UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Tenth Circuit

Byron White United States Courthouse

1823 Stout Street

Denver, Colorado 80294

(303) 844-3157

Patrick J. Fisher, Jr. Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk Chief Deputy Clerk

July 9, 1996

TO: ALL RECIPIENTS OF THE CAPTIONED ORDER AND JUDGMENT

RE: 95-3288 USA v. Mack

 June 19, 1996 by The Honorable John C. Porfilio

Please be advised of the following correction to the captioned decision:

The order and judgment is amended to read “the judgment of the district court is

affirmed in part and reversed in part and remanded for resentencing.”

Enclosed is a copy of the amended order and judgment.

Very truly yours,

Patrick Fisher, Clerk

Beth Morris

Deputy Clerk

encl.
*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of

the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders

and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions

of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

Filed 6/19/96

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

TRACY E. MACK,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 95-3288

(D.C. No. 94-CR-10124)

(District of Kansas)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before PORFILIO, HOLLOWAY, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

Tracy E. Mack appeals his convictions for possession of crack cocaine, 21 U.S.C.

§ 844; felon in possession of a firearm, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1); and use of a firearm in

relation to a drug trafficking crime,18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Mr. Mack claims the evidence

presented at trial was insufficient to convict him of any of the charges for which he was

found guilty. He also argues the court erred in instructing the jury regarding the § 924(c)
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count. In light of Bailey v. United States, 116 S.Ct. 501 (1995), the government concedes

Mr. Mack’s § 924(c) conviction should be vacated. Concluding the evidence was

sufficient for a reasonable jury to find Mr. Mack guilty of crack cocaine possession and of

possession of a firearm as a convicted felon, we affirm the remaining convictions. 

This case involves two separate transactions, the first occurring on June 16, 1994,

and the second on November 30, 1994. The first was the product of information that Mr.

Mack was selling drugs out of a residence in Wichita, Kansas. That information led to

execution of a search warrant on June 16. As officers approached the house, they saw

Mr. Mack outside on the front porch. Mack spotted the police and began to run. He was

chased for several blocks and arrested. In the house, police discovered another suspect,

Alan Hall, hiding in a closet adjoining two bedrooms. They also found two crack pipes

and a plastic bag with cocaine residue. A .38 caliber revolver loaded with six rounds of

ammunition was found placed between two mattresses and the box springs of a bed in one

bedroom. Also between the mattresses and box springs was a note that read: “Baby, I left

your stuff up under the second box spring and your $40, love Cynthia. Gone to bingo.” 

Cynthia was later determined to be Cynthia Jackson, Mr. Mack’s girlfriend and an

occupant of the house. Although the house was leased to Ms. Jackson, at the time of the

search she was not present. 

Also found between the mattresses were two photographs of an infant and a

woman. The first photo was inscribed: “To my daddy Big Mack from son Little Mack,
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with love, Tracy E. Mack, Jr., five days old.” The second photo was inscribed “Tracy E.

Mack, Jr., five days old, with love.” 

In the bedroom, officers discovered two photo I.D.’s belonging to Mr. Mack; a

utility bill for the residence addressed to Mr. Mack and dated June 14, 1994; and a letter

to Mr. Mack from Cynthia Jackson, postmarked June 13, 1994. The letter, mailed three

days earlier, asks Mr. Mack: “How’s business been going for you?... I don’t care who you

get it from but I want a $50 sack when I come home and have it there by the time I get

there.”

The second arrest involved a separate incident occurring on November 30, 1994. 

On that evening, patrol officers were making routine rounds when they spotted two men

running up the street. One of the men appeared to be chasing the other man with what

looked like a shotgun. 

After realizing the police were chasing him, the man, later identified as Mr. Mack,

slowed to a walk, dropped the “shotgun”, and threw something to the ground. Later,

searching for the discarded items, the officers discovered a plastic bag containing a white

substance. The substance field tested positive for cocaine, and Mr. Mack was arrested. 

Officers also found the “shotgun” and discovered it was only a stick.

The officers’ trial testimony concerning the plastic bag was inconsistent. Officer

Barnes testified he observed Mr. Mack “drop something white in color, or what appeared

to be a plastic baggy, from his left side.... It looked shiny in color or what would be
1The government originally argued we should remand for consideration of whether the

defendant’s possession of the gun could enhance his other sentences. Apparently recognizing the

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plastic.” He stated when the item fell to the ground “it hit like a rock,” rather than

floating down as if the bag were empty. The officer stated:

Q: And you’re absolutely sure that you saw a baggy drop from his hands?

A: What appeared to be a baggy or something light in color.

Q: But you’re sure?

A: I’m sure.

He also testified he stated to Officer Darling that “Mr. Mack dropped what appeared to be

a plastic baggy back up the side walk between these two trees” and instructed the officer

to retrieve the plastic bag. 

Officer Darling, however, did not recall being told to look specifically for the bag. 

He testified Officer Barnes told him to look for the weapon. When Darling returned with

the plastic bag, he remembers Barnes mentioning Mr. Mack dropped it along with the

weapon. A third policeman, Officer Noblitt, also testified that Barnes began discussing

the bag after Darling went off to look for the weapon, rather than before.

The jury returned a verdict of guilty to Count 1, for the lesser included offense of

simple possession, and guilty to Counts 3 and 4, but could not reach a verdict on Count 2. 

The court declared a mistrial on that count, and the government ultimately dismissed the

charge. The government now concedes there was insufficient evidence to have convicted

Mr. Mack of Count 4 and recommends vacating that conviction.1

 Thus, Mr. Mack’s
futility of that contention, the government abandoned it at oral argument.

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remaining convictions are for simple possession of crack cocaine stemming from his

November 30, 1994 arrest and for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon arising out

of his constructive possession of a .38 revolver on June 16, 1994.

We review the record for sufficiency of the evidence de novo. “Evidence is

sufficient to support a conviction if a reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty

beyond a reasonable doubt, given the direct and circumstantial evidence, along with

reasonable inferences therefrom, taken in a light most favorable to the government.” 

United States v. Mains, 33 F.3d 1222, 1227 (10th Cir. 1994). In reviewing the evidence,

“we are not permitted to weigh conflicting evidence or consider witness credibility as that

duty is exclusively delegated to the jury.” United States v. Davis, 965 F.2d 804, 811

(10th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 910 (1993). Thus, any conflicts in evidence must

be resolved in favor of the government. United States v. Williamson 53 F.3d 1500, 1516

(10th Cir.), cert. denied, 116 S.Ct. 218 (1995).

Mr. Mack argues the conflicting evidence of whether Officer Barnes actually saw

him discard the cocaine left the jury with insufficient evidence with which to convict. 

Nonetheless, it is indisputable the government presented evidence to the jury that Mr.

Mack was seen on November 30, 1994, abandoning a plastic bag of white powder that

tested positive for crack cocaine. 
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Although the testimony given by Officers Darling and Noblitt conflicts in a minor

detail with that of Officer Barnes, the discrepancy gives rise only to a test of credibility

that is solely within the province of the jury. We may not evaluate either the credibility of

witnesses or the weight of the evidence they provided. To the contrary, under

Williamson, we are bound to resolve any evidentiary conflicts in favor of the government

and assume the jury found Officer Barnes’ testimony credible.

To prove Mr. Mack was guilty of Count 3, the government had to establish three

essential elements: (1) The defendant previously had been convicted of a felony; (2)

Thereafter, the defendant knowingly possessed a firearm, and (3) the possession of the

firearm was in or affecting commerce. Mains, 33 F.3d at 1228. In this appeal, Mr. Mack

claims the government failed to prove the second element of the offense.

Although possession is an element of the offense, the government is not required

to prove actual possession. “[P]ossession in fact is not a prerequisite of [] conviction

[under § 922(g)], constructive possession being sufficient.” United States v. Cardenas,

864 F.2d 1528, 1533 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 491 U.S. 909 (1989). In this case, the

government carried its burden of proof by showing Mr. Mack knowingly held ownership,

dominion, or control over the gun and the premises where it was found. United States v.

Mills, 29 F.3d 545, 549 (10th Cir. 1994). 

In cases where the defendant has exclusive possession of the premises, dominion,

control, and knowledge may be inferred. Id. However, this case involves joint
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occupancy by Mr. Mack and Ms. Jackson. Therefore, to prove the defendant’s

constructive possession, the government was required to show some connection or nexus

between Mr. Mack and the firearm. Thus, the conviction depends on whether “there [is]

some evidence supporting at least a plausible inference that the defendant had knowledge

of and access to the weapon....” Mills, 29 F.3d at 550 (quoting United States v.

Mergerson, 4 F.3d 337, 349 (5th Cir. 1993), cert. denied, 114 S.Ct. 1310 (1994)). After

reviewing the record, we conclude the government provided sufficient evidence to the

jury to support a plausible inference that Mr. Mack constructively possessed the .38

revolver. 

The gun was found hidden in a room that also contained personal items belonging

to Mr. Mack and inscribed photographs of Mr. Mack’s child. The note apparently written

to Mr Mack by Ms. Jackson stating: “Baby, I left your stuff up under the second box

springs ....” implies the act of storing items under the mattress was a common practice

known to Mr. Mack. 

Mr. Mack argues it is significant that the bed consisted uniquely of two sets of

mattresses and two box springs. The note was under the second mattress, while the gun

and photos of Tracy Mack, Jr. were found under the first mattress. This, according to Mr.

Mack, is an exculpatory fact, as if the bed were some sort of filing system and the gun

was not in Mr. Mack’s assigned place because the note was under a different mattress. 
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The jury apparently saw little significance in the note’s placement, and neither do

we. It is plausible the jury simply determined the bed, albeit uniquely configured, was

one bed and the items hidden within it belonged to Mr. Mack.

Relying on Mills, Mr. Mack argues because he shared the residence in joint

occupancy with Ms. Jackson and because another individual, Allan Hall, was found in the

closet of the house, the evidence was insufficient to establish he possessed the revolver. 

However, in Mills, the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of possession

because the gun was found in the drawer of a dining room table owned by someone other

than the defendant. The table was in a common area, and testimony was offered

suggesting someone else placed the gun in the table drawer without the defendant’s

knowledge. 

Here, in contrast, the gun was found in a private bedroom used by Mr. Mack. It

was hidden under the mattress in that room along with items clearly belonging to only 

Mr. Mack. Those items are of a personal nature suggesting his exclusive possession of

the contents of the room at the time the gun was found. Moreover, not only does that

evidence establish Mr. Mack’s possession, it also excludes the possession of either Ms.

Jackson or Mr. Hall. When viewed in its entirety and in the light most favorable to 
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the government, the evidence demonstrates a nexus between the gun and Mr. Mack and

supports his conviction.

 The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED

IN PART and REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

John C. Porfilio

Circuit Judge