at a depth of 15 to 24 inches. The texture

of the fine-earth material is silt loam, loam, or fine

sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

to 6, and chroma of 1 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silt loam, loam, or sandy loam.

Lodi Series

The Lodi series consists of very deep, well drained

soils that formed in material weathered from limestone.

These soils are on undulating to rolling uplands from

Beard Heights south to the county line. They are in

areas of the lower Greenbrier geologic deposits. Slope

ranges from 3 to 15 percent.

Lodi soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Belmont, Duffield, and Shouns soils and the

moderately well drained Sees soils. Lodi soils have

more clay in the subsoil than the Belmont, Duffield,

and Shouns soils. They also have fewer rock

fragments in the profile than the Shouns soils. They

generally are redder and do not have the gray colors in

the subsoil that are typical of the Sees soils.

Typical pedon of Lodi silt loam, 3 to 8 percent

slopes, in a hayfield; about 3,400 feet south, 28

degrees east of the Pearl S. Buck birthplace:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

friable; many fine roots; few fine black concretions;

neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 21 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine roots; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; few fine black

concretions; common fine and medium tubular

krotovinas; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—21 to 47 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few fine roots; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; common fine black

concretions; few fine and medium tubular

krotovinas; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

BC—47 to 65 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay

loam; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine and medium black

concretions; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 72

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of limestone fragments ranges, by

volume, from 0 to 5 percent in the Ap horizon and from
166 Soil Survey

0 to 25 percent in the B horizon. In unlimed areas

reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR and value and

chroma of 3 or 4.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silty clay loam, silty clay, or

clay.

The BC horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR, or

10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 6 to 8. The

texture of the fine-earth material is clay, silty clay, clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Macove Series

The Macove series consists of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in colluvial material derived

from acid shale, siltstone, and sandstone. These soils

are on gently sloping to steep foot slopes and

benches. They mainly are in areas of the Pocano,

Chemung, and Brallier geologic deposits. Slope

ranges from 3 to 35 percent.

Macove soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Berks, Dekalb, and Weikert soils. Macove soils

are deeper than the other soils. They also have less

sand in the subsoil than the Dekalb soils.

Typical pedon of Macove channery silt loam, 3 to 15

percent slopes, very stony, in a wooded area; about

1.2 miles west of the intersection of West Virginia

Route 28 and Thorny Creek Road:

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 1 inch; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery silt

loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable;

many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

20 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

E—1 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) channery loam;

weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to

weak fine granular; friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 30 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BE—4 to 7 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

channery silt loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 30 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—7 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) very

channery silt loam; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine, medium,

and coarse roots; few distinct clay films in pores;

35 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—14 to 23 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) very

channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine, medium, and coarse roots; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds, on rock

fragments, and in pores and root channels; 45

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt3—23 to 37 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very

channery silty clay loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and

medium roots; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds, on rock fragments, and in pores and root

channels; 50 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—37 to 65 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) extremely

channery silty clay loam; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine and medium roots; common distinct clay films

on faces of peds, on rock fragments, and in pores

and root channels; common medium black

concretions; 65 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to more

than 60 inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60

inches. The content of rock fragments ranges, by

volume, from 15 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons

and from 15 to 70 percent in the BE and Bt horizons.

The content of rock fragments in the particle-size

control section averages, by volume, more than 35

percent. In unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid

or strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and

chroma of 2 or 3.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth

material is loam or silt loam.

The BE horizon has hue of 10YR and value and

chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth material

is loam or silt loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value

of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. In some pedons

mottles have high value and chroma. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silty clay loam, silt loam, or

loam.

Mandy Series

The Mandy series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils that formed in material weathered from

interbedded siltstone, shale, or fine grained sandstone

(fig. 18). These soils are on uplands at elevations of

more than 3,000 feet. They are in areas of the

Kanawha, New River, Bluestone, Princeton,
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 167

Hampshire, and Chemung geologic deposits. Slope

ranges from 3 to 80 percent.

Mandy soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Briery, Cateache, and Gauley soils, the

moderately well drained Snowdog soils, the somewhat

poorly drained Leatherbark soils, and the poorly

drained Trussel soils. Mandy soils are not so deep as

the Briery, Snowdog, and Trussel soils; do not have the

fragipan that is characteristic of the Snowdog and

Trussel soils; have more rock fragments in the subsoil

than the Leatherbark soils; have less sand in the

subsoil than the Gauley soils; and do not have the red

colors typical of the Cateache soils. Mandy soils have

a frigid soil temperature regime, whereas Cateache

soils have a mesic soil temperature regime.

Typical pedon of Mandy channery silt loam, 35 to

55 percent slopes, very stony, in a wooded area; about

1.1 miles south, 60 degrees east of the confluence of

Abes Run and the East Fork of the Greenbrier River:

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

channery silt loam; moderate fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E—3 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) channery silt

loam; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

BE—5 to 9 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 25 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw1—9 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine, fine, and

medium roots; 35 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—16 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

very channery silt loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine,

fine, and medium roots; 45 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—28 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

extremely channery silt loam; massive; friable; few

fine roots; 65 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—36 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2), highly

weathered siltstone bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 33

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40

inches. The content of siltstone, shale, and fine

grained sandstone fragments ranges, by volume, from

10 to 20 percent in the A and E horizons, from 25 to

50 percent in the B horizon, and from 60 to 90 percent

in the C horizon. The content of rock fragments in the

particle-size control section averages, by volume,

more than 35 percent. In unlimed areas reaction is

extremely acid to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR and value and

chroma of 2 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

2 to 4, and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

The BE horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5

or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

Medihemists

Medihemists consist of very deep, very poorly

drained soils that formed in organic material. The

organic material consists of the poorly decomposed

remains of herbaceous and woody plants. These soils

are on broad flats near the head of drainageways at

elevations of more than 3,000 feet. They are in areas

of the Pocano, Maunch Chunk, and Pottsville geologic

deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

Medihemists are on the landscape with the

somewhat poorly drained, moderately well drained,

and well drained Udifluvents and the poorly drained

Fluvaquents and Trussel soils. Medihemists are

organic soils, whereas Udifluvents, Fluvaquents, and

Trussel soils are mineral soils.

A typical pedon of Medihemists is not given

because of the variability of these soils. The solum of

these soils does not contain rock fragments or wood

fragments. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid

or very strongly acid.

The surface layer has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR

or is neutral. It has value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0 to

2. It is muck or mucky peat.

The subsurface layer has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or

10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is

mucky peat or muck.

Gray, blue, brown, or red silty clay loam or silty clay

is at a depth of more than 60 inches.
168 Soil Survey

Mertz Series

The Mertz series consists of very deep, well

drained soils formed in cherty colluvium that contains

various amounts of sandstone, siltstone, and shale.

These soils are on gently sloping to very steep foot

slopes and benches in the eastern half of the county.

They are in areas of the Huntersville Chert, Millboro

Shale, and Brallier geologic deposits. Slope ranges

from 3 to 35 percent.

Mertz soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Berks, Elliber, and Weikert soils. Mertz soils

are deeper than the Berks and Weikert soils. They also

have fewer chert fragments and less clay in the upper

part of the Bt horizon than the Elliber soils.

Typical pedon of Mertz channery silt loam, 8 to 15

percent slopes, very stony, in a wooded area of Calvin

Price State Forest; about 4,200 feet north, 62 degrees

east of the intersection of County Route 21 and the

south entrance to Watoga State Park:

Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest

litter.

Oe—1 inch to 0; moderately decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

channery silt loam; weak very fine and fine

granular structure; very friable; many very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse roots; 30 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

E—2 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

channery silt loam; weak fine granular structure;

very friable; many very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; 30 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

BE—3 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

channery silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; many fine, medium, and coarse

roots; 20 percent rock fragments; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—8 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine, medium, and coarse roots; few faint

clay films on faces of peds, on rock fragments,

and in pores; 30 percent rock fragments; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—21 to 36 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery clay loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common medium and coarse

roots; common distinct clay films on rock

fragments and in pores; 50 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—36 to 54 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

extremely channery silty clay loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots;

few faint clay films on rock fragments and in pores;

65 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C—54 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

extremely channery silty clay loam; massive; firm;

few fine roots; 75 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to 60

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of chert, sandstone, siltstone, and shale

fragments ranges, by volume, from 15 to 45 percent in

the A and E horizons, from 15 to 50 percent in the

upper part of the B horizon, and from 15 to 75 percent

in the lower part of the B horizon and in the C horizon.

The content of rock fragments in the particle-size

control section averages, by volume, more than 35

percent. In unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid or

moderately acid in the upper part of the solum and

very strongly acid or strongly acid below a depth of 40

inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 5, and

chroma of 1 to 3.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5, and

chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth material

is silt loam.

The BE horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6,

and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silt loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is loam, silt loam, clay loam, or

silty clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6,

and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth

material is loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam.

Orrville Series

The Orrville series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils that formed in alluvial material

derived from soils underlain by shale, siltstone,

sandstone, limestone, or chert. The Orrville soils are

on flood plains, mainly in the eastern half of the

county. They are subject to occasional flooding. Slope

ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

Orrville soils are on the landscape with the

somewhat excessively drained Potomac soils, the well

drained Chavies and Tioga soils, the moderately well

drained Lobdell soils, and the poorly drained Holly

soils. Orrville soils generally are flooded less often

than the Potomac and Holly soils but more often than

the Chavies soils; have less sand in the subsoil than

the Tioga soils; and are slightly lower on the landscape

than the Lobdell soils.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 169

Typical pedon of Orrville silt loam in a meadow;

about 200 feet north, 40 degrees east of the

intersection of West Virginia Route 28 and the

entrance to the Buckskin Boy Scout Reservation:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate medium granular;

friable; many very fine, fine, and medium roots; 2

percent rock fragments; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

BA—9 to 13 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt

loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots;

5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bg1—13 to 25 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt

loam; many medium prominent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/8) and few fine distinct gray (2.5Y 6/2)

mottles; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine roots; 5

percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bg2—25 to 40 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt

loam; common medium prominent yellowish red

(5YR 5/8), few medium prominent reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8), and few fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1)

mottles; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; 5

percent rock fragments; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Cg1—40 to 50 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam;

common coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/8), few medium prominent reddish yellow (7.5YR

6/8), and few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR

5/6) mottles; massive; friable; 10 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Cg2—50 to 65 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) very gravelly

loam; many coarse prominent reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) and common medium prominent

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; massive; friable;

40 percent rock fragments; strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 28 to 42

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 0 to 5 percent in the A horizon, from 0 to 10

percent in the B horizon, and from 10 to 40 percent in

the C horizon. The content of rock fragments is higher

below a depth of 40 inches than it is above that depth.

The rock fragments dominantly are gravel. In unlimed

areas reaction is strongly acid to slightly acid.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y or is

neutral. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 6. The

texture of the fine-earth material is silt loam, loam, or

silty clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y or is

neutral. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 2. The

texture of the fine-earth material is silt loam or loam.

Philo Series

The Philo series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils that formed in alluvial material

derived from acid soils underlain by shale, siltstone, or

sandstone. The Philo soils are on flood plains in the

Deer Creek watershed. They are subject to occasional

flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

Philo soils are on the landscape with the poorly

drained Atkins and Purdy soils. Philo soils are flooded

less frequently than the Atkins soils and have less clay

in the subsoil than the Purdy soils.

Typical pedon of Philo silt loam in a meadow; about

3,000 feet south, 42 degrees west of the intersection

of West Virginia Routes 28 and 92 and Pine Grove

Road, north of Arbovale:

Ap—0 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; moderate fine

and medium granular structure; friable; many very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 2 percent

rock fragments; moderately acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bw1—9 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots; 2 percent rock fragments;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—19 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt

loam; common fine prominent gray (10YR 6/1) and

few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; common very fine, fine, and

medium roots; 2 percent rock fragments; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—26 to 33 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

gravelly loam; many medium distinct gray (10YR

6/1) and common medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and

medium roots; 20 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C1—33 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly

loam; many medium and coarse distinct gray

(10YR 6/1) and many medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; massive; firm; few

medium roots; 40 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
170 Soil Survey

2C2—40 to 48 inches; mixed brown (7.5YR 5/4) and

gray (N 5/0) extremely gravelly loam; many

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

mottles; massive; firm; few medium roots; 75

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

2C3—48 to 65 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

extremely gravelly loam; many medium prominent

gray (N 5/0), common medium prominent gray

(10YR 5/1), and many medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; massive; friable; few

very fine, fine, and medium roots; 70 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 48

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 0 to 20 percent in the solum, from 0 to 40 percent

above a depth of 40 inches in the substratum, and

from 0 to 75 percent below a depth of 40 inches in the

substratum. The content of rock fragments in the

particle-size control section is, by volume, less than 20

percent. The rock fragments dominantly are gravel. In

unlimed areas reaction is very strongly acid to

moderately acid.

The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and

value and chroma of 3 to 6. Low-chroma mottles range

from 10YR 4/2 to 10YR 6/1. High-chroma mottles

range from 7.5YR 4/4 to 7.5YR 5/8. The texture of the

fine-earth material is silt loam or loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y or

is neutral. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 4. It

is mottled. The texture of the fine-earth material is silt

loam or loam.

Potomac Series

The Potomac series consists of very deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in

coarse textured alluvial material derived from soils

underlain by sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, or

chert (fig. 19). The Potomac soils are on nearly level

flood plains, mainly in the eastern half of the county.

They are subject to frequent flooding. Slope ranges

from 0 to 3 percent.

Potomac soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Sensabaugh and Tioga soils, the moderately

well drained Lobdell soils, the somewhat poorly

drained Orrville soils, and the poorly drained Holly

soils. Potomac soils are flooded more frequently than

the Sensabaugh, Tioga, Lobdell, and Orrville soils.

They have less clay and more rock fragments in the

profile than the Holly soils.

Typical pedon of Potomac very gravelly loam in a

grassy field; about 1.7 miles north, 72 degrees east of

Bird Run Campground, east of Frost:

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed grasses.

Ap1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very

fine granular structure; very friable; many very fine

and fine roots; 40 percent rock fragments; slightly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Ap2—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

dry; weak very fine granular structure; friable;

common very fine and fine roots; 40 percent

rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

C1—10 to 21 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

gravelly sandy loam; single grain; loose; common

very fine and fine roots; 70 percent rock

fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

C2—21 to 40 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

gravelly loamy coarse sand that has pockets of

sandy loam; single grain; loose; few very fine

roots; 80 percent rock fragments; moderately acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

C3—40 to 65 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

gravelly sandy loam; single grain; loose; few very

fine roots; 65 percent rock fragments; moderately

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 3 to 12

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of gravel ranges, by volume, from 5 to 50

percent in the A horizon and from 50 to 80 percent in

the C horizon. The content of rock fragments in the

particle-size control section averages, by volume,

more than 35 percent. In unlimed areas reaction is

strongly acid to neutral.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 or 3.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth

material is sandy loam, loamy sand, or sand.

Purdy Series

The Purdy series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in slack-water deposits of

alluvial material derived mainly from acid soils

underlain by siltstone, shale, or sandstone. The Purdy

soils are on low terraces, mainly along Deer Creek.

Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

Purdy soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Allegheny and Chavies soils, the moderately

well drained Philo soils, and the poorly drained Atkins
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 171

soils. Purdy soils have more clay in the subsoil than

the Allegheny, Chavies, Philo, and Atkins soils.

Typical pedon of Purdy silt loam in a meadow; about

1.1 miles south, 58 degrees west of the intersection of

West Virginia Routes 28 and 92 and Pine Grove Road,

northwest of Arbovale:

Ap—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt

loam; moderate medium and coarse granular

structure; friable; many fine roots; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

BAg—5 to 9 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay

loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common fine roots;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Btg1—9 to 14 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty

clay; many fine and medium prominent brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8) and common fine and medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;

moderate medium prismatic structure parting to

moderate medium subangular blocky; firm; few

fine roots; common prominent clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Btg2—14 to 38 inches; gray (N 5/0) silty clay; many

coarse faint gray (N 6/0), common fine and

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and

many fine and medium prominent brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) mottles; moderate coarse prismatic

structure parting to moderate medium subangular

blocky; firm; few fine roots; many prominent clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cg—38 to 65 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very

gravelly silty clay loam; few medium distinct gray

(N 5/0), few medium and coarse distinct light olive

brown (2.5Y 5/3), and common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; massive; firm;

45 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 28 to 50

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 0 to 15 percent in the solum and from 0 to 50

percent in the substratum. The rock fragments are

dominantly sandstone pebbles and gravels. In unlimed

areas reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral. It has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 0 to 2.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral. It has value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 0 to 2. The

texture of the fine-earth material is clay, silty clay, silty

clay loam, or clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral. It has value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 0 to 3. The

texture of the fine-earth material is silty clay or silty

clay loam.

Sees Series

The Sees series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils that formed in colluvial material

derived from interbedded limestone and siltstone.

These soils are in depressions and along

drainageways in areas of the Greenbrier geologic

deposits. They are subject to rare flooding. Slope

ranges from 0 to 3 percent.

The Sees soils in Pocahontas County are

taxadjuncts to the series because they have a

seasonal high water table that is slightly higher than is

defined for the series. Generally, the A horizon has

higher value and chroma and the upper part of the

solum has lower pH than is defined as the range for

the series. These differences, however, do not

significantly affect the use and management of the

soils.

Sees soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Belmont, Duffield, and Lodi soils and the

poorly drained Holly soils. Sees soils have more clay

in the subsoil than the Belmont, Duffield, and Holly

soils. They generally are not so red as the Lodi soils

and have gray colors in the subsoil. They are flooded

less often than the Holly soils.

Typical pedon of Sees silt loam in an area of

cropland; about 3,880 feet north, 56 degrees west of

the Pearl S. Buck birthplace, north of Hillsboro:

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine roots; strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 14 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty

clay; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; few faint

clay films in pores; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—14 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty

clay; common fine light brownish gray (10YR 6/2),

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and yellowish red (5YR

5/8) mottles; moderate medium prismatic structure

parting to moderate medium subangular blocky;

firm; few very fine roots; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; strongly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Btg3—20 to 38 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay;

common medium brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and common fine

reddish brown (5YR 4/4) mottles; moderate

medium prismatic structure parting to moderate

medium subangular blocky; firm; few very fine
172 Soil Survey

roots; many distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg4—38 to 58 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silty clay;

common medium brownish yellow (10YR 6/8),

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), and reddish brown

(5YR 4/4) mottles; moderate medium prismatic

structure; firm; few very fine roots; few distinct clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent rock

fragments; common fine black concretions;

neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

C—58 to 65 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) silty clay;

common medium gray (10YR 6/1), brownish

yellow (10YR 6/8), and reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8

and 5YR 6/8) mottles; massive; firm; 5 percent

rock fragments; moderately alkaline.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 48 to 58

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of limestone and siltstone fragments

ranges, by volume, from 0 to 15 percent in the solum

and from 0 to 35 percent in the substratum. In

unlimed areas reaction is strongly acid to neutral in the

solum and neutral to moderately alkaline in the

substratum.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 4 to 6.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silty clay or clay.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or

2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 6. The texture

of the fine-earth material is silty clay or clay.

Sensabaugh Series

The Sensabaugh series consists of very deep,

well drained soils that formed in alluvial material

derived mainly from soils underlain by limestone,

sandstone, or siltstone. The Sensabaugh soils are on

flood plains west of the Greenbrier River. They are

subject to occasional flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to

3 percent.

Sensabaugh soils are on the landscape with the

somewhat excessively drained Potomac soils, the well

drained Chavies and Shouns soils, and the poorly

drained Holly soils. Sensabaugh soils are not flooded

as often as the Potomac and Holly soils but are

flooded more often than the Chavies soils. They do not

have the accumulation of clay in the subsoil that is

typical of the Shouns soils.

Typical pedon of Sensabaugh silt loam in a

pastured area along Cloverlick Creek; about 3,800 feet

north, 43 degrees west of the intersection of County

Routes 9 and 9/2, west of Cloverlick:

Ap—0 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)

silt loam; moderate fine granular structure;

friable; many fine and medium roots; 5 percent

rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

BA—6 to 10 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

gravelly loam; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; friable; common fine and medium roots;

15 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw1—10 to 21 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

gravelly loam; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine

roots; 15 percent rock fragments; slightly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw2—21 to 34 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

gravelly sandy clay loam; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots;

25 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BC—34 to 40 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

very gravelly loam; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; 40 percent

rock fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

C1—40 to 55 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very

gravelly loam; massive; friable; 60 percent rock

fragments; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

C2—55 to 65 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly loam; few fine and medium

distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; massive;

friable; 65 percent rock fragments; neutral.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to 40

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 0 to 10 percent in the A horizon, from 15 to 40

percent in the B horizon, and from 35 to 70 percent in

the C horizon; however, it generally ranges from 15 to

35 percent between depths of 10 and 40 inches. The

rock fragments dominantly are sandstone pebbles and

cobbles. In unlimed areas reaction is slightly acid or

neutral.

The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of

3, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The BA horizon has hue of 5YR and value and

chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth material

is loam or silt loam.

The Bw and BC horizons have hue of 5YR and

value and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, clay

loam, or sandy clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 5YR and value and

chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silt loam, loam, clay loam, or sandy clay

loam.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 173

Shouns Series

The Shouns series consist of very deep, well

drained soils that formed in colluvial or alluvial material

derived from shale, siltstone, sandstone, and

limestone (fig. 20). These soils are on alluvial fans, foot

slopes, and benches; along drainageways; and in

coves. They are in areas of the Hampshire, Maccrady,

Greenbrier, Bluefield, and Hinton geologic deposits.

Slope ranges from 3 to 55 percent.

Shouns soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Belmont, Calvin, Cateache, Duffield, Lodi, and

Sensabaugh soils and the moderately well drained

Blairton soils. Shouns soils are deeper than the

Belmont, Blairton, Calvin, and Cateache soils; have

more clay in the subsoil than the Calvin and

Sensabaugh soils; have fewer rock fragments in the

subsoil than the Blairton and Cateache soils; are

redder than the Duffield soils; and have less clay

and more rock fragments in the subsoil than the Lodi

soils.

Typical pedon of Shouns silt loam, 15 to 35 percent

slopes, extremely stony; about 2,600 feet north, 80

degrees east of the confluence of the Greenbrier River

and Deer Creek, east of Cass:

Oe—1 inch to 0; moderately decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; friable; many fine roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

BA—3 to 6 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt loam; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common

fine and medium roots; 10 percent rock fragments;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—6 to 14 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4)

channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine and medium roots; few distinct clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent

rock fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—14 to 23 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4)

channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable;

common fine and medium roots; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds, on rock fragments,

and in pores; 25 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—23 to 40 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very

channery silty clay loam; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few

fine and medium roots; common prominent clay

films on faces of peds, on rock fragments, and in

pores; 35 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—40 to 53 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

very channery clay loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; firm; few medium

roots; 45 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—53 to 65 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) very

channery clay loam; massive; firm; few fine roots;

40 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 45 to 60

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and

limestone fragments ranges, by volume, from 0 to 10

percent in the A horizon and from 0 to 45 percent in

the B and C horizons. The content of rock fragments in

the upper 20 inches of the Bt horizon averages, by

volume, less than 35 percent. In unlimed areas

reaction is strongly acid or moderately acid.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and value

and chroma of 2 or 3.

The BA horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of

4 or 5, and chroma of 4. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silt loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5, and chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fineearth material is silty clay loam, clay loam, or silt loam.

The BC horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of

3, and chroma of 4. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silty clay loam or clay loam.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3

or 4, and chroma of 6. The texture of the fine-earth

material is clay loam.

Snowdog Series

The Snowdog series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils that formed in colluvial

material derived from acid shale, siltstone, or

sandstone. These soils are on moderately steep and

steep foot slopes and benches at elevations of more

than 3,000 feet. They are in areas of the Kanawha,

New River, Bluestone, Princeton, Hampshire, and

Chemung geologic deposits. Slope ranges from 15 to

35 percent.

Snowdog soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Briery and Mandy soils and the poorly drained

Trussel soils. Snowdog soils have a fragipan and fewer

rock fragments in the profile than the Briery and

Mandy soils. They are also deeper than the Mandy

soils. They generally are on the upper foot slopes,

whereas Trussel soils are on the lower foot slopes.

Typical pedon of Snowdog silt loam, 15 to 35

percent slopes, extremely stony, in a wooded area;
174 Soil Survey

about 1 mile north, 68 degrees east of the confluence

of the Cherry River and the Left Branch, near the Falls

of Hills Creek Scenic Area:

Oi—2 inches to 1 inch; slightly decomposed forest

litter.

Oe—1 inch to 0; moderately decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam; weak fine and medium granular structure;

friable; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; 5 percent rock fragments; extremely acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

BA—2 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam;

moderately fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; many very fine, fine, medium,

and coarse roots; 10 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw—4 to 16 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

channery silt loam; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; friable; many very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; few distinct

coatings on rock fragments and in root channels;

15 percent rock fragments; very strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Bx—16 to 40 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery loam; few fine distinct grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) and prominent yellowish brown (10YR

5/8) mottles; weak very coarse prismatic structure

parting to weak medium platy; very firm and brittle;

common distinct coatings on rock fragments and

in pores; 45 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

BC—40 to 55 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery sandy loam; few medium prominent

grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and few fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; weak very

coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse

subangular blocky; friable; common distinct

coatings on rock fragments and in pores; 45

percent rock fragments; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C—55 to 65 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

channery silt loam; few fine prominent grayish

brown (2.5Y 5/2) and few fine distinct yellowish

brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; massive; friable;

common distinct coatings on rock fragments and

in pores; 25 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 50 to 65

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 5 to 45 percent in the A, BA, Bw, and BC

horizons and from 20 to 70 percent in the Bx and C

horizons. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid

to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The BA horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR and

value and chroma of 3 or 4. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5,

and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth

material is silt loam or loam.

The Bx horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 6,

and chroma of 2 to 8. It is mottled. The texture of the

fine-earth material is loam or sandy loam.

The BC and C horizons have hue of 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fineearth material is sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or silty

clay loam.

Tioga Series

The Tioga series consists of very deep, well drained

soils that formed in alluvial material derived from soils

underlain by sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, or

chert. The Tioga soils are on flood plains along the

Greenbrier River and its tributaries. They are subject

to occasional flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3

percent.

Tioga soils are on the landscape with the somewhat

excessively drained Potomac soils, the well drained

Chavies soils, the moderately well drained Lobdell

soils, the somewhat poorly drained Orrville soils, and

the poorly drained Holly soils. Tioga soils are flooded

less often than the Potomac and Holly soils but more

often than the Chavies soils. They have more sand in

the subsoil than the Lobdell and Orrville soils.

Typical pedon of Tioga fine sandy loam in a

meadow; about 1.3 miles south, 60 degrees east of

the intersection of U.S. Route 219 and the Airport

Road, north of Marlinton:

Ap—0 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

fine sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky

structure parting to weak fine granular; friable;

many very fine and fine roots; 2 percent rock

fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—10 to 18 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy

loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure

parting to weak fine granular; friable; many very

fine and fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—18 to 29 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy

loam; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; friable; few very fine and fine roots;
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 175

2 percent rock fragments; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bw3—29 to 38 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy

loam; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; few very fine and fine

roots; 2 percent rock fragments; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—38 to 65 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy

loam; massive; friable; 5 percent rock fragments;

moderately acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 18 to 40

inches. The depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches.

The content of rock fragments ranges, by volume,

from 0 to 15 percent in the solum and from 0 to 55

percent in the substratum. The rock fragments are

dominantly sandstone pebbles and cobbles. In unlimed

areas reaction is strongly acid to neutral in the solum

and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the

substratum.

The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 to 4.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of the fineearth material is fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam,

or silt loam.

 The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. The texture of

the fine-earth material is fine sandy loam, sandy loam,

or loamy sand.

Trussel Series

The Trussel series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils that formed in colluvial material derived

from acid shale, siltstone, and sandstone. These soils

are on gently sloping to strongly sloping foot slopes

and benches at elevations of more than 3,000 feet.

They are in areas of the Kanawha, New River,

Bluestone, Princeton, Hampshire, and Chemung

geologic deposits. Slope ranges from 3 to 15 percent.

Trussel soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Mandy soils; the well drained, moderately well

drained, and somewhat poorly drained Udifluvents; the

moderately well drained Snowdog soils; the poorly

drained Fluvaquents; and the very poorly drained

Medihemists. Trussel soils are deeper than the Mandy

soils. They are on the lower foot slopes, whereas

Snowdog soils generally are on the upper foot slopes.

Trussel soils have a fragipan and greater soil

development than the Udifluvents and Fluvaquents.

They have a lower content of organic matter than the

Medihemists.

Typical pedon of Trussel silt loam, 3 to 15 percent

slopes, very stony, in a wooded area; about 1.5 miles

south, 47 degrees east of the confluence of Abes Run

and the East Fork of the Greenbrier River:

Oe—2 inches to 0; moderately decomposed forest

litter.

A—0 to 2 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silt loam; weak fine

and medium granular structure; very friable; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots; 5 percent rock

fragments; extremely acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

E—2 to 6 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt

loam; common medium prominent brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) mottles; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; friable; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots; many prominent very dark

grayish brown (10YR 3/2) coatings on faces of

peds; 5 percent rock fragments; extremely acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—6 to 11 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) silt loam; many

medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

and many fine prominent dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/6) mottles; moderate medium and coarse

prismatic structure; friable; few very fine, fine, and

medium roots; 10 percent rock fragments;

extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—11 to 18 inches; gray (10YR 6/1) channery silt

loam; many medium prominent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) and common medium distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) mottles; moderate

medium and coarse prismatic structure; friable;

few very fine and fine roots; 15 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bx—18 to 35 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) channery loam;

common medium prominent gray (10YR 6/1) and

many coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

mottles; weak very coarse prismatic structure

parting to weak medium platy; firm and brittle; few

very fine roots; 30 percent rock fragments; very

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BC—35 to 47 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) very

channery loam; common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak medium

and coarse platy structure; firm; few very fine

roots; 45 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C—47 to 65 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3)

very channery loam; common fine prominent

gray (10YR 6/1) and common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; massive;

firm; 50 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 40 to

60 inches. The depth to bedrock is more than
176 Soil Survey

60 inches. The content of rock fragments ranges, by

volume, from 0 to 30 percent in the A, E, and Bw

horizons and from 20 to 60 percent in the Bx and C

horizons. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid

to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2

to 5, and chroma of 1 to 4.

The E horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Red, brown, or

yellow mottles are common. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silt loam, loam, silty clay

loam, or sandy clay loam.

The Bx horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or

5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 6. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silt loam or loam.

The BC and C horizons have hue of 7.5YR,

10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to

6. The texture of the fine-earth material is silt loam or

loam.

Udifluvents

Udifluvents are very deep, well drained to

somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in alluvial

material derived from soils underlain by siltstone,

sandstone, or limestone. These soils are on nearly

level flood plains along minor drainageways at

elevations of more than 3,000 feet. Slope ranges from

0 to 3 percent.

Udifluvents are on the landscape with the poorly

drained Fluvaquents and Trussel soils and the very

poorly drained Medihemists. Udifluvents generally

have less clay in the profile than the Fluvaquents.

They do not have the fragipan and the soil

development that are typical of the Trussel soils. Unlike

the Medihemists, they do not consist dominantly of

organic matter.

A typical pedon for Udifluvents is not given because

of the variability of these soils. The depth to bedrock is

more than 60 inches. The content of rock fragments

ranges, by volume, from 0 to 35 percent in the A

horizon and from 0 to 70 percent in the underlying

horizons. In unlimed areas reaction is extremely acid

to strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 2 or 3. The texture of the fine-earth

material is loam or sandy loam.

The underlying horizons have hue of 7.5YR or

10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The

texture of the fine-earth material is sandy loam or

loamy sand.

Udorthents

Udorthents formed in a mixture of soil material and

rock fragments in excavations, filled areas, or other

disturbed areas used for highways or as construction

sites. In places the materials have been transported

several hundred yards from the excavated area to the

fill site. These soils are dominantly along the Highland

Scenic Highway. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent.

A typical pedon of Udorthents is not given because

of the variability of these soils. The depth to bedrock is

more than 60 inches. The rock fragments vary in size,

kind, and amount. In unlimed areas reaction is

extremely acid to moderately alkaline.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, 7.5YR,

10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 1 to 4, and chroma of 4 to 6.

The texture of the fine-earth material is sandy loam,

loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay.

The underlying horizons have hue of 2.5YR, 5YR,

7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value of 3 to 7, and chroma

of 1 to 8. Low-chroma mottles are lithochromic. The

texture of the fine-earth material is sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or silty clay.

Weikert Series

The Weikert series consists of shallow, well drained

soils that formed in acid material weathered from

siltstone, shale, or fine grained sandstone (fig. 21).

These soils are adjacent to flood plains and terraces

on uplands in the eastern half of the county. They are

primarily in areas of the Brallier and Millboro Shale

geologic deposits. Slope ranges from 3 to 80 percent.

Weikert soils are on the landscape with the well

drained Allegheny, Berks, Elliber, Macove, and Mertz

soils. They are not so deep as the other soils.

Typical pedon of Weikert channery silt loam, 25 to

55 percent slopes, in a wooded area; about 600 feet

north, 38 degrees west of the intersection of West

Virginia Routes 39 and 92 at Rimel:

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed forest litter.

A—0 to 1 inch; dark brown (10YR 3/3) channery silt

loam; weak very fine granular structure; very

friable; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; 30 percent rock fragments; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

E—1 to 6 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

channery silt loam; weak very fine granular

structure; very friable; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 45 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw—6 to 11 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) very

channery silt loam; moderate medium and fine
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 177

subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine,

medium, and coarse roots; 35 percent rock

fragments; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

C—11 to 15 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

extremely channery silt loam; massive; friable; few

fine, medium, and coarse roots; 65 percent rock

fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cr—15 inches; multicolored siltstone and shale

bedrock.

The thickness of the solum ranges from 8 to 20

inches. The depth to bedrock ranges from 10 to 20

inches. The content of siltstone, shale, and fine

grained sandstone fragments ranges, by volume, from

15 to 35 percent in the A horizon, from 35 to 60

percent in the B horizon, and from 60 to 85 percent in

the C horizon. The content of rock fragments in the

particle-size control section averages, by volume,

more than 35 percent. In unlimed areas reaction is

very strongly acid or strongly acid.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4,

and chroma of 1 to 3.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 5, and

chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of the fine-earth material

is silt loam or loam.

The B horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of

4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. The texture of the fineearth material is silt loam or loam.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 4 to 8. The texture of

the fine-earth material is silt loam or loam.

179

The origin and development of the soils in

Pocahontas County are explained in this section. The

five major factors of soil formation are identified, and

their influence on the soils in the county is described.

Also, the morphology of the soils is related to horizon

nomenclature and the processes of horizon

development.

Factors of Soil Formation

The soils in Pocahontas County formed as a result

of the interaction of five major factors of soil

formation—parent material, time, climate, living

organisms, and topography. Each factor modifies the

effect of the others. Parent material, topography, and

time have resulted in the major differences among the

soils in the county. Climate and living organisms

generally influence soil formation uniformly throughout

broad areas.

Parent Material, Time, and Climate

The character of the parent material strongly

influences the time required for soil formation and the

nature of the soil that forms. The soils of the county

formed in residual, colluvial, and alluvial material.

Most formed in material weathered from interbedded

shale, siltstone, sandstone, or limestone. For example,

Berks soils formed in material weathered from

interbedded siltstone, shale, and fine grained

sandstone and Lodi soils formed in material

weathered from limestone.

The residuum is the oldest parent material in the

county. Soil formation has been retarded by resistant

rock, the slope, and erosion. Consequently, the profile

of some of the soils that formed in residual material is

less well developed than that of some of the soils that

formed in younger material.

Colluvial material is along foot slopes and in coves.

This material moved downslope from areas of residual

soils. Shouns soils formed in colluvium below areas of

Belmont, Calvin, and Cateache soils.

The alluvial parent material on terraces and flood

plains was washed from areas of acid and limy soils

on uplands. The soil-forming processes have had

considerable time to act on the material on terraces.

Many additions, losses, and alterations have taken

place. The resulting soils, such as the Allegheny soils,

are strongly leached and have a moderately well

developed profile.

The alluvium on flood plains is the youngest parent

material in the county. Most of the soils on flood plains

have a weakly developed profile because the soilforming processes have had little time to act. Potomac,

Sensabaugh, and Tioga soils are examples of soils on

flood plains.

Climate is relatively uniform throughout most of the

survey area, except at the higher elevations in the

western part of the county where the mean annual

temperature is lower and the mean annual

precipitation is higher. Because of the cooler

temperatures and the higher amounts of rainfall in this

area, the subsurface layer of the Gauley soils is

leached. Mandy soils, which formed in siltstone, shale,

and fine grained sandstone in areas where

precipitation is greater, have a higher content of clay

than the Berks soils, which formed in the same type of

parent material but in areas that receive a lower

amount of rainfall. Poorly drained and very poorly

drained soils are more common in areas that receive a

higher amount of rainfall.

Living Organisms

Living organisms, including plants, animals,

bacteria, and fungi, affect soil formation. The kind and

amount of vegetation are generally responsible for the

content of organic matter and color of the surface layer

and are partly responsible for the content of nutrients.

Earthworms and burrowing animals help to keep the

soil open and porous. They mix organic material with

mineral matter by moving soil to the surface. Bacteria

and fungi decompose organic matter, thus releasing

plant nutrients.

Human activities also affect soil formation. Clearing

the forest, plowing, burning, and mining, for example,

affect the characteristics of the surface layer. Human

activities also include adding fertilizer, mixing some of

Formation of the Soils
180

the soil horizons, and moving soil material from one

place to another.

Topography

Topography affects soil formation by its effect on the

amount of water moving through the soil, the amount

and rate of runoff, and the rate of erosion. Large

amounts of water have moved through the gently

sloping and strongly sloping soils in the county. This

movement favors the formation of deep soils that have

a moderately developed to well developed profile. On

steep and very steep hillsides, less water moves

through the soils and more water runs off the surface.

The soil material is washed away almost as rapidly as

a soil forms. As a result, the soils on many of the

steeper hillsides are shallower over bedrock than the

soils on the more gentle slopes.

The topography in the county favors the formation

of soils on flood plains and terraces. The soils on flood

plains are weakly developed, however, mainly

because too little time has elapsed since the material

was deposited.

Morphology of the Soils

The results of the soil-forming processes are

evident in the different layers, or horizons, in the soil

profile. The profile extends from the soil surface

downward to material that has been little changed by

the soil-forming processes. Most soils have three

major horizons, called the A, B, and C horizons.

Subdivisions of these horizons are indicated by

numbers and lowercase letters in the horizon

designators.

The A horizon is the surface layer. It is the layer that

has the maximum accumulation of organic matter. It is

also the layer of maximum leaching, or eluviation, of

clay and iron.

The B horizon underlies the A horizon and is

commonly called the subsoil. It is the horizon of

maximum accumulation, or illuviation, of clay, iron,

aluminum, or other compounds leached from the

surface layer. It commonly has blocky structure and

generally is firmer and lighter in color than the A

horizon.

The C horizon is below the A and B horizons. It

consists of material that has been modified by

weathering but is little altered by the soil-forming

processes.

Many processes have influenced the formation of

horizons in the soils in Pocahontas County. The more

important of these are the accumulation of organic

matter, the leaching of soluble salts, the reduction and

transfer of iron, the formation and translocation of clay

minerals, and the formation of structure. These

processes are continuous and have been taking place

for thousands of years.

In most of the soils on uplands in the county,

the B horizon is yellowish in color, mainly because

of iron oxides. The B horizon has blocky structure

and, in places, contains translocated clay

minerals.

A fragipan has formed in the B horizon of some of

the soils on foot slopes. This layer is dense and brittle,

is mottled, and is moderately slowly permeable or

slowly permeable. The grayish colors in the fragipan

are the result of gleying, or the reduction of iron,

during soil formation.
181

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986. Standard

specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and testing. Ed. 14,

2 vols.

American Society for Testing and Materials. 1993. Standard classification of soils for

engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487.

Colyer, Dale, and Anthony Ferrise. 1989. West Virginia agriculture, 1987 census of

agriculture, selected data from the advance state report. R.D. Publ. 736.

Pocahontas County Historical Society, Inc. 1981. History of Pocahontas County, West

Virginia.

Price, Paul H. 1929. West Virginia geological survey, Pocahontas County.

Schnur, G. Luther. 1937. Yields, stand, and volume tables for even-aged upland oak

forests. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 560. (Reprinted in 1961)

Strausbaugh, P.D., and Earl L. Core. [n.d.] Flora of West Virginia. 2d ed.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land

capability classification. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 210.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1975. Soil

taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys.

U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 436.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1992. Keys to soil

taxonomy. 5th ed. Soil Surv. Staff, Soil Manage. Support Serv. Tech. Monogr. 19.

United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1993. Soil survey

manual. Soil Surv. Staff, U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 18.

West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey. 1968. Geologic map of West Virginia.

Williams, B.H., and H.M. Fridley. 1938. Soil survey of Pocahontas County, West Virginia.

U.S. Dep. Agric., Bur. Chem. and Soils, Ser. 1933, No. 14.

References

183

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon.

Ablation till. Loose, permeable till deposited during

the final downwasting of glacial ice. Lenses of

crudely sorted sand and gravel are common.

AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon.

Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or

on steep, rocky slopes.

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air from

the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil is

similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a

poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in

carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such as

granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds. Clods

are aggregates produced by tillage or logging.

Alkali (sodic) soil. A soil having so high a degree of

alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a

percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent

or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both,

that plant growth is restricted.

Alluvial cone. The material washed down the sides of

mountains and hills by ephemeral streams and

deposited at the mouth of gorges in the form of a

moderately steep, conical mass descending

equally in all directions from the point of issue.

Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where it

issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a tributary

stream near or at its junction with its main stream.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Alpha,alpha-dipyridyl. A dye that when dissolved in

1N ammonium acetate is used to detect the

presence of reduced iron (Fe II) in the soil. A

positive reaction indicates a type of redoximorphic

feature.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for 1

month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Arroyo. The flat-floored channel of an ephemeral

stream, commonly with very steep to vertical

banks cut in alluvium.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.

Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous

areas geographically associated in a characteristic

repeating pattern and defined and delineated as a

single map unit.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity, in

inches, in a 40-inch profile or to a limiting layer is

expressed as:

Very low ......................................................... 0 to 2.4

Low ............................................................. 2.4 to 3.2

Moderate .................................................... 3.2 to 5.2

High ..................................................... more than 5.2

Back slope. The geomorphic component that forms

the steepest inclined surface and principal

element of many hillsides. Back slopes in profile

are commonly steep, are linear, and may or may

not include cliff segments.

Badland. Steep or very steep, commonly nonstony,

barren land dissected by many intermittent

drainage channels. Badland is most common in

semiarid and arid regions where streams are

entrenched in soft geologic material. Local relief

generally ranges from 25 to 500 feet. Runoff

potential is very high, and geologic erosion is

active.

Bajada. A broad alluvial slope extending from the

base of a mountain range out into a basin and

formed by coalescence of separate alluvial fans.

Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree,

generally referring to the section at breast height

and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of

Glossary
184 Soil Survey

stand density, commonly expressed in square

feet.

Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the

ice.

Base saturation. The degree to which material having

cation-exchange properties is saturated with

exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na, and K),

expressed as a percentage of the total cationexchange capacity.

Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters

thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine,

or marine sediment.

Bedding system. A drainage system made by

plowing, grading, or otherwise shaping the surface

of a flat field. It consists of a series of low ridges

separated by shallow, parallel dead furrows.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed at

the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where

the configuration and relief of the landforms are

determined or strongly influenced by the

underlying bedrock.

Bench terrace. A raised, level or nearly level strip of

earth constructed on or nearly on a contour,

supported by a barrier of rocks or similar material,

and designed to make the soil suitable for tillage

and to prevent accelerated erosion.

Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of

which consists of an illuvial horizon and the

overlying eluvial horizons.

Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most

of the soil material has been removed by the wind.

A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a

resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles or

cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is

exposed.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Breaks. The steep and very steep broken land at the

border of an upland summit that is dissected by

ravines.

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above

the ground surface; the point on a tree where

diameter measurements are ordinarily taken.

Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or

biological methods to make conditions favorable

for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition

from woody vegetation and thus allow understory

grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management

increases forage production and thus reduces the

hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for

some species of wildlife.

Butte. An isolated small mountain or hill with steep or

precipitous sides and a top variously flat, rounded,

or pointed that may be a residual mass isolated by

erosion or an exposed volcanic neck.

Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a

nearby central area for transport to a processing

facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of

a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement

similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To

reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees

generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or

the entire log is suspended.

Calcareous soil. A soil containing enough calcium

carbonate (commonly combined with magnesium

carbonate) to effervesce visibly when treated with

cold, dilute hydrochloric acid.

Caliche. A more or less cemented deposit of calcium

carbonate in soils of warm-temperate, subhumid

to arid areas. Caliche occurs as soft, thin layers in

the soil or as hard, thick beds directly beneath the

solum, or it is exposed at the surface by erosion.

California bearing ratio (CBR). The load-supporting

capacity of a soil as compared to that of standard

crushed limestone, expressed as a ratio. First

standardized in California. A soil having a CBR of

16 supports 16 percent of the load that would be

supported by standard crushed limestone, per unit

area, with the same degree of distortion.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See

Crown.)

Canyon. A long, deep, narrow, very steep sided valley

with high, precipitous walls in an area of high local

relief.

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Carbolith. Dark sedimentary rocks that leave black or

very dark (Munsell value of 3 or less) streaks or

powder. Carbolith includes coal, bone coal, and

shale and mudstone that have a high content of

carbon. In general, this material contains at least

25 percent carbonaceous matter, by volume,

oxidizable at 350 to 400 degrees C.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a

landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent

material but have different characteristics as a

result of differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 185

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange capacity

but is more precise in meaning.

Catsteps. Very small, irregular terraces on steep

hillsides, especially in pasture, formed by the

trampling of cattle or the slippage of saturated soil.

Cement rock. Shaly limestone used in the

manufacture of cement.

Channery soil material. Soil material that is, by

volume, 15 to 35 percent thin, flat fragments of

sandstone, shale, slate, limestone, or schist as

much as 6 inches (15 centimeters) along the

longest axis. A single piece is called a channer.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Cirque. A semicircular, concave, bowllike area that

has steep faces primarily resulting from glacial ice

and snow abrasion.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil textural

class, soil material that is 40 percent or more clay,

less than 45 percent sand, and less than 40

percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese

and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that

contains much more clay than the horizons above

it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and

plastic or stiff when wet.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant cover

reproduces itself and does not change so long as

the environment remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to

25 centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that is 15 to

35 percent, by volume, rounded or partially

rounded rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to

25 centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil

material has 35 to 60 percent of these rock

fragments, and extremely cobbly soil material has

more than 60 percent.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning

or establishing terraces, diversions, and other

water-control structures on a complex slope is

difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern

or so small in area that it is not practical to map

them separately at the selected scale of mapping.

The pattern and proportion of the soils or

miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas.

Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in

volume of soft soil under load.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane. They typically take the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium carbonate,

iron oxide, and manganese oxide are common

compounds making up concretions. If formed in

place, concretions of iron oxide or manganese

oxide are generally considered a type of

redoximorphic concentration.

Congeliturbate. Soil material disturbed by frost

action.

Conglomerate. A coarse grained, clastic rock

composed of rounded or subangular rock

fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It

commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured

material. Conglomerate is the consolidated

equivalent of gravel.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the year.
186 Soil Survey

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness of

puddled soil material; and the manner in which the

soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or close-growing

crops are alternated with strips of clean-tilled

crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Coppice dune. A small dune of fine grained soil

material stabilized around shrubs or small trees.

Coprogenous earth (sedimentary peat). Fecal

material deposited in water by aquatic organisms.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting

farming operations on sloping farmland in such a

way that tillage is across the general slope.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including the

living branches and their foliage.

Cuesta. A hill or ridge that has a gentle slope on

one side and a steep slope on the other;

specifically, an asymmetric, homoclinal ridge

capped by resistant rock layers of slight or

moderate dip.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

The average annual increase per acre in the

volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total

volume of the stand by its age. As the stand

increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to

reduce the rate of increase. The point where the

stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth

is called the culmination of the mean annual

increment.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range

plants. Because they are the most palatable, they

are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting

grazing land for a prescribed period.

Delta. A body of alluvium having a surface that is

nearly flat and fan shaped; deposited at or near

the mouth of a river or stream where it enters a

body of relatively quiet water, generally a sea or

lake.

Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer that

has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per

cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of

digging and can affect filling and compacting.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to

20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.

Desert pavement. On a desert surface, a layer of

gravel or larger fragments that was emplaced by

upward movement of the underlying sediments or

that remains after finer particles have been

removed by running water or the wind.

Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly

determined by and approximately conforming to

the dip of the underlying bedrock.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Divided-slope farming. A form of field stripcropping

in which crops are grown in a systematic

arrangement of two strips, or bands, across the

slope to reduce the hazard of water erosion. One

strip is in a close-growing crop that provides

protection from erosion, and the other strip is in a

crop that provides less protection from erosion.

This practice is used where slopes are not long

enough to permit a full stripcropping pattern to be

used.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency and

duration of wet periods under conditions similar to

those under which the soil formed. Alterations of

the water regime by human activities, either

through drainage or irrigation, are not a

consideration unless they have significantly

changed the morphology of the soil. Seven

classes of natural soil drainage are recognized—
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 187

excessively drained, somewhat excessively

drained, well drained, moderately well drained,

somewhat poorly drained, poorly drained, and

very poorly drained. These classes are defined in

the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Draw. A small stream valley that generally is more

open and has broader bottom land than a ravine

or gulch.

Drumlin. A low, smooth, elongated oval hill, mound, or

ridge of compact glacial till. The longer axis is

parallel to the path of the glacier and commonly

has a blunt nose pointing in the direction from

which the ice approached.

Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of

mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material

that is in the process of decomposition and

includes everything from the litter on the surface to

underlying pure humus.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost material

through eluviation are eluvial; those that have

received material are illuvial.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material

accumulated through wind action; commonly

refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in

blankets on the surface.

Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows only in direct response to precipitation. It

receives no long-continued supply from melting

snow or other source, and its channel is above the

water table at all times.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid than

geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human or

animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Erosion pavement. A layer of gravel or stones that

remains on the surface after fine particles are

removed by sheet or rill erosion.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope

or cliff breaking the general continuity of more

gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from

erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Esker. A narrow, winding ridge of stratified gravelly

and sandy drift deposited by a stream flowing in a

tunnel beneath a glacier.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Excess lime (in tables). Excess carbonates in the soil

that restrict the growth of some plants.

Excess salts (in tables). Excess water-soluble salts in

the soil that restrict the growth of most plants.

Excess sodium (in tables). Excess exchangeable

sodium in the soil. The resulting poor physical

properties restrict the growth of plants.

Excess sulfur (in tables). Excessive amount of sulfur

in the soil. The sulfur causes extreme acidity if the

soil is drained, and the growth of most plants is

restricted.

Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deepseated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the

earth’s surface.

Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore

productivity through accumulation of moisture.

Summer fallow is common in regions of limited

rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is

tilled for at least one growing season for weed

control and decomposition of plant residue.

Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of

active deposition, incised by younger and lower

alluvial surfaces.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water

into the soil.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to provide

plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and in proper

balance, for the growth of specified plants when

light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and other growth

factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of

all organic soil material. Peat contains a large

amount of well preserved fiber that is readily

identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has

the lowest bulk density and the highest water

content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field
188 Soil Survey

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated

soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on the

downhill side of the road.

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop

or help control creeping or running fires. It also

serves as a line from which to work and to

facilitate the movement of firefighters and

equipment. Designated roads also serve as

firebreaks.

First bottom. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to frequent or occasional flooding.

Flaggy soil material. Material that is, by volume, 15 to

35 percent flagstones. Very flaggy soil material

has 35 to 60 percent flagstones, and extremely

flaggy soil material has more than 60 percent

flagstones.

Flagstone. A thin fragment of sandstone, limestone,

slate, shale, or (rarely) schist 6 to 15 inches (15 to

38 centimeters) long.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river

action, as a fluvial plain.

Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as

much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a

mountain range or high-plateau escarpment.

Foot slope. The inclined surface at the base of a hill.

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Fragile (in tables). A soil that is easily damaged by

use or disturbance.

Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low in

porosity and content of organic matter and low or

moderate in clay but high in silt or very fine sand.

A fragipan appears cemented and restricts roots.

When dry, it is hard or very hard and has a higher

bulk density than the horizon or horizons above.

When moist, it tends to rupture suddenly under

pressure rather than to deform slowly.

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil

moisture. Frost action can damage roads,

buildings and other structures, and plant roots.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Gilgai. Commonly, a succession of microbasins and

microknolls in nearly level areas or of microvalleys

and microridges parallel with the slope. Typically,

the microrelief of clayey soils that shrink and swell

considerably with changes in moisture content.

Glacial drift. Pulverized and other rock material

transported by glacial ice and then deposited.

Also, the sorted and unsorted material deposited

by streams flowing from glaciers.

Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly

stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater.

Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift

consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders

transported and deposited by glacial ice.

Glaciofluvial deposits. Material moved by glaciers

and subsequently sorted and deposited by

streams flowing from the melting ice. The deposits

are stratified and occur as kames, eskers, deltas,

and outwash plains.

Glaciolacustrine deposits. Material ranging from fine

clay to sand derived from glaciers and deposited

in glacial lakes mainly by glacial meltwater. Many

deposits are interbedded or laminated.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Graded stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

grade toward a protected waterway.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as

much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a

pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that is 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 189

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated

except by blasting or by the use of special

equipment that is not commonly used in

construction.

Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or

layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey

and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium

carbonate, or other substance.

Head out. To form a flower head.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil

material intermediate in degree of decomposition

between the less decomposed fibric material and

the more decomposed sapric material.

High-residue crops. Such crops as small grain and

corn used for grain. If properly managed, residue

from these crops can be used to control erosion

until the next crop in the rotation is established.

These crops return large amounts of organic

matter to the soil.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,

commonly of limited summit area and having a

well defined outline; hillsides generally have

slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction

between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is

dependent on local usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel to

the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase letter

represents the major horizons. Numbers or

lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An explanation

of the subdivisions is given in the “Soil Survey

Manual.” The major horizons of mineral soil are as

follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral material.

Also, a plowed surface horizon, most of which was

originally part of a B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the main

feature is loss of silicate clay, iron, aluminum, or

some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying C

horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or

(4) a combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material.

The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,

an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the

letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the soil.

The bedrock commonly underlies a C horizon, but

it can be directly below an A or a B horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a seasonal high water table, the

infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged

wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable

layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are not

considered but are separate factors in predicting

runoff.

Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a

molten or partially molten state. Major varieties

include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are

andesite, basalt, and granite.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or

roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is

absolutely impervious to air and water all the time.

Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that

increase in amount as the more desirable plants

are reduced by close grazing. Increasers

commonly are the shorter plants and the less

palatable to livestock.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material, as

contrasted with percolation, which is movement of

water through soil layers or material.

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which

water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of

conditions.
190 Soil Survey

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant, usually

expressed in inches per hour. The rate can be

limited by the infiltration capacity of the soil or the

rate at which water is applied at the surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the

soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial

rate; the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a

constant but is a variable depending on the net

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in

inches per hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 ............................................... very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ......................................... moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................ moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long,

continued contributions from melting snow or other

surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area

and grow after the climax vegetation has been

reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade

following disturbance of the surface.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops. Methods of irrigation are:

Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level

plains surrounded by levees or dikes.

Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a

strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled

by small earth ridges called border dikes, or

borders.

Controlled flooding.—Water is released at

intervals from closely spaced field ditches and

distributed uniformly over the field.

Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely

spaced furrows or ditches in fields of closegrowing crops or in orchards so that it flows in only

one direction.

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and

under low pressure to the surface of the soil or

into the soil through such applicators as emitters,

porous tubing, or perforated pipe.

Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made

by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for

tree and row crops.

Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil surface

through pipes or nozzles from a pressure system.

Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or

tile lines until the water table is raised enough to

wet the soil.

Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is

allowed to flow onto an area without controlled

distribution.

Kame. An irregular, short ridge or hill of stratified

glacial drift.

Karst (topography). The relief of an area underlain by

limestone that dissolves in differing degrees, thus

forming numerous depressions or small basins.

Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent

landforms.

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water

and exposed when the water level is lowered or

the elevation of the land is raised.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of

soil and loose rock, generally when wet or

saturated. The speed and distance of movement,

as well as the amount of soil and rock material,

vary greatly.

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil or

other material by percolating water.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Lithochromic mottles. Mottles that have inherited

their color from the rocks that made up the parent

material of the soil.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized

particles, deposited by wind.

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for

silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from

these crops is not adequate to control erosion until

the next crop in the rotation is established. These

crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Marl. An earthy, unconsolidated deposit consisting

chiefly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay in

approximately equal amounts.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 191

making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron oxide

or manganese oxide generally are considered a

type of redoximorphic concentration.

Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment

for seeding, brush management, and other

management practices.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Mesa. A broad, nearly flat topped and commonly

isolated upland mass characterized by summit

widths that are more than the heights of bounding

erosional scarps.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in

mineralogical composition, chemical composition,

or structure by heat, pressure, and movement.

Nearly all such rocks are crystalline.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minesoil. A young soil in recently deposited earthy

materials resulting from deep mining or surface

mining of coal.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or

no natural soil and supports little or no

vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich surface

horizon (or horizons) that has high base saturation

and pedogenic soil structure. It may include the

upper part of the subsoil.

Moraine. An accumulation of earth, stones, and other

debris deposited by a glacier. Some types are

terminal, lateral, medial, and ground.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than 5

millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from 5 to 15

millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and coarse,

more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface,

rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding

lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area

(relative to a plateau) and generally having steep

sides. A mountain can occur as a single, isolated

mass or in a group forming a chain or range.

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic

soil material. (See Sapric soil material.)

Mudstone. An indurated mud having the texture and

composition of shale, but lacking its fine lamination

or fissility; a blocky or massive, fine grained

sedimentary rock in which the proportions of clay

and silt are approximately equal.

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is a

color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma of

4.

Natric horizon. A special kind of argillic horizon that

contains enough exchangeable sodium to have an

adverse effect on the physical condition of the

subsoil.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.

(See Reaction, soil.)

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide are common compounds

making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of

iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered

types of redoximorphic concentrations.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil in

various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low ................................... less than 0.5 percent

Low ................................................ 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low .............................. 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ....................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High ............................................... 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high ............................... more than 8.0 percent

Outwash plain. A landform of mainly sandy or coarse

textured material of glaciofluvial origin. An

outwash plain is commonly smooth; where pitted,

it generally is low in relief.
192 Soil Survey

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes the

movement of water and the growth of roots. For

example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan, plowpan,

and traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely undecomposed

organic matter, that has accumulated under

excess moisture. (See Fibric soil material.)

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedisediment. A thin layer of alluvial material that

mantles an erosion surface and has been

transported to its present position from higher

lying areas of the erosion surface.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a soil.”

A pedon is three dimensional and large enough to

permit study of all horizons. Its area ranges from

about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square meter to 10

square meters), depending on the variability of the

soil.

Percolation. The downward movement of water

through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Permafrost. Layers of soil, or even bedrock, occurring

in arctic or subarctic regions, in which a

temperature below freezing has existed

continuously for a long time.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables water

or air to move downward through the profile. The

rate at which a saturated soil transmits water is

accepted as a measure of this quality. In soil

physics, the rate is referred to as “saturated

hydraulic conductivity,” which is defined in the “Soil

Survey Manual.” In line with conventional usage in

the engineering profession and with traditional

usage in published soil surveys, this rate of flow

continues to be expressed as “permeability.” Terms

describing permeability, measured in inches per

hour, are as follows:

Extremely slow ................................. 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ........................................ 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................ 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels

or pipelike cavities by water moving through the

soil.

Pitting (in tables). Pits caused by melting around ice.

They form on the soil after plant cover is removed.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat

summit area that is considerably elevated (more

than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and

separated from them on one or more sides by

escarpments.

Playa. The generally dry and nearly level lake plain

that occupies the lowest parts of closed

depressional areas, such as those on

intermontane basin floors. Temporary flooding

occurs primarily in response to precipitation and

runoff.

Plinthite. The sesquioxide-rich, humus-poor, highly

weathered mixture of clay with quartz and other

diluents. It commonly appears as red mottles,

usually in platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns.

Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone

hardpan or to irregular aggregates on repeated

wetting and drying, especially if it is exposed also

to heat from the sun. In a moist soil, plinthite can

be cut with a spade. It is a form of laterite.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil

directly below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very rapid

permeability, the soil may not adequately filter

effluent from a waste disposal system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased only

slightly by compaction.

Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where

surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult

or expensive to install.

Potential native plant community. See Climax plant

community.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the content
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 193

of moisture in the soil were adequate. The soil has

no properties restricting the penetration of roots to

this depth.

Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for

specific management purposes, under the

appropriate conditions of weather and soil

moisture and at the proper time of day.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and

maintain or improve the quantity and quality of the

desirable vegetation. This practice increases the

vigor and reproduction capacity of the key plants

and promotes the accumulation of litter and mulch

necessary to conserve soil and water.

Range condition. The present composition of the

plant community on a range site in relation to the

potential natural plant community for that site.

Range condition is expressed as excellent, good,

fair, or poor on the basis of how much the present

plant community has departed from the potential.

Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural

vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike

plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or

browsing. It includes natural grasslands,

savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras,

and areas that support certain forb and shrub

communities.

Range site. An area of rangeland where climate, soil,

and relief are sufficiently uniform to produce a

distinct natural plant community. A range site is the

product of all the environmental factors

responsible for its development. It is typified by an

association of species that differ from those on

other range sites in kind or proportion of species

or total production.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to pH

7.0 is described as precisely neutral in reaction

because it is neither acid nor alkaline. The

degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as pH

values, are:

Ultra acid .............................................. less than 3.5

Extremely acid ........................................... 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid .......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ........................................ 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ......................... 9.1 and higher

Red beds. Sedimentary strata that are mainly red and

are made up largely of sandstone and shale.

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions, reduced

matrices, a positive reaction to alpha,alphadipyridyl, and other features indicating the

chemical reduction and oxidation of iron and

manganese compounds resulting from saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land surface,

considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical

means during road construction. It is commonly on

the uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil

is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream
194 Soil Survey

channels from an area. The water that flows off the

surface of the land without sinking into the soil is

called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Saline soil. A soil containing soluble salts in an

amount that impairs growth of plants. A saline soil

does not contain excess exchangeable sodium.

Salty water (in tables). Water that is too salty for

consumption by livestock.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters in

diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz. As a

soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or more

sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has

the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk

density, and the lowest water content at saturation

of all organic soil material.

Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material

underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock

below.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or positive

pressure of the soil water. Under conditions of

saturation, the water will flow from the soil matrix

into an unlined auger hole.

Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching,

loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to

increase water absorption or to provide a more

tillable soil.

Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal

flood plain (or first bottom) of a river.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles

deposited from suspension in water. The chief

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand;

shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed

from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are

many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited

sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial

horizon and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See

Eluviation.)

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that are

almost alike, except for differences in texture of

the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Shale. A fine grained detrital sedimentary rock,

formed by the consolidation of clay, silt, or mud. It

is characterized by finely laminated structure,

which imparts a fissility approximately parallel to

the bedding, along which the rock breaks readily

into thin layers. These layers must be less than 5

millimeters thick.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer of

soil material from the land surface by the action of

rainfall and surface runoff.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The

mineral form is called quartz.

Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of

molecules of silica to the number of molecules of

alumina and iron oxide. The more highly

weathered soils or their clay fractions in warmtemperate, humid regions, and especially those in

the tropics, generally have a low ratio.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class, soil

that is 80 percent or more silt and less than 12

percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly

silt-sized particles.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land uses

in the survey area.

Sinkhole. A depression in the landscape where

limestone has been dissolved.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest site

based on the height of the dominant stand at an

arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if the average

height attained by dominant and codominant trees

in a fully stocked stand at the age of 50 years is

75 feet, the site index is 75.

Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces

produced by one mass sliding past another. In

soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip

surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of blocks,

prisms, and columns; and in swelling clayey soils,

where there is marked change in moisture

content.

Slick spot. A small area of soil having a puddled,

crusted, or smooth surface and an excess of

exchangeable sodium. The soil generally is silty or
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 195

clayey, is slippery when wet, and is low in

productivity.

Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to

movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or

wet.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Sloughed till. Water-saturated till that has flowed

slowly downhill from its original place of deposit by

glacial ice. It may rest on other till, on glacial

outwash, or on a glaciolacustrine deposit.

Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water

into the soil.

Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds,

resulting from restricted permeability in the soil.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Sodic (alkali) soil. A soil having so high a degree of

alkalinity (pH 8.5 or higher) or so high a

percentage of exchangeable sodium (15 percent

or more of the total exchangeable bases), or both,

that plant growth is restricted.

Sodicity. The degree to which a soil is affected by

exchangeable sodium. Sodicity is expressed as a

sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of a saturation

extract, or the ratio of Na+ to Ca++ + Mg++. The

degrees of sodicity and their respective ratios are:

Slight .................................................. less than 13:1

Moderate ....................................................... 13-30:1

Strong ................................................ more than 30:1

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief over periods of

time.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand ............................................... 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand ........................................... 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a

soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered

surface. In a cross section, the line may be one

fragment or more thick. It generally overlies

material that weathered in place and is overlain by

recent sediment of variable thickness.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of aggregates

longer than horizontal), columnar (prisms with

rounded tops), blocky (angular or subangular),

and granular. Structureless soils are either single

grained (each grain by itself, as in dune sand) or

massive (the particles adhering without any

regular cleavage, as in many hardpans).

Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on

the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects

the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after

harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the

next crop, and during the early growing period of

the new crop.

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part of

the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow

depth, ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or

claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Technically, the E horizon.

Generally refers to a leached horizon lighter in

color and lower in content of organic matter than

the overlying surface layer.
196 Soil Survey

Summer fallow. The tillage of uncropped land during

the summer to control weeds and allow storage of

moisture in the soil for the growth of a later crop. A

practice common in semiarid regions, where

annual precipitation is not enough to produce a

crop every year. Summer fallow is frequently

practiced before planting winter grain.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions

of these horizons.

Talus. Fragments of rock and other soil material

accumulated by gravity at the foot of cliffs or steep

slopes.

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a

series recognized in the classification system.

Such soils are named for a series they strongly

resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to

that series because they differ in ways too

small to be of consequence in interpreting their

use and behavior. Soils are recognized as

taxadjuncts only when one or more of their

characteristics are slightly outside the range

defined for the family of the series for which the

soils are named.

Terminal moraine. A belt of thick glacial drift that

generally marks the termination of important

glacial advances.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or

flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a

field generally is built so that the field can be

farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage

has a deep channel that is maintained in

permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily

flat or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the

sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil material

that is too thin for the specified use.

Till plain. An extensive area of nearly level to

undulating soils underlain by glacial till.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as related

to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toe slope. The outermost inclined surface at the base

of a hill; part of a foot slope.

Too arid (in tables). The soil is dry most of the time,

and vegetation is difficult to establish.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the

most favorable material for plant growth. It is

ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to

topdress roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by

mining.

Toxicity (in tables). Excessive amount of toxic

substances, such as sodium or sulfur, that

severely hinder establishment of vegetation or

severely restrict plant growth.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,

zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils

in extremely small amounts. They are essential to

plant growth.

Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more

volcanic ash and dust.

Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing on

banks of fill material.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than

the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in

stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In

nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by

heavily loaded streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting

colors assumed to be inherited from the parent

material rather than to be the result of poor

drainage.

Varve. A sedimentary layer or a lamina or sequence of

laminae deposited in a body of still water within a

year. Specifically, a thin pair of graded

glaciolacustrine layers seasonally deposited,

usually by meltwater streams, in a glacial lake

or other body of still water in front of a

glacier.

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or

depressional areas that are excavated at an

angle across a sloping road. They are used to

reduce the downward velocity of water and

divert it off and away from the road surface. Water

bars can easily be driven over if constructed

properly.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 197

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees by

the wind.

199

Tables
200 Soil Survey

Table 1.--Temperature and Precipitation

 (Recorded in the periods 1961-90 at Buckeye, West Virginia, and 1976-92 at Snowshoe, West Virginia)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | |

 | Temperature | Precipitation

 | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | 2 years in | | |2 years in 10| |

 Month | | | | 10 will have-- | Average | | will have-- | Average | _______________________ _____________

 |Average|Average|Average| Maximum | Minimum |number of|Average| | |number of|Average

 | daily | daily | |temperature|temperature| growing | | Less | More |days with|snowfall

 |maximum|minimum| | higher | lower | degree | |than--|than--|0.10 inch|

 | | | | than-- | than-- | days* | | | | or more | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | oF | oF | oF | oF | o __ __ __ __ __ _____ __ __ __ __ F | Units | In | In | In | | In

 | | | | | | | | | | |

BUCKEYE: | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 January----| 37.6 | 14.5 | 26.0 | 61 | -18 | 10 | 3.42 | 1.96| 4.72| 7 | 10.3

 February---| 42.6 | 17.8 | 30.2 | 68 | -12 | 25 | 3.23 | 1.72| 4.55| 7 | 9.6

 March------| 54.1 | 26.0 | 40.0 | 79 | 2 | 111 | 4.06 | 2.70| 5.31| 8 | 6.5

 April------| 63.7 | 33.8 | 48.8 | 85 | 14 | 280 | 3.82 | 2.41| 5.09| 8 | 1.7

 May--------| 72.9 | 43.4 | 58.1 | 88 | 23 | 558 | 4.30 | 2.67| 5.77| 8 | .0

 June-------| 79.8 | 52.1 | 65.9 | 90 | 35 | 773 | 3.38 | 1.97| 4.64| 7 | .0

 July-------| 82.4 | 56.8 | 69.6 | 92 | 42 | 842 | 4.50 | 3.34| 5.59| 9 | .0

 August-----| 81.4 | 56.0 | 68.7 | 91 | 40 | 831 | 3.95 | 2.17| 5.53| 7 | .0

 September--| 75.5 | 49.6 | 62.5 | 89 | 30 | 646 | 3.40 | 1.47| 5.05| 6 | .0

 October----| 65.4 | 36.7 | 51.0 | 81 | 14 | 329 | 3.58 | 1.72| 5.18| 6 | .2

 November---| 53.1 | 28.2 | 40.7 | 74 | 6 | 115 | 3.45 | 2.09| 4.67| 7 | 2.8

 December---| 41.8 | 19.8 | 30.8 | 66 | -8 | 29 | 3.73 | 2.28| 5.27| 7 | 7.6

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Average---| 62.5 | 36.2 | 49.4 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 Extreme---| --- | --- | --- | 93 | -18 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4,547 | 44.82 | 38.72| 49.52| 87 | 38.7

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

SNOWSHOE: | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 January----| 27.7 | 11.2 | 19.5 | 51 | -23 | 1 | 5.29 | 3.56| 6.88| 12 | 47.6

 February---| 32.5 | 15.8 | 24.2 | 59 | -14 | 14 | 4.50 | 3.39| 5.54| 10 | 35.1

 March------| 41.6 | 24.1 | 32.9 | 68 | -1 | 60 | 5.62 | 4.30| 6.85| 10 | 26.2

 April------| 51.2 | 31.7 | 41.4 | 74 | 8 | 128 | 4.71 | 3.04| 6.24| 9 | 12.2

 May--------| 62.4 | 43.3 | 52.8 | 79 | 23 | 335 | 4.20 | 2.87| 5.41| 9 | .2

 June-------| 68.4 | 50.7 | 59.6 | 80 | 32 | 508 | 4.53 | 2.52| 6.30| 10 | .0

 July-------| 71.9 | 55.6 | 63.7 | 82 | 30 | 651 | 5.92 | 4.18| 7.52| 11 | .0

 August-----| 70.9 | 54.4 | 62.6 | 82 | 38 | 645 | 4.92 | 2.48| 7.05| 8 | .0

 September--| 64.3 | 48.3 | 56.3 | 78 | 30 | 458 | 3.71 | 1.70| 5.43| 6 | .0

 October----| 52.4 | 35.7 | 44.0 | 70 | 16 | 175 | 4.33 | 2.44| 6.54| 7 | 3.1

 November---| 44.0 | 28.3 | 36.1 | 64 | 4 | 73 | 4.52 | 3.14| 6.34| 9 | 10.9

 December---| 33.9 | 17.8 | 25.9 | 56 | -14 | 16 | 4.44 | 3.18| 6.78| 9 | 21.1

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Yearly: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Average---| 51.8 | 34.7 | 43.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 Extreme---| --- | --- | --- | 83 | -25 | --- | --- | ---| ---| --- | ---

 Total-----| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3,064 | 56.69 | 46.69| 59.98| 110 | 156.4

 | | | | | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * A growing degree day is a unit of heat available for plant growth. It can be calculated by adding the

maximum and minimum daily temperatures, dividing the sum by 2, and subtracting the temperature below which

growth is minimal for the principal crops in the area (40 degrees F).
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 201

Table 2.--Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall

(Recorded in the periods 1961-90 at Buckeye, West Virginia,

 and 1976-92 at Snowshoe, West Virginia)

______________________________________________________________

 |

 | Temperature

 |__________________________________________

 Probability | | |

 | 24 oF | 28 oF | 32 oF

 | or lower | or lower | or lower

 | | | ______________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

BUCKEYE: | | |

 | | |

 Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | May 10 | May 18 | June 2

 2 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | May 4 | May 13 | May 27

 5 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Apr. 23 | May 3 | May 16

 | | |

 First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 3 | Sept. 25 | Sept. 19

 2 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 8 | Oct. 1 | Sept. 23

 5 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 19 | Oct. 11 | Oct. 1

 | | |

 | | |

SNOWSHOE: | | |

 | | |

 Last freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in spring: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 later than-- | May 8 | May 19 | June 8

 2 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | May 2 | May 14 | June 2

 5 years in 10 | | |

 later than-- | Apr. 19 | May 5 | May 21

 | | |

 First freezing | | |

 temperature | | |

 in fall: | | |

 | | |

 1 year in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 8 | Sept. 27 | Sept. 24

 2 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 11 | Sept. 30 | Sept. 27

 5 years in 10 | | |

 earlier than-- | Oct. 17 | Oct. 6 | Oct. 3

 | | | ______________________________________________________________
202 Soil Survey

Table 3.--Growing Season

(Recorded in the periods 1961-90 at Buckeye,

 West Virginia, and 1976-92 at Snowshoe,

 West Virginia)

__________________________________________________

 |

 | Daily minimum temperature

 | during growing season

 |___________________________________

 Probability | Higher | Higher | Higher

 | than | than | than

 | 24 

oF | 28 oF | 32 o

F

 | | | __________________________________________________

 | Days | Days | Days ____ ____ ____

 | | |

BUCKEYE: | | |

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 149 | 141 | 117

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 157 | 147 | 124

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 172 | 157 | 137

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 186 | 168 | 151

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 194 | 173 | 158

 | | |

 | | |

SNOWSHOE: | | |

 | | |

9 years in 10 | 160 | 135 | 105

 | | |

8 years in 10 | 165 | 143 | 113

 | | |

5 years in 10 | 173 | 157 | 130

 | | |

2 years in 10 | 181 | 172 | 147

 | | |

1 year in 10 | 186 | 179 | 156

 | | | __________________________________________________
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 203

Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 AlB |Allegheny loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 4,035 | 0.7

 AlC |Allegheny loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 775 | 0.1

 At |Atkins silt loam-------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,475 | 0.2

 BaB |Belmont silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 260 | *

 BaC |Belmont silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 910 | 0.2

 BaD |Belmont silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 695 | 0.1

 BbC |Belmont silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky------------------------------| 2,595 | 0.4

 BbE |Belmont silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very rocky-----------------------------| 9,445 | 1.6

 BbF |Belmont silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very rocky-----------------------------| 14,905 | 2.5

 BeB |Berks channery silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------| 390 | 0.1

 BeC |Berks channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 1,540 | 0.2

 BeD |Berks channery silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes----------------------------------| 2,980 | 0.5

 BeE |Berks channery silt loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes----------------------------------| 450 | 0.1

 BfC |Berks channery silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony-----------------------| 1,485 | 0.2

 BfE |Berks channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 10,930 | 1.8

 BfF |Berks channery silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 60,755 | 10.1

 BgC |Berks-Dekalb complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony---------------------------| 2,815 | 0.5

 BgE |Berks-Dekalb complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony--------------------------| 7,510 | 1.2

 BgF |Berks-Dekalb complex, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony--------------------------| 17,750 | 2.9

 BhG |Berks, Weikert, and Calvin soils, 55 to 80 percent slopes, very stony--------------| 13,160 | 2.2

 BlC |Blackthorn channery loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony------------------| 1,320 | 0.2

 BlE |Blackthorn channery loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony-----------------| 6,870 | 1.1

 BlF |Blackthorn channery loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, extremely stony-----------------| 645 | 0.1

 BoB |Blairton silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 710 | 0.1

 BrF |Briery-Rock outcrop complex, very steep--------------------------------------------| 1,590 | 0.3

 CaC |Calvin channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes----------------------------------| 380 | 0.1

 CbC |Calvin channery silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 795 | 0.1

 CbE |Calvin channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony---------------------| 3,980 | 0.7

 CbF |Calvin channery silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony---------------------| 17,395 | 2.9

 CdC |Calvin-Dekalb-Berks complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony--------------------| 665 | 0.1

 CdE |Calvin-Dekalb-Berks complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony-------------------| 2,280 | 0.4

 CdF |Calvin-Dekalb-Berks complex, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony-------------------| 9,255 | 1.5

 CeB |Cateache channery silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------------| 940 | 0.2

 CeC |Cateache channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------------| 1,610 | 0.3

 CeD |Cateache channery silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes-------------------------------| 1,900 | 0.3

 CfC |Cateache channery silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony--------------------| 8,505 | 1.4

 CfE |Cateache channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony-------------------| 16,230 | 2.7

 CfF |Catache channery silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony--------------------| 46,600 | 7.7

 CfG |Cateache channery silt loam, 55 to 80 percent slopes, very stony-------------------| 1,340 | 0.2

 Ch |Chavies fine sandy loam------------------------------------------------------------| 2,610 | 0.4

 CuB |Culleoka silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 560 | 0.1

 CuC |Culleoka silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 1,060 | 0.2

 CuD |Culleoka silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 755 | 0.1

 CuE |Culleoka silt loam, 25 to 35 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 600 | 0.1

 CuF |Culleoka silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes----------------------------------------| 2,005 | 0.3

 DhC |Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------------------------| 390 | 0.1

 DhE |Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony-----------------------| 1,280 | 0.2

 DhF |Dekalb-Hazleton complex, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony-----------------------| 3,550 | 0.6

 DuB |Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------------| 1,020 | 0.2

 DuC |Duffield silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------------| 785 | 0.1

 ElF |Elliber extremely channery silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes----------------------| 3,355 | 0.6

 FaC |Faywood silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very rocky------------------------------| 665 | 0.1

 FaE |Faywood silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very rocky-----------------------------| 2,075 | 0.3

 FaF |Faywood silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very rocky-----------------------------| 1,870 | 0.3

 GaC |Gauley channery sandy loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony----------------| 8,000 | 1.3

 GaE |Gauley channery sandy loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony---------------| 2,595 | 0.4

 Ho |Holly silt loam--------------------------------------------------------------------| 2,620 | 0.4

 LeC |Leatherbark silt loam, 0 to 15 percent slopes, very stony--------------------------| 3,755 | 0.6

 LlB |Lily loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes---------------------------------------------------| 4,955 | 0.8

 LlC |Lily loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes--------------------------------------------------| 2,585 | 0.4

 LlD |Lily loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes-------------------------------------------------| 1,780 | 0.3

 Lo |Lobdell silt loam------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,755 | 0.3

 | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
204 Soil Survey

 Table 4.--Acreage and Proportionate Extent of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 Map | Soil name | Acres |Percent

 symbol| | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | |

 | | |

 LyB |Lodi silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes----------------------------------------------| 1,290 | 0.2

 LyC |Lodi silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------------------| 460 | 0.1

 MaB |Macove channery silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 795 | 0.1

 MaC |Macove channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes----------------------------------| 965 | 0.2

 MaD |Macove channery silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes---------------------------------| 320 | 0.1

 McC |Macove channery silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 2,285 | 0.4

 McE |Macove channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony---------------------| 1,575 | 0.3

 MdC |Mandy channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-----------------------------------| 590 | 0.1

 MdD |Mandy channery silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes----------------------------------| 375 | 0.1

 MfC |Mandy channery silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony-----------------------| 14,905 | 2.5

 MfE |Mandy channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 31,670 | 5.2

 MfF |Mandy channery silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 74,565 | 12.4

 MfG |Mandy channery silt loam, 55 to 80 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 2,235 | 0.4

 Mh |Medihemists, very deep-------------------------------------------------------------| 285 | *

 MrB |Mertz channery silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes------------------------------------| 475 | 0.1

 MzC |Mertz channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes, very stony-----------------------| 1,915 | 0.3

 MzE |Mertz channery silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, very stony----------------------| 1,030 | 0.2

 Or |Orrville silt loam-----------------------------------------------------------------| 1,775 | 0.3

 Ph |Philo silt loam--------------------------------------------------------------------| 895 | 0.1

 Po |Potomac loam-----------------------------------------------------------------------| 1,545 | 0.3

 Pt |Potomac very gravelly loam---------------------------------------------------------| 5,190 | 0.9

 Pu |Purdy silt loam--------------------------------------------------------------------| 960 | 0.2

 Sc |Sees silt loam---------------------------------------------------------------------| 355 | 0.1

 Se |Sensabaugh silt loam---------------------------------------------------------------| 2,290 | 0.4

 ShB |Shouns silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes--------------------------------------------| 2,515 | 0.4

 ShC |Shouns silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes-------------------------------------------| 2,125 | 0.4

 SsC |Shouns silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, extremely stony--------------------------| 11,320 | 1.9

 SsE |Shouns silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony-------------------------| 18,680 | 3.1

 SsF |Shouns silt loam, 35 to 55 percent slopes, extremely stony-------------------------| 5,760 | 1.0

 SwE |Snowdog silt loam, 15 to 35 percent slopes, extremely stony------------------------| 18,340 | 3.0

 Tg |Tioga fine sandy loam--------------------------------------------------------------| 2,805 | 0.5

 TrC |Trussel silt loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, very stony------------------------------| 5,090 | 0.8

 Uf |Udifluvents-Fluvaquents complex----------------------------------------------------| 4,175 | 0.7

 Us |Udorthents, smoothed---------------------------------------------------------------| 470 | 0.1

 WeC |Weikert channery silt loam, 8 to 15 percent slopes---------------------------------| 2,505 | 0.4

 WeD |Weikert channery silt loam, 15 to 25 percent slopes--------------------------------| 10,480 | 1.7

 WeF |Weikert channery silt loam, 25 to 55 percent slopes--------------------------------| 40,195 | 6.7

 | Water-------------------------------------------------------------------------| 900 | 0.1

 | |-----------|-------

 | Total--------------------------------------------------------------------| 602,600 | 100.0

 | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Less than 0.1 percent.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 205

Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture

 (Yields are those that can be expected under a high level of management. Absence of a yield indicates that the

 soil is not suited to the crop or the crop generally is not grown on the soil)

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn | Oats | Wheat |Grass-legume | Alfalfa hay | Kentucky

 | | | | | hay | | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | |

 AlB-------------| IIe | 115 | 75 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.0

 Allegheny | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 AlC-------------| IIIe | 105 | 70 | 40 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.5

 Allegheny | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 At--------------| IIIw | 100 | 60 | 30 | 3.0 | --- | 4.5

 Atkins | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BaB-------------| IIe | 120 | 75 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.5

 Belmont | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BaC-------------| IIIe | 110 | 70 | 40 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.5

 Belmont | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BaD-------------| IVe | 95 | 60 | 35 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.5

 Belmont | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BbC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.0

 Belmont | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BbE, BbF--------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Belmont | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BeB-------------| IIe | 80 | 60 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.0

 Berks | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BeC-------------| IIIe | 75 | 55 | 35 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 4.0

 Berks | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BeD-------------| IVe | 70 | 50 | 30 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5

 Berks | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BeE-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.5

 Berks | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BfC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.5

 Berks | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BfE, BfF--------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Berks | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BgC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.5

 Berks-Dekalb | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BgE, BgF--------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Berks-Dekalb | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BhG-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Berks, Weikert,| | | | | | |

 and Calvin | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BlC, BlE, BlF---| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Blackthorn | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 BoB-------------| IIw | 75 | 60 | 35 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 5.0

 Blairton | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
206 Soil Survey

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn | Oats | Wheat |Grass-legume | Alfalfa hay | Kentucky

 | | | | | hay | | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | |

 BrF-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Briery-Rock | | | | | | |

 outcrop | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CaC-------------| IIIe | 75 | 55 | 35 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 4.0

 Calvin | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CbC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.5

 Calvin | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CbE, CbF--------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Calvin | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CdC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.5

 Calvin-Dekalb- | | | | | | |

 Berks | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CdE, CdF--------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Calvin-Dekalb- | | | | | | |

 Berks | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CeB-------------| IIe | 95 | 70 | 40 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.5

 Cateache | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CeC-------------| IIIe | 90 | 65 | 35 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.5

 Cateache | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CeD-------------| IVe | 85 | 60 | 30 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 4.0

 Cateache | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CfC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.0

 Cateache | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CfE, CfF, CfG---| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Cateache | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Ch--------------| I | 120 | 80 | 45 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 5.0

 Chavies | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CuB-------------| IIe | 100 | 75 | 45 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.5

 Culleoka | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CuC-------------| IIIe | 95 | 70 | 40 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.5

 Culleoka | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CuD-------------| IVe | 90 | 65 | 35 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 4.0

 Culleoka | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CuE-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.5

 Culleoka | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 CuF-------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Culleoka | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 DhC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.5

 Dekalb-Hazleton| | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 DhE, DhF--------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Dekalb-Hazleton| | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 207

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn | Oats | Wheat |Grass-legume | Alfalfa hay | Kentucky

 | | | | | hay | | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | |

 DuB-------------| IIe | 130 | 80 | 50 | 3.5 | 5.0 | 5.5

 Duffield | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 DuC-------------| IIIe | 125 | 75 | 45 | 3.0 | 4.5 | 5.0

 Duffield | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 ElF-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Elliber | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 FaC, FaE--------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.0

 Faywood | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 FaF-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Faywood | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 GaC-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Gauley | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 GaE-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Gauley | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Ho--------------| IIIw | 100 | 70 | 35 | 3.0 | --- | 4.5

 Holly | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LeC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.5

 Leatherbark | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LlB-------------| IIe | 95 | 70 | 40 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.5

 Lily | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LlC-------------| IIIe | 85 | 65 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.0

 Lily | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LlD-------------| IVe | 80 | 60 | 30 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5

 Lily | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Lo--------------| IIw | 120 | 75 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.0

 Lobdell | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LyB-------------| IIe | 135 | 85 | 50 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 6.0

 Lodi | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 LyC-------------| IIIe | 130 | 80 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.5

 Lodi | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MaB-------------| IIe | 90 | 70 | 40 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.5

 Macove | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MaC-------------| IIIe | 85 | 65 | 35 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.0

 Macove | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MaD-------------| IVe | 75 | 60 | 30 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.5

 Macove | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 McC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.5

 Macove | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 McE-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Macove | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MdC-------------| IIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.5

 Mandy | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
208 Soil Survey

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn | Oats | Wheat |Grass-legume | Alfalfa hay | Kentucky

 | | | | | hay | | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | |

 MdD-------------| IVe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 3.0

 Mandy | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MfC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.0

 Mandy | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MfE, MfF, MfG---| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Mandy | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Mh. | | | | | | |

 Medihemists | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MrB-------------| IIe | 110 | 70 | 40 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.0

 Mertz | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MzC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.0

 Mertz | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 MzE-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Mertz | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Or--------------| IIw | 110 | 75 | 45 | 3.5 | --- | 5.0

 Orrville | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Ph--------------| IIw | 110 | 75 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.0

 Philo | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Po--------------| IVs | 85 | 60 | --- | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5

 Potomac | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Pt--------------| Vs | --- | --- | --- | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0

 Potomac | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Pu--------------| IVw | 80 | 55 | 40 | 2.5 | --- | 3.0

 Purdy | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Sc--------------| IIIw | 80 | 55 | 40 | 3.0 | --- | 3.5

 Sees | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Se--------------| IIw | 110 | 75 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.0

 Sensabaugh | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 ShB-------------| IIe | 120 | 80 | 50 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 5.5

 Shouns | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 ShC-------------| IIIe | 115 | 75 | 45 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.0

 Shouns | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 SsC, SsE, SsF---| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Shouns | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 SwE-------------| VIIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Snowdog | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Tg--------------| I | 120 | 80 | 45 | 4.0 | 5.0 | 5.0

 Tioga | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 TrC-------------| VIs | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.0

 Trussel | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 209

 Table 5.--Land Capability and Yields per Acre of Crops and Pasture--Continued

 _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Land | | | | | |

 map symbol |capability| Corn | Oats | Wheat |Grass-legume | Alfalfa hay | Kentucky

 | | | | | hay | | bluegrass _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Bu | Bu | Bu | Tons | Tons | AUM* __ __ __ ____ ____ ____

 | | | | | | |

 Uf*. | | | | | | |

 Udlfluvents- | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 Us. | | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 WeC-------------| IVe | 60 | 45 | 20 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 3.0

 Weikert | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 WeD-------------| VIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | 2.0

 Weikert | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | |

 WeF-------------| VIIe | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 Weikert | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * Animal-unit-month: The amount of forage or feed required to feed one animal unit (one cow, one horse, one

 mule, five sheep, or five goats) for 30 days.
210 Soil Survey

Table 6.--Capability Classes and Subclasses

 (Miscellaneous areas are excluded. Absence of an

 entry indicates no acreage)

 ______________________________________________________

 | |Major management concerns (Subclass) ____________________________________

 Class | Total | | | Soil

 | acreage | Erosion | Wetness | problem

 | | (e) | (w) | (s) ______________________________________________________

 | | Acres | Acres | Acres _____ _____ _____

 | | | |

 | | | |

 I | 5,415| --- | --- | ---

 | | | |

 II | 24,660| 17,235 | 7,425 | ---

 | | | |

 III | 18,235| 13,785 | 4,450 | ---

 | | | |

 IV | 13,815| 11,310 | 960 | 1,545

 | | | |

 V | 5,190| --- | --- | 5,190

 | | | |

 VI | 59,470| 11,530 | --- | 47,940

 | | | |

 VII | 469,985| 42,200 | --- | 427,785

 | | | |

 VIII | ---| --- | --- | ---

 | | | | ______________________________________________________

Table 7.--Prime Farmland

 (Only the soils considered prime farmland are listed. Urban or built-up areas of the soils listed are not

 considered prime farmland)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Map | Soil name

 symbol | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 AlB |Allegheny loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 BaB |Belmont silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 CeB |Cateache channery silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 Ch |Chavies fine sandy loam

 CuB |Culleoka silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 DuB |Duffield silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 LlB |Lily loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 Lo |Lobdell silt loam

 MaB |Macove channery silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 MrB |Mertz channery silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 Ph |Philo silt loam

 Se |Sensabaugh silt loam

 ShB |Shouns silt loam, 3 to 8 percent slopes

 Tg |Tioga fine sandy loam

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 211

Table 8.--Woodland Management

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of an entry indicates that

 information was not available)

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

AlB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Allegheny | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

AlC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Allegheny | | | high productivity.| low strength. | slope. |

 | | | | | |

At---------------|Slight----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Atkins | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | flooding. | |

 | | | | | |

BaB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Belmont | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

BaC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Belmont | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

BaD--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Belmont | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

BaD--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

BbC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Belmont | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

BbE--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Belmont | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

BbE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

BbF--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Belmont | slope. | | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

BbF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

BeB--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight.

 Berks | | rock | | | |

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BeC--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 Berks | | rock | | | slope. |

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BeD--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Berks | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
212 Soil Survey

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

BeD--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Berks | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BeE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Berks | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BeE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Berks | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BfC--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 Berks | | rock | | | slope. |

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BfE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Berks | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BfE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Berks | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BfF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Berks | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BfF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Berks | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BgC***: | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 | | rock | | | slope. |

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | | rock | | depth to rock.| depth to rock,|

 | | fragments. | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

BgE***: | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

BgE***: | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 213

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

BgE***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | depth to rock.| |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BgF***: | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BgF***: | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BhG***: | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Weikert---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | restrictive | | | |

 | | layer. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Calvin----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

BhG***: | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Weikert---------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | restrictive | | | |

 | | layer, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Calvin----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
214 Soil Survey

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

BlC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Blackthorn | | | high productivity.| too stony. | too stony, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

BlE--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Blackthorn | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | | too stony. | |

 | | | | | |

BlF--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Blackthorn | slope. | | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

BoB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Blairton | | | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, |

 | | | | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

BrF***: | | | | | |

 Briery----------|Severe: |Severe: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CaC--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Calvin | | rock | | low strength. | low strength, |

 | | fragments. | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

CbC--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Calvin | | rock | | low strength. | low strength, |

 | | fragments. | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

CbE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Calvin | slope. | rock | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | fragments. | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

CbE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Calvin | slope. | rock | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | fragments, | | low strength. | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

CbF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Calvin | slope. | rock | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

CbF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Calvin | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

CdC***: | | | | | |

 Calvin----------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | | rock | | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | | rock | | depth to rock.| depth to rock,|

 | | fragments. | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 | | rock | | | slope. |

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 215

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CdE***: | | | | | |

 Calvin----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

CdE***: | | | | | |

 Calvin----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | low strength. | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | depth to rock.| |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

CdF***: | | | | | |

 Calvin----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

CdF***: | | | | | |

 Calvin----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Berks-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

CeB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Cateache | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
216 Soil Survey

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CeC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Cateache | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

CeD--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | | high productivity.| slippage. | slope, | slippage.

 (north aspect) | | | | | slippage. |

 | | | | | |

CeD--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slippage. | slope, | slippage.

 (south aspect) | | | | | slippage. |

 | | | | | |

CfC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Cateache | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

CfE--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | | high productivity.| slippage. | slope, | slippage.

 (north aspect) | | | | | slippage. |

 | | | | | |

CfE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slippage. | slope, | slippage.

 (south aspect) | | | | | slippage. |

 | | | | | |

CfF--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope, | slope,

 (north aspect) | | | | slippage. | slippage. | slippage.

 | | | | | |

CfF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slope, | slope, | slope,

 (south aspect) | | | | slippage. | slippage. | slippage.

 | | | | | |

CfG--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope, | slope,

 (north aspect) | | | | slippage. | slippage. | slippage.

 | | | | | |

CfG--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slope, | slope, | slope,

 (south aspect) | | | | slippage. | slippage. | slippage.

 | | | | | |

Ch---------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Chavies | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

CuB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Culleoka | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

CuC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Culleoka | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

CuD--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Culleoka | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

CuD--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Culleoka | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

CuE--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Culleoka | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 217

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CuE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Culleoka | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

CuF--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Culleoka | slope. | | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CuF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Culleoka | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

DhC***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Severe----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 | | rock | | depth to rock.| depth to rock,|

 | | fragments. | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 | | | high productivity.| | slope. |

 | | | | | |

DhE***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (north aspect) | slope. | | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

DhE***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 (south aspect) | slope. | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

DhF***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (north aspect) | slope. | | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

DhF***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 (south aspect) | slope. | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

DuB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Duffield | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

DuC--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Duffield | slope. | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
218 Soil Survey

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

ElF--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Elliber | slope. | | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

ElF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Elliber | slope. | slope. | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

FaC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Faywood | | | high productivity.| low strength, | depth to rock,|

 | | | | depth to rock.| low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

FaE--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Faywood | slope. | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

FaF--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Faywood | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | low strength. | slope. |

 | | | | | |

GaC--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Gauley | | rock | high productivity.| too stony. | too stony, |

 | | fragments. | | depth to rock.| depth to rock,|

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

GaE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Gauley | slope. | rock | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | too stony, | |

 | | | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

Ho---------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Holly | | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness,

 | | | high productivity.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

LeC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Leatherbark | | | high productivity.| wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

LlB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Slight-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Lily | | | | low strength, | depth to rock,|

 | | | | depth to rock.| low strength. |

 | | | | | |

LlC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Slight-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Lily | | | | low strength, | depth to rock,|

 | | | | depth to rock.| low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

LlD--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Lily | slope. | | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | | low strength, | |

 | | | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

Lo---------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Lobdell | | | high productivity.| low strength, | low strength, | flooding.

 | | | | flooding. | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

LyB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Lodi | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 219

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

LyC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Lodi | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

MaB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Macove | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

MaC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Macove | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

MaD--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Macove | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

MaD--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Macove | slope. | slope. | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

McC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Macove | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

McE--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Macove | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

McE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Macove | slope. | slope. | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

MdC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 Mandy | | | high productivity.| | slope. |

 | | | | | |

MdD--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Mandy | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

MfC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 Mandy | | | high productivity.| | slope. |

 | | | | | |

MfE--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Mandy | slope. | | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

MfF--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Mandy | slope. | | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

MfG--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Mandy | slope. | | high productivity.| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

MrB--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Mertz | | rock | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

MzC--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Mertz | | rock | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | fragments. | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

MzE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Mertz | slope. | rock | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | fragments. | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
220 Soil Survey

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

Or---------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Orville | | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

Ph---------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Philo | | | high productivity.| low strength, | low strength, | flooding.

 | | | | flooding. | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

Po---------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Potomac | | droughty. | high productivity.| too cobbly, | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | flooding. | too cobbly. |

 | | | | | |

Pt---------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Potomac | | droughty, | high productivity.| too cobbly, | flooding, | flooding.

 | | rock | | flooding. | too cobbly. |

 | | fragments. | | | |

 | | | | | |

Pu---------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Purdy | | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | high productivity.| | |

 | | | | | |

Sc---------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight.

 Sees | | | wetness, | low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | high productivity.| | |

 | | | | | |

Se---------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Sensabaugh | | | high productivity.| low strength, | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | flooding. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

ShB--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Shouns | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

ShC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Shouns | | | high productivity.| low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

SsC--------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Shouns | | | high productivity.| too stony, | too stony, |

 | | | | low strength. | low strength, |

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

SsE--------------|Moderate: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Shouns | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 (north aspect) | | | | too stony, | |

 | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

SsE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Shouns | slope. | slope. | | slope, | slope. | slope.

 (south aspect) | | | | too stony, | |

 | | | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

SsF--------------|Severe: |Slight-------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Shouns | slope. | | high productivity.| slope, | slope, | slope,

 (north aspect) | | | | slippage. | slippage. | slippage.

 | | | | | |

SsF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Shouns | slope. | slope. | | slope, | slope, | slope,

 (south aspect) | | | | slippage. | slippage. | slippage.

 | | | | | |

SwE--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Snowdog | slope. | restrictive | high productivity.| slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | layer. | | low strength. | |

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 221

 Table 8.--Woodland Management--Continued

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | Operability of

 Soil name and | Erosion | Seedling | Plant |Haul roads and |Log landings** | equipment in

 map symbol | hazard* | mortality* | competition* | skid roads** | | logging areas**

 | | | | | | _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

Tg---------------|Slight----|Slight-------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Tioga | | | high productivity.| low strength. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | flooding. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

TrC--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Trussel | | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | restrictive | high productivity.| | |

 | | layer. | | | |

 | | | | | |

WeC--------------|Slight----|Moderate: |Slight-------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight.

 Weikert | | rock | | | slope. |

 | | fragments, | | | |

 | | restrictive | | | |

 | | layer. | | | |

 | | | | | |

WeD--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Weikert | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope, | slope.

 (north aspect) | | fragments, | | | |

 | | restrictive | | | |

 | | layer. | | | |

 | | | | | |

WeD--------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Weikert | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope, | slope.

 (south aspect) | | fragments, | | | |

 | | restrictive | | | |

 | | layer, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | |

WeF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Weikert | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope, | slope.

 (north aspect) | | fragments, | | | |

 | | restrictive | | | |

 | | layer. | | | |

 | | | | | |

WeF--------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Slight-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Weikert | slope. | rock | | slope. | slope, | slope.

 (south aspect) | | fragments, | | | |

 | | restrictive | | | |

 | | layer, | | | |

 | | slope. | | | |

 | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * The ratings for erosion hazard, seeding mortality, and plant competition are from criteria in the

“National Forestry Manual.”

 ** The ratings for haul roads and skid roads, log landings, and equipment operability are from criteria

jointly prepared by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Forest Service for this soil survey.

 *** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
222 Soil Survey

Table 9.--Woodland Productivity

(Only the soils suitable for production of commercial trees are listed. Absence of

 an entry indicates that information was not available)

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

AlB-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Allegheny | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 75 | 57 | 215 | 0.74

 | | | | | |

AlC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Allegheny | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 75 | 57 | 215 | 0.74

 | | | | | |

At--------------| 4W |Pin oak-------------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Atkins | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |River birch---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BaB-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 77 | 59 | 229 | 0.77

 Belmont | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BaC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 77 | 59 | 229 | 0.77

 Belmont | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BaD-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Belmont | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BaD-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73

 Belmont | |White oak-----------| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BbC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 77 | 59 | 229 | 0.77

 Belmont | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BbE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Belmont | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BbE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73

 Belmont | |White oak-----------| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 223

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

BbF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Belmont | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BbF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73

 Belmont | |White oak-----------| 74 | 56 | 208 | 0.73

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BeB-------------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | | | | | |

BeC-------------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | | | | | |

BeD-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 (north aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BeD-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 60 | 97 | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | | | | | |

BeE-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 (north aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BeE-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 60 | 97 | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | | | | | |

BfC-------------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
224 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

BfE-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 (north aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BfE-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 60 | 97 | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | | | | | |

BfF-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 (north aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BfF-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 Berks | |White oak-----------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 60 | 97 | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | | | | | |

BgC***: | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | | | | | |

BgE***: | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow buckeye------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow buckeye------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BgE***: | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 225

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

BgF***: | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow buckeye------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow buckeye------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BgF***: | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BhG***: | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Weikert--------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 (north aspect)| |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Scarlet oak---------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Pitch pine----------| 50 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Calvin---------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (north aspect)| |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BhG***: | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | |Eastern white pine--| 60 | 97 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Weikert--------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 40 | 26 | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Chestnut oak--------| 40 | 26 | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| 40 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Scarlet oak---------| 40 | 26 | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 40 | 26 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Calvin---------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 See footnotes at end of table.
226 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

BlC-------------| 4X |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Blackthorn | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 144 | --- | ---

 | |Cucumbertree--------| 75 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BlE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Blackthorn | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 144 | --- | ---

 | |Cucumbertree--------| 75 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BlF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Blackthorn | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 144 | --- | ---

 | |Cucumbertree--------| 75 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

BoB-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Blairton | |White ash-----------| 70 | 75 | --- | ---

 | |Yellow-poplar-------| 80 | 71 | 320 | 0.83

 | | | | | |

BrF***: | | | | | |

 Briery---------| 4R |Red pine------------| 45 | 54 | --- | ---

 | |Scotch pine---------| 45 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CaC-------------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 Calvin | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CbC-------------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 Calvin | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CbE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Calvin | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (north aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CbE-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Calvin | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CbF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Calvin | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (north aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 227

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CbF-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Calvin | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CdC***: | | | | | |

 Calvin---------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 | |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Pitch pine----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CdE***: | | | | | |

 Calvin---------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | 121 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CdE***: | | | | | |

 Calvin---------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Pitch pine----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | |Pitch pine----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
228 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CdF***: | | | | | |

 Calvin---------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 | |Eastern white pine--| 70 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CdF***: | | | | | |

 Calvin---------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Pitch pine----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Berks----------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 55 | 38 | 85 | 0.45

 | |Pitch pine----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CeB-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |Cucumbertree--------| 80 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CeC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |Cucumbertree--------| 80 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CeD-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |Cucumbertree--------| 80 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CeD-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Cucumbertree--------| 70 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 229

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CfC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |Cucumbertree--------| 80 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CfE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |Cucumbertree--------| 80 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CfE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Cucumbertree--------| 70 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CfF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |Cucumbertree--------| 80 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CfF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Cucumbertree--------| 70 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CfG-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |Cucumbertree--------| 80 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 | |White ash-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CfG-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Cateache | |Black cherry--------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Cucumbertree--------| 70 | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Ch--------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Chavies | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | 440 | 1.04

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
230 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

CuB-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Culleoka | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CuC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Culleoka | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CuD-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Culleoka | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 (north aspect)| |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CuD-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Culleoka | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CuE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Culleoka | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 (north aspect)| |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CuE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Culleoka | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CuF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Culleoka | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 (north aspect)| |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

CuF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Culleoka | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American basswood---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

DhC***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton-------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 231

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

DhE***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton-------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

DhE***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton-------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

DhF***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton-------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 (north aspect)| |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

DhF***: | | | | | |

 Dekalb---------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton-------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (south aspect)| |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

DuB-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 79 | 61 | 243 | 0.80

 Duffield | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

DuC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 79 | 61 | 243 | 0.80

 Duffield | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
232 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

ElF-------------| 5R |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | 0.88

 Elliber | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 95 | 176 | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

ElF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Elliber | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Chestnut oak--------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 | |Eastern white pine--| 90 | 166 | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

FaC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Faywood | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 132 | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

FaE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Faywood | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 132 | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

FaF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Faywood | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| 75 | 132 | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

GaC-------------| 6X |Red spruce----------| 42 | 88 | --- | ---

 Gauley | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

GaE-------------| 6R |Red spruce----------| 42 | 88 | --- | ---

 Gauley | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Bigtooth aspen------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Ho--------------| 5W |Pin oak-------------| 90 | 72 | 320 | 0.95

 Holly | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |River birch---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

LeC-------------| 7W |Red spruce----------| 45 | 95 | --- | ---

 Leatherbark | |Black cherry--------| 70 | 43 | --- | ---

 | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

LlB-------------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Lily | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Scarlet oak---------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 233

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

LlC-------------| 3A |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Lily | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Scarlet oak---------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

LlD-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Lily | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Scarlet oak---------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Lo--------------| 5A |Northern red oak----| 87 | 69 | 299 | 0.91

 Lobdell | |White oak-----------| 85 | 67 | 285 | 0.88

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |River birch---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

LyB-------------| 5A |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | 0.88

 Lodi | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

LyC-------------| 5A |Northern red oak----| 85 | 67 | 285 | 0.88

 Lodi | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black locust--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black walnut--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MaB-------------| 4A |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Macove | |Virginia pine-------| 68 | 105 | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MaC-------------| 4A |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Macove | |Virginia pine-------| 68 | 105 | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MaD-------------| 4R |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Macove | |Virginia pine-------| 68 | 105 | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MaD-------------| 3R |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 Macove | |Virginia pine-------| 63 | 96 | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
234 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

McC-------------| 4A |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Macove | |Virginia pine-------| 68 | 105 | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

McE-------------| 4R |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 145 | 0.60

 Macove | |Virginia pine-------| 68 | 105 | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

McE-------------| 3R |White oak-----------| 65 | 48 | 145 | 0.60

 Macove | |Virginia pine-------| 63 | 96 | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MdC-------------| 4A |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 Mandy | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| 65 | 152 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MdD-------------| 4R |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 Mandy | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| 65 | 152 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MfC-------------| 4A |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 Mandy | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| 65 | 152 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MfE-------------| 4R |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 Mandy | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| 65 | 152 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MfF-------------| 4R |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 Mandy | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| 65 | 152 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MfG-------------| 4R |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 Mandy | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red spruce----------| 65 | 152 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 235

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

MrB-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Mertz | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| 75 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MzC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Mertz | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| 75 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

MzE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Mertz | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| 75 | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Or--------------| 4W |Northern red oak----| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Orville | |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |River birch---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Ph--------------| 5A |Northern red oak----| 86 | 68 | 292 | 0.89

 Philo | |White oak-----------| 85 | 67 | 285 | 0.88

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |River birch---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Po--------------| 4F |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Potomac | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 144 | --- | ---

 | |River birch---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Pt--------------| 4F |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Potomac | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Eastern white pine--| 80 | 144 | --- | ---

 | |River birch---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Pu--------------| 5W |Pin oak-------------| 85 | 66 | 278 | 0.87

 Purdy | |Yellow-poplar-------| 90 | 90 | --- | ---

 | |Sweetgum------------| 85 | 93 | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Sc--------------| 5A |White oak-----------| 85 | 67 | 285 | 0.88

 Sees | |Shingle oak---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Quaking aspen-------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Se--------------| 4A |White oak-----------| 80 | 62 | 250 | 0.81

 Sensabaugh | |Yellow poplar-------| 100 | 107 | 580 | 1.23

 | |River birch---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
236 Soil Survey

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

ShB-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Shouns | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

ShC-------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Shouns | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

SsC-------------| 4X |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Shouns | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black cherry--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

SsE-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Shouns | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |Black cherry--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

SsE-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Shouns | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Black cherry--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

SsF-------------| 4R |Northern red oak----| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 Shouns | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 (north aspect)| |Black cherry--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern hemlock-----| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 70 | 52 | 180 | 0.67

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

SsF-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Shouns | |American beech------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Black cherry--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | |Sugar maple---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

SwE-------------| 4R |Black cherry--------| 80 | 50 | --- | ---

 Snowdog | |Red spruce----------| 65 | 152 | --- | ---

 | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

Tg--------------| 4A |Northern red oak----| 75 | 57 | 215 | 0.74

 Tioga | |Yellow-poplar-------| 85 | 81 | 380 | 0.93

 | |American sycamore---| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |River birch---------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Yellow buckeye------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 See footnotes at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 237

 Table 9.--Woodland Productivity--Continued

__________________________________________________________________________________

 | | Potential productivity | Average annual growth in**--

 Soil name and | Ordi- | | _________________________________________________________

 map symbol |nation | | | | |

 |symbol*|Commonly grown trees|Site |Cubic feet|Board feet| Cords

 | | |index| per acre | per acre |per acre __________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

TrC-------------| 7W |Red spruce----------| 45 | 95 | --- | ---

 Trussel | |Red maple-----------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Black cherry--------| 60 | 38 | --- | ---

 | |Yellow birch--------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

WeC-------------| 2D |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 Weikert | |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| 50 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | | | | | |

WeD-------------| 3R |Northern red oak----| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 Weikert | |White oak-----------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 (north aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| 60 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 60 | 43 | 110 | 0.52

 | | | | | |

WeD-------------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 Weikert | |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| 50 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | | | | | |

WeF-------------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 Weikert | |White oak-----------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 (north aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| 50 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Eastern white pine--| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 50 | 34 | 60 | 0.38

 | | | | | |

WeF-------------| 2R |Northern red oak----| 40 | 26 | --- | ---

 Weikert | |White oak-----------| 40 | 26 | --- | ---

 (south aspect)| |Hickory-------------| --- | --- | --- | ---

 | |Pitch pine----------| 40 | --- | --- | ---

 | |Chestnut oak--------| 40 | 26 | --- | ---

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________

 * The number in the ordination symbol is the yield in cubic meters per hectare

per year calculated at the age of culmination of mean annual increment for fully

stocked natural stands. The woodland ordination symbols have been developed from

criteria in the “National Soil Survey Handbook” and the “National Forestry Manual”

and from separate criteria developed for this soil survey by the Natural Resources

Conservation Service and the Forest Service.

 ** Average annual growth is the total volume growth at rotation divided by

rotation age. The actual annual growth varies with stand vigor and other factors.

Yield data are based on site indices of natural stands at age 50. The

International 1/4 Log Rule is used for board feet. Cords are standard rough cords.

This information should be used for planning only.

 *** See description of the map unit for composition and behavior

characteristics of the map unit.
238 Soil Survey

Table 10.--Recreational Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions

 of "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated)

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AlB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Allegheny | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 AlC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Allegheny | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 At--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Atkins | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 BaB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Belmont | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 BaC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 BaD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 BbC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 BbE, BbF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 BeB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 Berks | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 BeC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 Berks | slope, | slope, | small stones, | | small stones.

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 BeD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Berks | slope. | slope. | small stones, | slope. | slope,

 | | | slope. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 BeE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Berks | slope. | slope. | small stones, | slope. | slope,

 | | | slope. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 BfC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Berks | small stones. | small stones. | small stones, | large stones. | small stones.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 BfE, BfF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Berks | slope, | slope, | small stones, | slope. | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | small stones.

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones, | large stones. | small stones.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 239

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | large stones. | small stones.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 BgE*, BgF*: | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | small stones, | slope. | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | small stones.

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones, | | small stones.

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 BhG*: | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | small stones, | slope. | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | small stones.

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Weikert--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope,

 | small stones, | small stones, | large stones, | | small stones,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | | depth to rock.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Calvin---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | large stones, | slope. | slope.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 BlC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Blackthorn | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | | small stones,

 | | | slope, | | large stones,

 | | | small stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 BlE, BlF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Blackthorn | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope.

 | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 BoB-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Blairton | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | | |

 BrF*: | | | | |

 Briery---------------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable--------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 CaC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Calvin | slope, | slope, | slope, | | large stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 CbC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Calvin | slope, | slope, | large stones, | | large stones,

 | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
240 Soil Survey

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 CbE, CbF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Calvin | slope. | slope. | large stones, | slope. | slope.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 CdC*: | | | | |

 Calvin---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | large stones, | | large stones,

 | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | large stones. | small stones.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones, | large stones. | small stones.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 CdE*, CdF*: | | | | |

 Calvin---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | large stones, | slope. | slope.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones, | | small stones.

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Berks----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | small stones, | slope. | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | small stones.

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 CeB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Cateache | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | depth to rock,

 | | | depth to rock, | | small stones.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 CeC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope. | | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | | | depth to rock,

 | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 CeD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 CfC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Cateache | small stones, | small stones, | slope, | | slope,

 | slope. | slope. | large stones, | | depth to rock,

 | | | small stones. | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 CfE, CfF, CfG---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | large stones, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Ch--------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Chavies | flooding. | | small stones. | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 241

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 CuB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Culleoka | | | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 CuC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Culleoka | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 CuD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Culleoka | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 CuE, CuF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Culleoka | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 DhC*: | | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | large stones. | small stones.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | | slope,

 | large stones. | large stones. | small stones, | | large stones.

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 DhE*, DhF*: | | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones, | | small stones.

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones, | |

 | | | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 DuB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Duffield | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 DuC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Duffield | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 ElF-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Elliber | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | droughty,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 FaC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Faywood | slope, | slope, | slope. | erodes easily. | large stones,

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 FaE, FaF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Faywood | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | erodes easily. |

 | | | | |

 GaC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Gauley | large stones, | large stones, | slope, | large stones. | large stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | large stones, | | small stones.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
242 Soil Survey

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 GaE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Gauley | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope,

 | large stones, | large stones, | large stones, | | large stones.

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Ho--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Holly | flooding, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 LeC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Leatherbark | wetness. | wetness. | large stones, | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 LlB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Lily | | | slope, | | depth to rock.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 LlC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Lily | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 LlD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Lily | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Lo--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Lobdell | flooding. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | flooding,

 | | | flooding. | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 LyB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Lodi | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 LyC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Lodi | slope. | slope. | slope. | erodes easily. | slope.

 | | | | |

 MaB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Macove | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | small stones,

 | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 MaC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Macove | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | large stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 MaD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Macove | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 McC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Macove | small stones. | small stones. | large stones, | small stones. | small stones.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 McE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Macove | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope, | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | small stones. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 243

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MdC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Mandy | slope, | slope, | slope, | | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | slope,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 MdD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Mandy | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 MfC-------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Mandy | large stones, | large stones. | large stones, | | large stones,

 | small stones, | | slope, | | slope,

 | slope. | | small stones. | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 MfE, MfF, MfG---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Mandy | slope. | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope.

 | | large stones. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Mh. | | | | |

 Medihemists | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MrB-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Mertz | small stones, | small stones, | small stones. | | small stones.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 MzC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 Mertz | small stones. | small stones. | large stones, | | small stones.

 | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 MzE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Mertz | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | small stones,

 | small stones. | small stones. | slope, | | slope.

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Or--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Orrville | flooding, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Ph--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Philo | flooding. | wetness. | small stones, | wetness. | wetness,

 | | | flooding, | | flooding.

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 Po--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Potomac | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty,

 | | | | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Pt--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Potomac | flooding, | small stones. | small stones, | flooding. | small stones,

 | small stones. | | flooding. | | droughty,

 | | | | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 Pu--------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Purdy | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 Sc--------------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Sees | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | | percs slowly. | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
244 Soil Survey

 Table 10.--Recreational Development--Continued

 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Camp areas | Picnic areas | Playgrounds |Paths and trails| Golf fairways

 map symbol | | | | |

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Se--------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Sensabaugh | flooding. | | small stones, | | flooding.

 | | | flooding. | |

 | | | | |

 ShB-------------------|Slight----------|Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Slight.

 Shouns | | | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 ShC-------------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Shouns | slope. | slope. | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 SsC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Shouns | large stones. | large stones. | large stones, | large stones. | large stones,

 | | | slope. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 SsE, SsF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Shouns | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope.

 | large stones. | large stones. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 SwE-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Snowdog | slope, | slope, | large stones, | slope. | slope.

 | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | |

 | | | small stones. | |

 | | | | |

 Tg--------------------|Severe: |Slight----------|Moderate: |Slight----------|Moderate:

 Tioga | flooding. | | flooding. | | flooding.

 | | | | |

 TrC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Trussel | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness.

 | | | large stones, | |

 | | | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 Uf*: | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Fluvaquents. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Us. | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | |

 | | | | |

 WeC-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Slight----------|Severe:

 Weikert | small stones, | small stones, | slope, | | droughty,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | small stones. | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 WeD-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Weikert | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | droughty,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 WeF-------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Weikert | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope. | droughty,

 | small stones. | small stones. | small stones. | | depth to rock,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 245

Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat

 (See text for definitions of "good," "fair," "poor," and "very poor." Absence of an entry indicates that the

 soil was not rated)

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AlB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Allegheny | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AlC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Allegheny | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 At-----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair.

 Atkins | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BaB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Belmont | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BaC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Belmont | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BaD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Belmont | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BbC----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Belmont | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BbE----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Belmont | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BbF----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Belmont | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BeB----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Poor |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 Berks | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BeC----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 Berks | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BeD----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 Berks | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BeE----------------|Very |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 Berks | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BfC, BfE, BfF------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 Berks | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BgE*, BgF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
246 Soil Survey

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BhG*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert-----------|Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Calvin------------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BlC, BlE-----------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Blackthorn | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BlF----------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Blackthorn | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BoB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Blairton | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BrF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Briery------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CaC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 Calvin | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CbC, CbE-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Calvin | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CbF----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Calvin | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CdC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Calvin------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CdE*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Calvin------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CdF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Calvin------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 247

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CdF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CeB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Cateache | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CeC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Cateache | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CeD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Cateache | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CfC----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Cateache | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CfE, CfF-----------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Cateache | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CfG----------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Cateache | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ch-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Chavies | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CuB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 Culleoka | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CuC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 Culleoka | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CuD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Culleoka | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CuE----------------|Very |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Culleoka | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CuF----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Culleoka | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 DhC*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton----------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 DhE*, DhF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton----------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 DuB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Duffield | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
248 Soil Survey

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 DuC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Duffield | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ElF----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Elliber | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FaC, FaE, FaF------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Good |Very

 Faywood | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 GaC, GaE-----------|Very |Very |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Gauley | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ho-----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good.

 Holly | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LeC----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Leatherbark | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LlB----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Lily | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LlC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Lily | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LlD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Fair |Good |Very

 Lily | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Lo-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Lobdell | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LyB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Lodi | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LyC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Lodi | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MaB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Poor |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 Macove | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MaC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Good |Fair |Very

 Macove | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MaD----------------|Poor |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Fair |Fair |Very

 Macove | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 McC----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Macove | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 McE----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Macove | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MdC----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 Mandy | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MdD----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 Mandy | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MfC, MfE, MfF------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 Mandy | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 249

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MfG----------------|Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Poor |Poor |Very

 Mandy | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mh. | | | | | | | | | |

 Medihemists | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MrB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Mertz | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MzC----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Mertz | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MzE----------------|Very |Poor |Good |Fair |Fair |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Mertz | poor. | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Or-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Fair |Fair |Good |Good |Fair.

 Orrville | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ph-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Poor |Good |Good |Poor.

 Philo | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Po, Pt-------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Fair |Poor |Very

 Potomac | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pu-----------------|Poor |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair |Good |Fair |Fair |Fair |Fair.

 Purdy | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Sc-----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Fair |Good |Good |Poor.

 Sees | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Se-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Sensabaugh | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ShB----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Shouns | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ShC----------------|Fair |Good |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Shouns | | | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SsC, SsE-----------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Shouns | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SsF----------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Shouns | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SwE----------------|Very |Very |Good |Good |Good |Very |Very |Poor |Fair |Very

 Snowdog | poor. | poor. | | | | poor. | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Tg-----------------|Good |Good |Good |Good |Good |Poor |Very |Good |Good |Very

 Tioga | | | | | | | poor. | | | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | |

 TrC----------------|Very |Poor |Fair |Poor |Poor |Good |Very |Poor |Poor |Poor.

 Trussel | poor. | | | | | | poor. | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Uf*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
250 Soil Survey

 Table 11.--Wildlife Habitat--Continued

 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Potential for habitat elements |Potential as habitat for-- _________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | | | Wild | | | | | | |

 map symbol | Grain |Grasses | herba- |Hardwood| Conif- |Wetland |Shallow |Openland|Woodland|Wetland

 |and seed| and | ceous | trees | erous | plants | water |wildlife|wildlife|wildlife

 | crops |legumes | plants | | plants | | areas | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Us. | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WeC, WeD, WeF------|Very |Poor |Poor |Very |Very |Very |Very |Poor |Very |Very

 Weikert | poor. | | | poor. | poor. | poor. | poor. | | poor. | poor.

 | | | | | | | | | | _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 251

Table 12.--Building Site Development

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for onsite

 investigation)

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 AlB---------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Slight.

 Allegheny | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 AlC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Allegheny | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 At----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Atkins | wetness. | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness,

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 BaB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Belmont | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | shrink-swell. | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 BaC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Belmont | slope, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| | |

 | | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 BaD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 BbC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Belmont | slope, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| | |

 | | | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 BbE, BbF----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 BeB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight---------|Severe:

 Berks | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 BeC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Berks | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | small stones.

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | |

 | | | | | |

 BeD, BeE----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Berks | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 BfC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Berks | slope, | large stones, | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones.

 | depth to rock,| slope. | large stones, | | large stones. |

 | large stones. | | slope. | | |

 | | | | | |

 BfE, BfF----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Berks | slope. | slope. | | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | | |
252 Soil Survey

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope, | large stones, | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones.

 | depth to rock,| slope. | large stones, | | large stones. |

 | large stones. | | slope. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | small stones.

 | | depth to rock,| | | depth to rock,|

 | | large stones. | | | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

 BgE*, BgF*: | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 BhG*: | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 Weikert----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | small stones,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Calvin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 BlC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Blackthorn | large stones, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | small stones,

 | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | | large stones. | large stones,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 BlE, BlF----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Blackthorn | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 BoB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Blairton | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 BrF*: | | | | | |

 Briery-----------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable-------|Variable.

 | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CaC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Calvin | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope, | large stones,

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | frost action. | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 CbC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Calvin | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | large stones,

 | slope. | | slope. | | frost action. | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 CbE, CbF----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Calvin | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 253

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CdC*: | | | | | |

 Calvin-----------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | large stones,

 | slope. | | slope. | | frost action. | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | small stones.

 | | depth to rock,| | | depth to rock,|

 | | large stones. | | | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | slope, | large stones, | depth to rock,| slope. | slope, | small stones.

 | depth to rock,| slope. | large stones, | | large stones. |

 | large stones. | | slope. | | |

 | | | | | |

 CdE*, CdF*: | | | | | |

 Calvin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | | | | | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 CeB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Cateache | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| slope, | shrink-swell, | depth to rock,

 | | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | frost action. | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 CeC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| slippage. | shrink-swell, | depth to rock,

 | | | shrink-swell. | | frost action. | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 CeD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope.

 | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. |

 | | | | | |

 CfC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock.| shrink-swell. | depth to rock,| slippage. | shrink-swell, | depth to rock,

 | | | shrink-swell. | | frost action. | large stones.

 | | | | | |

 CfE, CfF, CfG-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope.

 | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. | slippage. |

 | | | | | |

 Ch----------------|Slight---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Chavies | | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. |

 | | | | | |

 CuB---------------|Moderate: |Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Culleoka | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 CuC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Culleoka | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength, | slope,

 | slope. | | slope. | | slope. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
254 Soil Survey

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 CuD, CuE, CuF-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Culleoka | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 DhC*: | | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | small stones.

 | | depth to rock,| | | depth to rock,|

 | | large stones. | | | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 | depth to rock,| slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope,

 | slope, | large stones. | large stones, | | frost action, | large stones.

 | large stones. | | depth to rock.| | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

 DhE*, DhF*: | | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | small stones.

 | | | | | |

 Hazleton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 DuB---------------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Duffield | | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 DuC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Duffield | slope. | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 ElF---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Elliber | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | | droughty,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 FaC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Faywood | depth to rock.| shrink-swell, | depth to rock.| slope. | low strength. | large stones,

 | | slope, | | | | slope,

 | | depth to rock.| | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 FaE, FaF----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Faywood | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | slope. | | slope. | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 GaC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Gauley | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | slope, | large stones,

 | | depth to rock,| | | depth to rock,| small stones.

 | | large stones. | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 GaE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Gauley | slope, | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope. | slope,

 | depth to rock.| | depth to rock.| | | large stones.

 | | | | | |

 Ho----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Holly | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness, | wetness,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 255

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 LeC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Leatherbark | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action, | wetness.

 | | | | | wetness. |

 | | | | | |

 LlB---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Lily | depth to rock.| depth to rock.| depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| depth to rock.

 | | | | depth to rock.| |

 | | | | | |

 LlC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Lily | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| slope,

 | | depth to rock.| | | slope. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 LlD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Lily | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | slope. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Lo----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Lobdell | wetness. | flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding, | flooding.

 | | | wetness. | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 LyB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight.

 Lodi | too clayey. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell. | shrink-swell, | low strength. |

 | | | | slope. | |

 | | | | | |

 LyC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Lodi | slope, | shrink-swell, | slope, | slope. | low strength. | slope.

 | too clayey. | slope. | shrink-swell. | | |

 | | | | | |

 MaB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Macove | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | small stones,

 | | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | | |

 MaC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Macove | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | slope, | large stones. | small stones,

 | | | | large stones. | | large stones,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 MaD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Macove | large stones, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope.

 | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

 McC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Macove | large stones, | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope, | small stones.

 | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | | frost action, |

 | | | | | large stones. |

 | | | | | |

 McE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Macove | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 MdC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Mandy | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | slope. | | slope. | | | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 MdD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Mandy | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
256 Soil Survey

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MfC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Mandy | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | large stones,

 | slope. | | slope. | | | slope,

 | | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | | |

 MfE, MfF, MfG-----|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Mandy | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Mh. | | | | | |

 Medihemists | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 MrB---------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Mertz | | | | slope. | low strength, | small stones.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 MzC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Mertz | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | small stones.

 | | | | | slope, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 MzE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Mertz | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | |

 Or----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Orrville | cutbanks cave,| flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness,

 | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | frost action. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Ph----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Philo | cutbanks cave,| flooding. | flooding, | flooding. | flooding. | wetness,

 | wetness. | | wetness. | | | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Po----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Potomac | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | droughty,

 | | | | | | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Pt----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Potomac | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | small stones,

 | | | | | | droughty,

 | | | | | | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 Pu----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Purdy | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness.

 | | | | | low strength, |

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Sc----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Sees | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | low strength. | wetness.

 | | | | | |

 Se----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Sensabaugh | wetness, | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | flooding. | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 ShB---------------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Slight---------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight.

 Shouns | | | | slope. | low strength. |

 | | | | | |

 ShC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Shouns | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | slope.

 | | | | | slope. |

 | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 257

 Table 12.--Building Site Development--Continued

 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 Soil name and | Shallow | Dwellings | Dwellings | Small | Local roads | Lawns and

 map symbol | excavations | without | with | commercial | and streets | landscaping

 | | basements | basements | buildings | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 SsC---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate:

 Shouns | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | low strength, | large stones,

 | | | | | slope, | slope.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 SsE, SsF----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Shouns | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | | |

 SwE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Snowdog | wetness, | slope. | wetness, | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | slope. | | slope. | | |

 | | | | | |

 Tg----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate:

 Tioga | cutbanks cave.| flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding. | flooding.

 | | | | | |

 TrC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Trussel | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness, | wetness, | wetness.

 | | | | slope. | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 Uf*: | | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents. | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 Us. | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | |

 | | | | | |

 WeC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe:

 Weikert | depth to rock.| slope, | depth to rock.| slope. | depth to rock,| droughty,

 | | depth to rock.| | | slope, | depth to rock.

 | | | | | frost action. |

 | | | | | |

 WeD, WeF----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe:

 Weikert | depth to rock,| slope. | depth to rock,| slope. | slope. | droughty,

 | slope. | | slope. | | | depth to rock,

 | | | | | | slope.

 | | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
258 Soil Survey

Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "good," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AlB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Allegheny | percs slowly. | seepage, | seepage. | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 AlC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Allegheny | slope, | slope. | seepage. | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 At------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Atkins | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, | wetness, |

 | percs slowly. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 BaB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Belmont | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | depth to rock, | | | depth to rock,

 | | seepage. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 BaC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Belmont | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | slope,

 | slope, | | | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | | | depth to rock,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 BaD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 BbC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Belmont | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | slope,

 | slope, | | | slope. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 BbE, BbF------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Belmont | slope. | slope. | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 BeB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Berks | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 BeC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Berks | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | seepage, | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 BeD, BeE------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Berks | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | seepage, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 BfC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Berks | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | seepage. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 259

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BfE, BfF------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Berks | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope,

 | | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 BgC*: | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | seepage. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | seepage. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 BgE*, BgF*: | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope,

 | | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 BhG*: | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope,

 | | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Weikert------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock,

 | | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | seepage.

 | | | | |

 Calvin-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | seepage. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 BlC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Severe: |Poor:

 Blackthorn | percs slowly, | seepage, | slope, | seepage. | small stones.

 | slope, | slope. | large stones. | |

 | large stones. | | | |

 | | | | |

 BlE, BlF------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Blackthorn | slope. | seepage, | slope. | seepage, | small stones,

 | | slope. | | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 BoB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Blairton | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | small stones,

 | percs slowly. | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 BrF*: | | | | |

 Briery-------------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable---------|Variable.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
260 Soil Survey

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 CaC, CbC------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Calvin | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones,

 | | seepage. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 CbE, CbF------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Calvin | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | seepage. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 CdC*: | | | | |

 Calvin-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | small stones,

 | | seepage. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | seepage. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | seepage. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 CdE*, CdF*: | | | | |

 Calvin-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | small stones,

 | | seepage. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Berks--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | slope, | seepage, | small stones,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope,

 | | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 CeB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Cateache | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 CeC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Cateache | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 CeD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slippage. | | slippage. | slippage. | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 CfC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Cateache | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 261

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 CfE, CfF, CfG-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Cateache | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slippage. | | slippage. | slippage. | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 Ch------------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 Chavies | flooding. | seepage. | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 CuB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Culleoka | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 CuC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Culleoka | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. | thin layer.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 CuD, CuE, CuF-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Culleoka | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope,

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 DhC*: | | | | |

 Dekalb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | slope, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | poor filter. | depth to rock, | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | seepage. | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 Hazleton-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter. | slope, | seepage, | seepage. | small stones.

 | | seepage. | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 DhE*, DhF*: | | | | |

 Dekalb-------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | seepage, | small stones,

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage. | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Hazleton-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 | poor filter, | slope, | slope, | slope, | slope,

 | slope. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage. | small stones.

 | | | depth to rock. | |

 | | | | |

 DuB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Duffield | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | hard to pack.

 | | depth to rock, | | |

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 DuC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Duffield | depth to rock, | slope. | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | hard to pack.

 | slope. | | | slope. |

 | | | | |

 ElF-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Elliber | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 FaC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Faywood | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
262 Soil Survey

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 FaE, FaF------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Faywood | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 GaC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Gauley | depth to rock. | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | small stones.

 | | depth to rock. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 GaE-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Gauley | slope, | slope, | depth to rock, | slope, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | seepage, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock. | slope. | seepage. | small stones.

 | | | | |

 Ho------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Holly | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness, | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 LeC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Leatherbark | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 LlB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Lily | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock. | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | | | |

 LlC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Lily | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | seepage. |

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 LlD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Lily | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | seepage, | slope.

 | | slope. | slope. | slope. |

 | | | | |

 Lo------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Lobdell | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | seepage, |

 | | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 LyB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Severe: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Lodi | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | slope. | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 LyC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Lodi | percs slowly, | slope. | too clayey. | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 MaB-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Macove | large stones. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | large stones.

 | | large stones. | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 MaC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Macove | large stones. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | large stones.

 | | slope, | large stones. | |

 | | large stones. | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 263

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MaD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Macove | slope, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | large stones,

 | large stones. | slope, | slope, | slope. | slope.

 | | large stones. | large stones. | |

 | | | | |

 McC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Macove | slope, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage. | seepage,

 | large stones. | slope. | large stones. | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 McE-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Macove | slope. | seepage, | seepage, | seepage, | seepage,

 | | slope. | slope, | slope. | large stones,

 | | | large stones. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 MdC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Mandy | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 MdD-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Mandy | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 MfC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Mandy | depth to rock. | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | slope. | | | small stones,

 | | | | | thin layer.

 | | | | |

 MfE, MfF, MfG-------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Mandy | slope, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | depth to rock. | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Mh. | | | | |

 Medihemists | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MrB-----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Poor:

 Mertz | percs slowly. | slope. | too clayey. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 MzC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Mertz | percs slowly. | slope. | slope, | slope. | small stones.

 | | | too clayey. | |

 | | | | |

 MzE-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Mertz | percs slowly, | slope. | slope. | slope. | small stones,

 | slope. | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 Or------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Orrville | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness. | flooding, | seepage, | wetness. |

 | | wetness. | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 Ph------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Fair:

 Philo | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | wetness.

 | wetness, | flooding, | seepage. | seepage, |

 | poor filter. | wetness. | | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
264 Soil Survey

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Po, Pt--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Potomac | flooding, | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | seepage,

 | poor filter. | flooding. | seepage, | seepage. | too sandy,

 | | | wetness. | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 Pu------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Purdy | wetness, | wetness. | wetness, | wetness. | wetness,

 | percs slowly. | | too clayey. | | too clayey,

 | | | | | hard to pack.

 | | | | |

 Sc------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Moderate: |Poor:

 Sees | wetness, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness. | too clayey,

 | percs slowly. | | | | hard to pack,

 | | | | | wetness.

 | | | | |

 Se------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Sensabaugh | flooding. | seepage, | flooding, | flooding, | small stones.

 | | flooding. | seepage, | seepage. |

 | | | wetness. | |

 | | | | |

 ShB-----------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Slight-----------|Fair:

 Shouns | percs slowly. | seepage, | too clayey. | | too clayey.

 | | slope. | | |

 | | | | |

 ShC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Shouns | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | slope.

 | | | | |

 SsC-----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Moderate: |Moderate: |Fair:

 Shouns | percs slowly, | slope. | slope, | slope. | too clayey,

 | slope. | | too clayey. | | small stones,

 | | | | | slope.

 | | | | |

 SsE, SsF------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Shouns | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope. | slope.

 | | | | |

 SwE-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Snowdog | wetness, | seepage, | seepage, | slope, | small stones,

 | percs slowly, | slope, | wetness, | wetness. | slope.

 | slope. | wetness. | slope. | |

 | | | | |

 Tg------------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Good.

 Tioga | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, | flooding, |

 | poor filter. | seepage. | seepage, | seepage, |

 | | | wetness. | wetness. |

 | | | | |

 TrC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Trussel | wetness, | slope, | wetness. | wetness. | wetness.

 | percs slowly. | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 Uf*: | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Fluvaquents. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Us. | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 265

 Table 13.--Sanitary Facilities--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 Soil name and | Septic tank | Sewage lagoon | Trench | Area | Daily cover

 map symbol | absorption | areas | sanitary | sanitary | for landfill

 | fields | | landfill | landfill | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 WeC-----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Weikert | depth to rock. | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock. | depth to rock,

 | | depth to rock, | seepage. | | seepage,

 | | slope. | | | small stones.

 | | | | |

 WeD, WeF------------|Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Severe: |Poor:

 Weikert | depth to rock, | seepage, | depth to rock, | depth to rock, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | depth to rock, | seepage, | slope. | seepage,

 | | slope. | slope. | | small stones.

 | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
266 Soil Survey

Table 14.--Construction Materials

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "good," "fair," and other terms. Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not rated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 AlB-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Allegheny | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 AlC-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Allegheny | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 At--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Atkins | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

 BaB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Belmont | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 BaC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Belmont | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 BaD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Belmont | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | | | |

 BbC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Belmont | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 BbE, BbF--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Belmont | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope.

 | low strength. | | |

 | | | |

 BeB, BeC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Berks | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 BeD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Berks | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones,

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. | slope.

 | | | |

 BeE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Berks | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | slope.

 | | | |

 BfC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Berks | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. | slope.

 | | | |

 BfE, BfF--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Berks | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 267

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 BgC*: | | | |

 Berks----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 BgE*, BgF*: | | | |

 Berks----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 BhG*: | | | |

 Berks----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Weikert--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | small stones, | thin layer. | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Calvin---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope,

 | depth to rock. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 BlC-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Blackthorn | large stones. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 BlE, BlF--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Blackthorn | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 BoB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Blairton | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 BrF*: | | | |

 Briery---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | |

 | | | |

 CaC, CbC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Calvin | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 CbE, CbF--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Calvin | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope,

 | depth to rock. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
268 Soil Survey

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 CdC*: | | | |

 Calvin---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 Berks----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 CdE*, CdF*: | | | |

 Calvin---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope,

 | depth to rock. | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Berks----------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 CeB, CeC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Cateache | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 CeD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Cateache | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 CfC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Cateache | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 CfE, CfF, CfG---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Cateache | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Ch--------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Chavies | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 CuB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Culleoka | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | area reclaim.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 CuC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Culleoka | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | area reclaim,

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. | slope.

 | | | |

 CuD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Culleoka | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 CuE, CuF--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Culleoka | depth to rock, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope.

 | slope. | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 269

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 DhC*: | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | thin layer. | | |

 | | | |

 DhE*, DhF*: | | | |

 Dekalb---------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Hazleton-------------|Severe: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | slope,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 DuB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Duffield | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 DuC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Duffield | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 ElF-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Elliber | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 FaC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Faywood | depth to rock, | excess fines, | excess fines, | thin layer.

 | low strength. | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 FaE, FaF--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Faywood | depth to rock, | excess fines, | excess fines, | thin layer,

 | low strength, | thin layer. | thin layer. | slope.

 | slope. | | |

 | | | |

 GaC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Gauley | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 GaE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Gauley | slope, | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope,

 | depth to rock. | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 Ho--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Holly | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness.

 | | | |

 LeC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Leatherbark | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | wetness. | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 LlB, LlC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Lily | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | area reclaim,

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. | small stones.

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
270 Soil Survey

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 LlD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Lily | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | slope.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 Lo--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Lobdell | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 LyB, LyC--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Lodi | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey.

 | | | |

 MaB, MaC--------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Macove | large stones. | excess fines, | excess fines, | area reclaim,

 | | large stones. | large stones. | small stones.

 | | | |

 MaD-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Macove | large stones. | excess fines, | excess fines, | area reclaim,

 | | large stones. | large stones. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 McC-------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Macove | large stones. | large stones. | large stones. | area reclaim,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 McE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Macove | slope. | large stones. | large stones. | area reclaim,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 MdC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Mandy | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 MdD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Mandy | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones,

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. | slope.

 | | | |

 MfC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Mandy | depth to rock. | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones.

 | | thin layer. | thin layer. |

 | | | |

 MfE, MfF, MfG---------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Mandy | depth to rock, | excess fines, | excess fines, | small stones,

 | slope. | thin layer. | thin layer. | slope.

 | | | |

 Mh. | | | |

 Medihemists | | | |

 | | | |

 MrB-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Mertz | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 MzC-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Mertz | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 MzE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Mertz | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 271

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 Or--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Orrville | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Ph--------------------|Fair: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Philo | depth to rock, | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | wetness. | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Po, Pt----------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Potomac | | | | too sandy,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Pu--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Purdy | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | wetness,

 | | | | too clayey.

 | | | |

 Sc--------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Sees | low strength. | excess fines. | excess fines. | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 Se--------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Sensabaugh | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 ShB-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Shouns | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones.

 | | | |

 ShC-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Fair:

 Shouns | | excess fines. | excess fines. | too clayey,

 | | | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 SsC-------------------|Good-----------------|Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Shouns | | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones.

 | | | |

 SsE, SsF--------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Shouns | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 SwE-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Snowdog | slope. | excess fines. | excess fines. | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 Tg--------------------|Good-----------------|Probable-------------|Probable-------------|Poor:

 Tioga | | | | small stones,

 | | | | area reclaim.

 | | | |

 TrC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Trussel | wetness. | excess fines. | excess fines. | large stones,

 | | | | wetness.

 | | | |

 Uf*: | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | |

 | | | |

 Fluvaquents. | | | |

 | | | |

 Us. | | | |

 Udorthents | | | |

 | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
272 Soil Survey

 Table 14.--Construction Materials--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 Soil name and | Roadfill | Sand | Gravel | Topsoil

 map symbol | | | |

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | |

 | | | |

 WeC-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Weikert | depth to rock. | small stones, | thin layer. | depth to rock,

 | | thin layer. | | small stones.

 | | | |

 WeD-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Weikert | depth to rock. | small stones, | thin layer. | depth to rock,

 | | thin layer. | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | |

 WeF-------------------|Poor: |Improbable: |Improbable: |Poor:

 Weikert | depth to rock, | small stones, | thin layer. | depth to rock,

 | slope. | thin layer. | | small stones,

 | | | | slope.

 | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 273

Table 15.--Water Management

 (Some terms that describe restrictive soil features are defined in the Glossary. See text for definitions of

 "slight," "moderate," and "severe." Absence of an entry indicates that the soil was not evaluated. The

 information in this table indicates the dominant soil condition but does not eliminate the need for

 onsite investigation)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 AlB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Allegheny | seepage, | piping. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 AlC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Allegheny | slope. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 At----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 Atkins | seepage. | piping, | frost action, | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | wetness. | percs slowly. | |

 | | | | |

 BaB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Belmont | seepage, | thin layer. | | |

 | depth to rock, | | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 BaC, BaD----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Belmont | slope. | thin layer. | | |

 | | | | |

 BbC, BbE, BbF-----|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Belmont | slope. | thin layer. | | |

 | | | | |

 BeB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 Berks | seepage. | seepage. | | large stones. | depth to rock,

 | | | | | large stones.

 | | | | |

 BeC, BeD, BeE-----|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock, |Droughty,

 Berks | seepage, | seepage. | | slope, | depth to rock,

 | slope. | | | large stones. | slope.

 | | | | |

 BfC, BfE, BfF-----|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Depth to rock,

 Berks | seepage, | seepage. | | depth to rock, | large stones,

 | slope. | | | large stones. | slope.

 | | | | |

 BgC*, BgE*, BgF*: | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Depth to rock,

 | seepage, | seepage. | | depth to rock, | large stones,

 | slope. | | | large stones. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | piping, | | depth to rock, | large stones,

 | slope. | seepage, | | large stones. | droughty.

 | | large stones. | | |

 | | | | |

 BhG*: | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Depth to rock,

 | seepage, | seepage. | | depth to rock, | large stones,

 | slope. | | | large stones. | slope.

 | | | | |

 Weikert----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | depth to rock, | seepage, | | depth to rock. | droughty,

 | slope, | thin layer. | | | depth to rock.

 | seepage. | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
274 Soil Survey

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 BhG*: | | | | |

 Calvin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | piping. | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 BlC, BlE, BlF-----|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Blackthorn | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones. | slope,

 | slope. | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 BoB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, |Wetness.

 Blairton | seepage, | piping. | frost action, | wetness. |

 | depth to rock, | | slope. | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 BrF*: | | | | |

 Briery-----------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | piping, | | large stones. | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 CaC, CbC, CbE, | | | | |

 CbF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Calvin | seepage, | piping. | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 CdC*, CdE*, CdF*: | | | | |

 Calvin-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | piping. | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | piping, | | depth to rock, | large stones,

 | slope. | seepage, | | large stones. | droughty.

 | | large stones. | | |

 | | | | |

 Berks------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Depth to rock,

 | seepage, | seepage. | | depth to rock, | large stones,

 | slope. | | | large stones. | slope.

 | | | | |

 CeB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock----|Depth to rock.

 Cateache | seepage, | piping. | | |

 | depth to rock, | | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 CeC, CeD, CfC, | | | | |

 CfE, CfF, CfG----|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Cateache | slope, | piping. | | depth to rock, | depth to rock.

 | slippage. | | | slippage. |

 | | | | |

 Ch----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Chavies | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 CuB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones,

 Culleoka | seepage. | piping. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 CuC, CuD, CuE, | | | | |

 CuF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Culleoka | seepage, | piping. | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 275

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 DhC*, DhE*, DhF*: | | | | |

 Dekalb-----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 | seepage, | piping, | | depth to rock, | large stones,

 | slope. | seepage, | | large stones. | droughty.

 | | large stones. | | |

 | | | | |

 Hazleton---------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones,

 | seepage, | seepage, | | slope. | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 DuB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Duffield | seepage, | piping, | | |

 | depth to rock, | hard to pack. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 DuC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Duffield | slope. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 ElF---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Elliber | seepage, | seepage. | | large stones. | slope,

 | slope. | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 FaC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Faywood | slope. | hard to pack. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 FaE, FaF----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Faywood | slope. | hard to pack. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 GaC, GaE----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Gauley | slope, | piping, | | large stones, | large stones,

 | seepage. | large stones. | | depth to rock. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Ho----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Wetness----------|Wetness.

 Holly | seepage. | piping, | frost action. | |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 LeC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Depth to rock, |Depth to rock, |Large stones,

 Leatherbark | slope. | piping, | frost action, | slope, | wetness,

 | | wetness. | slope. | large stones. | slope.

 | | | | |

 LlB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Depth to rock----|Depth to rock.

 Lily | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 LlC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Lily | seepage, | piping. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 LlD---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Lily | seepage, | piping. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 Lo----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding, |Erodes easily, |Erodes easily.

 Lobdell | seepage. | piping, | frost action. | wetness. |

 | | seepage. | | |

 | | | | |

 LyB---------------|Moderate: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Lodi | seepage, | hard to pack. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
276 Soil Survey

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 LyC---------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Lodi | slope. | hard to pack. | | |

 | | | | |

 MaB---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones-----|Large stones,

 Macove | seepage. | seepage, | | | droughty.

 | | large stones. | | |

 | | | | |

 MaC, MaD----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Macove | seepage, | seepage, | | large stones. | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 McC, McE----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Macove | seepage, | seepage, | | large stones. | slope,

 | slope. | large stones. | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 MdC, MdD----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Slope,

 Mandy | slope. | piping. | | depth to rock. | droughty,

 | | | | | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 MfC, MfE, MfF, | | | | |

 MfG--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Mandy | slope. | piping. | | large stones, | slope,

 | | | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | |

 Mh. | | | | |

 Medihemists | | | | |

 | | | | |

 MrB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Mertz | slope. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 MzC, MzE----------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Mertz | slope. | piping. | | large stones. | slope,

 | | | | | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Or----------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Flooding, |Erodes easily, |Wetness,

 Orrville | seepage. | piping, | frost action. | wetness. | erodes easily.

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 Ph----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Flooding---------|Wetness----------|Favorable.

 Philo | seepage. | piping, | | |

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 Po, Pt------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Large stones, |Large stones,

 Potomac | seepage. | seepage. | | too sandy. | droughty.

 | | | | |

 Pu----------------|Slight------------|Severe: |Percs slowly, |Wetness, |Wetness,

 Purdy | | piping, | frost action. | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | wetness. | | |

 | | | | |

 Sc----------------|Slight------------|Severe: |Percs slowly-----|Wetness, |Wetness,

 Sees | | wetness. | | percs slowly. | percs slowly.

 | | | | |

 Se----------------|Severe: |Moderate: |Deep to water----|Large stones-----|Large stones.

 Sensabaugh | seepage. | large stones. | | |

 | | | | |

 ShB---------------|Moderate: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Favorable.

 Shouns | seepage, | piping. | | |

 | slope. | | | |

 | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 277

 Table 15.--Water Management--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | Limitations for-- | Features affecting-- ___________________________________________________________________________________________

 Soil name and | Pond | Embankments, | | Terraces |

 map symbol | reservoir | dikes, and | Drainage | and | Grassed

 | areas | levees | | diversions | waterways ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | |

 | | | | |

 ShC, SsC, SsE, | | | | |

 SsF--------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope------------|Slope.

 Shouns | slope. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 SwE---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Percs slowly, |Slope, |Large stones,

 Snowdog | seepage, | seepage, | large stones, | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | piping. | slope. | wetness, | droughty,

 | | | | rooting depth. | rooting depth.

 | | | | |

 Tg----------------|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Favorable--------|Droughty.

 Tioga | seepage. | piping. | | |

 | | | | |

 TrC---------------|Severe: |Severe: |Frost action, |Slope, |Slope,

 Trussel | slope. | wetness, | slope, | wetness, | wetness,

 | | piping. | percs slowly. | rooting depth. | rooting depth.

 | | | | |

 Uf*: | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Fluvaquents. | | | | |

 | | | | |

 Us. | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | |

 | | | | |

 WeC, WeD, WeF-----|Severe: |Severe: |Deep to water----|Slope, |Large stones,

 Weikert | depth to rock, | seepage, | | large stones, | slope,

 | slope. | thin layer. | | depth to rock. | depth to rock.

 | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
278 Soil Survey

Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties

 (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that data were not estimated)

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 AlB, AlC---------| 0-8 |Loam-------------|ML, CL |A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|65-100|55-95 | <35 | NP-10

 Allegheny | 8-40|Gravelly silt |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |55-100|50-100|35-100|20-90 | <35 | NP-15

 | | loam, gravelly | SM, SC | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Clay loam, sandy |SM, GC, |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-55 | 5-45 | <35 | NP-15

 | | loam, extremely | ML, CL | A-2, A-1| | | | | | |

 | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 At---------------| 0-4 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |90-100|85-100|75-100|60-95 | 20-40 | 3-20

 Atkins | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 4-25|Silty clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|65-100|45-85 | 20-40 | 3-20

 | | silt loam, sandy| ML, CL | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |25-65|Stratified silty |SM, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |35-100|30-100|20-100|10-95 | 20-40 | 1-15

 | | clay loam to | GM, ML | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BaB, BaC, BaD----| 0-6 |Silt loam--------|CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|65-100|50-90 | 20-40 | 5-15

 Belmont | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 6-23|Channery silty |ML, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |80-100|75-100|70-100|50-95 | 25-45 | 5-20

 | | clay loam, | CL | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |23-35|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|70-100|50-95 | 25-50 | 11-25

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |35-51|Channery clay |CL, GC |A-4, A-6,| 0-20 |40-75 |35-70 |25-70 |15-65 | 25-45 | 7-25

 | | loam, very | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | 51 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BbC, BbE, BbF----| 0-6 |Very rocky silt |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|65-100|50-90 | 20-40 | 5-15

 Belmont | | loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 6-23|Channery silty |CL-ML, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |80-100|75-100|70-100|50-95 | 25-45 | 5-20

 | | clay loam, | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |23-35|Silty clay loam, |CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|70-100|50-95 | 25-50 | 11-25

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 |35-51|Channery clay |CL, GC, SC|A-4, A-6,| 0-20 |40-75 |35-70 |25-70 |15-65 | 25-45 | 7-25

 | | loam, very | | A-7, A-2| | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | 51 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 279

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BeB, BeC, BeD, | | | | | | | | | | |

 BeE-------------| 0-4 |Channery silt |GM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-20 |50-80 |45-70 |40-60 |30-55 | 25-36 | 5-10

 Berks | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 4-22|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |22-31|Channery loam, |GM, SM |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 31 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BfC, BfE, BfF----| 0-4 |Very stony silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4 |15-30 |40-80 |35-70 |30-60 |25-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 Berks | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 4-22|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |22-31|Channery loam, |GM, SM |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 31 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BgC*, BgE*, BgF*:| | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-4 |Very stony silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4 |15-30 |40-80 |35-70 |30-60 |25-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 4-22|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |22-31|Channery loam, |GM, SM |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 31 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 |Very stony loam |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10

 | | | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | 4-26|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |26-36|Very channery |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-50 |45-85 |25-75 |20-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | sandy loam, | SC, GC | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | 36 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
280 Soil Survey

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BhG*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-4 |Very stony silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4 |15-30 |40-80 |35-70 |30-60 |25-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 4-22|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |22-31|Channery loam, |GM, SM |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 31 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-6 |Very stony silt |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,| 3-15 |35-70 |35-70 |25-65 |20-55 | 30-40 | 4-10

 | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | 6-15|Very channery |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 15 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Calvin----------| 0-4 |Very stony silt |ML, CL |A-4 | 3-15 |70-100|70-100|65-95 |55-90 | --- | ---

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-27|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | NP-11

 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |27-39|Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |30-65 |15-60 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-11

 | | loam, extremely | GM-GC, | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 39 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BlC, BlE, BlF----| 0-10|Extremely stony |ML, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-15 |65-90 |60-85 |35-70 |15-55 | 15-27 | NP-7

 Blackthorn | | loam. | CL-ML, | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 |10-51|Channery sandy |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-30 |40-90 |25-90 |20-60 |10-45 | 18-30 | 1-9

 | | loam, very | SC, SC-SM| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |51-65|Clay, clay loam, |CL, CH |A-6, A-7 | 0-10 |85-100|70-100|65-95 |55-90 | 30-65 | 15-40

 | | silty clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 281

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BoB--------------| 0-2 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-90 |50-80 | 20-35 | 2-10

 Blairton | 2-24|Silt loam, very |ML, CL, GM|A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |50-90 |35-90 |30-85 |25-70 | 25-42 | 2-20

 | | channery silty | | A-7, A-2| | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, silty| | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |24-34|Very channery |GM, SM, |A-4, A-2,| 0-10 |15-65 |15-65 |15-65 |10-60 | 25-40 | 2-12

 | | loam, channery | ML, CL | A-6, A-1| | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 34 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 BrF*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Briery----------| 0-2 |Very stony silt |GC |A-2, A-4 | 3-15 |45-60 |40-55 |30-50 |20-40 | 25-35 | 7-11

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 2-65|Very channery |GC |A-2, A-4 | 5-30 |30-55 |25-50 |25-45 |20-45 | 25-35 | 7-11

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CaC--------------| 0-4 |Channery silt |ML, CL |A-4 | 0-15 |70-95 |70-90 |65-90 |55-75 | --- | ---

 Calvin | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-27|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | NP-11

 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |27-39|Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |30-65 |15-60 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-13

 | | loam, extremely | SC, GC | A-4, A-6| | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 39 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CbC, CbE, CbF----| 0-4 |Very stony silt |ML, CL |A-4 | 3-15 |70-100|70-100|65-95 |55-90 | --- | ---

 Calvin | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-27|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | NP-11

 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |27-39|Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |30-65 |15-60 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-11

 | | loam, extremely | GM-GC, | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 39 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
282 Soil Survey

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CdC*, CdE*, CdF*:| | | | | | | | | | |

 Calvin----------| 0-4 |Very stony silt |ML, CL |A-4 | 3-15 |70-100|70-100|65-95 |55-90 | --- | ---

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 4-27|Channery silt |ML, SM, GM|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |70-95 |55-90 |40-90 |30-75 | 22-38 | NP-11

 | | loam, channery | | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |27-39|Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 0-20 |35-75 |30-65 |15-60 |15-40 | 23-39 | 3-11

 | | loam, extremely | GM-GC, | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 39 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 |Very stony loam |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10

 | | | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | 4-26|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |26-36|Very channery |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-50 |45-85 |25-75 |20-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | sandy loam, | SC, GC | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | 36 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-4 |Very stony silt |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4 |15-30 |40-80 |35-70 |30-60 |25-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | loam. | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | 4-22|Channery loam, |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 25-36 | 5-10

 | | very channery | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |22-31|Channery loam, |GM, SM |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 24-38 | 2-10

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 31 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CeB, CeC, CeD----| 0-6 |Channery silt |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |70-85 |65-80 |60-75 |45-70 | 20-40 | 4-15

 Cateache | | loam. | GM-GC, GC| | | | | | | |

 | 6-28|Channery silty |CL-ML, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |40-85 |35-80 |30-80 |25-70 | 20-40 | 4-15

 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM-GC| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |28-32|Very channery |GM-GC, GC,|A-2, A-4,| 0-20 |20-60 |10-50 |10-45 |10-40 | 20-40 | 4-15

 | | silty clay loam,| GP, GP-GC| A-6, A-1| | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 32 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 283

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CfC, CfE, CfF, | | | | | | | | | | |

 CfG-------------| 0-6 |Very stony silt |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 |15-30 |70-85 |65-80 |60-75 |45-70 | 20-40 | 4-15

 Cateache | | loam. | GM-GC, GC| | | | | | | |

 | 6-28|Channery silty |CL-ML, CL,|A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |40-85 |35-80 |30-80 |25-70 | 20-40 | 4-15

 | | clay loam, very | GC, GM-GC| A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |28-32|Very channery |GM-GC, GC,|A-2, A-4,| 0-20 |20-60 |10-50 |10-45 |10-40 | 20-40 | 4-15

 | | silty clay loam,| GP-GC | A-6, A-1| | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 32 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ch---------------| 0-8 |Fine sandy loam |SM, ML, |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|40-90 |40-75 | <25 | NP-5

 Chavies | | | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | 8-41|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML |A-4 | 0 |85-100|75-100|65-100|45-85 | <35 | NP-8

 | | silt loam, loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |41-65|Fine sandy loam, |SM, ML, |A-4, A-2,| 0-5 |70-100|60-95 |40-85 |20-75 | <25 | NP-5

 | | gravelly fine | CL-ML, | A-1-b | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 CuB, CuC, CuD, | | | | | | | | | | |

 CuE, CuF--------| 0-1 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-100|55-95 | <35 | NP-10

 Culleoka | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 1-21|Channery silt |ML, CL, |A-6, A-4 | 5-25 |80-95 |75-95 |65-95 |55-90 | 20-40 | 2-20

 | | loam, very | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, silty clay| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |21-33|Very flaggy silty|ML, CL, |A-6, A-4,|10-60 |50-95 |40-90 |35-90 |30-85 | 20-40 | 2-20

 | | clay loam, | GC, GM | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, flaggy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 33 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DhC*, DhE*, DhF*:| | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 |Very stony loam |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-30 |50-90 |45-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 10-32 | NP-10

 | | | ML, CL-ML| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | 4-26|Channery sandy |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,| 5-40 |50-85 |40-75 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | loam, channery | ML, GM-GC| A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |26-36|Very channery |SM, GM, |A-2, A-4,|10-50 |45-85 |25-75 |20-65 |15-40 | 15-32 | NP-9

 | | sandy loam, | SC, GC | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | flaggy loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | 36 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
284 Soil Survey

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DhC*, DhE*, DhF*:| | | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------| 0-2 |Very stony loam |ML, GM, SM|A-4, A-2 | 5-15 |60-85 |50-80 |50-70 |35-55 | --- | ---

 | 2-30|Channery fine |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4,| 0-50 |60-95 |45-90 |35-70 |20-55 | <30 | NP-8

 | | sandy loam, | ML, SC | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |30-50|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-2, A-1,| 5-60 |50-80 |35-75 |25-65 |15-50 | <30 | NP-8

 | | extremely | SC, GC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | 50 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 DuB, DuC---------| 0-8 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |85-100|85-100|80-100|70-95 | 20-50 | 5-20

 Duffield | | | CL-ML | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 8-37|Silty clay loam, |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 0-10 |65-100|60-100|55-100|55-95 | 30-55 | 8-22

 | | silty clay, | MH, CH | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |37-46|Channery silty |MH, GM, |A-7, A-5 | 0-20 |65-100|50-100|45-90 |40-90 | 40-60 | 9-29

 | | clay, loam, | SM, ML | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | 46 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ElF--------------| 0-2 |Extremely |GM, GP |A-2, A-1,| 5-15 |30-60 |20-55 |15-45 |10-40 | --- | ---

 Elliber | | channery silt | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 2-65|Extremely |GM, SP-SM,|A-2, A-1,|20-40 |40-65 |30-60 |25-50 | 5-40 | 20-35 | NP-7

 | | channery silt | SM, GP-GM| A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery clay | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 FaC, FaE, FaF----| 0-8 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-15 | 100 |95-100|90-100|85-100| 25-35 | 4-10

 Faywood | 8-28|Silty clay, clay,|CH, CL |A-7 | 0-15 |90-100|90-100|85-100|75-100| 42-70 | 20-45

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | 28 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 GaC, GaE---------| 0-9 |Extremely stony |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,|30-50 |40-80 |40-75 |35-70 |20-55 | 15-25 | NP-7

 Gauley | | sandy loam. | ML, CL-ML| A-4 | | | | | | |

 | 9-23|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,|10-40 |45-80 |40-80 |40-75 |20-55 | 15-25 | NP-7

 | | very channery | ML, CL-ML| A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |23-35|Channery loam, |GM, SM, |A-1, A-2,|10-50 |45-75 |30-75 |25-70 |20-50 | 15-25 | NP-7

 | | very channery | GM-GC, | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam, | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 35 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 285

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ho---------------| 0-4 |Silt loam--------|ML |A-4 | 0 |90-100|85-100|80-100|70-90 | 25-35 | 3-10

 Holly | 4-42|Silt loam, loam, |ML, SM |A-4, A-6 | 0 |85-100|75-100|70-95 |45-85 | 20-40 | NP-14

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |42-65|Silt loam, loam, |ML, SM |A-4, A-2 | 0 |85-100|75-100|50-95 |25-80 | 20-40 | NP-10

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LeC--------------| 0-5 |Very stony silt |ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-10 |80-95 |75-90 |60-90 |45-80 | 20-30 | 5-10

 Leatherbark | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 5-35|Loam, channery |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 5-15 |75-100|70-90 |60-85 |40-80 | 25-40 | 5-15

 | | silt loam, silty| CL-ML, SC| | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |35-38|Loam, very |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 |10-25 |55-80 |50-75 |40-75 |30-70 | 25-35 | 5-15

 | | channery silt | ML, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 38 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LlB, LlC, LlD----| 0-2 |Loam-------------|ML, CL-ML |A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|70-95 |55-80 | <35 | NP-10

 Lily | 2-32|Clay loam, |SM, SC, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |90-100|85-100|75-100|40-80 | <35 | 3-15

 | | channery sandy | ML, CL | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 32 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Lo---------------| 0-10|Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 |95-100|90-100|80-100|65-90 | 20-30 | NP-8

 Lobdell | | | CL | | | | | | | |

 |10-28|Loam, silt loam |ML |A-4 | 0 |90-100|80-100|70-95 |55-85 | 20-35 | NP-10

 |28-65|Stratified sandy |ML, SM, |A-4, A-2 | 0 |35-100|30-100|20-100|10-90 | 15-35 | NP-10

 | | loam to very | CL-ML, | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly silt | CL, GM | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 LyB, LyC---------| 0-6 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0-5 |80-100|75-95 |50-90 |25-85 | <30 | NP-15

 Lodi | | | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | 6-21|Clay, silt loam, |CL |A-6 | 0-10 |85-100|75-95 |65-90 |55-85 | 25-40 | 10-20

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |21-47|Clay, silty clay |CH, CL, SC|A-7 | 0-5 |85-100|75-95 |60-95 |40-80 | 40-60 | 20-35

 | | loam, sandy clay| | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |47-65|Silty clay, clay |ML, SM, |A-4, A-6 | 0-5 |85-100|75-95 |60-85 |40-80 | <40 | NP-25

 | | loam, loam. | CL, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MaB, MaC, MaD----| 0-4 |Channery silt |SM, GM |A-4, | 5-10 |30-60 |25-60 |20-50 |15-40 | 20-30 | NP-7

 Macove | | loam. | | A-1-b, | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |

 | 4-14|Channery silt |GM, SM, |A-4, | 5-45 |40-65 |30-60 |25-50 | 5-40 | 20-30 | NP-7

 | | loam, very | GP-GM | A-1-a, | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | A-1-b | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |14-65|Extremely |GM, SM, |A-2, |25-75 |35-60 |25-50 |20-45 | 5-25 | 20-30 | NP-7

 | | channery silty | GP-GM | A-1-b, | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | A-1-a | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
286 Soil Survey

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 McC, McE---------| 0-4 |Very stony silt |SM, GM |A-4, | 5-10 |30-60 |25-60 |20-50 |15-40 | 20-30 | NP-7

 Macove | | loam. | | A-1-b, | | | | | | |

 | | | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |

 | 4-14|Channery silt |SM, GM |A-4, | 5-10 |30-60 |25-60 |20-50 |15-40 | 20-30 | NP-7

 | | loam, very | | A-1-b, | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | A-2-4 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |14-65|Very channery |GM, SM, |A-2, |25-75 |35-60 |25-50 |20-45 | 5-25 | 20-30 | NP-7

 | | silty clay loam,| GP-GM | A-1-b, | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | A-1-a | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MdC, MdD---------| 0-5 |Channery silt |CL-ML, CL |A-4 | 0-15 |65-80 |60-75 |55-70 |50-65 | 20-32 | 4-10

 Mandy | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 5-28|Channery silt |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 20-32 | 4-10

 | | loam, very | SC-SM | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |28-36|Extremely |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 20-32 | 4-10

 | | channery silt | SC-SM | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MfC, MfE, MfF, | | | | | | | | | | |

 MfG-------------| 0-5 |Very stony silt |CL-ML, CL |A-4 |15-30 |65-80 |60-75 |55-70 |50-65 | 20-32 | 4-10

 Mandy | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 5-28|Channery silt |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2,| 0-30 |40-80 |35-70 |25-60 |20-45 | 20-32 | 4-10

 | | loam, very | SM, SC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |28-36|Extremely |GM, GC, |A-1, A-2 | 0-40 |35-65 |25-55 |20-40 |15-35 | 20-32 | 4-10

 | | channery silt | SM, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 36 |Weathered bedrock| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Mh. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Medihemists | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MrB--------------| 0-3 |Channery silt |ML, GM |A-4 | 5-10 |70-95 |55-85 |45-85 |40-75 | --- | NP

 Mertz | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 3-54|Very channery |ML, CL, |A-6, A-7,| 5-20 |55-95 |45-85 |45-85 |40-75 | 30-45 | 7-20

 | | clay loam, | GM, GC | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |54-65|Channery clay |CL, GC, SC|A-6, A-7,| 5-50 |55-80 |30-75 |30-70 |25-55 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | loam, very | | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 287

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 MzC, MzE---------| 0-3 |Very stony silt |ML, GM |A-4 | 5-15 |60-95 |45-85 |45-85 |40-75 | 25-40 | 4-12

 Mertz | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 3-54|Channery silt |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6,| 5-20 |55-95 |45-85 |45-85 |40-75 | 30-45 | 7-20

 | | loam, extremely | GM, GC | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery clay | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |54-65|Channery silt |ML, CL, |A-6, A-7 | 5-20 |55-80 |30-75 |30-70 |25-55 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | loam, extremely | GC, GM | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Or---------------| 0-9 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL-ML,|A-4 | 0 | 100 |90-100|85-100|60-80 | 20-35 | 3-10

 Orrville | | | CL | | | | | | | |

 | 9-40|Silt loam, loam, |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6 | 0-2 |95-100|75-100|70-95 |50-90 | 20-40 | 2-16

 | | silty clay loam.| ML | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Stratified very |ML, CL, |A-4, A-2,| 0-2 |50-100|45-100|20-100|10-90 | 15-35 | NP-10

 | | gravelly loamy | SM, SC | A-1 | | | | | | |

 | | sand to silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Ph---------------| 0-9 |Silt loam--------|ML, SM, |A-4 | 0-5 |95-100|80-100|85-90 |60-80 | 20-35 | 1-10

 Philo | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 9-33|Silt loam, loam, |ML, GM, |A-4 | 0-5 |80-100|75-100|70-90 |45-80 | 20-35 | 1-10

 | | gravelly loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 |33-40|Very gravelly |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0-5 |55-100|50-100|40-85 |35-80 | 20-35 | 1-10

 | | loam, gravelly | GW-GM | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Stratified |GM, SM, |A-2, A-4 | 0-10 |25-100|20-100|15-95 |10-90 | 15-30 | 1-10

 | | extremely | GC, SC | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sand to| | | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Po---------------| 0-10|Loam-------------|SM, ML, |A-2, A-4 | 0-10 |80-100|80-100|50-85 |30-60 | <20 | NP-5

 Potomac | | | SC-SM, | | | | | | | |

 | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 |10-65|Extremely |SM, GM, |A-1, A-2 |10-25 |25-35 |20-30 |10-25 | 5-15 | <15 | NP-3

 | | gravelly sandy | SW-SM, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | GW-GM | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

Pt----------------| 0-10|Very gravelly |SM, GM, |A-1, A-2,| 0-25 |45-55 |40-50 |20-50 | 5-40 | <20 | NP-5

 Potomac | | loam. | SC-SM, | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | | GM-GC | | | | | | | |

 |10-65|Extremely |SM, GM, |A-1, A-2 |10-25 |25-35 |20-30 |10-25 | 5-15 | <15 | NP-3

 | | gravelly sandy | SW-SM, | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, extremely | GW-GM | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loamy | | | | | | | | |

 | | sand, extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
288 Soil Survey

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Pu---------------| 0-5 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL |A-4, A-6,| 0 |95-100|90-100|90-100|90-100| 25-50 | 4-20

 Purdy | | | | A-7 | | | | | | |

 | 5-38|Silty clay, clay,|CL, CH, MH|A-6, A-7 | 0 |95-100|90-100|85-100|75-85 | 30-65 | 11-30

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |38-65|Silty clay, very |CL, CH, |A-6, A-7,| 0 |40-100|35-100|30-100|25-95 | 30-65 | 11-30

 | | gravelly silty | MH, GC, | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, clay.| GM | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Sc---------------| 0-8 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL |A-6, A-7 | 0-15 |90-100|90-100|80-100|70-90 | 30-45 | 12-25

 Sees | 8-58|Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH, CL|A-7, A-6 | 0-15 |90-100|90-100|85-100|80-95 | 35-70 | 20-40

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |58-65|Silty clay, clay,|CH, MH, CL|A-7 | 0-30 |80-100|80-100|75-100|70-95 | 45-75 | 25-45

 | | flaggy silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Se---------------| 0-6 |Silt loam--------|CL-ML, CL,|A-4 | 0-5 |90-100|75-95 |65-85 |55-75 | 16-29 | 3-9

 Sensabaugh | | | ML | | | | | | | |

 | 6-21|Gravelly loam, |CL-ML, CL,|A-4, A-6 | 2-18 |70-95 |55-90 |45-75 |35-65 | 20-35 | 5-14

 | | gravelly clay | SC-SM, GC| | | | | | | |

 | | loam, gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |21-40|Very gravelly |SC-SM, SC,|A-4, A-6 | 5-25 |70-90 |55-75 |45-65 |35-55 | 22-36 | 6-15

 | | loam, gravelly | GM-GC, GC| | | | | | | |

 | | sandy clay loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Very gravelly |SC-SM, SC,|A-4, A-6,| 5-30 |55-90 |25-75 |25-65 |20-55 | 20-36 | 6-15

 | | loam, gravelly | GM-GC, GC| A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 ShB, ShC---------| 0-3 |Silt loam--------|ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |80-100|75-100|65-95 |55-90 | 15-30 | 3-12

 Shouns | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 3-6 |Silt loam, loam |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 0 |80-100|75-100|70-95 |60-90 | 15-35 | 5-15

 | | | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 6-40|Channery silty |CL, ML, |A-4, A-6,| 0 |45-100|40-100|35-100|35-95 | 25-40 | 8-17

 | | clay loam, | GM, GC | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 |10-25 |75-100|65-90 |60-85 |50-75 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery clay | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SsC, SsE, SsF----| 0-3 |Extremely stony |ML, CL, |A-4, A-6 | 5-15 |80-100|75-100|65-95 |55-90 | 15-30 | 3-12

 Shouns | | silt loam. | CL-ML | | | | | | | |

 | 3-40|Channery silty |CL, CL-ML,|A-4, A-6,| 0-5 |45-100|40-100|35-100|35-95 | 25-40 | 8-17

 | | clay loam, | GM, GC | A-2 | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silty | | | | | | | | |

 | | clay loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Silty clay loam, |CL, ML |A-6, A-7 |10-25 |75-100|65-90 |60-85 |50-75 | 30-45 | 10-20

 | | clay loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery clay | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 289

 Table 16.--Engineering Index Properties--Continued

 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | Classification |Frag- | Percentage passing | | ____________________

 Soil name and |Depth| USDA texture | | |ments | sieve number-- |Liquid | Plas- ___________________________

 map symbol | | | Unified | AASHTO | 3-10 | | | | | limit | ticity

 | | | | |inches| 4 | 10 | 40 | 200 | | index _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | | | | Pct | | | | | Pct | __ ___ ___

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 SwE--------------| 0-2 |Extremely stony |CL, CL-ML,|A-2, A-4 | 0-25 |60-95 |55-90 |45-90 |35-80 | 20-30 | 5-10

 Snowdog | | silt loam. | SC, SC-SM| | | | | | | |

 | 2-16|Silt loam, |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,| 0-15 |60-95 |55-90 |45-90 |35-80 | 25-35 | 5-15

 | | channery silt | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |16-40|Channery sandy |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,|10-30 |45-80 |40-75 |25-75 |10-70 | 25-35 | 5-15

 | | loam, very | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | channery sandy | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam, very | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |40-65|Channery silt |ML, CL, |A-2, A-4,|10-30 |45-80 |40-75 |25-75 |10-70 | 20-40 | 5-20

 | | loam, very | SM, SC | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Tg---------------| 0-10|Fine sandy loam |ML, SM |A-4 | 0 | 100 |95-100|65-95 |40-85 | <15 | NP-4

 Tioga |10-38|Silt loam, fine |SM, GM, ML|A-1, A-2,| 0 |55-100|50-100|35-90 |20-80 | <15 | NP-2

 | | sandy loam, | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | | gravelly fine | | | | | | | | |

 | | sandy loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |38-65|Silt loam, |GW-GM, GM,|A-1, A-2,| 0-10 |35-100|30-100|15-90 | 5-80 | <15 | NP-2

 | | fine sandy loam,| SM, ML | A-4, A-3| | | | | | |

 | | very gravelly | | | | | | | | |

 | | loamy sand. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 TrC--------------| 0-6 |Very stony silt |CL-ML, CL,|A-4 |15-30 |75-100|70-100|60-95 |45-90 | 20-30 | 5-10

 Trussel | | loam. | SC | | | | | | | |

 | 6-18|Channery silt |CL, ML, SC|A-4, A-6 | 0-10 |75-100|70-100|60-100|45-95 | 25-40 | 7-14

 | | loam, silt loam,| | | | | | | | |

 | | silty clay loam.| | | | | | | | |

 |18-35|Channery silt |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |45-90 |40-85 |35-80 |25-75 | 25-35 | 7-14

 | | loam, very | SC, GC | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 |35-65|Channery silt |CL, ML, |A-2, A-4,| 0-30 |45-90 |40-85 |35-80 |25-75 | 25-35 | 7-14

 | | loam, very | SC, GC | A-6 | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Uf*: | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents. | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 Us. | | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | |

 WeC, WeD, WeF----| 0-6 |Channery silt |GM, ML, SM|A-1, A-2,| 0-10 |35-70 |35-70 |25-65 |20-55 | 30-40 | 4-10

 Weikert | | loam. | | A-4 | | | | | | |

 | 6-15|Channery loam, |GM, GP-GM |A-1, A-2 | 0-20 |15-60 |10-55 | 5-45 | 5-35 | 28-36 | 3-9

 | | very channery | | | | | | | | |

 | | silt loam, | | | | | | | | |

 | | extremely | | | | | | | | |

 | | channery silt | | | | | | | | |

 | | loam. | | | | | | | | |

 | 15 |Unweathered | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---

 | | bedrock. | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | | | _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
290 Soil Survey

Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils

 (The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Entries under "Erosion factors--T" apply to the entire

 profile. Entries under "Organic matter" apply only to the surface layer. Absence of an entry indicates

 that data were not available or were not estimated)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 AlB, AlC---------| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.22|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-4

 Allegheny | 8-40| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |40-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.03-0.08|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 At---------------| 0-4 | 18-30 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.22|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 2-4

 Atkins | 4-25| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.06-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.32| |

 |25-65| 10-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BaB, BaC, BaD, | | | | | | | | | |

 BbC, BbE, BbF---| 0-6 | 18-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.16-0.20|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 2-4

 Belmont | 6-23| 23-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|5.1-6.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |23-35| 27-40 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|5.6-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |35-51| 20-40 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|5.6-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 51 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BeB, BeC, BeD, | | | | | | | | | |

 BeE-------------| 0-4 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | .5-3

 Berks | 4-22| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |22-31| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BfC, BfE, BfF----| 0-4 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | 1-4

 Berks | 4-22| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |22-31| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BgC*, BgE*, BgF*:| | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-4 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | 1-4

 | 4-22| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |22-31| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | 2-4

 | 4-26| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |26-36| 5-15 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BhG*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-4 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | 1-4

 | 4-22| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |22-31| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Weikert---------| 0-6 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 2 | 1-3

 | 6-15| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Calvin----------| 0-4 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15|3-2 | 1-4

 | 4-27| 15-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |27-39| 15-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 39 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BlC, BlE, BlF----| 0-10| 2-10 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 4 | 2-5

 Blackthorn |10-51| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |51-65| 27-60 |1.30-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 291

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BoB--------------| 0-2 | 10-27 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|3.6-5.0 |Low----------|0.43|3-2 | 1-4

 Blairton | 2-24| 18-35 |1.50-1.70| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.14|3.6-5.0 |Low----------|0.32| |

 |24-34| 20-40 |1.40-1.60| 0.2-2.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.0 |Low----------|0.32| |

 | 34 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 BrF*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Briery----------| 0-2 | 18-27 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.16|5.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | <.5

 | 2-65| 18-32 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.16|5.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CaC--------------| 0-4 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20|3-2 | .5-2

 Calvin | 4-27| 15-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |27-39| 15-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 39 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CbC, CbE, CbF----| 0-4 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15|3-2 | 1-4

 Calvin | 4-27| 15-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |27-39| 15-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 39 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CdC*, CdE*, CdF*:| | | | | | | | | |

 Calvin----------| 0-4 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.15|3-2 | 1-4

 | 4-27| 15-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.16|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |27-39| 15-30 |1.40-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | 39 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | 2-4

 | 4-26| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |26-36| 5-15 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Berks-----------| 0-4 | 5-23 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | 1-4

 | 4-22| 5-32 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |22-31| 5-20 |1.20-1.60| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 31 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CeB, CeC, CeD, | | | | | | | | | |

 CfC, CfE, CfF, | | | | | | | | | |

 CfG-------------| 0-6 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 3 | 1-4

 Cateache | 6-28| 18-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |28-32| 15-35 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | 32 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ch---------------| 0-8 | 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.18|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 4 | .5-4

 Chavies | 8-41| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.11-0.20|4.5-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |41-65| 7-18 |1.30-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 CuB, CuC, CuD, | | | | | | | | | |

 CuE, CuF--------| 0-1 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.14-0.20|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.32| 3 | 1-4

 Culleoka | 1-21| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.20|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |21-33| 18-45 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.05-0.14|5.1-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 33 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 DhC*, DhE*, DhF*:| | | | | | | | | |

 Dekalb----------| 0-4 | 10-20 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | 2-4

 | 4-26| 7-18 |1.20-1.50| 6.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |26-36| 5-15 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
292 Soil Survey

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 DhC*, DhE*, DhF*:| | | | | | | | | |

 Hazleton--------| 0-2 | 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| 3 | 2-4

 | 2-30| 7-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 |30-50| 5-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-20 |0.06-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.15| |

 | 50 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 DuB, DuC---------| 0-8 | 15-30 |1.10-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.16-0.22|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.32| 4 | 1-2

 Duffield | 8-37| 20-42 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |37-46| 18-41 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 46 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ElF--------------| 0-2 | 10-20 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | 1-3

 Elliber | 2-65| 12-27 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 FaC, FaE, FaF----| 0-8 | 15-27 |1.30-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|6.1-7.8 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 1-4

 Faywood | 8-28| 35-60 |1.35-1.45| 0.06-0.6 |0.12-0.17|6.1-7.8 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | 28 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 GaC, GaE---------| 0-9 | 3-15 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.10-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 2 | 2-4

 Gauley | 9-23| 5-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.07-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |23-35| 5-18 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.06-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 35 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ho---------------| 0-4 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|5.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| 5 | 2-5

 Holly | 4-42| 18-30 |1.20-1.50| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.21|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |42-65| 10-27 |1.20-1.45| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.20|5.6-6.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LeC--------------| 0-5 | 7-27 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | 2-4

 Leatherbark | 5-35| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.09-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |35-38| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.09-0.13|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | 38 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LlB, LlC, LlD----| 0-2 | 7-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.13-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 2 | .5-4

 Lily | 2-32| 18-35 |1.25-1.35| 2.0-6.0 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | 32 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Lo---------------| 0-10| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.20-0.24|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 1-3

 Lobdell |10-28| 18-30 |1.25-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| |

 |28-65| 15-30 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|5.6-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 LyB, LyC---------| 0-6 | 12-25 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.14-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.37| 4 | .5-2

 Lodi | 6-21| 10-50 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.15|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |21-47| 35-60 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |47-65| 10-50 |1.35-1.65| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MaB, MaC, MaD----| 0-4 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | .5-2

 Macove | 4-14| 10-30 |1.20-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |14-65| 10-30 |1.20-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 McC, McE---------| 0-4 | 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| 5 | .5-2

 Macove | 4-14| 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |14-65| 10-30 |1.20-1.50| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MdC, MdD---------| 0-5 | 7-25 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | .5-3

 Mandy | 5-28| 10-27 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |28-36| 10-27 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 293

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MfC, MfE, MfF, | | | | | | | | | |

 MfG-------------| 0-5 | 7-25 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | .5-3

 Mandy | 5-28| 10-27 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |28-36| 10-27 |1.20-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.04-0.10|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | 36 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Mh. | | | | | | | | | |

 Medihemists | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MrB--------------| 0-3 | 10-27 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.18|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 1-3

 Mertz | 3-54| 15-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.18|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |54-65| 15-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.08-0.18|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 MzC, MzE---------| 0-3 | 10-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.08-0.11|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| 4 | 1-3

 Mertz | 3-54| 15-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.07-0.12|5.1-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |54-65| 15-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.2-0.6 |0.07-0.12|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Or---------------| 0-9 | 12-27 |1.25-1.45| 0.6-2.0 |0.18-0.22|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 2-4

 Orrville | 9-40| 18-30 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.15-0.19|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.37| |

 |40-65| 10-25 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.15|5.1-6.5 |Low----------|0.37| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Ph---------------| 0-9 | 10-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.14-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 2-4

 Philo | 9-33| 10-18 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.32| |

 |33-40| 10-18 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.05-0.10|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |40-65| 5-18 |1.20-1.50| >6.0 |0.03-0.06|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Po---------------| 0-10| 7-15 |1.20-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.14|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 3 | 0-2

 Potomac |10-65| 4-10 |1.30-1.60| >6.0 |0.03-0.06|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pt---------------| 0-10| 5-12 |1.20-1.40| >6.0 |0.04-0.08|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.17| 3 | 0-2

 Potomac |10-65| 4-10 |1.30-1.60| >6.0 |0.03-0.06|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Pu---------------| 0-5 | 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.2-0.6 |0.18-0.24|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.43| 3 | 2-4

 Purdy | 5-38| 35-50 |1.30-1.60| <0.2 |0.12-0.18|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 |38-65| 35-50 |1.30-1.60| <0.2 |0.10-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Moderate-----|0.32| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Sc---------------| 0-8 | 20-35 |1.20-1.40| 0.2-2.0 |0.17-0.22|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 3 | 2-5

 Sees | 8-58| 35-50 |1.40-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.11-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 |58-65| 40-60 |1.50-1.60| 0.06-0.2 |0.10-0.15|6.6-8.4 |Moderate-----|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Se---------------| 0-6 | 8-25 |1.25-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.12-0.18|6.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.24| 5 | 1-3

 Sensabaugh | 6-21| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.16|6.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.20| |

 |21-40| 12-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.10-0.15|6.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.17| |

 |40-65| 12-38 |1.25-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.14|6.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 ShB, ShC---------| 0-3 | 10-20 |1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.13-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.32| 5 | 1-3

 Shouns | 3-6 | 10-25 |1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.20|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | 6-40| 27-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |40-65| 27-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SsC, SsE, SsF----| 0-3 | 15-27 |1.35-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.11-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.20| 5 | .5-3

 Shouns | 3-40| 27-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.18|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |40-65| 27-35 |1.40-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.15|4.5-6.0 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 SwE--------------| 0-2 | 7-27 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 3 | 1-4

 Snowdog | 2-16| 18-35 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.12-0.16|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |16-40| 18-35 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.6 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |40-65| 7-40 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-6.0 |0.08-0.12|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.17| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 See footnote at end of table.
294 Soil Survey

 Table 17.--Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils--Continued

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | | | | | | | | Erosion |

 Soil name and |Depth| Clay | Moist |Permeability |Available| Soil |Shrink-swell | factors | Organic _________

 map symbol | | | bulk | | water |reaction| potential | | | matter

 | | | density | |capacity | | | K | T | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 | In | Pct | g/cc | In/hr | In/in | pH | | | | Pct __ ___ ____ _____ _____ __ ___

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Tg---------------| 0-10| 5-18 |1.15-1.40| 0.6-6.0 |0.15-0.21|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.37| 5 | 2-6

 Tioga |10-38| 5-18 |1.15-1.45| 0.6-6.0 |0.07-0.20|5.1-7.3 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |38-65| 3-15 |1.25-1.55| 0.6-20 |0.02-0.20|5.6-7.8 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 TrC--------------| 0-6 | 7-25 |1.20-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.20| 4 | 1-4

 Trussel | 6-18| 18-35 |1.30-1.50| 0.6-2.0 |0.09-0.17|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 |18-35| 18-27 |1.40-1.70| 0.06-0.6 |0.09-0.13|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 |35-65| 18-27 |1.30-1.60| 0.6-2.0 |0.10-0.14|3.6-5.5 |Low----------|0.24| |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Uf*: | | | | | | | | | |

 Udifluvents. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Fluvaquents. | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 Us. | | | | | | | | | |

 Udorthents | | | | | | | | | |

 | | | | | | | | | |

 WeC, WeD, WeF----| 0-6 | 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.08-0.14|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| 2 | 1-3

 Weikert | 6-15| 15-27 |1.20-1.40| 2.0-6.0 |0.04-0.08|4.5-5.5 |Low----------|0.28| |

 | 15 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |-------------|----| |

 | | | | | | | | | | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit.
Table 18.--Soil and Water Features ("Flooding" and "water table" and terms such as "rare," "frequent," "apparent," and "perched" are e

 The symbol < means less than; > means more than. Absence of an entry indicates that the featu or that data were not estimated) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | High water table | Bedrock |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | | | | | |Potenti map symbol | group | of flooding | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost  | | | | | | | | action  ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Ft | | | In | |  __ __ | | | | | | | |  AlB, AlC----------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low---- Allegheny | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  At----------------| D |Frequent--------| 0-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High--- Atkins | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  BaB, BaC, BaD, | | | | | | | |  BbC, BbE, BbF----| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 40-60 |Hard |Moderat Belmont | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  BeB, BeC, BeD, | | | | | | | |  BeE, BfC, BfE, | | | | | | | |  BfF--------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low---- Berks | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  BgC*, BgE*, BgF*: | | | | | | | |  Berks------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low---- | | | | | | | |  Dekalb-----------| A |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low---- | | | | | | | |  BhG*: | | | | | | | |  Berks------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low---- | | | | | | | |  Weikert----------| C/D |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 10-20 |Soft |Moderat | | | | | | | |  Calvin-----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Moderat | | | | | | | |  BlC, BlE, BlF-----| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Low---- Blackthorn | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  BoB---------------| C |None------------|1.0-2.0|Perched |Nov-Mar| 20-40 |Soft |High--- Blairton | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  BrF*: | | | | | | | |  Briery-----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat | | | | | | | |  Rock outcrop. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
 Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | High water table | Bedrock |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | | | | | |Potenti map symbol | group | of flooding | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost  | | | | | | | | action  ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Ft | | | In | |  __ __ | | | | | | | |  CaC, CbC, CbE, | | | | | | | |  CbF--------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Moderat Calvin | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  CdC*, CdE*, CdF*: | | | | | | | |  Calvin-----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Moderat | | | | | | | |  Dekalb-----------| A |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low---- | | | | | | | |  Berks------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low---- | | | | | | | |  CeB, CeC, CeD, | | | | | | | |  CfC, CfE, CfF, | | | | | | | |  CfG--------------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Moderat Cateache | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Ch----------------| B |Rare------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Chavies | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  CuB, CuC, CuD, | | | | | | | |  CuE, CuF---------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Moderat Culleoka | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  DhC*, DhE*, DhF*: | | | | | | | |  Dekalb-----------| A |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Low---- | | | | | | | |  Hazleton---------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 40-60 |Hard |Moderat | | | | | | | |  DuB, DuC----------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >40 |Hard |Moderat Duffield | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  ElF---------------| A |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Elliber | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  FaC, FaE, FaF-----| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderat Faywood | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  GaC, GaE----------| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderat Gauley | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Ho----------------| D |Frequent--------| 0-1.0|Apparent|Dec-May| >60 | --- |High--- Holly | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
 Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | High water table | Bedrock |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | | | | | |Potenti map symbol | group | of flooding | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost  | | | | | | | | action  ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Ft | | | In | |  __ __ | | | | | | | |  LeC---------------| C |None------------|0.5-1.0|Perched |Nov-Apr| 20-40 |Soft |High--- Leatherbark | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  LlB, LlC, LlD-----| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Hard |Moderat Lily | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Lo----------------| B |Occasional------|1.5-2.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |High--- Lobdell | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  LyB, LyC----------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Lodi | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  MaB, MaC, MaD, | | | | | | | |  McC, McE---------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Macove | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  MdC, MdD, MfC, | | | | | | | |  MfE, MfF, MfG----| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 20-40 |Soft |Low---- Mandy | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Mh. | | | | | | | |  Medihemists | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  MrB, MzC, MzE-----| C |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Mertz | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Or----------------| C |Occasional------|1.0-2.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High--- Orrville | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Ph----------------| B |Occasional------|1.5-3.0|Apparent|Dec-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderat Philo | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Po, Pt------------| A |Frequent--------|4.0-6.0|Apparent| --- | >60 | --- |Low---- Potomac | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Pu----------------| D |None------------| +1-1.0|Apparent|Nov-Jun| >60 | --- |High--- Purdy | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Sc----------------| C |Rare------------|1.0-2.0|Perched |Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |High--- Sees | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Se----------------| B |Occasional------|4.0-6.0|Apparent|Jan-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderat Sensabaugh | | | | | | | |  See footnote at end of table.
 Table 18.--Soil and Water Features--Continued ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | High water table | Bedrock |  ____________________________________________  Soil name and |Hydrologic| Frequency | | | | | |Potenti map symbol | group | of flooding | Depth | Kind |Months | Depth | Hardness| frost  | | | | | | | | action  ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | Ft | | | In | |  __ __ | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  ShB, ShC----------| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Shouns | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  SsC, SsE, SsF-----| B |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | >60 | --- |Moderat Shouns | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  SwE---------------| C |None------------|1.5-2.5|Perched |Nov-May| >60 | --- |Moderat Snowdog | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Tg----------------| B |Occasional------|3.0-6.0|Apparent|Feb-Apr| >60 | --- |Moderat Tioga | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  TrC---------------| C |None------------| 0-0.5|Perched |Oct-Jun| >60 | --- |High--- Trussel | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Uf*: | | | | | | | |  Udifluvents. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Fluvaquents. | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  Us. | | | | | | | |  Udorthents | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  WeC, WeD, WeF-----| D |None------------| >6.0 | --- | --- | 10-20 |Soft |Moderat Weikert | | | | | | | |  | | | | | | | |  ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ * See description of the map unit for composition and behavior characteristics of the map unit
Pocahontas County, West Virginia 299

Table 19.--Classification of the Soils

 (An asterisk in the first column indicates that the soil is a taxadjunct to the series. See text for a

 description of those characteristics of the soil that are outside the range of the series)

 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 Soil name | Family or higher taxonomic class

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 |

 |

 Allegheny-----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Atkins--------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, acid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents

 Belmont-------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Berks---------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Blackthorn----------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Blairton------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Hapludults

 Briery--------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, nonacid, frigid Typic Udorthents

 Calvin--------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Cateache------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Chavies-------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Culleoka------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Dekalb--------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Duffield------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs

 Elliber-------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Faywood-------------------| Fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalfs

 Fluvaquents---------------| Fluvaquents

 Gauley--------------------| Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, frigid Typic Haplorthods

 Hazleton------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrepts

 Holly---------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Fluvaquents

 Leatherbark---------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Aquic Dystrochrepts

 Lily----------------------| Fine-loamy, siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Lobdell-------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Eutrochrepts

 Lodi----------------------| Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Macove--------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Mandy---------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, frigid Typic Dystrochrepts

 Medihemists---------------| Medihemists

 Mertz---------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Orrville------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric Fluvaquents

 Philo---------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts

 Potomac-------------------| Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Udifluvents

 Purdy---------------------| Clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Ochraquults

 *Sees----------------------| Fine, mixed, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs

 Sensabaugh----------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts

 Shouns--------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludults

 Snowdog-------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Fragiochrepts

 Tioga---------------------| Coarse-loamy, mixed, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts

 Trussel-------------------| Fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Aeric Fragiaquepts

 Udifluvents---------------| Udifluvents

 Udorthents----------------| Udorthents

 Weikert-------------------| Loamy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Lithic Dystrochrepts

 | ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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