FILED 

 U.S.COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 11/10/99 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

[ PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 99-10037

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 98-00229-CR-PT-S

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

WILLIE A. TILLMON,

Defendant-Appellant.

__________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Alabama

_________________________

(November 10, 1999)

Before BIRCH, BARKETT and HULL, Circuit Judges 

PER CURIAM:
1

 The grouping of these offenses would lower Defendant’s offense level, after

adjustment for acceptance of responsibility, from 28 to 25. This would reduce his

sentencing range from 87 to 108 months to a range of 63 to 78 months’ imprisonment.

2

Defendant, Willie A. Tillmon, appeals his 87-months’ sentence imposed

following his guilty plea to three counts of transporting a depiction of a minor

engaged in sexually explicit conduct, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1), and

one count of soliciting a minor for a sex act, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2422(b). 

On appeal, Defendant contends that the first three counts of transporting child

pornography involved only one victim—society in general—and that therefore the

district court erred in refusing to group them for sentencing purposes.1

 After

review, we follow the majority of circuits who have decided this issue and hold

that the primary victims of these offenses were the multiple minors depicted and

that therefore the district court did not err in refusing to group. Thus, we affirm

Defendant’s sentence.

I. BACKGROUND

In June of 1998, Defendant engaged in a series of e-mail and “real time”

conversations on the Internet with a person using the screen name

“TAMIJOANN.” Defendant believed “TAMIJOANN” to be a fourteen year old

girl, however, she was actually a government informant. During these

conversations, Defendant repeatedly attempted to persuade “TAMIJOANN” to
3

meet him in a motel room in order to engage in various sexual acts. In addition, on

June 30, 1998, on three separate occasions, Defendant transmitted three different

images of minors involved in sexually explicit conduct to “TAMIJOANN” via

computer. Specifically, at 6:09 a.m., Defendant sent an image entitled

“10YOSLUT.JPG” that depicts a young prepubescent female having her genitalia

penetrated by a white male adult subject. Then, at 6:10 a.m., Defendant sent an

image labeled “10YRWHOR.JPG.” This is a compilation of seven pictures, five

of which depict a prepubescent female having oral and anal sex with an adult male

subject, one depicting the same prepubescent female displaying her genitalia while

lying on top of an adult male, and one depicting two adult males and one

prepubescent male urinating on the prepubescent female. Finally, at 6:14 a.m,

Defendant sent an image entitled “12YOFFUK.JPG” which depicts a prepubescent

female having sexual intercourse with a male subject.

After Defendant’s guilty plea to all counts in the indictment, the probation

officer filed a presentence report in which she recommended that the first three

offenses not be grouped for the purposes of sentencing. After receiving that report,

Defendant filed written objections, including an objection to the Probation

Officer’s failure to group the first three charges. Defendant objected to the failure

to group solely on the ground that “[t]here are no victims under Counts One, Two
4

and Three. All three counts . . . involve the transmission of visual depictions of

minors engaged in sexual activities. Contrary to what the Probation office states,

the children depicted in the photos are not ‘victims.’” At the sentencing hearing,

the court explicitly relied upon United States v. Norris, 159 F.3d 926 (5th Cir. 

1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 1153 (1999), in finding that the children in the

photographs were the victims and therefore the counts should not be grouped. 

Consequently, the district court overruled Defendant’s objection and sentenced him

to concurrent terms of eighty-seven months’ incarceration on each count. 

Defendant appeals this sentence.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

In sentencing appeals, this Court reviews the district court’s findings of fact

for clear error and reviews the application of the sentencing guidelines de novo. 

United States v. Bagwell, 30 F.3d 1454, 1458 (11th Cir. 1994). Further, this court

views the district court’s refusal to group multiple counts under United States

Sentencing Guidelines section 3D1.2 with due deference. United States v. Bonner,

85 F.3d 522, 525 (11th Cir. 1996).

III. DISCUSSION

A. Grouping Under the Sentencing Guidelines
2

 This Guidelines section provides, in relevant part, that:

(a) When a defendant has been convicted of more than one count,

the court shall:

(1) Group the counts resulting in conviction into

distinct Groups of Closely Related Counts

(“Groups”) by applying the rules specified in §

3D1.2. . . .

U.S.S.G. § 3D1.1(a) (Nov. 1997).

3

 Section 3D1.2 states:

§ 3D1.2. Groups of Closely Related Counts

All counts involving substantially the same harm shall be grouped

together into a single Group. Counts involve substantially the

same harm within the meaning of this rule:

(a) When counts involve the same victim and the same act or

transaction.

(b) When counts involve the same victim and two or more acts

or transactions connected by a common criminal objective

or constituting part of a common scheme or plan.

(c) When one of the counts embodies conduct that is treated as

a specific offense characteristic in, or other adjustment to,

the guideline applicable to another of the counts.

(d) When the offense level is determined largely on the basis of

5

Section 3D1.1 of the Sentencing Guidelines provides that the first step in the

process of determining the sentence of a defendant convicted of more than one

count is for the court to group the counts of conviction into groups of “Closely

Related Counts” pursuant to section 3D1.2. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.1.2

 Section 3D1.2, in

turn, provides that all counts “involving substantially the same harm” shall be

grouped together, and describes four situations in which counts are considered to

involve substantially the same harm.3

 The Defendant relies on only the first
the total amount of harm or loss, the quantity of a substance

involved, or some other measure of aggregate harm, or if

the offense behavior is ongoing or continuous in nature and

the offense guideline is written to cover such behavior. . .

.

6

situation described in subsection (a) of section 3D1.2. Specifically, subsection (a)

of section 3D1.2 provides that counts involve substantially the same harm and

should therefore be grouped “[w]hen counts involve the same victim and the same

act or transaction.” U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(a). In addition, the application note

corresponding to this provision explains that the victim is the person “directly and

most seriously affected by the offense” as follows: 

[t]he term “victim” is not intended to include indirect or secondary

victims. Generally there will be one person who is directly and most

seriously affected by the offense and is therefore identifiable as the

victim. For offenses in which there are no identifiable victims . . . the

“victim” for the purposes of subsections (a) and (b) is the societal

interest that is harmed.

U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2, comment. (n.2).

Our task in this case, therefore, is to decide whether society was the primary victim

of Defendant’s offenses, or whether the minors depicted were the primary victims.

B. Primary Victim

Although this Court has not addressed this precise issue, the majority of

circuits that have faced the question have held that the minor depicted in child
7

pornography is the primary victim of the offense for the purposes of grouping. See

United States v. Hibbler, 159 F.3d 233 (6th Cir. 1998), cert. denied, 119 S. Ct. 

1278 (1999); United States v. Norris, 159 F.3d 926 (5th Cir. 1998), cert. denied,

119 S. Ct. 1153 (1999); United States v. Boos, 127 F.3d 1207 (9th Cir. 1997);

United States v. Ketcham, 80 F.3d 789 (3rd Cir. 1996); United States v. Rugh, 968

F.2d 750 (8th Cir. 1992). 

Specifically, these circuit courts concluded that the legislative history of 18

U.S.C. § 2252 made clear that the primary objective of the provision was to lessen

the harm suffered by children. See Hibbler, 159 F.3d at 237 (concluding that the

legislative history of 18 U.S.C. § 2252 makes it clear that the primary victims are

the children involved); Boos, 127 F.3d at 1213 (relying upon both the Senate’s

statement in Sen. Rep. No. 95-438, 95th Cong. 2d. Sess. (1978), that “[o]f deep

concern to the committee is the effect of child pornography . . . on the children

who become involved” and the fact that the report refers to child pornography as a

form of child abuse to find that children are the primary victims); Ketcham, 80

F.3d at 793 (relying upon Senate Report 95-438 and the fact that 18 U.S.C. § 2252

was enacted as part of the Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act

to find that the children depicted are the primary victims); Rugh, 968 F.2d at

755(same). We agree with this majority position. See also Osborne v. Ohio, 495
8

U.S. 103 (1990) (recognizing that children exploited in pornographic materials are

the victims of child-pornography offenses); United States v. Miller, 146 F.3d 1281,

1285 (11th Cir. 1998) (stating that Congress amended 18 U.S.C. § 2252 to include

those who received and redistributed pornography without commercial motive

because “the harm to the child exists regardless of the viewer’s motivation”), cert.

denied, 119 S. Ct. 915 (1999).

In urging a contrary conclusion, Defendant relies primarily upon the

minority view expressed in United States v. Toler, 901 F.2d 399 (4th Cir. 1990). 

In Toler, the defendant was convicted of one count of interstate transportation of a

depiction of a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2252(a)(1) and two counts of interstate transportation of a minor with the intent

to engage in prohibited sexual conduct in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2423. The

Fourth Circuit also relied upon the legislative history of 18 U.S.C. § 2252 but

concluded that while the primary victim of the transportation of a minor charge

was the minor herself, the primary victim of the transportation of child

pornography count was society in general. Id. at 403. Based upon the reasoning

in Toler, Defendant argues that the primary victim of his three counts was society.

 As stated above, the majority of courts have expressly rejected the Toler

court’s interpretation of the legislative history of 18 U.S.C. § 2252. Specifically,
9

these courts concluded that while the Fourth Circuit was correct that the Senate

Report noted the effect of child pornography on society’s “moral fabric,” the report

as a whole made clear that the primary objective of the provision was to lessen the

harm suffered by children. See Boos, 127 F.3d at 1213; Ketcham, 80 F.3d at 793;

Rugh, 968 F.2d at 755. As noted above, we agree with this reading of the

legislative history.

Defendant further contends that while the minor depicted was victimized

when the photographs were taken, the interstate transportation of the photograph

does not further harm that child. Rather, according to Defendant, such

dissemination of the photograph primarily offends society’s distaste for

pornographic materials. As a result, Defendant asserts that the minors depicted

were not “directly and most seriously affected” by his transmission of the pictures

as required by the Guidelines.

Like our sister circuits, we also reject Defendant’s argument distinguishing

between the victim of production of child pornography and the victim of the

dissemination of the images. Although an argument can be made that the

production of child pornography may be more immediately harmful to the child

involved, the dissemination of that material certainly exacerbates that harm, not

only by constituting a continuing invasion of privacy but by providing the very
10

market that led to the creation of the images in the first place. See Norris, 159

F.3d at 929; Boos, 127 F.3d at 1211 n.1; Ketcham, 80 F3d at 793. Thus, the

children depicted remain the primary victims not only when the pictures are taken

or purchased, but also when they are subsequently transported or distributed from

one person to another. As stated by the Fifth Circuit in Norris, “the victimization

of the children involved does not end when the pornographer’s camera is put away

. . . ‘the pornography’s continued existence causes the child victims continuing

harm by haunting those children in future years.’” Norris, 159 F.3d at 930-931

(citing Osborne, 495 U.S. at 111).

C. Identifiable Victim

Defendant also asserts that there is no evidence from which the minors in the

pictures involved here can be identified. Consequently, he argues that there is no

“identifiable” victim as discussed in the application note to Guidelines section

3D1.2. As a result, according to Defendant, the victim should be deemed to be

society as a whole. We find this argument equally misguided. The application

note is not properly interpreted as requiring that the victim actually be named. 

Rather, it is sufficient that a specific victim can be shown, whether or not the court

knows that victim’s actual identity. See Hibbler, 159 F.3d at 237. In this case, the

victims identified are the children portrayed in each of the three transmissions at
4

 The court specifically clarified what Defendant’s objection was by stating:

Court: Is your objection that as a matter of law that

regardless of whether they are or are not three

different victims, the Court should group

them?

Defense Counsel: That’s correct, Your Honor.

Court: That is the objection. It’s not that they are not

three different or it’s not that they are not

minors, the objection is as a matter of law that

they should be grouped.

Defense Counsel: Yes, sir.

Court: I am going to take the position that I find this

Fifth Circuit case of U.S. v. Norris to be

persuasive on the issue, and I am going to

overrule that objection.

Any other objection?

Defense Counsel: If you find that – I guess what you are saying is you

find that the children in each photograph are victims

and so the counts should not be grouped?

Court: Right. Separate victims.

Defense Counsel: Yes, sir. No other objections, Your Honor.

11

issue, and that victimization is not diminished by the fact that the actual names of

the minor victims are not known.

D. Number of Minors

Defendant also appears to argue that some of the minors involved in the

three transmissions charged could possibly be the same child, and therefore there

may not be three different minor victims. At sentencing, however, Defendant

objected to the failure to group solely on the ground that society was the primary

victim of all three counts.4

 Accordingly, because Defendant did not object on the
12

ground that the minors were not three different individuals, we will review the

question only if failure to do so would result in manifest injustice. See United

States v. Jones, 899 F.2d 1097, 1102 (11th Cir. 1990), overruled on other grounds,

United States v. Morrill, 984 F.2d 1136, 1137 (11th Cir. 1993) (en banc); United

States v. Williams, 144 F.3d 1397 (11th Cir. 1998). This Court equates manifest

injustice with review for plain error. United States v. Newsome, 998 F.2d 1571,

1579 (11th Cir. 1993). 

Paragraph fifty of the presentence report expressly states that the “minor

victim depicted is different in each count.” At sentencing, the district court

specifically stated that it adopted the factual statements contained in the presentence report. Defendant filed no written objection to that paragraph. At

sentencing, Defendant’s counsel initially conceded that the minors depicted were

different individuals. After further thought, however, Defendant’s counsel later

stated that “I’m not sure that we can concede that they are three different

individuals because we don’t know when these photographs were taken. . . . These

could have been taken at different times during the same child’s–.” 

Despite this statement at sentencing, Defendant has not presented any

evidence to contest the district court’s finding that the minor victims in each count

were different. Thus, Defendant has not shown that a failure to review this point
13

will result in a manifest injustice and we can not say that the district court plainly

erred refusing to group the three counts based upon a finding of multiple victims.

III. CONCLUSION

For the purpose of sentencing pursuant to Sentencing Guidelines section

3D1.2 for violations of 18 U.S.C. § 2252, we find that the primary identifiable

victim of the transportation of child pornography is the minor depicted in the

image. In addition, the district court did not plainly err in finding that the first

three counts involved different individuals. Accordingly, the district court did not

err in declining to group Defendant’s three counts of transportation of child

pornography for the purposes of sentencing.

AFFIRMED.