PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 

COURT SECURITY IMPROVEMENT

ACT OF 2007 

121 STAT. 2534 PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 

Public Law 110–177 

110th Congress 

An Act 

To amend title 18, United States Code, to protect judges, prosecutors, witnesses, 

victims, and their family members, and for other purposes. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 

the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Court Security Improvement 

Act of 2007’’. 

TITLE I—JUDICIAL SECURITY 

IMPROVEMENTS AND FUNDING 

SEC. 101. JUDICIAL BRANCH SECURITY REQUIREMENTS. 

(a) ENSURING CONSULTATION WITH THE JUDICIARY.—Section 

566 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at 

the end the following: 

‘‘(i) The Director of the United States Marshals Service shall 

consult with the Judicial Conference of the United States on a 

continuing basis regarding the security requirements for the judicial 

branch of the United States Government, to ensure that the views 

of the Judicial Conference regarding the security requirements for 

the judicial branch of the Federal Government are taken into 

account when determining staffing levels, setting priorities for programs regarding judicial security, and allocating judicial security 

resources. In this paragraph, the term ‘judicial security’ includes 

the security of buildings housing the judiciary, the personal security 

of judicial officers, the assessment of threats made to judicial officers, and the protection of all other judicial personnel. The United 

States Marshals Service retains final authority regarding security 

requirements for the judicial branch of the Federal Government.’’. 

(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 331 of title 28, United 

States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘The Judicial Conference shall consult with the Director of 

United States Marshals Service on a continuing basis regarding 

the security requirements for the judicial branch of the United 

States Government, to ensure that the views of the Judicial Conference regarding the security requirements for the judicial branch 

of the Federal Government are taken into account when determining staffing levels, setting priorities for programs regarding 

judicial security, and allocating judicial security resources. In this 

paragraph, the term ‘judicial security’ includes the security of 

buildings housing the judiciary, the personal security of judicial 

28 USC 1 note. 

Court Security 

Improvement Act 

of 2007. 

Jan. 7, 2008 

[H.R. 660] 

PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 121 STAT. 2535 

officers, the assessment of threats made to judicial officers, and 

the protection of all other judicial personnel. The United States 

Marshals Service retains final authority regarding security requirements for the judicial branch of the Federal Government.’’. 

SEC. 102. PROTECTION OF UNITED STATES TAX COURT. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 566(a) of title 28, United States Code, 

is amended by striking ‘‘and the Court of International Trade’’ 

and inserting ‘‘, the Court of International Trade, and the United 

States Tax Court, as provided by law’’. 

(b) INTERNAL REVENUE CODE.—Section 7456(c) of the Internal 

Revenue Code of 1986 (relating to incidental powers of the Tax 

Court) is amended in the matter following paragraph (3), by striking 

the period at the end, and inserting ‘‘and may otherwise provide, 

when requested by the chief judge of the Tax Court, for the security 

of the Tax Court, including the personal protection of Tax Court 

judges, court officers, witnesses, and other threatened persons in 

the interests of justice, where criminal intimidation impedes on 

the functioning of the judicial process or any other official proceeding. The United States Marshals Service retains final authority 

regarding security requirements for the Tax Court.’’. 

(c) REIMBURSEMENT.—The United States Tax Court shall 

reimburse the United States Marshals Service for protection provided under the amendments made by this section. 

SEC. 103. ADDITIONAL AMOUNTS FOR UNITED STATES MARSHALS 

SERVICE TO PROTECT THE JUDICIARY. 

In addition to any other amounts authorized to be appropriated 

for the United States Marshals Service, there are authorized to 

be appropriated for the United States Marshals Service $20,000,000 

for each of fiscal years 2007 through 2011 for— 

(1) hiring entry-level deputy marshals for providing judicial 

security; 

(2) hiring senior-level deputy marshals for investigating 

threats to the judiciary and providing protective details to 

members of the judiciary, assistant United States attorneys, 

and other attorneys employed by the Federal Government; and 

(3) for the Office of Protective Intelligence, for hiring seniorlevel deputy marshals, hiring program analysts, and providing 

secure computer systems. 

SEC. 104. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE REPORTS. 

Section 105(b)(3) of the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 

(5 U.S.C. App.) is amended by striking ‘‘2009’’ each place it appears 

and inserting ‘‘2011’’. 

TITLE II—CRIMINAL LAW ENHANCEMENTS TO PROTECT JUDGES, FAMILY 

MEMBERS, AND WITNESSES 

SEC. 201. PROTECTIONS AGAINST MALICIOUS RECORDING OF FICTITIOUS LIENS AGAINST FEDERAL JUDGES AND FEDERAL 

LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS. 

(a) OFFENSE.—Chapter 73 of title 18, United States Code, is 

amended by adding at the end the following: 

Appropriation 

authorization. 

26 USC 7456 

note. 

26 USC 7456. 

121 STAT. 2536 PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 

‘‘§ 1521. Retaliating against a Federal judge or Federal law 

enforcement officer by false claim or slander of 

title 

‘‘Whoever files, attempts to file, or conspires to file, in any 

public record or in any private record which is generally available 

to the public, any false lien or encumbrance against the real or 

personal property of an individual described in section 1114, on 

account of the performance of official duties by that individual, 

knowing or having reason to know that such lien or encumbrance 

is false or contains any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent 

statement or representation, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both.’’. 

(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The chapter analysis for chapter 

73 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the 

end the following new item: 

‘‘1521. Retaliating against a Federal judge or Federal law enforcement officer by 

false claim or slander of title.’’. 

SEC. 202. PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS PERFORMING CERTAIN OFFICIAL DUTIES. 

(a) OFFENSE.—Chapter 7 of title 18, United States Code, is 

amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘§ 119. Protection of individuals performing certain official 

duties 

‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Whoever knowingly makes restricted personal information about a covered person, or a member of the 

immediate family of that covered person, publicly available— 

‘‘(1) with the intent to threaten, intimidate, or incite the 

commission of a crime of violence against that covered person, 

or a member of the immediate family of that covered person; 

or 

‘‘(2) with the intent and knowledge that the restricted 

personal information will be used to threaten, intimidate, or 

facilitate the commission of a crime of violence against that 

covered person, or a member of the immediate family of that 

covered person, 

shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years, 

or both. 

‘‘(b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section— 

‘‘(1) the term ‘restricted personal information’ means, with 

respect to an individual, the Social Security number, the home 

address, home phone number, mobile phone number, personal 

email, or home fax number of, and identifiable to, that individual; 

‘‘(2) the term ‘covered person’ means— 

‘‘(A) an individual designated in section 1114; 

‘‘(B) a grand or petit juror, witness, or other officer 

in or of, any court of the United States, or an officer 

who may be, or was, serving at any examination or other 

proceeding before any United States magistrate judge or 

other committing magistrate; 

‘‘(C) an informant or witness in a Federal criminal 

investigation or prosecution; or 

‘‘(D) a State or local officer or employee whose 

restricted personal information is made publicly available 

PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 121 STAT. 2537 

because of the participation in, or assistance provided to, 

a Federal criminal investigation by that officer or employee; 

‘‘(3) the term ‘crime of violence’ has the meaning given 

the term in section 16; and 

‘‘(4) the term ‘immediate family’ has the meaning given 

the term in section 115(c)(2).’’. 

(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 7 of title 18, United States Code, is amended 

by adding at the end the following new item: 

‘‘119. Protection of individuals performing certain official duties.’’. 

SEC. 203. PROHIBITION OF POSSESSION OF DANGEROUS WEAPONS 

IN FEDERAL COURT FACILITIES. 

Section 930(e)(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 

by inserting ‘‘or other dangerous weapon’’ after ‘‘firearm’’. 

SEC. 204. CLARIFICATION OF VENUE FOR RETALIATION AGAINST A 

WITNESS. 

Section 1513 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by 

adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(g) A prosecution under this section may be brought in the 

district in which the official proceeding (whether pending, about 

to be instituted, or completed) was intended to be affected, or 

in which the conduct constituting the alleged offense occurred.’’. 

SEC. 205. MODIFICATION OR TAMPERING WITH A WITNESS, VICTIM, 

OR AN INFORMANT OFFENSE. 

Section 1512 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 

(1) in subsection (a)(3)— 

(A) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows: 

‘‘(A) in the case of a killing, the punishment provided 

in sections 1111 and 1112;’’; 

(B) in the matter following clause (ii) of subparagraph 

(B) by striking ‘‘20 years’’ and inserting ‘‘30 years’’; and 

(C) in subparagraph (C), by striking ‘‘10 years’’ and 

inserting ‘‘20 years’’; 

(2) in subsection (b), by striking ‘‘ten years’’ and inserting 

‘‘20 years’’; and 

(3) in subsection (d), by striking ‘‘one year’’ and inserting 

‘‘3 years’’. 

SEC. 206. MODIFICATION OF RETALIATION OFFENSE. 

Section 1513 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 

(1) in subsection (a)(1)(B)— 

(A) by inserting a comma after ‘‘probation’’; and 

(B) by striking the comma which immediately follows 

another comma; 

(2) in subsection (a)(2)(B), by striking ‘‘20 years’’ and 

inserting ‘‘30 years’’; 

(3) in subsection (b)— 

(A) in paragraph (2)— 

(i) by inserting a comma after ‘‘probation’’; and 

(ii) by striking the comma which immediately follows another comma; and 

(B) in the matter following paragraph (2), by striking 

‘‘ten years’’ and inserting ‘‘20 years’’; and 

(4) by redesignating the second subsection (e) as subsection 

(f). 

121 STAT. 2538 PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 

SEC. 207. GENERAL MODIFICATIONS OF FEDERAL MURDER CRIME AND 

RELATED CRIMES. 

Section 1112(b) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— 

(1) by striking ‘‘ten years’’ and inserting ‘‘15 years’’; and 

(2) by striking ‘‘six years’’ and inserting ‘‘8 years’’. 

SEC. 208. ASSAULT PENALTIES. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 115(b) of title 18, United States Code, 

is amended by striking ‘‘(1)’’ and all that follows through the end 

of paragraph (1) and inserting the following: ‘‘(1) The punishment 

for an assault in violation of this section is— 

‘‘(A) a fine under this title; and 

‘‘(B)(i) if the assault consists of a simple assault, a term 

of imprisonment for not more than 1 year; 

‘‘(ii) if the assault involved physical contact with the victim 

of that assault or the intent to commit another felony, a term 

of imprisonment for not more than 10 years; 

‘‘(iii) if the assault resulted in bodily injury, a term of 

imprisonment for not more than 20 years; or 

‘‘(iv) if the assault resulted in serious bodily injury (as 

that term is defined in section 1365 of this title, and including 

any conduct that, if the conduct occurred in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, would 

violate section 2241 or 2242 of this title) or a dangerous weapon 

was used during and in relation to the offense, a term of 

imprisonment for not more than 30 years.’’. 

(b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 111(a) of title 18, 

United States Code, is amended by striking ‘‘in all other cases’’ 

and inserting ‘‘where such acts involve physical contact with the 

victim of that assault or the intent to commit another felony’’. 

SEC. 209. DIRECTION TO THE SENTENCING COMMISSION. 

The United States Sentencing Commission is directed to review 

the Sentencing Guidelines as they apply to threats punishable 

under section 115 of title 18, United States Code, that occur over 

the Internet, and determine whether and by how much that circumstance should aggravate the punishment pursuant to section 

994 of title 28, United States Code. In conducting the study, the 

Commission shall take into consideration the number of such 

threats made, the intended number of recipients of such threats, 

and whether the initial senders of such threats were acting in 

an individual capacity or as part of a larger group. 

TITLE III—PROTECTING STATE AND 

LOCAL JUDGES AND RELATED GRANT 

PROGRAMS 

SEC. 301. GRANTS TO STATES TO PROTECT WITNESSES AND VICTIMS 

OF CRIMES. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 31702 of the Violent Crime Control 

and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 13862) is amended— 

(1) in paragraph (3), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

(2) in paragraph (4), by striking the period at the end 

and inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

(3) by adding at the end the following: 

28 USC 994 note. 

PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 121 STAT. 2539 

‘‘(5) by a State, unit of local government, or Indian tribe 

to create and expand witness and victim protection programs 

to prevent threats, intimidation, and retaliation against victims 

of, and witnesses to, violent crimes.’’. 

(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—Section 31707 of the 

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (42 U.S.C. 

13867) is amended to read as follows: 

‘‘SEC. 31707. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

‘‘There are authorized to be appropriated $20,000,000 for each 

of the fiscal years 2008 through 2012 to carry out this subtitle.’’. 

SEC. 302. ELIGIBILITY OF STATE COURTS FOR CERTAIN FEDERAL 

GRANTS. 

(a) CORRECTIONAL OPTIONS GRANTS.—Section 515 of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3762a) 

is amended— 

(1) in subsection (a)— 

(A) in paragraph (2), by striking ‘‘and’’ at the end; 

(B) in paragraph (3), by striking the period and 

inserting ‘‘; and’’; and 

(C) by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(4) grants to State courts to improve security for State 

and local court systems.’’; and 

(2) in subsection (b), by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘Priority shall be given to State court applicants under subsection 

(a)(4) that have the greatest demonstrated need to provide security 

in order to administer justice.’’. 

(b) ALLOCATIONS.—Section 516(a) of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3762b) is amended— 

(1) by striking ‘‘80’’ and inserting ‘‘70’’; 

(2) by striking ‘‘and 10’’ and inserting ‘‘10’’; and 

(3) by inserting before the period the following: ‘‘, and 

10 percent for section 515(a)(4)’’. 

(c) STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO CONSIDER COURTS.— 

The Attorney General may require, as appropriate, that whenever 

a State or unit of local government or Indian tribe applies for 

a grant from the Department of Justice, the State, unit, or tribe 

demonstrate that, in developing the application and distributing 

funds, the State, unit, or tribe— 

(1) considered the needs of the judicial branch of the State, 

unit, or tribe, as the case may be; 

(2) consulted with the chief judicial officer of the highest 

court of the State, unit, or tribe, as the case may be; and 

(3) consulted with the chief law enforcement officer of the 

law enforcement agency responsible for the security needs of 

the judicial branch of the State, unit, or tribe, as the case 

may be. 

(d) ARMOR VESTS.—Section 2501 of title I of the Omnibus 

Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3796ll) 

is amended— 

(1) in subsection (a), by inserting ‘‘and State and local 

court officers’’ after ‘‘tribal law enforcement officers’’; and 

(2) in subsection (b)(1), by inserting ‘‘State or local court,’’ 

after ‘‘government,’’. 

42 USC 3702. 

121 STAT. 2540 PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 

SEC. 303. GRANTS TO STATES FOR THREAT ASSESSMENT DATABASES. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—The Attorney General, through the Office 

of Justice Programs, shall make grants under this section to the 

highest State courts in States participating in the program, for 

the purpose of enabling such courts to establish and maintain 

a threat assessment database described in subsection (b). 

(b) DATABASE.—For purposes of subsection (a), a threat assessment database is a database through which a State can— 

(1) analyze trends and patterns in domestic terrorism and 

crime; 

(2) project the probabilities that specific acts of domestic 

terrorism or crime will occur; and 

(3) develop measures and procedures that can effectively 

reduce the probabilities that those acts will occur. 

(c) CORE ELEMENTS.—The Attorney General shall define a core 

set of data elements to be used by each database funded by this 

section so that the information in the database can be effectively 

shared with other States and with the Department of Justice. 

(d) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized 

to be appropriated to carry out this section $15,000,000 for each 

of fiscal years 2008 through 2011. 

TITLE IV—LAW ENFORCEMENT 

OFFICERS 

SEC. 401. REPORT ON SECURITY OF FEDERAL PROSECUTORS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of 

the enactment of this Act, the Attorney General shall submit to 

the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee 

on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives a report on the 

security of assistant United States attorneys and other Federal 

attorneys arising from the prosecution of terrorists, violent criminal 

gangs, drug traffickers, gun traffickers, white supremacists, those 

who commit fraud and other white-collar offenses, and other 

criminal cases. 

(b) CONTENTS.—The report submitted under subsection (a) shall 

describe each of the following: 

(1) The number and nature of threats and assaults against 

attorneys handling prosecutions described in subsection (a) and 

the reporting requirements and methods. 

(2) The security measures that are in place to protect 

the attorneys who are handling prosecutions described in subsection (a), including threat assessments, response procedures, 

availability of security systems and other devices, firearms 

licensing (deputations), and other measures designed to protect 

the attorneys and their families. 

(3) The firearms deputation policies of the Department 

of Justice, including the number of attorneys deputized and 

the time between receipt of threat and completion of the deputation and training process. 

(4) For each requirement, measure, or policy described 

in paragraphs (1) through (3), when the requirement, measure, 

or policy was developed and who was responsible for developing 

and implementing the requirement, measure, or policy. 

42 USC 3714a. 

PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 121 STAT. 2541 

(5) The programs that are made available to the attorneys 

for personal security training, including training relating to 

limitations on public information disclosure, basic home security, firearms handling and safety, family safety, mail handling, 

counter-surveillance, and self-defense tactics. 

(6) The measures that are taken to provide attorneys handling prosecutions described in subsection (a) with secure 

parking facilities, and how priorities for such facilities are 

established— 

(A) among Federal employees within the facility; 

(B) among Department of Justice employees within 

the facility; and 

(C) among attorneys within the facility. 

(7) The frequency attorneys handling prosecutions 

described in subsection (a) are called upon to work beyond 

standard work hours and the security measures provided to 

protect attorneys at such times during travel between office 

and available parking facilities. 

(8) With respect to attorneys who are licensed under State 

laws to carry firearms, the policy of the Department of Justice 

as to— 

(A) carrying the firearm between available parking 

and office buildings; 

(B) securing the weapon at the office buildings; and 

(C) equipment and training provided to facilitate safe 

storage at Department of Justice facilities. 

(9) The offices in the Department of Justice that are responsible for ensuring the security of attorneys handling prosecutions described in subsection (a), the organization and staffing 

of the offices, and the manner in which the offices coordinate 

with offices in specific districts. 

(10) The role, if any, that the United States Marshals 

Service or any other Department of Justice component plays 

in protecting, or providing security services or training for, 

attorneys handling prosecutions described in subsection (a). 

TITLE V—MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 

SEC. 501. EXPANDED PROCUREMENT AUTHORITY FOR THE UNITED 

STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 995 of title 28, United States Code, 

is amended by adding at the end the following: 

‘‘(f) The Commission may— 

‘‘(1) use available funds to enter into contracts for the 

acquisition of severable services for a period that begins in 

1 fiscal year and ends in the next fiscal year, to the same 

extent as executive agencies may enter into such contracts 

under the authority of section 303L of the Federal Property 

and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 253l); 

‘‘(2) enter into multi-year contracts for the acquisition of 

property or services to the same extent as executive agencies 

may enter into such contracts under the authority of section 

304B of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act 

of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 254c); and 

‘‘(3) make advance, partial, progress, or other payments 

under contracts for property or services to the same extent 

121 STAT. 2542 PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 

as executive agencies may make such payments under the 

authority of section 305 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (41 U.S.C. 255).’’. 

(b) SUNSET.—The amendment made by subsection (a) shall 

cease to have force and effect on September 30, 2010. 

SEC. 502. MAGISTRATE JUDGES LIFE INSURANCE. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 604(a)(5) of title 28, United States 

Code, is amended by inserting after ‘‘hold office during good 

behavior’’, the following: ‘‘magistrate judges appointed under section 

631 of this title,’’. 

(b) CONSTRUCTION.—For purposes of construing and applying 

chapter 87 of title 5, United States Code, including any adjustment 

of insurance rates by regulation or otherwise, the following categories of judicial officers shall be deemed to be judges of the 

United States as described under section 8701 of title 5, United 

States Code: 

(1) Magistrate judges appointed under section 631 of title 

28, United States Code. 

(2) Magistrate judges retired under section 377 of title 

28, United States Code. 

(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—Subsection (b) and the amendment made 

by subsection (a) shall apply with respect to any payment made 

on or after the first day of the first applicable pay period beginning 

on or after the date of enactment of this Act. 

SEC. 503. ASSIGNMENT OF JUDGES. 

Section 296 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by 

inserting at the end of the second undesignated paragraph the 

following new sentence: ‘‘However, a district judge who has retired 

from regular active service under section 371(b) of this title, when 

designated and assigned to the court to which such judge was 

appointed, having performed in the preceding calendar year an 

amount of work equal to or greater than the amount of work 

an average judge in active service on that court would perform 

in 6 months, and having elected to exercise such powers, shall 

have the powers of a judge of that court to participate in appointment of court officers and magistrate judges, rulemaking, governance, and administrative matters.’’. 

SEC. 504. SENIOR JUDGE PARTICIPATION IN THE SELECTION OF MAGISTRATE JUDGES. 

Section 631(a) of title 28, United States Code, is amended 

by striking ‘‘Northern Mariana Islands’’ the first place it appears 

and inserting ‘‘Northern Mariana Islands (including any judge in 

regular active service and any judge who has retired from regular 

active service under section 371(b) of this title, when designated 

and assigned to the court to which such judge was appointed)’’. 

SEC. 505. GUARANTEEING COMPLIANCE WITH PRISONER PAYMENT 

COMMITMENTS. 

Section 3624(e) of title 18, United States Code, is amended 

by striking the last sentence and inserting the following: ‘‘Upon 

the release of a prisoner by the Bureau of Prisons to supervised 

release, the Bureau of Prisons shall notify such prisoner, verbally 

and in writing, of the requirement that the prisoner adhere to 

an installment schedule, not to exceed 2 years except in special 

circumstances, to pay for any fine imposed for the offense committed 

Notification. 

28 USC 604 note. 

5 USC 8701 note. 

28 USC 995 note. 

PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 121 STAT. 2543 

by such prisoner, and of the consequences of failure to pay such 

fines under sections 3611 through 3614 of this title.’’. 

SEC. 506. STUDY AND REPORT. 

The Attorney General shall study whether the generally open 

public access to State and local records imperils the safety of the 

Federal judiciary. Not later than 18 months after the enactment 

of this Act, the Attorney General shall report to Congress the 

results of that study together with any recommendations the 

Attorney General deems necessary. 

SEC. 507. REAUTHORIZATION OF FUGITIVE APPREHENSION TASK 

FORCES. 

Section 6(b) of the Presidential Threat Protection Act of 2000 

(28 U.S.C. 566 note; Public Law 106–544) is amended— 

(1) by striking ‘‘and’’ after ‘‘fiscal year 2002,’’; and 

(2) by inserting ‘‘, and $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 

2008 through 2012’’ before the period. 

SEC. 508. INCREASED PROTECTION OF FEDERAL JUDGES. 

(a) MINIMUM DOCUMENT REQUIREMENTS.— 

(1) MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS.—For purposes of section 

202(b)(6) of the REAL ID Act of 2005 (49 U.S.C. 30301 note), 

a State may, in the case of an individual described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (2), include in a driver’s license 

or other identification card issued to that individual by the 

State, the address specified in that subparagraph in lieu of 

the individual’s address of principle residence. 

(2) INDIVIDUALS AND INFORMATION.—The individuals and 

addresses referred to in paragraph (1) are the following: 

(A) In the case of a Justice of the United States, 

the address of the United States Supreme Court. 

(B) In the case of a judge of a Federal court, the 

address of the courthouse. 

(b) VERIFICATION OF INFORMATION.—For purposes of section 

202(c)(1)(D) of the REAL ID Act of 2005 (49 U.S.C. 30301 note), 

in the case of an individual described in subparagraph (A) or 

(B) of subsection (a)(2), a State need only require documentation 

of the address appearing on the individual’s driver’s license or 

other identification card issued by that State to the individual. 

SEC. 509. FEDERAL JUDGES FOR COURTS OF APPEALS. 

(a) IN GENERAL.—Section 44(a) of title 28, United States Code, 

is amended in the table— 

(1) in the item relating to the District of Columbia Circuit, 

by striking ‘‘12’’ and inserting ‘‘11’’; and 

(2) in the item relating to the Ninth Circuit, by striking 

‘‘28’’ and inserting ‘‘29’’. 

(b) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by subsection 

(a)(2) shall take effect on January 21, 2009. 

SEC. 510. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE STUDY AND REPORT. 

(a) STUDY REQUIRED.—The Director of the National Institute 

of Justice (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Director’’) shall conduct 

a study to determine and compile the collateral consequences of 

convictions for criminal offenses in the United States, each of the 

50 States, each territory of the United States, and the District 

of Columbia. 

28 USC 44 note. 

49 USC 30301 

note. 

121 STAT. 2544 PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 

(b) ACTIVITIES UNDER STUDY.—In conducting the study under 

subsection (a), the Director shall identify any provision in the 

Constitution, statutes, or administrative rules of each jurisdiction 

described in that subsection that imposes collateral sanctions or 

authorizes the imposition of disqualifications, and any provision 

that may afford relief from such collateral sanctions and disqualifications. 

(c) REPORT.— 

(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 1 year after the date 

of enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit to Congress 

a report on the activities carried out under this section. 

(2) CONTENTS.—The report submitted under paragraph (1) 

shall include a compilation of citations, text, and short descriptions of any provision identified under subsection (b). 

(3) DISTRIBUTION.—The report submitted under paragraph 

(1) shall be distributed to the legislature and chief executive 

of each of the 50 States, each territory of the United States, 

and the District of Columbia. 

(d) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

(1) COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCE.—The term ‘‘collateral consequence’’ means a collateral sanction or a disqualification. 

(2) COLLATERAL SANCTION.—The term ‘‘collateral sanction’’— 

(A) means a penalty, disability, or disadvantage, however denominated, that is imposed by law as a result of 

an individual’s conviction for a felony, misdemeanor, or 

other offense, but not as part of the judgment of the court; 

and 

(B) does not include a term of imprisonment, probation, 

parole, supervised release, fine, assessment, forfeiture, restitution, or the costs of prosecution. 

(3) DISQUALIFICATION.—The term ‘‘disqualification’’ means 

a penalty, disability, or disadvantage, however denominated, 

that an administrative agency, official, or a court in a civil 

proceeding is authorized, but not required, to impose on an 

individual convicted of a felony, misdemeanor, or other offense 

on grounds relating to the conviction. 

PUBLIC LAW 110–177—JAN. 7, 2008 121 STAT. 2545 

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—H.R. 660 (S. 378): 

HOUSE REPORTS: No. 110–218, Pt. 1 (Comm. on the Judiciary). 

SENATE REPORTS: No. 110–42 accompanying S. 378 (Comm. on the Judiciary). 

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 153 (2007): 

July 10, considered and passed House. 

Dec. 17, considered and passed Senate, amended. 

Dec. 19, House concurred in Senate amendment. 

Æ 

SEC. 511. TECHNICAL AMENDMENT. 

Section 2255 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by 

designating the 8 undesignated paragraphs as subsections (a) 

through (h), respectively. 

Approved January 7, 2008.