# Patent

## Title
System for irradiating a surface with atomic and molecular ions using

## Abstract

Small, light-weight portable radiation measurement apparatus provides accurate quantitative measurment of radiation dosage and dosage rates. Such apparatus, referred to as a dosimeter, is housed in a ruggedized housing that is only about 1/2 the volume of a package of cigarettes, may easily be clipped to clothing or carried in a shirt pocket, and is powered by a conventional alkaline AA-sized battery. Included in the housing are a geiger tube for detecting radiation, a high voltage power supply for providing power to the geiger tube, a counting circuit for counting geiger pulses generated by the geiger tube, a microprocessor circuit for processing the geiger pulses in accordance with a prescribed program to determine the does or dosage rate to which the geiger tube has been exposed, and a digital display that displays the dosage rates thus determined. The microprocessor program is stored in memory circuits, included as part of the microprocessor circuit. An audible alarm is generated whenever the dose or dosage rate exceeds a programmable threshold. The circuitry and display allow a wide range of radiation levels to be detected and displayed. All the circuits are designed for low power consumption, allowing 500-600 hours of continuous use before having to replace the battery. A dielectrically coupled communications port allows necessary data, e.g., calibration coefficients or dosage data, to be transferred to and from the dosimeter circuitry without direct physical contact.

## Background
The present invention relates to radiation measurement apparatus, and more particularly to small, light-weight portable radiation measurement apparatus. Even more particularly, the present invention relates to a reliable, inexpensive, pocket sized, battery-powered dosimeter that provides an accurate, quantitative, digitally-displayed measure of radiation levels to which the device is exposed, and that can be easily and unobtrusively carried by an individual, e.g., in a shirt pocket.

In many occupations and/or environments, there is a need to monitor radiation levels to which personnel or equipment is exposed. In such instances, it is most useful to know actual (quantitative) radiation dosage. For example, variations and trends in radiation dosage may need to be quickly identified so that appropriate action can be taken, e.g., by removing personnel from areas where radiation is approaching (but not yet at) levels that could be hazardous to one's health; or by taking appropriate corrective action (such as shutting down or adjusting radiation-producing equipment) so that radiation levels are well below safe limits.

Unfortunately, radiation measurement devices of the prior art that provide accurate radiation dosage readings are typically large, expensive, bulky devices that consume more power than is generally available in small, portable, battery-powered devices. Hence, in order to monitor radiation dosages experienced by an ambulatory object, such as a person employed in an area where radioactive devices and/or material are used, it has been necessary to employ passive threshold-detection dosage indicators, i.e., non-power-consuming devices that have an indicator, usually a film, that changes color when exposed to radiation levels above a fixed threshold. Such passive indicators are advantageously light weight and can be easily carried by an individual, e.g., in a pocket or clipped to clothing, but they do not provide a quantitative measure of the radiation dosage. Further, passive indicators must be visually monitored to determine if the fixed radiation threshold has been exceeded. What is needed, therefore, is a light weight dosage indicator that can be carried as easily as the passive dosage indicators of the prior art, but that also provides an accurate quantitative measure of radiation dosage, as well as an audible alarm whenever a preset threshold of radiation dosage has been exceeded.

In order to provide an accurate quantitative measure of radiation dosage, it is known in the art to use a microprocessor within the radiation measurement device. In order to simplify the design of such microprocessor-based radiation apparatus, it is known to use the microprocessor itself to count the pulses from the radiation detector. The problem with this approach is that a microprocessor can accurately count pulses at only a small fraction of its clock frequency. Thus, the microprocessor can either be operated at a low frequency (and hence low power) and accept poor counting performance, or the microprocessor can be operated at a high clock frequency, to provide better counting performance, at the cost of much higher current drain on the battery. Neither choice is acceptable for portable battery-powered radiation apparatus. Hence, it is evident that what is needed is a microprocessor-based radiation measurement device that can operate at low power, yet still be able to accept high count rates.

Further, when microprocessor-based radiation measurement apparatus is employed, some means must be used to load data into such apparatus and read data out of such apparatus. Typically, this is accomplished using a serial communications port implemented with multi-pin connectors (which eventually wear out and fail), or with Light Emitting Diodes (LED's) and Photodetectors (which require an unobstructed optical path and relatively large amounts of power to function). Thus, where a light-weight, low-power microprocessor-based radiation measurement apparatus is employed, some means must be used to reliably enter data into and extract data from the microprocessor at low power levels.

The present invention provides a pocket dosimeter that advantageously addresses the needs identified above, as well as other needs. A "dosimeter" is a device that measures radiation dosage levels, including radiation dosage rates. The pocket dosimeter herein described is light weight and small, about 1/2 the volume of a package of cigarettes, and may easily be carried in a shirt pocket or clipped to one's clothing. It includes a digital readout of the measured radiation dosage, and is able to measure radiation dosage rates over a wide range. It is specifically designed for low-power consumption, thereby allowing it to be powered using a conventional battery.

In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the active pocket dosimeter includes all the essential components for a full-function radiation measurement apparatus. These components include a geiger tube for detecting radiation, a high voltage power supply for providing power to the geiger tube, means for counting geiger pulses generated by the geiger tube, means for processing the geiger pulses to determine the dosage or dosage rate to which the geiger tube has been exposed, and means for displaying the dosage or dosage rates thus determined. Further, an audible alarm is generated whenever the dosage or dosage rate exceeds a programmable threshold. The pocket dosimeter also includes a convenient, reliable and non-physical-contact means for programming or loading input data into the microprocessor, and for reading output data from the microprocessor.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is included within the small, light-weight pocket dosimeter of the invention a regulated micropower high voltage power supply (HVPS). Such a HVPS is needed in order to generate the relatively high voltages, e.g., 550 volts, required for operation of the geiger tube used in the device. Advantageously, such HVPS is fully regulated and generates the high voltages only on demand, i.e., it only consumes power when a feedback circuit senses that its output voltage has dropped below a prescribed setpoint. Further, the HVPS requires very few parts. These parts include a ferrite pot core transformer that steps up an input voltage of around 10 VAC to about 125 VAC. A diode quadrupler then raises the voltage to the desired output value of 550 V. The transformer primary is driven by a pair of exclusive "OR" gates in a configuration which doubles the input excitation so the effective peak-to-peak primary drive is 10 V even though the supply voltage is only 5 VDC. Feedback control is accomplished with a micropower comparator which compares a fraction of the output voltage (obtained with a resistive voltage divider) to a specified reference voltage, and then controls the phase of the primary excitations (0.degree. or 180.degree. ) to provide a regulated high voltage output.

In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, the pocket dosimeter advantageously utilizes a digital counter to count geiger tube pulses, rather than utilizing the microprocessor itself to do such counting. This allows the microprocessor to be clocked at a relatively low frequency (and hence consume less power), yet it still allows high count rates to be detected. In the preferred embodiment, for example, the pocket dosimeter of the present invention includes a microprocessor that is clocked at a low frequency (e.g., a clock frequency of 32,768 Hz, which is equal to an instruction frequency of 8192 Hz.) in order to conserve power. The microprocessor is coupled to a digital counter. The digital counter is configured to perform geiger pulse counting only when it is clocked by a Geiger pulse (i.e., only when it is actively counting), thereby consuming power only when necessary. Advantageously, the digital counter has the capability to count at frequencies up to the MHz range, thereby allowing the pocket dosimeter to detect a wide range of radiation levels.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, the pocket dosimeter further includes a dielectrically coupled communications port. This communications port advantageously allows data to be loaded into the pocket dosimeter's microprocessor and/or memory circuits. Such input data may include, e.g., calibration coefficients. The communications port also allows output data to be extracted from the pocket dosimeter. Such output data may include, e.g., accumulated radiation dosage data and/or maximum dosage rate data. The communications link for extracting data from the pocket dosimeter is established by applying a modulated carrier signal to a set of conductive electrodes on the inside of the pocket dosimeter. The communications link is made by simply bringing the pocket dosimeter in close proximity to a set of matching electrodes in a readout device. To enter data into the pocket dosimeter, the process is reversed. That is, a modulated carrier signal is applied a set of electrodes in a suitable data generating device. These electrodes are then placed in close proximity to the set of conductive electrodes within the dosimeter. Advantageously, the communications link thus provided is a high impedance link and operates continuously on a few .mu.A of current. It is noted that this is not an RF (radio frequency) link. Rather, the data information is transferred via electric field fluctuations (i.e., via capacitive coupling between the sets of electrodes).

Yet another aspect of the invention provides an innovative custom display on the pocket dosimeter that allows flexibility in the information that is displayed, and yet keeps the parts count and power consumption to a minimum. In a preferred embodiment, the display is realized utilizing a 3-digit liquid crystal display (LCD). The desired LCD format for this display is a 3-digit floating point number with 1000X multipliers obtained through use of dosage units of .mu.R, mR or R (corresponding to radiation dosages of microRads, milliRads, or Rads, respectively), and dosage rate units of .mu.R/h, mR/h or R/h (corresponding to dosage rates of microRads/hour, milliRads/hour, and Rads/hour, respectively). As used herein, the abbreviation "R" is used as a shorthand notation for roentgens or rads, as the dosage under either unit may be considered equivalent for purposes of the present invention. To achieve this type of display requires that the ".mu." and "m" prefixes occupy the same physical position on the LCD. While this condition may be routinely achieved with dot matrix displays, the required display drivers become relatively large (with many pins), complex and expensive. Further, such dot matrix displays typically use high multiplexing ratios which provide poor performance at low temperatures. In the pocket dosimeter herein described, this problem is advantageously solved by using just three icons: (1) a first icon that consists of the top and middle leg of the "m"; (2) a second icon that consists of the left and right legs of the "m"; and (3) a third icon that consists of the bottom of the ".mu.". Thus, an "m" is displayed by turning on the first and second icons, and the ".mu." is displayed by turning on the second and third icons. This approach advantageously permits the use a small, 20-pin display driver with a multiplexing ratio of only three (triplex), and provides satisfactory performance down to -20.degree. C.

The pocket dosimeter of the present invention may thus be characterized as including: (1) detecting means for detecting radiation; (2) processing means coupled to the detecting means for determining radiation dosage and dosage rates; (3) display means coupled to the processing means for displaying radiation dosage and dosage rates determined by the processing means; and (4) power means for supplying operating power to the detecting means, processing means, and display means. Advantageously, the power means, detecting means, processing means, and display means are all housed within a housing that is no larger than approximately 70 cm.sup.3 (60 cm.sup.3 in the preferred embodiment). Further, the housing, including the power means, detecting means, processing means, and display means weigh no more than approximately 100 grams (90 grams in the preferred embodiment). To the four basic elements set forth above, the preferred embodiment of the invention further includes audible alarm means for sounding an audible alarm in the event the radiation dosage or dosage rate exceeds a prescribed threshold, and a dielectric communications port to allow data to be downloaded to or uploaded from the processing means.

It is thus a feature of the present invention to provide a portable, light-weight pocket dosimeter that provides an accurate quantitative measure of the radiation dosage to which the device has been exposed, or to the dosage rate to which the device is currently being exposed.

It is another feature of the invention to provide such a pocket dosimeter that may be set to automatically generate an audible alarm whenever the detected radiation dosage or dosage rate exceeds a preselected threshold.

It is still a further feature of the invention to provide such an active pocket dosimeter that is small enough to be easily carried by an individual, e.g., in a shirt pocket, and sufficiently light weight and small to enable it to be carried without being readily noticeable to such individual or others who come in contact with such individual. In accordance with this feature, the pocket dosimeter herein described provides a reduced package volume by a factor of 2 to 10, and a reduced weight by a factor of 2 to 5, over competitive, prior art products intended for the same application.

It is yet an additional feature of the invention to provide a pocket dosimeter that includes the above features and is also designed to minimize power consumption, thereby providing maximum battery life, and to minimize the number of components used therein, thereby providing a minimum size and cost, yet maximum reliability.

Another feature of the invention provides a small, light-weight pocket dosimeter that is powered using conventional batteries, and that provides an increased battery life, and therefore a longer operating time, between battery replacement.

A further feature of the invention provides a small, battery-powered, light-weight pocket dosimeter that is relatively simple in design, low in cost, and reliable in its operation.

The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following more particular description thereof, presented in conjunction with the following drawings and Appendix wherein:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are front and top perspective views, respectively, of a pocket dosimeter made in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the pocket dosimeter;

FIG. 3 illustrates the LCD display, both segments and backplanes, used with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is an electrical schematic diagram of power supply board used with the pocket dosimeter of FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 5A and 5B are an electrical schematic diagram of a digital board used within the pocket dosimeter of FIGS. 1A and 1B; and

Appendix A contains a program listing of the program used to control the CPU in accordance with the best mode presently contemplated for practicing the invention. Appendix A is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The following description is of the best mode presently contemplated for carrying out the invention. This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of describing the general principles of the invention. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the claims.

The dosimeter of the present invention represents what is believed to be a break through in size and performance for electronic dosimeters and ratemeters. This is because the present invention provides a full-featured electronic dosimeter and ratemeter packaged in a very small, light-weight, ruggedized housing.

FIGS. 1A and 1B show front and top perspective views, respectively, of a pocket dosimeter 10 made in accordance with the present invention. Advantageously, the dosimeter 10 is housed within a ruggedized housing 50. In a preferred embodiment, the housing 50 has approximate dimensions of 48 mm wide by 72 mm long by 17 mm deep. The volume of such housing is thus only approximately 60 cm.sup.3. Further, with all components installed, including a single AA battery, the dosimeter 10 weighs less than 90 grams.

For the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, a clip 52 is provided on the back of the housing 50 to allow the dosimeter 10 to be detachably secured to a desired location, e.g., to one's clothing. Because of the small, light-weight nature of the dosimeter 10, it can thus advantageously be secured to an individual in an unobtrusive manner, e.g., much as an employee badge might be secured to an individual.

The dosimeter 10 provides numerous advantages. Basically, however, with reference still being made to FIGS. 1A and 1B, it is noted that in addition to the clip 52, the dosimeter 10 includes an easy-to-access mode control button 54 that allows the user to select a dosimeter mode or a ratemeter mode. Further, an easy-to-read digital display 28 provides a quantitative measure of the radiation dosage or dosage rate to which the unit has been or is being exposed. A backlight button 55 may be depressed to improve, the visibility of the display 28. A suitable radiation sensor is also included within the unit. This radiation sensor receives radiation that passes through the housing 50. Also included in the design of the housing 50 are suitable slot openings 56, preferably hidden between ribs or contour lines molded into the housing 50, that allow an audible alarm, generated by an alarm circuit housed within the housing 50, to be readily heard.

While there are several different types of radiation sensors or detectors that may be used within the dosimeter 10 to sense radiation, the preferred sensor is a Geiger Mueller Tube (GMT). A GMT typically comprises a glass tube enclosing a metal cylinder, often made of copper. A thin metal wire, e.g. of tungsten, passes along the axis of the metal tube. The cylinder and wire are connected through an end wall of the glass tube to a source of electrical voltage. The tube is filled with a gas, usually a mixture of argon and a halogen, at a low pressure, e.g., a few centimeters of mercury. A high voltage, e.g. 500-600 volts, is set up between the cylinder (which functions as the negative electrode or cathode) and the wire (which functions as the positive electrode or anode). This voltage is just a little less than that needed to create an electrical discharge between the two electrodes.

When a photon of sufficient energy interacts with the cathode wall, it creates one or more high energy electrons which, in turn, knock electrons out of the atoms of the gas. These electrons, being negatively charged, are attracted towards the wire anode, and the atoms from which the electrons originated (which become positively charged ions) are attracted towards the cathode. The high voltage established between the anode and cathode creates a high voltage gradient that accelerates the liberated electrons sufficiently to knock further electrons out of atoms, which in turn are accelerated by the high voltage gradient to knock still further electrons out of other atoms, creating an "avalanche" of electrons. As the avalanche of electrons continues, the positive ions are also accelerated towards the cathode wall. Such charged particle motion inside the tube induces a signal charge, detected as a pulse of electric current. The occurrence of this pulse thus indicates that a charged particle (photon) has passed through the tube. The electrical pulses can then be amplified and counted, using appropriate electronic counting circuitry, to provide a user of the GMT a quantitative and/or qualitative measure of the number of photons encountered by the GMT.

A more complete description of the GMT, and some of the problems encountered in utilizing a single GMT to detect a wide range of radiation, may be found in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/553,208, filed Jul. 13, 1990, which application is assigned to the same assignee as is the present application, and which application is incorporated herein by reference.

Referring next to FIG. 2, a block diagram of the pocket dosimeter 10 of the present invention is shown. As seen in FIG. 2, the dosimeter 10 includes a GMT circuit 12 that detects radioactive charged particles as described above. To perform this function, a high voltage, e.g., 550 volts, is generated by a high voltage power supply (HVPS) 14. This high voltage is applied to an anode 13 of the GMT circuit 12 through a resistor R2. The HVPS 14 generates its high output voltage, labeled V.sub.A in FIG. 2, from a supply voltage V.sub.cc. The supply voltage V.sub.cc, in turn, is generated by a low voltage power supply 16. The low voltage power supply 16 generates the supply voltage V.sub.cc from energy stored in a battery 18. In the preferred embodiment, the battery 18 is realized with a conventional 1.5 V alkaline AA-sized battery. One of the remarkable features of the dosimeter 10 is that the 550 volt anode voltage required for operation of the GMT circuit 12 may be derived from the small 1.5 volt battery. The unique design of the HVPS 14, as described below, makes this voltage conversion possible. A conventional AA alkaline battery provides 500-600 hours of continuous operation of the dosimeter. Significantly longer battery life may be obtained by using a lithium battery (in excess of 1000 hours).

The output pulses from the GMT circuit 12 are counted in a pulse counter 20. The count maintained in the pulse counter 20 is monitored by a central processing unit (CPU) system 22. Advantageously, although the CPU system 22 could be configured to perform the counting function, as is known in the prior art, a separate counter 20 is used to allow the CPU system to operate at a relatively low clock speed (and hence consume less power), while still allowing fast count rates to be detected.

Included as part of the CPU system 22 in FIG. 2 is a clock circuit. The clock circuit generates a clock signal that is used to operate the CPU 22 (as well as for use within other circuits of the dosimeter). From this clock signal, for example, a basic alternating signal is derived that is used within the high voltage power supply 14 to provide transformer coupling. Also included in the CPU system 22 is a suitable read only memory (ROM), or equivalent (e.g., programmable ROM, or PROM), for storing a processing program that controls the manner in which the CPU system 22 processes the count data obtained from the counter 20. This processing program determines, for example, whether the CPU 22 operates the dosimeter unit 10 in a dosage mode or a dosage rate mode, as controlled by a manual button, or switch, S1. The switch S1 (button 54 in FIGS. 1A and 1B) is electrically connected to the CPU 22, and thus provides a convenient means for changing the mode of the unit 10.

In addition to the ROM or PROM memory internal to the CPU system 22, additional memory 24 is preferably utilized to store various calibration constants and other control parameters and/or data associated with operation of the dosimeter 10. In order to conserve power, it is preferred that this additional memory 24 be a non-volatile memory. However, it is also preferred that the data stored in the memory 24 be changeable from time to time to allow the dosimeter 10 to be calibrated or as other conditions change. Hence, the preferred type of memory for the memory 22 is an EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory).

To facilitate making changes to the calibration and other data stored in the memory 24, the dosimeter 10 further includes a suitable communications port 30 that allows data to be selectively and non-invasively written to, or read from, the CPU system 22. Because the CPU system 22 is in electrical contact with all of the other circuits used within the dosimeter 10, the communications port 30 thus effectively allows communicative contact, from a location external to the dosimeter, with all of the data generating or data storing circuits therein. Advantageously, the data is transferred through the communications port 30 through dielectric coupling. Hence, no physical contact need be made between an external reading or writing device, shown as a transceiver 31 in FIG. 2, and the dosimeter 10. Rather, all that is required is to align a set of electrodes 33 associated with the transceiver device 31 with a set of electrodes 32 associated with the communications port circuitry 30. A modulated carrier signal is then applied to one of these sets of electrodes (whichever set belongs to the transmitter). A modulated carrier signal is then coupled to the other set of the electrodes (whichever set belongs to the receiver), just as a charge applied to one plate of a capacitor is coupled to the other plate of the capacitor. The coupled modulated charge thus provides a receive signal that is appropriately amplified and demodulated in order to detect the data that has been transferred.

Advantageously, the dielectrically coupled communications link provided between the communications port 30 and an appropriate external transceiver device 31 represents a very high impedance. Such a high impedance communications link may operate continuously on only a few microamperes of current, thereby allowing the dosimeter 10 to consume minimal power even when data is being transferred. It should be noted that this type of communications link is not an RF (radio frequency) link. Rather, the information is coupled from one set of electrodes to the other via electric field fluctuations.

Still referring to the block diagram of FIG. 2, it is seen that the CPU system 22 is further connected to an audio alarm 34. Such an audio alarm generates an audible signal, e.g., a beeping tone, whenever the CPU system 22 determines that certain alarm conditions exist. These alarm conditions include either a dosage or dosage rate in excess of preselected limits, or a low "high voltage" associated with the high voltage power supply (HVPS) 14. In the preferred embodiment, the audio alarm 34 provides a sound level of 85 dBA at a distance of 30 cm. Thus, the alarm can be readily heard by the user of the dosimeter. As seen in FIG. 2, in order to sense when the output voltage of the HVPS 14 is low, a "sense" line is provided between the HVPS 14 and the CPU system 22. This sense line 15 includes a logic signal thereon that varies continuously when the HVPS output level is correct. Inactivity of this logic signal indicates that the HVPS is not regulating properly

The audio alarm may further be used to provide an optional "chirp" readout, that is, an audible indication that radioactive elements have been sensed. In a preferred embodiment, the chirp readout may be set to one beep per preset dosage increment, which preset dosage increment is selectable to be in the range of 6 .mu.R to 100 mR. Such selection is made by coupling the appropriate control parameters to the CPU system 22 for storage in the memory 24 through use of an appropriate external transceiver unit 31.

As also seen in FIG. 2, the CPU system 22 is further coupled to a display driver 26. A suitable display 28, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), is driven by the display driver. Thus, after the CPU system has processed the count from the counter 20 in accordance with a desired operating mode, the results of this processing are sent through the driver 26 for display on the display 28. Advantageously, this display is a digital display, allowing the detected dosage or dosage rate to be readily quantified.

The display driver 26 and display 28, in the preferred embodiment, also display certain alarm conditions, such as RATE or DOSE (for indicating a dosage rate in excess of a set limit, or a dosage in excess of a set limit, respectively). Further, the driver 26 and display 28 include the ability to display an appropriate multiplier symbol and units symbol with the particular reading that is displayed in order to convey a wide range of readings using a minimum number of display elements (and thereby further conserving power and space). Thus, for example, a reading of 1.23 milliRads per hour (corresponding to a dosage rate reading) is displayed as "1.23 mR/h"; whereas a reading of 1.23 microRads (corresponding to a dosage reading) is displayed as "1.23 .mu.R". Similarly, a reading of 1.23 Rads (corresponding to a dosage reading) is displayed as "1.23 R". The "m" and the ".mu." thus represent the preferred multiplier symbol, and the "R/h" or "R" represent the preferred units symbol. The manner in which the multiplier symbol and units symbols are generated is explained more fully below in connection with FIG. 3.

The LCD display 28 is preferably a custom LCD display configured to display at least the information shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows both the segments used in the display 28 (top portion) and the backplanes used with the display (bottom portion). To excite (light up) a particular area or segment of the display, an appropriate pin (P1-P12) of the segments and an appropriate pin (P13-P15) of the backplanes must be coupled to a suitable drive signal, as is known in the LCD display art. As seen in FIG. 3, the display is divided into five areas. A first area displays one of two messages: RATE or DOSE, and includes a battery icon 41. The message RATE flashes whenever the dosage rate alarm has been triggered. The message DOSE flashes whenever the dosage alarm has been triggered.

The battery icon 41 flashes whenever a low battery condition is detected. Further, if an automatic shutdown mode has been selected, which is a selectable option when the initial operating parameters are loaded into the EEPROM 24, the battery icon 41 stays on solid during the automatic shutdown period. The automatic shutdown period may be selected to be as short as a few seconds or as long as several days. Typically, the shutdown period will be selected to be in the range of 8-48 hours. During automatic shutdown, data is detected and stored in the memory of the pocket dosimeter. When a new battery is placed in the dosimeter, this stored data may be downloaded to an external transceiver device 31 (FIG. 2). At the conclusion of the shutdown period, the dosimeter is turned off completely.

A second area of the display 28 shows a 3-digit floating point number representative of the particular measurement that is displayed. Such numbers are displayed using a conventional seven segment display for each digit, plus a decimal point.

A third area of the display 28 shows a multiplication factor. This factor advantageously may assume a symbol representative of ".mu.", "m" or blank, corresponding to a multiplication factor of 10.sup.-6, 10.sup.-3, or 1 respectively. An important feature of the invention permits the display of the .mu. or the m in the same space by selective control of three icons. A first icon 40 comprises the top and middle of the "m". A second icon 42 comprises the sides of the "m" or the ".mu.". A third icon 44 comprises the bottom on the ".mu.". The ".mu." is displayed by rendering visible the icons 42 and 44, i.e., the sides and bottom. The "m" is displayed by rendering visible the icons 40 and 42, i.e., the top and sides.

A fourth area of the display 28 shows the units of the measurement. These units may be either an "R" or an "R/h" for rads, or rads per hour, respectively, depending upon whether a dosage or dosage rate measurement is being displayed

A fifth area of the display, shows the symbol ".gamma.". This symbol flashes once per every geiger pulse that is detected.

Referring next to FIG. 4, there is shown an electrical schematic diagram of one of the two circuit boards used within the pocket dosimeter 10. The board shown in FIG. 4 is referred to as the power supply board and includes the Low Voltage Power Supply 16, the High Voltage Power Supply 14, and the GMT circuit 12 of FIG. 2. It is noted that FIG. 4, as well as the other electrical schematic diagrams presented herein, provide sufficient detail to allow one skilled in the electronic arts to readily understand the operation of and construct the respective circuits. This detail includes device types by generic model or part numbers, including pin numbers of integrated circuits (IC), and component values.

As seen in FIG. 4, the low voltage power supply 16 is realized using a MAX654 integrated circuit (IC), commercially available from MAXIM. This particular IC, identified in FIG. 4 as U1, is basically a DC-to-DC converter, converting the 1.5 volt output voltage from the battery 18, received through pin 6 of connector JP2, to a regulated V.sub.cc supply voltage of 5.0 volts. Inductors L1 and L2 combine with elements internal to the IC to provide voltage transformation via the "flyback" principle. Other types of low voltage power supplies could also be used.

Still with reference to FIG. 4, the anode voltage V.sub.A needed for operation of the GMT circuit 12 is generated by the high voltage power supply (HVPS) 14. As seen in FIG. 4, the HVPS 14 receives oscillating clock signals, XD1 and XD2, through pins 1 and 2 of connector JP2. (Note that connector JP2 on the power supply board of FIG. 4 connects with connector JP1 on the digital board of FIGS. 5A and 5B.) As explained more fully below, these signals XD1 and XD2 are substantially a 5-volt AC square waves.

The signals XD1 and XD2 are respectively connected to the ends of a primary winding of a transformer T1. A secondary winding of the transformer T1 has one end grounded and the other end connected to a coupling capacitor C4. The transformer preferably has a turns ratio between the primary winding and the secondary winding of about 1:35. The coupling capacitor C4 connects the secondary winding of the Transformer T1 to a diode quadrupler circuit, comprised of diodes D1, D2, D3 and D4, and capacitors C1, C2, and C3. The peak voltage output from the diode quadrupler circuit is captured and maintained in an output filter made from resistor R1 and capacitor C5. This captured peak voltage comprises the output voltage V.sub.A from the HVPS 14.

Still referring to FIG. 4, an electrical schematic diagram of the Geiger Muller Tube (GMT) circuit 12 is illustrated. The preferred circuit 12 uses a D3517-02 GMT available from Hamamatsu. Such GMT provides approximately 12 counts per minute (cpm) per milliRad per hour (.apprxeq.12 cpm/(mR/h). The anode voltage V.sub.A is applied to the anode 13 of the GMT 12 through a resistor R2. The cathode 15 of the GMT 12 is connected to the base of pulse shaping NPN transistor Q1 through coupling capacitor C8. Transistor Q1 is biased with resistor R6. The collector terminal of Q1 is connected to pin 8 of connector JP2 and provides a GMT signal (pulse) whenever a photon is detected.

Referring next to FIGS. 5A and 5B, there is shown an electrical schematic diagram of the other board, referred to as the digital board, used within the pocket dosimeter 10. FIG. 5A represents the left half of the digital board schematic, and FIG. 5B represents the right half. The bracketed signal lines A1, A2 and A3 depict the interconnections between the two halves. The digital board includes the remaining elements of the pocket dosimeter 10 shown in FIG. 2 not included on the power supply board shown in FIG. 4.

A clock circuit 23 generates a basic clock signal CK1 that is used by the CPU system 22. As seen in FIG. 5A, this clock circuit includes a crystal X1 that drives one input (on pin 8) of a dual-input NOR gate U3C. The other input of the NOR gate (pin 9) is connected to ground. The output of the NOR gate (pin 10) is applied to one input (pin 12) of a NAND gate U4D. The other input (pin 13) of the NAND gate U4D is connected to V.sub.cc. The output (pin 11) of the NAND gate U4D provides the CK1 signal, which is essentially a 5 volt peak-to-peak AC square wave signal. Positive feedback is provided through resistors R11 and R13 back to the crystal X1. The preferred operating frequency for the clock circuit 23 is 32.768 KHz.

As seen in FIG. 5B, the clock signal CK1 generated by the clock circuit 23 is applied to Exclusive OR gates, U5B and U5C. Exclusive OR gate U5B has inputs at pins 4 and 5, with an output at pin 6. Exclusive OR gate U5C has inputs at pins 9 and 10, with an output at pin 8. The clock signal CK1 is applied to pin 5 of Exclusive OR gate U5B, and to pin 9 of Exclusive OR gate U5C. The other input to Exclusive OR gate U5B (pin 4) is connected to V.sub.CC (e.g., +5 volts), thus making U5B function as a fixed invertor, or 180 .degree. phase shifter. The other input to Exclusive OR gate U5C (pin 10) is connected to a feedback reference signal obtained from the output (pin 1) of a differential comparator U8A (shown in FIG. 5A), thus making U5C function as a feedback controlled invertor, or 180.degree. phase shifter.

The differential comparator U8A functions as a threshold detector, with a reference voltage being applied to its negative (-) input terminal (pin 2), and a voltage HVSENS representative of the output voltage V.sub.A being applied to its positive (+) input terminal (pin 3). The reference voltage applied to the negative input terminal is one half of V.sub.cc, and is obtained through a resistive divider network made up of resistors R4 and R16. The voltage HVSENS is obtained through a resistive dividing network, comprising resistors R5 (FIG. 4) and R15. Capacitors C12 and C17 function to filter the negative input and the positive input, respectively, of the differential comparator U8A. Another capacitor, C16, connected between the output of U8A and the positive input of U8A, functions to provide momentary positive feedback for the differential comparator so that when it starts to change from one state to another, it does so quickly without oscillation.

In operation, and with reference to FIGS. 4, 5A and 5B, a 10 volt peak-to-peak AC square wave signal, comprising XD1 and XD2, is applied to the primary of the transformer T1 through the Exclusive OR gates U5B and U5C only when the output of the Exclusive OR gate U5B (pin 6) is out of phase relative to the output of the Exclusive OR gate U5C (pin 8). When the output of Exclusive OR gate U5B is in phase relative to the output of Exclusive OR gate U5C, there is no net voltage across the primary of transformer T1, i.e., XD1 and XD2 cancel each other out. Thus, application of the 10 volt peak-to-peak signal occurs only when the output (pin 1) of the differential comparator U8A is low. In turn, the output of the differential comparator U8A is low only when the HVSENS voltage applied to its positive input terminal (pin 3) (the voltage representative of the output voltage V.sub.A) is less than the reference voltage applied to its negative input terminal (pin 2). This condition occurs only when the output voltage V.sub.A of the HVPS 14 is less than its desired level, e.g., less than about 550 volts. Hence, only when the output voltage V.sub.A is less than 550 volts is the 10 volt peak-to-peak signal applied to the primary of the transformer T1 i.e., there is no net voltage. (Note that the outputs of the Exclusive OR gates U5B and U5C comprise the signals XD1 and XD2, respectively.) As soon as the output voltage V.sub.A reaches 550 volts, the state of the differential comparator U8A changes (because the voltage applied to the positive input terminal exceeds the reference voltage applied to the negative input terminal) and the CK1 input signal is no longer applied to the primary of the transformer T1. In this manner, the input signal CK1 is thus applied to the transformer T1 only on demand, i.e., only when needed to maintain the output voltage V.sub.A at the desired level. In the preferred embodiment, the transformer T1 may be realized using a ferrite pot core with a primary-to-secondary turns ratio of approximately 1:35.

The GMT pulse signal (obtained from the GMT circuit 12 on the power supply board shown in FIG. 4) is connected to CMOS Schmitt logic gates U4B and U4C (to further shape the pulse generated by the GMT circuit 12), and is eventually connected to the clock input terminal (pin 10) of a pulse counter circuit U6. Pulse counter U6 counts the pulses generated by the GMT circuit 12. In the preferred embodiment, U6 is a conventional CMOS 14-bit Ripple-Carry Binary Counter/Divider, such as a CD4020B IC available from numerous IC manufacturers. Advantageously, these CMOS circuits (both U4 and U6) consume power only when changing from one state to another, i.e., only when a pulse from the GMT circuit is present. The count held in the pulse counter 20 is coupled directly into the CPU system 22.

The CPU System 22 comprises a suitable microprocessor and associated memory for processing the count held in the pulse counter U6 and converting it into an appropriate measure of the radiation dosage or dosage rate. The microprocessor also generates alarm signals whenever the dosage or dosage rate exceeds preset limits. The preferred microprocessor is realized using a COP444C micro-controller U2, available from National Semiconductor. This particular microprocessor is designed by its manufacturer for use in game and automotive controllers. It is used for this application because its onboard resources are barely adequate to meet the control and computational requirements of the dosimeter 10, and there is thus no non-functional circuitry therein that would tend to increase cost or decrease battery life. Advantageously, there is a significant amount of literature available in the art detailing the operation of such microprocessor, thereby enabling one skilled in the art to use such a device for any desired application, such as the one described herein.

It is noted that the microprocessor U2 includes a built-in 2K x 8 ROM, or equivalent memory circuit, for storing an appropriate processing program to control the microprocessor U2 as it performs the desired computations and conversions.

As further seen in FIG. 5B, an EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read only memory) U7 is also connected to the microprocessor system 22. This EEPROM provides a convenient memory wherein certain parameters, utilized by the processing program of the microprocessor U2 as it determines dosage and dosage rates, may be programmably stored. For example, certain calibration constants, or other data, that may change from time to time as the pocket dosimeter 10 performs its measurement functions, may be conveniently stored in the EEPROM U7. In the preferred embodiment, U7 may be realized with an NMC93C06, having a capacity of 256 bits of memory.

The preferred processing program for use with the CPU system 22 as described above is included in Appendix A, filed herewith, and incorporated herein by reference. The processing program of Appendix A includes numerous "comment" statements that make it self-explanatory to one familiar with programming a COP444C or equivalent processor.

Advantageously, using the processing program included in Appendix A, the pocket dosimeter 10 is able to detect and display a wide range of dosages and dosage rates. For example, by employing a dead time correction algorithm, as detailed in Appendix A, dosage rages of 10 .mu.R to 999 R, and dosage rates of 20 .mu.R/h to 500 R/h, can be detected and displayed.

As further seen in FIG. 5B, the communications link 30 is coupled to a set of receive electrodes or plates 36 and 37; and to a set of transmit electrodes or plates 35 and 38. Collectively, these receive and transmit electrodes or plates comprise the electrodes 32 referenced above in connection with FIG. 2. It is to be understood that the electrodes 32 are not actually part of the digital board shown in FIG. 5B, but are rather included as part of the case or housing 50 of the pocket dosimeter 10 (FIG. 1A). These electrodes 32 are then connected through connector JP5 to connector JP4 on the digital board.

As seen in FIG. 5B, the receive electrode 36 is connected (through pin 2 of mating connectors JP4 and JP5) to one input (pin 2) of Exclusive OR gate U5A. A pull-up resistor R10 connects this same input of Exclusive OR gate U5A to V.sub.cc. The other input of Exclusive OR gate U5A (pin 1) is connected to receive electrode 37 through pin 1 of mating connectors JP4 and JP5. This other input is also connected to ground through resistor R9. The output of Exclusive OR gate U5A (pin 3) is filtered through a low pass filter comprising resistor R14 and C15, and is then connected to the "SI" input of the microprocessor U2 and to the "D0" output of the EEPROM U7. It is important to physically isolate the receiver input pins, i.e., pins 1 and 2 of U5A, and all printed circuit board traces connected thereto, as much as possible.

In operation, when data is to be coupled to either the microprocessor system 22 or the EEPROM 24, such data is first capacitively coupled to electrodes 36 and 37 using a suitable transceiver 31, as described above in connection with FIG. 2. As the charge coupled to one electrode, e.g., electrode 36 or 37, changes relative to the charge coupled to the other electrode, a signal transition appears at the output of Exclusive OR gate U5A (pin 3). A series of such signal transitions thus represents the data to be transferred. These signal transitions, i.e., the desired data, are then selectively coupled to either the microprocessor U2 or the EEPROM U7.

As further seen in FIG. 5B, the transmit electrode 38 is connected through pin 5 of mating connectors JP5 and JP4 to the clock signal CK1. The other transmit electrode 35 is connected through pin 4 of connectors JP4 and JP5 to the output (pin 11) of Exclusive OR gate U5D. One input (pin 12) of Exclusive OR gate U5D is also connected to the clock signal CK1. The other input (pin 13) is a signal S.sub.-- OUT. The signal S.sub.-- OUT is obtained from the output (pin 11) of NOR gate U3D. One input (pin 12) of NOR gate U3D is obtained from the output "D0" (pin 28) of the microprocessor chip U2. The D0 output is used as a control bit to selectively disable NOR gate U3D. The other input (pin 13) of NOR gate U3D has data therein to be transmitted via electrode 35. Such data is obtained through NOR gate U3D from either the data output port "D0" (pin 4) of the EEPROM U7, or the data output port "S0" (pin 17) of the microprocessor U2. Hence, either data held in the microprocessor chip U2 or the EEPROM U7 may be selectively sent to the electrode 35, where it may be capacitively coupled to an appropriate transceiver device 31 (FIG. 2).

With reference to FIG. 5A, it is seen that the "D3" signal (obtained from the D3 output of microprocessor U2) is connected to a differential comparator U8B. This differential comparator U8B drives the audio alarm 34 whenever the signal D3 exceeds a reference voltage. The audio alarm 34 may be any suitable alarm or audio device, e.g., a speaker, that generates an audible sound whenever it is driven by an appropriate signal. A preferred alarm generates a beep (or single tone) at a rate controlled by the D3 signal, with a sound level of at least 85 dBA at a distance of 30 cm. An audio alarm device manufactured by, e.g., Motorola under model number 50-5030HOR, may be used for the alarm 34.

The LCD driver 26, as seen in FIG. 5B, is preferably realized with a COP472-3 LCD driver, manufactured by National Semiconductor. This driver 26 is further labeled in FIG. 5B as U9. The driver 26 drives an appropriate LCD display 28. The preferred LCD display is as shown in FIG. 3, discussed previously.

As described above, it is thus seen that the pocket dosimeter of the present invention provides an accurate quantitative measure of the radiation dosage to which the dosimeter is exposed. Further, the measured radiation dosage is displayed in an easy-to-read format. Further, the dosimeter includes audible alarm features the audibly signal, e.g., by issuing a series of audible beeps, whenever a programmable or selectable dosage threshold rate has been exceeded.

As also described above, it is seen that the described pocket dosimeter is small enough to be readily carried by an individual, e.g., in a shirt pocket, and sufficiently light weight and small to enable it to be carried in an unobtrusive manner. The volume associated with the dosimeter described is on the order of 60 cm.sup.3, and the weight is less than 90 grams, including the battery. The battery is a standard size AA alkaline battery and provides 500-600 hours of continuous operation. These specifications provide a significant improvement over competitive, prior art products intended for the same application.

While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of a specific embodiment and application thereof, numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims. ##SPC1##

## Claims

1. Portable dosimeter apparatus for measuring radiation dosage and dosage rates comprising: pulses to be generated at a rate determined by the levels of radiation to which said geiger tube is exposed; processing circuitry including: tube, and quantitative measure of radiation dosage and radiation dosage rates; circuitry for displaying the quantitative measure of the radiation sensed by said geiger tube; and stored in said battery to electrical power suitable for operating said geiger tube, processing circuitry, and display means, said power supply means including: battery to a prescribed low voltage suitable for powering said pulse counting circuit, said processing circuitry, and said display means, and voltage generated by said low voltage power supply circuit to a prescribed high voltage suitable for powering said geiger tube, said high voltage power supply circuit including: ac voltage from said prescribed low voltage generated by said low voltage power supply circuit, said first terminal being coupled to said first ac voltage and said second terminal being coupled to said second ac voltage, said transformer further having a second winding having a turns ratio relative to said primary winding of N, comparing an output voltage generated by said high voltage power supply circuit to a reference voltage and for adjusting said first ac voltage in a way that causes said output voltage to be maintained at said prescribed high voltage; said feedback control means adjusting said first ac voltage such that the phase of the first ac voltage relative to the second ac voltage varies as a function of the comparison between said output voltage and said reference voltage, multiplying the voltage appearing at said secondary winding by a prescribed factor in order to generate said output voltage, and voltage multiplier circuit and providing said output voltage to said geiger tube.

2. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said means for counting the number of geiger pulses comprises a pulse counting circuit configured to count and store the number of geiger pulses generated by said geiger tube.

3. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein said means for converting the number of geiger pulses into a quantitative measure of radiation dosage and radiation dosage rates comprises: circuit having a processing program stored therein for controlling a processing sequence carried out by said microprocessor circuit, said processing sequence causing said microprocessor circuit to convert the stored number of geiger pulses obtained from said pulse counting circuit to a measure of radiation dosage and radiation dosage rate.

4. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 3 further including high impedance communication port means within said housing for dielectrically coupling data signals to and from said microprocessor circuit.

5. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 3 wherein said microprocessor circuit operates at a low clock rate that promotes low power consumption, and said pulse counting circuit is configured to consume power only when counting a geiger pulse, the energy stored in said battery being able to continuously power said portable dosimeter for a period of at least 500 hours.

6. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 3 wherein said processing program is sufficiently compact to permit it to be stored in no more than 2 kbytes within said memory circuit.

7. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said ac voltage generating means includes first and second dual-input exclusive OR gates, each exclusive OR gate having an output terminal that outputs the first and second ac voltages respectively, and connects these voltages to the respective terminals of said primary winding, each exclusive OR gate further having an input terminal connected to receive a clock signal, the second exclusive OR gate having another input terminal connected to said prescribed low voltage, the first exclusive OR gate having another input terminal connected to said feedback control means, whereby said feedback control means controls the phase of the first ac voltage relative to the second ac voltage coupled to the respective terminal of the primary winding of said transformer.

8. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said prescribed low voltage comprises a voltage of approximately 5 volts, and said prescribed high voltage comprises a voltage of approximately 550 volts.

9. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said display means comprises a digital display circuit adapted to display at least a 3-digit floating point number with a multiplier symbol, said multiplier symbol comprising one of two symbols, a first symbol representing a ".mu." symbol, and a second symbol representing a "m" symbol, said .mu. and m symbols being displayable on a single digit display by selectively energizing two of three icons, a first icon comprising the top and middle leg of the "m", a second icon comprising the left and right legs of the "m", and a third icon comprising the bottom of the ".mu.", whereby an "m" is displayed by energizing said first and second icons, and a ".mu." is displayed by energizing said second and third icons.

10. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 1 further including audible alarm means for generating an audible alarm in the event a selected one of said measure of radiation dosage or radiation dosage rate exceeds a preselected threshold.

11. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 10 wherein said alarm means is for further generating an audible alarm in the event said prescribed high voltage generated by said high voltage power supply circuit changes by more than a prescribed amount.

12. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said high voltage power supply circuit includes regulating means for regulating said prescribed high voltage to within .+-.5% of a specified high voltage.

13. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said display means includes a liquid crystal display (LCD) affixed to said housing, and an LCD driver circuit, said LCD driver circuit including means for driving selected portions of said LCD so that at least a three digit floating point number with automatic ranging through the units of either microRads, milliRads or Rads, or microRads/h, milliRads,/h or Rads/h, may be selectively displayed.

14. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 13 wherein said LCD driving means is for further displaying respective symbols representing either a ".mu." or an "m" on the same location of said LCD, said .mu. and m symbols being displayable by through selective display of two of three icons, a first icon comprising the top and middle leg of the "m", a second icon comprising the left and right legs of the "m", and a third icon comprising the bottom of the ".mu.", whereby an "m" is displayed by display of the first and second icons, and a ".mu." is displayed by display of the second and third icons.

15. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 1 further including audible alarm means for generating an audible alarm in the event the radiation dosage or dosage rates exceed a prescribed threshold.

16. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 15 wherein said processing circuitry includes being indicated whenever the determined radiation dosage exceeds a preselected dosage threshold, and a second alarm condition being indicated whenever the determined radiation dosage rate exceeds a preselected dosage rate threshold; alarm; on said display means, indicating the occurrence of said first alarm condition; and displayed on said display means, indicating the occurrence of said second alarm condition.

17. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 16 wherein said processing circuitry further includes means for detecting a low battery condition and signaling such condition on said display means.

18. The portable dosimeter apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said battery comprises a battery having a voltage of approximately 1.5 volts.