United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest

Research Station

General Technical

Report

PNW-GTR-600

December 2003

Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek

Research Natural Area

Guidebook Supplement 28

Reid Schuller
Reid Schuller is a plant ecologist and executive director of the Natural Areas

Association, P.O. Box 1504, Bend, OR 97709. The PNW Research Station is

publishing this guidebook as part of a continuing series of guidebooks on federal

research natural areas begun in 1972.

Author
Abstract Schuller, Reid. 2003. Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek Research Natural Area: guidebook

supplement 28. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-600. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 22 p.

This guidebook describes the Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek Research Natural Area, a

323-ha (798-ac) tract of coniferous forest containing stands of 600- to 900-year-old oldgrowth Douglas-fir along the transition between the western hemlock zone and the silver

fir zone in the Cascade Range in western Oregon.

Keywords: Research natural area, old-growth forest, west-side Cascade Range of

Oregon.
The research natural area (RNA) described in this supplement1

 is administered by the

Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior. Bureau of Land Management

RNAs are located within districts, which are administrative subdivisions of state offices.

Normal management and protective activities are the responsibility of district managers.

Scientists and educators wishing to use one of the tracts for scientific or educational

purposes should contact the appropriate district office field manager and provide

information about research or educational objectives, sampling procedures, and other

prospective activities. Research projects, educational visits, and collection of specimens

from the RNA all require prior approval. There may be limitations on research or

educational activities.

Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA is part of a federal system of such tracts

established for research and educational purposes. Each RNA constitutes a site where

natural features are preserved for scientific purposes and natural processes are allowed

to dominate. Their main purposes are to provide:

• Baseline areas against which effects of human activities can be measured or

compared.

• Sites for study of natural processes in undisturbed ecosystems.

• Gene pool preserves for all types of organisms, especially rare and endangered

types.

The federal system is outlined in A Directory of the Research Natural Areas on Federal

Lands of the United States of America.2

Of the 96 federal RNAs established in Oregon and Washington, 45 are described in

Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists

and Educators (see footnote 1). Supplements to the guidebook describe additions to the

system.

The guiding principle in management of RNAs is to prevent unnatural encroachments or

activities that directly or indirectly modify ecological processes or conditions. Logging

and uncontrolled grazing are not allowed, for example, nor is public use that might impair

scientific or educational values. Management practices necessary to maintain or restore

ecosystems may be allowed.

Preface

1

 Supplement No. 28 to Franklin, J.F.; Hall, F.C.; Dyrness, C.T.; Maser, C.

1972. Federal research natural areas in Oregon and Washington: a

guidebook for scientists and educators. Portland, OR: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range

Experiment Station. 498 p.

2 Federal Committee on Ecological Reserves. 1977. A directory of the

research natural areas on federal lands of the United States of America.

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.

[Irregular pagination].
Federal RNAs provide a unique system of publicly owned and protected examples of

undisturbed ecosystems where scientists can conduct research with minimal

interference and reasonable assurance that investments in long-term studies will not be

lost to logging, land development, or similar activities. In return, a scientist wishing to

use an RNA is obligated to:

• Obtain permission from the appropriate administering agency before using the area.3

• Abide by the administering agency’s regulations governing use, including specific

limitations on the type of research, sampling methods, and other procedures.

• Inform the administering agency on progress of the research, published results, and

disposition of collected materials.

The purpose of these limitations is to:

• Ensure that the scientific and educational values of the tract are not impaired.

• Accumulate a documented body of knowledge about the tract.

• Avoid conflict between studies.

Research must be essentially nondestructive; destructive analysis of vegetation is

generally not allowed, nor are studies requiring extensive modification of the forest floor

or extensive excavation of soil. Collection of plant and animal specimens should be

restricted to the minimum necessary to provide voucher specimens and other research

needs. Under no circumstances may collecting significantly reduce populations of

species. Collecting also must be carried out in accordance with agency regulations.

Within these broad guidelines, appropriate uses of RNAs are determined by the

administering agency.

3 Six federal agencies cooperate in this program in the Pacific Northwest:

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and

Wildlife Service, and National Park Service; U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of Energy; and U.S.

Department of Defense.
Contents 1 Introduction

1 Access and Accommodations

3 Environment

4 Climate

4 Vegetation

10 Fauna

11 Disturbance History

11 Research History

11 Maps and Aerial Photography

11 English Equivalents

12 References

13 Appendix 1

20 Appendix 2
Introduction

1

Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek Research Natural Area (RNA) is a 323-ha (798-ac) tract of

coniferous forest containing stands of 600- to 900-year old-growth Pseudotsuga

menziesii (see app. 1 for a complete list of scientific and common names of plant

species) along the transition between the Tsuga heterophylla zone and the Abies

amabilis zone in the Cascade Range in western Oregon.1

This RNA supports a representative cross section of forest associations that occur at

midelevations in the Cascade Range in western Oregon. Old-growth stands dominated

by 600- to 900-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) are mixed with mature

forests variously codominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and western

redcedar (Thuja plicata) at lower elevations. At higher elevations, Pacific silver fir (Abies

amabilis) becomes more predominant in both the understory and the overstory. Pockets

of noble fir (Abies procera) occur sporadically at higher elevations. Soils and topography

also are considered typical of midelevation forest land in the western Cascades.

The 323-ha Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA was established in two phases. The

105-ha Carolyn’s Crown unit located in portions of Sections 8, 9, and 17 of T. 11 S., R. 3 E.,

Willamette Meridian (44° 36’18" N latitude, 122° 27’05" W longitude) was established in

1983. The 218-ha Shafer Creek unit, located immediately south of the Carolyn’s Crown

unit in Sections 16 and 17, was established in 1995. The two units taken together

compose the Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA. The RNA is administered by the

Salem District of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).

Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA lies approximately 15 mi (24 km) north-northeast of

Sweet Home, Oregon, in Linn County. The site may be accessed from the south and

from the west across a network of private and public logging roads. Access from the

west is achieved by passing through locked gates, and permission to cross these lands

must be obtained prior to visiting the site. The following access description is across predominately public lands from the south. Before proceeding, stop at the Salem BLM office

to get current road and traffic information and permission to use the RNA (see fig. 1).

Bureau of Land Management roads are often not well marked, so it is recommended

that visitors use a map in addition to the following written directions. From Sweet Home,

drive 4 mi (6.4 km) east on Highway 20 and turn left (north) at a sign for Quartzville and

Green Peter Reservoir. Drive 20.5 mi (33 km) on (paved) Quartzville Access Road along

Green Peter Reservoir and Quartzville Creek. Turn left onto Yellowstone Access Road

(11-3E-35.3 also called Packers Gulch Road), approximately 3 mi (4.8 km) past the

reservoir’s end. Drive Yellowstone Access Road for 1.9 mi (3.1 km) and turn left onto

Yellowstone Tie Road (11-3E-35). Drive Yellowstone Tie Road for 3 mi (4.8 km) and turn

right onto Yellowstone Loop (gravel Road 11-3E-22.1). Drive Road 11-3E.22.1 for 4.9 mi

(8 km) and turn right onto Road 11-3E-17. Drive Road 11-3E-17 for 0.8 mi (1.3 km) and

turn left onto Kiote Creek Road (11-3E-8). Drive Kiote Creek Road for 1.2 mi (2 km), turn

right onto Road 11-3E-16.1, and drive for 0.4 mi (0.6 km) to a parking area. Land

immediately west of the parking area forms the eastern boundary of the RNA. Foot

access into the interior is along an old logging spur road that continues for about 0.5 mi

(0.8 km).

Access and

Accommodations

1

 Much of the discussion on vegetation has been

taken from Wilderman (1991).
2

There are no developed trails within the site. Old logging spur roads extend into the

RNA, however, and these may be used for access into some areas. Traveling cross

country is difficult because of heavy brush cover in some areas, especially vine maple

(Acer circinatum) and Pacific rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum). In other

areas, brush cover combines with dead and down woody debris and steep, broken

topography to constrain easy travel on foot.

Figure 1—Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek Research Natural Area boundary and access.
3

The Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA ranges in elevation from 853 to 1352 m. It is

situated, in part, at the head of a small, glacially carved drainage. The landscape

reflects the work of past volcanism and glaciation. The site is underlain by the Sardine

Formation, which dates back to the middle or late Miocene. In this area, the Sardine

Formation consists of a mixture of flows, tuffs, and breccias of largely andesite with

lesser amounts of basalt and dacite (Peck et al. 1964).

The RNA was glaciated approximately 15,000 years b.p. during the Wisconsin stage of

the Pleistocene Epoch. This was a period when the most recent glacial cirques in the

western Cascades were formed. The glacial terrain in which the RNA is located is

characterized by very steep headwalls and sidewalls with numerous cliffs and rock outcroppings and an intervening ridge between the sidewalls. This more moderately sloped

ridge separates the watersheds of Crabtree Creek and its tributary, Shafer Creek. Two

large monoliths occur along the ridge near the eastern boundary. The northern-most is

named Carolyn’s Butte. Geomorphic activity in the form of mass wasting from cliff faces

has produced a number of talus slopes in this area. In addition to these two monoliths,

several lesser peaks occur along the southern and western boundaries of the RNA.

Carolyn’s Crown, a peak similar to Carolyn’s Butte but smaller, is located in the extreme

north of the area. Slopes on the headwall and western sidewall range from 40 to over

100 percent. Cliff faces, rock outcroppings, and talus fields are common in this area.

Slopes in the southeastern portion of the RNA are steep. More moderate slopes occur in

the northeastern portion. The central portion of the northern third of the RNA is

comparatively flat, especially near the confluence of Crabtree Creek and Shafer Creek

(Wilderman 1991).

Ridgetops and upper slopes tend to have very shallow and coarse-textured soils. Mid

and lower slopes have more soil development. Valley bottoms and benches have the

deepest soils, often consisting of gravelly loams with large, glacially deposited boulders

scattered throughout the area.

The RNA is divided into two third-order watersheds. The more extensive western

watershed is drained by Shafer Creek, the eastern watershed by Crabtree Creek. Stream

channels at upper elevations are usually steep and narrow except for benches where

channels widen and some braiding occurs. Upper reaches of Shafer Creek and other

unnamed streams cascade over exposed bedrock in numerous areas. Lower reaches of

Shafer Creek flow through flatter terrain where the channel widens and begins to

meander. Lower reaches of Shafer and Crabtree Creeks typically have large amounts of

coarse, woody debris in the channels and along the banks. Geographic Information

System data on file at the Salem District of the Bureau of Land Management indicate

3.41 mi (5.49 km) of second-order or larger streams within the Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer

Creek RNA (Wilderman 1991).

Environment
4

Lower elevations within the Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA lie within the wet, mild

climate typical of the Tsuga heterophylla zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). The climate

is strongly maritime, although the site is 80 mi (128.7 km) from the Pacific Ocean.

Summers are usually dry and warm with the June to August period receiving less than

10 percent of the total annual precipitation. Winters are typically cool and wet. Upper

elevations within the RNA lie within the wetter, cooler climate typical of the Abies amabilis

zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1973). Microclimatic conditions vary significantly with

elevation, slope, and aspect. Precipitation probably increases substantially from the

lowest to the highest elevations in the RNA. Snow cover varies from transient snow

cover at lower elevations to accumulations of 1 m or more at higher elevations that may

persist until June.

Meteorological data from the nearest climatic station at Belknap Springs 8 N (located 35

mi [56.3 km] to the southeast of the RNA at 655 m elevation) are in table 1 (Oregon

Climate Service 2003).

About 70 percent of the Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA is covered by old-growth

and mature coniferous forest stands. Old-growth Douglas-fir are between 600 and 900

years old (McKee 1976). Forest vegetation exhibits characteristics of both the Tsuga

heterophylla and Abies amabilis zones (Franklin and Dyrness 1973, McCain and Diaz

2002) and reflects a transition between the two zones. Thirty percent of the remaining

vegetation consists of young, harvested stands and nonforested communities such as

rock outcroppings, cliffs, talus, and wetlands.

Below 975 m, forest canopies are variously codominated by Douglas-fir, western

hemlock, and western redcedar. Tree reproduction in the forest understory is a mixture

of western hemlock and Pacific silver fir. Above 975 m, canopies have similar composition

with Pacific silver fir contributing significantly to the overstory. Pacific silver fir

seedlings and larger reproduction size classes dominate the understory and midcanopy

in most of the area. Noble fir occurs in small pockets at upper elevations.

Shrub and herb vegetation varies with elevation, aspect, slope, and soil conditions.

Common shrubs include Pacific rhododendron, vine maple, Alaska huckleberry

(Vaccinium alaskense), and salal (Gaultheria shallon). Common herbs include

bunchberry dogwood (Cornus canadensis), coolwort foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata),

queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), and twinflower (Linnaea borealis). Table 2

summarizes understory vegetation data collected in 2002 from six permanent plots.

Appendix 1 lists vascular plants by scientific and common names and is arranged by

life form.

Climate

Table 1—Climate data for Belknap Springs, Oregon, 1971 to 2000

Average minimum January temperature -2 °C (28 °F)

Average maximum January temperature 4 °C (39 °F)

Average minimum July temperature 9 °C (49 °F)

Average maximum July temperature 27 °C (81 °F)

Average annual precipitation 1930 mm (75.97 in)

Average June-August precipitation 136 mm (5.35 in)

Vegetation
5

Table 2—Physical features, plant association, and understory coverage in six permanent plots in the

Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek Research Natural Area

Plot number

Item 1 2 3 4 5 6

Physical features:

Elevation (m) 1006 1000 1006 860 869 853

Slope (percent)/ 20/340 30/282 40/266 20/260 10/248 20/270

 aspect (degrees)

Landform Mid 1/3 slope Mid 1/3 slope Mid 1/3 slope Lower 1/3 slope Lower 1/3 slope Lower 1/3 slope

Plant association ABAM/OXOR ABAM/RHMA3 ABAM/RHMA3 ABAM/VAAL/ ABAM/VAAL/ ABAM/VAAL/

-VAAL/COCA13 -VAAL/COCA13 COCA13 COCA13 COCA13

Shrub cover (percent)

Alaska huckleberry 1 20 8 32 21 48

Pacific rhododendron tr 35 17 tr tr

vine maple 20 2 14

wintergreen tr 1

dwarf Oregon grape tr

fool’s huckleberry tr

red huckleberry tr tr tr tr

big huckleberry tr

little prince’s pine tr

trailing blackberry tr

Herb cover (percent)

Oregon oxalis 5

bunchberry dogwood 1 7 4 6

beargrass 2 2

rattlesnake plantain 2 tr tr

deer fern 2

twinflower 1 tr 5 9

Oregon goldthread 1 3 1 tr

starry false solomonseal tr tr

sidebells wintergreen tr

three-leaved anemone tr

coolwort foamflower tr 1 1

liverleaf wintergreen tr

Pacific trillium tr

heartleaf twayblade tr 4

queencup beadlily 3 1 4

woodland strawberry tr tr

western swordfern tr

ABAM-Abies amabilis, COCA13-Cornus canadensis, OXOR-Oxalis oregana, RHMA3-Rhododendron macrophyllum, VAAL-Vaccinium

alaskense. Tr = trace.
6

Figure 2 illustrates the general distribution of forest communities by age class. Note the

large proportion of stands 150+ years of age.

Forest communities in the RNA (fig. 3) provide a cross section of communities in the

Abies amabilis zone of Oregon’s western Cascade Range. Forested plant associations

in the Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA include (following the classification of McCain

and Diaz 2002):

• Pacific silver fir/Alaska huckleberry/bunchberry dogwood

• Pacific silver fir/Pacific rhododendron-Alaska huckleberry/bunchberry dogwood

• Pacific silver fir/Oregon oxalis

• Pacific silver fir-western hemlock/Pacific rhododendron-salal

• Pacific silver fir/Pacific rhododendron/beargrass

• Pacific silver fir/dwarf Oregon grape

Figure 2—Stand age class distribution within Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek Research Natural Area

(adapted from Wilderman 1991).
7

• Pacific silver fir/Alaska huckleberry/beargrass

• Pacific silver fir/blue huckleberry/queencup beadlily

• Pacific silver fir/coolwort foamflower

• Pacific silver fir/devilsclub

• Talus and rock garden types

• Wetland (nonforested)

Lower and mid slopes of the eastern ridge and western sidewall have tree composition

similar to the flats but with less western redcedar and more complete dominance of

Pacific silver fir in the reproduction layer. Western hemlock reproduction is more confined

to rotting snags and nurse log substrates. Canopy trees include 91- to 183-cm d.b.h.

(diameter at breast height) Douglas-fir, 61 to 150 cm d.b.h. western hemlock in great

abundance, and scattered Pacific silver fir and western red cedar (see fig. 4).

Understory shrubs and herbs are similar to the northern flats described above.

Figure 3—Plant associations and cover types within Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek Research Natural

Area (adapted from Wilderman 1991).
22

Insectivora Neurotrichus gibbsii Shrew-mole

Scapanus orarius Coast mole

Sorex bendirii Marsh shrew

Sorex monitcolus Montane shrew

Sorex trowbridgii Trowbridge’s shrew

Sorex vagrans Vagrant shrew

Chiroptera Corynorhinus townsendii Townsend’s big-eared bat

Eptesicus fuscus Big brown bat

Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat

Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat

Myotis californicus California myotis

Myotis evotis Long-eared myotis

Myotis lucifugus Little brown myotis

Myotis volans Long-legged myotis

Myotis yumanensis Yuma myotis

Lagomorpha Lepus americanus Snowshoe hare

Ochotona princeps American pika

Rodentia Aplodontia rufa Mountain beaver

Castor canadensis American beaver

Clethrionomys californicus Western red-backed vole

Erethizon dorsatum Porcupine

Glaucomys sabrinus Northern flying squirrel

Microtus longicaudus Long-tailed vole

Microtus richardsoni Water vole

Neotoma cinerea Bushy-tailed woodrat

Peromyscus maniculatus Deermouse

Phenacomys longicaudus Red tree vole

Tamias townsendi Townsend chipmunk

Tamiasciurus douglasi Douglas’ squirrel

Carnivora Canis latrans Coyote

Lontra canadensis Northern river otter

Lynx rufus Bobcat

Martes americana American marten

Mustela erminea Ermine

Mustela frenata Long-tailed weasel

Mustela vison Mink

Procyon lotor Raccoon

Puma concolor Mountain lion

Spilogale gracilis Western spotted skunk

Ursus americanus Black bear

Vulpes vulpes Red fox

Artiodactyla Cervus elaphus ssp. roosevelti Roosevelt elk

Odocoileus hemionus Black-tailed deer

 ssp. columbianus

a

Adapted from Greene and Franklin (1987). Supplemented by data from USDI BLM (2001). Faunal

nomenclature taken from Johnson and O’Neil (2001).

Table 6—Mammalsa

Order Scientific name Common name
8

Figure 4—Pacific silver fir/Pacific rhododendron-Alaska huckleberry/bunchberry dogwood plant

association with large standing Douglas-fir and western hemlock and mixed western hemlock

and Pacific silver fir in reproduction layer to subcanopy with vine maple and Alaska huckleberry

as major shrubs. Taken from plot 5 (see table 2).

Figure 5—Pacific silver fir/Oregon oxalis plant association supports large western hemlock and

Douglas-fir with standing snags and large woody debris on the forest floor. Taken from plot 1

(see table 2).
9

Forested communities in the northern end of the RNA, which occur on flats or gentle

slopes, support scattered Douglas-fir 62 to 244 cm d.b.h., with western hemlock 91 to

183 cm d.b.h., and western redcedar 91 to 274 cm d.b.h. on the wetter sites. A few

Pacific silver fir 30 to 61 cm d.b.h. have reached the subcanopy beneath the tallest

trees. The understory consists of western hemlock seedlings, saplings, and pole-size

and mature trees. Pacific silver fir and western redcedar also are present in lesser

amounts in all size classes. Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) is present as a minor subcanopy component. Large snags and large, woody debris are common in these areas

(fig. 5). The shrub layer typically consists of Alaska huckleberry, vine maple, and

Pacific rhododendron (fig. 6). Herbs are most abundant in the moist sites and typically

include deer fern (Blechnum spicant), bunchberry dogwood, queencup beadlily, and

twinflower.

Upper slopes of the western sidewall of the eastern ridge from Carolyn’s Butte south are

similar to contiguous stands on mid and lower slopes. Tree growth is more stunted and

stands are more open on rocky, shallow-soiled ridges. Alaska yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis) and western white pine (Pinus monticola) are minor components on rocky

sites and ridgetops. Mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) and noble fir are present in

varying amounts, and noble fir becomes an upper canopy species in pockets with d.b.h.

from 76 to 91 cm. The shrub layer is often dominated by Pacific rhododendron in areas

of sparse tree cover. Oregon boxwood (Paxistima myrsinites) is a minor shrub associate

along with vine maple, salal, and huckleberries (Vaccinium spp.).

Figure 6—Pacific silver fir/Pacific rhododendron-Alaska huckleberry/bunchberry dogwood plant

association illustrating the multistoried canopy of Douglas-fir, western hemlock, western

redcedar, Pacific silver fir, and Pacific yew. Taken from plot 2 (see table 2).
10

The upper slopes and ridge on the southern third of the western sidewall are slightly higher

than the northern two-thirds of the western sidewall and support different shrub and herb

species. Shrub cover is sparse and is composed of big huckleberry (Vaccinium membranaceum), oval-leaf huckleberry (V. ovalifolium), and/or Alaska huckleberry.

Beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) dominates the herb layer with minor amounts of queencup

beadlily, vanillaleaf (Achlys triphylla), and bunchberry dogwood.

There are five patches of clearcut regeneration scattered throughout the RNA. Totaling

20 ha, these areas were cut over between 1960 and the mid-1970s.

Numerous talus fields within the RNA support a somewhat distinctive flora. Dense

intermingled shrubs alternate with bryophyte-covered and bare rocks. Sitka alder (Alnus

sinuata) and vine maple are the most common, with salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis),

stink currant (Ribes bracteosum), and devilsclub (Oplopanax horridus) occupying talus

substrates in riparian areas.

Rock outcroppings often support a distinctive mix of low shrubs, herbs, lichens, and

mosses. Kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), pinemat manzanita (Arctostaphylos

nevadensis), and common juniper (Juniperus communis) are typical shrubs. Common

understory species include selaginella (Selaginella densa), Oregon sunshine

(Eriophyllum lanatum), and a rich variety of other species.

Two small wetlands occur within the RNA. In the southwest corner, a moss-dominated

(including Sphagnum spp.) area supports herbs such as twin-flowered marshmarigold

(Caltha biflora), Jeffrey’s shootingstar (Dodecatheon jeffreyi), sticky tofieldia (Tofieldia

glutinosa), and false bugbane (Trautvetteria caroliniensis). Another small wetland is

dominated by taller emergent vegetation such as sedges (especially Carex obnupta),

triangle-leaf groundsel (Senecio triangularis), American bulrush (Schoenplectus

americanus), and false bugbane.

Appendix 1 lists the vascular plants, ferns, fern allies, bryophytes, lichens, and hepatics

compiled from field surveys from 1970 through 2002.

Tentative lists of terrestrial vertebrates—reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals—are

given in appendix 2. These lists have been compiled from species lists from comparable

sites in the western Oregon Cascades and not from sampling or observation within the

RNA.

Many vertebrate and invertebrate species characteristic of old-growth forest, such as

the northern spotted owl, doubtless occur within the Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA.

Although the habitats listed below are common in the western Cascade Range, the high

diversity of habitats within proximity to one another in the RNA and adjacent Crabtree

Area of Critical Environmental Concern very likely support a broad range of organisms,

as yet unrecorded. Some of these habitat attributes include:

• Old-growth forest structure (e.g., large live trees, dead down trees in various stages

of decomposition, and multilayered canopy with good vertical structure).

• Natural forest openings such as wet meadows, dry meadows, ridges, cliffs.

Fauna
11

• Talus slopes.

• Diversity of aspects and elevations ranging from 853 to 1352 m.

• Diversity of lentic and lotic aquatic habitats including a deep lake (adjacent to RNA),

shallow lake/wetland with emergent vegetation, springs, seeps, and intermittent and

perennial streams with associated riparian vegetation.

• Relatively large area of contiguous, mostly undisturbed (by human activity) habitats.

Although the old (600 to 900 years) stands compose a significant amount of the RNA,

the majority of the area is in the 150 to 299 age class indicating that a stand replacement

fire burned through a majority of the RNA within the past 300 years. Stand replacement

fires did occur immediately south of the RNA in the mid to late 1800s. Similar stand

structure within the southern part of the RNA suggests stand replacement fires extended

at least into this portion of the RNA. Most of the few large trees occurring along upper

slopes and ridgetops in the southern end of the western sidewall and eastern ridge have

charred bark whereas the younger trees do not (Wilderman 1991).

Windthrow disturbance appears to be limited to individual trees and small groups.

Timber harvest and road building occurred in five patches totaling 20 ha. In some places,

erosion, mass wasting, and obstruction of waterflow have been created by road building.

However, the short-term effects from these activities appear to be localized. The

Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA is situated in a landscape that is predominantly

industrial forest land. The RNA is somewhat of a “virtual island” in a sea of commercial

forest. It is unclear what long-term effects this may have on ecological processes and

conditions within the RNA.

Researchers from Oregon State University conducted ecological surveys from 1980 to

1985 (USDI BLM 1996). Permanent vegetation plots were established in 2002, and data

are on file at the Salem District office of the Bureau of Land Management.

Maps applicable to Carolyn’s Crown/Shafer Creek RNA: Topographic—Yellowstone

Mountain 7.5 Minute 1:12,000 scale; North Santiam River, Oregon—USGS 1:100,000

scale, 1984; Salem District Eastside Recreation Map 1:31,680 scale, 1994.

1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres (ac)

1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles (mi)

1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft)

1 centimeter (cm) = 0.394 inch (in)

Disturbance History

Research History

Maps and Aerial

Photography

English Equivalents
12

References Anderson, L.E. 1990. List of the mosses of North America north of Mexico. Bryologist.

93: 448-499.

Christy, J.A. 2003. Personal communication. Ecologist, Oregon Natural Heritage

Information Center, Oregon State University, 1322 SE Morrison, Portland, OR 97214.

Esslinger, T.L. 1997. A cumulative checklist for the lichen-forming, lichenicolous and

allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. Fargo, ND: North Dakota

State University. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7.htm.

(17 July 2002).

Franklin, J.F.; Dyrness, C.T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen.

Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 417 p.

Greene, S.E.; Franklin, J.F. 1987. Middle Santiam Research Natural Area. Suppl. 24.

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Research Station. 22 p. Supplement to: Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon

and Washington: a guidebook for scientists and educators.

Johnson, D.H.; O’Neil, T.A. 2001. Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and

Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 736 p.

McCain, C.; Diaz, N. 2002. Field guide to the forested plant associations of the

westside central Cascades of northwest Oregon. Tech. Pap. R6-NR-ECOL-TP-02-02.

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Region. 403 p.

McKee, A. 1976. Personal communication. Ecologist, Flathead Lake Biological Field

Station, 300 BioStation Lane, Polson, MT 59860.

Oregon Climate Service. 2003. http://www.ocs.orst.edu. (31 August).

Peck, D.L.; Griggs, A.B.; Schlicker, H.G. [et al.]. 1964. Geology of the central and

northern part of the western Cascade Range in Oregon. Prof. Pap. 449. Washington,

DC: U.S. Geological Survey. 56 p.

Stotler, R.; Crandall-Stotler, B. 1977. A checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of

North America. Bryologist. 80: 405-428.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2002.

The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5. Baton Rouge, LA: National Plant Data Center.

http://plants.usda.gov. (24 September 2003).

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1996. Research

natural areas in Washington and Oregon. 2nd ed. Portland, OR. 74 p.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 2001. Crabtree

watershed analysis. Unpublished manuscript. On file with: Bureau of Land

Management, Salem District Office, 1717 Fabry Road SE, Salem, OR 97306.

Wilderman, D. 1991. Shafer Creek/Carolyn’s Crown RNA. 27 p. Unpublished

manuscript. On file with: Bureau of Land Management, Salem District Office, 1717

Fabry Road SE, Salem, OR 97306.
13

Appendix 1

Coniferous trees

Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes Pacific silver fir

Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand fir

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine fir

Abies procera Rehd. Noble fir

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska yellow-cedar

Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western white pine

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Douglas-fir

Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific yew

Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Western redcedar

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western hemlock

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain hemlock

Deciduous trees (>8m tall)

Alnus rubra Bong. Red alder

Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. Sitka alder

Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl. ex Hook.) A. DC. Golden chinquapin

Tall shrubs (2m-8m tall)

Acer circinatum Pursh Vine maple

Acer glabrum Torr. var. douglasii (Hook.) Dippel Douglas maple

Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon serviceberry

Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon serviceberry

 var. semiintegrifolia (Hook.) C.L.

Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray Pacific dogwood

Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Oceanspray

Physocarpus capitatus (Pursh) Kuntze Pacific ninebark

Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don Pacific rhododendron

Salix sp. L. Willow

Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong. Sitka willow

Sambucus cerulea Raf. Blue elderberry

Sambucus racemosa L. Red elderberry

Sambucus racemosa L. var. arborescens Red elderberry

 (Torr. & Gray) Gray

Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer Sitka mountain-ash

Medium shrubs (0.5m-2m tall)

Aruncus sylvester Kostel. Goatsbeard

Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal

Juniperus communis L. Common juniper

Menziesia ferruginea Sm. Fool’s huckleberry

Oplopanax horridus Miq. Devilsclub

Paxistima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. Oregon boxwood

Ribes bracteosum Dougl. ex Hook. Stink currant

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Prickly currant

Ribes sanguineum Pursh Redflower currant

Rosa sp. L. Rose

Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Baldhip rose

Rubus idaeus L. Red raspberry

Rubus lasiococcus Gray Dwarf bramble

Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Thimbleberry

Rubus spectabilis Pursh Salmonberry

Spiraea pyramidata Greene Pyramid spirea

Vaccinium alaskense T.J. Howell Alaska huckleberry

Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr. Big huckleberry

Table 3—Plant species lista

Scientific name Common name
14

Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. Oval-leaf huckleberry

Vaccinium ovatum Pursh Evergreen huckleberry

Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. Red huckleberry

Low shrubs (<0.5m tall)

Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper Hairy manzanita

Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat manzanita

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick

Gaultheria ovatifolia Gray Slender wintergreen

Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt. Dwarf Oregon grape

Rubus pedatus Sm. Five-leaved blackberry

Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. Trailing blackberry

Symphoricarpos mollis Nutt. Trailing snowberry

Vaccinium uligonosum L. Bog huckleberry

Ferns and allies

Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair fern

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Ladyfern

Anemone oregana Gray var. felix (M.E. Peck) C.L. Hitchc. Bog anemone

Blechnum spicant (L.) Sm. Deer fern

Cheilanthes gracillima D.C. Eat. Lace lipfern

Cryptogramma crispa (L.) R. Br. ex Hook. Parsley-fern

 var. sitchensis (Rupr.) C. Christens.

Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar Mountain woodfern

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Giant horsetail

Gymnocarpium dryopteris (L.) Newman Oakfern

Lycopodium clavatum L. Ground pine

Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. Alaskan clubmoss

Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat. Licorice fern

Polystichum andersonii Hopkins Anderson’s shieldfern

Polystichum munitum (Kalfuss) K. Presl Western swordfern

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Brackenfern

Selaginella densa Rydb. Selaginella

Woodsia scopulina D.C. Eat. Woodsia

Herbs

Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow

Achillea millefolium L. ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper Western yarrow

Achlys triphylla (Sm.) D.C. Vanillaleaf

Adenocaulon bicolor Hook. Pathfinder

Agoseris sp. Raf. Agoseris

Allium crenulatum Wieg. Olympic onion

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Pearly everlasting

Anemone deltoidea Hook. Windflower

Anemone lyallii Britt. Lyall’s anemone

Anemone oregana Gray Oregon anemone

Antennaria racemosa Hook. Raceme pussytoes

Arnica amplexicaulis Nutt. Clasping arnica

Arnica latifolia Bong. Mountain arnica

Asarum caudatum Lindl. Wildginger

Boykinia major Gray Mountain boykinia

Boykinia occidentalis Torr. & Gray Slender boykinia

Calochortus elegans Pursh Northwestern mariposa lily

Calochortus subalpinus Piper Mariposa lily

Calochortus uniflorus Hook. & Arn. Monterey mariposa lily

Table 3—Plant species list (continued)

Scientific name Common name
15

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes Fairy slipper

Caltha biflora D.C. Twin-flowered marshmarigold

Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Common camas

Campanula scouleri Hook. ex A. DC. Scouler’s harebell

Chimaphila menziesii (R. Br. ex D. Don) Spreng. Little prince’s pine

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Pipsissewa

Cimicifuga Wernischeck sp. Bugbane

Cirsium sp. P. Mill. Thistle

Claytonia sibirica L. Candyflower

Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth Queencup beadlily

Collomia debilis (S. Wats.) Greene Alpine collomia

Coptis laciniata Gray Oregon goldthread

Corallorrhiza maculata Raf. (Raf.) Spotted coralroot

Cornus canadensis L. Bunchberry dogwood

Dicentra formosa (Haw.) Walp. Bleeding heart

Disporum Salisb. ex D. Don sp. Fairybells

Disporum hookeri (Torr.) Nichols Hooker’s fairy-lanterns

Dodecatheon jeffreyi Van Houtte Jeffrey’s shootingstar

Epilobium sp. L. Willow-herb

Epilobium angustifolium L. Fireweed

Eriophyllum lanatum (Pursh) Forbes Oregon sunshine

Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh Yellow fawnlily

Erythronium montanum S. Wats. Avalanche-lily

Fragaria vesca L. Woodland strawberry

Galium sp. L. Bedstraw

Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. Rattlesnake plantain

Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. White bog orchid

Heuchera sp. L. Alumroot

Heuchera micrantha Dougl. ex Lindl. Small-flowered alumroot

Heuchera micrantha Dougl. ex Lindl. Alumroot

 var. diversifolia (Rydb.) Rosendall, Butters & Lakela

Hieracium albiflorum Hook. Hawkweed

Hydrophyllum tenuipes Heller Waterleaf

Hypericum anagalloides Cham. & Schlect. Bog St. Johnswort

Hypericum perforatum L. St. Johnswort, Klamath weed

Iris tenax Dougl. ex Lindl. Oregon iris

Isopyrum hallii Gray Hall’s isopyrum

Lilium sp. L. Lily

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Oxeye daisy

Lilium columbianum hort. ex Baker Tiger lily

Lilium washingtonianum Kellogg Shasta lily

Linnaea borealis L. Twinflower

Listera caurina Piper Northwest listeria

Listera cordata (L.) R. Br. ex A. & F. Heartleaf twayblade

Lomatium sp. Raf. Lomatium

Lomatium hallii (S. Wats.) Coult. & Rose Hall’s lomatium

Lupinus latifolius Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh Broadleaf lupine

Lysichiton americanus Hulten & St. John Skunkcabbage

Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. False lily of the valley

Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link ssp. False solomonseal

 amplexicaule (Nutt.) LaFrankie

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link Starry false solomonseal

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Buckbean

Table 3—Plant species list (continued)

Scientific name Common name
16

Mertensia sp. Roth Bluebells

Mimulus alsinoides Dougl. ex Booth. Chickweed monkeyflower

Mitella pentandra Hook. Fivestamen miterwort

Monotropa hypopithys L. Pinesap

Montia parvifolia (Moc. ex DC.) Greene Littleleaf montia

Mycelis muralis (L.) Durmort. Wall-lettuce

Nothochelone nemorosa (Dougl. ex Lindl.) Straw Woodland beardtongue

Orobanche sp. L. Broomrape

Orthilia secunda (L.) House Sidebells wintergreen

Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr. Western sweetroot

Oxalis oregana Nutt. Oregon oxalis

Parnassia fimbriata Koenig var. hoodiana C.L. Hitchc. Fringed grass of parnassus

Pedicularis racemosa Dougl. ex Benth. Leafy lousewort

Penstemon sp. Schmidel. Penstemon

Penstemon cardwellii T.J. Howell Cardwell’s penstemon

Penstemon davidsonii Greene Davidson’s penstemon

Penstemon serrulatus Menzies ex Sm. Cascade penstemon

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries Coltsfoot

Phlox adsurgens Torr. ex Gray Periwinkle phlox

Phlox diffusa Benth. var. longistylis Wherry Spreading phlox

Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. Paradoxical cinquefoil

Pyrola sp. L. Wintergreen

Pyrola asarifolia Michx. Liverleaf wintergreen

Pyrola picta Sm. Whiteveined pyrola

Ranunculus populago Greene Mountain buttercup

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Common arrowhead

Saxifraga ferruginea Graham Rusty saxifrage

Saxifraga mertensiana Bong. Merten’s saxifrage

Saxifraga occidentalis S. Wats. Allen’s western saxifrage

 var. allenii (Small) C.L. Hitchc.

Saxifraga rufidula (Small) Macoun Rustyhair saxifrage

Scoliopus hallii S. Wats. Fetid adderstongue

Sedum sp. L. Stonecrop

Sedum oreganum Nutt. Oregon stonecrop

Sedum spathulifolium Hook. Spatula-leaf stonecrop

Senecio triangularis Triangle-leaf groundsel

Stachys chamissonis Benth. var. cooleyae (Heller) Cooley’s hedgenettle

 G. Mulligan & D. Munro

Streptopus sp. Michx. Twisted-stalk

Synthyris reniformis (Dougl. ex Benth.) Benth. Snow-queen

Thalictrum sp. L. Meadowrue

Tiarella trifoliata L. Coolwort foamflower

Tofieldia glutinosa (Michx.) Pers. Sticky tofieldia

Tolmiea menziesii (Pursh) Torr. & Gray Youth on age

Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail False bugbane

Trientalis europaea L. ssp. arctica (Fisch. ex Hook.) Arctic starflower

 Hulten

Trillium ovatum Pursh Pacific trillium

Valeriana scouleri Rydb. Scouler’s valerian

Vancouveria hexandra (Hook.) Morr. & Dec. Inside-out-flower

Veratrum viride Ait. False hellebore

Viola sp. L. Violet

Viola glabella Nutt. Stream violet

Viola macloskeyi Lloyd Macloskey’s violet

Table 3—Plant species list (continued)

Scientific name Common name
17

Viola palustris L. Marsh violet

Viola sempervirens Greene Redwoods violet

Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Beargrass

Grasses, sedges, and rushes

Aira sp. L. Hairgrass

Carex mertensii Prescott ex Bong. Merten’s sedge

Carex obnupta Bailey Slough sedge

Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. Swordleaf rush

Luzula campestris (L.) DC. var. congesta (Thuill.) E. Mey. Field woodrush

Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. Millet woodrush

Schoenplectus americanus (Pers.) Volk. American bulrush

 ex Schinz. & R. Keller

Bryophytesb

SPHAGNOPSIDA:

Sphagnum spp. L.

Sphagnum squarrosum Crome

ANDREAEOPSIDA:

Andreaea alpestris (Thed.) Schimp.

Andreaea schofieldiana B. Murr.

MNIOPSIDA:

Antitrichia curtipendula (Hedw.) Brid.

Aulacomnium androgynum (Hedw.) Schwaegr.

Brachythecium frigidum (C. Müll.) Besch.

Bryum gemmascens Kindb.

Buxbaumia piperi Best

Dicranum pallidisetum (Bail. in Holz.) Irel.

Dicranum scoparium Hedw.

Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst.

Dryptodon patens (Hedw.) Brid.

Fontinalis howellii Ren. & Card.

Grimmia tenerrima Ren. & Card.

Grimmia trichophylla Grev.

Hypnum circinale Hook.

Leucolepis acanthoneuron (Schwaegr.) Lindb.

Oligotrichum aligerum Mitt.

Plagiomnium insigne (Mitt.) T. Kop.

Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) Schimp. in B.S.G.

Plagiothecium piliferum (Sw. ex Hartm.) Schimp. in B.S.G.

Pogonatum contortum (Brid.) Lesq.

Polytrichastrum alpinum (Hedw.) G.L. Sm.

Polytrichum juniperinum Hedw.

Racomitrium heterostichum (Hedw.) Brid.

Rhizomnium glabrescens (Kindb.) T. Kop.

Rhizomnium magnifolium (Horik.) T. Kop.

Rhytidiadelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst.

Rhytidiadelphus subpinnatus (Hedw.) Warnst.

Rhytidiopsis robusta (Hook.) Broth.

Tortula ruralis (Hedw.) Gaertn. et al.

Thamnobryum neckeroides (Hook.) Lawt.

HEPATICOPSIDA:c

Barbilophozia hatcheri (A. Evans) Loeske

Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L.) Dumort.

Table 3—Plant species list (continued)

Scientific name Common name
18

Calypogeia fissa (L.) Raddi

Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.) Dumort.

Conocephalum conicum (L.) Dumort.

Diplophyllum obtusifolium (Hook.) Dumort.

Gymnomitrion obtusum (Lindb.) Pears.

Gyrothyra underwoodiana M. Howe

Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dumort.

Lophozia incisa (Schrad.) Dumort.

Lophozia ventricosa (Dicks.) Dumort.

Marsupella bolanderi (Austin) Underw.

Pellia neesiana (Gottsche.) Limpr.

Pogonatum contortum (Brid.) Lesq.

Porella cordaeana (Huebener) Moore

Ptilidium californicum (Austin) Pearson

Radula bolanderi Gottsche

Scapania americana Müll. Frib.

Scapania subalpina (Nees) Dumort.

Lichens

d

Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach.

Arthroraphis citronella (Ach.) Poelt.

Bacidia sabuletorum (Schreber) Lettau

Baeomyces rufus (Hudson) Rebent.

Bryoria fuscescens (Gyelnik) Brodo & D. Hawksw.

Bryoria pikei Brodo & D. Hawksw.

Caloplaca chrysodeta (Vainio ex Rasanen) Dombr.

Cavernularia hultenii Degel.

Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl.

Cladonia spp. P. Browne

Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaerer

Cladonia carneola (Fr.) Fr.

Cladonia chlorophaea (Florke ex Sommerf.) Sprengel

Cladonia coniocraea Auct.

Cladonia ecmocyna Leighton

Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.

Cladonia macrophyllodes Nyl.

Cladonia ochrochlora Florke

Cladonia squamosa Hoffm.

Cladonia subsquamosa Krempelh.

Cladonia transcendens (Vainio) Vainio

Cyphelium inquinans (Sm.) Trevisan

Cystocoleus ebeneus (Dillwyn) Thwaites

Dermatocarpon reticulatum H. Magn.

Diploschistes scruposus (Schreber) Norman

Ephebe sp. Fr.

Epilichen scabrosus (Ach.) Clem. ex Hafellner

Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.

Fuscopannaria saubinetii (Mont.) P.M. Jorg.

Hypogymnia sp. (Nyl.) Nyl.

Hypogymnia apinnata Goward & McCune

Hypogymnia enteromorpha (Ach.) Nyl.

Hypogymnia imshaugii Krog

Hypogymnia inactiva (Krog) Ohlsson

Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl.

Table 3—Plant species list (continued)

Scientific name Common name
19

Hypogymnia rugosa (G. Merr.) L. Pike

Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaerer) Hav.

Lecanora sp. Ach.

Lecanora circumborealis Brodo & Vitik.

Lecanora semitensis Tuck.

Lobaria oregana (Tuck.) Mull. Arg.

Mycobilimbia berengeriana (A. Massal.) Hafellner & V. Wirth

Mycoblastus sanguinarius (L.) Norman

Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szat.

Nephroma bellum (Sprengel) Tuck.

Nodobryoria oregana (Tuck.) Common & Brodo

Ochrolechia oregonensis H. Magn.

Omphalina umbellifera (L.:Fr.) Quelet

Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach.

Parmelia sulcata Taylor

Parmeliopsis hyperopta (Ach.) Arnold

Peltigera membranacea (Ach.) Nyl.

Peltigera neopolydactyla (Gyelnik) Gyelnik

Phaeocalicium compressulum (Nyl. ex Szat.) A.F.W. Schmidt

Pilophorus acicularis (Ach.) Th. Fr.

Pilophorus clavatus Th. Fr.

Pilophorus nigricaulis Sato

Placopsis gelida (L.) Lindsay

Platismatia sp. Culb. & Culb.

Platismatia glauca (L.) Culb. & Culb.

Platismatia herrei (Imshaug) Culb. & Culb.

Platismatia norvegica (Lynge) Culb. & Culb.

Platismatia stenophylla (Tuck.) Culb. & Culb.

Porpidia thomsonii Gowan

Pseudocyphellaria anomala Brodo & Aht.

Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vainio

Pseudocyphellaria rainierensis Imshaug

Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray

Sphaerophorus globosus (Hudson) Vainio var. gracilis (Müll. Arg.) Zahlbr.

Stereocaulon sasakii Zahlbr. var. tomentosoides Lamb

Stereocaulon sp. Hoffm.

Stereocaulon sterile (Savicz) Lamb ex Krog

Sticta fuliginosa (Hoffm.) Ach.

Sticta limbata (Sm.) Ach.

Trapeliopsis granulosa (Hoffm.) Lumbsch

Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla (Willd.) Hale

Tuckermannopsis orbata (Nyl.) M.J. Lai

Tuckermannopsis subalpina (Imshaug) Karnfelt

Umbilicaria polyrrhiza (L.) Fr.

Usnea spp. Dill. ex Adans.

Usnea longissima Ach.

Usnea scabrata Nyl.

Xylographa vitiligo (Ach.) J.R. Laundon

a

Nomenclature taken from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation

Service (2002). The PLANTS database Web site http://plants.usda.gov.

b

Field specimens identified by Christy (2003). Nomenclature follows Anderson (1990).

c

Field specimens identified by Christy (2003). Nomenclature follows Stotler and Crandall-Stotler (1977).

d

Nomenclature taken from Esslinger (1997).

Table 3—Plant species list (continued)

Scientific name Common name
20

Reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals expected to use Carolyn’s Crown/

Shafer Creek Research Natural Area Appendix 2

Table 4—Reptiles and amphibiansa

Order Scientific name Common name

Table 5—Birdsa

Order Scientific name Common name

Caudata Ambystoma gracile Northwest salamander

Aneides ferreus Clouded salamander

Batrachoseps wrighti Oregon slender salamander

Dicamptodon tenebrosus Pacific giant salamander

Ensatina eschscholtzi Ensatina

Plethodon dunni Dunn’s salamander

Rhyacotriton cascadae Cascade torrent salamander

Taricha granulosa Rough-skinned salamander

Anura Ascaphus truei Tailed frog

Pseudacris regilla Pacific tree frog

Rana aurora Red-legged frog

Rana cascadae Cascade frog

Elgaria coerulea Northern alligator lizard

Squamata Charina bottae Rubber boa

Thamnophis ordinoides Northwestern garter snake

Thamnophis sirtalis Common garter snake

a

Adapted from Greene and Franklin (1987). Supplemented by data from USDI BLM (2001). Faunal

nomenclature taken from Johnson and O’Neil (2001).

Falconiformes Accipiter cooperii Cooper’s hawk

Accipiter gentilis Northern goshawk

Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned hawk

Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk

Cathartes aura Turkey vulture

Galliformes Bonasa umbellus Ruffed grouse

Dendragapus obscurus Blue grouse

Columbiformes Columba fasciata Band-tailed pigeon

Zenaida macroura Mourning dove

Strigiformes Aegolius acadicus Northern saw-whet owl

Bubo virginianus Great-horned owl

Glaucidium gnoma Northern pygmy owl

Strix occidentalis Spotted owl

Caprimulgiformes Chordeiles minor Common nighthawk

Apodiformes Chaetura vauxi Vaux’s swift

Selasphorus rufus Rufous hummingbird

Piciformes Colaptes auratus Northern red-shafted flicker

Dryocopus pileatus Pileated woodpecker

Picoides pubescens Downy woodpecker

Picoides villosus Hairy woodpecker

Sphyrapicus ruber Red-breasted sapsucker

Passeriformes Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing

Carduelis pinus Pine siskin

Carduelis tristis American goldfinch

Catharus guttatus Hermit thrush

Catharus ustulatus Swainson’s thrush

Certhia americana Brown creeper
21

Table 5—Birds (continued)

Order Scientific name Common name

Cinclus mexicanus American dipper

Contopus cooperi Olive-sided flycatcher

Contopus sordidulus Western wood-pewee

Corvus corax Common raven

Cyanocitta stelleri Steller’s jay

Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped warbler

Dendroica nigrescens Black-throated gray warbler

Dendroica occidentalis Hermit warbler

Dendroica townsendi Townsend’s warbler

Empidonax difficilis Pacific-slope flycatcher

Empidonax hammondii Hammond’s flycatcher

Empidonax traillii Willow flycatcher

Geothlypis trichas Common yellowthroat

Hesperiphona vespertina Evening grosbeak

Ixoreus naevius Varied thrush

Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco

Leucosticte tephrocotis Gray-crowned rosy finch

Loxia curvirostra Red crossbill

Melospiza melodia Song sparrow

Myadestes townsendi Townsend’s solitaire

Nucifraga columbiana Clark’s nutcracker

Oporornis tolmiei MacGillivray’s warbler

Passerella iliaca Fox sparrow

Perisoreus canadensis Gray jay

Pheucticus melanocephalus Black-headed grosbeak

Pipilo maculatus Spotted towhee

Piranga ludoviciana Western tanager

Poecile atricapilla Black-capped chickadee

Poecile rufescens Chestnut-backed chickadee

Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned kinglet

Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned kinglet

Sialia mexicana Western bluebird

Spizella passerina Chipping sparrow

Sitta canadensis Red-breasted nuthatch

Sturnus vulgaris European starling

Tachycineta bicolor Tree swallow

Tachycineta thalassina Violet-green swallow

Troglodytes troglodytes Winter wren

Turdus migratorius American robin

Vermivora celata Orange-crowned warbler

Vireo gilvus Warbling vireo

Vireo plumbeus Plumbeous vireo

Wilsonia pusilla Wilson’s warbler

Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned sparrow

a

Adapted from Greene and Franklin (1987). Supplemented by data from USDI BLM (2001). Faunal

nomenclature taken from Johnson and O’Neil (2001).
The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle

of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of

wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation

with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests

and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly

greater service to a growing Nation.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs

and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for

communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room

326-W. Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Pacific Northwest Research Station

Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw

Telephone (503) 808-2592

Publication requests (503) 808-2138

FAX (503) 808-2130

E-mail pnw_pnwpubs@fs.fed.us

Mailing address Publications Distribution

Pacific Northwest Research Station

P.O. Box 3890

Portland, OR 97208-3890
U.S. Department of Agriculture

Pacific Northwest Research Station

333 S.W. First Avenue

P.O. Box 3890

Portland, OR 97208-3890

Official Business

Penalty for Private Use, $300