**Page 1**  **VOLUME 2 Monographs:**  **Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel** List of monographs : 1. **Açaí** , Euterpe oleracea Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 2. **Acerola** , Malpighia emarginata DC., (Malpighiaceae) 3. **African plum** , Vitex doniana Sweet, (Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) (also placed in Verbenaceae)) 4. **Agritos** , Berberis trifoliolata Moric., (Berberidaceae) 5. **Alm ondette**  , Buchanania lanzan Spreng., (Anacardiaceae) 6. **Am barella**  , Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson, (Anacardiaceae) 7. **Apak palm** , Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 8. **Appleberry** , Billardiera scandens Sm ., (Pittosporaceae) 9. **Arazá** , Eugenia stipitata McVaugh, (Myrtaceae) 10. **Arbutus Berry** , Arbutus unedo L., (Ericaceae) 11. **Babaco** , Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badill o) V. M. Badillo, (Caricaceae) 12. **Bacaba palm** , Oenocarpus bacaba Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 13. **Bacaba**
**- de** 
**- leque**  , Oenocarpus distichus Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 14. **Bayberry, Red** , Morella rubra Lour., (Myricaceae) 15. **Bignay** , Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae)) 16. **Bilimbi** , Averrhoa bilimbi L., (Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae)) 17. **Breadnut** , Brosimum alicastrum Sw ., (Moraceae) 18. **Cabeluda** , Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff, (Myrt aceae) 19. **Cajou (pseudofruit),** Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl., (Anacardiaceae) 20. **Cambucá** , Marlierea edulis Nied., (Myrtaceae) 21. **Carandas**
**- plum**  , Carissa edulis Vahl, (Apocynaceae) 22. **Carob** , Ceratonia siliqua L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae)) 23. **Cashew (pseudofruit),** Anacardium occidentale L., (Anacardiaceae) 24. **Ceylon iron wood** , Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard, (Sapotaceae) 25. **Ceylon olive** , Elaeocarpus serratus L., (Elaeocarpa ceae) 26. **Cherry**
**- of** 

**- the** 
**- Rio** 
**- Grande**  , Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaersk., (Myrtaceae) 27. **Chinese olive, black** , Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai& Yakovlev, (Burseraceae) 28. **Chinese olive, white** , Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch., (Burseraceae) 29. **Chirauli**
**- nut**  , Buchanania latifolia Roxb., (Anacardiaceae) 30. **Ciruela verde** , Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC., (Malpighiaceae) 31. **Cocoplum** , Chrysobalanus icaco L., (Chrysobalanaceae) 32. **Date** , Phoenix dactylifera L., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 33. **Davidson's plum** , Davidsonia pruriens F. Mu ell., (Cunoniaceae (also placed in Davidsoniaceae)) 34. **Desert**
**- date**  , Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile, (Zygophyllaceae (also placed in Balanitaceae)) 35. **Doum palm coconut**  , Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 36. **False sandalwood** , Ximenia americana L., (Olacaceae) 37. **Feijoa** , Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret, (Myrtaceae) 38. **Fig** , Ficus carica L., (Moraceae) 39. **Fragrant Manjack** , Cordia dichotoma G. Forst., (Boraginaceae) 40. **Gooseberry, Abyssinian** , Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb., ( Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)) 41. **Gooseberry, Ceylon** , Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb., (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)) 42. **Gooseberry, Indian** , Phyllanthus emblica L., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae)) 43. **Gooseberry, Otaheite** , Ph yllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae))**Page 2** 

44. **Governor's plum** , Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr., (Salicaceae ( also placed in Flacourtiaceae)). Also includes **Plum of Martinique** , Flacourtia inermis , (Salicaceae (also pl aced in Flacourtiaceae)); **Rukam** , Flacourtia rukam , (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)) and **Indian Plum** , Flacourtia jangomas , (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae)) 45. **Gru michama**  , Eugenia brasiliensis Lam, (Myrtaceae) 46. **Guabiroba** , Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg, (Myrtaceae) 47. **Guava** , Psidium guajava L., (Myrtaceae) [ Includes by crop definition : 48. **Guava berry** , Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae) 49. **Guava, Brazilian** , Psidium guineense Sw

. 50. **Guava, Cattley** , Psidium cattleianum Sabine, (Myrtaceae) . Also includes **Guava, purple strawberry** , Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum , (Myrtaceae); **Guava, yellow strawberry** , Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg., (Myrtaceae) and **Gu ava, strawberry**  , Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg, (Myrtaceae) 51. **Guava, Costa Rican** , (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.) 52. **Guava, Para** , Psidium acutangulum DC., (Myrtaceae) 53. **Guayabillo** , (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nie d.) 54. **Illawarra plum** , Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl., (Podocarpaceae) 55. **Imbé** , Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson, (Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae)) 56. **Imbu** , Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost., (Anacardiaceae) 57. **Jaboticaba** , Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae) 58. **Jam aica** 
**- cherry**  , Muntingia calabura L., (Muntingiaceae, ((also placed in Elaeocarpaceae, Tiliaceae)) 59. **Jam bolan**  , Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, (Myrtaceae) 60. **Jelly palm** , Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 61. **Jujube, Chinese** , Ziziphus jujuba Mill., (Rhamnaceae) 62. **Jujube, Indian** , Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., (Rhamnaceae) 63. **Kaffir**
**- plum**  , Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss, (Anacardiaceae) 64. **Kakadu plum** , Terminalia latipes Benth. Subsp. psilocarpa Pedley, (Com bretaceae) 65. **Kapundung** , Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae)) 66. **Karanda** , Carissa carandas L. 67. **Kwai m uk**  , Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth., (Moraceae) 68. **Lemon aspen** , Acronychia acidula , (Rutaceae) 69. **Man gaba**  , Hancornia speciosa Gomes, (Apocynaceae) 70. **Marian plum** , Bouea macrophylla Griff., (Anacardiaceae) 71. **Mom bin, Malayan**  , Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz, (Anacardiaceae) 72. **Mom bin, purple**  , Spondias purpurea L., (Anacardiaceae) 73. **Mom bin, yellow**  , Spondias mombin L., (Anacardiaceae) 74. **Monkeyfruit** , Artocarpus lacucha Buch.

- Ham ., (Moraceae) 75. **Monos plum** , Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel, (Myrtaceae) 76. **Mountain cherry** , Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth, (Malpighiaceae) 77. **Nance** , Byrsonima crassif olia (L.) Kunth, (Malpighiaceae) 78. **Natal plum** , Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC, (Apocynaceae) 79. **Noni** , Morinda citrifolia L., (Rubiaceae) 80. **Olive** , Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea , (Oleaceae) 81. **Papaya, Mountain** , Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC., (Caricaceae) 82. **Patauá** , Oenocarpus bataua Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 83. **Peach Palm** , Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes , (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)) 84. **Persimmon, black**, Diospyros texana Scheele, (Ebenaceae) 85. **Persimmon, Japanese** , Diospyros kaki Thunb., (Ebenaceae) 86. **Pitom ba**  , Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)**Page 3** 

87. **Pom erac**  , Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, (Myrtaceae) 88. **Rambai** , Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg., (Phyllanthaceae) 89. **Rose apple** , Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, (Myrtac eae) 90. **Rumberry** , Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh, (Myrtaceae) 91. **Sea grape** , Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L., (Polygonaceae) 92. **Sentul** , Sandoricum koetjape (Burm . F.) Merr., (Meliaceae) 93. **Sete**
**- capotes**  , Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae) 94. **Silver aspen** , Acronychia wilcoxiana , (Rutaceae) 95. **Starfruit** , Averrhoa carambola L., (Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae)) 96. **Surinam cherry** , Eugenia uniflora L., (Myrtaceae) 97. **Tam arind**  , Tamarindus indica L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae)) 98. **Uvalha** , Eugenia pyriformis , (Myrtaceae) 99. **Water apple** , Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston, (Myrtaceae) 100. **Water pear** , Syzygium guineense , ( Myrtaceae ) 101. **Water berry**  , Syzygium cordatum , (My rtaceae) 102. **Wax jambu** , Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry, (Myrtaceae)**Page 4** 

1. **A çaí**  [ ( assai palm, cabbage palm, pinot, Kohlpalme, açaí

- do

- Pará, açaizeiro, palmiteiro, palmito

- açaí , uaçaí, assaí , asaí, euterpe (GRIN))] Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Euterpe oleracea Mart. [(sy n: Euterpe badiocarpa Barb. Rodr. (GRIN)] 2. A tall, slow

- growing, slender palm tree that reaches a height of 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 feet)

. The tree suckers at the base, resulting in large clusters of trunks (25 or more per tree)

. Trunk s are 7 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) in diameter. Aerial roots are found on trees growing in swampy areas. Açaí is i ndig enous to the Amazon rainforest. The crown contains 8 to 14 l eaves that are long pinnate and 2 to 4 meters (7 to 13 feet) long

. Leaf bases are tightly sheathing and form a crown shaft that is green, yellow, red or purple in color. Each leaf contains 50 to 62 widely spaced leaflets that are pendulous o n the rachis and reach 1 meter (3 feet) in length. The inflorescence emerge s f r om below the crown shaft, contains a central rachis and ap proximately 54 lateral branches and reaches 1 meter (3 feet) long. Branches are covered with light brownish

-white hai rs. E ach branch bears clusters of two male flowers and one female flower. Terminal branches contain male flowers. M ale flowers are purplish and 0.4 5 by 0.27 centimeters ( 0.2 by 0.1 inch) in size. F emale flowers are purple to light brown and 0.3 2 by 0.26 cent imeters (0.2 by 0.1 inch) in size. Both male and female flowers are unstalked. Pollination is by small bees, flies and beetles. The small, round , 1 to 2 c m (0.4 to 0.8 inch) in diameter fruit is a drupe that contains a single large seed surroun ded by stringy fibrous sheaths and a thin oily coating. Immature fruit are green and ripens to dark purple when mature

. Some fruit are green at maturity and are known as white a çaí

. Four to eight bunches of fruit are produced each year per trunk. The fruit skin is smooth and shiny. T he fruit pulp is creamy to oily and sweet . The flavor resembles raspberries, blac kberries , or nuts with a metallic aftertaste. This f ruit is a major food resource in tropical America. Old trunks are removed for palm cabbage; the tree is the main source of palm hearts. Other uses include ornamental use; medicinal purposes; ink, dye and wood for house construction (RAIN

- TREE, PERENNIAL , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK , TOP

- TROPI CALS )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs year

-round. Fruits are produced year

-round ; ripe fruits are produced most ly in the dry season in July to December . Fruit production occurs in 4 years from seed ( RAIN

- TREE , JANICK)

. b. Cultivation : Grows best in t ropical flooded lowlands under shady rainforest ca nopies; tolerates firm land

. Forms extensive stands in swampy forests, the Amazon estuary, and along rivers in the rainforest. Also grows close to the coast. Prefers organic acidic soil, high humidity, and warm tropical climates where the temperature does not drop below 10 ° C (50 ° F) . Not tolerant of dry conditions. Propagation is by seed. Seeds should be air

- dried for several days after being removed from the fruit and stored in plastic bags at room temperature for a short period of time. Germination occurs in 4 to 8 weeks. Fruit is obtained from wild populations ; t o harvest the fruit, humans climb the tree, cut the inflorescence and extract the pulp by hand or machine (PERENNIAL , JANICK)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: S t ap le food for inhabitants of the lower Amazon region where it is purchased from local acai fruit market s and businesses that process the fruit ; palm hearts purchased fr om markets all over the world; acai fruit drinks, powdered juice extracts, tablets , frozen pulp and energy bars are sold in health food markets in the United States , Europe and online ; fruit and juice is highly perishable (RAIN

- TREE , JANICK)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit can be consumed fresh; the main use of acai is prep aration of a juice obtained by soaking ripe fruits in water to soften the thin outer shell. Fruits are then squeezed and the large seeds strained out to produce a dense purple liquid ; processed into ice cream , liquor, mousses, sweets and pastries. People of the lower Amazon River mix the fruit with cassava flour or rice

. Can be made into syrup or sauce ; baked

. P ulp is frozen (RAIN

- TREE , JANICK , PERENNIAL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , TOP

- TROPICALS )

.**Page 5** 

e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit pulp is high in cal ories because of starch and sugar content; good source of vitamin A. C a lcium, phosphorus and iron contents are significant

. Source of fiber, protein, and omega - 3 fatty acids. Frui t contains traces of sulfer, vitamin B1 , anthocyanins, phytonutrients and phenolics; source of antioxidants (PERENNIAL , JANICK , TOP

- TROPICALS )

. f. Medicinal aspects: M any Brazilian medicinal uses; health drink in the United States . It is believed to contain antioxidant, antibacterial, anti

- inflammatory and antimutagenic properties. A ids the cardiovascular system and serves as a source of fiber for a healthy digestive system (RAIN

- TREE , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , TOP

- TROPICALS )

. g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: None (GRIN)

. 5. Other commercial production regions: Panama, Caribbean, Northern and Western South America, Brazil, Ecuador ; introduced into India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and elsewhere . One stem produces approximately 4 to 8 fruiting stems annually; one stem produces 16 to 32 kilograms (35 to 70 pounds) of fruit. Approximately 4,000 ha (9,884 acres) of açaí forest in Brazil produced 7 tonnes (7.7 tons) of pure and sweetened pulp for export to the U.S. in 2000 (PERENNIAL , GRIN , JANICK)

. 6. Us e: O rnamental, beverage base, fruit, oil/fat, vegetable, medicinal purposes ; palm cabbage; palm hearts; wood, ink, dye (RAIN

- TREE , GRIN)

. 7. Part (s) of plant consumed: Fruit eat en fresh or processed; o ld trunks used for palm cabbage; p alm hearts (RAIN

- TREE)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellanceous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop D efinition: None. 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, RAIN

- TREE, PERENNIAL , JANICK , TOP

- TROPICALS

. 11. Production Map: No entry. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: ETQOL**Page 6**  **003** 1

. **Acerola** [ ( acerola, Bardados cherry, Cere za , Garden cherry, Native cherry, French cherry , West Indian

- cherry, cerise

- de

- C ay enne , cerisier de Barbade , cerisier des Antilles , Barbadoskirsche , westindische Kirsche , cerejeira

- das

-Atilhas , grosella (GRIN , MARKLE ) ) ] Malpighiaceae Malpighia emarginata DC. [ (syn: Malpighia punicifolia auct. , Malpighia retusa Benth. (GRIN)] 2. A l arge , bushy evergreen small tree or shrub growing up to 6 meters (20 feet) tall and wide

. Native to the Caribbean, Central America, or Northern South America. The trunk diameter is 10 ce ntimeters (4 inches)

. Branches are minutely hairy , contain many lenticels, and can be erect or spreading and drooping. The tree may have a semi

-prostrate, co mpact, upright or open growth habit. L eaves are simple, entire, opposite, elliptical, oblong, obovate, oval, ovate or narrowly ob lanceolate in shape and 2

- 7 centimeters ( 0.75 to 2.75 inches) lon g by 2.5 to 3.8 centimeters (1 to 1.5 inches) wide ; young leaves and petioles are hairy ; mature leaves are dark green and hairless

. Pink, lavender or white flowers are borne in clusters in leaf axils on new terminals and on lateral spurs. Each flower c ontains 5 petals, 10 stamens; flowers range in size from 2.0 to 2.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) wide

. Pollination is by insects. Bright

-red, orange

-red, or deep purplish red fruit cherry

- like, obl ate to round in shape, 3

- lobed, 1 to 3.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1 .4 inch) wide and 3 to 10 grams (0.1 to 0.4 ounce) in we ight

. T he skin is thin, delicate , s mooth and glossy. Pulp is yellow to orange in color, juicy , and acid to subacid. Individual fruit contain three smal l, r ounded to triangular ridged stones that may contain seed s
. Fruit is borne singly or in 2’s or 3’s. Fruit is eaten fresh or proce ssed into puree and juice; high in vitamin C content (MARKLE, PERENNIAL, MORTON , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: The f

ruiting season varies with the weather

. Flowering occurs in cycles, approximately one month apart and begins in March and extends into November or later. Flowering depends on rainfall and temperature patterns. F ruits ripen in 3 to 4 weeks from flower set ( MORTON, MARKLE , TRADE WINDS , JANICK)

. b. Cultivation : Requires h ot t r o pical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Rainfall of 175 centimeters (69 inches) per year is beneficial to growth and fruiting. Temperatures of 15 to 32 ° C (59 to 90° F) are benefi cial. Thrives in warm climates at sea level

. Tolerant of seasonal dry periods and a variety of well

- drained soils

. Not tolerant of f rost and temperatures below 7 ° C (45 ° F) for long periods of time. Shading increases leaf size and decre ases ascorbic acid levels in fruit. Cross

-pollination is n eeded for good fruit production

. Propagation is by seed, cutting s, layering and grafting. Seeds are not recommended for production purposes, since there is high genetic variability. Propagation by cuttings is more preferred. Cuttings should be 20 to 25 centimeters (8 to 10 inches) long and 0.64 to 1.3 centimeters (0.3 to 0.5 inch) in diameter. W ith rooting hormo ne, cuttings root in 6 weeks . Transplanting is done during the rainy season. Plants should be spaced 3.7 by 4.6 meters (12 by 15 fee t) to 5.5 by 5.5 meters (18 by 18 feet) and fertilized with 15 grams (0.5 ounce) of a complete fertilizer. The tree can be pruned and trained to a single trunk. Irrigation is required for proper growth and fruiting. Currently, the plant is not heavily cultivated. Fruit is highly perishable and easily bruised. Ripe fruit and fruit turning color should be harvested every other day (PERENNIAL , JANICK)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: Natural food outlets around the world promote vitami n C products f

rom acerola including powder, tablets, capsules, juice an d syrup; sold in baby foods in Puerto Rican markets; frozen fruits shipped to the United States for processing; no commercial production of fresh fruits; f ruits bruise easily and a

re highly perishabl e (MORTON, TRADE WINDS)

.**Page 7** 

d. Preparation for cooking: Eaten fre sh out of hand locally ; fruits cooked with sugar and strained to remove seeds before using as a sauce, puree, syrup, jam , jelly or juice . Cold

- or hot

-pressed juice may be frozen and made i nto fruit punch or added to other juices. Juice is also used to prevent oxidation of fruit used in salads. Fruit should be processed, frozen or refrigerated immediately (MORTON , JANICK)

. e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit are high in vitamin C and provide a fair source of provitamin A; low in B vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin, calcium, phosphorus, iron and niacin (MORTON , JANICK)

. f. Medicinal aspects: Used by locals to cure common colds, liver ailments and dysentery; health drink and supplement (MORTON)

. g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Some commercial plantings in Puerto Rico ( 202 hectares ( 500 acres ) , 1980 ) and Hawaii (no current data) and Florida . Some plants in Hawaii produce 23 to 32 kilograms (51 to 71 pounds) of fruit per tree per year. In Puerto Rico, 4

-year - old single trees yield 14 to 28 kilograms (31 to 62 pounds) per season (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK)

. 5. Other commercial production regions: Central Mexico , South America including Brazil , Barbados, Central America, Taiwan, the Caribbean , and the Windward Islands ; w idely cultivated in the tropics . An orchard of 200 trees produces 2,722 to 4,082 kilograms (6,000 to 9,000 pounds) of fruit per year (GRIN , JANICK)

. 6. Use: Fruit is used mainly for juic e, jelly, puree and powder; medicinal purposes ; eaten fresh (TRADE WINDS , MARKLE, GRIN)

. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit are processed (extracted or canned) (MARKLE)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellanceous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0287 (Barbados cherry) and FT 4095) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: Guava = acerola 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, FFVIM, PERENNIAL, MORTON, PLANTS DATABASE , TRADE WINDS , JANICK

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13 ( PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: MLP PU ( listed as Malpighia punicifolia L.)**Page 8** 

1. **Af rican plum**  [(black plum (GRIN))] Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae). Also p l aced in: Verbenaceae Vitex doniana Sweet [(syn: Vitex cienkowskii Kotschy & Peyr., Vitex cuneata Thonn. (GRIN)] 2. A medium

- sized deciduous , nitrogen

- fixing tree growing 8 to 20 meter s (26 to 66 feet) high . The tree contains a dense, rounded crown

. Native to the hot, tropical climate of Africa. The b ark is pale brown to grayish white with vertical fissures. Leaves are thick, leathery, dark green, opposite, glabrous, and 14 to 34 centimeters ( 5.5 to 13 inches) long . Each leaf contains 5 leaflets on stalks 6

- 14 centimeters (2 to 5.5 inches) long. Leaflets are entire, ovate, obovate

- elliptic or oblong in shape, contain rounded tips, and range in size from 8 to 22 centimeters (3 to 9 inches) long by 2 to 9 centimeters (0.8 to 3.5 inches) wide. Flow ers are white and tinged purple and occur in dense opposite and axillary cymes

. F ruit ar e oblong, up to 3 cm (1.2 inches) long, and turn from green to purplish

-black as they ripen. The skin is smooth and shiny. The pulp is starchy black. Each fruit contains one hard conical seed that measures 1.5 to 2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) long and 1 to 1.2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.5 inch) wide . Fruit is sweet and tastes li ke prunes. Fruit c an be candied, made into jam or eaten fresh ; leaves, pods, and seeds are used for fodder; leaves are used in cooking; roots and fruit are used for medicinal purposes; bark is used for dye; wood is used for construction purposes and fuel . Grown around home s (AGROFORESTRY , FAMINE , PERENNIAL , FAO , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. S eason: Flowering occurs from Au gust through November; f ruiting occurs January to April (FAO )

. b. Cultivation: Found in fields , coastal deciduous woodlands, savannah, secondary forests, dry forests, riverine forests, lowland forests, fallows, alluvial soils , and wetter areas at low elevations in Western and Eastern Africa

. Fl ourishes from sea level to 1,850 meters (6,070 feet)

. Requires a high water table, a mean annual temperature of 1 0 to 30 ° C (50 to 86 ° F) , and a mean annual rainfall of 75 to 200 cent imeters (30 to 79 inches) . T olerates a variety of soil conditions

. Propagation methods include wildlings, seed, coppi ce, and root suckers; seeds require a long time to germinate; fire may help break the seed coat . Pruning and coppicing aid tree shape (FAO , JANICK)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Children mostly collect and consume the fruit , but adults also consume fruits during food shortages; fruit is occasi onally sold in African markets (FAMINE, FAO , PERENNIAL)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit pulp can be eaten raw, candied, or prepared into jam o r wine; in certain areas, fruit are cooked before co nsumption during food shortages . Leaves are used as an herb in cooking (FAMINE, AGROFORESTRY , JANICK)

. e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit contains vitamins A and B (AGROFORESTRY)

. f. Medicinal aspects: Leaves, fruit, and roots used for numerous purposes in Africa including anemia, backaches, eye problems and gonorrhea . Fruit es pecially are used to aid fertility and treat jaundice, leprosy and dysentery (FAO , JANICK)

. g. Crop Photos: 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN )

. 5. Other commercial production regions: Northeast Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa, West

- Central Tropical Africa, West and East Tropical Africa, South Tropical Africa; found elsewhere in tropical Africa ; no yield data is available (GRIN)

. 6. Use: ornamental, wood, fruit , medicinal purposes, mulch, fuel, fodder ; bark is used for dye; wood is used for construction purposes (FAO , GRIN)

. 7. Part(s) of plant co nsumed: Leaves, pods, seeds, roots, fruit (raw or processed) (FAO)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

.**Page 9** 

9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible p eel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for Group 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, AGROFORESTRY, FAMINE, PERENNIAL, FAO , JANICK

. 11. Production Map: No entry. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry

.**Page 10**  1. **Agritos** [ (currant

- of

- Texas, agarito, algerita (GRIN))] Berberidaceae Berberis trifoliolata Moric. [(syn: Mahonia trifoliolata (Moric.) Fedde (GRIN) ) ] 2. Evergreen shrub growing to 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 ft .). Grows in southern Arizona, southern New Mexico , Texas, and Mexico on rocky limestone flats and slopes in full sun. H ardy to zone 6. Bark is gre y to reddish

-brown and exfoliating. Stiff, erect branches with spiny, holly

- like, gr e y - gr een alternate trifoliolate leaves

. Leaflets are spiny lanceolate

- oblong to elliptic and are found in three ’s , jo ined at a central point. Fragrant y ellow f

lowers are borne in few

- flowered racemes
. Fruit is a subglobose to globose bright red berry, 0.8 to 1.2 cm (0.3 to 0.5 inch) in diameter. The skin is smooth and shiny. Pulp is acidic and contains one to several seeds. Uses include wine and jelly from the berries, medicinal purposes from the ro ots, yellow dye from the roots and wood, a coffee substitute from the seeds, and an eff ective hedge or barrier plant ( PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, TEXAS, FED )

. 3. Crop Data: a. S eason: Flowers bloom from February through April; f ruit immediately follows in summer (TEXAS )

. b. Cultivation: Propagation is by seed, suckers, and leaf cuttings in autumn. Agarito grows in a variety of habitats including flat pastureland, lower alluvial flats, ephemeral drainage channels, mesa sides, and dry, stony hills. Itp refers a semiarid climate with plenty of sun and a variety of dry, well

- drained soils (FED)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Although not commercially available, b erries are widely consumed in Texas and made into jelly, baked goods, and drinks (NATURE

-AGARITA)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Whole b erries consumed raw or process ed into jelly and wine; seeds roasted and used as a coffee substitute (FED)

. e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit, roots and leaves contain berberine and other alkaloids that are p oisonous in high concentrations (FED)

. f. Medicinal aspects: Roots and rhizomes traditionally used to treat toothaches and stomach ailments; used as an antibacterial, antitumor, and tonic (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE; FED)

. g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: New Mexico, Texas, Arizona ; no yield data is available (GRIN)

. 5. Other commercial production re gions: Northern Mexico ; no yield data is available (GRIN)

. 6. Use: fruit, harmful organism host (crop diseases) ; wine, jelly, medicinal purposes, dye , coffee substitute, ornamental (FED , GRIN)

. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole berry, seeds, roots (FED)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for Group 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, ( PLANTS DATABASE) , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, TEXAS, FED, NATURE

- AGARITA

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region s 6, 8, 9, 10 ( PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: MAHTR ( listed as Mahonia trifoliolata (MORIC.) FED )**Page 11**  1. **Almondette** [ ( chirauli

-nut , chirauli

-nut

- tree, cheronjee, chironji (GRIN))] Anacardiaceae Buchanania lanzan Spreng. 2. M edium

- size evergreen tree that grows 10 to 15 meters (33 to 49 ft.) tall . Grows in the dry, deciduous tropical forests of India , Burma, and Malaya . Branches are hairy ; the bark i s rough, dark grey or black and fissured with prominent squares. The trunk is straight and cylindrical. The dark green l eaves are broadly oblong with a rounded base and measure 8 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) b y 4 to 12.5 centimeters (1.6 to 5 inches)

. Small f

lowers are axillary and on 5 to 15 centimeter (2 to 6 inch) long terminal panicles. Individual flowers are 0.6 centimeters (0.2 inch) in di ameter and contain 4 to 5 greenish

-white petals

. Fruit is a hard, gre y to black round drupe with a single seed that rang es in size from 0.7 to 1.5 centimeters (0.3 to 0.6 inch) in diameter. The skin is smooth. Both the pulp and seed are widely consumed in India and are considered one of the country’s most delicious wild fruit

. The s eed is roasted and used as a substitute for almond. O il produced from the seed is used as an olive or almond oil substitute. The bark yields tannin, wood is used for firewood, leaves are used as fodder, and all parts of the tree contain medicinal purposes (PERENNIAL, MEDICINAL , JANICK , ALMONDETTE)

. 3. Cro p Data: a. S eason: Fl owering occurs from January to March and harvesting occurs April to Ju ne (JANICK)

. b. Cultivation: Fruits are grown in the hot topical

-monsoon climate in dry, open deciduous tropical forests containing yellow sandy

- loam soils. Grown up to an elevation of 500 meters (1,640 feet). Propagation is by seed , rooting cuttings and tissue culture . Fallen ripe fruit are collected; the tree may be cut down to obtain the fruit ( PERENNIAL , JANICK)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fallen ripe fruits are collecte d from the wild in India (JANICK)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit pulp is eaten fresh or dried; seeds are a substitute for almonds and are roasted or used in baking; oil from the seed is used as an olive or almond oil sub stitute. Fr om the seeds, a traditional Indian dish called ‘Chironj i Ki Burfi’ is prepared . Fruit is used in sweets and confectionery products (PERENNIAL, JANI CK)

. e. Nutritional aspects: The seed contains 59% fat, 1 2% starch and up to 22% protein (JANIC K)

. f. Medicinal aspects: In In dia, the roots, leaves, fruits, seeds, oil and gum are used; roots and leafjuice are used as an expectorant; the leaves aid in digestive problems ; used as an expectorant, aphrodisiac and purgative; the seed oil treats skin diseases and swelling; used in coating tablets for slow release ; the gum ai ds gastrointestinal problems ; gum is used to treat pain and diarrhea ( JA NI CK)

. g. Crop Pho tos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: In dia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Burma, Malaya ; yields are 1 to 5 kilograms (2 to 11 pounds) per tree with an average weight of 0.27 grams (0.009 ounce) . Approximately 1,500 tonnes (1,653 pounds) of fruit are collected annually from the wild in Central India ( GRIN, PERENNIAL , JANICK)

. 6. Use: Human food (nut), medicinal purposes , fruit pulp, seed oil, firewood; leaves are used for fodder ; bark yields tannin; host of the Kusumi lac insect; herb ( GRIN , JANICK)

. 7. Part(s) of plant co nsumed: F ruit (JANICK)

. 8. Porti on analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for Group 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, PERENNIAL, MEDICINAL , JANICK

. 11. Production Map: No entry

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BUHLZ**Page 12**  **017** 1. **Ambarella** [ (Jobo de la India , Jew

-plum, Golden

- apple , Otaheite

- apple, Wi

- tree , y ellow

- plum, makopa, Polynesian

-plum , casamangue, pomme cythère , prune cythère , Goldpflaume, ambarella , Great hog plum, Prunier de Cythère ( GRIN, MARKLE ) ) ] Anacardiaceae Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson [ (syn: Spondias cytherea Sonn. (GRIN ) ] 2

. A r apidly

- growing , upright symmetrical deciduous tree growing 9 to 25 meters (30 to 82 feet) tall. A nativ e of the Indo

- Malaysian region to Tahiti

. The crown is rounded. Bark is smooth and light gre y -brown. Leaves are pinnate and 20 to 60 centimeters (8 to 24 inches) in length. Leaves are composed of 9 to 25 glossy, elliptic or obovate

- oblong leaflets 6.25 to 10 centimeters (2.5 to 4 inches) long. Leaves turn yellow and fall at the beginning of the dry season. Fragrant, s mall yellowish to whitish male and female flowers are borne in large, loose, terminal panicles before leaf emergence. Inflorescences measure 50 centimeters (20 inches) long

. Male, female and perfect flowers are contained in the inflorescences. Individual flowers occur on short pedicels measuring 0. 1 to 0.4 centimeter (0.04 inch)

. Fruits are long

- stalked, contain five shallow longitudinal grooves, are ellipsoid or gl obose in shape and measure 4 to 10 centimeter s (1.6 to 4 i nches) long by 3 to 8 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) wide . Fruit are grown in b unches of 12 or more. The skin is thin , tough and russetted when mature . Hard, smooth, green immature fr uits fall to the ground over a period of several weeks and ripen to a golden

-yellow or oran ge color. Flesh is yellow, juicy, crisp and subacid with a pineapple

- like flavor when firm. When soft, the fruit becomes musky and fibrous

. E ach fruit conta ins one to five flat seeds ( BARWICK, MORTON , PERENNIAL , MARKLE , NAGY , VAN WYK , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: The tree flowers March to May in Florida. Flowering occurs continuously in the humid tro pics. In other areas , flowering occurs during the dry season

. In subtropical areas, flowering occurs in the spring. Dwarf varieties produce f lowers year

-round. In Hawaii, fruit ripens from November to April. Fruit ripens from May to July in Tahiti. In Florida , a single tree provides a steady supply fro m fall to midwinter

. In the humid tropics, the tre e produces fruit continuously. Fruit matures in 6 to 8 months . The tree bears fruit in 4 years from seed ( MARKLE, MORTON , PERENNIAL , JANICK)

. b. Cultivation : Grows well in the warm subtropics and tropics in hot, tropical lowlands and full sun. Prefers monsoon climate. Tolerant of all types of well

- drained soil s, shade, drought and elevations up to 700 meters (2,300 feet) . Trees grown in shade produce little fruit. Not tolerant of frost. Requires sheltered locations. P ropagated by seed , large hardwood cuttings, grafting, shield budding, o r air

- layering

. Seeds take 1

- 2 months to germinate. Itt akes 4 to 5 years to bear fruit from seed or 2 to 3 years from cuttings. Trees should be spaced 7.5 to 12 meters (25 to 39 feet) apart. Fruits are sold while still green ( BARWICK, PERENNIAL, MORTON , NAGY , JANICK)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit are sold in local markets in Vi etnam, Laos, Camboida, Gabon, and Zanzibar

. C onsumed when other p opular fruits are out of season (MORTON )

. d. Preparation for cooking: E aten fresh; juice is used for beverages; crisp sliced flesh is stewed with water and sugar and strained to produce a product similar to applesauce . Processed into preserve s, jams and jellies ; canned; unripe fruits are used for salads, curries, juices, flavorings; processed i nto jelly, pickles and relishes

. Fruits can be dehydrated. Leaves are steamed as a vegetable with salted fish or eaten raw (MORTON , NAGY , VAN WYK , JANICK)

. e. Nutritional aspects: Fruits contain a h igh source of vitamin C and small amounts of minerals, carotenoids, and other vitamins (MORTON , VAN WYK , JANICK)

. f. Medicinal aspects: Fruit, leaves and bark are used in the treatment of sores, wounds and burns. In Cambodia, ambarella bark is mixed with species of Terminalia and used a s a re medy for diarrhea (MORTON , JANICK)

. g. Crop photos**Page 13**  4. Production in U.S.: Home gardens; Hawaii, Florida , Puerto Rico ; no yield data is available (MORTON)

. 5. Other produc tion regions: Tropical areas; Melanesia, Polynesia, Indo

- Malaysian region to Tahiti, the We st Indies , tropical Asia or Oceania, India, Ceylon, Queenslan d, Australia, Pacific Islands, Gabon, Zanzibar , Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, from Puerto Rico to Trinidad, Central America, Venezuela, and Surinam; no yield data is available ( GRIN, MORTON)

. 6. Use: Fruit eaten fresh; preserves, juice for beverages ; sauce similar to apple sauce; green fruit pickled; ornamental; wood is used for canoes; leaves consumed, medicinal purposes ( MARKLE, GRIN, MORTON)

. 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (MORTON)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0285) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, MARKLE , BAYER, FFVIM, MORTON, PLANTS DATABASE, PERENNIAL , BARWICK, NAGY, VAN WYK , JANICK

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13 ( PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes : a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SPXDU**Page 14**  1. **Apak palm** [ (palma dulce, soyal, soyote (GRIN))] Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart. [(syn: Corypha dulcis Kunth (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A s low

- growing widespread fan

- leafed palm tree growing 2 to 7.5 meters ( 7 to 25 feet) tall and 4 meters (13 feet) wide

. Apak palm is n ative from Eastern Mexico to Nicaragua

. The tree can grow in a solitary or clustering manner. The trunk leans and is 12 to 20 centimeters (5 to 8 inches) in diameter

. The canopy contains 10 to 15 dull green e vergreen leaves that are palmate and sometimes waxy

. Petioles are toothed. The leaf blade is split into 30 to 50 stiff leaf segments. Inflorescences are long, arching, branched, densle y hairy and emerge from the leav es. Individual flowers contain male and female reproductive organs. Fruit is green to brown, ovoid, 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) long and 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) in diameter

. The skin is hairy. Each fruit contain s one seed

. The flavor is sweet. Fruit is consumed raw or cooked ; can be made into preserves. The tree is also used as an ornamental (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, DESERT TROPICALS , PACSOA , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season : No specific entry. b. Cultivation : The native habitat is dry oak woodlands and dry, open , rocky areas with limestone soils at elevation s of 300 to 170 0 meters (984 to 5,577 feet)

. Requires little water, full sun, and any well

- drained soil

. Grows poorly in humid , tropical to subtropical climates. Hardy to zone 9 and temperatures of

- 5 ° C (23 ° F)

. Propagation is by seed

. Germination occurs in 2 to 4 months. Not produced commercially ; fruit can be stored for one month or longer (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, DESERT TROPICALS, PACSOA , JANICK)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: F ruit is not produced commercial ly and are consumed locally, when ripe ( JANICK)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit can be consumed raw or cooked ; made into preserves (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , JANICK)

. e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos 4. Prod uction in U.S.: Texas , Arizona, California ; no yield data is available (JANICK)

. 5. Other production regions: Northern, Central , Eastern and Southern Mexico, Guatemala , Nicaragua, Central Ame rica ; no yield data is available (JANICK , GRIN, PACSOA)

. 6. Use: ornamental, fruit (GRIN). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole f ruit (JANICK)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, DESERT TROPICALS, PACSOA , JANICK

. 11. Production Map: EPA Regions 6, 8 and 10 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 15**  1. **Appleberry** Pittosporaceae Billardiera scandens Sm. 2. An e vergreen sprawling groundcover or climber containing wiry, red to brown

- grey stems up to 3 meters ( 10 feet) long ; may also reach the size of a small shrub and grow up to 1.5 meters ( 5 feet) high. Native to the eastern states of Australia from S outh Queensland to Tasmania and South Aus tralia. Leaves are medium green, hairy, narrowly oval with a wavy margin and 0.5 centimeters ( 0.2 inch) wi de by 5 centimeters ( 2 inches ) long. Shoot tips are hairy and contain a fine white fringe. Pendulous 1 to 2 centimeter ( 0.4 to 0.8 inch) long , bright yellow

- cream bell

- shaped flowers are borne on slender st alks singly or in clusters of 2 or 3 on the ends of stems in the spring and summer. Petals reflex and tinge with purple as the flower opens and ages. Oblong berries, 2 .5 centimeters ( 1 inch) long and 1 centimeter ( 0.4 inch) wide are produced in the summer. The hairy, peach

- like skin turns from green and purple to yellow when ripe. Fruit is eaten raw when it falls to the ground and is roasted when green. The flavor is similar to kiwifruit. Also grown as an ornamental (ANBG , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowers are produced in spring and summer and may persist as the first fruit develop s
. Oblong berries are formed in the summer. Yellow fruit falls to the ground when ripe ( ANBG )

. b. Cultivation : Grows in coastal heath to sclerophyll forest and inland mallee. Prefers sandy or loamy well

- drained acidic moist soil. Grows in semi

- shade or sun. H ardy to zone 8. P ropagation is by s eed, tip cuttings, and layering (PLANT S FOR A FUTURE)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruits are roasted if still green (ANBG)

. e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Australia (Austr. Capital Terr., New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria , Eastern states of Australia including Tasmania and South Australia ; no yield data is available (ANBG , GRIN)

. 6. Use: fruit, ornamental (ANBG , GRIN)

. 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Fruit (ANBG)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN , BAYER, FFVIM, ANBG, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE

. 11. Production Map: No specific entry. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BILSC**Page 16**  1. A **razá** [ ( Araçá

-boi (GRIN ))] Myrtaceae Eugenia stipitata McVaugh 2. Small t

ree or shrub that is densely branched and 2.5 to 15 meters ( 8 to 49 feet) tall. Grown in semi

- open or open areas on old, non

- floodable terraces in tropical, highly leached podzolic soils and dense, humid, tropical high forests. Grown within the area b etween the Marañón and Ucayali rivers and where the Amazon begins. The b ark is flaking. Young branches are covered with short, velvety, b rown hairs. Leaves are opposite, simple, elliptical to slightly oval and measure 6 to 18 x 3.5 to 9.5 centimeters ( 2 to 7 x 1.3 to 3.7 inches ). Inflorescences are in axillary racemes with two to five white pedicillate fl owers, measuring 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) wide. Fruit is a sub

- spherical berry, 12 centimeters ( 4.7 inches ) in diameter and weighing 750 grams ( 1.7 pounds ). The skin is shiny and yellow. T he flesh is yellow and thin. Contains a small number of oblong seeds measuring 2.5 centimeters (1 i nch)

. Fruit is rarely consumed raw due to acidity. Used to make juices, soft drinks, ice

- cream, preserves and dess erts. Also s erves as an ornamental ( AGROFORESTRY , GIACOMETTI)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Plants growing in well

- fertilized soils can flowe r and fruit throughout the year. The species is harvested several times a year. Fruits are collected when they start to turn yellow and are harvested once a week. Precipitation serves to promote the phenoloical processes (AGROFORESTRY , GIACOMETTI)

. b. Cultivation : Plants grow wild and are cultivated on small properties throughout the basin of the Solimoes. Plants are beginning to become domesticated. Grows in well drained , rich , loamy soils; to lerates poor clay oxisols. Requires an elevation of 0 to 650 meters ( 0 to 2,133 feet), a mean temperature of 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ), and an annu al rainfall of 200 to 260 centimeters ( 79 to 102 inches ). Propagation is b y seed. For cultivation, seed beds are established in the s hade. Seeds are planted 2 cm ( 0.8 inch) ap art and lightly covered. Germination is not uniform and takes up to 80 days. Seedling s are kept in the bed until they reach a height of 7 to 10 centimeters ( 3 to 4 inches ). Plants are then transplanted into polyethylene bags filled with soil and manure and placed into a nursery. Plants stay in bags for one year in the shade. Plants are then planted ou t on the final site, spaced 3 x 3 meters ( 10 x 10 feet) apart and fertilized with mature ( AGROFORESTRY , GIACOMETTI)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit is common on the town markets of Tefe. Plants are cultivated on small properties in South Amercia ( AGROFORESTRY , GIACOMETTI)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit rarely eaten raw due to high acidity. Fruit is prepared into a juic e and used to make soft drinks, ice

- cream preserves and desserts. Processed into jelly from the pulp and seed. Excessive cooking destroys the attractive aroma and flavor (AGROFORESTRY)

. e. Nutritional aspects: H igh protein content comes from the see ds. The nutritional value is similar to that of oranges, with the exception of the vitamin C content , which is more than double in araçá

-boi ( AGROFORESTRY , GIACOMETTI)

. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru , Brazil, Bolivia ; can produce approximately 20 to 30 tonnes of fruit per hectare annually (GRIN , GIACOMETTI). 6. Use: beverage base, fruit , ornamental (GIACOMETTI , GRIN)

. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (AGROFORESTRY)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

.**Page 17**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for Group 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, AGROFORESTRY, GIACOMETTI

. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 18**  1. **Arbutus Berry** [ ( arbutus, strawberry

- tree, arbousier commun, fraisier en arbre, Erdbeerbaum, ervedeiro, medronheiro, borrachín , madrono (GRIN ))] Ericaceae Arbutus unedo L. 2. A s mall to medium tree or multi

- stemmed, r ounded, evergreen shrub growing 2 to 15 mete rs (8 to 49 feet) tall and 2 to 6 meters (8 to 20 feet) wide

. Native to Ireland, the North American Pacific Coast, the Southwestern United States, Mexico, and the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe

. Grey

-brown to cinnamon brown bark is smooth and flakes when mature to reveal dark, re d/brown bark underneath. T runks and branches have a twist ed appearance. L eaves are are dark green, leathery, glossy, alternate, simple, oblong , elliptical or ova l in shape with toothed margins, 5 to 17 centimeters (2 to 7 inches) long and re d

- stemmed. Waxy f

lowers are small, urn - shaped, white or pinkish, similar to blueberry flowers , and are assembled in dro o ping panicles about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long. Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs. Insects are highly attracted to the flowers. Showy fruits are round, bright red to red

- orange when mature and about 1 to 2.5 centimeters (0.5 to 1 inch) in diameter. S kin texture is rough and pebbled

. Fruits resemble strawberries in appearance only; the taste is bland and watery. Used as an ornamental; bark is used in tanning leather; wood is used as a fuel source. Frui t is consumed by humans and birds (GILMAN, FLORIDATA , PLANTS FOR A F UT URE , VAN WYK , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season : F lowering occurs from October to December; in some areas, flowering occurs from winter to early spring. Fruits mature from fall to early winter. Fruits take 12 months to ripen. Flowers appear at the same time the previous

- year’s fruit are ripening. When ful l y rip e , the fruit fall from the tree around November to December . Harvested by hand ( JANICK, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , GILMAN , VAN WYK)

. b. Cultivation : Grows in woodlands, scrub and rocky hillsides on well

- drained soils. Hardy from zones 8B through 11. Requires part shade/part sun to full sun; tolerates well

- drained , dry acidic and alkaline soils including clay, loam and sand ; Propagated by seeds and c uttings . Cultivated on a small scale in the south of France for fruit production (GILMAN, FLORIDATA , VAN WYK)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: F ruits are bland and consumed more by birds than humans (GILMAN)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Raw fruit are undesirable but are consumed; fruit are pr ocessed into wine, jams, and preserves ; dried; used in desserts. Fruits are an ingredient of several fermented and distilled alcoholic drinks and liqueurs (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , VAN WYK)

. e. Nutritional aspec ts: Tannin is obtained fro m the leaves, bark and fruit . The fruit contains 15% sugar and about 1% malic acid (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , VAN WYK)

. f. Medicinal aspects: Leaves, bark and roots are an astringent, diuretic, and renal antiseptic. Leaves and bark are used to treat stomachaches and urinary tract irritation. All parts of the plant contain ethyl gallate, a substance that possesses strong antibiotic activity against Mycobacterium bacteria

. Bark is rich in tannins and is used medicinally as a dye and preservative (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , JANICK)

. g. Crop photos 4. Prod uction in U.S.: T he North American Pacific Coast, the s outhwestern United States; grown as an ornamental in the d eep s outh ; n orth ern Florida , southern California ; no yield data available (FLORIDATA , GILMAN , JANICK)

. 5. Other production regions : Northern Africa, Turkey, Ireland, Mexico, Southeastern and Southwestern Europe , wetern Mediterranean region ; no yield data available (FLORIDATA , GRIN , JANICK)

. 6. Use: O rnamental, beverage base, fruit, medicinal purposes ; source of tannin for dyes ; wood ; nectar plant for honey production by bees (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , GRIN , JANICK)

. 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (JANICK)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

.**Page 19**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 028 6 ) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, GILMAN, FLORIDATA, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , JANICK

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 1 0

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: ARDUN**Page 20**  **1. Babaco**  [(papayo calentano (GRIN))] Caricaceae Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo [(syn: Carica chrysopetala Heilborn, Carica heilbornii V. M. Badillo (basionym), Carica heilbornii nothovar. chrysopetala (Heilborn) V. M. Badillo, Carica heilbornii nothovar. pentagona (Heilborn) V. M. Badillo, Carica penta gona Heilborn (GRIN))] 2. A small, rapidly

- growing her baceous shrub that grows about 3 meters (10 feet) high

. Having originated in the central south highlands of Ecuador, the babaco is a naturally occurring hybrid of Carica stipulata and Carica pubescens . Grown in cool, sunny , subtropical climate s , free of frost. The tuberous taproot reaches a diameter of approximately 40 centimeters (16 inches) and contains many lateral roots. The erect softwood single trunk is lined with leaf scars. Large alternate palmate leaves consist of 5 to 7 lobes and contain prominent ribs and veins . Leaves are attached to long hollow petioles that radiate from the trunk. Leaf shed occurs during the winter months. Yellowish , s olitary , bell

- shaped female flowers contain 5 petals and dark green sepals. Flowers occur on long, pendulous stalks that arise from all leaf axils and measure 3.5 to 4 centimeters (1.4 to 1.6 inches)

. There are no male flowers. The large torpedo

- like , s eedless fruits are five

- sided, roun ded at the stem end and pointed at the apex. Mature, y ellow fruits reach a length of 4 0 centimeters (16 inches), a width of 20 centimeters (8 inches) and a weight of 2 kilograms (4.4 pounds)

. The skin is smooth, thin and edible. The flesh is whitish, j uicy, acidic, low in sugar and ha s flavor overtones of s trawberry, pineapple and papaya; nicknamed the champagne fruit. Fruit are seedless. Fruit hang s in clusters around the trunk. The entire fruit can be consumed. F ruits are l ocally eaten only after cooki ng ; consumed fresh with sugar elsewhere. Fruits also blended into drinks, preserves and pies . Commonly used for making sorbets (CRFG, MORTON, HEWETT , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , NAGY , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowers form during the growth p ha se of the tree on the newly developing trunk

. Immediately following flowering, fruits set and grow. Fruit maturity is reached from October to November. Ripening occurs from the lower, heavier fruits to those higher up on the trunk ( CRFG)

. b. Cultivatio n : Trees prefer wam, protected sunny locations with light, fertile well

- drained soil ; also grown in cool, subtropical climate . Prefers temperatures of 15 to 20 ° C (59 to 68 ° F) , at least 4.5 ho urs of sunlight, rainfall of 60 to 130 centimeters (24 to 5 1 inches) , and slightly acidic or neutral (pH 6.5 to 7) sandy clay soils rich in organic matter

. Most cold

- tolerant plant in its genus. Grown at 2,000 to 3,000 meters (6,562 to 9,843 feet) in Ecuador. Not tolerant of wind or heavy frost

. Propagated by cuttings from 2 year old plants. Cuttings should be 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) long and 4 to 6 centimeters (1.6 to 2.4 inches) in diameter. Rooting occurs in 10 weeks. C uttings may become p roducing plants within one year. Grown commercially in Australia and New Zealand for export; grown in greenhouses in Israel and the Middle East. Cultivated in Ecuador , since before the arrival of the Europeans. The field must be deeply ploughed before trees are planted. Trees should be planted in double rows or triang les at a planting density of one plant per 1.5 square meters. Side shoots should be removed for high quality fruiting. After 4 to 6 months of production, trees should be cut back to just above the soil line. The plant should only be used for 4 production cycles. Frequent irrigation and fertilization every three months are needed. Commercially

- grown fruit is harvested at the first sign of yellow color ( JANICK, MORTON, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CRFG)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: F ruits found in Farmer’s Markets and specialty markets in southern California; fruits exported from Australia and New Zealand to various markets; eaten locally in Ecuador (CRFG)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruits are locally eaten only after cooking in Ecuador; whole fruits can be eaten raw with sugar or added to fruit salads ; prepared int o beverages, dehydr ated fruit powder, dried fruit, marmalade, pies and preserves . Eaten fresh with lemon or lime; made into sauces. Unripe fruit are cooked as a vegetable, used in curries, and made into relishes, chutneys, and pickles (MORTON, CRFG , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK)

.**Page 21**  e. Nutritional aspects: Like the papaya, the fruit contains the enzyme papain . The fruit co ntains more water, protein and organic acids than papaya but less sugar and vitamin content. Papaya and babaco contain similar mineral composition (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S. : California ; no yield data is available (CRFG , JANICK)

. 5. Other product ion regions: C olombia, Ecuador ; New Zealand, Europe including Italy and Spain, Australia, Is rael, Middle East , Channel Islands, off the coast of Normandy ; most production occurs in Ecuador and New Zealand. From 1996 to 1999, annual production was approximately 600 tonnes (661 tons) on about 100 hectares (247 acres)

. M ost of this crop was domestically consumed. T he annual yield is 40 to 60 tonnes per hectare and ranges from 10 to 1 00 tonnes

. Each plant produces 25 to 80 fruit (CRFG, MORTON , GRIN , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK)

. 6. Use: fruit (GRIN)

. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole f ruit (CRFG)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Reference s: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, CRFG, MORTON, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, HEWETT , NAGY , JANICK

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 10. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CIAPE (listed as Carica pentagona HEILB)**Page 22**  1. **Bacaba palm** Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. 2. A tall, thin , single

- stemmed palm tree growing to 20 meters ( 66 feet) tall. Native to the Central Amazon region. Grown throughout the northern Amazon rainforest in lowland rainforests, the p alm prefers tropical condit ions and an elevation up to 1,067 meters (3,500 feet). The trunk is smooth, grey and ringed with leaf scars. Tree diameter is up to 30 centimeters ( 12 inches). The palm contains a grayish

- green pseudo crownshaft measuring 4 feet (1.2 meters) tall. The leaf crown is shaped like a shuttlecock and contains 8 to 20 drooping plumose , spirally arranged pinnate leaves that measure 5 to 6 meters (15 to 20 feet) long . Each leaf contains hundreds of olive green linear pendulous leaflets measuring 30 to 100 centimeters (12 inches) long by 3 to 7.5 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) wide

. Leaflets are brown and hairy on the undersides. Leaves are attached to 0.3 to 0.6 meter ( 1 to 2 foot) long green petioles. Inflorescence branches are 1.2 to 2 meters (4 to 7 feet) long. Inflorescences resemble a horse’s tail . Each inflorescence contains approximately 200 pendulous creamy yellow, re ddish, or scarlet flowers that are borne in clusters of three, containing one female flower and two male flowers. Male flowers are yellowish, pointed, contain 6 stamens and measure 0.6 cent imeter (0.2 inch) long. Female flowers are round and 0. 6 to 0.8 centimeters (0.2 to 0.3 inch) in diameter. Purple

-black fruit is r ound , grows in clusters on long branches, and measures 1.3 to 2 centimeters ( 0.5 to 0.79 inch) in diameter

. The skin is thin, smooth, and contains a whitish bloom. Pulp is oily and whitish in color (FLORA , PACSOA, TROPILAB , HAYNES, ROECKLEIN, RIFFLE 2003 , FAO BOOK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs from June to August; fruit ripens 6 to 8 months later. The tree can produce fruit out of season . Fruit are produced when trees reach a height of 3 to 4 meters (10 to 13 feet) and an age of 6 years (FAO BOOK). b. Cultivation: Tropical climate with sun to partial shade conditions; prefers a moist, sandy, well

- dr ained area
. Grows well in flooded and non - flooded areas in rainforest ec osystems; may form high

- density stands. Adapts to disturbed forests and new grasslands. Requires well

- distributed annual rainfalls of 150 to 300 centimeters (59 to 118 inches)

. Thrives in USDA Hardiness zones 9B to 11. Tolerant of high temperatures, fire, poor, heavy clay oxisols of the Amazon, and 2 to 4 months of dry season. D oes not tolerate waterlogging. Propag ated by seeds

. Germination occurs in 4 months. Seedlings tolerate heavy shade . F ruit is harvested once the color changes from green to purple

-black. Fruit are obtained by cl imbing the tree and cutting bunches of fruit. Tall trees have been cut down to obtain the fruit. Fruit can only be stored for a few days. Oil yields are too low for commercial interest (PACSOA , TROPILAB , JANICK , FAO BOOK)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit is widely used in Northern South America as a source of vinho de bacaba . Fruit are rarely seen in markets (JANICK , FAO BOOK). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is soaked for one hour to soften and loosen the pulp and skin, which is removed. Fruit is then smashed with a mortar and pestle. The emulsion is decanted and filtered. Sugar and thickner is added before drinking. Wine produced from the fruit is called vinho de bacaba. Oil is extracted by by adding macerated pulp to boiling water. The oil is similar to olive oil in taste (PACSOA , JANICK , FAO BOOK)

. e. Nutritional aspects: Palm hearts are eaten fresh or canned and ar e high in vitamin C and calcium

. Large amounts of fruit emulsion provide a good source of fat, calories and protein ( ROECKLEIN , FAO BOOK)

. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific data. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Northern South America, Brazil, Peru , Central America, Bolivia , Northern Amazonia in the Guyanas, southern Venezuela, eastern Colombia ; 1 to 3 bunches per year are obtained per wild tree. Approximately 20 kilograms (44 pounds) of fruit are obtained per tree per year. M ore fertile trees provide 2 or more times this yield ( GRIN, HAYNES , FAO BOOK)

.**Page 23**  6. Use: F ruit, beads , oil, palm hearts ; fruit oil is used as a moisturizer and emollient ; waste from the fruit is fed to pigs and chickens; leaves are used for thatching; wood is used for tools ( GRIN, HAYNES , ROECKLEIN , FLORA, PACSOA, TROPILAB, RIFFLE 2003 , FAO BOOK)

. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit flesh (PACSOA)

. 8. Portion analyzed/samp led: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d . EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, FLORA, PACSOA, TROPILAB, HAYNES, ROECKLEIN, RIFFLE 2003 , JANICK , FAO BOOK

. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: OECBA**Page 24**  1. **Bacaba**
**- de** 
**- leque**  Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Oenocarpus distichus 2. A tall, thin , sin gle

- stemmed palm tree growing 5 to 18 meters ( 16 to 60 feet) tall. Nativ e to n orthern c entral Brazil and the northeastern tip of Bolivi a to the Amazon River. Grown on non

- flooded soils in lowland rainforests. The light gray to white trunk is 30 centimeters ( one foot) in diameter and contains widely spaced d ark rings of leaf base scars . The grayish

- green pseudo crownshaft is about 1 meter ( 3 feet) tall. Erect and slightly arching leaves are plumose and pinnate. Approximately 9 to 12 l eaves are arranged in a single flat plane and grow only from two opposite sides of the trunk. This palm differs from Oenocarpus bacaba by its opposite leaves

. Each leaf measures 3 to 5 meters ( 10 to 15 feet) long. Petioles are less than 30 centimeters ( 1 foot) long. Each leaf contains 40 to 130 pairs of s hiny o live

- green drooping leaflets that are about 1 meter ( 3 feet) long and grow from the rachis in different planes. Inflorescen c es are reddish

-brown and on 1 meter ( 3 foot) long flowering branches (rachises) that hang down

. One palm contains 50 to 160 rachises. The branches (rachises) contain round, purple

-black fruits that are 1 centimeter ( 0.5 inc h) lon g
. The skin is smooth. Fruit pulp may be white or red in color. In Brazil, the oily fruits are used to prepare a wine called vinho

- de

-bacaba. The edible fruit oil can be extracted (RIFFLE 2003 , PACSOA , JANICK , DESTINATION )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Se ason: No specific entry. b. Cultivation: Grown in a tropic al or warm subtropical climate in sunny conditions. Prefers moist, well drained soils and conditions below 350 meter s ( 1,148 feet)

. Grows b est on sandy soils of seasonal dry land forest s in Southeastern Amazonas and the transitional vegetation of the savannas

. Plants are propagated by seed . Germination is 2 to 4 months . Not a cultivated fruit tree (PACSOA , FPI , JANICK , DESTINATION )

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Consumed locally in Brazil and the Southeastern Amazonas (RIFFLE 2003 , JANICK)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are consumed raw and are used to prepare wine called vinho de bacaba ; edible fruit oil is extracted (RIFFLE 2003 , JANICK , DESTINAT ION )

. e. Nutritional aspects: Bacaba wine, which is made from the fruit, is a high calorie beverage (DESTINATION). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN ). 5. Other commercial production regions: N orthern central Brazil, northeast ern tip of Bolivia to the Amazon River in the lowland rainforests; southern margins of the Amazon basin ; no yield data is available (RIFFLE 2003, PACSOA)

. 6. Use : fruit (GRIN)

. 7. Part(s) of plant con sumed: Fruit pulp (RIFFLE 2003 )

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel. b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtrop ical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, RIFFLE 2003 , PACSOA , FPI , JANICK , DESTINAT ION

. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 25**  1. **Bayberry, Red** [(Chinese

- arbutus, yang mei, yama

- mo mo, yumberry (GRIN))] Myricaceae Morella rubra Lour. [(syn: Myrica rubra Siebold & Zucc. (GRIN))] 2. An evergreen tree growing 20 meters ( 66 feet) tall

. Indigenous to the forests of central and southern Japan and China. Grown in coastal districts with warm , humid climates. The canopy is full and broad. The bark is brownish

- grey and rough with vertical wrinkles. Obovate to elliptic leaves are 5 to 10 centimeters ( 2 to 4 inches ) long and numerous near the ends of the branches. Leaves remain on the tree for 12 to 14 months. Both female and male flowering shoots contain 15 to 20 inflorescences that each bear 20 to 30 catkins. Each catkin is made up of 4 to 6 male or up to 25 female flowers. Male flowers are bright red, contain 2 stamens, form a corymb surrounded by greenish

-white bracts and measure 0. 7 to 3 centimeters (0.3 to 1 inch) long. Female flowers are in axillary, erect spikes and measure 1

. 2 to 2 .5 centimeters ( 0.5 to 1 inch) long. Pollinated by wind. Dark red, purple

-black , white or pink f r uit is a globose to ovoid drupe that grows 1

. 2 to 3

. 0 centi meters ( 0.5 to 1 inch) in diameter. The skin has a knobby surface and is waxy

. Th e flesh is red

. Each fruit contains a cherry

- like stone

. Fruit are consumed raw and cooked. The fruit has been used as a food crop for 7,000 years. The pl ant has many medicinal p urposes; grown as an ornamental (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, PHILIPPINES, EFLORAS , GRIN , ISHS , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. S eason: Flowers occur during the spring; distal flowe r s open first and the flowering period occurs for 30 to 50 days; f

ruit rip ens from mid

- June to early July . Fruit mature in 60 to 70 days (ISHS , JANICK)

. b. Cultivation: Grown in tropical to temperate climates. Annual temperatures should be greater than 14 ° C (57 ° F) and annual rainfall should be 130 to 170 centimeters (51 to 67 inches)

. The tree r equires any moist, lime

- free loam or peat well

- drained soil and an open location in sun or light shade

. Prefers sandy loams to clay soils and a pH of 4 to 5.5. Most fruit in China are grown on hillsides and slopes. Tolerates winter temperatures of 2 to

- 9 ° C (16 to 36 ° F) , less

- fertile soils, and shade. Does not tolerate wind. Propagated by seed, grafti ng, cutting s, layering and suckers

. Stratified seed should be sown during the early winter. Germination occurs during the spring. In mid

- to late spring, seedlings should be transplanted. For commercial purposes, 600 trees per hectare should be planted . Fertilizers should be applied three times per year to aid growth. Trees should be pruned during the spring and fall. Fruit is highly perishab le

. Storage l ife is 9 t o 12 days at 0 to 2 ° C (32 to 36 ° F) or 1 to 2 days at 20 ° C (68 ° F)

. The tree can remain in production for up to 30 years. The major area of production is Southeastern China

. Grown largely south of the Yangtze River and north of Hainan Island (PHILIPPINES, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , ISHS , JANICK)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Sold as “Yumberry” juice on the internet ; fruit are cultivated in Southeast Asia but are difficult to grow co mmercially (SEACOAST, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are prepared into juice, sweets, jam and wine; canned in syrup, cooked, or eaten raw (SEACOAST, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , ISHS )

. e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit contains OPCs, the strongest class of free ra dical scavenging antioxidants; high in vitamin C, potassium, thi amine, riboflavin, and carotene ; the fruit contains high levels of polyphenolics, including anthocyanins and flavonoids (SEACOAST , JANICK)

. f. Medicinal aspects: The fruit and roots have been used in traditional Chinese medicines for centuries. The plant is used for heart ailments, and stomach conditions; bark has many uses including treatment of asthma, earaches, toothaches, stomach ailments, fevers, and skin conditions; the fruit is used for respiratory and digestive health ; roots are used for healing wounds (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, PHILIPPINES , JANICK)

. g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data ; grown for ornamental purposes (GRIN , JANICK). 5. Other production regions: C hina, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan, Philippines ; grown in Europe as an ornamental; China is the principle grower of red bayberries. In 2002, China produced 200,000 hectares (494,210 acres) and approximately 700,000 tonnes (771,618 tons) of fruit. The main growing province,**Page 26**  Zhejiang, produced 48,000 hectares (11 8,611 acres) and 160,000 tonnes (176,369 tons) in 2002. In other areas, production is from wild trees (GRIN , JANICK)

. 6. Use: fruit, dye, erosion control , medicinal purposes (GRIN , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). 7. Part(s ) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (PLANTS F OR A FUTURE)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN , BAYER, FFVIM, PHILIPPINES, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, SEACOAST, EFLORAS , ISHS , JANICK

. 11. Production Map: No specific entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: MYRRU (listed as Myrica rubra (LOUR.) SIEB. & ZUCC.)**Page 27**  1. **Bignay** [(Chinese

- laurel, salamander

- tree, antidesme, Salamanderbaum, bignai , Herbert River Cherry (GRIN))] Phyllanthaceae. Also placed in: Euphorbiaceae, Stilaginaceae Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. [(syn: Antidesma dallachyanum Baill., Stilago bunius L. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A shrubby evergreen bush or large tree. Can vary from the size of a shrub (3 to 8 meters or 10 to 26 feet) to the size of a large tree (15 to 30 meters or 50 to 100 feet). Native to the lower Himalaya s in India, Sri Lanka and S outhea st Asia to the Philippines and N orthern Australia. Grown in tropical conditions in full sun or part shade. The tree contains wide

- spreading bran ches that form a dens e crown. Dark

- green, glossy, leathery l eaves are alternate, oblong, pointed and 10 to 22.5 centimeters ( 4 to 9 inches) long by 5 to 7.5 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) wide. Leaf petioles are short. Flowers are tiny and reddish with a strong scent. Male fl owers are produced in axillary or terminal spikes; these flowers emit an odor resembling fish. Female flowers are in terminal racemes 7.5 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) long. Male and female flowers are produced on separate trees. Fruit are round or ov oid, 0.8 cm (1/3 inch) across, and occur in grapelike, hanging clusters. Fr

uits ripen unevenly from yellowish

- green to bright

-red and nearly blac k. S kin is smooth, thin and tough. The bright red fruit juice stains the fingers and mouth. Pulp is 0.3 c entimeters (1/8 inch) thick and white. The taste is subacid and slightly sweet when ripe. There is one stone per fruit. Fruits are consumed both raw and cooked; leaves are eaten raw and cooked; bark is used in producing rope. L eaves are used for medici nal purposes (MORTON, TRADE WINDS , BARWICK , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: In Indonesia, the trees flower in September and October an d the fruits mature in February and March. Fruiting season is July to September in North Vietnam and the Philippines and late summer through fall and winter in Florida ; trees bear fruit in 4 to 5 years from seed and 2 to 3 years from cuttings (MORTON , JANICK)

. b. Cultivation: Trees thrive from sea

- level to 1,200 meters (4,000 feet) in full sun to part shade and are spaced 12 t o 14 meters (40 to 45 feet) apart

. O ne male tree is planted for every 10 to 12 females. Propagation is by cuttings, grafting or air

- layering (MORTON)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Sold in bunches at markets in Indonesia; fruit used to b e sold commercially in southern Florida as a source of juice for jelly (MORTON)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are cooked with fish in Indonesia; a mixture of ripe and unripe fruit are made into jam and jelly; the fruit juice is used to make syrup and has been fermented into wine and brandy. L eaves ar e eaten raw in salads, stewed with rice , or mixed with vegetables (MORTON , BARWICK)

. e. Nutritional aspects: The bark contains a toxic alkaloid (MORTON)

. f. Medicinal aspects: Leaves are u sed to treat s nakebites in Asia (MORTON)

. g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Florida . Yield varies greatly if grown from seed. A mature tree in Florida has produced 15 bushels ( 529 liters) of fruit in a season (MORTON)

. 5. Other production regions: China, Bhutan, India, Nepal , Sri Lanka, Indo

- China, Malesia region (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines), Northern Australia , lower Himalayas and Southeast Asia; ornamental in Israel. The tree is cultivated in Malaysi a and grown in every village in Indon esia ; no yield data is available (GRIN , MORTON , JANICK)

. 6. Use: Ornamental, fruit, wood , medicinal purposes, rope (bark) (GRIN )

. 7. Part(s ) o f plant consumed: Whole fruit (MORTON)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. C odex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, BARWICK, FFVIM, MORTON, TRADE WINDS , JANICK

.**Page 28**  11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: ATDBU**Page 29**  **075** 1. **Bilimbi** [(bilimbi

- tree , cucumber

- tree , tree

- sorrel , zibeline, Bilimbibaum, Gurkenbaum, bilimbí, grosella China (GRIN))] Oxalidaceae; also placed in Averrhoaceae Averrhoa bilimbi L. 2. A medium

- sized attractive tree reaching a height of 5 to 15 meters (16 to 50 feet)

. Cultivated throughout tropical Asia, India, Queensland, Australia, Central and South America, and the West Indies. Grown in tropical climates with full sun. C losely related to the starfruit ( Averrhoa carambola )

. This long

- lived tree cont ains a short trunk with many upright branches. Compo und l eaves are clustered at the branch tips and are alternate, imparipirmate and 30 to 60 centimeters lo ng. Each leaf contains 11 to 40 alternate or subopposite hairy medium

- green leaflets that are ovate to oblong in shape

. Leaflets are 2 to 10 centimeters (0.75 to 4 inches) long and 1.2 to 1.25 centimeters (0.5 to 1.125 inches) wide. Clusters of 18 to 64 y ellowish

- green, purplish , orange -red, or dark red flowers are small, fragrant, and five

-petalled. Petals are 1 to 3 c entimeters (0.4 to 1.2 inches) long. Flowers are borne in small, hairy panicles emerging from the trunk and oldest branches. Gherkin

- shaped f ruit is ellipsoid, obovoid or cylindrical and five

- sided with a star

- shaped calyx at the stem

- end and 5 hair

- like floral remnants at the apex. M ature fruits are 4 to 10 centimeters (1.5 to 4 inches) long and 5 centimeters (2 inches) wide . Clustered fruit s turn from bright

- green to yellowish

- green or white when mature and fall to the ground. Fruit skin is glossy to waxy , smooth, thin, soft and tender. The flesh is green, je lly

- like, juicy and ac idic to sour

. Each fruit contains several flat seeds

. Fruits are consumed raw when prepared into a relish . Juice is prepared into drinks or used as a cleaning agent on me tals

. Fruit is used to deliver a tart tang to foods and beverages. Due to acidity, f ruits are usually cooked and prepared into chutney. Various parts of the plant are used for medicinal purposes (MORTON , TROPILAB, TRADE WINDS , MARKLE , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , VAN WYK , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season : In India and Florida, the tree begins to flower in February, then bloom and fruit continuously until December ; fruit reach maturity 50 to 60 days from anthesis (MARKLE , MORTON , JANICK)

. b. Cultivatio n : Cultivated in tropical to warm subtropical lowland locations throughout the world. Requires full sun, rich, moist, well

- drained soil, and yearly evenly

- distributed precipitation with a 2 to 3 month dry season. Hardy in zones 9B to 11. Tolerant of a number of soils. Not tolerant of frost and drought. Less wind and cold tolerant than the starfruit. Propagated by seed s, air layering, grafting and cuttings

. Hundreds of fruit can be produced from a single tree

. F ruit are picked by hand and must be handled gently; keeping quality is only a few days

. M ore often found in the garden than cultivated as a crop (MORTON, TROPILAB , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , VAN WYK , JANICK)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: Grown and consumed locally througho ut the year; fruits sold fresh at local markets (MORTON , VAN WYK)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is extremely acidic / sour and usually not eat e n raw. To reduce acidity, the fruit is pricked and soaked in water overnight, or soaked in salted water then bo iled with a large quantity of sugar to make jam or jelly. Processed into chutneys and preserves. Half

-ripe fruits are salted, placed in the sun and pickl ed in brine. In Costa Rica, green, uncooked fruits are prepared into a relish and served with rice, beans, fish or meat; used in curries and pickles. Slices of the fruit are served with salads or chilli as a side dish. Aluminum utensils should not be used when preparing the fruit. Juice is prepared into beverages. F lowers are preserved with sugar (MO RT ON , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , VAN WYK , JANICK)

. e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit juice c ontains 5 percent oxalic acid; pH is 4.47 . Ripe fruits are low in calories but rich in malic acid, minerals (especially iron) , and vitamin C (MORTON , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , VAN WYK)

.**Page 30**  f. Medicinal aspects: L eaves are used for skin conditions, venereal diseases, itches, rheumatism, coughs and bites; an infusion made from the flower aids in coughs; fruit are used to quicken recovery after fevers, aid coughs , aid certain nervous system disorders, treat inflammation, and treat digestive conditions (MORTON , JANICK). g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: Limited production in southern Florida , Puerto Rico and Hawaii (MORTON). 5. Other production regions: Tropical South Asia, India, Central America, West Indies, South America , Queensland, Australia, Zanzibar ; widely cultivated in the tropics . Found worldwide. Cultivated throughout Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka on a small scale; used as a bac kyard tree; no yield data is available (GRIN , MORTON , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK). 6. Use: Fruits used to make beverages, relish, chutney, preserves; pickled ; medicinal purposes; cleaner (MARKLE , MORTON )

. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit (MORTON)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel. b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0288) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, MORTON , MARKLE , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, TROPILAB, TRADE WINDS , JANICK

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: AVRBI**Page 31**  1. **Breadnut** [ ( Mayan breadfruit , noyer à pain, Brotnußbaum, apompo, capomo, ojoche, ramón (GRIN))] Moraceae Brosimum alicastrum Sw. [(syn: Alicastrum brownei Kuntze, Brosimum uleanum Mildbr., Helicostylis bolivarensis Pittier, Piratinera alicastrum (Sw.) Baill. (GRIN))] 2. A fast

- growing tree reaching a height of 20 t o 45 meters (66 to 148 feet). B readnut is n ative to Mexico and Central America and a canopy tree of tropical rainforests. The tree has a pyramid

- shaped crown, hanging branches, dense foliage , thin, rough, grey bark with many lenticels, white sticky latex, and a straight trunk with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet). Wood is yellowish white, yellowish bronze or light brown in color. The trunk may exude a yellow gum. Glossy green le aves are simple, alternate, ovate

- lanceolate to elliptical in shape, and 4 to 18 centimeters (1.6 to 7 inches) long by 2 to 8 centimeters (0.8 to 3 inches) wide. Leaves contain pointed deciduous stipules and 0.2 to 1.0 centimeter (0.08 to 0.4 inch) long p etioles. T he tree is mostly evergreen, unless it is exposed to extremely dry conditions. The inflorescence is composed of a spherical head. Each head consists of male flowers surrounding a single female set of flowers in the center. Yellow male flower heads contain a rudimentary perianth without a corolla and one stamen. F emale flowers are green, and contain an inferior ovary. The tree is wind pollinated. Orange fruit are round to ellipsoid drupes that range in size from 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1. 2 inches) in diameter. The pericarp is thick, scaly and greenish

- orange. Each fruit contains a small amount of sweet pulp and one to three shiny, oily, yellowish

-brown seeds that range in size from 1.5 to 2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) in diameter. See ds contain nutty kernals and resemble potatoes or chestnuts in flavor. The tree is an important forage plant in the Yucatan. Fruit were a staple food during Mayan times (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, ROCAS). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: In some areas, floweri ng occurs intermittently all year. In other locations, flowering occurs from January to June. Fruit ripening occurs from April to September. In s outheastern Mexico, the plant blooms from April to July and fruits from June to October. There are two to three periods of bloom and fruiting per year in Florida. Fruit production occurs in 5 to 6 years from seed (PERENNIAL, JANICK, ROCAS). b. Cultivation: Requires a hot, humid to subhumid tropical climate with a seasonal dry period and full sun or bright shade. Grows in tropical forests or dry limestone woodlands. Prefers annual rainfalls of 60 to 400 centimeters (24 to 157 inches), elevations of sea level to 1,000 meters (3,281 feet), temperatures of 15 to 37 ° C (59 to 99 ° F), and a mean annual temperature of 27 ° C (81 ° F). Grows best in well

- drained, fertile soils with organic matter. Adapts to shallow calcareous or rocky soils and a cid utisols poor in nutrients and rich in organic matter. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions, a pH from 6.8 to 8.2, short and light frosts, salt spray, shade, droughts, and seasonal flooding. Propagation is by seed, cuttings, or air layers. Seeds should be soaked in water for 24 hours before planting into containers. Germination occurs in 28 days. After seedlings reach 30 to 50 centimeters (12 to 20 inches) tall, trees should be planted 10 by 10 meters (33 by 33 feet) apart in the field. The tre e is not commercially grown on a large scale (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, ROCAS). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit and seed are consumed fresh or cooked. The fruit is boiled or processed into jelly. The seed is prepared similar to chestnuts and may be boiled or roasted to remove bitterness. Seeds are ground like flour and mixed with maize meal to make tortillas, baked with green plantains, used as a substitute of cocoa or roasted and used instead o f coffee. D iluted sap is used as a milk substitute and added as an adulterant to chewing gum (PERENNIAL, JANICK). e. Nutritional aspects: The fruit and nut are good sources of calcium. The nut is high in protein, starch, vitamins A and C and carbohydr ates. Seeds have a high tryptophan content (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: Fruit, leaves and latex have been used medicinally. An infusion of the leaves or latex is used to treat coughs, asthma, diabetes and bronchitis. The infusion of the bark is used as a tonic. Latex is used to increase milk production in mothers after childbirth (JANICK, ROCAS). g. Crop Photos**Page 32**  4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Mexico, Central America, Caribbean (Cuba, Jamaica), Northern South America (Guyana, Venezuela), Brazil, Western South America. Approximately 7 to 8 tonnes (8 to 9 tons) of fruit can be harvested from 125 trees/hectare in the Yucatan. Yields of mature trees can reach 50 to 70 kilograms (110 to 154 pounds) of fruit per ye ar (GRIN, JANICK). 6. Use: medicinal purposes, ornamental, fruit; leaves, branches and seeds are used as cattle feed; wood is used for construction, firewood, railroad ties, veneer, floors, tool handles, packing boxes, cabinets and furniture (GRIN, JANICK , ROCAS). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/s ampled: Whole f ruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Propoed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- inedible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, JANICK, BARWICK, ROCAS. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BSMAL**Page 33**  1. **Cabeluda** Myrtaceae Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff [(syn: Myrciaria glomerata O. Berg (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A large shrub or small tree that is 3 to 7 meters ( 10 to 24 feet) in height and native to Brazil

. Grown in humid, tropical conditions. This plant contains multiple thin trunks. Young branches and leaves are hairy. Dark green leaves are opposite , elliptical and acute, 2.5 centimeters ( 1 inch) wide and 10 centimeters ( 4 inches ) long . Flowers are small, white, and occur in axillary c lusters. Yellow fruit are round and about 2.5 c entimeters (1 inch) in diameter. T he skin is pubescent . E ach fruit contain s one to two seeds. Fr uit flavor is similar to apricot. Fruits are eaten fresh or processed into juices and jams (TOP TROPICALS, FRUITIPEDIA)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Fruiting occurs in 2 to 3 years from seedlings (FRUITIPEDIA)

. b. Cultivation: Requires a tropical, humid climate with moi st, fertile soil and full sun or partial sh ade. The tree is fairly cold tolerant and can withstand temperatures up to

- 3 °C (27 ° F). Propagated by seed (TOP TROPICALS , FRUIT IPEDIA)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are eaten fresh o r processed into juices and jams (FRUITIPEDIA)

. e. Nutritional aspects: Fruits are nutritive and rich in vitamins (FRUIT IPEDIA)

. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN )

. 5. Other commercial production regions: Brazil; cultivated in S. Brazil and Paraguay ; grown in other parts of South America ; no yield data is available (GRIN , FRUITIPEDIA). 6. Use: ornamental, fruit (GRIN)

. 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- in edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, TOP TROPICALS, FRUIT IPEDIA. 11. Production map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 34**  1. **Ca jou**  **(pseudofruit)** [( anacardier géant, cajuaçu, merey, merey montañero (GRIN))] Anacardiaceae Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl. 2. A large forest tree that grows to a height of 25 to 5 0 meters ( 82 to 164 feet). Native to e astern Amazonia , Brazil and Guiana

. The crown is wide and the trunk is straight and up to 1 meter (3 feet) in diameter. Bark is thick and slightly rough. Roots are large and grow deep in the ground. Leaves are simple, smooth, leathery, alternate, clustered at branch tips, obovate in shape, and 20 centimeters (8 inches) long by 12 centimeter s (5 inches) wide. The apex of the leaf is rounded, the base is wedge shaped and the undersides of the leaves are pubescent

. The petiole is up to 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long. The inflorescence is a spreading terminal panicle with numerous second ary and tertiary branches at 90 ° angles. Individual fragrant flowers are greenish

-white, white, pink or red in color and contain 5 ovate

- lanceolate petals that measure 0.6 to 0.7 centimeters (0.2 to 0.3 inch) long by 0.2 centimeters (0.08 inch) wide

. Male fl owers contain 8 stamens measuring 0. 7 to 0.8 centimeters (0.3 to 0.3 inch) long. A relative of the cas hew, t he fruit is a kidney

- shaped drupe that is 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) long. This is attached to a large , pear - shaped false fruit (pedicel) that measures 7 centimeters ( 3 inch es ) long and 5 cm (2 inches) in diameter . The skin i s red , smooth and shiny. The pulp is pink and juicy. It has a s weet or acid and astringent flavor similar to strawberries. The small kidney sh aped nut is edible and tastes similar to the cashew . T he peduncle is eaten fresh or prepared into juice ( FOOD & FRUIT, PERENNIAL, SMITH , FAO BOOK , DESTINAT ION TROPICALS )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season : Flowering occurs in December in Brazil ; in other areas, fl owering occurs during the start of the rainy season from November to February; fruiting occurs December to April (PERENNIAL , FAO BOOK)

. b. Cultivation: Grows in hot , humid tropical lowlands, dryland forests , flood plains, and the non - flooded areas of the rainforest; sometimes found on the high flood plains where the soils are briefly waterlogged. P refers clay soils, mean annual temperatures of 28 ° C (82 ° F) , annual rainfalls of 2 00 cent imeters (79 inches) , and elevations up t o 300 meters (984 feet) . Requires hot, humid tropical conditions. Propagation is by seed. Germination occurs in 6 to 8 days. Rarely cultivated. Fruit are collected from the ground (PERENNIAL , FAO BOOK , DESTINATION TROPICALS )

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit is collect ed and consumed locally. Fruit are sold at local markets and and urban markets in Belém, Pará, Brazil (SMITH , TRADE WINDS )

. d. Preparation for cooking: The Tiriyó Indians of the Paru River in ea s tern Amazonia collect large quantities of the fruit in season and prepare it into a fermented drink mixed with cassava; the fruit is consumed raw and processed into juice. T he edible nut is removed from the hull and is roasted

. T he fruit is used more than the nut (SMITH, TRADE WIND S , FAO BOOK). e. Nutritional aspects: The nut is rich in fat, calories, protein and oil. T he peduncle is rich in vitamin C and calories (PERENNIAL , FAO BOOK)

. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN )

. 5. Other commercial production regions: Northern South America, Brazil, Colombia, Peru , Guiana, the Amazon ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL , FAO BOOK). 6. Use: fruit , nut, beverage, source of di sease resistance to anthracnose ; wood is used for building ; ornamental (GRIN , SMITH , FAO BOOK)

. 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: F ruit (nut) and pedicel (false fruit) (FAO BOOK)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Pseudo

- f ruit and nutmeat. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None**Page 35**  10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FFVIM, SMI TH, PERENNIAL, TRADE WI NDS , FAO BOOK , DESTINAT ION TROPICALS

. 11. Production map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 36**  1. **Cambucá** Myrtaceae Marlierea edulis Nied. [(syn: Rubachia glomerata O. Berg (GRIN))] 2. A small, slow growing evergreen shrub or tree that measures 5 to 12 meters (16 to 39 feet) tall . Native to the Brazilian southeast coast near Rio de Ja neiro and São Paulo. T hrives in hot, rainy climates. The trunk is short and reaches 30 to 50 centimeters ( 12 to 20 inches ) in diameter

. The smooth, thin, pale brownish

- gray bark is flakey, revealing a co p per layer below

. T he tree contains a wide, dense crown of spreading branches. The dark green evergreen leaves are opposite, smooth, leathery, glossy , elliptic

- acuminate in shape , and contain a curled margin. Leaves measure 5 to 16 centimeters ( 2 to 6 inches ) long by 3 to 5 centimeters ( 1 to 2 inches ) wide. Petioles are finely hairy, short and measure 0.5 to 1.5 centimeters ( 0.2 to 0.6 inch). The white, sessile flowers are clustered in groups of 2 to 8 over the branch axils or distributed around the stem. B erries are short stalked and round. Immature fruit are green and turn yellow to bright orange

- yellow when ripe. The skin is smooth, leathery, thin and contains many slightly raised longitudinal ridges. Size ranges from 5 to 7 centimeters ( 2 to 3 inches ) in diameter and 55 to 140 grams (2 to 5 ounces) in weight . T he flesh is soft, jui cy and orange

- yellow. Within th e fruit, there are one to two hard, oblong flattened light purple seeds. The flavor is subacid to sweet and tastes similar to the jaboticaba

. F ruits are eaten out of hand or used to make jams, juices, or desserts; the tree is used as an ornamental or for medicinal purposes. The bark is used in the leather industry; the wood is used for furniture and tools (FRUITIPEDIA , TRADE WINDS )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Sea son: In Rio de Janeiro, flowering occurs from late October to December. Fruit ripening happens between December and February. During the last stage of ripening, the fruits fall to the ground, bruising the skin. During rainy years, an additional winter crop occurs between August and September (FRUIT IPEDIA )

. b. Cultivation: Grows in hot, rainy regions with tempe ratures between 9 to 42 ° C (48 to 108 ° F) and annual rainfall around 200 centimeters (79 inches) ; well adapted to many diff erent cooler and drier climates . Propagated by seeds. Seeds remain viable for no more than one week when kept dried or four weeks when pre served in moss. S eeds are covered with 0.5 to 1 centimeters (0.2 to 0.4 inch) of soil and watered 2 times per day. S prouting occurs in 2 to 5 months. S eedlings are planted 8 meters (26 feet) apart in an area protected from sun and wind 10 to 12 months after germination when they are 40 to 50 centimeters (16 to 20 inches) high. Mature trees prefer a deep, rich, well drained soil in full sun. Young trees are pruned regularly. Rarely cultivated (FRUITIPEDIA)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Onl y af ew rare fruit growers’ orchards and b otanic gardens grow the plant. The fruit was widely found at the Rio de Janeiro markets 60 years ago but today this is no longer true due to devastation of i ts natural environment (FRUITIPEDIA)

. d. Preparation for cooking: E aten fresh after cutting around the middle of the fruit and removing the interal pulp with a spoon. External flesh is used to make jams, marmalades, pies, juice, and ice cream (FRUIT IPEDIA)

. e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medic inal aspects: A decoction of the leaves and seeds are used in homeopathic formulation s against bronchitis and coughs (FRUITIPEDIA)

. g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Some see dlings were planted in 1993 in Florida and Hawaii ; no yield data is available (FRUIT IPEDIA). 5. Other commercial production regions: Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil ; can produce large yields. One tree can produce more than 500 fruit (GRIN , FRUIT IPEDIA). 6. Use: fruit , juice, ornamental, medicinal purposes; bark use d in the leather industry; wood (GRIN , FRUITIPEDIA)

. 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (FRUITIPEDIA)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

.**Page 37**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical f ruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FRUIT IP EDIA, TRADE WINDS. 11. Production map: EPA Crop Produc tion Region 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: MRLED**Page 38**  1. **Carandas plum [**  (Egyptian carissa, ciruela de Natal (GRIN))] Apocynaceae Carissa edulis Vahl 2. A branching, spiny evergreen shrub or small tree growing to 5 meters (16 feet). Native to Africa. The bark is smooth, gray, and contains straight woody 5 centimeter (2 inch) straight spines growing in pairs. T he tree emits milky latex. Leaves are opposite, leathery, shiny, dark green, ovate to ovate

- elliptic, occasionally almost circular, an d 2.5 to 6 centimeters (1 to 2.4 inches) long by 1.8 to 3 centimeters (0.7 to 1.2 inches) wide. The leaf stalk is short and measures 0.1 to 0.4 centimeters (0.04 to 0.2 inches) long. Fragrant pink

-white, purple

-white, or red

-white flowers are in terminal clusters that measure 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) in diameter. Individual flowers are slender, tubular, 1.8 centimeters (0.7 inch) long and about 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) in diameter. Pollination is by insects. The purple

-black fruit is a solitary berry that is ovoid to spherical and reaches up to 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) in diameter. The skin is smooth. The flesh is reddish in color. T he flavor is sweet to sour and resembles the taste of an unripe cherry. C ontains 2 to 4 s eeds. Ripe fruits cause teeth to stain dark red (PERENNIAL, FAMINE, AGROFORESTRY). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowers March to August. Fruit matures in 60 days. In s outhern Africa, flowering occurs from Septmeber to December and fruiting occurs from November to Ja nuary (PERENNIAL, AGROFORESTRY). b. Cultivation : Requires a hot climate with low rainfall. Grows at forest edges, in forests, woodlands, coastal thickets, rocky hillsides, in clay soils including black cotton soils, and in dry and moist low and midlands at elevations o f 1,500 to 2,500 meters (4,921 to 8,202 feet). Propagation is by seed and cuttings; consumed as a famine food (PERENNIAL, FAMINE, AGROFORESTRY). c. Availability in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp is consumed fresh in both the ripe and unripe stages. Locals boil unripe berries and make porridge. It is also processed into jam and vinegar. Roots are added to water gourds, soups and stews to add flavor. Important food species in Ethiopia and other parts of Africa. Consumed during famine periods (PERENNIAL, FAMINE). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: Important medical species in Ethiopia and other parts of Africa. Roots contain the active ingredient carissin, that may prove to be useful in the treatment of cancer; twigs contain quebrachytol and cardioglycosides that are used to destro y tapeworm. In Guinea, boiled leaves are used to relieve toothaches; a mixture of root bark and spices are used to to cure a num ber of problems such as pain, inflammation, venereal diseases, and ulcers (FAMINE, AGROFORESTRY). g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: Northeast tropical Africa, w est tropical Africa, s outh tropica l Africa, s outhern Africa, Madagascar, Yemen, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Myanmar, Indo

- China; no yield data is available (GRIN, AGROFORESTRY). 6. Use: fruit; sheep and goats eat the leaves of the plant; hedge/ornamental; source of firewood; roots are used as a snake repellant in Kenya; medicinal purposes (GRIN, FAMINE, AGROFORESTRY). 7. P art(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropi cal fruit, edible peel b. EPA C rop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, FAMINE, AGROF ORESTRY. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CISED**Page 39**  **127** 1. **Carob** [( St. John’s Bread, Carob bean, a lgarrobo, l ocust

-bean , caroube, caroubier, Johannisbrotbraum, alfarrobeira , alfarrabeira, caroba (GRIN) ) ] Fabaceae ( alt. Leguminosae) ; a lso placed in: Caesalpiniaceae Ceratonia siliqua L. 2. An evergreen tree reaching 15 to 17 meters (50 to 55 feet) in height and 3.6 meters (12 feet) in diameter

. The trunk may reach 85 centimeters (33 inches) in diameter. The bark is brown and rough. Native to the e astern Mediterranean, most likely the Middle East . Le aves are evergreen, dark green, glossy, leathery, pinnate , elliptic, or ovate in shape, and occur in pairs of 2 to 6. Individual leaves are 3 to 7 centime ters (1.2 to 3 inches) long and contain 6 to 10 opposite leaflets. L eaflets are dark green, leathery, oval, rounded at the apex, and measure 2.5 to 6.25 centimeters (1 to 2.5 inches) long. Trees shed leaves in July every other year and renew them during the spring. Green

- tinted red f lowers are numerous, tiny and measure 0.6 to 1.2 centimeters (0.2 to 0.5 inch). Flowers occur in short, slender racemes borne in clusters along the branches. Most trees are monoecious, with individual male and female flower s. T he pod is light to dark brown, oblong, flattened, straight or slightly curved with a thickened margin. Fruits reach 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) long, 1 to 3.5 centimeters ( 0.4 to 1.4 inches ) wide and 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) thick

. The surf ace is brown, wrinkled, leathery, glossy, tough and fibrous. Inside, there is a soft, semi

- translucent, pale

-brown pulp and 10 to 13 smooth, glossy, brown, flattened, ovate

- oblong (0.8 to 1.0 centimeter (0.3 to 0.4 inch) long) hard seeds. Immature pod s are green, moist and very astringent. Ripe pods are sweet when chewed. The broken pod has an odor resembling Limburger cheese, due to the 1.3% isobutyric acid cont ent; the pod has many food uses . The tree can live for over a century ( MARKLE, MORTON, GIBSON , JANICK)

. 3. Crop Data: a. S eason: Flowering occurs from August to October in some areas and late fall to early winter in other areas. The pods ar e harvested before winter rains. Fruit production is 10 to 12 years from seeding and 5 to 6 years fro m grafting. B loom to maturity is in 6 to 8 months (MORTON, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, MARKLE , JANICK)

. b. Cultivation : Grown throughout the Mediterranean region in the warmest areas near the coast in sandy, well

- drained loam ; prefers warm tem peratures and subt

ropical areas; slightly hardier than the sweet orange. Ideal precipitation for fruit set is 35 centimeters (14 inches)

. Higher yields are obtained with precipitation of 50 to 55 centimeters (20 to 22 inches)

. Pods should not be exposed to rain after turning brown. Tolerates a number of soils including rocky hillsides, deep sand or heavy loam that is well

- drained , drought, mild and dry areas with poor soils, and hot and humid coastal areas . Does not tolerate acid or wet soils. Young trees suffer frost damage. Mature trees can surviv e a temperature drop to

- 6.67 °C (20 ° F). Propagated by seeds, budding , cuttings, and grafting. Seeds must be scarified and soaked before planting. Swollen seeds are planted in flats. When the second set of leaves is pro duced, plants are transferred to pots. When 30 ce ntimeters (12 inches) tall, plants are transplanted to nur sery rows an d spaced 9 meters (30 feet) apart

. Pruning, and fertilization aid yield. Cultivated for seeds and pods

. The pods are harvested befor e winter rains; harvested by shaking the branches with a long pole. Pods are caught on canvas sheets laid on the ground. Pods are sun

- dried for 1 or 2 days until the moisture content is reduced to 8% or below. Then pods go through a kibbling process, wh ich involves crushing and grading into 4 catagories, cubed, medium

- kibbled, meal and seed kernels (MORTON , JANICK , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE )

. c. Availability in the marketplace: Pods are exported to Russia and central Europe; pods used to be regularly sold b y street vendors in the Italian section of lower New York City for chewing; “health food” products are produced and sold in the U.S . as a substitute for chocolate (MORTON)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Besides being chewed as a sweetmeat, pods are processe d into cocoa - like flour which is added to cold or heated milk for drinking or combined with wheat flour in making bread or pancakes. A flour made by beating the seeded pods is used in breakfast foods. A fine flour is used to make confections, especially candy bars. The pulp is used as a choocate substitute in desserts. The pods can be coarsely ground and boiled in water to yield a thick,**Page 40**  honey

- like syrup or molasses. The seeds or “bean” yield a tragacanth

- like gum called “Tragasol” which is a commercial stabilizer and thickener used in bakery goods, ice cream salad dressings, sauces, cheese, salami, bologna, canned meats and fish, jelly, mustard and other products. The seed residue after gum extraction is made into a starch and sugar

- free flour. In G ermany, the roasted seeds are used as a substitute for coffee. Infusions of the pulp are fermented into alcoholic beverages (MORTON, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE)

. e. Nutritional aspects: The pods are rich in su crose and protein, Vitamin A, Vitamin B and several important minerals. C arob has one - third the calories of chocolate, is rich in pectin, is non - allergenic, has abundant protein, and has no oxalic acid. The pods contain up to 1.5% tannins , which interfere with th e body’s utilization of protein . Food enri ched with carob fiber aid in prevention of hypercholesterolemia; rich in polyphenolic antioxidant; production of citric acid from pod extracts (GIBSON, MORTON , JANICK)

. f. Medicinal aspects: The pods are used to treat gastrointestinal problems and inflammation ; seedpods are used in the treatment of coughs. F lour made from the ripe seedpods is used to soothe the skin. The seed husks and bark are used as an astringent

. L eaves are used to cure colds (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , JANICK). g. Crop photos

. 4. Producti on in U.S.: Numerous scattered trees are found in semitropical areas. A dapted to S outhern California in the foothills and in the desert . Carob trees are planted in Texas, Arizona, California, and Florida

. In California, a 6

-year - old tree yields approximately 2.25 kilograms (5 pounds) of fruit and a 12

- year - old tree yields approximately 45 kilograms (100 pounds) of fruit (FACCIOLA , MORTON ). 5. Other commercial production regions: C oastal regions of the Mediterranean , espec ially Sicily, Southern Arabia, C yprus, Malta, Spain, Portugal, S outhern Sardinia, It aly , Turkey, Syria, Southern Jordan, Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco, Algeria, and Lebanon ; commercially produce d in Israel, India and Pakistan; int roduced into Mexico, Chil e, South Africa, Australia and Brazil . Productivity increases with age; a 25 to 30

- year - old tree may produce 90 kilograms (200 pounds) of fruit. In Israel, individual trees produce 204 to 227 kilograms (450 to 550 pounds). Ancient trees in the Mediterranean have produced 1,360 kilograms (3,000 pounds) in one season . Annual world production of carob seed is approximately 350,000 to 500,000 tonnes (385,809 to 551,156 tons) produced from approximately 200,000 hectares (494,211 acres)

. In 2007, the main ca

rob producers were Spain (72,000 tonnes (79,366 tons ) ) , Italy (26,00 0 tonnes (28,660 tons ) ) , Morocco (25,000 tonnes (27,558 tons)), Portugal (23,000 tonnes (25,353 tons) ) , Greece (15,000 tonnes (16,535 tons) ) , Turkey (12,161 tonnes (13,405 tons)) and Cyprus (3,839 tonnes (4,232 tons)) (GRIN , FACCIOLA , GIBSON , MORTON , JANICK , FAOSTAT ). 6. Use: Pulp is eaten fresh or pods and seeds are ground and processed as chocolate substitute. Can also be used for livestock feed; s eed gum is used in the manufacture of cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, detergents, paint, ink, shoe polish, adhesives, sizing for textiles, photographic paper, insecticides, and match heads; used in tanning; flavoring, sweetener, thickening agent, ornamental (shade/shelter), beverage base, charcoal, fuelwood; leaves are used for bioethanol; alcohol, gum/resin, medicinal purposes (GRIN , MARKLE, MORTON , JANICK). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: All of pod and seeds (MORTON)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole pod with seed. In U.S. only the bean is sampled. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0291and FT 4121) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Refe rences: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, GIBSON, MORTON, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, FACCIOLA , MARKLE , JANICK , FAOSTAT

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3, 6, 8 and 10. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CEQSI**Page 41**  1. **Cashew (**  **p seudofruit)**  [(cashew apple , anacardier, Acaj ubaum, Kaschubaum, Nierenbaum, cajú, cajueiro, anacardo, marañón, merey (GRIN))] Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. [(syn: Anacardium microcarpum Ducke (GRIN))] 2. A low

-branched , spreading , medium to large fast

- gr owing evergreen tree that reaches 12 meters (40 feet) in height. Native to n ortheast Brazil. Bark is rough and contains resin and acrid sap. Branches are twisted and crooked; branches touching the ground take root. Leaves occur in terminal clusters, are leathery, simple, alternate, oblong

- oval or obovate, 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long and 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) wide. Fragrant f

lowers are yellowish

-pink, 5

-petalled, and borne in 15 to 25 centimeter (6 to 10 inch) t erminal panicales; male, female and bisexual flowers are found on the tree . T he true fruit is the cashew nut that is shaped like a boxing

- glove. The fruit consists of a double shell containing a caustic phenolic resin in honeycomb

- like cells, enclosing the edible kernel; the fruit reaches 3 centimeters (1 inch) long and 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) wide. The fruit (nut) develops first. When the fruit (nut) is full

- grown but not yet ripe, its peduncle or receptacle becomes plump, fleshy, pear

- shaped or rhomboid to ovate. The comma

- shaped nut grows outside and underneath the cashew apple. The mature cashew apple grows 8 to 1 0 centimeters ( 3 to 4 inches) in length and approximately 5 centimeters (2 inches) wide. The skin of the cashew apple is smooth, waxy, yellow, red, or red and yellow in color . The yellow pulp is spongy, fibrous, juicy, astringent and acidic. Cashew apple is consumed by humans and animals; nuts are consumed; cashew apple juice is used for medicinal purposes; tr ees are used to control erosion (MORTON, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , DUKE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowers are borne at the beginning of the dry season. Flowering may occur over several weeks. Fruit s are borne singly or in small clusters, and mature during the dry season, in approximately 60 to 90 days. The flowering stage to the ripe fruit stage requires about 3 months. The cashew appl e and nut abscise from the tree naturally when ripe. Mature fruit falls to the ground and the cashew apple dries away. Due to high labor requirements in commercial nut plantations, it is most practical to twist off the nut and leave the apple on the ground for animal grazing. In wet weather, the fruit are manually gathered each day and dried for 1 to 3 days . Cashew apples are highly perishable and require frequent harvesting ( RIEGER, DUKE , MORTON ). b. Cultivation : Grown in moist, warm temperate to very dry tropical conditions. Cashew can tolerate annual precipitation of 7 to 20 c m ( 28 to 80 inches) , average an nual temperatures of 24 to 28 ° C ( 75 to 83 ° F) and a relative humidity of 65 to 80%. Tolerant of deep, wel l

- drained, sandy, poor soils; requires a pH of 4 .5 to 6.5. Drought tolerant and high rainfall and humidity favor diseases. No cold tolerance. Propagation is by seed that is planted directly in the field. For commercial purposes, plants are spaced 6 to 11 meters ( 20 to 35 feet) apart. Fruits are produced after three years (RIEGER, DUKE). c. Availability in the marketplace: Cashew nuts are extremely popular and are sold worldwide in markets. Nuts are sold around the world in the roasted and salted form

. Whe re labor costs are very low, cashew apples are gathered up and taken to markets or processing plants. Cashew apples are extremely perishable and usually spoil within one day (MORTON , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC). d. Preparation for cooking: The processing of cashew nuts is difficult. Nuts must be roasted to drive off caustic cashew nut shell liquid before they are shelled. The nuts are consumed in many dishes

. The cashew apple may be consumed fresh, but contains high quantities of tannins. The apple is more often cooked, steamed, partially dried, or candied. Frequently, apples are preserved in syrup or processed into jam. Juice is extracted f rom the cashew apple to produce an alcoholic drink called f eni (RIEGER, MORTON).**Page 42**  e. Nutritional aspects: The cashew apple contains high quantities of tannins, yielding a bitter taste. Cashew nuts are a good source of iron, potassium, and zinc. They contain protein and are low in saturated fat. They contain no cholesterol and are slightly higher in carbohydrate content than most other nuts, except for pistachios (RIEGER, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC)

. f. Medicinal aspects: Cashew apple juice without the removal of tannin, has been used as a remedy for sore throats and gastrointestinal problems in Cuba and Brazil. T he juice is a potent diuretic. The brandy is applied to the skin to relieve rheumatism pain. The fruit, bark, and nut oil are used as rememdies for calluses, co rns, warts and ulcers. Bark , seed oil, fruit , and leaves are used for a variety of medicinal purposes ranging from the treatment of colds to malaria (MORTON, DUKE ). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Cashews are not produced commercially in the U

. S

. ( RIEGER). 5. Other commercial production regions: Central America, Mexico, n orthern South America, Brazil, Colombia , Kenya ; cultivated in the tropics

. T he top ten cashew production countries in 2 004 were Vietnam, India, Nigeria, Brazil, Tanzania, Indonesia, Guinea

- Bissau, Cote D’Ivoire, Mozambique, and Benin. According to FAOSTAT, in 2007 , production of cashew apple was 1 , 6 60,000 tonnes (1,829,837 tons) in Brazil, 120,600 tonnes (132,939 tons) in Mali, 6 8,000 tonnes (74,957 tons) in Madagascar, and 15 tonnes (17 tones) in Guyana

. T hese were approximate measurements. Average yields range from 0 to 48 kilograms (0 to 106 pounds) per tree per year and 800 to 1,000 kilograms (1,764 to 2,205 pounds) per hect are. Cashew is the number o ne tree nut crop in the world (GRIN , FAO STAT , RIEGER, MORTON , DUKE ). 6. Use: beverage base, fruit, nut; seeds consumed; materials including beads, gum/resin, lipids ; medicinal purposes; vertebrate poison (mammals) ; tree is used for erosion control; receptacle used as forage; seeds yield edible oil; the shells or hulls of the fruit yield a black , acrid oil that is used as a preservative and water

-proofing agent in insulating varnishes, in oil and acid

-proof cements and tiles, in brake

- linings, as a lubricant in airplanes, and in termite proofing timbers. W ood is used to make furniture, boats, packing cases, and in the production of charcoal. B ark is used in tanning. S tems exude a clear gum used in pharmaceuticals and as a substitute for gum arabic (GRIN , MORTON, DUKE ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Receptacle and nut (MORTON). 8. Portion analyzed/sampl ed: Pseudo

- fruit and nut

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 029 2 and FT 4121) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MORTON, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, DUKE, RIEG ER, FAO STAT

. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: ANAOC**Page 43**  1. **Ceylon iron wood** Sapotaceae Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard [(syn: Mimusops hexandra Roxb. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A small to me dium evergreen tree growing 3 to 20 meters ( 10 to 66 feet) in height. Grown throughout c entral India and the Deccan Peninsula of India in dry evergreen forests. The tree contains a spreading crown and a straight massive trunk. Bark and branchlets are smooth and gray. Leaves are clustered near the ends of branchlets and are smooth, leathery, simple, alternate, elliptic

- obovate or oblong, rounded, or emarginate at the tip. Blade size ranges from 5 to 1 2 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) long by 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) wide

. Leaf

- stalks are 0.8 to 2 centimeters (0.3 to 0.8 inch)

. Flowers ar e white or pale yellow and 0.4 centimeters (0.2 inch) in size. Flowers are borne in leaf axils and may be solitary or in clusters of 2 to 5

. Velvety sepals are ovate to triangular in shap e and grow 0. 3 to 0.4 centimeters (0.1 to 0.2 inch) . Petals are oblong and 0.3 centimeters (0.1 inch)

. T he thick flower stalk is 1 to 1.8 centimeters (0.4 to 0.7 inch) long. Fruits are 1 to 2

- seeded, reddi sh

-yellow to yellow berries that are obovoid

- obl ong or ellipsoid in shape, 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) long and 0.8 cent imeters (0.3 inch) across
. The skin is smooth and shiny. Seeds reach 1 centimeter (0.4 inch)

. Fruit s are consumed and f ruits, bark and seed oil have many medicinal purposes ; trees are used for many purposes (WARRIER, INDIA, FRUIT IPEDIA , HU , EFLORAS ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs from December to February (EFLORAS ). b. Cultivation : Trees grow wild in dry evergreen forests in India; cultivated on a small scale in gardens, especially near big cities where there exists a good market for the fruits (FRUITIPEDIA , EFLORAS ). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruits are considered to be a seasonal delicacy and sell at fairly high prices i n Indian metros (FRUIT IPEDIA). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruits are very sweet and are consumed raw by people (FRUITIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: The tree is used as a general tonic; b ark is used for a variety of conditions including reduction of fever , gastrointestinal problems, poison control and removal of parasites. The bark also retards the fermentation of toddy (wine). Fruit is used to smooth the skin, stimulate the appetite, aid bronchitis and leprosy. Seeds are used to cure ulcers and eye conditions . Seeds contain 25% oil which is used as a skin softner (WARRIER, FRUIT IPEDIA). g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: China, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indo

- China (Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam) ; Taiwan, Hainan ; no yield data is available (GRIN , HU , EFLORAS ). 6. Use: fruit, graft stock for sapote, medicinal purposes, wood; leaves are used as fodder; the tree yields a gum; bark contains 10% tannins used for tanning; bark retards the fermentation of toddy (GRIN , FRUITIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit (FRUITIPEDIA). 8. Portion analyzed/sampl ed: Whole Fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Ref erences: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, WARRIER, INDIA, FRUIT IPEDIA , HU , EFLORAS

. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 44**  1. **Ceylon olive** Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus serratus L. 2. A medium evergreen tree that grows to 18 meters (59 feet) tall. Native to Ceylon and India evergreen forests. B ark is brown and smooth. B ranches are smooth and contain leaf scars. L eaves are leathery, simple, alternate, spiral and clustered at the ends of branches. The leaf blade is elliptic, 5.5 to 12.5 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) long and 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) wide. The leaf margin is serrate. The petiole is 1.2 to 4 centimeters (0.5 to 1.6 inches) long. F lowers are white, fringed and contain 5 petals. L ocated in axillary or terminal branched clusters. Green fruit are oblong to ovoid drupes that are 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) long. The skin is dull and smooth. Individual fruit contain 3 to 4 seeds. The fleshy part of the fruit is sub

- acid. Consumed both ripe and unripe. Fruits resemble large olives (CEYLON, BIOT IK , ASIA, MACMILLAN)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Principle season is May to June (MACMILLAN). b. Cultivation : Grown as a subcanopy tree in evergreen to semi

- ev ergreen f orests up to 1600 meters (5,249 feet). Thrives in the moist, low country. Propagated by seed (BIOTIK, MACMILLAN). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit is boiled, pressed flat, and sold with a twist of paper containing salt and chilli powder at ro adside stalls. In Asian shops it is possible to buy these fruits in a light pickling liquid of salt, sugar and vinegar. They are labeled ‘Thai olives’ (ASIA). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is eaten ripe and unripe. M ade into pickles. T he unripe fruit is first boiled, then squashed flat so the flesh cracks open around the seed, but the seed is left in. Whole fruit, together with tiny reddish purple shallots are immersed in the mixture known as Country Mustard. This pickle is known as veralu acharu. Unripe fruits are also consumed at roadside stands after they are boiled, pressed and seasoned with salt and chilli powder. Ripe fruits are softer, sweeter, and eaten with palm sugar. Fruits are also pickled in a liquid of salt, sugar and vinegar (A SIA, TAIWAN EMAIL). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malesia (Indonesia , Malaysia); no yield data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: ornamental, fruit (GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampl ed: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible pe el b EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, TAIWAN EMAIL, CEYL ON, BIOTIK, ASIA, MACMILLAN

. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 45**  1. **Cherry**
**- of** 

**- the** 
**- Rio** 
**- Grande**  Myrtaceae Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaersk. 2. Small, multi

-branching tropical evergreen tree growing to 8 meters (26 feet) tall. N ative to Brazil. Grown in moist tropical to subtropical conditions. As the tree ages, the bark peels off, revealing a smooth trunk. Smooth, g lossy , waxy dark green leaves are narrow elliptic, 5 to 8 centimeters ( 2 to 3 inch es ) long and borne on short grooved petioles . Small white flowers are showy. Fruit is oblong in shape and 2 t o 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inches) in diameter. The skin is deep red to purple in c olo r, smooth and shiny. Individual fruit contain up to 2 ro und, white seeds. Pulp is yellowish orange. Fruit resembles the grumichama, but is more elongated and larger. Sweet, cherry

- like flavor (PERENNIAL, TRADE WINDS, DESERT TROPICALS, QUISQUALIS ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs March to April in Florida. The flowering season may last for several months, occasionally throughout the first part of May. Fruit ripens on the bush 3 weeks after the blossom. Fruiting season is u sually April throught June. Fr uit matures in 60 days (PERENNIAL, DESERT TROPICALS, QUISQUALIS). b. Cultivation: Grown in tropical to subtropical conditions in a variety of soils. Sl ightly acid soils are preferred ad requires full sun . Not tolerant of drought. Large amounts of water are required during bloom and fruit development. Mature trees tol erate temperatures down to

- 6 ° C (21 ° F)

. Propagation is by seed and grafting. Fruit production occurs in 4 to 5 years from seed. When first planted, trees require a complete fertilizer in a 1

- 1

- 1 ratio. Established trees require a fertilizer such as 8

- 3

- 9 at least three times a year. Thrives in USDA zones 9 to 11 (PERENNIAL, DESERT TROPICALS, QUISQUALIS). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Grown in home gardens. Not grown for commerc ial production (PERENNIAL). d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp is eaten fresh; made into jellies, jams, juice s and preserves. Fruits freeze well (PERENNIAL, TRADE WINDS, QUISQUALIS). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No spe cific entry. g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Grown in Southern Florida ; no yield data is available (QUISQUALIS ). 5. Other production regions: Tropical America; Brazil ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 6. Use: fruit ; home garden fruit and ornamental tree (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, TRADE WINDS, DESERT TROPICALS, QUISQUALIS

. 11. Pro duction Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: EUEAG**Page 46**  1. **Chinese olive, black** [(wu lan, schwarze chinesische Olive, schwarze Kanarinuß, azeitona

-preta

- da

- China (GRIN))] Burseraceae Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai & Yakovlev [(syn: Canarium pimela K. D. Koenig (GRIN))] 2. Large evergreen tree growing 10 to 30 meters ( 33 to 98 feet) high

. Native to the Asian and African tropics. The trunk can reach 90 centimeters (35 inches) across and the bark is brown. The tree contains black sap. Leaves are pinnate, 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 24 inches) long and contain 15 to 21 leaflets that are oblong or ovate

- elliptic. L eaflets are 5 t o 15 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) lon g and 3.5 to 7 centimeters (1.4 to 3 inches) wide, abruptly short

- acuminate or obtuse. The base is shortly oblique obtuse and entire. Flowers are small , white and in axillary branched clusters . Fr uits are oblong drupe s that are 4 to 5 centimeters (1.6 to 2 inches) long, 2.5 to 3 centimeters (1 to 1.2 inches) across and contain one seed

. The skin is smooth and purple

-black. The fruit is pickled , serve d as a side dish or flavoring. Fruit has an a crid, unpleasant taste when fresh. Fr uits resemble European olives in appearance . The s eed resembles a walnut in taste ( HU , HANBURY, SIMOONS , FOOD PLANTS ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season : Flowering occurs in April to May; fruiting occurs May to November . In Vietnam, fruiting occurs October to December (ZIPCODEZOO , FOOD PLANTS ). b. Cultivation: Grown in forests at 500 to 1,300 meters (1,640 to 4,265 feet)

. Cultivated for food in s outhern China (Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Fukien, and Szechwan) and Indochina. Cultivated in northern Vietnam at altitudes below 500 meters (1,640 feet). The tree requires full sun, deep humid soil , and steep land (SIMOONS, ZIPCODEZOO , FOOD PLANTS ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Sold preserved with salt in the marketplace (HANBURY). d. Preparation for cooking: May be eaten fresh after soaki ng fruit in salt water and drying in the sun
. May be pre served in sugar, syrup, honey; may be processed with licorice

. The stone is removed from the fruit and then pickled. F ruit is used in Chinese cooking. The seed is used in s outhern China as the walnut is used in n orthern China dishes. The seed is lightly fried and mixed with white chicken meat; formally a popular ingredient of Cantonese dishes that has now been replaced by the cashew nut ( HU , SIMOONS )

. e . Nutritional aspects: Fruit is fatty; contains iron and calcium ; the seed contains protein (SIMOONS). f. Medicinal aspects: Fruits and seeds have medicinal purposes in China (SIMOONS). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN ). 5. Other production regions: China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam , Indochina ; no yield data is available (GRIN , SIMOONS ). 6. Use: ornamental, fruit , wood; aromatic oil resin known as elemi for varnish, l acquer and printer ink; seeds carved into beads and ornaments (GRIN , HANBURY , SIMOONS ). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 00 5 (FI 0 293 ) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FOOD PLANTS, HU , HANBURY, SIMOONS, ZIPCODEZOO. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CNBPI ( Canarium pimela C.D.KOENIG )**Page 47**  1. **Chinese olive, white** [( olivier chinois, chinesische weiße Olive, weiße Kanarinuß, azeitona

- da

- China, pisa (GRIN))] Burseraceae Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. [(syn: Pimela alba Lour. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. Tree growing up to 30 meters (98 feet) tall. Native to forests of China, Vietnam and the Philippines. Trunk is 1.5 meters (5 feet) in diameter. Bark is light brown and scaly; outer bark is thin and inner bark is pinkish brown. Sap is white, aromatic and resinous. Young twigs are covered by reddish brown hairs and become smooth with age. Leaves are compound imparipinnate, alternate , and clustered at the tip s of branches. Le aves contain three to six paired leaflets. Leaflets are opposite, elliptic or ovate to oblong

- ovate, 7 to 14 centimeters (2.8 to 5.5 inches) long and 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 2.8 inches) wide. The rachis is 26 to 28 centimeters (10 to 11 inches) long. Flowers ar e yellowish

- green, have both male and female organs , and are grouped in axillary racemes. Fruits are yellowish

- green , ovoid to spindle

- shaped drupes that are 2.5 to 4 .5 centimeters (1 to 1.8 inches) long by 1.5 to 2 .5 centimeters (0.6 to 1 inch) wide. The skin is smooth and dull. Each fruit contains 1 to 2 se eds that are a flattened, tapered oval shape and about 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) long

. Fruits occur in clusters of six. Used like olives ( JANIC K, BIOTIK , PERENNIAL , TRADEKEY). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering in Thailand occurs from March to August and fruit s mature from June to December; elsewhere the flowering period is from January to May and the fruiting time is from April to October (JANICK, BIOTIK). b. Cultivation: Trees are distributed in primary and secondary forests in China, Japan, Malaysi a, Northern Vietnam, and Laos. Trees are cultivated in Thailand. Re quires a subtropical to cool tro pical climate. T olerates a variety of moist soils , from sand to heavy clay; tolerates acid to alkaline pH conditions

. Grown in areas with elevations of 4 00 to 1,200 meters (1,312 to 3,937 feet) , mean temperatures of 18 to 24 ° C (64 to 75 ° F) and a rainfall of 150 to 250 centimeter s ( 59 to 98 inches)

. Tolerates semi

- shade conditions. Propagated by seed (BIOTIK, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, JANICK). c. Availablity in the marketplace: The fruit, seed and resin are exported to Europe for medicinal use and for soap and varnish manufacture. Raw fruit is sold on local markets (JANICK, BIOTIK). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed raw or cooked; raw fruits have a strong resinous flav or. Whole fruits are preserved in either sweet or sour form and are used like olives. The seed is edible but is small. It has a delicate flavor, is flaky

- textured and is cream in color. O il is extracted from the seed (PERENNIAL , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, JANICK). e. Nutritional aspects: Seeds are high in fat and protein. The fruit is also fatty and contains iron and calcium (SIMOONS). f. Medicinal aspects: The resin is a stimulant and a substance that reddens the skin; when appli ed externally, the resin is used as an anti

-rheumatic. Resin is used in incense making. Oleoresin is made into an ointment for ulcers. Fruit is believed to help indigestion and combat drunkenness; can be used to sti mulate the production of saliva and th e appetitie ; eliminate s apprehension (JANICK, BI OTIK, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: China, Japan, Malaysia, Laos, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vietnam , Philippines, Thailand; no yield dat a is available (GRIN , JANICK, BIOTIK). 6. Use: f ruit, beads, medicinal purposes ; fruit, seed and resin are exported to Europe for medicinal, soap and varnish manufacture; oil is extracted from the seed; resin is used in paint, incense and fragrances; the tree is grown as an ornamental (GRIN , PERENNIAL, JANICK). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel**Page 48**  b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 00 5 (FI 0 293 ) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANCIK, BIOTIK, PERENNIAL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, SIMOONS , TRADEKEY

. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CNBAL**Page 49**  1. **Chirauli**
**- nut**  [(chirauli

-nut

- tree, Hamilton’s

- mo mb in (GRIN))] Anacardiaceae Buchanania latifolia Roxb. 2. Deciduous tree growing 12 to 18 meters (39 to 59 feet) high. Native to Southeastern Asia

. Branchlets are dark brown, stout and slightly hairy. Leaves are stalked, alternate, leathery, pubescent underneath, oblong to elliptic, obtuse at both ends, 7 t o 20 centimeters long (3 to 8 inches) and 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches) wide. Petioles are 1.5 to 2.2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.9 inches)

. White to y ellowish flowers are hairy, sessile and in axillary and terminal pyramidal panicles reaching 20 centimeters (8 inches) long

. Flowers are comp osed of 5 sepals and 5 petals that are 0.25 centimeter (0.1 inch) long. Fruit is an oblong ovoid drupe that turns b lack when ripe and reaches 0.9 centimeter (0.4 inch) long by 0.6 centimeter (0.2 inch) across. The skin is smooth. Fruits and seeds are consumed (MANANDHAR , HU , ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE , ECOCROP , EFLORAS )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowers occur February to March; fruiting occurs May to June . In India, the flowers appear in January to March. The fruits ripen and the leaves are shed in April to May. New leaves appear in June (MANANDHAR , ECOCROP )

. b. Cultivation: Grows in the deciduous dry forests and valleys at altitudes of 750 to 1,500 meters (2,461 to 4,921 feet)

. In India, the tree is adapted to a relative humidity in January from 40 to 80% and in July from 70 to 90%. Propagated by seed (MANANDHAR , HU , ECOCROP )

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruits are sold in the bazaars in In dia (H.F. MACMILLAN). d. Preparation for cooking: Ripe fruit is eaten raw and is sweet

. The seed is rich in oil and is used as a sweetmeat; seeds are ground and used for making beancurd in Yunnan. Seeds are substituted for almonds (MANANDHAR , HU , ECOCROP )

. e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: The tannin and gum of the tre e have medicinal properties (ECOCROP ). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: China, India, Nepal, Indo

- China (Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam) ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: nut, fruit, medicinal purposes ; wood is used for firewood and to make b oxes, doors and furniture; b ark contains tannin; leaves are used as a substitute for plates; seed oil is used in the manufacture of candies ; seeds are consumed (GRIN , MANANDHAR , ECOCROP ). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN) 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, H.F. MACMILLAN, MANANDHAR, HU , ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE, ECOCROP , EFLORAS

. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BUHLA**Page 50**  1. **Ciruela verde** [(bunchoise des Andes, ameixa

- do

- Peru, ciruela de fraile, ciruela silvestre (GRIN))] Malpighiaceae Bunchosia armeniaca (C av.) DC. [(syn: Malpighia armeniaca Cav. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. Small tree or shru

b growing 10 meters (33 feet) tall. Native to South America. Trees in the family Malpighiaceae contain simple opposite leaves. Flowers are bisexual

. Red, orange or y ellow fruit are ellipsoid, 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 inches) in length and are borne in clusters of 8 to 10. The skin is smooth and shiny. The flesh is cream - colored and the flavor is sweet but astringent. F ruit are not commonly consumed fresh. Mo re commonly u sed as a flavoring (CAMPBELL, PERENNIAL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , ZIPCODEZOO , MOBOT ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Trees flower and fruit throughout most of the year ; the tree may produce several crops of fruit a year (CAMPBELL , PERENNIAL ). b. Cultivation: Grown in tropical climates at low to middle elevations. T olerant of a variety of moist soils including sandy, loamy and clay conditions with an acidic, neutral or a basic pH. Grows in sunny or semi

- shade conditions. Propagation is by seed

. Trees fruit within 2

- 3 years from seed. Tolerant of freezes; slightly damaged by temperatures of

- 2 ° C (28 ° F) . Only rarely used as a commercial crop (CAMPBELL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , PERENNIAL ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Marketed locally but little potential for development (PERENNIAL). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are not highly esteemed for fresh consumption; more commonly used as a flavoring . Fruit may be consumed fresh, cooked or preserved; creamy, sweet pulp (CAMPBELL , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Venezuela, Brazil, Western South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Pe ru ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: F ruit ; home garden plant (GRIN , CAMPBELL ). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- inedible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, CAMPBELL, PERENNIAL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, ZIPCODEZOO , MOBOT

. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 51**  1. **Coco plum**  [(icacier, icaquier, prune colon, Icacopflaume, ciruela de algodón, icaco (GRIN))] Chrysobalanaceae Chrysobalanus icaco L. 2. A medium

- sized creeping or erect coastal evergreen shrub growing 1 to 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet) ; rarely grows into a small tree, reaching 2 to 8 meters (7 to 26 feet) tall. Native to coastal areas of southern Florida and the Bahamas through the Caribbean. The plant consists of multiple smooth to scaly brown or grey stems. The twigs are green and hairless when young, turning reddish brown with raised lenticels when mature. Branches contain two rows of shiny, dark green leathery evergreen leaves that are round or elliptic, alternate and simple. Leaves measure 3 to 10 centimters (1.2 to 4 inches) long by 2.5 to 7 centimters (1 to 2.8 inches) broad. The p etiole is 0. 3 cent imeters (0.1 inch) long. Pubescent cymes measuring 3 to 6 centimeters (1.2 to 2.4 in ches) long are axillary and terminal. Many small white four to five

-petaled flowers measuring less than 1 centi meter (0.4 inch) in diameter occur in clusters. Individual petals measure approximately 0.5 centi meter s (0.2 inch) long. Fruit are subglobose, obovoid , spherical or ellipsoid drupes that measure 1.5 to 3 centimeters (0.6 to 1.2 inch) in diameter. The thin , smooth skin changes from green to pinkish

-white to brownish purple to black when ripe and resemble plums. The thin flesh is spongy, whitish and slightly sweet to tasteless when ripe; immature fruit are astringent. Each fruit contains one large seed with a high edible oil content (JANICK , PERENNIAL , DESERT TROPICALS )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowers and produces fruit throughout the year

. Flowers in two or more flushes a year (JANICK , PERENNIAL ). b. Cultivation: Grows along the coast in thickets on dunes and rocky headlands up to 500 meters (1,640 feet) ; also prefers hot tropical lowlands with shallow poor to fertile soils . Thrives inland al ong watercourses, on sandy, nutrient

-poor soils. May be f ound where soil is moist or flooded. Grows where competing vegetation is short. Tolerant of wind, salt spray and flooding; requires full sun. Grown in USDA zones 10 to 12. Semi

- ten der; foliage is damaged at

- 1 °C (30 ° F). Propagated by seed s and cuttings. Cuttings root in 6 to 8 weeks (JANICK , PERENNIAL , DESERT TROPICALS , PIER , FRANCIS ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Important in local areas (PERENNIAL). d. Preparation for cooki ng: Fruit are consumed fresh, canned or made into preserves , jelly or jam

. Fruit is stewed with sugar after the skins have been removed . Seeds are roasted as nuts (JANICK , PERENNIAL , DESERT TROPICALS )

. e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medi cinal aspects: Various parts of the plant have been used in folk medicine; species is known to have hypoglycaemic effects (JANICK)

. g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Florida , Puerto Rico ; a large (2.5 meter [8 feet] tall ) cocoplum in Puerto Rico yielded 760 ripe fruit in a single picking (GRIN , JANICK). 5. Other production regions: West

- Central and West Tropical Africa, South Tropical Africa, Mexico, Central America, Bahamas through the Caribbean, Northern South America, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador ; cultivated and naturalized in Mascarenes, Vietnam, Melanesia, Fiji and Polynesia ; no yield data is available (GRIN , JANICK). 6. Use: fruit , wood for fuel and construction; medicinal purposes ; ornamental; erosion control (GRIN , JANICK , PIER). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

.**Page 52**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, DESERT TROPICALS , PIER, FRANCIS. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Reg ion s 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CBLIC**Page 53**  **220** 1. **Date** [ ( Dátil , d ate palm , palmera datilera , dattier, palmier dattier , Dattelpalme, tamareira (GRIN , MARKLE ) ) ] Arecaceae ( alt. Palmae) Phoenix dactylifera L. 2. A palm with multiple trunks growing to 30 me ters (98 feet) tall. The main trunk reaches 40 to 50 centimeters (16 to 20 inches) in diameter. Native to t ro pical and subtropical areas of Africa and southern Asia ; originated from the ancient Mesopotamia area of southern Iraq or western India. Thrives in the desert region from Morocco to Egypt, Arabia and Pakistan. Trees were domesticated by 4000 BC. The crown of the palm consists of 60 to 150 pinnate leaves that are dark green to grayish, waxy, feather

- shaped, an d 3 to 8 meters (10 to 26 feet) in length

. Enduplicate l eaflets are long, narrow and folded upward ; leaflets usually grow in groups of two or more. Lower leaflets near the base of the trunk are modified into 10 to 15 centimeter (4 to 6 inch) spines. Individual leaflet lengths reach 61 to 75 centimeters (24 to 30 inches) ; width s rea ch 3.8 to 4.4 centimeters (1.5 to 1.7 inches) . Small f lowers are yellowis h (female) to white (male) , waxy, and occur on a branched spadix surrounded by a solitary large s pathe. The inflorescence arises from the axis of the leaves. Male and female flowers are located on different plants. Yell ow, greenish, orange red or brown oblong , elliptical , rounded or ovoid f ruit is 2.5 to 7.5 centimeters long (1 to 3 inches) , 2.5 ce ntimeters (1 inch) in diameter and occurs in clusters of 1,000 to 1,500

. The skin is smooth and wrinkles upon drying. Pulp is yellowish to reddish brown; flavor is sweet and nutty. Seeds are elongate and pointed at the ends; size ranges from 0.2 to 0.3 centimeters (0.08 to 0.1 inch) by 0. 5 to 0.8 centimeters (0.2 to 0.3 inch) ( DUKE, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, JANICK). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: InE gypt, dates flower in February and March; ripening occurs in August and September. Commercial harvest of the earliest varieties begins in August in the northern hemisphere, with the late varieties harvested in November. Ittakes 6 months for the fruit to ripen from flowering . Trees may bear for a century or more (DUKE )

. b. Cultivation : Grown in dry subtropical and tropical areas of the world. Requires hot and dry conditions for proper fruit maturation. Fruit production is best where there are long, intensely hot summer s with little rain and very low humidity from pollination to harvest and abundant underground water near the surface or irrigation. Tolerant of salt, alkaline conditions, various soil types with good drainage , and temperatures to about

- 5 ° C (23 ° F)

. Thrives in conditions with an annual precipitation of 3.1 to 40.3 c m (12.2 to 158.7 inches) , annual temperatures of 12.7 to 27.5 ° C (55 to 82 ° F) , and pH of 5.0 to 8.2. In cultivation, one trunk is allowed to grow l arge. P ropagation is by seed, suckers from the base of the trunk , or tissue culture

. Seedlings are planted in nursery rows and later transplanted to the permanent location. Fruit production occurs in 5 to 8 years from s uckers. Trees are planted 9 meters (30 feet) apart with one male tree for every 50 female trees. Artificial pollination is practiced . Major fruit crop in arid regions of North Africa and the Middle East (PERENNIAL , VAN WYK , JANICK , DUKE ). c. Availability in the marketplace: In traditional date

-producing areas, dates are hand sorted in the field and sold at local markets. More industrialized date production relies upon packing and storage facitlites to hold them until shipped. Important fruit of commerce . Classified as soft, semi

- dry or dry depending on moisture content. Consumed as a staple food in the Middle East, No rth Africa, and Western Asia (PERENNIAL , JANICK)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is eaten fresh or dried, from the middle of the Khalal (largest size and highest sugar content) to the Tamar (dried) ripening stage. Fruit may be pressed into a large cake , eaten as sweetmeat, or used in jams, desserts, confectionary, sauces, curries, fish and stews (including the tajines of North Africa and the ragouts of French cooking). Date honey is made from the juice of fresh fruit; date sugar; date paste; pickles; syrups; candies; sap is used in beer and wine making; date palm f

l our is made from the pith of the tree; oil is used from the seeds; palm heart is eaten in salads. Pulp is dried and mixed with other foods. The high sugar and low mois ture content**Page 54**  enable dates to keep for long periods of time (VAN WYK , JANICK). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit is a high

- energy food source; rich in carbohydrates and sugar (60 to 70% of dry weight); very nutritious because fruits contain niacin, iron, potassium, folic acid, magnesium, numerous vitamins (A, B 1 and B 2 ) and minerals . Fruits contain a fair source of calcium, chlorine, copper and sulfur; fruits contain a small amount of phosphorus and 16 kinds of amino acids. Low in fat and protein. Fruits c ontain antioxidant and anti

- mutagenic properties (PERENNIAL , VAN WYK , JANICK , DUKE ). f. Medicinal aspects: Fruits are used as folk rememdies for many medicinal purposes ; regarded as an aphrodisiac, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, estrogenic , expectorant, laxative, pectoral, purgative and refrigerant (JANICK , DUKE ). g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: Production in U.S. ( 2,226 hectares ( 5500 acres ) ) is mainly in Coachella Valley, California, with some in Arizona

. According to the USDA, 23,400 tons (21, 228 tonnes) were producted in California in 2009. According to FAOSTAT , in 2008, 16,511 tonnes (18,200 tons) were produced in the U.S

. (MARKLE , FAOSTAT , USDA)

. 5. Other commercial production regions: Most US imports come from Middle Ea st countries ; Grown from Morocco to Egypt, Arabia and Pakistan

. Introduced to Australia, M exico and South Africa. Worldwide production of dates reached 7,048,089 tonne s ( 7,769,188 tons) in 200 8 . The top ten date producing countrie s in 2001 were Egypt, Iran, S audi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Pakistan, Algeria, Oman, Sudan, and Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The top five date exporting countries in 2001 were the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Pakistan, Tunisia, and Iraq. Egypt is the largest date producing country, where produ ction has increased to 1,130,000 tonnes (1,245,612 tons) in 2007

. Iran is the second largest producing country, where production has reached 1,000,000 tonnes (1,102,311 tons) in 2007. Saudi Arabia is the third largest producing country, where production has reached 982,546 tonnes (1,083,072 tons) in 2007 (GRIN , MARKLE , PERENNIAL , VAN WYK , JANICK , FAOSTAT ). 6. Use: Mainly dried and sold as whole, pitted or chopped for confections or to be eaten out of hand ; ornamental; beverage base ; fodder; fiber s from dates provi de thread and rigging for boats; wood for construction and firewood ; medicinal purposes . Seeds are used as animal feed or strung as beads; seed oil is used for soap manufacture; leaves are used as matting, baskets, roofing, fencing and shleter (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK, DUKE ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fresh or dried fruit (VAN WYK). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole dried frui t without pit , which is discarded

. 9. Classificati ons: a. Authors Class: Tropic al and subtropical fruit group, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT0295) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Referenc es: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, DUKE, PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, JANICK , FAOSTAT , USDA

. 11. Production Map: Primarily, EPA Crop Production Region 10. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PHXDA**Page 55**  1. **Davidson’s plum** Cunoniaceae. Also placed in: Davidsoniaceae Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell. 2. A tree grow ing to 20 meters (66 feet) tall; possesses thin stems with dark brown to gray flaky bark. The canopy is dense and contains many branches with long hairs. Hairs also occur on leaves and are an irritant to humans

. Native to ea stern Australia. Grows in tro pical and subtropical rainforest s in north Queensland and north east New South Wales. Leaves are compound, lanceolate, have a terminal pinna and are 60 to 120 centimeters (24 to 47 inches) long

. Leaflets are up to 25 centimeters (10 inches) long. New foliage is hairy and bright p ink in color

. Inflorescences are borne on older branches and the trunk. L ateral spikes that range in number from two to 24 and range in size from 30 to 80 ce ntimeter s (12 to 31 inches) hang downward from the tree . Flowers are 0. 5 to 0.8 centimeters (0.2 to 0.3 inch) long, dark pink, and contain four to five sepals. Each flower contains both male and female organs. Bluish

-black fruit is a laterally compressed obovoi d drupe that ranges in size from 3 to 6 cent imeters (1.2 to 2.4 inches) long, 3 to 5 centimeters (1.2 to 2 inches) wide, and 3

. 5 to 4 .5 cent imeters (1.4 to 1.8 inches) deep. Fruits contain two laterally compressed stones with soft fibers originating from the margins. The skin is smooth. Pulp is dark

-red and appears similar to the European plum but the taste is sour. Fruits occur in clusters of a hundred or more (JANICK , TRADE WINDS , ANPSA , BUSH ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowers from February to July and produc es fruit from March to June; can flower throughout the year (JANICK). b. Cultivation: Grown in tropical and subtropical rainforests in north east Queensland from sea level to 1,000 meters ( 3,281 feet). T olerant of full to part sun and a range of soil types; prefer s moist soil with high levels of organic matter . Thrives where there is consistent rainfall throughout the year . Adult trees may survive frost but juvenile trees encounter leaf burn. Propagated by seed or tissue culture. Trees are pl anted 2.5 to 5 meters (8 to 16 feet) apart in rows that are 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet) apart. Large yields are produced by removing apical shoots to induce multiple stems. Mulching, irrigation and wind breaks are common cultivation practices (JANICK , ANPSA). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruits consumed locally ; important fruit in the bushfood industry (JANICK , BUSH ). d. Preparation for cooking: Fresh fruit were consumed locally , but today the pulp is processed into jams, sauces, salad dressing, wine, juice, cordials, preserved fruit and confectionaries ; fruit is used as an additive, coloring and flavoring (JANICK , BUSH ). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruits contain protein, fiber, vitamin C and minerals including sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercia l pr oduction regions: C ultivated in eastern Australia including north Queensland and north

- east New South Wales as part of the bushfood industry ; no yield data is available (JANICK). 6. Use: F ruit , additive, container plant (GRIN , ANPSA). 7. Part(s) of p lant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits , edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: Non e 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, BUSH, JANI CK, TRADE WINDS, ANPSA

. 11. Production map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 56**  1. **Desert d ate**  [(soapberry

- tree, dattier du désert , dattier sauvage, héglik, Zachunbaum, betu, hingotia, lalo, zachun , mirobalano de Egipto (GRIN))] Zygophyllaceae. Also placed in: Balanitaceae Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile [(syn: Ximenia aegyptiaca L. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A spiny evergreen tree growing 6 to 17 meters ( 20 to 56 feet) tall

. An African tropical dryland fruit. The tree develops a dense crown that is spherical or hemispherical in shape, drooping branches, a nd a large taproot. The bark is smooth and green when young and thickens, becoming grayish and deeply fissured when older. The trunk becomes twisted and fluted with age. Leaves are alternate, leathery and b ifoliolate. Leaflets are shiny and entire elliptic to ovate. Spines are straight, stout, woody and 12 centimeters (5 inches) long. Inflorescences are in fascicles or racemes of fascicles. Each cluster contains up to six small scented greenish flowers that contain both male and female reproductive organs. Flowers open at night. Yellow fruit is a cylindrical drupe that is 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) long, and 1 to 2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inch) in diameter. Fruit differs in size and pubescence of the skin across different locations. When mature, a thin 0.1 centimeter (0.04 inch) brittle skin encloses the thick, fibrous oily pulp that is 0.2 centimeters (0.08 inch) thick. Within the pulp, there is a 0.5 centimeter (0.2 in ch) thick hard

-pointed woody pit containing an ovoid seed. Fruit flavor is sweet to somewhat bitter

. The f ruit has been used as a food crop in Egypt and the N ear East for four millennia (PERENNIAL , JANICK). 3. Crop Data: a. Seas on: F lower s January to February in Africa, however flowering periods are variable. Fruit develop and ripen over 190 to 250 days. In Senegal, fruit reach maturity in the dry season (PERENNIAL). b. Cultivation: Requires a hot arid climate; does not tolerate humid climate

. Fruit still develop s in unusually dry years. Grows at frost

- free elevations from sea level to 2,000 meters (6,562 feet) in fertile, low

- lying sites with deep sandy soil and access to water. A lso grows well on heavier, fertile clay so ils with low salinity, open parkland s and grassland s . Requires a mean annual temperature of > 20 ° C (> 68 ° F) and < 25 to 80 cent imeters (10 to 31.5 inches) of mean annual rainfall. Propagation is mainly by seed. Plants may be propagated by cuttings. Seeds are soaked in warm water for sev eral hours before planting time. A loamy nursery medium, a rooting depth of at least 12.5 centimeters (5 inches) , and shade aids germination. S eedlings should remain in the nursery for 3 to 6 months. Fruiting begins in 5 to 7 years from see d. Full fruiting potential is reached by 25 years. Trees live for 100 or more years ; little progress towards commercial production (PERENNIAL , JANICK). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Food crop in arid areas ; regular rural

- market commodity ; used commercially in the manufacture of steroids; commercial animal feed; cooking oil from the seed is marketed (PERENNIAL , JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp is consumed fresh; used as a supplementary or emergency food. F ruit may be dried, fermented to make alcoholic beverages ; edible oil

-rich seed . Fruit can be stored for a y e ar (PERENNIAL , JANICK) e. Nutritional aspects: The seed serves as a protein

-rich component in some areas
. F ruit possesses a sign ificant carbohydrate content. Fruit contains s aponin ; large levels may harm humans (JANICK)

. f. Medicinal aspects: Various medicinal purposes. P otential diosgenin and yamogenin source for the manufacture of cortisone and corticosteroid drugs; used in steroid manufacture (JANICK). g. Crop Photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Puerto Rico ; no data is available (JANICK). 5. Other commercial production regions: Northern and n ortheast tropical Af rica, e ast t

ropical Africa, w est and w est

- c entral t

ropical Africa, s outhern and s outh t ropical Africa, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan , Egypt , the Azores, Cape Verde, Cura çao, and the Dominican Republic ; approximately 100 to 150 kilograms (220 to 331 pounds) of ripe fruit is produced per tree (GRIN , JANICK).**Page 57**  6. Use: F ood additive (flavoring), human food (gum/mucilage, fruit, oil/fat, vegetable), seed oil is used as cooking oil; materials (beads, essential oils, fiber, gum/resin, tannin/dyestuff), medicinal purposes, potential source of pharmaceutical agent, non

- vertebrate poison (disease vector control), vertebrate poison (fish, mammals) ; kernel cake is used a s animal feed for sheep and poultry ; wood is used for construction, furniture and fuel (GRIN , JANICK). 7. Part(s) of plant c onsumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 00 5 (FI 0 296 ) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: Non e 10. Ref erences: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK. 11. Production map: EPA Crop Production Region 1 3

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 58**  1. **Doum palm coconut**  [(Egyptian doum palm, gingerbread palm, chou palmiste, palmier doum, palmier fourchu, Dumpalme, duma , Dum palm (GRIN))] Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. [(syn: Corypha thebaica L. (basionym), Hyphaene crinita Gaertn. (GRIN))] 2. A palm with a branched trunk that grows 10 to 15 meters (33 to 49 feet) tall. The t runk is 30 to 45 centimeters (12 to 18 inches) thick. Native to North Africa. Doum palm coconut has been revered as a s acred tree; symbolism of masculine strength. The stiff leaves are palmate, 90 to 150 centimeters (3 to 5 feet) wide, folding , arching, large, ribbed and contain deeply cut green segments. The petiole contains sharp spines . The plant contains separate catkin

- like male and club

- shaped female branches that arise in clusters from between the leaves. White flower clusters are 60 to 90 centimeters (2 to 3 feet) long. Male and female flowers are found on separate plants. Individual flowers occur in sunken pits densely arranged on the branches. Pollination is by wind. The yellowish

-brown fruit is an ovoid drupe that is 8 centimeters (3 inches) long and 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter

. The skin is smooth. The pulp is fibrous and tough but is sweet and pleasant in taste; resembles carob or ginger (PERENNIAL , JANICK , PACSOA , RIFFLE 2008 , TOP TROP ICALS )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Seas on: Palms first fruit at 6 to 8 years of age. Fruit ripens in 6 to 8 months and remains on the plant until the next flowering season (JANICK). b. Cultivation: Grows best in moist, tropical climates in a ric h, well

- drained sandy loam with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 and sunny conditions

. Forms thick stands along watercourses in hot, dry areas. Tol erates arid and semi

- arid areas with dry tropical or subtropical climate, however fruit size and production is lower in these areas. Fo und in open grasslands and desert. T olerates moderate salinity and nutrient poor soils. Able to withstand some frost. Propagation is by seed and basal offsets

. Seeds take up to a year to germinate and underground development takes place before the first seedling leaf emerges. S eeds are planted singly in deep containers or 20 centimeters (8 inches) deep in the groun d. Soil must be kept moist for 2 to 3 months while the seed is germinating. Once germination occurs, seedlings can withstand up to 10 months of drought (PERENNIAL , JANICK , PACSOA)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Locally important fruit ; local populations have used the fruit and seeds for centuries (PERENNIAL , JANICK)

. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit pulp is consumed f resh and mixed w ith other foods; processed into beverages. T he rind is made into molasses, cakes and sweet meats. Endosperm of immature seeds is eaten fresh (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MULLER)

. e. Nutritional aspects: In the deserts of Northern Africa the pulp is a significant source of nutrition. Seeds have a high protein (4 to 5%) and oil content ; the plumule of the young seedling below ground is consumed (PERENNIAL , JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: A variety of medic inal uses (JANICK). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: Egypt, n ortheast t ropical Africa, w est an d w est

- c entral t ropical Africa; most common in coastal e ast Africa and in Eritrea; Saudi Arabia, Yemen , western India, Middle East ; fruit is obtained from wild populations , and therefore no data is available. A mature 6 to 8

-year - old tree produces approximately 50 kg (110 pounds) of fruit annually (GRIN , PERENNIAL , JANICK). 6. Use: O rnamental, fruit, beads, fiber, forage, wood for construction ; unripe seeds are edible; ripe seeds are used as a weapon ; hardened endosperm of the ripe seed is used as vegetable ivory (used to make beads and carvings); seeds used as a millet substitute (GRIN , JANICK)

. 7. Part(s) of plant c onsumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

.**Page 59**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 006 (FI 0333 ) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- inedible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: Non e 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MULLER, PACSOA , RIFFLE 2008 , TOP TROPICALS

. 11. Production map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: HHYTH**Page 60**  1. **False sandalwood** [(tallownut, tallowwood, hai tan mu (GRIN))] Olacaceae Ximenia americana L. 2. A sprawling, low

-branching shrub or tree growing 2 to 10 meters (7 to 33 feet) . Native to the tropics and warm subtropics. The crown is rounded to conical. T he trunk is up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter. The bark is dark brown to pale grey, and ranges from smooth to scaly. B ranches are small, purple

-red, waxy, and contain straight, slender spines. Leaves are alternate, lanceolate to elliptic, 3 to 8 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) long by 1.5 to 4 centimeters (0.6 to 1.6 inches) wide and on short petiole s
. Young leaves smell like bitter almonds when crushed. Fragrant flowers are white, yellow

- green or pink and o ccur in branched inflorescences borne on short, hanging axillary racemes or umbels with short, hairy pedicles. Plum

- like f ruit are yellow, yellow

- orange or red ellipsoid to subglobose drupes that range in size from 2 to 3.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1.4 inches) long by 1.5 to 3 centimeters (0.6 to 1.2 inches) wide. Immature fruit are green. The skin of the fruit is thin , smooth and highly perishable. The pulp is juicy and the f lavor is sour to bland. Fruit contains one light yellow woody seed that is up to 1.5 centimeters ( 0.6 inch) long and 1.2 centimeters (0.5 inch) thick with a brittle shell (PERENNIAL , JANICK , WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Seas on: Fruit production occurs in 3 to 4 years from seed . Flow ering and fruit ripening occurs throughout the year. Fruit matures in 50 to 60 days . Flowering and fruiting periods do not seem to be governed by climatic regimes (PERENNIAL). b. Cultivation: Requires hot tropical lowlands or subtropical climates. Found as solitary trees dispersed in open, dry savannah , as an understorey of dry forests or woodlands, along seashores, or on riverbanks. Prefer s ares where there are stony, sandy, clay, clay loam, loamy sand and sandy clay soils. Tolerates a mean annual rainfall ran ging from 30 to 125 centime ters (12 to 49 inches) and a mean annual temperature of 14 to 30 ° C (57 to 86 ° F)

. Grows at elevations of 0 to 2,000 meters (0 to 6,562 feet)

. Tolerant of light frost and drought

. Propagation is by seed and cuttings

. Because the skin of the fruit is thin, fruit are highly perishable and must be picked from th e tree (PERENNIAL , JANICK , AGROFORESTRY). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp is consumed fresh; fruit are also preserved. Fruit are used to make juice, jams, je llies and alcoholic beverages. Seed is eaten fresh or roasted

. O il from the seed is used in cooking, as a vegetable butter and as a ghee substitute in southern India. Young leaves are edible after thorough cooking and are used as a condiment in Indonesia (PERENNIAL , JANICK). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: Seeds contain hydrocyanic acid and serve as a purgative . Bark and crushed fruit rind are applied to sores on domestic animals and to keep off fleas. Leaves and twigs are used for fevers, colds, mouthwash for toothaches, a laxative, and an eye lotion. Roots are used to treat skin problems, headaches, leprosy , h emorrhoids, sexually transmitted diseases, guinea worm , sleeping sickness, and oedema; used as an antidote to poison (JANICK). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: East and n ortheast tropical Africa, west and w est

- c entral t ropical Africa, s outhern Africa, s outh t ropical Africa, China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, region of Malesia (Indonesia, Malaysi a , Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, Northern South America, Brazil, w estern South America, Southern South America ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: F ruit, oil/fat, lipids (material) , medicinal purposes, firewood ; bark and roots are us ed for tanning; bark is used to strengthen indigo dyes; heartwood contains an essential oil used for fumigation; flowers have an essential oil that are used as a substitute for orange blossom; compounds in the leaves are used as a poison for snails; the se ed contains a non

- drying oil suitable for soap manufacture and lubrication (GRIN , FAO , AGROFORESTRY ).**Page 61**  7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRI N, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, PLANTS DATABASE, AGROFORESTRY, FAO , WIKIPEDIA

. 11. Production map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 1 3 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: XIMAM**Page 62**  **237** 1. **Feijoa** [ (Pineapple

- guava, goiaba

- do

- campo, goiabeira

- serrana, falso guayabo, guayaba brasilera, guayaba chilena (GRIN) ) ] Myrtaceae Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret [ (syn: Feijoa sellowiana (O. Berg) O. Berg , Orthostemon sellowianus O. Berg (basionym) (GRIN) )] 2. A small evergreen shrub or tree growing to 6 meters (20 feet)

. Native to s outh eastern Brazil and Uruguay

. The young growth is whitish or rusty colored with unbranched and curled woolly hairs that are up to 0.1 centimeter (0.04 inch) long . Young twigs are moderately to de nsely hairy and become hairless with age. Young bark is smooth, light reddish brown and becomes grey to light brown and flaky with age. Leaves are oval , obovate or elliptic, 3 to 7 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) long, 1.5 to 4 centimeters (0.6 to 1.6 inches) wide, densely hairy below and hairy to hairless , gray - green and glossy above . The single flowers have four to six cupped petals that are white on the outside and purplish red on the inside. Petals are suborbicular to elliptic and mea sure 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long. Flowers contain clusters of long crimson stamens with yellow tips. The flower stalk is hairy, 0.5 to 3 centimeters (0.2 to 1.2 inches) long and 0. 1 to 0.15 cent imeters (0.04 to 0.06 inch) wide. Male and female repro ductive organs are located on the same flower. Pollinated by birds. The f

ruit is ellipsoid, oval, or pear

- shaped, 2 to 5 centimeters (0.8 to 2 inches) long and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) in diameter. The skin is bright green , smooth and is c overed in a waxy bloom. The flesh is whitish to honey

- colored and the pulp is translucent and juicy ; the flavor is sweet and often described as a cross between a pineapple and a strawberry. The aroma is spicy

. Each fruit contains several small seeds. Feijoas ripen from the inside out; consumed when slightly soft. An over

-ripe feijoa devel ops a brown seed pulp and loses flavor with time . There are two populations of feijoa in South America. One is found in high altitudes on the basalt plateau in south eastern Brazil. Feijoas here contain large seeds. The other population is located in the crystalline soils of Uruguay and the south of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil. These feijoas contain small seeds (PERENNIAL , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK)

. 3. C rop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs from April to May. Fruit ripens from late summer throughout autumn (March to June) and falls when it is mature. Fruit matures in 150 to 180 days. The total sugar level remains low until 90 to 100 days after floweri ng but then increases rapidly during the last 30 days of fruit development. The New Zealand crop is available from spring to early summer. Californian feijoas are available in the autumn months . In humid, high altitude regions above 1,600 meters (5,249 feet) near the equator such as Colombia, feijoas flower an d fruit twice in one year . Fruit production occurs in 3 to 5 years from seed and 2 to 3 years from vegetative propagation (PERENNIAL, NAT IONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK). b. Cultivation: Grown in the coo l subtropic, warm temperate and cool highland tropical climates. Found growin g in the subtropical forests with large timber tree species at altitudes of 400 to 800 meters (1,312 to 2,625 feet) , temperate forests at 900 meters (2,953 feet) , and high altitu de grasslands and low canopy forests at about 900 meters (2,953 feet) in South America. Thrives on the f orest margin or as an understory tree. Tolerant of a considerable range in rainfall and a variety of soil conditions including nutrient poor and acidic soils. Fruiting is poor in hot tropical lowlands. For optimal fruit production, plants are planted in fertile, well

- drained soil in a sunny location. Does not tolerate cold winters. C old tempe rature damage occurs below

- 3 ° C (27 ° F) in summer an d

- 8 ° C (18 ° F) in winter. Frosts damage the fruit. Hot and dry conditions in spring during flowering and fruit set may interfere with pollination and lead to low yields. Propagation is by seed, cuttings, layering, and grafting. Cuttings are taken duri ng the late summer . Rooting takes 8 to 10 weeks. Trees in orchards are planted 3 to 3.5 meters (10 to 11 feet) apart in the row with rows 4.5 to 5 meters (15 to 16 feet) apart. Requires a slow release fertilizer. Plants are often self

- steri le. Fruitin g is improved by cro ss -pollination. To e nsure proper fruiting, two trees of different cultivars must be planted fairly close together. New Zealand is the world’s large producer of this fruit ; generally, fruit are no t produced on a commercial scale (PEREN NIAL , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK)

.**Page 63**  c. Availablity in the marketplace: High quality processed feijoa products including frozen desserts and drinks including feijoa wine or juice products have been developed for several markets. Feijoa wine has been so ld in small quantities to Asian markets and feijoa juice is used in a range of successful commercial blends in New Zealand. Freeze

- dried feijoa chips are used in breakfast and cereal mixes . Homeopathic pharmacies sell “feijoa tea

. ” Fruit can be stored commercially at 4 ° C (39 ° F) for 4 weeks (JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit pulp is con sumed fresh by cutting the fruit in half and scooping out the pulp with a spoon. Fruit is processed into jellies, jams, sauces , juices, wine and preserves. The flavor is stable durig processing. Fruits are used in cakes or muffins as a substitute for bananas; added as a flavoring for ice cream, yogurt, sorbets, or smoothies. Feijoas pair well with ginger; fruits freeze well . The skin is edible but is res inous. Recipes for chutney usually include the peel. Feijoas are substituted in all dishes that use apples (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, PERENNIAL , JANICK). e. Nutritional aspects: The fruit is an excellent source of vitamin C and dietary fiber . The main sugar s present in feijoa fruit are sucrose, fructose and glucose and increase as the fruit ripens. Contents of calcium, magnesium, and potassium per fruit all increase as the fruit grows (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: Used more for medicinal purposes, rather than as a food in South America

. An infusion from the leaves is prepared into a drink to cure dysentery and cholera in children. The dried skins of feijoa fruit are also used for this purpose (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK)

. g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: There is c ommercial production in California. Scattered trees have been planted in Florida and Hawaii ; no yield data is available (MARKLE)

. 5. Other commercial production regions: New Zealand , Australia, South America; widely cultivated in the subtropics ; In Brazil and Uruguay, the fruit are not cultivated on a commercial scale but fruit are collected from the wild or home gardens. Currently, New Zealand contains approximately 200 hectares (494 acres) of commercial orchards that produce 950 tonnes (1,047 tons) of fruit for fresh consumption and 200 ton ne s (220 tons) for processing. In Colombia, 165 hectares (408 acres ) are grown and 1,200 tonne s (1,323 tons) of fruit are produced. An orchard of mature feijoa trees yie lds approximately 22 tonne s (24 tons) of fruit per hectare or 30 to 40 kg ( 66 to 88 pounds ) of fruit per tree (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK). 6. Use: Fresh eating, used in salads or processed in jelly , marmalade and other preserves ; used in desserts and drinks; home garden fruit; ornamental ; the tree is pruned to form a hedge ; medicinal purposes (GRIN , MARKLE , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (JANICK)

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class : Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 006 (FI 0335 and FI 4143) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- inedible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: Guava = feijoa 10. References: CODEX, GRIN , MARKLE , BAYER, PERENNIAL, NAT IONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK

. 11. Production map: EPA Crop Production Region 10. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: FEJSE**Page 64**  **243** 1. **Fig** [ ( Common fig , h igo , wu hua guo , figuier commun , echte Feige , Feigenbaum, fico, figueira, figo , figueira

- comum , figueira

- da

- europa , figueira

- do

-reino , higuera común (GRIN , MARKLE ) ) ] Moraceae Ficus carica L. [(s yn: Ficus caprificus Risso , Ficus carica var. caprificus (Risso) Tschirch & Ravasini, Ficus carica var. rupestris Hausskn. ex Boiss. ( GRIN) ) ] 2. A small tree growing 12 meters ( 39 feet) or more in height and 10 meters (33 feet) in width . Figs originated in southern Arabia and spread to Western Asia and the Mediterranean

. One of the most universally enjoyed f

ruits. Figs have been cultivated from the earliest days of recorded history

. Currently, there are 1,000 cultivars of fig. The tree contains a large canopy with many spreading branches. Depending on the cultivar, trees may be round

- topped and dense with many twiggy lateral spurs or contain apically dominant branches with fewer spurs, producing an open appearance. The growth habit of the trees ranges from open to compact and penduluous to upright to spreading, depending on the cultivar. Size and density are also variable. Th e bark is smooth with few fissure s. Protruding spherical bark tubers ranging in size from 0. 2 to 2 .5 cent imeters (0.08 to 1 inch) , occur on mature trees near the nodal swellings. The root system is extensive . For this reason, trees should not be planted near buildings. The plant produes latex. Contact with the latex may cause skin rashes. The stiff, dark green leaves are large, thick, hariy and heart

- shaped. Leaves can possess three to seven lobes. The tree is deciduous in cool areas and nearly evergreen in tropical regions. The inflorescences are produced within a fleshy, hollow receptacle called the syconium. T he floral parts line the wall of the syconium and produce a multiple fruit. The small individual flowers are borne on flower stalks and a

re unisexual. Three types of flowers occur within the syconium and include long

- styled pistillate, short

- styled pistillate, and staminate. T he staminate flo wers are found around the apical end of the fig and the pistillate flowers are found in the interior walls of the syconium. A ccess to the flowers within the syconium is through the ostiole

. Po llination by the small fig wasp is required for the Smyrna type fig. O ther figs produce fruit without fertili zation. There are two botanically different types of Ficus carica trees. Pistillate or “female” fig trees produce syconia (figs) containing only long

- styled pistillate flowers. These are commercial figs. Caprifigs are “male” trees. These produce syconia containing both short

- styled pistillate flowers and staminate male flowers. The so

- called “fruit” or fig is actually the vase - shaped outer flesh called a syconium

. The fig is shaped like a pear, ranges in color from green, brown, yellow, red, purple, or purplish

-black, and ranges in size from 2.5 to 6 centimeters (1 to 2.4 inches) in diameter and 10 centimeters (4 inches) long

. The skin is smooth. Pulp is whitish, yellowish , red or pink. T he flavor is sweet. The thousands of tiny “seeds” are actual ly tiny fruits encapsulated in the syconium. These embryos develop into viable seeds when fertilized (PERENNIAL , LOVE , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JANICK , MORTON )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Se ason: Fruit production occurs in 3 to 4 years from seed and 1 to 2 years from vegetative propagation. Most trees produce 2 to 3 crops of fruit per year

. The first crop matures in early summer. The second or main crop begins to mature in mid to late summer. In Hawaii, with proper irrigation and elevations lower than 600 feet (183 meters) , fruit forms continuously throughout the year. At elevations above 900 feet (274 meters) , the tree produces one or two crops per year. At mid

- elevations of 600 to 900 feet (183 to 274 meters) , the tree will produce two or more crops per year (PE RENNIAL , LOVE ). b. Cultivation : Tre es ar e located in the subtropical, cool trop ical, and temperate zone s with moderate winters . Grows best in dry climate s where the cool se ason alternates with the hot season. Prefer s hot, dry , summers with low humidi ty, no autu mn rains and low to medium fertile soil. Summer temperatures of 32 to 37 ° C (90 to 99 ° F) or hi gher are optimal. Mature trees can tolerate winter low temperatures of

- 10 ° C (14 ° F) , while young trees canno t tolerate temperatures between

- 8 to

- 6 ° C (18 to 21 ° F)

. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions from sand to clay, with good drainage and low acidity, a pH range of 6 to 7.8, temperatures below freezing when plants are dormant, drought, and some soil salinity. High rainfall causes trees to produce poorly. Fig orchards growing in the hot dry climates require about 76 centimeters (30 inches) of water annually.**Page 65**  Cultivated from sea level to over 5,000 feet (1,524 meters)

. Propagation is by seed, cuttings, and grafting

. Cuttings are taken during the dormant season. Tree spacing is variable depeding on whether figs will be dried or produced for the fresh market. Plants for drying are planted on a square or offset pattern with 6 meters (20 feet) between the rows to allow space for drying an d machine harvest and from 4.2 to 5.4 meters (14 to 18 feet) between trees. Orchards for fresh fruit production are set closer in square or offset plantings with from 4.2 to 4.8 meters (14 to 16 feet) between rows and from 3.6 to 4.8 meters (12 to 16 feet) between trees. In many commercial production regions, trees are pruned severely after ea ch harvest because fruit is mainly produced on new growth. Commercially

- grown trees average from 5 to 8 meters (16 to 26 feet) in height and 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 feet) in width. Pruning also enables the fruit to be harvested more easily. Irrigation at lower elevations will increase production. Fruit for the fresh market is hand picked at a stage of maturity where the fruit has maximum exterior color but still retains firmness. Figs grown for drying are allowed to fully mature and partially dehydrate on the tree, eventually dropping to the ground. When using a mechanical harvester, the fruit is left under the tree to dry further and mechanically swept into wind

rows where drying continues. The windrows are picked up by the harvester. Wild trees may live for 100 years, while orchard trees decline by age 50 to 60 years (PERENNIAL , LOVE , JANICK)

. c. Availability in the marketplace: Many value

- added products from countries such as Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Japan, Iran and Iraq are created from figs. Sold in local farmers’ markets. Sold to restaurants. Fresh figs are highly perishable and sell for high prices. In many countries, much of the production is consumed domestically as fresh fruit. Fig Newton cookies hav e been manufactured in the United States since 1891. Itis one of the most popular cookies made and sold in the United States. Fresh figs can be stored for up to 5 day s (LOVE , JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: The fruit (syconium) is eaten fresh, dri e d, baked, broiled, preserved or stewed. Baked into breads and other confections in Ja pan. Fruit is made into a dried fruit paste or jam; may be canned. Fresh and dri ed fig bits are added to spreads, honey , cakes, puddings, cookies, tarts, health bars and breakfast cereals. Fruits are often con sumed with prosciutto or cheese; made into savory compotes to go with duck or salmon (PERENNIAL , LOVE , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , JA

NICK). e. Nutritional aspects: Figs are high in fiber and are a good source of potassium and vitamin B 6 . Dried fruit contain more calcium per gram than milk

. The dried fruit is nutrient dense. Fruit contains n o cholesterol and almost no fat (LOVE , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ). f. Medicinal aspects: Consumption of figs aid s in lowering blood pressure, controll ing the appetite and managing cholesterol (JANICK). g. Crop photos

. 4. Produc tion in U.S.: Almost all of the commercial production is in California

. F igs are also grown in home gardens throughout the southern states ; naturalized in the United States ; Hawaii . According to USDA, in 200 9 , 36, 242 tonnes ( 39 , 950 tons) were produced in California. A ccording to FAOSTAT, in 200 8 , 36 , 287 tonnes ( 40,000 tons ) of fruit were produced in the U.S. (GRIN , MARKLE , LOVE , FAOSTAT , USDA). 5. Other commercial production regions: Turkey, Greece, Italy, Algeria, Morocco ; n orthern Africa, w estern/middle Asia, s outheastern/ s outhwestern Europe; widely cultivate d in the tropics and subtropics; naturalized in Europe, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Macaronesia, and Galapagos. In 2007, the l eading world producer of figs was Turkey (210,152 tonnes (231,652 tons)) , followed by Egypt (170,000 tonnes (187,392 tons)), Iran (88,000 tonnes (97,003 tons)), Algeria (63,883 tonnes (70,418 tons)) and Morocco (61,606 tonnes (67,908 tons))

. Spain, the United States , Algeria, and Syria are also large producers o f figs. About 40 percent of the world crop is dried. Turkey is the leading exporter of dried figs . Other leading producers of dried figs are Greece, the United States of Ame rica, Spain, It aly and Portugal

. In2 008, total world production was 1,108,398 tonnes (1,221,799 tons) (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK , FAOSTAT ). 6. Use: Mos tly dried, some canned and preserves. Some fruit eaten fresh (in recent years less than 5%). Fruits and leaves have po tential for medical use ; ornamental, beverage base, vertebrate poison (mammals), potential seed contaminant ; oil from dried seed is used for liqueurs; syrup is use for tobacco flavoring. Ficin,**Page 66**  an enzyme found in the leaves and fr uit is used to tenderize meat. In India, fig leaves are collected after fruit harvest and used for animal feed (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit, fresh and dried. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0297) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, MORTON, PERENNIAL, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK , FAOSTAT , USDA

. 11. Production map: EPA Crop Production Region 10. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: FIUCA**Page 67**  1. **Fragrant Manjack** [ (clammy

- cherry, Indian

- cherry, sebesten (GRIN))] Boraginaceae. Also placed in: Cordiaceae; Ehretiaceae Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. 2. A small to medium tropical/subtropical de ciduous tree that grows 10 to 20 meters (33 to 66 feet)

. Grows from India through southern China and Taiwan to Fiji via Malaysia, Indonesia, and notrthern Australia. The tree contains a spreading crown and short trunk. The bark is smooth and grayish brown. Leaves are large, ovate or elliptic, alternate and 6 to 13 centimeters (2.4 to 5 inches) long by 4 to 9 centimeters (1.6 to 3.5 inches) across. White flowers are short

- stalked, bisexual, sessile, and 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inches) in diameter. F lowers occur in terminal loose cymes. F ruit are yellow to pinkish

- yellow, round or ovoid drupe s that contain a persistent saucer

- shaped calyx. Fruit size ranges from 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inches) in diameter . Fruit turn black upon ripening and the skin is smooth and shiny. The pulp is translucent, sticky and gelatinous

. Each fruit contains a stone with one to four seeds (JANICK , EFLORAS, AGROFORESTRY )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flow ering occurs fro m Feb ruary to May. Fruit ripen from June to August in north India and before May in southern India (JANICK). b. Cultivation: Grows in tropical and subtropical areas in open woods on slopes and beside mountain streams; also grows singly in the sub

- Himalayan region up to ab out 1,500 meters (4,921 feet) and in dry decid

uous, moist deciduous, monsoon forests and tidal forest s
. Cultivated in its natural range for fruit in borders and along roadsides. Prefers an annual mean rainfall of 25 to 300 centimeters (10 to 118 inches) , a deep, moist, sandy loam soil, and full sun to part shade in moist ravines and valleys

. T olerates a range of soils. Inareas whe re the rainfall is less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) , plants are found growing along streams or depressions. Pr opagation is by seed, grafting , coppicing, and cuttings. Seed is sown direct into containers, beds, or trays. Seed germinates in 3 to 6 w eeks

. Seedlings are planted in the field in 3 to 4 months at lower elevations and after a year at higher elevation or ju st be fore a monsoon. Sowing is done in June to July at a depth of 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) in lines spaced 20 centimeters (8 inches) apart. Seedlings must be protected from f rost and require full sun . Grafted trees flower in the fourth year (JANICK , AGROFORE STRY )

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: The pulp from mature fruit is consumed; immature fruit are pickled and used as a vegetable fodder ; leaves are used as a vegetable (JANICK , AGROFORESTRY). e. Nutritional aspects: The seed c ontains 46% fat and 31% protein (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: The tree contains numerous medicinal uses . Seeds are used as an anti

- inflammatory; the bark is medicinal (JANICK , AGROFORESTRY). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: China, Japan, Taiwan, Cambodia, Kashmir, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Pacific Islands , In dia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indo

- China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia ( s o uthwestern Pacific) ; mature trees can produce yields of 125 kilograms (276 pounds) per year (GRIN , JANICK , EFLORAS ). 6. Use: F ruit, wood for fuel and construction ; leaves used as a vegetable and fodder ; seed has potential for cattle feed; half

-ripe fruit pulp used as a paper glue ; fruit extract is used as a poison on nematodes; the tree is used for a boundary, a barrier or a support (GRIN , JANICK , AGROFORESTRY). 7. Part(s) of pl ant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and s ubtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None**Page 68**  10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, EFLORAS, AGROFORESTRY. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 69**  1. **Gooseberry, Abyssinian** [ (koshum (GRIN))] Salicaceae. Also placed in: Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb. [(syn: Rumea abyssinica A. Rich. (basionym) (GRIN)] 2. An evergreen bushy s hrub or tree growing 10 meters (33 feet) tall

. N ative to Ethiopia and Kenya. Thrives in the forests of East Africa. The spiny shrub or tree contains a rounded crown. The grayish

-brown bark may contain spines that are up to 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) long. The trunk grows up to 20 centimeters (8 inches) across. Bark and branch lets contain many raised brown lenticels. Leaves are alternate, ovate

- lanceolate to oblong, hairless to slightly hairy , shiny, light to dark green, 2.5 to 9 centimeters (1 to 3.5 inches) long and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) wide

. The petiole i s 0.2 to 0.5 centimeters (0.08 to 0.2 inches) long. The slender twigs may contain straight slender spines at the leaf axils. Flowers are small, greenish

-white, inconspicuous and borne in the leaf axils. M ale and female flowers are produced on separate p lants

. Male flowers are borne in clusters of 1 to 3, flower stalks are 0.5 to 1.3 centi meters (0.2 to 0.5 inches) long, and c alyx

- lobes are 0. 5 to 0.6 cent imeters (0.2 to 0.24 inches) long by 0. 2 to 0.3 cent imeters (0.08 to 0.1 inch) broad. F emale flowers are solitary , pedicels are 0. 6 to 0.8 centi meters (0.2 to 0.3 inch) long and calyx

- lobes are slightly larger than those in the male flowers

. Light orange fruit is oblate globose to ovoid and 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in diameter. Skin of immature fruit is hairy and skin of the mature fruit is smooth, thin and tender. The juicy pulp is orange - ye llow; the flavor is sour to subacid. The taste and aroma of the fruit is similar to that of a fresh apricot. A few small flattened seeds are contained within the fruit (PERENNIAL , FLORIDA, FAMINE , MORTON, ALUKA)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: The main flowering season is September to January; scattered blooming takes place from April to June (FLORIDA). b. Cultivation : The plant grows in hot, dry tropical climate s
. In Ethiopia, the plant grows along river courses in humid lower highland forests of moist and wet Mimusops forest in moist and wet midland at elevations of 1,600 to 2,200 meters (5,249 to 7,218 feet). Tolerant of higher rainfall. Only minor in ju ry is encountered at temperatures below freezing. Prop agation is by seed and cuttings (PERENNIAL). c. Availability in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are collected and consumed fresh, mostly by children. During food shortage periods , all humans consume the fruit. Fruit may be st e wed or preserved. Excellent for making jam or souring porridge (PERENNIAL , FAMINE ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: Northeast tropical Africa, e ast t ropical Africa, s outh tropical Africa ; no yield data is available (GRIN)

. 6. Use: F ruit is consumed by humans, baboons and monkeys; the plant is used for fencing and as f odder for goats and sheep (GRIN , FAMINE )

. 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellanceous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- in edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN , BAYER, PERENNIAL, FLORIDA, FAMINE, MORTON, ALUKA. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: DOVAB**Page 70**  1. **Gooseberry, Ceylon** [(ketembilla, kitambilla, quetembila (GRIN))] Salicaceae. Also placed in: Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb. [(syn: Aberia gardneri Clos, Rumea hebecarpa Gardner (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. An evergreen shrub or small tree that grows to a height of 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet). N ative to Sri Lanka. Bark is gray and slightly scaly. The trunk and lower branches contain 4 centimeter (1.6 inch) long sharp spines. Branches are long, slender, arching, widespreading, greenish

- gray and up to 9 meters (30 feet) long. Shiny gray

- green leaves are alternate, acute, entire or subserrate, elliptical, lanceolate or ovate in shape, long

-pointed, and 7 to 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inch) long; margins are wavy

- toothed. Underneath, leaves are yellow

- green and contain soft hairs. Petioles are pinkish and woolly. Yellowish to greenish

-yellow flowers are petalless, 1.25 centimeters (0.5 inch) wide, and occur in clusters in the leaf axils. Male, female and hermaphrodite flowers occur on different plants. Honeybees are pollinators. Small, purple, black, or orange -red fruit is ovoid to round, solitary, 1.25 to 2.5 centimeters (0.5 to 1 inch) wide and 2 to 2.5 ce ntimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) in diameter. The skin is thin, bitter, and coated with short, grayish

- green to brown velvety hairs that are unpleasant in the mouth. A persistent style is located at the apex. The pulp is juicy and purple

-red in color. The flavor is extremely acidic, sour, or sweet. The taste is similar to gooseberries. Each fruit contains 9 to 12 hairy seeds that are 0.6 centimeters (0.2 inch) long. Immature fruit is orange in color. Trees can produce large yields of fruit. Relatives inc lude the kei

- apple and governor’s plum (PERENNIAL, MORTON, POPENOE, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, BARWICK, VAN WYK). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Fruit matures in May to June and October to November in Florida and from winter to spring in Israel. Multiple crops of f ruit may be produced per year. Fruit is produced in 3 to 4 years from seed (PERENNIAL, MORTON, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS). b. Cultivation : Requires hot, humid, sunny, tropical lowlands. Grows vigorously on sand or limestone and in woodland thickets. Rich, moist, well

- drained soil and an abundance of water are best for fruit production. In the Philippines, fruit grows from sea

- level to 792 meters (2,600 feet) and in Malaya, fruit grows from sea

- level to 1,219 meters (4,000 feet). Tolerant of dry to moist cl imates, a variety of soils and light frost. Not tolerant of drought and extreme cold. Propagated by seed, shield

-budding, grafting and cuttings. An aggressive growing plant. Occasionally cultivated for juice making. Trees should be fertilized annually . Grown in zones 9 to 10 (PERENNIAL, MORTON, POPENOE, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, BARWICK). c. Availability in the marketplace: In Israel, fruit is produced into jelly and is exported (MORTON). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit may be consumed fresh with sugar, cooked, juiced, or preserved; used as a flavoring for beverages; made into pickles. S ince the fruit is sour, it is mostly prepared into jelly and preserves. In Hawaii, fruit is produced into juice, spiced jelly, ketembilla

-papaya jam, ketembilla

- guava jelly, and ketembilla

- apple butter; made into jelly in Israel (PERENNIAL, MORTON, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, BARWICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit is a good source of vitamin C. (PERENNIAL). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Florida, California, Hawaii, Puerto Rico; no yield data is available (PERENNIAL, MORTON, POPENOE ). 5. Other commercial production regions: Sri Lanka, India, tropical Asia, the Philippines, Cuba, Honduras, Malaya, Israel , West Indies; widely introduced into the tropics; no yield data is available (PERENNIAL, MORTON, ECOCROP, GRIN, NAT IONAL GEOGRAPHIC). 6. Use: Fruit; garden plant (GRIN, BARWICK). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (MORTON). 8. Portion analyzed/ sampled: Whole fruit.**Page 71**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- in edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, MORTON, PLANTS DATABASE, POPENOE, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, BARWICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 1 3 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: DOVHE**Page 72**  1. **Gooseberry, Indian** [(emblic, emblic myrobalan, groseillier de Ceylan, myrobalan emblic, Amblabaum, amla, aonla, mirobalano, nelí (GRIN))] Phyllanthaceae. Also placed in Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus emblica L. [(syn: Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Mirobalanus embilica Burm. (GRIN))] 2. A graceful tree growing 18 to 30 meters (59 to 98 feet) high. Native to tropical s outheast Asia. Grows in dry deciduous subtropical forests. Regarded as a sacred fruit by many Hindus. The bark is fairly smooth, pale grayish

-brown, and peels off in thin flakes. The tree sheds both its long slender branchlets and small leaves. Leaves are small, oblong, and 0.3 centimeters (0.125 inch) wide by 1.25 to 2 centimeters (0.5 to 0.75 inch) long. Greenish

- yellow flowers are small, inconspicuous and occur in compact clusters in the axils of lower leaves. Male flowers are creamy white and oc cur in clusters at the lower end of a growing branchlet. Female flowers occur on the upper end of a few clusters. Male and female reproductive organs may or may not be contained on the same plant. Pollination occurs by wind, bees and gravity. Fruit are spherical to oblate, 2.5 to 6 centimeters (1 to 2.4 inches) in diameter, and solitary. Fruit are nearly stemless, contain a thin, hard translucent smooth skin, and are indented at the base. Fruit also contain 6 to 8 pale lines that are sometimes faintly ridged and extend from the base to the apex, giving the appearance of segments or lobes. M ature fruit range in color from a dull greenish yellow, whitish, or brick red. Immature fruit are light green. The crisp juicy pulp is yellowish. The flavor is v ery sour to bitter. Fruit contain a hexagonal

- shaped stone with six small seeds (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: In n orthern India, flowering takes place from March to May. In Madras, the tree blooms in June to July and again in Feb ruary and March. Fruit matures in 120 days. In some areas, fruit maturation occurs from November to January. In Florida, the main crop matures during the winter and early spring. S ome fruit develop from late summer blooms that mature in the following s ummer and autumn. In s outh ern India, fruit are produced throughout the year (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). b. Cultivation: Grown in hot tropical lowlands to dry deciduous subtropical forests. The plant is more subtropical than tropical and survies cold wi nters. T he tree is found in locations from sea level up to 1,800 meters (5,906 feet). However, fruit is only cultivated in locations up to 1,500 meters (4,921 feet). In India, mature trees tolerate temperatures up to 46 ° C (115 ° F). T olerant of both dry and humid conditions. Young plants must be shaded. Propagation is by seed, cuttings, layering, budding and grafting. The seed germinates and produces a seedling with a 0.8 centimeter (0.3 inch) stem diameter in 4 months. Buddding and grafting takes p lace from June to September and February to March in India. T rees are spaced 9 to 12 meters (30 to 39 feet) apart. Transplanted trees should be irrigated or planted at the start of the rainy season. Trees begin to bear when 5 to 6 years old and can bear for 50 years. Fruit is both collected from the wild and cultivated. Fruit are harvested at full maturity and allowed to ripen. At cool temperatures, fruit can be stored for several weeks (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). c. Availablity in the marketplace: In Southern Thailland and India, fruit are collected from the wild and taken to market. Hair products produced from the oil of the fruit are sold in health food stores and natural product outlets (MORTON). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed f resh; fruit may be stewed with sugar and saffron or preserved. Preserving whole fruits are accomplished by brining, washing, pricking, blanching the fruit in an alum solution, layering the fruit with sugar until a syrup is formed, boiling the fruit and pa cking the fruit in cans or crystallizing the fruit as a confection. To remove the bitterness, the fruit are soaked in a salt solution or by adding citrus fruit, unripe mango or tamarind. Fruit is added to other foods as seasoning. Juice is used to flavo r vinegar. Ripe and half

-ripe fruit are candied whole or made into jam and other preserves, sweetmeats, pickles, relishes and chutney. F ruit may be baked in tarts. In Indonesia, fruit are used as a substitute for tamarinds. Some people eat the fruit to avoid thirst. In India, a sauce is made from the dried chipped flesh. T he chips are cooked in water, mashed with caraway seeds, and seasoned with salt and yogurt (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit is rich in vitamin C (PERENNIAL , MORTON).**Page 73**  f. Medicinal aspects: All parts of the tree are widely used in Asiatic medicine. Used in the treatement of diverse ailments including digestive disorders, scurvy, fever, chronic gastrointestinal problems, and coughs. For this use, fruit juic e is prepared into sherbet or fermented. Fruit is also consumed medicinally by mixing dried chips of flesh with grape juice and honey. The fruit is used as a diuretic and laxative.’Triphala’ is produced by combining Indian gooseberry with Terminalia chebu la and Terminalia bellerica . This medicine is used to treat chronic gastrointestinal problems, haemorrhoids, enlarged liver and other disorders. A powder created from dried fruit is used as an expectorant. Fruit juice, dried fruit mixed with water, or an infusion of the seeds is used as an eyewash. Seeds can also be used in treating asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, and fevers. Liquor made from the fruit is used to treat a number of problems from indigestion to heart problems. Roots contain norsesquiterpe noid glycosides that inhibit human cell growth. Many Hindus believe that consuming ripe fruits for 40 days after a fast aids in restoring health and vitality. Leaves are also used for problems such as indigestion. The sap is applied to wounds and bites. Flowers are used as a laxative and fever reducer. Bark is used for gastrointestinal purposes (JANICK, MORTON). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U .S.: Puerto Rico (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 5. Other production regions: C hina, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indi a, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaya, Singapore, Mascarene Islands, the Himalayas, Malacca, Indo

- China, Indonesia, Malaysia; cultivated elsewhere in tropics; an important crop in India. Yield varies greatly. Fruit yield is 19.6 to 20.2 kilograms (43 to 45 pounds) per tree for fruit harvested from the wild in India. Trees can yield 187 to 299 kilograms (412 to 659 pounds) per year and 200 kilograms (441 pounds) from grafted trees (GRIN, JANICK). 6. Use: F ruit, potential as fuelwood, lipids (material), medicinal purposes; ornamental; bark, fruit and leaves are tannin rich and used in tanning and dyeing. Dried fruit yields ink, light

-brown or yellow

-brown hair dye and dye for dying of silk and wood. Iron sulfate turns this dye black. F ixed oil from the fruit is used as a hair restorer and shampoo in India and is the main ingredient in conditioner sold through ‘natural’ product outlets. Simulated pottery jars are made from a paste of the boiled fruit. T he leaves of the tree are used as fodder for cattle ; branches are lopped for green manure. Wood is used for minor construction, furniture, implements, gunstocks, hookas, pipes, aqueducts, and water clarification (MARKLE, JANICK, MORTON). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyz ed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, JANICK, MORTON. 11. Production Map: EP A Crop Production Regions 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a . Bayer / EPPO Code: PYLEM**Page 74**  **431** 1. **Gooseberry, Otaheite** [(gooseberry

- tree, cerisier de Tahiti , surette, cerejeira

- do

- Taiti, grosellero, guinda (GRIN))] Phyllanthaceae. Also placed in: Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels [(syn: Cicca disticha L., Cicca nodiflora Lam., Phyllanthus distichus (L.) Müll. Arg. (GRIN))] 2. A fast

- growing large shrub or small tree that reaches 2 to 9 meters (7 to 30 feet) in height. Native to Madagascar. The plant is not related to the gooseberry, but was given the name Otaheite gooseberry due to the similar sour flavor of the fruit. T he tree contains a dense, spreading, bushy crown. T he end of each thick, rough branch contains clusters of deciduous, greenish or pinkish branchlets that are 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) long. Green leaves are alternate, simple, thin, smooth

- edged, ovate to ovate

- lanceolate in shape, and 2 to 8 centimeters (0.8 to 3 inches) long. The upper surface of the leaves is smooth and the lower sides of the leaves are blue

- green with a bloom. E ach leaf is connected to a short petiole and at each leaf base, there are two small pointed stipules. Leaves occur at the ends of branches. Small, pinkish, 4

-parted flowers are borne in small clusters on 5 to 12.5 centimeter (2 to 5 inch) lon g hanging panicles. Flowers occur on the main branches and upper trunk. Male flowers, female flowers, and bisexual flowers are located on the same plant. Pale yellow to whitish fruit occurs in large clusters, oblate in shape, and measure 1 to 2.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1 inch) in diameter. Each fruit is smooth, contains six to eight ribs, and is waxy. Pulp is crisp, juicy and very sour. Each fruit contains a hard, ribbed stone with 4 to 6 seeds. Fruit resembles a bilimbi (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, NAT IONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs February to April in Florida. In Southern India, the first crop occurs April to May and the second crop occurs August to September. In other areas, the crop occurs in January. Scattered flowering and fruiting occurs during other times of the year. Fruit matures in 90 to 100 days. Fruit is produced from seed in 4 years (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, MORTON). b. Cultivation: Grown in subtropical to tropical climates. The tree is grown in hot, humid tropical lowlands. T olerant of a variety of soils, a seasonal dry period, light frost, and elevations of up to 914 meters (3,000 feet). Propagation is by seed, budding, air layers, and cuttings. Trees are not commercially cultivated, but are widely grown in villages and farms (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit are consumed locally (JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp must be sliced from the stone or fruits must be cooked and pressed through a sieve to separate the stone. Fruit is usually sliced, covered with sugar, and left in the refrigerator for one day. Sugar draws out the juice and modifies the acidity of the fruit. If left long enough, a clear, pale

-yellow syrup is produced. In the Bahamas, underripe whole fruits are soaked in salty water overnight to reduce acidity. Then fruit are rinsed, boiled once or twice in water, and later boiled in a separate po t with equal amounts of sugar until thick. When the process is complete, fruit are placed in sterilized jars without removing seeds. Fruit is rarely consumed fresh, since it is so sour. Fruit is usually stewed, candied, made into sauce, pickled, or pres erved. When cooked in sugar, the fruit turns ruby red in color. In Indonesia, pulp is added to many dishes as a flavoring. In the Philippines, juice is made into cold drinks or fruit is used to make vinegar. In Malaysia, ripe and unripe fruit is cooked and prepared into relish, thick syrup, or preserves. In Thailand, fruits are processed into wine. Inmany areas, the fruit is combined with other fruits to make chutney, jam and jelly. Young leaves are cooked as greens in India and Indonesia (PERENNIAL , JANICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit contain moderate amounts of phosphorus, calcium, iron and vitamin C (VAN WYK).**Page 75**  f. Medicinal aspects: Fruit are used as a liver tonic to enrich the blood in India. Syrup is used as a stomachic medicine; seeds are used as a laxative. Leave s mixed with pepper are applied to skin to relieve aches and pains. Although roots are toxic, vapors from boiled roots are inhaled to relieve coughs and headaches. An infusion of the root s is used to relieve asthma. T he root is also externally used to treat psoriasis on feet (JANICK, MORTON). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Grown in Florida and Hawaii in home gardens; no yield data is available (MORTON). 5. Other production regions : T he Caribbean, Central America, South America, Southern Mexico, India, Madagascar, the Philippines, Indonesia, South Vietnam, Laos, Northern Malaysia, Guam, Pacific Islands; widely distributed throughout Asia; naturalized elsewhere; no yield data is available (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). 6. Use: F ruit; juice is used in drinks; ornamental, vegetable, medicinal purposes; leaves are consumed as a vegetable; root bark is used in tanning in India (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (MORTON). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Refer ences: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, MORTON, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, JANICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Productio n Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PYLAC**Page 76**  **262** 1. **Governor’s plum [**  ( Ciruela de Madagascar , batoko

-plum, Indian

-plum, Madagascar

-plum, marromse, prunier de Madagascar, Ramontchi, ameixa

- de

- Madagascar, ciruela gobernadora (GRIN , MARKLE ) ) ] Salicaceae; also placed in: Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. [ (syn: Flacourtia ramontchi L’Hér., Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb., Gmelina indica Burm. f. (basionym) (GRIN) )] 1. **Plum**
**- of** 

**- Martinique**  [(prunier de la Martinique, lovi

- lovi, lobi

- lobi, louvi malayo (GRIN))] Flacourtia inermis Roxb. 1. **Rukam** [(prunier café, prunier de Chine, prunier malgache, Madagaskarpflaume, ciruela de Madagascar (GRIN))] Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi [(Flacourtia euphlebia Merr. (GRIN))] 1. **Indian plum**  [(runeala

-plum, prunier d’Inde, Paniala, ameixa

- da

- Índia, ciruela forastera (GRIN))] Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. [(Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb. ex Willd., Stigmarota jangomas Lour. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. Flacourtia indica is a slow

- growing shrub or tree growing 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) tall. May or may not be spiny. Native to t

ropical Asia and Madagascar. Found growing near homes and fields south of the Sahara. The bark is pale grey and powdery when young and becomes brown to dark grey and flaking when older. Vegetative areas may be hairless or densely hairy . Young leaves are red to pink and oval or round in shape with a toothed edge ; can grow to 12 centimeters (5 inches) . Mature leaves are bri ght green, lo ng - tipped, obovate and leathery ; leaves are attached to a 2 centimeter (0.8 inch) petiole. Male and female flowers are located on separate plants ; flowers are small, greenish and do not contain petals . Occasionally, flowers may contain both male and fema le reproductive organs. M ale flowers are 0.5 to 2 centimeters (0.2 to 0.8 inch) , contain 5 to 6 ov ate hairy sepals that measure 0.1 5 to 0.25 centimeters (0.06 to 0.1 inch) and occur on axillary racemes on 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) long slender flower stalks . Female flowers occur in short racemes or are solitary on short flower stalks that measure less than 0.5 cent imeters (0.2 inch) . Purple, reddish or reddish

-black fruit are round to ovoid berries that measure 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inch) in diame ter. The fruit is tipped by 5 to 6 short radiating styles. The skin is smooth. The pulp is yellow in color and the flavor is sweet to sour

. Each fruit contains 4 to 10 pale brown, wrinkled seeds measuring 0. 5 by 0. 9 by 0.6 centimeters (0.2 by 0.4 by 0.2 inch)

. Flacourtia inermis is a short

- trunked, bushy shrub or small tree that grows to a height of 5 to 9 meters (16 to 30 feet) . Native to s outheast Asia. T ree s are mostly thornless. Bark is light brown and smooth. Leaves are evergreen, glossy, alt ernate, bright

-red when young, ovate to elliptic in shape, pointed at the tip, short

-pointed at the base, wavy - toothed, 5 to 25 centimeters ( 2 to 10 inches ) long and 2.5 to 13 centimeters ( 1 to 5 inches ) wide. Petioles are 0.6 to 1 centimeter ( 0.25 to 0.3 75 inch) long. Yellowish f lowers are borne in small , short clusters measuring 2.5 to 3.8 centimeters ( 1 to 1.5 inches ) long on the branches at leaf bases

. Individual flowers are small, petalless, contain 4 to 5 green sepals, both male and female reproductive structures, and many yellow stamens. Bright red to red

-purple fruit is spherical , flattened at the tip, cherry

- like, and up to 2 .5 centimeters (1 inch) in diameter. The skin is smooth and thin. Pulp is juicy, and yellow or whitish with a pink tinge . T he flavor is sour , astringent, acid or sweet

. Each fruit contains 4 to 14 seeds that are hard, sharp, irregular, and measure less than 0.6 centimeter ( 0.25 inch) wide. Can become invas ive in tropical areas. Flacourtia rukam is a small, many branched tree that grows to a height of 5 to 20 meters (16 to 66 feet)

. Native to the Philippines , India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Oceania, and Malaya Archipelago. The bark is gray -brown and not flaky. T he trunk is 40 centimeters (16 inches) in diameter. The trunk and old er branches are crooked and furrowed near the base. Most branches are smooth, cylindrical and tapered at the ends. Young branches may be pubes cent. The trunk, young branches and old branches contain many forked or simple, strong, woody spines that measure up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) long

. Some clonally propagated trees lack spines. Dark green l eaves are evergreen, spiraled, coarsely tooth ed on the margins , smooth to slightly hairy , shiny, elliptic

- oblong , ovate

- oblong, elliptic, or oblong

- lanceolate in shape, and 6 to 16 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) long by 4 to 7 cemtimeters (1.6 to 3 inches) wide. The base is rounded and the tip**Page 77**  is point ed. Young leaves are red to brownish

-red and drooping

. The petiole is 0. 4 to 0.8 centimeters (0.16 to 0.31 inch) long. Leaf size , shap e and pubescence vary

. Inflorescences are borne in small , few

- flowered, short , finely pubescent racemes in the leaf axils and measure 0.5 to 1 centimeter (0.2 to 0.4 inch)

. Pedicels are 0. 3 to 0. 4 centimeter (0.1 to 0.15 inch) long. Male and female flowers are found on different trees

. Both male and female flowers are greenish

- yellow, lack petals and contain 4 hairy ovate sepals measuring 0. 1 to 0.15 centimeter (0.04 to 0.06 inch) ; male flowers contain many stamens and 8 orange or yellow

-white fleshy disk

- lobes; female flowers contain 4 to 8 styles , an ovary, and bilobed stigmas

. Purple to dark purple

-re d f ruit are borne on old branches and the tr unk. Fruit are ovoid to nearly round in shape, slightly flattened at the tip, and 1.25 to 2.5 centimeters (0.5 to 1 inch) in diameter. The skin is smooth ; the tip of the fruit contains 4 to 6 small styles set in a circle

. Pulp is yellow or whitish in color, juicy and fleshy. The flavor is sweet to acidic. Each fruit contains 4 to 7 flat seeds. Can be invasive in some areas. Flacourtia jangomas is a small shrub or erect , l ow -branched tree that grows to a height of 5 to 12 meters (16 to 39 feet) . Native to Tropical Asia including North Benga l, East Bengal and Chittagong, India and Burma. Bark is flaking and light

-brown, yellow

-brown, copper red or pinkish

-buff in color . T he trunk and branches of young trees contain sharp , woody, simple or branched spines. Young branches contain lenticels which are white

- dotted ; branches can be smooth to hairy

. Deciduous dark green leaves are alternate, spirally arranged, oval

- lanceolate , o vate, ovate

- elliptic, narrow - ovate or ovate

- oblong in shape, pointed at the tip , rounded at the base, toothed, thi n, smooth, glossy and 5 to 10 centimeters ( 2 to 4 inches ) long by 1.3 to 5 centimeters ( 0.5 to 2 inches ) wide. Young leaves are pale pink. The leaf stalk is 0.4 to 0.8 centimeters (0.16 to 0.3 inch) long. Fragrant greenish to yellowish

-white flowers are borne in small clusters on new branches in leaf axils

. Pedicels measure 0.5 to 1 centimeter ( 0.2 to 0.4 inch) long. Male and female flowers are found on different trees. Both flowers contain 4 to 5 ovat e , obtuse , greenish, hairy, 0.2 centimeter (0.08 inch) long sepals and a white or yellow

- orange disk. Male flowers measure 1.5 to 3 centimeters (0.6 to 1.2 inch) long; female flowers measure 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) long. Purple to dark

- maroon fruit is ovoid to round in shape and 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters (0.6 to 1 inch) in diameter. Pulp is yellow , greenish, whitish, or amber in color and juicy

. T he flavor is sweet to acid

. Each fruit contains 7 to 12 flat, hard, pale

-yellow seeds. Fruit is better

- liked compared to other species. Used for local food production (PERENNIAL , JANICK , BARWICK , MORTON , KEULARTS , TRADE WINDS , AGROFORESTRY , PIER, EFLORAS , I NDIA , PIER)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Seaso n: Flacourtia indica is a deciduous tree that sheds its leaves just before flowering. Flowering occurs April to May in Florida. The fruit matures in 60 to 90 days. In India, flowers appear from December to April together with the new leaves. Fruit in India ripen from March to July, 5 to 8 months later. In Africa, fruit ripening occurs between December and July Flacourtia inermis flowering occurs from May to June in Florida. In other areas , flowering occurs several times per year. Fruit matures in 60 days. Flacourtia rukam flowering occ urs from May to Ju ne in Florida , April to May in China, and June to August in Java. F lowering can occur during other times of the year. Fruiting occurs June to October in China. Fruit matures in 60 to 90 days. Flacourtia jangomas flowerin g occurs May to June in Florida and April to May in India and China

. Fruiting occurs in May to October in China. Fruit matures in 60 to 90 days (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON , AGROFORESTRY , EFLORAS , INDIA)

. b. Cultivation: Flacourtia indica thrives near humid limestone coasts, hot, humid tropical lowland valleys , dry tropical deciduous forests , and high, dry savannahs and hillsides. Plants are also foun d in forests having dry seasons, woodland s , w ooded grassland, bushland , and near watercourses

. Grows well in areas with a high water table and full sun. Requires a minimum temperature of 4 ° C (39 ° F) and a maximum temperature of about 45 ° C (113 ° F) ; requires a minimum annual rainfall of 50 centimeters (20 inches) and a maximum rainfall of 200 centimeters (79 inches)

. Tolerant of drought conditions and a vari ety of well

- drained soils from sand to clay

. Does not tolerate frost. Propagation is by seed, layering and grafting

. Flacourtia inermis requires hot, humid tropical lowlands. D oes not tolerate frost. Pr opagation is by**Page 78**  seed , air

- layering and budding

. Trees live approximately 20 years. Flacourtia rukam requires hot, humid tropical lowlands and full sun to shade

. Prefers elevations up to 2,100 meters ( 6,890 feet)

. Grows in primary or secondary forests and along rivers. Tolerates a range of temperatures, rainfall and soil conditions. P ropagation is by seed, root suckers and grafting. Seed germinates quickly. Trees should be spaced 8 to 12 meters (26 to 39 feet) apart. Flacourtia jangomas requires hot, humid tropical lowlands. Grows at elevations up to 8 00 meters (2,625 feet) in mountain rain forests and evergreen broad

- leaved forests

. Propagation is by seed, layering, inarching, budding and grafting. Seeds germinate slowly (PERENNIAL , JANICK , BARWICK , AGROFORESTRY , PIER)

. c. Availablity in the marketplace: Flacourtia indica f ruit is found in the local markets in Africa ; Flacourtia rukam young shoots are marketed (JANICK , MORTON ). d. Preparation for cooking: Flacourtia indica fruit is consumed fres h. Fruit can be stewed, juiced, dried, or made into jellies, jams or pickles

. Flacourtia inermis: Pulp can be consumed fresh but is mostly seeded and cooked with apples or made into pies, jellies , sirup, chutney, pickles and jams. Flacourtia rukam pulp is consumed fresh after rolling the fruit between the palms and bruising the flesh to reduce astringency; served fresh in ‘rujack,’ a spicy fruit salad. Fruit can also be cooked, pickled, or prepared into jellies, preserves, condiments , pies, chutneys and jams. C onsumed in times of shortage. Young shoots and le aves are eaten raw in Java. Flacourtia jangomas pulp is consumed fresh; fruit is rolled between the hand s to reduce astringency; prepared into je llies, jam s, juice, sirup, marmalade, pickles, and chutneys. Stewed as a dessert. S hoots are consumed in Indonesia (PERENNIAL , JANICK , BARWICK , MORTON , AGROFORESTRY)

. e. Nutritional aspects: Flacourtia indica , Flacourtia inermis, Flacourtia rukam: No specific entry. Flacourtia jangomas: Fruit is rich in pectin (MORTON). f. Medicinal aspects: Flacourtia indica f ruit are used to treat jaundice and enlarged spleens. A preparation of the leaves and wood are used against roundworms. Leaves and roots are taken for parasitic diseases , malaria, and diarrhoea. Leaves are used as an antidote to snake bite s
. Ro ots are used to treat hoarseness, skin allergies, pneumonia and intestinal worms and are used as an astringent, diuretic and pain reliever . Bark is used to aid rheumatism, gout and skin disease Flacourtia rukam immature fruit juice is used to stop diarrhe a and dysentery. Leaf juice is used to cure inflamed eyelids. Dried crushed leaves are placed on wounds. A root decoction is given to women after childbirth. Inner bark is used to cure certain parasitic diseases. Flacourtia jangomas fruits are consumed to relieve digestive problems, nausea and diarrhea. A leaf decoction is used to aid diarrhea. Dried leaves are used to relieve bronchitits and coughing. Leaves and bark are used to treat bleeding gums and sore teeth. A mixture of the bark is used to aid hoarseness. Roots are placed on sores and toothaches (JANICK , BARWICK , MORTON ). g. Crop Pho tos 4. Production in U.S.: Flacourtia indica: Home g ardens , Florida ; no yield data is available

. Flacourtia inermis: Florida ; occasionally planted in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands

. Flacourtia rukam : Florida ; Flacourtia jangomas: Florida , Puerto Ric o (MORTON, PERENNIAL , KEULARTS ). 5. Other production regions: Flacourtia indica: West Indies ; northeast, east, s outh Africa, Madagascar, China, tropical Asia; naturalized elsewhere including the Caribbean, Central America and India ; no yield data is available ; Flacourtia inermis: Southern Asia , tropical Africa, Pacific Islands, the Philippines, Sumatra, New Britain , peninsular Malaysia ; introduced elsewhere in the Tropics . Cultivated mostly in Sri Lanka, Malaya and Indonesia. Fruit yield is 37 to 261 kilograms ( 81 to 576 pounds ) per year. Flacourtia rukam: Southeast/Tropical Asia including China , Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Oceania, Malaya Archipelago, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea; India; Belgium ; elsewhere in the Tropics

. Cultivated i n s outhern Malaya and Indonesia; Flacourtia jangomas : Cultivated in the paleotropics and Southeast /Tropical Asia ; Eastern Malaya, the Philippines, Surinam, Trinidad, Assam, Burma , North Benga l, East Bengal and Chittagong, India ; East Afirca (GRIN , MORTON , JANICK , PERENNIAL , KEULARTS , EFLORAS ).**Page 79**  6. Use: Flacourtia indica: Jelly, jams and fresh fruit ; young shoots are edible; medicinal purposes ; wood used to make lumber and charcoal; ornamental ; fresh foliage is used as fodder

. Flacourtia inermis: F ruit

. Flacourtia rukam: F ruit ; wood is made into rice pounders, pestles and clubs; medicinal purposes ; garden plant

. Flacourtia jangomas : F ood; medicinal purposes; wood is used for agricultural implements (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK , MORTON , PIER). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER , MORTON, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK , KEULARTS, TRADE WINDS , PLANTS DATABASE, AGROFORESTRY , PIER, EFLORAS , I NDIA

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: Flacourtia indica: FLCIN ; Flacourtia inermis: FLCIE ; Flacourtia rukam :

FLCRU**Page 80**  1. **Grumichama [** (Brazil

- cherry, cerisier du Brésil, jambosier du Brésil, grumixama (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. [(syn: Eugenia dombeyi (Spreng.) Skeels, Myrtus dombeyi Spreng., Stenocalyx brasiliensis O. Berg (GRIN))] 2. A slender, erect shrub or tree growing 6 to 14 meters (20 to 46 feet) tall

. The subtropical plant is a n ative to coastal southern Brazil. The tree is short

- trunked and heavily fo l i aged. The deep green leaves are opposite, thick, leathery, waxy, pitted, oblong to oblong

- oval and 9 to 16 centimeters (3.5 to 5 inches ) long by 5 to 6 centimeters (2 to 2.4 inches ) wide

. Leaves remain on the tree for 2 years. New shoots are rosy in color. Mature trees resemble Japanese cherry trees. Flowers are borne singly in leaf axils, contain 4 green sepals, 4 white petals, 100 white stamens with pale

- yellow anth ers and are 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) wide

. Purple to black fruit are long

- stemmed, oblate and bear persist ent purple or red

- tinted 1.25 centimeter (0.5 inch) long sepals. Fruit range in size from 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inches) in diameter and are solitary on new growth. Immature fruit are green to red

. O ne variety produces yellow fruit. T he fruit skin is smooth, dry, thin , firm and fragile like grape skin

. The sweet , juicy pulp is white or red in color and the flavor is similar to a sweet, subacid cherry with a hint of ja boticaba and Conc ord grape . One to three small hemispherical hard gray seeds 1.25 centimeters (0.5 inch) wide and half as thick are found inside the fruit (PERENNIAL, LOVE , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Seaso n: Flowering occurs April to May in Florida. In Hawaii, the bl oom to fruiting period lasts fro m July to December, with the main crop in the fall. Trees in Brazil vary considerably in flowering and fruiting times and the season extends from November to February. Fruit matures in 30 to 40 days . The harvest season is short because fruits ripen over a 2

-week period

. The fruit is delicate, so fruit must be handled carefully (PERENNIAL , LOVE , MORTON ). b. Cultivation: A subtropical plant that grows in warm, w et tropical lowlands in deep, well

- drained medium

- acid soil. Tolerat es a wide range of soils including shallow, moist, sandy soils , deep fertile sandy loam, or rich clay

. Grows best in partial shade, but tolerates full sun. Requires an annual rainfall that is above 178 cent imeters ( 70 inches ). Not very tolerant to frost; can survive temperatures of

- 3.33 °C (26 ° F) in Brazil. Propagation is by seed, grafting and cuttings

. Fruit production occurs the fourth year from 1.2 meter ( 4 foot) tall seedling tr ees. Produces fruit from 76 to 610 meter (300 to 2,000 foot) elevations. The most fruit is produced at elevations from 76 to 274 meters ( 250 to 900 feet)

. Trees are prun ed as a shrub and kept at 2 to 3 meter ( 6 to 10 foot) heights to facilitate harvesting . Commercial trees are planted at a 5 to 6 meter ( 15 to 20 foot) spacing or grown in hedgerows. Most commercial production occurs in Brazil . At harvestime, fruits are placed in containers in double layers and refrigerate d within one hour (PERENNIAL, LOVE , MORTON ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruits are marketable for 10 to 12 days after harvest and are shipped to grocery stores, restaurants and hotels. F ruit availability is only 2 weeks out of the year, so many chefs process the fruit into frozen puree. Grumichama jelly and syrup can be found at some of Hawaii’s farmers’ markets (LOVE). d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp is consumed fresh

. Fruits can be pureed and made into jam , je lly or sauces. Chefs use the fruit in buffet lines and as an edible decoration on plates. In the Caribbean, a reduction is made fro m the juice of the fruit and poured over fish; used as a base for hot sauces. Whole pitted fruits are used in pies, cakes and fruit salads (PERENNIAL). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: The bark and leaves contain 1.5% of essential oil. A leaf or bark infusion is used as an aromatic, astringent, diuretic and a treatment for rheumatism in Brazil (MORTON). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Hawaii ; no yield data is available (LOVE ). 5. Other production regions: Brazil. Grown especially in the states of Parana and Santa Catarina. C ultivated in and around Rio de Janeiro and Paraguay; cultivated elsewhere including Tropical America . Mature 3 meter ( 10 foot) tall trees can yield more than 23 kilograms ( 50 pounds ) of useable fruit and mature trees kept**Page 81**  pruned at 2 meters ( 6 feet) yield about 14 kilograms ( 30 pounds ) of fruit (GRIN , PERENNIAL , MORTON ). 6. Use: ornamental, fruit ; home garden fruit (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, LOVE, MORTON. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: EUEDO**Page 82**  1. **Guabiroba** Myrtaceae Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg 2. A small to medium sized tree growing up to 12 meters (40 feet) tall. Native to Brazil, the tree contains a rounded crown and crooked trunk that is fluted at the base. The tree is semi

- deciduous, 4

- 15 meters tall. Leaves are opposite, simple, oval oblong, and 3 to 4.5 centimeters (1.2 to 1.8 inches) long by 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches) wide. The green

- yellow fruit resembles a small guava and have a succulent, firm, sweet pulp with a smoo th and shiny skin ( BRAZILIAN, TRADE WINDS, WIKIPEDIA , CRFG). 3. Crop Data: a. Seaso n: The plant flowers from early summer to November , followed by a long fruiting season that lasts up to six months (TRADE WINDS). b. Cultivation: Grown in hot, dry Southern and Western savannah regions of Brazil. Grows well in hot, dry climates and poor soils. Somewhat frost hardy and propagated is by seed. In Brazil, cultivated in domestic orchards, mainly in the south and southeast part of the country , propagated by se eds ( BRAZILIAN, TRADE WINDS). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruits are consumed only in their natural state and are greatly appreciated locally. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh or processed into juices, ices, liqueurs and sweets (TRADE WINDS). e. Nutritional aspects: The fruit is high in vitamins (TRADE WINDS). f. Medicinal aspects: The plant is used as an astringent, antidiarrhoeal; used to aid cystitis and urethritis. The shell, fruit and leaves are used for medicinal purposes (WIKIPEDIA). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: F rui t , dooryard tree ; wood is used for tools, furniture, construction, and fuel (GRIN , TRADE WINDS , WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and su btropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: BAYER , BRAZILIAN, CODEX, CRFG , GRIN, TRADE WINDS, WIKIPEDIA. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 83**  **273** 1. **Guava** [( araçá

- goiaba, araçá

- guaçú, banjiro, goiaba, goiabeiro, goyavier, guaiaba, guaiava, Guave, Guavenbaum, guayaba, guayabo, Guayave, koejawel, lemon guava (GRIN, MARKLE))] Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. [(syn: Psidium cujavillus Burm. f., Psidium pomiferum L., Psidium pumilum Vahl, Psidium pyriferum L. (GRIN))] 2. A large evergreen shrub or f reely branching small rounded tree growing to a height of 3 to 10 meters (10 to 33 feet)

. Under high moisture conditions, guava can reach 10 meters (33 feet) in height and spread with a 30 centimeter (12 inch) diameter trunk. Native to tropical and Centr al America. The root system is shallow. The trunk is short, freely branching, bony and 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) in diameter. Suckering may occur at the base of the trunk. Pruning is required to produce a single

- trunk tree. Bark is smooth, thin, peeling, pale, papery and greenish brown to coppery brown. Red to coppery

-brown branches are pliable, hard, heavy, fine

- grained, and round. T he canopy is dome

- shaped, symmetrical, broad and spreadin g. L ight green leaves are opposite, arranged in pairs, entire, simple, aromatic, short petioled, smooth and leathery on the upper surface, pubescent underneath, prominently parallel veined, oblong, oblong

- elliptic or oval in shape, and 7 to 18 centimeters (3 to 7 inches) long by 3 to 5 centimeters (1.2 to 2 inches) wide. White, fragrant flowers are borne singly or in clusters of two to three at the leaf axils of current growth. Individual flowers measure 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters (1 to 1.4 inches) in diamet er and contain both male and female reproductive organs, 4 to 5 petals, numerous stamens and one style. Flowers are self and cross pollinated; also pollinated by bees. Yellow fruit (sometimes blushed with pink) is a many

- seeded berry that is solitary on new growth, spherical, ovoid, ellip soid, or pyriform in shape, 2.5 to 12 centimeters (1 to 5 inches) in diameter and 100 to 450 grams (3.5 to 16 ounces) in weight. The flesh is pink, salmon, white or yellow in color, soft, juicy, acid, subacid or sweet in flavor, coarse, granular or fine, creamy in texture, and 0.3 to 1.25 centimeters (0.1 to 0.5 inch) thick

. T he skin is smooth to rough, thin , and contains persistent sepals at the tip. Pulp is white, yellow or red in color. The flavor is sweet to sour. Aromatic, with a strong, sweet musky smell. Produces a large amount of small, angular, woody, yellowish

- cream colored seeds that measure 0. 3 to 0.5 centimeters (0.1 to 0.2 inch) in size. Immature fruit is green, hard, gummy, and astringent. F resh culti vars are sweet, large , and contain white flesh. Processing cultivars are more acid, have a hard rind, and contain red flesh. Fruit varies greatly from population to population and can be low

- acid, musky and sweet, bland , low

- sugar, low

- acid, or high

- aci d (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, YADAVA, CRFG, FLEPPC, AGROFORESTRY). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering and fruiting vary with weather conditions and cultural practices. Flowering usually takes place on new growth stimulated by pruning or leaf loss. Flowering occurs from April to May and September to October in Florida. In India, flowering occurs 2 to 3 times per year. In tropical areas, fruit are produced throughout the year in varying amounts ; in subtropical areas, fruit mature from mid

- summer until mid

-winter. A small amount of fruit is produced from April to May and a large amount is produced in September to November in Hawaii. Two crops per ye ar are produced in Puerto Rico, one in the late summer and early fall and another in late winter to early spring. In Northern India, fruiting occurs mid

-winter. Fruit mature in 90 to 150 days. Fruit production occurs in 4 to 5 years from seed and 2 to 3 years from vegetative propagation (PERENNIAL, JANICK, CULL, MO RTON, YADAVA). b. Cultivation: Grown in the tropics and warm subtropics in both dry and moist climates. Prefers areas with long dry periods, full sun, medium rainfall of 100 to 200 cent imeters (39 to 79 inches) per year, elevations of 0 to over 2,000 me ters (6,562 feet) , mean temperatures of 23 to 28 ° C (73 to 82 ° F) , high light, and soils with good drainage, high organic matter, and a pH of 5 to 7. Tolerances a wide range of rainfall, shade, drought, saline conditions, and very light frost. Can grow in low

- lying seasonally flooded pastureland. Propagation is by seed, cuttings, layering, budding and grafting. S eeds are viable for a long period of time. S eeds should be planted in a well

- drained media; germination occurs in 15 to 20 days. Seedlings should be transplanted when 5 to 76 centimeters ( 2**Page 84**  to 30 inches ) high, and placed in the field when 1 to 2 years old. S eedlings can be budded or grafted when stems are 1

. 2 to 2 .0 centimeters (0.5 to 0.8 inch)

. The side wedge method is used most in grafting. Cuttings 13 to 25 centimeters ( 5 to 10 inches ) long should be taken from green wood with two true leaves. Cuttings should be pl aced under mist with 28 to 30 ° C ( 82 to 86 ° F) bottom heat. Rooted cuttings 6 to 8 months old should be transplanted to the field

. Trees should be spaced 3 by 5 or 5 by 6 meters (10 by 16 or 16 by 20 feet) apart. For commercial production, moisture (irrigation or rain) is required during vegetative growth, flowering and fruit development. Fertilization, defoliation and pruning after harvest aid production. Harvesting depends on skin color, the variety, and the stage at which the fruit is to be eaten. When eaten green, fruit is harvested at the mature firm stage without signs of ripening. If e aten when soft and ripe, fruit is harvested when showing signs of color change and softening. Dessert type fruit is harvested manually at the mature green (half

-ripe stage), graded and packed. Processing type fruit is harvested using a machine at the firm yellow to mature green (half

-ripe) stage. Fruit for the fresh fruit market is sometimes covered with plastic or paper. Hydrocooling is used to cool fruit to 10 ° C (50 ° F)

. M ature green and partially ripe fruit can be hel d for 2 to 3 weeks at 8 to 10 ° C (46 to 50 ° F) and ripe fruit can be held for 1 week at 5 to 8 ° C (41 to 46 ° F) . Cultivated in every tropical and subtropical country around the world (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, CULL, MORTON, YADAVA, CRFG, FLEPPC). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit is commercially grown around the world for the fresh market or processing (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). d. Preparation for cooking: T he whole fruit is edible. Pulp is consumed fresh or added to fruit salads. When consumed fresh, fruit is consumed at the mature green stage when firm and crisp like an apple; skin is also consumed; sugar and rum can be used to enhance the flavor. Fruit is also stewed, dehydrated, dried into fruit leather, preserved, poached, cooked and canned, frozen, powdered, processed into juice, wine, jellies , jams, marmalade, chutney, relish, syrup, nectar, paste (called guava butter or cheese), and puree. Puree is used for juice, puddings, sauces, ice cream, cakes, and preserves. Consumed in Asia underripe with a salty or spicy dip. Fruit is added to dess erts, confectionary, breakfast foods and baby foods. Processing involves boiling sliced fruit and removing seeds from the pulp. Seed oil may be used as an edible oil. Leaves are used in cooking in Asian countries (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NA TI ONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit is rich in vitamin C, pectin, dietary fiber, protein, phosphorus, potassium, niacin, vitamin A and calcium. Fruit contains 2 to 5 times the vitamin C content of orange juice (P ERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, YADAVA). f. Medicinal aspects: Guava exhibits antibacterial action against intestinal pathogens; anti

- inflammatory. Leaves are used to treat diarrhea, intestinal worms , coughs, throat and chest ailments, t oothaches, sk

n diseases, fevors, neurological problems, inflammation of the kidneys, weight problems , epilepsy, wounds, arthritis and ulcers. Leaves, bark, roots, immature fruit, and bud extracts are used in folk medicine and the treatment of diabetes. Fruit can ai d in reducing cholesterol (BARWICK, VAN WYK, MORTON, YADAVA, AGROFORESTRY). g. Crop Photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Florida, Guam ( 132 kilograms ( 292 lbs ), 1992), Hawaii ( 304 hectares ( 750 acres ), 1995), California and Puerto Rico. Fresh production in Hawaii is 4,400 tonnes (4,850 tons) per year or 28.1 tonnes (31 tons) per hectare. According to USDA 1,050 tons (952 tonnes) were produced in Hawaii in 2009 (GRIN, MARKLE, YADAVA). 5. Other commercial production region s: India, Pakistan, Egypt, South Africa, Europe including France; Asia including Thailand and Taiwan; Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Central America including Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala , Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Northern/w estern/ s outh ern South America including Brazil; the Caribbean; the Philippines; the subtropics; widely cultivated and naturalized; exact native range obscure. India and Mexico are the world’s largest producers of guava. India produces dessert guavas that are consume d totally within the country. Mexico produces dessert and processing cultivars that are mostly consumed within the country. The U.S. imported over 8,000 tonnes (8,818 tons) of**Page 85**  processed guava in 2002. Leading exporters were Brazil, Mexico, Dominican Rep ublic, Inida, Pakistan, Ecuador, Colombia, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, and Taiwan (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, VAN WYK, MORTON, YADAVA). 6. Use: Fruit, beverage base; wood for tools and fuel, medicinal purposes, weed, home garden fruit; commercial production, seed oil for edible uses and paints; leaves are used with other ingredients to make a black dye for silk; bark is used to tan hides (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: While fruit 8. Por tion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 006 (FI 0336) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- inedible p eel d. EPA Crop De finition: Gu ava = Guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, PLANTS DATABASE, YADAVA, CRFG, FLEPPC, AGROFORESTRY. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 , 10 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PSIGU (P. guajava )**Page 86**  1. **Guava berry** Myrtaceae Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg [(syn: Eugenia floribunda H. West ex Willd. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A slow

- growing shrub or tree growing 10 to 15 meters (33 to 50 feet) in height. Native to Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. The tree contains a dense, rounded canopy with reddish

-brown branchlets that are hairy when young. The trunk becomes flared into small buttresses at the base when old. Pale tan to grey bark flakes into circular discs, exposing the golden brown flesh underneath. Deep green evergreen leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic, ovate, lanceolate, or oblong

- lanceolate, glossy, leathery, pointed at the apex, 2.5 to 8 centimeters (1 to 3. 2 inches) long and 0.8 to 3 centimeters ( 0.3 to 1. 2 inches) wide. The leaf surface is covered with gland dots which secrete aromatic oil. Showy white silky

-hairy flowers are star

- like in shape, almost stalkless, contain 4 fringed petals and pompoms of golden stamens. Flowers are borne in small axillary or lateral clusters and emerge from the base of the leaves. Fruit is a spherical, ovoid or oblate berry that ranges in size from 0.8 to 1.6 centimeters ( 0.3 to 0.6 inches) in diameter and is solitary on new growth. The fruit is stemless and is attached t o the leaf nodes. The skin of the berry contains rough, glandular spots and changes in color from green to dark red or golden yellow. Pulp is yellow

- orange and fragrant. The flavor is sweet to bittersweet. Up to 4 seeds are contained within each berry (PERENNIAL, BARWICK, MORTON). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: The plant flowers from May to June in Florida. Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruit production occurs in 6 to 8 years from seed (PERENNIAL, BARWICK). b. Cultivation : Grown in t ropical America in dry or moist coastal woodlands and forests from sea level to 300 meters (1,000 feet). Requires warm tropical lowlands and full sun. Tolerates dry to moist conditions and a variety of soils. Grows best in rich loam. Moderate salt tolerance. Poor growth occurs in high pH soils. Can tolerate some frost. Propagation is by seed (PERENNIAL, BARWICK, TRADE WINDS). c. Availability in the marketplac e: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp is consumed fresh; processed into jellies, jams, juices, and p reserves. Preserved fruit is used in tarts. Fruit juice is used as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages. Fruit is used to make guavaberry r um (PERENNIAL, BARWICK). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: Fruits are sold by herbalists for the purpose of making depurative syrup. The decoction is taken as a treatment for liver complaints (MORTON). g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: P uerto Rico, the Virgin Islands; experimental plants are grown in Hawaii and Florida; no yield data is available (GRIN, MORTON). 5. Other production regions: Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, Northern South America, Brazil, Western South America; occasionally cultivated in Bermuda and the Philippines; no yield data is available (GRIN, MORTON). 6. Use: F ruit, ornamental (GRIN, BARWICK). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, BARWICK, MORTON, TRADE WINDS. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes:a. Bayer / EPPO Code: MYCFL**Page 87**  1. **Guava, Brazilian** [(Guinea guava, Brasiliaanse koejawel, goyavier du Brésil, Stachelbeerguave, araçá

- azedo, guayaba ágria (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Psidium guineense Sw. [(syn: Psidium araca Raddi, Psidium guyanense Pers., Psidium polycarpon Lamb. (GRIN))] 2. A slow

- growing, slender shrub or tree that reaches a height of 1 to 7 meters (3 to 23 feet). N ative to South America. Branchlets are finely hairy and cylindrical or compressed

- cylindrical. Evergreen grayish leaves are stiff, oblong, oblong

- oval, acute, obtuse, elliptic, ovate or obovate in shape, finely toothed, hairy on the upperside, hairy beneath with pale or rusty hairs and glands, and 3.5 to 14 centimeters (1.4 to 5.5 inches) long, by 2.5 to 8 centimeters (1 to 3 inches) wide. White flowers are bo rne singly or in clusters of 3 upon one peduncle in the leaf axils. Individual flowers contain 150 to 200 stamens. Pale yellow to greenish yellow fruit is solitary on new growth, ellipsoid, round or pear

- shaped, 0.3 to 2.5 centimeters (0.125 to 1 inch) wide and 2.5 to 3 centimeters (1 to 1.2 inches) in diameter. Fruit is smaller than the common guava. The peel is smooth. Flesh is thick and pale yellow and the pulp is white in color. The flavor slightly resembles strawberries and is sour, resinous, su bacid, or highly acidic. Aromatic and not as musky as the common guava. Each fruit contains numerous small, hard seeds. A firm fruit when ripe (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE, PIER). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: No specific entry. b. Cultivation: Re quires tropical to warm subtropical climates. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions, low temperatures, and arid conditions. D oes not tolerate light sandy soil. T he tree bears heavily at sea level. Propagation is by seed or cuttings. Germination occ urs in several weeks to a few months. Seeds should be planted in 24 to 29 °C (75 to 85 °F) soil (PERENNIAL, JANICK, TRADE WINDS). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: P ulp can be eaten fresh but is most oft en used for baking and preserving; used most for making jellies (PERENNIAL, MORTON, TRADE WINDS). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: In Brazil, a decoction of the bark or roots is used to treat urinary diseases, diarrhea and dysentery. In Costa Rica, the plant is used to reduce varicose veins and ulcers on the legs. A leaf decoction is used to relieve colds and bronchitis (MORTON). g. Crop Photos: 4. Production in U.S.: Southern California (MORTON). 5. Other production regions: Mexico, Central America including Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; the Caribbean including Cuba, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago; South America including French Guyana, Guyana, Surinam , Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay; India; naturalized elsewhere (GRIN). 6. Use: fruit, weed, wood for tool

- making; bark is rich in tannin and used for curing hides (GRIN, MORTON). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit pulp 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: Guava = Guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola**Page 88**  10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE, PIER, TRADE WINDS. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 10. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PSIGN (Psidium guineense SW).**Page 89**  1. **Guava, Cattley**  [(Chinese strawberry guava, purple guava, purple strawberry guava, red strawberry guava, strawberry guava, yellow Cattley guava, yellow strawberry guava, aarbei koejawel, goyave fraise, Erdbeerguave, waiawi, araçá

- da

-praia, araçá

- de

- comer, araçá

- de

- coroa, araçá

- do

- cam po, araçá

- do

- mato, guayabo pequeño (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Psidium cattleianum Sabine [(syn: Psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum , Psidium humile Vell., Psidium cattleianum var. littorale (GRIN))] 1. **Purple strawberry**  **guava** [(purple guava, Cattley guava, red strawberry guava, strawberry guava, yellow strawberry guava, goyave fraise, Erdbeerguave, guayabo pequeño (GRIN))] Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum [(Psidium cattleianum var. longipes auct., Psidium coriaceum var. longipes O. Berg, Psidium littorale var. longipes (O. Berg) Fosberg (GRIN))] 1. **Yellow strawberry guava** Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg. [(Psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum (GRIN))] 1. **Strawberry guava** [(Chinese strawberry guava, waiawi, yellow Cattley guava, yellow strawberry guava (GRIN))] Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littora le (Raddi) Fosberg [(Psidium littorale Raddi (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A bushy shrub or small tree growing to a height of 2 to 12 meters (7 to 39 feet). Psidium cattleianum Sabine generally grows 2 to 4 meters (7 to 13 feet) tall, while the yellow

- fruited fo rm (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma lucidum ) may reach 12 meters (39 feet) tall. Native to the coastal lowlands of e astern Brazil and Uruguay. More attractive foliage and fruit compared to the common guava. Grey

- brown to reddish

-brown bark is smooth to peeling. Brown

-barked branches are slender, smooth and cylindrical. Dark green evergreen leaves are opposite, simpl e, acute, smooth, glossy, thick, leathery, aromatic, obovate to elliptic in shape, 3 to 12 centimeters (1.2 to 5 inches) long and 1.6 to 6 centimeters (0.6 to 2.4 inches) wide. Fragrant flowers are borne in the leaf axils singly or in threes. Individual white flowers are 1.5 to 6 centimeters (0.6 to 2.4 inches) in diameter and contain four petals, numerous 2 centimeter (0.8 inch) long stamens, and a four

- to five

- lobed calyx. Purple

-red fruit is a spherical to obovoid berry that is solitary on new growth , and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) in diameter. The peel is thin and tipped with a five

- lobed calyx. Flesh of red

- skinned fruit is whitish in color with a red tint. Flesh of the yellow

- skinned fruit is yellowish in color. F lesh is aromatic, soft, 0.3 centimeters (0.123 inch) thick, and surrounds the pulp. Pulp is juicy and somewhat translucent. The flavor is sweet, spicy, subacid or strawberry

- like. Lacks muskiness of the common guava. The pulp contains numerous small, hard, flattened

- tri angular seeds measuring 0.25 centimeters (0.1 inch) long. T his fruit has several fruit forms. Y ellow, red, and purple forms are regarded as the same species (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE , FLEPPC, NPS, VAN WYK). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering o ccurs several times per year in Florida. In some areas including India, there may be two crops per year (July to August and January to February). On the California coast, fruit ripens from August to March. Inland California, fruit ripens October to Dece mber. In Florida, fruit ripens August to October. Fruit matures in 60 to 90 days. Fruit production occurs in 2 to 3 years from seed (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). b. Cultivation: Requires a cool to hot climate. Prefers full sun, rich sandy loam or red c lay, dry climate, and elevations of sea level to 1,500 meters (4,921 feet). Can be grown on a variety of soil conditions including poor, limestone, saline, swampy, or well

- drained soils; can grow in moist to dry forests and disturbed areas. The red form to lerates temperatures up to

- 6 °C (21 ° F), shade, and drought. H ardier than the common guava. T he yellow form is less tolerant of cold temperatures, but can tolerate minor flooding. Trees are invasive in many areas of the world, forming thickets and mats of roots; can shade out native vegetation; worst pest plant in Hawaii. Propagation is by seed, grafting, budding, rooted cuttings, and layering. Most red form cultivars are propagated vegetatively. Yellow form fruit are usually grown from seed. Y oun g trees are not commonly**Page 90**  trained but are fertilized and irrigated. Ripe fruit is very perishable and can only be stored for 3 to 4 days at room temperature. Fruit that are shipped long distances are harvested before ripening and are stored above 2.2 °C ( 36 ° F) (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE , FLEPPC, NPS). c. Availability in the marketplace: Ripe fruit is very perishable and is usually sold at local markets. Fruit that is shipped long distances for market sales is harvested before ripening. Commercial growers sometimes ship fruit to local processors or factories instead of fresh fruit markets (MORTON). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit pulp is consumed fresh out

- of

-hand without preparation except removal of the calyx. Fruit is also processed to make juice, wine, jellies, jams, butters, pastes, preserves, puree or tart

- filings, desserts, custards, and sherbets (PERENNIAL, JANI CK, MORTON, ECOCROP). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit is a good source of fiber and vitamin C (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: H awaii, s outhern and c entral Florida, s outhern California; yellow strawberry guava is cultivated in Hawaii (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). 5. Other commercial production regions: C entral Ameri ca, Mexico, the West Indies, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Jamaica, South America including Brazil, Uruguay; Africa, Portugal, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka, China, the Philippines, Malaysia, Southern Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Micronesia, French Polynesia; naturalized and cultivated elsewhere in the tropics and subtropics; no figures are available on world production. Orchards are said to yield up to 13.6 tonnes (15 tons) per hectare. In some areas, 27 tonnes (30 tons) can be obtained fro m 2 hectares (5 acres) (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). 6. Use: F ruit, beads, weed; grown in the home garden; ornamental or hedge plant; (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit pulp 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: Guava = Guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, PLANTS DATABASE, POPENOE, FLEPPC, NPS, VAN WYK, ECOCROP. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PSILO (listed as Psidium cattleianum SALISBURY = Cattley guava), PSILO (listed as Psidium littorale var. longipes (O.C.BERG) MCVAUGH = Purple strawberry guava)**Page 91**  1. **Guava, Costa Rican**  [(goyavier de Costa Rica, arrayán, cas ácida, guayaba de choco (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied. [(syn: Calyptropsidium friedrichsthalianum O. Berg (basionym) (GRIN))] 2

. An attractive erect shrub or small tree growing to a height of 6 to 10 meters (20 to 33 feet). Trees are usually smaller than 10 meters (33 feet). Native to Central America, Mexico, and Colombia. The trunk and branches are slender. Bark is red

-brown with grayish patches. Dark reddish minutely hairy branchlets are square, wiry, and 4

-winged. Evergreen leaves are dark and glossy above, pale and pubescent below, elliptic, oblong

- elliptic or oval in shape, pointed at the tip, gland

- dotted, thin, 3.8 to 12 centimeters (1.5 to 4.75 inches) long and 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) wide. Fragrant white flowers are borne singly on peduncles and measure 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) wide. Individual flowers contain 5 waxy petals and 300 stamens measuring 1.3 centimeters (0 .5 inch). Sulfur yellow fruit is solitary on new growth, small, spherical to ovoid in shape and 2.5 to 6 centimeters (1 to 2.4 inches) in diameter. T he soft pulp is pale yellow to white in color. The flavor is very sour and acidic. Each fruit contains a few flattened seeds that measure 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) long. Aromatic, without a musky odor (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering takes place from March to April and September to October in Florida. Fruit mature s in approximately 90 days. F ruit production occurs in 4 to 5 years from seed (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). b. Cultivation: Requires hot tropical climate. Trees grow in valleys, along streams, on temperate highlands, and in swampy woods along the coast and inland. Prefers medium to high rainfall. Tolerates a variety of well

- drained soil conditions and low to medium elevations. Trees do not fruit well at sea level, but do well at higher elevations. Not tolerant of frost. Propagation is by seed and cuttings. Not cultivated extensively (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: D ue to acidity, pulp is most often processed into beverages, je llies, jams, preserves, and pie fill ing (PERENNIAL, MORTON). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit is rich in pectin (MORTON, JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos: 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Mexico, Central America including Co sta Rica, Guatemala and El Salvador, Colombia, Ecuador, the Philippines; no production data is available (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). 6. Use: F ruit, home garden plant, wood (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit pulp 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropic al and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: Guava = Guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PSIFR (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O.C.BERG) NIEDENZU)**Page 92**  **1. Guava, Para** Myrtaceae Psidium acutangulum DC. [(Britoa acida (Mart.) O. Berg, Psidium acutangulum var. acidum Mart. ex DC. (GRIN))] 2. An erect shrub or small tree that reaches a height of 6 to 12 meters (20 to 40 feet). Native to the e astern Amazon forest in Brazil. B ranches are slender and branclets are quadrangular and winged near the leaf base. Leaves are alternate, smooth, shiny, oblong

- ovate, elliptical, or oblong

- lanceolate in shape, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, borne on short petioles, and 4 to 6 centimeters (1.6 to 2.4 inches) wide by 5 to 14 centimeters (2 to 5.5 inches) long. White flowers are solitary or in 2’s or 3’s in the leaf axils on long

- stalked slender quadrangular peduncles. Individual flowers contain 5 petals and over 300 stamens. The calyx is closed and splits when the flower expands. Pollination is by bees. Sulfur yellow to yellow

- green fruit is small, round, pear, ellipsoid or oval in shape, 3 to 8 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) wide and 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long. The peel is leathery and there is a persistent calyx. The pulp is soft and whitish to yellowish

-white. T he flavor is aci dic to sour but good tasting and similar to the common guava. The aroma is not as musky as the common guava. Immature fruit is green. E ach fruit contains a few hard seeds that are triangular and larger in size than the common guava. Small experimental plots and cultivation occur in Brazil (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE, TRADE WINDS). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs from October to December and fruit ripens in the spring (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). b. Cultivation: Requirements are simil ar to the common guava. Prefers a hot, dry tropical climate, light soils, full sun to part shade, high rainfall and low to medium elevations. Less hardy than the tropical guava. Fertilization aids fruit set. Propagation is by seed (PERENNIAL, JANICK, M ORTON, POPENOE, TRADE WINDS). c. Availablity in the marketplace: The fruits are consumed in their natural state (juices, sherberts) and sweets (BRAZILIAN). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is very acidic and is consumed fresh mixed with honey; also proc essed into ice cream, sorbet, gelatins, preserves, juice (lemonade

- like drinks), jellis, and candies (PERENNIAL, MORTON, TRADE WINDS, PERENNIAL). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit is composed of 86% water, a pulp pH of 3, a citric acid content of 1.87%, and a vitamin C content of 389.3 mg/100 g fresh pulp; peels contain high antioxidant activity (MORTON, JANICK, TRADE WINDS). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No specific entry. 5. Other commercial production regio ns: Amazonia; South America including Guyana, Suriname, Venezula, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON). 6. Use: Fruit (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE, TRADE WINDS). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit ( GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fr uits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: Guava = Guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, POPENOE, TRADE WINDS. 11. Production map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BTOAC (Britoa acida BERG).**Page 93**  **1. Guayabillo** [(arrayán (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied. [( Calyptranthes tonduzii Donn. Sm., Mitranthes sartoriana O. Berg (basionym), Psidium microphyllum Britton (GRIN))] 2. A medium - sized tree or bush that grows to a height of 15 meters (49 feet). Native to the West Indies and Central America. P ale yellow to yellow

- orange fruit is small, spherical, solitary on new growth, and 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) in diameter. The pulp is whitish in color. The flavor is sweetish, acidic, or tart and has overtones of citrus and floral perfume (TRADE WINDS, PERENNIAL). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: No specific entry. b. Cultivation: Requires warm tropical or subtropical climate. C an tolerate some frost. P ropagation is by seed (TRADE WINDS, PERENNIAL). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp is consumed fresh and in jellies (TRADE WINDS, PERENNIAL). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Southern California (TRADE WINDS). 5. Other commercial production regions: Mexico, Central America including Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Cuba; South America including French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador (GRI N). 6. Use: fruit (GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: No entry 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, TRADE WINDS, PERENNIAL. 11. Production map: EPA Crop Pro duction Region 10. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry.**Page 94**  1. **Illawarra plum** Podocarpaceae Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl. 2. A fast

- growing evergreen medium to tall tree growing to 4 0 meters ( 131 feet) tall

. Native to Australia. A primitive species that is found along waterways. The dark

- green crown is dense. The trunk gro ws up to 90 centimeters (35 inches) in diameter and is irregular, especially at the base ; contains brown to dark brown bark that is fis sured and scaly on older trees. The leaves are oblong to linear, 5 to 14 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) lo ng and 0. 6 to 1 .8 centimeters (0.2 to 0.7 inches) wide

. Male cones are narrow

- cylindrical, catkin

- like, up to 3 centimeters (1.2 inches) long and occur in sessile, axillary clusters. Female cones are axillary, stalked and so litary; there are few scales. T he cone is fleshy and unites with the stalk to form a fleshy receptac le. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants. Plants are pollinated by wind. A single seed is attached by a fleshy stem to the branch. The “f ruit” is a grape - like swollen stalk that is dark blue

-purple in color, berry

- like and contains a fleshy base that is 2 to 2.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) in diameter. T he skin is waxy. The edible portion is described as mucilaginous with a resinous flavor. The single oval to round seed is borne on the top of the fruit and is 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) in diameter (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , CONIFERS, ANBG , BOTANIC , ECOCROP, WIKIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Fruits are ripe from March to July (CONIFERS). b. Cultivation: Prefers a rich , moist non

- alkaline soil and a humid climate. Grows best in coastal lowlands on deep alluvial soils beside river banks. Also thrives in the dense subtropical riverine and seashore rainforests of Queensland and New South Wales . Tolerates moist, well

- drained acidic or neut ral sandy, loamy and clay soil s and temperatures down to

- 7 ° C (19 ° F) in Australian gardens. Grows in semi

- shade or full sun at elevations between sea level and 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)

. Can tolerate maritime exposure and fire. Propagated by seed and cuttings. Seeds are sown in sandy soil in a warm greenhouse. Seedlings should be planted into individual pots and left in the greenhouse f or one winter. Trees are planted in the permanent position in late spring or early summer after the last frost. The seeds ripen in October. Cutting s of half

-ripe terminal shoots are cut 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long and pl aced in a frame in July in August (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , ANBG , BOTANIC , ECOCROP ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed raw or cooked. P rocessed into jelly and jam

. Used in tarts and cakes. The fleshy stems of the seeds were eaten by Aboriginal people in Australia (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , ANBG , BOTANIC ). e. Nutritional aspects: Edible portion is high in vitamin C (BOTANIC). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry (GRIN). g. Crop Photos. 4. P roduction in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Australia ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: F ruit ; wood is used for cabinet making, table tops, furniture, packing cases, kitchen utensils, musical instruments , woodturning, and b oat building ; ornamental (GRIN , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , WIK IPEDIA). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical f ruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d . EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, CONIFERS, ANBG, BOTANIC, E COCROP, WIKIPEDIA.**Page 95**  11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PODET**Page 96**  **293** 1. **Imb é**  [ (African mangosteen (GRIN) ) ] Clusiaceae ( alt. Guttiferae) Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson 2. A small , slow

- growing evergreen shrub or tree reaching 6 to 18 meters (20 to 59 feet) in height

. Native to e astern tro pical Asia and East Africa

. The tree is pyramidal when young and later becomes a spreading tree with thick, blue

- green young branches and yellow to red resin

. The plant possesses a unique growh habit where most branches grow out at right angles to the main stem. Tough, leathery, w axy blue

- green l eaves with whitish veins grow 8 centimeters ( 3 inches ) in a whorl (4 or opposite). Single leaves are egg to lance

- shaped and grow 6 to 11 by 3 to 5 .5 cent imeters (2.4 to 4.3 by 1.2 to 2.2 inches)

. Scented greenish, whitish, or yellow flowers occur in groups of 5 to 15 in leaf axils on old wood. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants. Orange fruit is an el lipsoid berry that grows 1 to 4 centimeters (0.4 to 1.6 inches) in diameter. The skin is smoth and thin. Pulp is light orange; the flavor is sweet and resembles apricots

. Two large seeds are contained within the fruit (PERENNIAL , PLANTZAFRICA , QUISQUALI S , TRADE WINDS ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: F lowering occurs February to April and August to September in Florida. F ruit matures in 180 to 200 days. Fruit production occurs in 4 to 6 years from see d and 2 to 3 years from grafts (PERENNIAL). b. Cultivation: Grown in ho t, dry tropical climate in deep acidic or sandy soil. A lso grows in more humid climates and subtropical climates. Requires warm winters, hot to very hot summers and full sun
. Tolerates drought, salt, wind, heavy rain, light shad e, varying rainfall from 20 to 100 cm (8 to 39 inches) per year and many different types of soil. Does not tolerate extreme cold, but can tolerate temperatures to

- 3 ° C ( 26 ° F )

. Propagation is by seed and grafting. Trees should be f ertilize d every 3 to 4 months with a complete tree fertilizer. The thin skin of the fruit and susceptibility to damage has hindered commercial cultivation (PERENNIAL , PLANTZAFRICA , QUISQUALIS, TRADE WINDS ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparati on for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh. Fruit can be processed into jelly, jam, preserves, fruit leathers, pies, milkshakes, ice cream and assorted desserts ; can be fermented into an alcoholic beverage (PLANTZAFRICA , QUISQUALIS , TRADE WINDS ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: The tree is used in traditional medicine and the powdered root is used as an aphrodisiac (PLANTZAFRICA). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S. : Florida ; no yield data is available (PERENNIAL )

. 5. Other production regions: Tropical ; n ortheast/ e ast/west/South Africa ; e astern tro pical Asia ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 6. Use: Pulp used in the preparation of a wine and eaten fresh ; wood is used as timber; garden plant (MARKLE , PLANTZAFRICA)

. 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/s ampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c . Codex Group: Proposed for Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, PLANTZAFRICA, QUISQUALIS , TRADE WINDS. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: GANLI**Page 97**  **294** 1. **Imbu** [ (umbú, umbu, hog

-plum (GRIN) ) ] Anacardiaceae Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost. 2. A tree that has the potential to grow 6 meters (20 feet) tall, but usually forms a low, spreading tree

. Native to N ortheastern Brazil

. Grows in dry areas called catingas and dry plains

. T he soft, tuberous specialized root storage organs called cunca , enable the tree to tolerate drought. The tree has the ability t o branch at 1.5 to 2 meters (5 to 7 f

eet) above the ground and form a broad flat crown that meastures 2 to 9 meters (7 to 30 feet) in diameter. However, most of the time, the branching is irregular. The pinnate leaves are 10 to 15 centimeters ( 4 to 6 inc hes ) long and contain 5 to 9 leaflets that are oblong or oblong

- ovate , serrated and 2.5 to 4.5 centimeters (1 to 1.8 inches) long. Flowers are small, white, are composed of a calyx with four to five segments and a corolla of four to five petals. The flowers are borne in panicles that measure 10 to 15 centimeters ( 4 to 6 inches ) long. Greenish

- yellow f ruit are produced on thin stems near the ends of the branches, are ellipsoidal to oval in shape , and are 3.5 to 4 centimeters (1.4 to 1.6 inches) long

. Fruit contain a smooth, thick , tough skin and grow in clusters of 3 to 4. Pulp is soft and whitish. T he flavor is sweet , resembling an orange

. Immature fruit is sour. Described as the best flavored fruit among all of the Spondias species. The stone i s oblong and 2 centimeters (0.75 inches) long . Wild fruit are so productive, there is little n eed for cultivation (PERENNIAL , NAGY , POPENOE , CAMPBELL , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs April to May in Florida (PERENNIAL) and fruit ripen in January and February (BRAZILIAN)

. b. Cultivation : Requires hot tropical or subtropical, semi

- arid climate. Tolerant of dry conditions. Grown in the dry tropics and tropical areas with alternate seasons. Also found growing in areas with high humidity and an annual rainfall of 152 cent imeters ( 60 inches )

. Potential crop for arid tropical regions. Grows in gravelly loam that is sometimes mixed with clay or sand. Susceptible to frost. Some plants can wi thstand temperatures of

- 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) without major injury. Propagation is by seed and cuttings. Seeds should be germinated in flats of light soil. Wild trees produce more fruit than can be consumed. Some cultivation takes place where wild trees are not present . However, the fruit has a short shelf life and is difficult to ship (PERENNIAL , NAGY , POPENOE ). c. Availability in the marketplace: F ruit is collected from the ground and sold in local village markets or sold in markets outside the area of prod uction (NAGY , CAMPBELL , MORTON ). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh; processed into b everages, preserves, jelly , ice cream and desserts. Used as a flavoring. A popular dessert is made from the fruit in Brazil and is called imbuzada. This is made by mixing the strained sweetened pulp of slightly ripe fruits with boiled milk and sugar

. Fruit is widely consumed during the fruiting season (PERENNIAL , POPENOE , CAMPBELL ). e. Nutritiona l aspects: Low content of ascorbic acid compared to ascorbic acid levels for other Spondias species (NAGY). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: Minor production in South Florida ; no yield data is available (MARKLE)

. 5. Other commercial production regions: Northeastern Brazil , South America; cultivated elsewhere

. Annual production in 1992 was 300 kilograms (661 pounds) per tree (GRIN , MARKLE , PERENNIAL , CAMPBELL ). 6. Use: Pulp eaten fresh , made into beverages, desserts or preserves ; roots are used as a source of emergency food and water (MARKLE , NAGY )

. 7. P art(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

.**Page 98**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRI N, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, NAGY, POPENOE, CAMPBELL, MORTON. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SPXTU**Page 99**  **298** 1. **Jaboticaba** [ (Brazilian grapetree, jaboticabeira, jabuticaba, jabuticaba

- açu , jabuticaba

- de

- sabará , jabuticaba

- murta , jabuticaba

-paulista (GRIN) ) ] Myrtaceae Myrciaria cauliflora ( Mart.) O. Berg [(s yn: Eugenia cauliflora DC. , Myrtus cauliflora Mart. (basionym) (GRIN) ) ] 2. A slow

- growing upright small to medium shrub or tree growing 8 to 12 meters (26 to 39 feet) high. N ative to Central and Southern Brazil, specifically the hilly region around Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Also popular around Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Asunción, Paraguay, and Northeastern Argentina. Trees branch profusely from near the ground and the branches slant upwards and outwards. The crown is dense and rounded and may spread to 14 meters (46 feet)

. T he bark is smooth, thin and flakes off to leave light patches. Young foliage and branchlets are hairy. Leaves are dark green, glossy, leathery, evergreen, opposite, lanceolate , oblong or elliptic, rounded at the base and sharply pointed at the apex. Leaf size ranges from 2.5 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) long and 1.25 to 2 centimers (0.5 to 0.8 inch) wide. Leaves are borne near the branch tips. The tree comes in two forms

- the ‘small fruit’ type with 3 centimeter (1.2 inch) long by 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) wide leaves and ‘giant fruit’ types with 6 centimeter (2.4 inch) long by 3 centimeter (1.2 inch) wide leaves. New growth is light green with a reddish tinge. The petioles are very short and downy. Flowers contain four hairy white petals and 60 stamens measuring 0.4 cent imeter (0.2 inch) long. Fl owers emerge from the trunks, branches and exposed roots in groups of four on a short, thick stalk and measure up to 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) in diameter

. Mature black fruit occur singly or in clusters on short stalks. Fruit are spherical , slightly oblate, broad

-pyriform or ellip soid and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) in diameter . At the apex, a small disk and vestige s of the four sepals are present

. Small variety fruit are 2.3 centimeters (0.9 inch) in diameter and giant variety fruit are 4 centimeters ( 1.6 inch) in diameter. The skin is smooth, tough, thick, glossy, and changes in color from green when immature to red

-purple , maroon -purple or black when mature. Fruit are borne on the trunk, exposed roots and large limbs of the tree. The gelatinous, juicy translucent p ulp is white or pink and the flavor is sweet , slightly acidic and spicy

. Many describe the taste as a mixture of grape, litchi and blackcurrant. Some fruit may be mildly resinous and astringent. There are one to five oval or round light brown seed s that may be hard or tender and measure 0. 6 to 1 .25 centi imeters (0.5 inch) long (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , VAN WYK). 3. Crop Data: a. Se ason: There are several cycles of flowers and fruit per year in the tropics

. Approximately 2 to 3 crops are produced in the subtropics. Trees in Southern Florida produce two crops per year. The maj or flowering peak in Brazil occurs in the spring (August to September) following the first rainfall

. Trees do not flower as abundantly as in the areas where the winter is cold and dry. F lowering can be encouraged with irrigation but flower buds must already be developed. Heavy irrigation in the dry season can produce several crops per year. Fl ower development takes 40 days. S olitary trees do not produce as much as trees planted in clumps or orchards. Fruit occur through the summer months and take five to seven weeks to mature from flowering . Fruit production occurs in 6 to 10 years from seed . Grafted trees fruit in 7 years (PERENNIAL , JANICK , CULL ). b. Cultivation : Requires cool tropical and warm subtropical climates with medium to high rainfall and full sun . Grows best in groups on deep, fertile, mildly acid , well

- drained soil ab ove 500 meters (1,640 feet)

. Al so grows well on sandy soils, heavy clay, and oolitic limestone. Tolerant of light frost s reaching

- 3 ° C (27 ° F) . Not tolerant of salty or poorly drained soil. Propagation is by seed, inarching, air

- layering, tissue culture, cuttings, and grafting. Seed germination takes place in 20 to 40 days. E ach seed produces four to six plants. T rees should be planted 6 by 6 me ters (20 by 20 feet) to 6 by 4 meters (20 by 13 feet) apart. Ja boticabas have been cultivated in Brazil since pre - Columbian times. Fruit are cultivate d in orchards containing 500 to 1,000 trees . Fr uit are harvested when the fruit turns deep purple to black and becomes soft to the touch. Maturation takes place over 2 weeks on one tree. The tough skin protects the fruit from bruising. Storage life is no more than 3 days. Coating the fruit with wax and wrapping in plastic increases storage li fe to 21**Page 100**  days when held at 12 ° C (54 ° F) (PERENNIAL , JANICK , CULL ). c. Availability in the marketplace: When in season, the fruit can be found in Brazilian market s and at roadside stalls (JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh by squeezing the fruit between the thumb and forefinger. This causes the skin to rupture and the pulp to slip out . Since the skin is high in tannins, it is astringent and normally not consumed. Fruit can be p rocessed into je llies , sauces, compotes, fruit juices, fruit salads, jams, nectars, liquors and wine. Fruit are also served with ice cream (PERENNIAL , JANICK , CULL , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , VAN WYK). e. Nutritional aspects: T he fruit is rich in vitamin C and anthocyanins (JANICK , VAN WYK). f. Medicinal aspects: The high tannin

- containing sun

- dried skins are used to make an astringent decoction as a treatment for hemoptysis , a sthma, diarrhea, and sore throats (JANIC K). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Some production in South Florida ; California; used to make wine in Hawaii ; no yield data is available (MARKLE , JANICK)

. 5. Other commercial production regions: South America, Brazil , Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina ; Australia; introduced into tropical and subtropical areas . One tree may produce 500 to 800 kilograms (1,102 to 1,764 pounds) of fresh fruit (GRIN , MORTON , JANICK , CULL ). 6. Use: Pulp eaten fresh out of hand or in salads or desserts. Fruit can also be pr ocessed into jellies or wine ; ornamental; grown in home gardens (MARKLE , PERENNIAL ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 006 (FT 0300) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: Guava = jaboticaba 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, MORTON, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK, CULL. 11. Production map: EPA Crop Production Region 10 and 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: MYCCA**Page 101**  1. **Jamaica cherry**  [ (calabur

- tree, capulin, Panama

-berry, strawberry

- tree, bois ramier, cacaniqua, capulín blanco, nigua, bolaina yamanaza (GRIN))] Muntingiaceae. Also placed in: Elaeocarpaceae Tiliaceae Muntingia calabura L. 2. A rapidly growing , slender , n eotropical pioneer tree of forest gaps that grows 5 to 12 meters (16 to 39 feet) high . Widely distributed from Mexico to Bo livia and Brazil. Known to be an invasive plant in some areas

. Branches are spreading , nearly horizontal and fan

- like. T he tree i s an evergreen that sheds most of its leaves only when there is a very dry season. D ark green leaves are alternate, simple lanceolate or oblong, pointed at the apex , oblique at the base, irregularly toothed, and 4 to 14 centimers (1.6 to 5.5 inches) long by 1 to 4 centimeters (0.4 to 1.6 inches) wide. The upper surface of the leaves contain minute sicky hairs and the underside s are grey or brown and hairy. White to light pink flowers are 1.25 to 2 centimeters (0.5 to 0.8 inch) wide, borne in the leaf axi ls singly or in two ’ s or three ’ s , and co ntain five fine green sepals, five petals and many yellow stamens. Flowers resemble strawberry blossoms. There are 4 to 9 days between sequential openings of the individual flowers. T here are a range of floral forms. F lowers contain both male and female reproductive organs. The flower opens before dawn and lasts for only a day. Bees are the main source of pollination. Red to yellow b erries are round , 1 to 1.25 centimeters (0.4 to 0.5 inch) in diameter, sweet, sticky, and slightly astringent. The skin is smooth, thin and tender. Pulp is light brown, soft and juicy; the flavor is musky and fig

- like. T here are numerous minute black to dark

-brown seeds. Fruit are popular i n the Philippines with children (JANICK , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowers are initiated by the growing shoot, along with the subtending leaf. The leaf and flower develop concurrently , with the fruit maturing shortly before the leaf falls. Fruit are borne nearly year -round in many locations. In Florida and Sao Paulo, Brazil, flowering and fruiting are interrupted during the four coolest months. Fruit ripen in 6 to 8 weeks from anthesis (JANICK). b. Cultivation : Grows well in tropical to near tropical locations , in warm, humid climate at elevations up to 1,3 00 meters (4,265 feet)

. Requires at least 100 centimeters (39 inches) of annual rainfall and go od drainage. Tolerates occasional low night and winter temperatures , drought, poor, rocky acidic to alkaline soils, polluted city air, and denuded mountains where other trees fail to grow. Prefers light soils with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5. Does not tolerate salt, waterlogg ed conditions , or calcareous soils. Seedlings do not tolerate shade. Rarely grown on a commercial scale. Fruit are propagated by seed, cuttings and air layering. Seed are sown directly into the field . High temperature s and light are required for germination. Plants begin fruiting 18 months from seed. Tees should be planted 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet) apart. The planting hole should contain a mixture of soil and organic matter. Most fruit are obtained from wild plants . M any consider fruit too small to be of commercial value

. Harvesting takes place by shaking ripe fruit from the branches of the tree (JANICK , MORTON ). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit are sold in local Mex ican markets (JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: Berries are con sumed fresh; processed into preserves and jam. Fruit are cooked in tarts. An infusion of the leaves is drunk as a tea

- like beverage (JANICK , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspects: The fruit is rich in vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus and iron (JANICK). f. Medic inal aspects: The roots of the tree are used as an antiseptic in Vietnam and an abortion drug in Malaysia. P opulations in Columbia create infusions of flowers and use them as a tranquillizer and tonic. In the Philippines, infusions of flowers are used t o treat toothaches , indigestion, and cramps. Infusions are also thought to induce sweating . In other countries, flower infusions are used as an antiseptic and to treat headaches and cold symptoms. Leaf decoctions are used as an antidiarrhoeal. Bark deco ctions are used as skin softners (JANICK). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Florida , Hawaii ; no yield data is available (MORTON)

. 5. Other commercial production regions: Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, n orthern South America, w estern South America (Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru), Greater Antilles, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Southeast Asia, Jamaica; widely cultivated in warm areas of the New World and in India, Malaya, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and**Page 102**  the Philippines ; no yield data is available (GRIN , MORTON ). 6. Use: O rnamental , fruit; potential as fuelwood; fiber (materials) ; bark is used to make twine and large rope ; wood is used for interior sheathing, small boxes, casks, and general carpentry; being evaluated as a source of paper pulp; shade tree ; fruits are used as bait to catch fish (GRIN , JANICK , MORTON ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 As sorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, PLANTS DATABASE, MORTON. 11. Production map: EPA Crop Pro duction Region s 3, 10 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: MUNCA**Page 103**  1. **Jambolan** [(jaman, Java

-plum , jamélongue, jambolanier, Jambolanapflaume, Wachsjambuse, guayabo pesgua, yambolana (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels [(syn: Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce, Eugenia jambolana Lam., Myrtus cumini L. (basionym), Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC. (GRIN))] 2. A fast

- growing large tree that reaches a height of 12 to 30 meters (39 to 98 feet) . The tree can attain a spread of 11 meters (36 feet)

. Native to India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma, Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands

. The tree contains a rounded crown and thick trunk that may fork into multiple trunks a short distance from the ground. T he main trunk may reach 0.6 to 0.9 meters (2 to 3 feet) in diameter. T he bark on the lower part of the tree is rough, cracked, flaking and discolored. Bark further up the tree is smooth and light

- gray. Young s tems are slender and grayish

-white

. Large d ark green le aves contain a yellow midrib, are turpentine

- scented, evergreen, leathery, glossy, opposite, entire, oblong

- oval , broadly obovate

- elliptic, elliptic

- oblong or elliptic, blunt to tapering to a point at the apex, rounded at the base, 5 to 25 centimeters (2 t o 10 inches) long, and 2.5 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) wide. Petioles are 1 to 3.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1.4 inches) long. Young leaves are pinki sh. Small f ragrant flowers have a funnel

- shaped calyx, 4 to 5 united petals, are 1 .25 centimeters (0.5 i nch) wide and 2.5 centime ters (1 inch) or more in length. F lowers are borne in 2.5 to 10 centimeter ( 1 to 4 inch) long clusters. F lower petals change in color from wh ite to rose -pink and then shed. Small purple fruit are curved, ellipsoi d, ro und or oblong , occur in clusters of 2 to 40, and grow in size from 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters (0.6 to 1 inch) in diameter . Fruit can obtain a length from 1.25 t o 5 centimeters (0.5 to 2 inches )

. Immature fruit are green to light

- ma genta and become dark

-purple or nearly black when mature

. Some species are white in color. The skin is thin, smooth, glossy, and adherent to the pulp. Pulp is white to lavende r in color and juicy; the flavor is fairly sweet to subacid or slightly astringent

. Each frui t contains single oblong green or brown seed that is up to 4 centimeters (1.5 inches) in length. Some fruits contain 2 to 5 oblong seeds that are tightly compressed within a leathery coat and some are seedless ( JANICK, PERENNIAL , MORTON , VAN WYK , FLEPPC ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs March to April in Florida , July and August in Java, May to August in Sri Lanka, and February and March in India. Flowering can occur during other seasons. Fruit matures in 90 days. Fruit is in season in April in the Marquesas, mid

- May to mid

- Ju ne in the Philip p ines, late summer to fall in Hawaii, September and October in Java, November and December in Sri Lanka, and through late May, June and July in India and Florida. Small second crops occur in October. Fruit productio n occurs 5 to 10 years from seed and 4 to 7 years from grafting (PERENNIAL , MORTON ). b. Cultivation: Grown in tropical humid lowland s or hot subtropical climates from sea level to 1,800 meters (6,000 feet). Does not fruit at elevations above 600 meters (2,000 feet). Grows semi

-wild in Hawaii in moist areas below 600 meters (2,000 feet). Grows only in areas with mi niumum temperatures above 1.7 °C (35 ° F). Grows best in regions with annual heavy rainfall of 1,016 centimeters ( 400 inches ) and full sun

. Thrives on river banks. Dry weather is required during flowering and fruiting periods. Tolerant of a variety of soils, in cluding poorly drained soils, seasonal dry periods and prolonged flooding. Gro ws well under adverse condtions in low, wet areas. Also grows well on higher, well

- drained loam, marl, sand or oolitic limestone soils. Not tolerant to heavy salt spray, overwash and saline or sodic soils. Young trees are sensitive to frost, while mature trees tolerate brief below

- freezing tempe ratures. Has become invasive in many areas and is shading out native trees

. Propagation is by seed, cuttings, budding, layering and grafting. Seeds are sown during the rainy season in India and germinate in 2 weeks. In India, fruits are harvested sever al times during the season by hand as ripening occurs. Fruits do not travel well ( JANICK, PERENNIAL , MORTON , VAN WYK , FLEPPC , TROPILAB ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Marketed in Asia and other local markets (PERENNIAL , VAN WYK , FLEPPC ). d. Preparation for cooking: Immature and mature f ruit is consumed fresh; green fruit are consumed raw with salt; fruit are processed into jellies , sauces, ice cream, jam , distilled liquors, brandy,**Page 104**  vinegar, and wine. Fruit are made into tarts. Astringent f ruits are made sweeter by soaking in salt water or pricking them, rubbing them with salt, and letting them stand for an hour. Lower quality fruit are used for juice

. Juice is made by cooking the fruit and allowing the juice to drain out without squeezing . The juice is then used for sherbet, syrup and drinks. A special drink called “squash” is made by cooking the crushed fruits, pressing out the juice, and adding sugar, water, citric acid, and sodium benzoate. White

- fleshed jambolans contain large amounts of pectin and are used to made jellies (PERENNIAL , MORTON , JANICK , TRADE WINDS ). e. Nutritional aspects: The fruits have a low energy value and contain some vitamin C ; the pulp contains resin, gallic acid and tannin (VAN WYK , TROPILAB ). f. Medicinal as pects: There is more interest in the fruit for its medicinal properties than its food purposes . T he fruit is an astringent, stomachic, carminative, antiscorbutic and diuretic. A thick jam made from the fruit aids diarrhea. The juice is used to cure enl argement of the spleen, ch ronic diarrhea, urine retention and sore throats; it also serves as a lotion for ringworm of the scalp. Seeds and bark in liquid or powdered form are administered 2 to 3 times per day to patients with diabetes or glycosuiria. Le aves in alcohol are also administered for diabetes. Leaf juice is administered to treat dysentery and skin diseases. T he see ds are also used in lowering blood pressure. L eaves, stems, flowerbuds , opened blossoms, and bark has antibiotic activity. A dec oction of the bark is taken for dyspepsia, dysentery , asthma, bronchitis, stomatitis, inflammations, and diarrhea (MORTON). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: C ultivated and naturalized in the Southeastern United States, Florida, California, Hawaii and Puerto Rico ; no yield data is available (GRIN , MORTON ). 5. Other production regions: East t ropical Africa, China, Indian s ubcontinent (Bhutan, India, Nepal , Sri Lanka , Burma), Suriname, Central America, Andaman Islands, Indonesia, Malaya, Malaysia; c ultivated and naturalized in tropical and South Africa, Israel, Algiers, Australia, tropical Southern America, s outheast Asia, the Philippines, the West Indies, Zanzibar, Pemba and Mombasa, Mascarenes, Marquesas, Bermuda, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Lesser Antil les, Trinidad, Seychelles, Galapagos; a crop of 700 fruit were obtained from a 5

- year - old tree (GRIN , MORTON , TROPILAB ). 6. Use: B ee plants (pollination and nectar), ornamental, shade tree, wind break, fruit, medicinal purposes, weed ; leaves serve as fodder for livestock and food for tassar silkworms in India; young shoots are used as a teeth cleaner; essential oil from the leaves scents soaps and is an ingredient used in perfume; bark is used in tanning leather, preserving fishing ne t s and is a source of brown dye ; wood is used for fuel, beams, rafters, posts, bridges, oars, masts, troughs, well

- lining, agricultural implements, carts, solid cart wheels, furniture, railway sleepers, a

nd the bottoms of railroad cars (GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, PERENNIAL, MORTON, VAN WYK, FLEPPC, TROPILAB, TRADE WINDS. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3, 10 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SYZCU**Page 105**  1. **Jelly palm** [(pindo palm, South American jelly palm, butia de vinaigre, Butiapalme, Geleepalme, butia (GRIN))] Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. [(syn: Butia bonnetii (Linden ex Chabaud) Becc., Butia capitata var. deliciosa Prosch., Butia capitata var. elegantissima (Chabaud) Bec c ., Butia capitata var. erythrospatha (Chabaud) Becc., Butia capitata var. lilaceiflora (Chabaud) Becc., Butia capitata var. nehrlingiana (L. H. Bailey) L. H. Bailey, Butia capitata var. odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Becc., Butia capitata var. pulposa (Barb. Rodr.) Becc., Butia capitata var. pygmaea Prosch., Butia capitata var. subglobos a Becc., Butia capitata var. virescens Becc., Butia leiospatha (Barb. Rodr.) Becc., Butia nehrlingiana L. H. Bailey, Cocos bonnetii Linden ex Chabaud, Cocos capitata Mart. (basionym), Cocos odorata Barb. Rodr., Cocos pulposa Barb. Rodr., Syagrus capitata ( Mart.) Glassman (GRIN))] 2. A slow

- growing feather palm wi th a single trunk that grows 2 to 8 meters ( 7 to 26 feet) high

. Native to Brazil. The trunk reaches approximately 0.5 meters (2 feet) in diameter and is covered with old leaf bases. The canopy contains 18 to 32 arching evergreen leaves. The palm has a 3 to 5 meter (10 to 15 foot) spread. Yellowish green, bluish gray or grayish green pinnate leaves are 2.5 to 3 meters (8 to 10 feet) long. Petioles are short, broad , armed with spines , and 0.6 to 1.2 meters (2 to 4 feet) in length . Each leaf contains 44 to 48 pairs of stiff upright linear leaflets that form a ‘V’ and are 46 to 91 centimeters ( 18 to 36 inches ) long . The inflorescence is branched but short and is sub stended by a conspicuous woody bract. Male and female flowers are white to yellow and are borne on the same stalk

. The yellow to orange

- yellow fruit is round or ovoid , 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in diameter , 1.8 to 3.5 centimeters (0.7 to 1.4 inches) long, and borne in large clusters. The skin is smooth. The pulp is stringy and fibrous. The flavor is sweet to subacid and is reminiscent of tart apples or apricots

. Each fruit contains one to three seeds sourrounded by a bony endocarp with three pores near the middle . Large quantities of fruit are produced from a single tree . Fruit can create a mess on sidewalks (PERENNIAL , JANICK , FLORIDATA , GILMAN 105 , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). 3. Crop Data: a. S eason: Flowers bloom in the spring. Fruit ripens in summer (GILMAN 105). b. Cultivation: Requires warm temperate, subtropical or cool tropical climate. Native to open savannah s, grasslands, and dry woodlands

. Grows best in sandy well

- drained soils at low elevations. Tolerant of drought , salt, heat , windy conditions, and a variety of soil conditions including clay, loam, a lkaline and acidic soils ; can grow in dry and/or infertile soils . Grown in full sun to part shade/part sun

. Plants exposed to full sun are more compact. H ardy to at least

- 12 ° C (10 ° F)

. Resistant to freeze injury. Regular water and fertilization produces more attractive palms. Propagated b y seed. Seeds germinate uneven ly over several months to a year. Itis best to sow the se ed in a warm greenhouse at 24 ° C (75 ° F) . Pre

- soaking the seed for 24 hours in warm water prior to sowing may aid germination. The fruit is not produced commercially (PERENNIAL , JANICK , FLORIDATA , GILMAN 105 , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh; processed into jellies , jams, pies, cakes and preserves
. The seed oil is used for margarines. The pith of the stem can be made into bread (PERENNIAL , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f . Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Landscape plant of the Southeastern United States and California ; no yield data is available (FLORIDATA). 5. Other production regions: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay ; widely introduced into tropical and subtropical areas ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 6. Use: Ornamental, fruit ; the seed serves as a minor source of oil (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN).**Page 106**  8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d . EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Refe rences: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, FLORIDATA, PLANTS DATABASE, GILMAN 105, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE. 11. Production M ap: EPA Crop Production Region 2 and 3 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BUJ CA**Page 107**  **305** 1. **Jujube , C**  **hinese** [( Ber , jujube, Chinese jujube, Chinese

- date, Common jujube, jujubier commun , Brustbeerbaum, chinesische Dattel, açofeifeira, azufaifo (GRIN , MARKLE ) )] Rhamnaceae Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [ (syn: Rhamnus zizyphus L., Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow, Ziziphus sativa Gaertn., Ziziphus spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex F. H. Chen, Ziziphus vulgaris Lam., Ziziphus vulgaris var. spinosa Bunge, Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) H. Karst. (GRIN) ) ] 2. A small deciduous tree growing 4.5 to 15 meters (15 to 49 feet) high . Native to Asia. Ju jubes have been cultivated for over 4,000 years in China and India. One of the most important fruit trees in China. The bark of the tree is rough. Drooping b ranches contain curved spines at each node. Trees sprout throny shoo ts fro m the shallow root system that can form a thicket of thor ny trees over time. The fast

- growing tree can beco me weedy. Leaves are small, ovate or oval, glossy, dark green, and 2.5 to 5 centimeters ( 1 to 2 inches ) long. Margins contai n very fine teeth

. There are two spines at the base of each leaf. In autumn, leaves turn bright yellow. Yellow

- green to white f lowers are small, fragrant, contain both male and female organs , grow 0.5 centimeter ( 0.2 inch) in diameter, and are borne in clusters in the leaf axils of the branches. Flowers may open in the morning or during the afternoon. Dark red to brown ellipsoid or round fruit are drupes that grow 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inch) long and 1 .3 centimeters (0.5 inch) in diameter

. Immature fruit are green and slowly ripen from yellow

- green with mahogany

- colored spots to red

. Fruit are usually consumed be tween the yellow

- green stages an d the full red stage. Fruit size and shape vary according to cultivar. The thin skin is smooth. When mature, the skin softens and wrinkl es like a small date

. Pulp is whitish; the flavor is crisp, sweet and subacid . Many believe the fruit taste s like an apple

. Some varieities are tart with high acidty. Each fruit contains one stone that may or may not contain two seeds. Fruit is important in its native area. Th ere are many varieties in China (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , CRFG , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowers are pro duced during late spring and early summer. F ruit require 2 to 5 months to mature

. Trees fruit in 3 to 4 years from seed (JANICK , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). b. Cultivation : Grown in the subtropics and warm temperate zo nes in full sun and sandy, well

- drained soil

. Requires hot, dry climate during the growing season and cool to cold temperatures during dormancy. Does best where summers are long and hot and rain seldom falls during fruit ripening. Trees have a medium to low chilling requirement in order to se t fruit

. Tolerant of temperatures to

- 10 ° C (14 ° F) during dormancy. Also tolerant of drought, poor soils, loam soils , and soils with high salinity or high alkalinity . In well

- drained soils, trees grow in areas where the annual rainfall exceeds 150 centimeters (59 inches)

. Grows in dry , gravelly or stony slopes of hills and mountains. Propagation is by seed, budding, cuttings and grafting. For seed propagation, stones are removed from the fruit and dried at room temperature for several weeks. When th e stone has dried, it is opened and the seed is soaked for 2 days in fresh water. Seeds are then stratifi ed in moist sand or peat at 5 ° C ( 41 ° F) for 60 days. Seeds are then planted in warm , moist , well

- drained soil. Germination takes place in 2 weeks. Tree spacing is 4.5 meters by 7.5 meters (15 feet by 25 feet)

. Regular fert ilizer applications aid growth . Irrigation is required in semi

- arid regions. Fruit are gathered from wild trees and are cultivated in orchards. Fruit should be harvested when the skin color is changing from whitish green to brown

. Fruit can be stored fresh for 7 to 15 d ays with little loss of quality (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit is prized by certain cultures and is sold in Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese and Indian markets. Fruit sold in Europe is about the size of olives . Chinese ju jubes have little importance in European and North American fresh

- fruit markets. Harvesting for the fresh market is expensive because trees are large, fruit do not store well on the tree in humid areas and must be harvested weekly, immature fruit does not ripen if removed from the tree, and the small fruit ripen over a period of 1 to 2 months. Mo r e commonly sold in the dried form (JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ).**Page 108**  d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh. Fruit may also be dried, stewed, candied, smoked, pickled and preserved. Fruits are produced into syrups or jellies; used in soups, cakes , puddings and breads

. Dried fruits are used in Asia for cooking, tea

- making, and natural remedies. Dried fruit is ground into powder that is used in the preparation of ‘kochujang’, a fermented hot pepper soybean paste. In Europe, fruit are used as a table dessert and dry sweetmeat. In some areas, the fruit can be used as a coffee substitute (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit have high vitamin C content (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: The pl ant has many uses. The mos t popular use of the fruit is a tea for sore throat. Fruits are used to aid weight gain, increase immune system resistance, improve muscular strength, s trengthen the liver and increase stamina. Used in other cultures as an antidote, diuretic, emollient, and expectorant. Among other uses, l eaves are used to reduce fevers and promote hair growth. Dried fruit aid in purifying the blood, aid digestion, treat chronic fatigue and aid loss of appetite, diarrhea, anaemia, irritability and hysteria. Seeds treat palpitations, insomnia, nervous exhaustion, night sweats, and perspiration. Roots are used to treat fevers, burns and wounds (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). g. Crop photos 4. Prod uction in U.S. : Minor production. Trees are planted in home g ardens in the Southern states ; trees have become weedy in some states ; no yield data is available (MARKLE , JANICK)

. 5. Other commercial production regions: China , s outhern Europe, Russia, n ort hern Africa, Middle East, Taiwan, Thailand, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Armenia, Syria, the Mediterranean region of Spain and France; cultivated and naturalized in Eurasia ; probable origin Asia ; one of the most important fruit trees in China. Annua l fruit production of the Chinese jujube in China is 400 million kilograms (881,849,049 pounds) on 300,000 hectares ( 741,316 acres) . Average yields from wild trees in the Himalayas are 9.5 kilograms (21 pounds) per year (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC )

. 6. Use: Some fresh eating, drie d, smoked, pickled, or candied ; wood used for fuelwood, charcoal, turnery, and agricultural implements; beads, chemicals, medicinal purposes , ornamental , hedge; leaves are cooked as an emergency source of food (GRIN , MARKLE , CRFG , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit pulp and fruit skin (MARKLE). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with stone removed

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CRFG, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: ZIPJU**Page 109**  **306** 1. **Jujube, I ndian**  [( Chinese

- date, cottony jujube, Indian

- cherry, Indian

-plum , beri, bor, nabbak

- el

- fil , jujubier , filzblättrige Jujube, ber, azufaifo africano (GRIN) ) ] Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. [(syn: Rhamnus jujuba L., Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. (GRIN) ) ] 2. A thorny , fast

- growing shrub or tree reaching to 2.5 to 15 meters (8 to 49 feet) high . Native to India and Southeast Asia

. A more tropical species compared to Ziziphusjujuba

. T he fruit of this tree was an important food source in Pakistan approximately 8,000 years ago. The tree may be erect or wide

- spreading; possesses drooping branches, downy, zigzag branchlets that may or may not contain short, sharp straight or hooked spines, and a rapidly

- growing taproot. The small, green, shiny , tough leaves are simple, alternate , elliptical, ovate, oblong

- elliptic, entire , or slightly toothed. L eaves contain 3 conspicuous, deep longitudinal veins and grow 2.5 to 6.25 centimeters (1 to 2.5 inches) long by 2 to 4 centimeters (0.75 to 1.5 inches) wide. Unlike the Chinese jujube, the Indian jujube contains dense, silky white or brown hairs on the undersurface of the leaves and short, downy petioles

. Leaves may shed during the dry season. Flowers are small, fragrant, greenish to yellowish in color, 5

-petalled, and are borne in 2’s or 3’s in the leaf axils of the branches. Some flowers open in the morning, while others open in the afternoon. Honeybees and house flies are the main pollinators. Approximately 10% of the flowers produce mature fruit. Immediately after fruit set, there is a very heavy fruit drop. Deep yellow , burnt

- orange, red, red

-brown or brown fruit is an ellipsoid , ovoid , oval, obovate, round or oblong drupe that is 1.25 to 6.25 centimeters (0.5 to 2.5 inches) long. Fruit grows solitary on the tree

. Immature fruit are green. Wild fruit bear cherry

- sized fruit ranging in size from 1.25 to 2.5 centimeters (0.5 to 1 inch) long , while improved varieties bear plum

- sized fruit growing a size of 6.25 centimete rs (2.5 inches) long and 4.5 centimeters (1.75 inches) wi de

. The skin is smooth or rough, glossy, thin and tough. Pulp is thin , c risp, juicy and whitish in color. When underripe, the flavor is sweet to subacid and has a taste similar to crabapple

. When mature, fruit becomes mealy. Overripe fruit are wrinkle d. Each fruit contains a single, hard oval or oblate rough stone which contains 2 elliptic, brown 0.6 centimeter (0.25 inch) long seeds

. Fruit is important in native areas. Improved varieties are taller, contain smaller thorns, and possess larger leaves and fruit (PERENNIAL , JANICK , BARWICK , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. S eason: Flowering occurs July to September in Florida and autumn in other areas. In Southeast Asia, flow e ring and shoot growth occur during the wet season. Fruit matures in 108 to 180 days. In India, some fruits ripen as early as October and others ripen from mid

- February or mid

- March to the end of April. In some areas, there are 2 crops a year, with the main crop occurring in early spring and the second during the fall. Seedlin gs bear fruit in the third or fourth year (PERENNIAL , BARWICK , MORTON ). b. Cultivation : Grown in the wet/dry tropical and warm s ubtropical climates . Requires warm to hot tropical climate with low to high rainfall and full sun
. Trees are suited to mean annual temperatures from 7 to 13 ° C (45 to 55 ° F) to 37 to 48 ° C (99 to 118 ° F) . Annu al rainfall requirements are 12 to 220 cent imeters (5 to 87 inches) . Trees grow at altitudes of about 900 to 1,650 meters (2,953 to 5,413 feet)

. Commercial cultivation o ccurs up to 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)

. Grows in the arid and semi

- arid regions of Africa, Asia an d some of the Caribbean islands. Also found in coastal thickets and dry limestone woodlands. Grows best on sandy loam, neutral or slightly alkaline soils. Grows well on laterite, medium black soils with good drainage or sandy, gravelly, alluvial soil of dry river

-beds. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions including poor soils , salinity, drought and flooding. Sensitive to frost. Propagation is by seed, root cuttings, and grafting. To select seeds, the stones are taken from the fruits that have fully ripened on the tree. T hey are put into a 17 to 18% salt solution. Stones that sink are dipped in 500 ppm thiourea for 4 h ours and then cracked. The seeds are planted directly in the field and germinate in 7 days. In Western India, jujubes are budded in April or May using scion buds. In other parts of India, budding is done in July or December . Trees are planted in a sq

uare pattern in the field about 7 meters (23 feet) apart in both directions. Trees should be regularly pruned during the summer when trees have shed their leaves and are dormant. Fertilization and irrigation increases productivity of the plant. Fruit ar e harvested when ripe. Green**Page 110**  fruit do not ripen off the tree. Fruit shipped to market are harvested in the mature green to golden yellow stage. Harvesting is accomplished by manually shaking or beating the branches. Fruit are s tored in net bags at 25 t o 35 ° C (77 to 95 ° F) for 4 to 15 days or at 10 ° C (50 ° F) for 28 to 42 days

. Fruit stands handling, shipping, and marketing well (PERENNIAL , JANICK , BARWICK , MORTON ). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruits are taken to market (JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON). d. Preparation for cooking: In India, almost all fruit is consumed fresh. Fruit may be dried, stewed, produced into jam, candied, preserved , or powdered for use in beverages or as a condiment

. Slightly underripe fruit are candied by a process of pri cking, immersing in a salt solution gradually raised from 2 to 8%, draining, immersing in another solution of 8% salt and 0.2% potassium metabisulphite, storing for 1 to 3 months, rinsing and cooking in sugar syrup with citric acid. Populations in Southea st Asia eat unripe fruit with salt. Ripe fruits crushed in water form a popular cold drink. Ripe fruits are preserved by sun

- drying and a powder is prepared for out

- of

- season purposes. Acidic fruit are used for pickling or chutneys. In Africa, dried and fermented pulp is pressed into cakes resembling gingerbread. Y oung leaves are cooked and eaten in Indonesia. Jujube liqueur is made and sold as Crema de ponsigue in Venezuela. Seed kernals are consumed during times of famine (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: The tree is used in Indian medicine as a blood purifier and digestion aid

. F ruits are applied on cuts and are employed in pulmo nary ailments and fevers. Fruit mixed with salt and chili peppers are given to patients with indigestion. Dried ripe fruit is given as a laxative. Seeds are used as a sedative and are taken to halt nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pains. Leaves are applied to sores and are helpful in liver troubl es, asthma, and fever s . Bark is used to halt diarrhea and dysentery and relieve gingivitis and sores. Roots are used to reduce fevers, cleanse the body, kill tapeworms, and heal wounds. Root juice is used to alleviate gout and rheumatism. F lower infusi ons serve as an eye lotion (JANICK , MORTON ). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S. : O rnamental in Hawaii; Southern Florida, Puerto Rico ; no yield data is available (MORTON)

. 5. Other production regions: Subtropic al ; cultivated extensively in India and Thailand; also grown in Southeast Asia, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Caribbean Islands, and Myanmar; widely cultivated, naturalized in S. Africa, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Australia, tropical Southern America, Central America, the West Indies, and Cape Verde . Approximately 88,000 hectares (217,453 acres) were grown in India in 1995, with a production of 0.9 million tonnes ( 992,080 tons)

. Irrigated fields in n orthern India yield a crop of 80 to 200 kilograms (176 to 441 pounds) of fresh fruit per tree per ye ar
. Seedling trees bear 5,000 to 10,000 small fruit per year in India. Grafted trees can yield 30,000 fruit. One of the best cultivars in India produces fruit that average 66 to the kilogram (30 to the pound), and yields 77 kiograms (175 pounds) annually (GRIN , JANICK, PERENNIAL , MORTON ). 6. Use: Fresh, dried, stewed, candied, preserved ; fruit is used in dying silk; the bark yields brown dye; ornamental; barrier; land stabilizer; wood is used for fuelwood , furniture , line wells, boat ribs, tools, yokes, gunstocks, sandals, golf clubs, and building construction; inve rtebrate food (lac/wax insects), medicinal purposes, weed ; leaves are used for tanning and as fodder; In Ethiopia, fruit are used to stupefy fish (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK, BARWICK , MORTON ). 7. P art(s) of plant consumed: Fruit pulp (MARKLE). 8. P ortion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Cl assifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None**Page 111**  10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER , MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, PLANTS DATABASE, MORTON. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Reg ion 3, 10 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: ZIPMA**Page 112**  1. **Kaffir**
**- plum**  [( Kaffir

- date (GRIN))] Anacardiaceae Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss 2. An attractive medium to large evergreen tree that grows 6 to 15 meters (20 to 49 feet) high. Native to South Africa. Grows in riverine forests. The tree contains a thick crown, branches that curve upward and drooping leaves. Trees in forests contain buttress roots. T he bark is smoo th when young and becomes rough and dark grey

- brown as the tree matures. Pinnate leaves are shiny, stiff, erect, dark green, spirally arranged, and contain 4 to 8 pairs of sickle

- shaped leaflets , plus a terminal leaflet

. Leaflets are hairy when young and up to 7.5 centimeters (3 inches) long. Leaves are sometimes interspersed with odd red leaves and crowd the ends of the branches. Flowers are whitish green to yellowish and are borne near the ends of the branches. Male and female flowers are found on separate plants. Small, plum

- like oval

- s haped fruit turn f rom green t o red when mature and grow to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in length. The skin is thin and smooth

. Fruit are slightly sweet to sour in taste. Each fruit contains a single seed (PERENNIAL, PLANTZAFRICA , BI ODIVERSITY , DESERT

- TROPICALS ). 3. Crop Data: a. S eason: Flowering occurs throughout the summer (November to February). Fruits ripen in autumn (PLANTZAFRICA). b. Cultivation : Grown in tropical and subtropical climates in full sun. Tolerant of dry conditions and poo r soil. Requires moderate amounts of water, especially during the summer months. Grown in frost

- free areas. Propagation is by seed and cuttings

. Seeds should be soaked in water for a day and then scrubbed with a brus h to remove the fleshy part. Seeds are sown in trays filled with river sand or potting soil. Germination takes 7 to 11 days (PERENNIAL , PLANTZAFRICA , DESERT

- TROPICALS ). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit are are valued locally (PLANTZAFRICA). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is c onsumed fresh and processed into jelly and jams

. Fruits are us ed to make rosé wine (PERENNIAL , PLANTZAFRICA). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: The bark is a popular traditional medicine used to treat acne and eczema. Pow dered burnt bark is used to treat sprains and bone fractures. Root decoctions are taken for paralysis (PLANTZAFRICA). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Grown in the US ; no yield data is available (PERENNIAL )

. 5. Other production regions: Mozambique, South Africa ; India ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 6. Use: Ornamental, fruit ; bark is used for dyeing; wood is used as general timber for furniture and beams; l arvae of the hairtail butterfly ( Anthene definite) and the Eggar moth ( Lasioca mpa kollikerii) feed on the leaves of the tree; bushbabies, monkeys, baboons, bushbuck, and many types of birds feed on the fruit (GRIN , PLANTZAFRICA). 7. P art( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (PLANTZAFRICA). 8. P ortion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Cl assifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- in edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 1 0. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, PLANTZAFRICA, BIODIVERSITY, DESERT

- TROPICALS. 11. Production Map: No specific entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 113**  1. **Kakadu plum** Combretaceae Terminalia latipes Benth. subsp

. psilocarpa Pedley [(syn: Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell (GRIN))] 2. A slender, small to medium

- sized deciduous tree growing up to 30 meters (98 feet) high. Native to Australia. Grown throughout the tropical woodlands from Northwestern Ausralia to Eastern Arnhem Land. The tree contains creamy - gr ey flaky bark. Pale green leaves are spirally arranged, crowded towards the ends of the branches, very large, oval

- shaped and up to 25 centimeters (10 inches) long by 15 centimeters (6 inches) wide . Flowers are s mall, creamy

- white, scented, and borne along spikes in the leaf axils at the ends of the branches. The roundish to oval y ellow

- green f ruit are almond

- sized, growing 3 centimeters (1.2 inches) long and 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) in diameter. The skin is smoo th. Fruit are classified as pseudo

- drupes, contain a short beak at the tip of the fruit, and possess one large seed. Fruits that are consumed raw possess a drying

- out effect in the mouth. Fruits have been used by the Australian Aborigines for tens of thousands of years (WIKIPEDIA , NEW CROP , FRUITIPEDIA). 3. Crop Data: a. S eason: Flowering occurs from September to December (spring to summer). There is a short annual harvest period in the Northern Territory beginning in March (WIKIPEDIA , W ILD HARVEST ). b. Cultivation : Grown throughout the subtropical woodlands of the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Current industry demand is met by bush collectors. Wild

- growing trees tend to have higher vitamin C content compared to cultivated trees (WIK IPEDIA , NEW CROP , FRUITIPEDIA). c. Availability in the marketplace : Fruit is sold as an ingredient for cosmetics and is entering new markets as a nutraceutical in food supplements and fortified beverages; also harvested and sold in local markets

. Fr

uit are purchased and sold to restaurants, airlines, hotels , juice manufacturers, food processors, and pharmaceutical companies (WIK IPEDIA , NEW CROP ). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are usually consumed raw; processed into gourmet j ams , ice cream, and sauce s ; used as a flavoring (WIKIPEDIA , NEW CROP ). e. Nutritional aspects: The fruit may have the highest known vitamin C concentration ; fruit contain s over 5% vitamin C by weight. Fruit also contains high levels of folates and polyphenolic antioxidants (WIKIPEDIA , WILD HARVEST ). f. Medicinal aspects: Australian aboriginal people pound the fruit and use it as an antiseptic and soothing balm for aching limbs (FRUITIPEDIA). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN )

. 5. Other production regions: Australia ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: F ruit ; fruit is more commonly sold as an ingredient for cosmetics and entering new markets as a nutraceutical in food supplements and fortified beverages ; medicinal purposes (GRIN , WIKIPEDIA , FRUITIPEDIA). 7. P art( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. P ortion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Cl assifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0301) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRI N, BAYER, WIK IPEDIA, NEW CROP, WILD HARVEST, FRUIT IPEDIA

. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 114**  1. **Kapundung** [(menteng (GRIN))] Phyllanthaceae. Also placed in: Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Müll. Arg. [(syn: Pierardia racemosa (Reinw.) Blume (GRIN))] 2. A small to medium

- sized tree growing 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 feet) in height. Native to Western Malaysia

. The tree contains a dense, irregular crown and a trunk that grows 25 to 70 centimeters (10 to 28 inches) in diameter. The leaves are simple, entire, ovate

- oblong to ob ovate, glandular, and 7 to 18 centimeters (2.8 to 7.1 inches) long by 3 to 7 centimeters (1.2 to 2.8 inches) wide. The leaf stalk is 0.5 to 4.5 centimeters (0.2 to 1.8 inches) long. The stipules at the base of the leaves are trianglular in shape. L eaves contain alkaloids. Flowering s talks are on the old branches and trunk. Male and female flowers grow separately. Male flowering stalks are 5 to 13 centimeters (2 to 5 inches ) long and contain many 3

- flowered densely

-haired cymes
. Each flower is small and contains 4 to 5 sepals and 4 to 8 s tamens. Female flowering stalks are 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long and contain larger flowers with 5 sepals and no petals

. Ov al

- shaped fruits are yellowish

- green, turning scarlet when mature. F ruits grow 2 to 2.4 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) in diameter and may be covered with fine silvery hairs

. The a cidic fruits should be eaten sparingly. Consuming too muc h of the fruit indu ces vomiting (ROECKLEIN , ECOCROP , FOOD PLANTS , JENSEN ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Fruit are harvested August to September in Malaysia (TOP TROPICALS). b. Cultivation: Thrives in tropical lowland forests at elevations up to 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)

. Tole rates a wide range of soils including dry sandstone and peat swamps (ECOCROP , JENSEN ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are consumed fresh. Fruit may also be pi ckled, stewed or fermented ( JENSEN ). e . Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Indonesia, India; widely cultivated in Southeast Asia , J ava, Sumatra, Bali, and Peninsular Malaysia ; no yield data is available (GRIN , ECOCROP ). 6. Use: F ruit , ornamental , tannin ; leaves yield mauve dye; dye is made from bark; fiber for paper manufacture ; wood is used for house constru ction and furniture (GRIN , ROECKLEIN , JENSEN ). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and s ubtropical fruit

- edible pee l b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and s ubtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, ROECKLEIN, ECOCROP, FOOD PLANTS, PLANTS DATABASE , JENSEN, TOP TROPICALS. 11. Production Map: No entry (PLANTS DATABASE) 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BCCRA**Page 115**  1. **Karanda** [(caranda, carandas

-plum, cu huang guo, karanda Wachsbaum, Karandang, carandeira, (GRIN))] Apocynaceae Carissa carandas L. 2. A woody, climbing, semi

- vine shrub growing 3 to 5 meters (10 to 15 feet) high . Native to India. The shrub can be found climbing to the tops of tall trees. A white, gummy latex exudes from the plant and fruit. The spreading branches for m dense masses and contain sharp thorns reaching 5 centimeters (2 inches) long. Thorns are simple or forked and occur in pairs in the axils of the leaves. Leaves are dark

- green, leathery, glossy, evergreen, opposite, oval or elliptic, re a ching 2.5 to 7.5 centimeters (1 to 3 inches) long. T he white to pink

- tinged f

lowers are fragrant and tubular with 5 hairy lobes that are twisted to the left in the bud. F lowers are borne in terminal clusters of 2 to 12. F ruits are oblong, broad

- ovoid or round, 1.25 to 2.5 centimeters (0.5 to 1 inch) long and 2 centimeters (0.75 inch) in diameter; found in clusters of 3 to 10. The smooth, glossy skin is thin but tough and turns from a purplish

-red to dark

-p urple or black when ripe. The red or pink juicy pulp is very acid , bitter, or fairly sweet ; the flesh exudes latex. Inside, 2 to 8 small flat brown seeds can be found. Fruits are eaten fresh or cooked; the tree is used as a hedge; many medicinal purposes (MORTON, QUISQUALIS)

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season : Blooms and fruits off and on throughout the year. Flowers are produced from early spring through late fall. Fruits are harvested from mid

- May to mid

- July. The main ripening season is August and September. T he calyx remains attached to the plant when the fruit is picked, leaving a gummy aperture at the base (MO RT ON, QUISQUALIS). b. Cultivation: Grows from sea

- level to 600 meters (2,000 feet) in the Philippines and up to an altitiude of 1,800 meters (6,000 feet) in the Himalayas. Requires full sun; not suited to humid climates. Grows vigorously on sand or lime stone; grows wild on poor, rocky, dry soils. Most fruitful on deep, fertile, well

- drained soil. Propagated by seed, cuttings and air layering. Requires pruning to bloom and fruit profusely. Tolerates temperatures to about 4 °C (25 ° F); high salt tole rance. Fertilize three to four times a year with general purpose fertilizer (MORTON, QUISQUALIS). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit is marketed in local villages in India, Burma, Malacca, and dry areas of Sri Lanka. Freshly

-picked ripe fruits can be kept at room temperature only 3 to 4 days before they begin to shrivel. Popular in some south Florida tropical fruit collections (MORTON, QUISQUALIS). d. Preparation for cooking: Sweeter varieties are eaten out

- of

-hand; the more acidic varieties are stewed with plenty of sugar. Even by doing this, the skin may be found tough and slightly bitter. The fruit exudes gummy latex when cooked, but the rich

-red juice becomes clear and is used in cold beverages. T he syrup is used in sodas. Ripe fruits are utilized in curries, tarts, puddings and chutney. When slightly underripe, fruits are made into jelly. Green sour fruits are made into pickles in India. With the skin and seeds removed, and seasoned with sugar and cloves, fruit are a popular substitute for apples in tarts (MORTON). e. Nutritional aspects: Ripe fruit is taken to prevent scurvy (MORTON). f. Medicinal aspects: Unripe fruit is used as an astringent; ripe fruit is eaten for its source of vitamins; rememdy for gastrointestinal problems; A d ecoction of the leaves are used to control fevers, diarrhea, oral inflammation and earaches. T he root is used to aid gastrointestinal issues, lower blood pressure and control itching (MORTON). g. Crop Photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Cultivated in a limted way in Florida and California and in some experimental gardens in Trinidad and Puerto Rico; no yield data is available (MORTON). 5. Other production regions: China, Taiwan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, India, Thailand, Cambodia, South Vietn am, East Africa; Java, Philippines, Burma, Malacca; no yield data is available (GRIN, MORTON).**Page 116**  6. Use: B everage base, fruit, medicinal purposes; agent in tanning and dyeing; leaves have furnished fodder for the tussar silkworm; a paste of the pounded roots serve as a fly repellent; wood is used to make tools or burned as a fuel (GRIN, MORTON). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (MORTON). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and s ubtropical fruit, edible pee b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 00 5 (F T 0290 ) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MORTON, QUISQUALIS. 11. Productio n Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3, 10 and 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CISCA 7**Page 117**  1. **Kwai muk** [(bai gui mu (GRIN))] Moraceae Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth. 2. A slow

- growing , slender, erect evergreen tree that grows 10 to 30 meters (33 to 98 feet) tall. Native to China. The tree contains a dense, rounded canopy. M ilky latex is contained within the tree . B ranchlets , young shoots, and petioles are covered with rusty hairs. Bark is dark purple. Leaves are dark green, st iff, leathery, glossy, alternate, elliptic, elliptic

- ovate, obovate , or obovate

- oblong in shape, and grow 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long by 4 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) wide. Leaves are rounded or obtuse at the base. Leaf petioles are 1.5 to 2 c entimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) long. Small, yellowish f lowers are borne in solitary, axillary, obovoid inflorescences . F lower stalks are 1 to 3 centimeters (0.4 to 1.2 inch) long. Male flower heads are hairy and are on obovoid or club

- shaped stiff spikes that are 1.2 to 1.6 centimeters (0.5 to 0.6 inch) long. F emale flowers are smaller and are in dense round heads that measure 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) wide . M al e and female flowers are located on the same tree

. The pale yellow, white , or orange -red fruit is a ctually a multiple fruit or syncarp . Fruit are round , oblate, ovate, or oblong

- globose and 1.5 to 5 centimeters (0.6 to 2 inches) in diameter. The skin is thin, tender and contains velvety brown hairs

. Immature fruits contain latex. Pulp is orange -red to red and the taste is sweet

- tart, subacid or acid. Fruit is seedless or may contain 1 to 7 small seeds that are 0.8 to 1 centimeter ( 0.3 to 0.4 inch) in diameter (JANICK, HU , HK HERBARIUM , EFLORAS , DALEYSFRUIT , MORTON , CAMPBELL 1984 ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs late spring and early summer ; in Florida, flowering occurs May to July . Fruit ripens from August to October in Florida (HK HERBARIUM , CAMPBELL 1984 ). b. Cultivation: Found in lowland evergreen and tropical forests ; also grown on hills and low mountain ranges at elevation s of 100 to 1,700 meters (328 to 5,577 feet)

. Grows best in full sun

. Tolerates a variety of well

- drained soils including mildly aci d sandy soils and limestone soils ; also tolerates brief flooding . Trees should be irrigated during times of hot weather and little precipitation

. Fruit are not very cold tolerant

. Propagation is by seed. Seed take s several weeks to germinate. Plants grow slowly. Fruit is best harvested when it is completely ripe (JANICK , HK HERBARIUM , DALEYSFRUIT , MORTON , TRADE WINDS , CAMPBELL 1984 ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Gathered locally ; farmers in Canton gather fruits and sell them in town for extra income (HU). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is c onsumed raw

. Fruit may be preserved in sug ar syrup , salt, or sundried (HU , DALEYSFRUIT , MORTON , CAMPBELL 1984 ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Florida ; no yield data is available (MORTON). 5. Other production regions: China , Hong Kong ; no yield records are available, but mature trees have the capability of producing 2,000 fruit or more per year (GRIN , CAMPBELL 1984 ). 6. Use: F ruit , ornamental; wood is used to make furniture; milky latex is used to make stiff rubber (GRIN , HK HERBARIUM , EFLORAS ). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and s ubtropical fruit, edible pee b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- inedible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, HU, HK HERBARIUM, EFLORAS, DALEYSFRUIT, MORTON, CAMPBELL 1984, TRADE WINDS. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13 (MARKLE)**Page 118**  12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 119**  1. **Lemon aspen** Rutaceae A cronychia acidula F. Muell

. 2. An ornamental tree growing up to 15 meters (49 feet) tall and 2 meters (7 feet) wide. Native to Australia. This dense tree contains l eaves that are dark green and elliptical in shape. Leaves grow up to 25 centimeters (10 inches) long and contain oil glands that e mit a citrus scent when cr ushed . Small yellow flowers contain petals with claw

- like tips. Small yellow fruit is roundish, 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters (0.6 to 1 inch) in diameter and grows in clusters at the end of branches

. Fruit is pale green when immature. The skin is waxy and contains small ridges. Like the leaves, the fruit emits a spicy citrus odor. The flavor is strong, acidic, and lemony. E ach fruit contains an apple

- like core that consists of small dark seeds encased in husks. Bush food plant (CSIRO , ANPSA , RIRDC and CSIRO , GOEBEL ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occur s from summer to early autumn (ANPSA). b. Cultivation: Grown in highland rainforests from Central to N orth Queensland, tropical and tableland forests of Northern Queensland and coastal regions from Victoria, New So uth Wales through to Queensland. Requires a sunny, sheltered position, moist well

- drained rich soil, and n atural rainfall greater than 60 centimeters (24 inches)

. Propagation is by seed and cuttings. Seed germinates well and does not req uire any treatments. Most fruit is harvested from the wild. Small scale producti on takes place in Northern New South Wales and along Queensland coasts. Fruit should be harvested when pale yellow and placed directly into a refrigerator. Fruit should be frozen within 12 to 24 hours of harvest and can be stored at

- 20 ° C (

- 4 ° F) for up to 24 months (CSIRO, ANPSA , RIRDC and CSIRO ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit products including sauces, chutneys, relishes, and aspen flavored mineral water is available in retail markets and the Internet. Fruit are traded whole, f rozen or as juice (CSIRO , RIRDC and CSIRO ). d. Preparation for cooking: The fruit provides a citrus

- like flav or in sweet and savory products; used in recipes where lemon flavor is req uired, especially seafood and chicken dishes. Fruit is also processed into sauces, wines, jams, chutneys, relishes, cordials, conserves, ice cream, puree, pastes, glacé , biscuits, cakes and flavored mineral water (CSIRO , ANPSA , RIRDC and CSIRO , GOEBEL ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production i n U.S.: No data

. 5. Other production regions: Australia ; approximately 6 to 12 tonnes (7 to 13 tons) per year was traded in 2001 ; approximately 100 hectares (247 acres) of the fruit is grown in Australia ( CS IRO , GOEBEL ). 6. Use: F ruit, ornamental (CSIRO, ANPSA). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (CSIRO, ANPSA). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible pee l b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: BAYER, CSIRO, CODEX, ANPSA, RIRDC and CSIRO , GOEBEL

. 11. Production Map: No specific entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No entry**Page 120**  1. **Mangaba** [(mangabeira (GRIN))] Apocynaceae Hancornia speciosa Gomes 2. An evergreen shrub o r tree growing 2 to 15 meters (7 to 49 feet) tall

. The diameter of the canopy is 4 to 5 meters (13 to 16 feet)

. Native to the Amazon and Northeast region of Brazil. Grows in dry, arid cl imates. Latex is produc ed in the stem s and leaves and is poisonous . This tree has a semi

- deciduous life cycle. The species is threatened by deforestation. Bark is reddish and wrinkled. Branches occur as whorls on the main stem. Leaves are simple and leathery. The inflorescence contains one to seven white, double fl owers that are approximately 6 centimeters (2 inches) long, and contain both male and female reproductive organs. Inflorescences are borne terminally on the latest growth. Bees and other insects are the main pollinators. Yellow to red fruit is an ellips oidal or round berry growing 2.5 to 6 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) in diameter. The skin of the fruit is smooth and usually contains red grooves. Pulp is soft, fibrous and white. The flavor is both sweet and acidic

. Each fruit contains 2 to 30 seeds. E ach seed is disc

- shaped, wrinkled, clear chestnut brown and 0. 7 to 0.8 cent imeters (0.28 to 0.31 inches) in diameter (PERENNIAL, JANICK). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Approximately 80% of fruit production takes place during the first half of the year; 55% of production occurs between January and March. Lower production occurs from August to November

. T he flowering pe riod is 90 to 120 days. Fruit ripens in 112 days. Fruit production takes place 5 to 6 years after planting (JANICK). b. Cultivation: Require s a hot , dry tro pical climate and well

- drained sandy acidic soils that are poor in nutrients and organic matter

. For best fruit production, the tree requires an annual mean temperature of 25 ° C (77 ° F) and annual rainfall of 75 to 150 centimeters (30 to 5 9 inches) . Grows during the hottest periods. The tree tolerates drought, deep, well

- drained and sandy

- loam y soil. Propagation is by seed and grafting

. Seed should be obtained from ripe fruit, washed, dried under shade for 24 hours, and sown within 4 days. Trees should be pruned to remove dead and diseased branches. C urrently , fruit are collected from the wild and not cultivated. Fruit is highly perishable and should be harvested at th e half

-ripe stage when green. Fruit should be packed into plastic boxes dir ectly after harvest and shipped (PERENNIAL, JANICK). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit is industrialized in the form of frozen pulp for use as juice and ice cream; fresh fruit are shipped in plastic boxes immediately after harvest and have a shelf life of 3 to 4 days

. If s tored at 6 to 9 °C (43 to 48 ° F) in polyethylene films, postharvest life is 7 to 10 days (JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh; processed into juice, compotes, jelly, vinegar, sherbets, ice cream, preserves, and wine (PERENNIAL , JANICK). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit pulp is a good source of iron and vitamin C (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: The latex from the plant is used as a popular medicine for treatment of ulcers and tuberculosis (JANICK). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: South America including Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru and Paraguay ; Brazilian annual fruit production was approximately 1,500 tonnes (1,653 tons) in 2002 (GRIN , PERENNIAL, JANICK). 6. Use: Fruit, latex/rubber (GRIN). 7. Part(s ) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/samp led: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- inedible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRI N, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK.**Page 121**  11. Production map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 122**  1. **Marian plum** [ (kundang, ma prang, gandaria (GRIN))] Anacardiaceae Bouea macrophylla Griff. [(syn: Bouea gandaria Blume ex Miq. (GRIN))] 2. An evergreen tree growing 9 to 27 meters (30 to 89 feet) tall. Native to Southeast Asia. B ark is light brown and fissured and the trunk is short

. The tree contains resinous sap. Branchlets are smooth, hanging and angular or flattened. Shiny , leathery, downward

-pointing leaves are simple, entire, opposite, resinous, ovate

- oblong, lance

- shaped or elliptic, and 10 to 45 centimeters (4 to 18 inches) long by 5 to 13 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) wide. The base of the leaf is acute or wedge

- shaped

. T he leafstalk is 1 to 2.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1 inch) long

. Young leaves are purple

-red in color and silky. Inflorescences are hanging panicles that are 4 to 12 .5 centimeters (1.6 to 5 inches) long. Small greenish or y ellowis h flowers contain oblong to obovate petals that are 0.1 5 to 0.25 centimeter (0.06 to 0.1 inch) long by 0.1 centimeter (0.04 inch) wide

. Yellow to yellow

- orange fruit are oval, round, or oblong

- ovoid in shape , mango - like, borne in small clusters, 2.5 to 5.0 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) in diameter, and 4 to 7 centimeters (1.6 to 3 inches) long. Immature fruit are pale green. The skin is thin, smooth, brittle and edible. Pulp is yellow to orange in color and juicy ; the flavor is sweet t o sour
. F ruit emit a turpentine odo r. Each fruit contains one leathery, whiskered stone . The tree is divided into three groups in Thailand: S our ma -praang, sweet ma

-praang, and ma

- yong. Sour fruits gro w wild in the forests and are sometimes consumed. Sweet fruits are cultivated. Ma

- yong fruit s are cultivated but are slightly sour ( AGROFORESTRY, PERENNIAL , FAO , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Seaso n: In Thailand, flowering occurs from November to December and in Indonesia, flowering occurs from June to November. F ruiting takes place from April to May in Thailand and from March to June in Indonesia. Fruit matures in approximately 180 days. Trees pro duce fruit from grafts in 2 to 5 years and from seedlings in 6 to 8 years (PERENNIAL , FAO ). b. Cultivation: Grows in hot tropical lowland forests in monsoon climate. Thrives in humid conditions in light, fertile soil at elevations of 300 to 850 meters (984 to 2,789 feet)

. Propagation is by seed, marcotting, inarching, stem cutting and grafting. Seedlings and cuttings are planted 10 to 12 meters apart in shade and fertilized regularly ( AGROFORESTRY, PERENNIAL , FAO ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit is becomi ng popular among local consumers and is sold in markets . The leaves are also sold in local markets and the fruit may soon be exported (FAO , MORTON ). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh; processed into jams and chutney or cooked in syrup
. Salt or sugar is added to sour fruit

. Immatur e fruit is pickled in brine, added to curries and used as an ingredient in a chil i

-based condiment called ‘sambal’

. The purple cotyledons of the plant are used as an ingredient in pickles. Locals consume the young leaves as a veget able and mix them with chili or shrimp pastes or rice ( AGROFORESTRY, PERENNIAL , FAO , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspects: The fruit contains a good source of vitamins A and C (PERENNIAL). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia ; cultivated widely in Thailand and Sumatra

. A mature tree produces approximately 200 kilograms (441 pounds) of fruit in one season. In Thailand, approximately 1,170 hectares (2,891 acre s) of fruit was recorded in 1993. Total production in 1993 was 5,652 tonnes (6,23 0 tons). The average productivity of the fruit in Thailand was 7 tonnes (8 tons) per hectare (GRIN , PERENNIAL, FAO , AGROFORESTRY ). 6. Use: F ruit , home garden tree (GRIN , FAO ). 7. Part( s) of pl ant consumed: Whole fruit (MORTON). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Pr oposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel**Page 123**  d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, AGROFORESTRY, PERENNIAL, FAO, MORTON. 11. Production Map: None 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BUWGA**Page 124**  1. **Mombin, Malayan** [ (Mangopflaume (GRIN))] Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz [(syn: Mangifera pinnata J. Koenig ex L. f. (basionym), Spondias mangifera Willd. (GRIN))] 2. A medium deciduous tree growing 8 to 20 meters (26 to 66 feet) tall

. Native to tropical Asia. The tree contains a straight trunk and b ranchlets that are yellowish brown. Bark is smooth, pale grey and contains rounded knobs. L eaves are stalked, alternate, odd

-pinnate and 30 to 40 centimeters (12 to 16 inches) long

. The petiole is 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long. E ach leaf contains 5 to 11 shiny, short

- stalked, entire, opposite, elliptic

- oblong to ovate

- oblong leaflets that range in size from 7.5 to 17 centimeters (3 to 7 inches) long by 3.5 to 7.5 centimeters (1.4 to 3 inches) wide. Leaflet petioles are 0. 3 to 0.5 cent imeters (0.1 to 0.2 inches) long. Greenish

-white flow ers are contained in spreading terminal panicles that are 25 to 35 centimeters (10 to 14 inches) long

. Inflorescences are located in the leaf axils. Petals are ovate

- oblong and 0.25 by 0.15 centimeters (0.1 to 0.06 inches) long. Small, greenish

-yellow to yellowish

- orange fruit is an oblong to ellipsoid drupe that ranges in size from 3.5 to 5 centimeters (1.4 to 2 inches) long by 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters (1 to 1.4 inches) wide and 4.5 centimeters (1.8 inches) in diameter

. The skin is smooth. Each fruit contains one large stone with 1 to 5 seeds. Fruit flavor is strong and sour ( MANANDHAR , PERENNIAL, EFLORAS , BIOTIK). 3. Crop Data: a
. Season: Flowering occurs March to April. Fr uiting occurs June to September ( MANANDHAR). b. Cultivation : Grown on open hillsides at elevations of 300 to 1,400 meters ( 984 to 4,593 feet) and hot tropical lowlands

. Propagation is by seeds and cuttings ( MA NANDHAR , PERENNIAL). c. Availability in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed f resh or pickled; also used as a flavoring in cooked foods. Young leaves, flowers and fruit are edible ( MANANDHAR , PERENNIAL )

. e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: Juice of the bark is used to treat dysentery and rheumatism ( MANANDHAR) g. Crop photos : 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: China, Hong Kong, Nepal, Tropical A sia, Indian s ubcontinent, Indo

- China , India, Sri Lanka, Cambo dia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam , Bhutan, Laos, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines ; no yield data is available (GRIN , MANANDHAR). 6. Use: F ruit , medicinal purposes; wood is used to make furniture (GRIN , MANANDHAR). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Referenc es: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MANANDHAR , PERENNIAL, EFLORAS, BIOTIK. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SPXPI**Page 125**  1. **Mombin , purple**  [ (purple mombin, hog

-plum , jocote, ovo, red mombin, Spanish

-plum , mom bin rouge, prune d’Espagne, rote Mombinpflaume, imbu, imbuzeiro, cirigüela, ciruela, serigüela, ciruela española, ciruelo (GRIN))] Anacardiaceae Spondias purpurea L. [(syn: Spondias cirouella Tussac (GRIN))] 2. A small deciduous tree growing 3 to 15 meters (10 to 49 feet) t all. N ative to Southern Mexico and Central America

. The most cultivated species in the genus Spondias

. The plant grows as a shrub or low

-branched small tree in lowlands or a spreading, thick

- trunked tree in highlands. B ark is grey and smooth and branches are thick and brittle. Leaves are pinnate , alternate, 6 to 28 centimeters (2.4 to 11 inches) long, and contain a 15 to 20 centimeter (6 to 8 inch) rachis. Each leaf contain s 5 to 12 pair s of leaflets. Elliptic, obovate, lanceolate or oblanceolate leaflets are 3 to 6 centime te rs (1.2 to 2.4 inches) long by 1 to 2.5 centime te rs (0.4 to 1 inch) wide. Young leaves are bright

-red or purple. Leaves usually drop during flowering . Lateral inflorescences are produced in the primary branches and measure 1 to 10 centimeter s (0.4 to 4 in ches) long. Each inflorescence contains a few small red to purple , 4 to 5 petalled, 0.25 to 0.35 centimeter (0.1 to 0.14 inch) long flowers . Flowers are b orne in short, hairy panicles and can be male, female, or bisexual

. Red , yellowish, purple or orang e fruit is an oblong, oval, pear

- shaped, obovoid or subglobose drupe that grows solitary or or in groups of 2 to 6. Fruit is 1 .5 to 5 centimeters (0.6 to 2 inches) long by 1 to 3.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1.4 inches) wide and contain s small indentations and a knob at the apex. The skin is thin, smooth, glossy and firm

. Yellow pulp is fleshy and juicy ; the flavor is sweet and plum

- like in flavor

. Each fruit contains a large pit that is 1.25 to 2 centimeters (0.5 to 0.75 inches) long with 1 to 5 seeds. Fruit are borne without fertilization. T he two main groups of red mo mbins are dry

- season and wet

- season. D ry - season fruit are smaller (2.7 to 3.9 centimeters (1.1 to 1.5 inches) long by 1.9 to 3 centimeters (0.7 to 1.2 inches) wide ), ellipsoi dal, smooth, red

-purple, sweet , less acidic than the wet

- season type, grown 0 to 800 meters (0 to 2,625 feet) , and are produced at the end of the dry sea s on. The wet

- season fruit are large ( 3.1 to 4.5 centimeters (1.2 to 1.8 inches) long by 2.4 to 3.5 centimeters (0.9 to 1.4 inches) wide ), yellow or r ed, smooth or bumpy, slightly acidic, grown at elevations of 800 to 2,000 meters (2,625 to 6,562 feet) , and are produced during the last part of the rainy season
. The sweet

- smellin g fruit has been valued by people of the trop ics for many years (PERENNIAL, JANICK , NAGY , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering and fruiting time varies according to climate, but mainly occurs during the dry season. In areas with regular precipitation, flowering occurs year round. Flowering occurs from March to April in Florida. Red cultivars flower and fruit year round in Jamaica and the largest crop occurs in July and August. Yellow cultivars fruit from September to November. In the Bahamas, fruiting of the red variety occurs from May to June and ripening of the yellow fruit occurs from August to early O ctober. Dry

- season fruit are produced at the end of the dry season in February to May. Wet

- season fruit are produced during the last part of the rainy season in September to December. F ruit matures in approximately 120 days. Fruit production occurs in 4 to 5 years from seed and 2 to 3 years from cuttings (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NAGY , MORTON ). b. Cultivation: Grown in hot, wet or dry tropical lowlands , highlands and semi

- deciduous forests

. Cultivated from 0 to 2,000 meters (0 to 6,562 feet)

. Requires ave rage annual precipitation of 30 to 180 cent imeters (12 to 71 inches)

. Tolerant of a variety of soils including rocky substrates, slopes , sand, gravel, he avy clay loam or limestone

. Not to lerant of frost. Propagation is by seed and cuttings. Because seeds are not always viable, cuttings are more highly favored. Cuttings should be obtained after harvest when the leaves have shed and flowering has started. Cuttings are placed in the shade for a week and later planted 3 to 7 meters (10 to 23 feet) apart at a depth of 30 to 40 centimeters (12 to 16 inches) . Cuttings should be irrigated after transplanting. The fruit is widely cultivated throughout the neotropics from Central Mexico and the West Indies to Peru and Brazil. Trees should be pruned to 2 meters (7 feet) tall. Fruit are harvested by shaking the branches with poles and gathering the fruit from the ground. The skin of the fruit is easily damaged. Fruit can be stored at 15 ° C (59 ° F) for a maximum of 10 days (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NAGY , MORTON ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Both ripe and green fruit are sold in local markets and along**Page 126**  streets . Ripe fruit are popular in the Indian markets of Meixo and Guatemala; in Ecuador, fruit is commercialized and found in supermarkets of big cities . Fruit is sold by size and ripening stage (JANICK , NAGY ). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is mainly con sumed fresh; processed into marmalade, beverages, juice, wine , vinegar and liquor

. Pulp is used to flavor ice cream. In Mexico, ripe fruit are boiled with or without salt and eaten dried. In Florida, dried slices of ripe fruit have been commercially pro duced. Fruit are sometimes harvested while green and are eaten with salt and chili peppers, blended into a sauce, or pickl ed in vinegar . Ripe fruit are cooked with brown sugar, stored in glass jars and sold in stores. In other areas, fruit are stewed wh ole with sugar and consumed as dessert. In Mexico, “atole”, a watery porridge , is made from corn flour, sugar, fruit pulp and other ingredients

. New shoots and leaves are eaten raw or cooked as greens in northern Central America (PERENNIAL, JANICK , NAGY , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit have a high concentration of total carbohydrates, a moderate source of potassium and starch, and a good source of vitamin C (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: In Mexico, fruits are used as a diuretic and antispasmodi c. A decoction of th e fruit is placed on wounds and sores . Syrup prepared from the fruit is used to cure diarrhea. A decoction of the bark is used to aid mange, ulcers, dysentery, and bloating. S ap from the bark is used to treat inflammations in infant s. The juice of the leaves is used to cure thrush. A decoction of the leaves and bark is used as a fever reducer . In Nigeria, an infusion of the leaves is used to wash cuts and burns (MORTON). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Florida ; no yield data is available (JANICK) and Puerto Rice (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 5. Other production regions: Mexico, the West Indies including the Antilles, Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, Central America, Ecuador , Nigeria ; widely naturalized in the tropics ; in Ecuador, yields of more than 4,500 tonnes (4,960 tons) per year were reported within the period 1987 and 1990

- 1992 ; in an Ecuadorean Andean dry area, the average yield was 2,250 to 5,000 kilograms (4,960 to 11,023 pounds) per hectare from dry season varieties (GRIN , JANICK , MORTON ). 6. Use: F ruit ; the tree is planted as a living fence ; gum from the tree is used as a glue in Central America; wood is used for paper pulp in Brazil; ashes from wood are used to make soap; leaves and fruits serve as forage; lac insects are raised on the red mombin in Mexico; medicinal purposes (GRIN , JANICK , MORTON ). 7. Part(s) of p lant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/s ampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE JANICK, NAGY , MORTON

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SPXPU**Page 127**  1. **Mombin, yellow** [ ( hog plum, yellow mombin , Jamaica

-plum, jobo, mombin, prunier mombin, gelbe Mombinpflaume, Gelbpflaume, imbu, tepereba, cajá

-mirim, taperebá, ubos (GRIN))] Anacardiaceae Spondias mombin L. [(syn: Spondias lutea L. (GRIN))] 2. An erect medium

- sized tree growi ng 10 to 30 meters (33 to 98 feet) in height. Native to moist lowland forests from Southern Mexico to Peru and Brazil. Spondias mobin is the most economically significant species of Spondias that occurs in Brazil. The tree is composed of a wide canopy and a buttressed tr unk with thick, rough , fissured and corky bark. The bark of young trees contains many blunt

-pointed spines or knobs that are up to 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) long. The trunk is 60 to 75 centimeters (2 to 2.5 feet) in diameter. L ower bran ches are whorled. Leaves are deciduous, simple, alternate, pinnate, odd

-pinnate or bipinnate , borne near the end of branches and 20 to 45 centimeters (8 to 18 inches) long

. The petioles are hairy and pinkish in color. Each leaf contains 6 to 19 sub

- opposite, ovate or lanceolate pointed leaflets with smooth margins. Leaflets measure 4 to 20 centimeters (1.6 to 8 inches) long. Leaves have a turpentine odor when crushed. Flowers are borne after new leaves in terminal racemes or terminal pyramidal panicles that are 20 to 60 centimeters (8 to 24 inches) long. Fragrant whitish flowers can contain male, female or both reproductive organs. F lower s contain a 0.5 centi meter (0.2 inch) wide calyx, a 0. 1 to 0.4 centimeter (0.04 to 0.2 inch) long receptacle, five sepals, five petals and ten stamens. There are up to 2,000 flowers per panicle. Yellow fruit is a plum

- like drupe that grows solitary or in branched terminal clusters of 12 or more. E llipsoid, ovoid, obovoid or oblong fruit r each 2.5 to 4 centimeters (1 to 1.6 inches) long and up to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) wide

. The skin is thin , smooth and tough. The fruit pulp is yellow, translucent, juicy and sweet

- sour. Each fruit contains a stone with zero to five seeds (PERENNIAL , JA NICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , NAGY , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Se ason: New vegetative growh occurs following rain. Flowers eme rge after leaves

. Flowering occurs from March to April in Florida, November to December and March in Costa Rica and April to June in Jamaica. In areas northeast of Brazil, flowering occurs during the dry season in August and September. In many areas, f ruit ripen during the rainy season in January and February. Fruit ripen in August and December to January in Costa Rica, July and August in Jama ica, July to October in Mexico, and August to November in Florida

. Fruit matures in 3 to 4 months . Fruit production occurs in 4 to 6 years from seed and 2 to 3 years from cuttings (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON ). b. Cultivation: Native to hot t ropical lowlands with high rainfall or a dry season. Tolerant of soils including oxi sols, ultisols, and inceptisols, soils with a low nutrient content, and soils with a pH of 5.0 to above 7.0. Plants adapt to humid areas, arid areas and warm subtropical areas with no frost. Trees do not tolerate elevations above 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)

. Trees grow isolated or in groups in moist tropical forests of the Amazon or the Atlantic Forest, grasslands, pastures, and backyards. Grows well in areas with average annual rainfall from 100 to 200 centimeters (39 to 79 inches) , a dry season of up to 5 months and full sun
. In the humid zones of n ortheast Atlantic states, the tree grows along the coast and lowland s
. Propagation is by seed, grafting , air layering, in vitro, or large cuttings. Germination of seed is slow and low. To increase germination, physical and chemical scarification is utilized. Plants produced from seed have highly variable characteristics. Due to limited cultivars and the height of the tree , there is little commercial producti on. Most fruit is collected from wild plants. Fruit should be harvested after the start of chlorophyll breakdown when the fruit turns yellow. F ruit are shipped in 20 kilogram (44 pound) containers to stores

. S torage life at 23 to 25 ° C (73 to 77 ° F) is 4 days for light

- green fruit and less than 2 days for ripe fruit . When stored in a refrigerator at 9 to 10 ° C (48 to 50 ° F) , storage life is 10 days (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit is sold in local markets and markets in other parts of the country. Frozen fruit pulp is sold commercially to restaurants, hotels and snack bars to make juice, ice cream and jam

. Iti s one of the most prized pulp s in Brazilian markets and the price re mains high all year (JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: In Brazil, f ruit is consumed fresh. Children and travelers enjoy fruit the**Page 128**  most as a thrist

- quencher. Fr uit are also used in jellies and sherbets. Pulp is frozen. In other countries, fruit is stewed with sugar and made into jam and preserves

. Fruit is made into wine, liqueurs and other refreshing beverages

. Green fruit is pickled in vinegar and consumed with salt and chili. Young leaves are coo ked and consumed as a vegetable (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit has a good supply of ascorbic acid (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: A decoction of the bark is used as a treatment for diarrhea, dysentery, and hemorrhoids . Powdered bark and dried leaves are applied to wounds. Flowers and leaves are mad e into a tea to relieve gastrointestinal issues and eye and throat inflammation. Tannins from leaves and branches have antiviral activity against Herpes Simple x T ype 1 and Coxsackie B2. Lea f extracts contain antibacterial properties; extracts aid in the treatment of nervous diseases and malaria . Fruit juice serves as a diuretic and fever reducer (JANICK , NAGY , MORTON ). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Fl orida ; no yield data is available (MORTON) and Puerto Rice (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 5. Other production regions: Tropical America, Tropical regions of Africa and Asia, Oceania, Mexico, Central America, Northern South America, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, the Guianas, Western South America, Paraguay , Bermuda, India, Indonesia , the West Indies ; widely cultivated in the paleotropics; adult trees produce over 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of fruit per year in Mexico (GRIN , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , MORTON ). 6. Use: F ruit, medicinal purposes ; wood is used in carpentry, matchsticks, tools, pencils, packing cases, fuel, carving, and as a substitute for cork ; tannin in the bark is used for tanning and dyeing; gum from the tree is used as glue ; young leaves are cooked and consumed ; trees are used as a living fence ; fruit are used as fodder for cattle and pigs; roots contain an emergency supply of water (GRIN , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , MORTON ). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/s ampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 00 5 (F T 0 299 ) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, PLANTS DATABASE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, NAGY, MORTON. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SPXMO**Page 129**  1. **Monkeyfruit** [ (monkey

- jack, monkey

-

jack

- tree, lakoocha, lakuch (GRIN))] Moraceae Artocarpus lacucha Buch.

- Ham. [(syn: Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. (GRIN))] 2. A medium to large deciduous tree with a spreading crown growing 6 to 9 meters (20 to 30 feet) tall

. Native to the humid sub

- Himalayan regions of India

. Bark is grey and exudes a milky, sticky latex. Leaves are large, alternate, leathery, elliptical, pointed, and 10 to 25 centimeters (4 to 10 inches) long. L eaves fall at the beginning of the dry season. Fragrant f lowers occur in spherical heads. M ale flowers are yellow

- orange and female flowers are reddish in color. Male and female flowers occur on separate heads on the same tree. Fruit is an irregularly rounded syncarp that measures 5 to 12 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) in diameter and weighs 200 to 350 grams (7 to 12 ounces) when ripe

. Fruit turn from green to yellow with a pink tinge to brown when ripe. The skin is velvety. Each fruit contains 10 to 30 seeds. E ach seed is 1 centimeter (0. 4 inch) long, flattened and pointed

. Fruit have a sweet

- sour flavor (JANICK, JOSHEE). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Trees flower in April at the end of the dry season in Nepal, and in India, flowering occurs from January to February and again from October to November. Ripened fruits are collected from the end of June to early August in Nepal and fruit mature 4 months later in India (JANICK). b. Cultivation: The tree is found growing along stream banks in protected lowland areas and in the humid sub

- Himalayan regions of India . It prefers deep, moist, permeable soils. Does not tolerate poor soils and waterlogging . Young trees tolerate moderate shade, but mature trees grow in full light. Tolerates a three month dry season, an annual rainfall of 70 to 200 centimeters (28 to 79 inches) , an altitiude of 150 to 1,600 meters (492 to 5,249 feet) , and a mean annual temperature of 17 to 24 ° C (63 to 75 ° F) . Young seedlings do not tolerate frost. The tree is propagated by seeds, cuttings, or stumps. Seeds should be planted during the monsoon season. Germination is quick. Seedlings require shade and irrigation for the first 2 to 3 weeks and should remain in the nursery until the next monsoon season. Root cuttings should be 5 centimeters (2 inches) long and stem cuttings should be 20 centimeters (8 inches) long (JANICK , JOSHEE ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit and male flowers are consumed raw, boiled, steamed or roasted. Fruits and flowers are made into pickles and chutney. Mature fruit are dried and used as a substitute fo r sour tamarind and mango fruit (JANICK , JOSHEE ). e. Nutritional aspects: Bark contains tannin (JOSHEE). f. Medicinal aspects: The root is an astri ngent and is used as a purgative. It is applied to skin ailments. B ark i s used to treat headaches. B oth bark and fruit are used to treat liver pro blems. B ark is consumed to enrich the blood after recovering from exhaustive diseases. In India, a health drink prepared from mature fruit, black pepper, cumin and sugar is given to women during pregnancy as a digestive and appetizer. Seeds and latex are used as a purgative (JANICK , JOSHEE ). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: China, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam ; fruit yield can be up to 80 kilograms (176 pounds) per tree and fruit can weigh from 200 to 350 grams (7 to 12 ounces) (GRIN , JANICK). 6. Use: F ruit, ornamental; erosion preve ntion along streams and ravines; medicinal purposes ; flowers are edible; leaves are used as fodder; wood is termite resistant and is comparable to teak wood; used in house and heavy construction , boat making, cabinet work and furniture ; wood and roots yield dye; bark is chewed ; bark yie lds a durable fiber for cordage (GRIN , JANICK , JOSHEE ). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/s ampled: Whole fruit.**Page 130**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- inedible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, JO SHEE. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: ABFLA for the synonym Artocarpus lakoocha**Page 131**  1. **Monos plum** Myrtaceae Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel [(syn: Myrtus umbellulifera Kunth (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A medium

- sized evergreen shrub growing to a height of 5 meters (16 feet). Native to Venezuela. Orange to yellow fruit is ellipsoid and 2.5 to 3 centimeters (1 to 1.2 inches) in diameter. The skin is smooth and shiny. The pulp is yellow

- orange in color a nd the flavor is sweet to bland . Each fruit contains one seed (PERENNIAL , CRFG , TOP TROPICALS ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: There are usually two crops of fruit per year in Florida. Fruit production occurs 3 to 5 years from seed (PERENNIAL). b. Cultivation: Grown in hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions and light frost. Grows well in beach sand. Propagation is by seed (PERENNIAL , CRFG). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry

. d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp is consume d fresh; processed into jellies (PERENNIAL, CRFG). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Cultivated and naturalized in Puerto Rico , Florida ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 5. Other production regions: Hispaniola (Caribbean) , Venezuela ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 6. Use: F ruit , ornamental (GRIN , CRFG). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/s ampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtrop ical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tro pical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, CRFG , PLANTS DATABASE, TOP TROPICALS

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PDMUM**Page 132**  1. **Mountain cherry** [(ciruela de fraile (GRIN))] Malpighiaceae Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth 2. An evergreen understory shrub or tree growing a height of 6 to 15 meters (20 to 49 feet)

. The tree contains a thin, straight trunk with dark, vertical creases that grows less than 20 centimeters (8 inches) in diameter. Bark is thin, pale tan, whitish or grey in color , smooth, and easily scraped off. Branches are iron

- colored, thin, long, smooth, and bend downward. Leaves are bright green, mostly smooth on the upper surface and hairy underneath , glossy, simple, opposite, curled, elliptic, oblong

- elliptic, lance

- oblong, or elliptic

- ovate in shape, and 6 to 15 centimeters (2.4 to 6 inches) long by 3 to 6 centimeters (1.2 to 2.4 inches) wide

. Sometimes, leaves may reach 35 centimeters (14 inches) in length and 14 centimeters (5.5 inches) in width

. Petioles are 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) long. Inflorescences are axillary racemes that are 3 to 12 centimeters (1.2 to 4.7 inches) long. There are 8 to 16 flowers in each inflorescence. Bright yellow flowers contain five green sepals, five narrow separated petals, and a cluster of stamens . Each flower is 1 to 1 .5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) in diameter

. Pollinated by bees and insects. Fruit are ovoid drupes that change color from orange to bright r ed when mature and grow 1.5 to 3 centimeters (0.6 to 1.2 inches) long by 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) in diameter

. Each fruit possesses a longitudinal crease. T wo to three green -brown almond

- shape d seeds are located inside the fruit

. The skin is very thin and smooth . The pulp is mealy in texture and the flavor is sweet (CROAT , CDS , ARTAUD ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: The tree can flower from December to July , but mostly flowers from April to July. In some areas, flowering occurs March to October, with a peak in May. Fruits mature from June to January (CROAT , CDS ). b. Cultivation: Grown in tropical moist to wet forests . Favors areas in the forest s and areas along beaches that are penetrated by s unlight. Trees colonize disturbed areas. Tolerant of environments containing salt. Seeds germinate rapidly, within 2 to 3 weeks (CROAT , CDS ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh (CD S). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru , Panama ; no yield data is available (GRIN , CROAT , CDS ). 6. Use: F ruit (GRIN). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Trop ical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, CROAT, CDS, ARTAUD. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 133**  1. **Nance** [( murici, craboo, golden

- spoon, nance, maurissi, indano, nancé, peraleja, yoco (GRIN))] Malpighiaceae Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth [(syn: Malpighia crassifolia L. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A low

-branched, slow

- growing tree or shrub reach ing a height of 10 to 20 meters (33 to 66 feet)

. Native to the Caribbean and Central America. The nance has one of the widest native ranges of all fruits in t ropical America. The canopy is round

- topped and spreading to n arrow and compact. The trunk may be short or tall and crooked or straight. Young b ranches contain russet hairs . Leaves are opposte, leathery, smooth on the up per surface, hairy on the unders ide, ovate, elliptic or oblong

- elliptic, and 3 to 17 centimeters (1.2 to 7 inches) long by 4 to 7 centimeters (1.6 to 2.8 inches) wide. Leaf margins are revo lute. Compact terminal erect racemes are hairy and 8 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) long by 1.25 to 2 centimeters (0.5 to 0.75 inch) wide . Flowers are showy , yellow, orange or yellow

-red and symmetrical. Petals are 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) long. F ruit is a round to ovoid drupe that is 2 t o 5 centimeters (0.8 to 2 inches) in diameter

. Th e skin is thin , shiny and smooth

. When mature, the fruit emits a strong odor resembling fruity, rancid cheese. Fruit pulp is yellow to white, juicy, oily and delicate; flavor ranges from bland, sweet, sour or cheese

- like . Ea ch fruit contains one woody, yellow stone with one to three white seeds (JANICK , PERENNIAL, NAT IONAL GEOGRAPHIC , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs over a long period of time. The tree flowers form Nov ember to July in Mexico and in Puerto Rico the tree blooms and fruits continuously from spring to fall. Fruit are marketed from June to October in Mexico and December to April in Brazil

. Fruit takes 130 to 135 days to reach maturity. Trees produce fruit in three to four years from seed (JANICK , MORTON ). b. Cultivat ion: Trees are adapted to a wide range of climates and environments including the coastal Caribbean, semi

- desert regions of n ortheastern Brazil, humid tropical lowlands, the middle elevations of Mexico, Central and South America, subtropical and tropical deciduous forests , open pine forests, and grassy savannah ecosystems

. Trees are used in restoring infertile and burned

- over land. Trees require 80 to 150 centimeters (31 to 59 inches) of rainfall per year, temperatures of 22 to 28 ° C (72 to 82 ° F) and an elevation of 0 to 1,800 meters (5,906 feet) . Most trees are found at elevations below 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)

. Tolerant of drought, fire, high temperatures and a variety of soils including rocky, sandy, and alkaline soils, soils with moderate permeabi lity and soils with good drainage and high fer tility

. Does not tolerate frost. Propagated by seed s and grafting. Seeds germinate in 20 to 45 days in well

- drained potting soil. Due to variations in tree characteristics when grown from seed, grafting is done more frequently. Young trees should be shaded. Pruning and fertilizer aid fruit production. On rich soil, trees should be spaced 7 by 7 meters (23 by 23 feet) . In l ess fertile soil, trees should be spaced 4 by 4 meters (13 by 13 feet)

. The trees are left alone when forests are cleared and are maintained in a state of semi

- wild cultivation ; grown as part o f a subsistence farming system. Fruit are harvested by local residents and are either consumed or sold to local markets. Fruit are harvested when fully mature; fruit are very perishable , but can be stored for 7 months if submerged in water (JANICK , PERENNIAL , MORTON ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit are sold in local markets and along roadsides

. In so me local markets, fruit are sold p acked in water in glass jars (JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are consumed fresh; may also be persevered in vinegars, prepared in fresh and fermented drinks including chicha and crema de nance , and used in candies and ice c reams . Cooked fruit are added to chicken, stews, stuffing, soups and tamales (JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ). e. Nutritional aspects: The seed is high in oil and protein. The fruit is a good source of ascorbic acid (JANICK).**Page 134**  f. Medicinal aspects: The Mixe Indians of Oaxaca, the Zoques, Tzeltzal people of Chiapas, Mexico and the Maya healers in Guatemala have used the tree for medicinal purposes since pre

- Hispanic times. Bark has been used to treat snakebites, diarrhea, respiratory problems, wounds, mouth problems, and fevers

. Aerial parts of the tree are used t o reduce fevers and treat diarrhea and skin rashes. Fruit is used to treat fevers. Bark and branc hes are used as a fish poision . Seed is used to treat dysentery (JANICK , MORTON ). g . Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Puerto Rico ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: M exico, Central America including Nicaragua, Panama, and Costa Rica, Caribbean (Barbados, Cuba) , t ropical South America including Brazil, Bo livia , Peru, Paraguay . T rees produce yields of 3 to 5 tonnes (3.3 to 5.5 tons) per hectare of fruit in Mexico and 4 to 6 tonnes (4.4 to 6.6 tons) per hectare of fruit in Brazil (GRIN , JANICK). 6. Use: F ruit , ornamental, potent ial as beverage base; wood is used for fire wood, charcoal, furniture, tool handles and building construction; bark and green fruit is used in tanning and dye ing; strong f iber is obtained fro m the bark; branches are used to catch fish (GRIN , JANICK , PERENNIAL ). 7. Part( s) of plant c onsumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/s ampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tr opical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BYSCR**Page 135**  **402** 1. **Natal plum [**  (amatungulu, carisse, Natal

- Pflaume , amatúngula, cereza de Natal (GRIN))] Apocynaceae Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC. [(syn: Arduina grandiflora E. Mey., Arduina macrocarpa Eckl. (basionym), Carissa grandiflora (E. Mey.) A. DC. (GRIN))] 2. A vigorous, dense, thorny, spreading woody shrub that grows to a height and width of 4 to 5.5 meters (13 to 18 feet) . Nativ e to the coastal region of Natal, South Africa

. All parts of the tree contain gummy white sap. The branches contain 5 centimeter (2 inch) l ong thorns that are Y

- shaped

. Young branches are green. Leaves are leathery, dark green, evergreen, thorny at the tips, opposite, ovate to broad

- ovate in shape , glossy, and 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long. Sweet

- smelling star

- shaped flowers are white, tubular, 5 centimeters (2 inches) wide, five

- lobed, and occur singly or in pairs at the end of branches. Some male flowers contain stamens that are long er than the style. Female flowers contain stamens that are the same length as the style and have no pollen. Pollination occurs by small beetles, hawkmoths and night

- flying insects. Dark r ed fruit is an ellipsoid, round, oval, or oblong berry that grows solitary on the tree and measures 2.5 to 6.25 centimeters (1 to 2.5 inches) long by 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) wide

. The skin is smooth and tender and is coated with a thin, whitish wax bloom when ripe. Unripe fruit contain gummy latex. Pulp is pink to strawberry

- colored, juicy, and contains milky sap

. The flavor is sour. Each fruit contains 6 to 16 small, thin, flat brown seeds that can be consumed (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , MORTON , PLANTZAFRICA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering and fruiting occurs all year. In Florida, flowering peaks from May to September. Vegetative growth is followed by flowering and thorn formation. Fruit matures in 60 days. Fruiting occurs in 4 to 5 years from seed and 2 to 3 ye ars from vegetative propagation (PERENNIAL , JANICK). b. Cultivation : Grown in the tropics and subtropics in full sun and well

- drained soil

. Thrives in coastal bush, sand dunes and coastal forests

. Tolerates light frost to

- 4 ° C (25 ° F) , semi

- shade, drought, wind, salt, a variet y of climates, a number of soil conditions including dry rocky soils, red clay, sandy loam, sand, alkaline soils , and differing altitudes and latitudes. Does not tolerate waterlogging. Propagation is by seed, cuttings and layering. Seeds germinate in 2 weeks. Vegetative propagation is the preferred method of propagation and is done by air

- layering, ground

- layering, or shield

- budding

. Cuttings are only successful if the tip of the young branchlet is cut half

-way through and left attached to the plant fo r 2 months. Trees should be planted one meter apart to form a hedge. Pruning and fertilization aid plant growth (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON , PLANTZAFRICA). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruits are used locally and not marketed (HU). d. Preparation for cooking: Mature fruit are consumed whole without peeling or seeding. Whole fruit are preserved b y pricking the fruit, cooking briefly in sugar syrup, and sealing in jars

. Fruit may also be sliced, se eded and placed in fruit salads or added to gelatin. Fruit can also be made into a sauce or syrup and used as a topping fo r cakes, puddings and ice cream. Sometimes, fruit are pickled or used in pies and tar ts

. A combination of ripe and unripe fruits can be made into jams, jellies or chutneys. Whole fruit is bottled. Stewing and boiling causes latex to leave the fruit and adhere to the pot (JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit is rich in vitamin C, magnesium, and phosphorous. (PLANTZAFRICA). f. Medicinal aspects : No specific entry. g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: While not grown commercially, it is found in home plantings in Florida , California, Hawaii and the Gulf States ; no yield data is available (MARKLE , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ).**Page 136**  5. Other commercial production regions: Southern and e astern Africa , the Bahamas, the Philippines, India, Israel ; cultivated worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, except for Southeast Asia ; grown as an ornamental in Hong Kong and Taiwan ; no yield data is available (GRIN , MARKLE, PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON , HU). 6. Us e: Pulp eaten fresh or made into desserts or preserves; plant is important as an ornamental and protective hedge ; bonsai plant (MARKLE , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ). 7. P art(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (JANICK). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9

. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel b. EPA C rop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, PLANTZAFRICA, HU. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CISMA**Page 137**  1. **Noni [** (Indian

- mulberry, rotten cheesefruit, bois douleur, pau

- azeitona, mora de la India (GRIN))] Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia L. [(syn: Morinda bracteata Roxb. (GRIN))] 2. A small, evergreen tree or large shrub that grows to a height of 2 to 10 meters (6.5 to 33 feet). Native from Southeast Asia (Indonesia) to Australia. T he tree sometimes obtains support from surrounding trees. T here is an extensive lateral root system and a deep taproot. T he trunk is 15 or more centimeters (6 inches) in diameter. The sapwood is soft and yellow

-brown in color. The bark is smooth to slightly rough and grey to light brown in color. Twigs are light green, stout and four

- angled. Dark gre en leaves are simple, opposite, membranous, pinnately veined, elliptic, elliptic

- ovate, or oblong in shape, smooth, glossy, leathery, and 15 to 45 centimeters (6 to 18 inches) long by 7 to 25 centimeters (3 to 10 inches) wide. S tipules are connate or distinct, round, deciduous, and 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) long. The tip is entire or two

- to three

- lobed. Petioles are stout and 1.5 to 2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) long. Tiny, white, waxy flowers are tubular in shape, perfect, and in ovoid to globose heads. Flowers occur solitary or in groups of 2 to 3 in the leaf axils. Peduncles are 1 to 3 centimeters (0.4 to 1.2 inches) long. Individual flowers contain a truncated rim calyx, a white, five

- lobed corolla with a greenish white tube (0.7 t o 0.9 centimeters (0.28 to 0.35 inch) long) and oblong

- deltate lobes (0.7 centimeters (0.28 inch) long), five stamens, and a 1.5 centimeter (0.6 inch) long style. M ature yellowish white fruit is a syncarp that resembles a potato. F ruit is ovoid to globos e in shape and 5 to 14 centimeters (2 to 5.5 inches) long by 3 to 7.5 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) in diameter. Unripe fruit is light green in color. Pulp is translucent in color, fleshy, juicy and soft. Each fruit contains over 260 brown colored, fibr ous, tough seeds that measure 0.4 to 0.9 centimeters (0.16 to 0.35 inch) long. T he flavor is acidic, aromatic; resembles putrid cheese. Significant source of food for indigenous societies. There are several varieties of noni that vary in fruit size and leaf shape (JANICK. LORENZI, BARWICK, BONNER). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering and fruiting occurs throughout the year. Flowers are produced over a span of several weeks, as fruit expand in size. Fruit mature during the summer in Brazil. Trees begin to flower and produce fruit in the first year after transplanting (JANICK, LORENZI). b. Cultivation: Grows best in the lowland tropics at an elevation of sea level to 800 meters (2,625 feet), a temperature of 20 to 35 °C (68 to 95 °F), mean annual rain fall of 25 to 400 centimeters (10 to 157 inches), and well

- drained rocky, sandy or loamy

- sandy soils. Prefers dry to mesic sites, maritime forests, and lowland areas in close proximity to shorelines. Grows as a forest understory tree in low

- elevation tropical island forests and rainforests. Tolerates a wide variety of environments (wastelands, beach and lowland monsoon scrub on limestone, beach rainforest, disturbed forests, grasslands, coconut plantations, fallow areas, pastures and sandy coasts), a wide range of soils including shallow, acidic, alkaline, sodic and infertile soils, a wide range of precipitation patterns up to 4,000 meters (157 inches) per year, droughts of 6 months or more, wind, flooding, a wide range of light intensities (full sun to shade), fire, salt and salt spray, a minimum temperature of 5 °C (41 °F), and harsh conditions including coral beach sands, basaltic lava flows, brackish tide pools, or the slopes of very steep gulches. Does not tolerate grasses or other weeds. Propagated by seed, air layering, root sprouts, or cuttings. For seeding purposes, ripe fruit are crushed by hand, allowing seeds and pulp to fall into a pot filled with a growth medium. The layer of pulp and seeds are then covered with a shallow layer of growth medium and the pot is placed in a warm location and watered daily. Since the seedcoat is so tough, seeds may be scarified to reduce germination time. Germination occurs in 60 days or more with unscarified seeds and 3 to 4 weeks with scarified seeds. Seed s are viable for 6 months. Seedlings can be transplanted to the field in 9 months. Stem cuttings from woody vertical stems root in 3 to 4 weeks in an inert growth medium such as vermiculite. Stem cuttings can be transplanted to the field in 6 months. P lants should be spaced 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 feet). Fertilizer and pruning aids growth. Fruit are harvested throughout the year, once per week. Fruit can be harvested during any stage of development. Fruit are harvested at the ‘hard white’ stage (almost all the green color has turned whitish yellow but before the fruit turns soft and falls from the tree) for juice. Handling and processing of the fruit**Page 138**  differs depending on the type of product that will be produced. The number of noni farms has increa sed worldwide since the early 1990s to meet market demand for products derived from the tree. Fruit is cultivated in domestic and commercial orchards in Brazil. In India, trees are cultivated for the bark (dye) (JANICK, LORENZI, BARWICK, AGROFORESTRY). c
. Availability in the marketplace: Ap opular herbal dietary supplement in modern markets; some of the most important botanical remedies and food supplements traded on the international market. The largest markets for noni are North America, Mexico, Asia, and Australia (JANICK, AGROFORESTRY). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit can be consumed during any stage of development, depending on the product to be made; consumed raw or cooked; at the ‘hard white’ stage, fruit can be made into juices. Softened frui t are placed into large juice

- collection containers to allow the fluids to seep out naturally and separate from the pulp. Fruit can also be placed into a bladder press to squeeze out the juice. Ripe fruit are consumed with salt in Myanmar; prepared into fruit leather. Cooked fruit is mixed with coconut. Unripe fruit is cooked in curries. F ruit are also used as a famine food in some countries. F ruit juice and powders made from fruit and leaves are used in health foods. L eaves are edible raw or cooked; leafy vegetable; used to wrap food. Very young leaves are cooked as vegetables and consumed with rice in Java and Thailand (JANICK, AGROFORESTRY). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit and leaves contain high amounts of protein and ascorbic acid (JANICK). f. Me dicinal aspects: Roots, bark, fruit and leaves are used as a significant source of traditional medicines. Trees contain a number of chemicals including anthraquinones, alkaloids, scopoletin, glycosides, polysacchardies, asperuloide and organic acids that aid a number of health issues. A complementary alternative medicine that aids high blood pressure, diabetes, pain, arthritis, depression, cancer, AIDS, skin parasites, skin and stomach ulcers, arteriosclerosis and senility. The leaf is heated or wilted and pressed on painful swellings, wounds, and the head for headaches and head colds. Dried fruits and leaves are used to make infusions and teas for medicinal use. Fruit are used as an appetite stimulant (JANICK, BARWICK, AGROFORESTRY). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Hawaii, Samoa, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, the Florida Keys; yields can reach 80,000 kilograms (88 tons) per hectare in Hawaii (JANICK, BONNER). 5. Other commercial production regions: S outheast Asia including China, Japan, Tai wan, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Thailand, region of Malesia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea), the Indo

- Pacific including eastern Polynesia, Melanesia, Western Polynesia, Micronesia; Australia; naturalized on the open shores of Central and South America (Mexico, Panama, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil); the West Indies (the Bahamas, Bermuda); parts of Africa; widely naturalized throughout the tropics; no production statistics are available. Fruit yields depend on environmental and cultural f actors (GRIN, JANICK, LORENZI). 6. Use: Ornamental, roots and bark are used for tannin/dyestuff (red dye), medicinal purposes; health and cosmetic products from the leaves and fruit; the trunk is used for firewood and tools; fruit and leaves are used as f odder; oil from the fruit is used as an insecticide; soaps (GRIN, JANICK, BARWICK, AGROFORESTRY). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- inedible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, BAYER, JANICK. LORENZI, BARWICK, BONNER, PLANTS DATABAS E, AGROFORESTRY. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13.**Page 139**  12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: MOJCI**Page 140**  **418** 1. **Olive** [ ( mu xi lian, o livier, Ölbaum, Olivenbaum, olivo, oliveira, aceituno (GRIN) ) ] Oleaceae Olea europaea L. subsp

. e uropaea 2. A small to medium tree growing 4 to 10 meters (13 to 33 feet) high and about 9 meters ( 30 feet) wide

. Native to the Mediterranean region , t ropical and c entral Asia and parts of Africa

. Grown throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world. Olives have be en used by humans since 9000 BC . Cultivation of olive trees began between 4000 and 3000 BC in Asia Minor , the e astern Mediterranean, or the Nile Basin. Over the years, there have been many differing opinions as to the nomenclature and hierarchies within the genus and species. In 2002, a revision of the scientific nomenclature occurred. T oday, the cultivated olive is known as Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea . Trees may live for 500 years. T runk thickness varies according to variety; trunk color ranges from grey to grey

- green. Tree s not in cultivation contain multiple trunks that originate from a single broad base. The crown is rounded, but somewhat uneven. Unpruned trees are dense and bushy. The root system differs depending on the method of propagation. Seedlings form taproots, while cuttings form multiple adventitious roots at the cutting base. Rigid e vergreen l eaves are dark green and are covered with a thick waxy cuticle on the upper surface. Undersides of leaves contain the stomata that are protected by densely distributed white or silver trichomes

. Leaves are simple, entire, opposite, lanceolate, ovate

- lanceolate, or elliptic and 3 to 9 centimeters (1.2 to 3.5 inches) long by 1 to 2 c entimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inch) wide. Each leaf contains a central vein, a smooth margin and a short petiole

. Leaves persist on the tree for 2 to 3 years. Leaves ofjuvenile trees are shorter and more rounded. A mixture of perfect and staminate flowers ar e borne on 1.5 to 4.0 centime te r (0.6 to 1.6 inch) long inflorescences. Inflorescences are borne from buds in the leaf axils of 1

- year - old wood. Each paniculate inflorescence consists of a single central axis from which lateral branches arise. The central axis and lateral branches contain flowers that occur singly or in groups of three to five. Each inflorescence contains 10 to 40 small flowers. Individual f

lowers are radially symmetrical and contain four white to yellowish

-white petals that are united at the base. Pollination is by wind. Olive pollen contains more than 50 different proteins in each pollen grain , making it highly allergenic. Fruit is a small drupe that is round to elliposoid, 1 to 4 centimeters (0.4 to 1.6 inches) long , and 0.5 to 2 centimeters (0.2 to 0.8 inch) in diameter

. Fruit size varies according to variety. The skin is smooth and consists of a thick waxy protective cuticle. The stomata on the surface of the fruit transform into lenticels that appear as light

- colored spots at green maturation. Each fruit contains one pit

. Throughout most of its growth, the fruit is green. During maturation, the f ruit turns yellowish and darken s from reddish to purple to black. Numerous fruit are produced from a single tree. The four major types of table olives include Spanish

- style green olives that are harvested green and treated in alkaline solution, S i cilian

- style green olives that are treated in brine, untreated black olives, and brine

- treated California

- style black olives. Over 1,200 different oliv e cultivars have been developed (EFLORAS, JANICK , CRFG , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering takes place from April to May. Blooming occurs for a period of 10 to 14 days. Less than 5% of the flowers set fruit. Fruit growth is long and lasts about 6 to 7 months. Flowering occurs 10 years from seed and 4 to 6 years from vegetative propagation. Winter chilling is required for reproductive budburst. Olive trees have stron g alternate bearing habits. H eavy flowering and high yield in one year is followed by low yield the following year . Pruning can aid this problem (EFLORAS , JANICK). b. Cultivation : Grown in temperate to tropical regions. Requires sufficient winter ch i ll to ensure fruit set and a long, hot growing seas on for proper fruit ripening . Flourishes in full sun . Tolerates mild wind, mild saline conditions, dry periods and any well

- drained soil up to pH 8.5. Irrigation and fertilization improves fruiting. Does not tolerate hot, dry winds during fruiting or spring frosts; green fruit is damaged at approximately 2 ° C ( 28 ° F )

. Olives are adapted to the xerophytic condtions of the Mediterranean climate. Propagated mostly by leafy stem cuttings. Approximately 10 to 15 centimeter (4 to 6 inch) long cuttings with 2 to 3 pairs of leaves should be obtained from 1

- year - old shoots. Cuttings are treated with rooting hormone and placed on heated mist benches**Page 141**  during spring or fall . Once rooted, cuttings are moved to individual containers. Young trees are trained into a specific shape and size. Trees are pruned at the end of winter to renew the fruiting surface

. There is a range of time during which the fruit may be harvested. This depends on whether the fruit will be used for table or oil

. Fruit are mostly mechanically harvested. B eating the b ranches with poles and collecting the olives on tarps, large combs and hand picking are other harvest methods. Processing occurs direc tly after harvesting. The increased interest in olive oil consumption is causing an increase in planting of olive orchards in new and traditional growing areas. Improved varietie s and horticultural techniques are being developed (JANICK , CRFG , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). c. Availability in the marketplace: Widely available; sold throughout the world; raw olives are sold in speciality produce stores; there is a growing interest in olive oil consumption for health and gourmet reasons (JANICK , CRFG). d. Preparat ion for cooking: Olives are used for oil extraction and table consumption. Green

- cured and ripe

- cured olives are used as a relish or snack; fruit are stuffed with pimentos or almonds; used in breads, soups, and salads; common ingredient of everyday foods

. In some areas, olives are picked green, crushed, cured in oil and used as a salad. Fruit can be dried in the sun and eaten without curing. Various fruit processing technologies are used remove the natural bitter taste for table consumption

. The bitterness that comes from the compound oleuropein, is removed by a treatment with alkaline solution, a soaking in water or brine, or a treatment in dry salt. Table olives vary according to the maturity stage at which the fruit is picked, the kind and degree of treatment, the variety of the fruit, and the addition of flavor ingredients. Oil is extracted from the fruit and is used cold or hot as a flavoring or ingredient. Due to its stability at high temperatures, the oil is useful for frying. Comp ared to other oils, there is les s penetration into food . The quality of the oil depends on the variety, maturity and extraction procedures. Many people co nsider the oil a gourmet food

. Commercial olive oil is labeled as ‘extra virgin’, ‘virgin’, refined ’, ‘olive pomace’ and ‘olive oil’. Virgin and e xtra virgin oil s are obtained from the first pressing. T his is a purely me chanical process. Only cold pressing is used for extra virgin oil. Heat may be applied to aid in increasing fruit cell

-wall permeab ility. Pomace oil is produced by chemical solvent extraction of the residue that remains after pressing. Refined oil is chemically refined either from lesser quality virgin oil or olive pomace oil. Olive oil is a mixture of refined and virgin oils (JANI CK , CRFG , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). e. Nutritional aspects: Olive oil contains a high monounsaturated fat (particularly oleic acid) and antioxidant content. Oil is low in saturated and polyunsaturated fats. Many value the oil because it aids in the preventi on of cardiovascular disease. O il is also beneficial for glycaemic control, obesity and cancer (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: Olive oil has been used as a medicine and body ointment for many years . T he oil is used as a body cleanser, a skin soother and a laxative. Oil is consumed to reduce gastric secretions and treat ulcers. E xternally, oil is used to cure dandruff. L eaves are used as an antiseptic, astringent, febrifuge and sedative. T he bark is an astringent and febrifuge (JANICK , PLANTS FOR A FUTURE ). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Commercially grown in California; most production occurs California’s Central Valley; some production occurs outside Phoenix , Arizona

. According to the USDA, in 200 9 , total production in California was 42, 002 tonnes (4 6, 3 00 tons) of olives (MELNICOE 1996e , CRFG , FAOSTAT , USDA). 5. Other production regions: Spain, It aly , Greece, Portugal, South America, the Middle East, n orthern and s outhern Africa, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Western and s outhwestern Asia, s outheast ern and s outhwestern Europe, the Mediterranean region, Taiwan; widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized . World olive production is 9.5 million hectares (23,475,011 acres)

. Approximately 90% of production is used for olive oil. Approximately 7 5% of olive oil is from Europe, with Spain producing the most oil. Greece, Italy and Portugal are also leading producers. Nearly half of all world production of table olives is from Europe and**Page 142**  one - third is from the Middle Eastern and Northern African countries . According to FAOSTAT, in 2007, 6,222,100 tonnes (6,858,691 tons) were produced in Spain, 3,481,379 tonnes (3,837,563 tons) were produced in It aly, 2,444,230 tonnes (2,694,302 tons) were produced in Greece, 1,075,854 tonnes (1,185,926 tons) were produced in Turkey, and 900,000 tonnes (992,080 tons) were produced in Tunisia . World olive production in 2008 was 18,083,800 tonnes (19,933,977 tons) (GRIN , MARKLE , EFLORAS , JANICK , FAOSTAT ). 6. Use: Grown for fresh fruit and oil; p ickled for green olives, brined and canned for ripe, crushed for o il. Also grown as an ornamental, preservative, erosion control, fuelwood, charcoal, lipids, medicinal purposes, important trade commodity, cultural symbol; fruit is an important food in the Mediterrane an diet; o il from the seed is used for soap making and lubrication. M aroon, purple, blu e and black dyes are obtained f ro m the fruit; yellow

- green dye is obtained from the leaves. Wood is used in turnery and c abinet making (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK , PLANTS FOR A FU TURE ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit. Seed sometimes crushed for oil extraction. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Fruit and its processed commodity oil. In EPA Table 1, EPA notes that the fruit should be analyzed after removing and discarding stem and pit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tr opical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0305) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits (edible peel); 023 (SO0305) Oilseed; 0 67 (OC 0305) Vegetable crude oil; 068 (OR 0305) Vegetable refined oil; 069 (DM 0305) Miscellaneous derived edible products of plant origin. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, MELNICOE 1996e , EFLORAS, JANICK, CRFG, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE , PLANTS DATABASE, FAO STAT , USDA

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 10 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: OLVEU**Page 143**  **438** 1. **Papaya, Mountain** [(papayer de montagne, Bergpapaya, chamburú, chamburo, Chiluacán, papaya de tierra fría (GRIN))] Caricaceae Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC. [(syn: Carica candamarcensis Hook. f., Carica cestriflora (A. DC.) Solms, Carica cundinamarcensis Linden, nom. nud., Carica pubescens Lenné & Koch, Vasconcellea cestriflora A. DC., Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis V. M. Badillo (GRIN))] 2. A fast

- growing , subtropical herbaceous succulent plant that grows 1 to 5 meters (3 to 16 feet) in height. Native to the high slope s of Ecuador and Colombia

. The trunk is erect, branched, thick and rounded at the base and thinner toward the top. T he trunk surface contains big symmetric foliar scars. B ranches are upright, rigid, and may produce secondary branches. The plant has the appearance of a small palm. Leaves are dentalobulate, pentagonal, pubescent, and 20 to 26 centimeters (8 to 10 inches) long by 34 to 40 centimeters (13 to 16 inches) wide. The leaves have a medium lobule and three to five oblong

- acuminate side lobelets. The petiole is 17 to 34 centimeters (7 to 13 inches) long. Plants may produce only female flowers, only male flowers, or hermaphrodite flow ers
. Compared to female flowers, h ermaphrodite flowers produce smaller fruit with more pronounced elongated lobule s and thinner pulp. Flowers are pubescent. F ruit is similar to the common papaya. It is a five

- sided, oblong

- ovoid to obovoid berry that is 6 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 inches) long by 3 to 8 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) wide

. Each fruit contains strongly lobed longitudinal segments. The skin is smooth, tough and changes color from green to bright yellow when ripe. P ulp is yellow and the flavor is sour. Each fruit contains many brownish, rough seeds. The plant can live for up to 17 years, but for co mmercial production, the lifespan is only 5 years. Unlike the common papaya, the climate requirements, the tree’s growth habit, the fruit type and general orchard management of th e mountain papaya are different (PERENNIAL , NAGY , ECOCROP , CAMPBELL , VEGA). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Fruit is produced year

-round, but has seasonal fluctuations. Main production occurs from August to March in Chile. Fruit production occurs occurs in 2 years from seed. One tree may produce 50 to 60 fruit per season (PERENNIAL , NAGY , TRADE WINDS ). b. Cultivation : Grown in tropical highlands and cool subtropical areas with well

- distributed rainfall of 50 t o 100 cent imeters (20 to 39 inches) and temperatures ranging from 10 to 24 ° C ( 50 to 75 ° F )

. It also grows in temperate climates. In tropical areas, plants inhabit the low dry mo untain forest area at elevations of 1,500 to 3,0 00 meters (4,921 to 9,843 feet)

. Grows well in deep soil and abundant organic matter. Mountain papaya is hardier than the common papaya. It toler ates drought and light frosts of up to 2 ° C ( 28 °F )

. Itdoes not tolerate low dawn temperatures and intense midday sun during the winter (May to September). Propagation is mainly by seed. Seed s are removed from the fruit, d ried in the open air and plant ed in pots. G ermination occurs in 30 days. Seedlings are planted 3 by 3 meters (10 by 10 feet) apart in the field when they reach 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) high. There is no dormancy requirement. Itis not possible to separate plants by the type of flower produced before bloom time. Therefore, three to four plants per site are planted. When the flower types are identified, the plants are selected and the hermaphrodite and female plants are selected for the orchard. Due to the high content of papain in the green fruit, people who harvest and handle the fruit must wear protective gloves to prevent wounds around the fingernails (PERENNIAL , NAGY , ECOCROP , TRADE WINDS , POPENOE , VEGA). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit is accepted on the international market for use in the pharmacological industry and as a meat tenderizer . Rura l populations consume the fruit (VEGA). d. Preparation for cooking: The fruit is only eaten fresh when sugar is applied . Fruit is cooked in syrup , stewed , or processed into preserves and j am s
. Itcan be canned or used for beverages ; boiled and baked green fruit may be used as a vegetable . Thinly

- sliced preserved flesh is eaten at meals with cheese or used in cooking (PERENNIAL , NAGY , TRADE WINDS , CAMPBELL , VEGA). e. Nutritional aspects: Green f ruit is rich in papain (NAGY).**Page 144**  f. Medicinal aspects: Fruit is used in Colombia, Chile, and n orthern Ecuador to treat arterial sclerosis

. Latex of the fr

uit is used against skin infections and warts. It is also used to destroy intestinal worms, inflammations of the intestine, diabetes and liver diseases (POPENOE , VEGA). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Limited. Grown in California ; no yield data is available (MELNICOE 1996d)

. 5. Other production regions: C ommonly cultivated in the high slopes of Ecuador and Colombia; also grown in Panama, Venezuela, and n orthern to w estern South America , especially the Andes Mountains ; yields per unit area are not known; one tree can produce 5 0 to 60 fruit per season (GRIN , TRADE WINDS ). 6. Use: Fruit is eaten cooked or fresh. It is easily prepared because it can be eaten skin and all ; used as a gene source for disease resistance f or papaya ; the proteolytic enzyme, papain, is used as a meat tenderizer ; grown in family gardens ; green fruit is a source material of latex ; medicinal purposes (GRIN , MARKLE , NAGY , VEGA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Reference s: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MELNICOE 1996d, MARKLE , PERENNIAL, NAGY, ECOCROP, CAMPBELL, VEGA, TRADE WINDS, POPENOE

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 10. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CIAPU (listed as Carica pubescens (A.DC.) SOLMS

- LAUBACH/LENNE & K.KOCH**Page 145**  1. **Pata u**  **á** [(patauá, bataua palm, kumbu, seje, ungurahui, Sejepalme (GRIN))] Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Oenocarpus bataua Mart. [(syn: Jessenia bataua (Mart.) Burret, Jessenia oligocarpa Griseb. & H. Wendl., Jessenia polycarpa H. Karst., Oenocarpus oligocarpus (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) Wess. Boer (GRIN))] 2. A large, vigorous, single

- stemmed canopy palm growing 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 feet) tall . Native to n orthern South America. The trunk is smooth and 15 to 40 centimeters (6 to 16 inches) in diameter. The crown is funnel

- shaped and contains 8 to 16 spirally arranged, large, erect, feather

- shaped, pinnately compound leaves that grow 3 to 8 meters (10 to 26 feet) long. The petiole grows 1 meter (3 feet) long. There are 100 to 200 pinnae arranged in a s ingle plane along the rachis. P innae measure 1 to 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet) long. The sheath is open to the base and contains abundant black, stout fibers at the margins, intermixed with brown wooly fibers. Th e inflorescence is paniculate , measures 1.2 meters (4 feet) long , and has several hundred branches that are around 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) long. Each branch bears numerous cream

- colored flowers. E ach panicle bears over 1,000 round to elongate, dark purpl e drupes that are pointed at the apex and 2.5 to 4 centimeters (1 to 1.6 inches) in diameter. The skin is smooth and shiny. Each fruit contains a single seed and 6.5 to 8% oil by fresh weight

. Some believe the pulp tastes like chocolate. The tree can live 50 to 80 years (JANICK , PALMBASE , RAINFORESTCONSERVATION). 3 . Crop Data: a. Season: Fruit ripen from April to November. The plant takes 10 to 15 years to fruit from seed (JANICK). b. Cultivation : Palms are scattered on upland soils of terra firma r ainforests and are widespread in the Neotropical lowlands

. Plants do not usually grow above 950 meters (3,117 feet) in elevation. Palms form huge unbroken stands in flooded swamps. Do not tolerate frost. Propagated by seed. Seed should be de

-pulped an d placed in 50 ° C (122 ° F) water for 30 to 60 minutes. Seeds should be planted in partial shade. Germination occurs within 2 months. When the seedling has at least one leaf, it should be transplanted to a container and grown under partial shade for one year. For plantations, plants should be shaded for the first few weeks before planting in full sun. Spacing for an agroforestry plantation would be 204 to 216 plants at 7 meter (23 feet) square spacings

. To increase fruiting production, c ompeting plants should be removed and the nutrient content of the soil should be increased ( JANICK). c. Availability in the marketplace: The fruit has great economic potential

. Soaked or heated fruits are sold on the market in the town of Coca. Indigeno us people consider the oil highly valuable. During World War II when a world shortage of olive oil occurred, Brazil exported over 200 tonnes (220 tons) per year of patauá oil (JANICK , PALMBASE ). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is soaked before it is eaten to soften the pulp. An oil that is similar to olive oil is obtained after boiling the fruit. Traditionally, oil was extracted by mashing the mesocarp, heating it, and pressing it in a long woven tube. Two types of oil are extracted from mesocarp and the seed. Amerindians produce a thick non - alcoholic juice with a nut

- like flavor from the fruit mesocarp . Fruit are used in drinks, popsicles and ice cream (JANICK , PALMBASE , RAINFORESTCONSERVATION). e. Nutritional aspects: Patauá oil is virtually iden tical to olive oil in appearance and fatty acid composition. The oil is highly unsaturated with 78 ± 3% monounsaturated fatty acids and 3 ± 1% polyundaturated fatty acids. A beverage prepared from the fruit has high protein content and the unsaturated oils make it an excellent nutritional addition to local diets (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: The oil is used as a cure for minor bronchial and pulmonary infections . The hard endosperm is crushed and eaten to cure snake bites (JANICK , RAINFORESTCONSERVATION). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Central America including Panama, Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago), n orthern South America, Brazil, w estern South America ( Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador) . On average, the**Page 146**  palm yields two fruiting stems annually, with a mean weight of 15 kilograms (254 pounds) . Some plants produce up to five fruiting stems. It is estimated that 100 fruting plants would produce 1.6 tonnes (1.8 t ons) of fruit . A hectare of wild palm stand yields 1.5 to 1.6 tonnes (1.7 to 1.8 tons) of fresh fruit and 112 to 260 kilograms (247 to 573 pounds) of oil (GRIN , JANICK). 6. Use: F ruit , medicinal purpo ses; leaf base fibers are used as blowgun darts; leaves are used as baskets; the palm heart is edible; wood of the stem is used for floors and other construction needs (GRIN , PALMBASE , RAINFORESTCONSERVATION). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sample d: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- in edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, PALMBASE, RAINFORESTCONSERVATION. 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: IESBA (listed as Jessenia bataua (MART.) BURRET)**Page 147**  1. **Pe ach Palm**  [(pejibaye , palmier pêche, parépou, Pfirsichpalme, pupunha, gac hipaes, masato, chonta, pijuayo (GRIN))] Arecaceae (alt. Palmae) Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes [(syn: Bactris utilis (Oerst.) Benth. & Hook. f . ex Hemsl., Guilielma gasipaes (Kunth) L. H. Bailey, Guilielma speciosa Mart., Guilielma utilis Oerst. (GRIN))] 2. A palm with multiple trunks that grows 20 to 30 meters (66 to 98 feet) tall. N ative to Central America and s outhwestern Amazonia including n orthern Bolivia, s outheastern Peru and w estern Brazil

. Carbonized seeds of this palm date back 4,000 years

. All cultivated populations of this palm are listed as Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes and all wild populations are now listed as Bactris gasipaes var. chichagui (H. Karsten) Henderson. Stem diameter ranges from 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches)

. Internodes , leaf bases, and leaf midribs contain black, brittle spines. Ins ome plants, spines do not exist. T he crown contains 15 to 25 dark green pinnate fronds. Leaflets of the fronds grow at different angles. Long strands of i nflorescences occur among the axils of the senescent fronds. S eparate tiny yellowish male and female flowers are contained within the same inflorescence

. The f ruit is a drupe that varies in shape and grows in clusters o f 50 to 1,000

. One stem can contain 5 to 6 clusters of fruit. Each fruit grows 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long and weighs 10 to 250 grams (0.4 to 9 ounces)

. The skin is thin, smooth, fibrous and red, purple, orange, yellow or green in color. The humid, starchy, oily p ulp is yellow to orange in color. Most fruit contain a fibrous, oily , white , conical

- shaped , 8 to 10 centimeter (3 to 4 inch) kernel. T he flavor of the fruit is fruity to chestnut

- like . The seed is nutty, oily and has a coconut

- like flavor

. The aroma of the fermented pulp smells like ripe peaches. A typical bunch weighs 1 to 25 kilograms (2 to 55 pounds)

. Wild

- type fruit are rich in oils and domesticated fruit are rich in starch. Currently, the plant is most important in both Latin American and world markets for its heart

- of

-palm . This palm is the only domesticated palm in t

ropical America (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , VAN WYK , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Fl owering occur s year -round in many areas. In areas where the dry sea son is less pronounced, two flowering period s occur and fruiting occurs every six months. The f ruiting sea s on extends over a 2 to 4 month period. In c entral Brazilian Amazonia, the main flowering seas on occurs from the mid

- dry sea s on in August a nd September, to the beginning of the rainy season in November. InC osta Rica, the main flowering season occurs from May to July. InB razil, fruit ripen from late December to late March and in Costa Rica, frui t ripen from August to October. Fruit production o ccurs in 3 to 4 years from seed (PERENNIAL , JANICK). b. Cultivation : Wild palms grow in transitional natural ecosystems where there are natural disturbances including riverbeds and primary forest gaps. Cultivated palms occur in ecosystems created by humans. Cultivated palms are adapted to a wide range of ecological conditions in the humid Neotropics. Palms require hot, wet tropical lowlands with deep , fertile, well

- drained soils, elevations of less than 1,000 meters (3,281 feet) , abundant and well

- distributed rainfall (200 to 500 centimeters (79 to 200 inches) per year), and average temperatures above 24 ° C (75 ° F)

. Tolerat es low

- fertility soils and short, 3 to 4 month dry seasons in non

- sandy soils. D oes not yield well in dry conditions . Does not tolerate waterlogged soils . Propagation is mainly by seed. Seed sho uld be obtained from healthy trees at the beginning of the harvest season. Pulp should be carefully removed, seeds should be cleaned and s owing should occur in appropriate substrates with sufficient irrigation. Seeds germinate in 30 to 90 days. Seedlings should be placed in moderate shade. When palms are grown for fruit, the spacing is 5 by 5 meters (16 by 16 feet) or 400 plants per hectare. For heart

- of

-palm crops, plants should be grown in high density (> 5,000 plants per hectare), high input stands, where standard spacing is 1 by 2 meters (3 by 7 feet)

. Lime and sufficient amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium should be applied to acidic soils. Because inflorescences deve lop in sequence on the stem, all bunches cannot be harvested at the same time. Fruit is harvested when the exocarp has 50% of its final color and the seed is mature. On spineless plants, fruit are coll ected by climbing the stem and lowering the fruit bunches to the ground with a rope or**Page 148**  dropping them into a net. On spine

-producing trees, poles with hooks or curved knives are used to cut the fruit bunch

. Currently, the plant is under

-utilized for its f ruit (PERENNIAL , JANICK). c. Availability in the marketplace: Due to the strong flavor, the fruit is harvested and commercialized before full ripeness. In Costa Rica, the San José market is supplied with fruit year -round. Fruit is sold in markets cooke d, fresh by the bunch or minimally processed

. P rocessing includes removing the fruit from the bunch, washing it , waxing it , sorting it , and packaging it

. Fruit do not store well and deteriorate within 3 to 7 days. Heart

- of

-palm of this plant is the principal source of heart

- of

-palm in both Latin American and world markets. Large quantities of heart

- of

-palm are exported to Europe and the United States each year. There is also a niche market demand for dry four (JANICK , VAN WYK). d. Preparatio n for cooking: Because raw fruit is caustic, is not consumed fresh. It is cooked and consumed as a breakfast item or snack with mayonnaise or sauce

. The cooking process involves boiling, peeling, halving and pitting the fruit. Fruit is also preserved o r dried

. C ooked fruit are used in stews, pureed for making certain dishes, or fermented to make a drink called chichi. Fruit are processed into flour by cooking the bunch , cutting the fruit into small pieces, removing the seeds , drying the pulp and peel , and grinding the dried material

. Some attempts have been made to freeze, dry , or can the fruit. The seed is consumed fresh or cooked. The palm is an important staple starch crop, perhaps as important as maize and cassava. The heart

- of

-palm is consumed raw in salads, or cooked and substituted for artichoke (PERENNIAL , JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ). e. Nutritional aspects: The fruit is energy -rich and contains a large quantity of starches, oils, vitamin A and protein . Fruit mesocarp oil is rich in monounsaturated oleic acid. A trypsin inhibitor and calcium oxalate crystals exist in the fruit, but can be removed by boiling. The heart

- of

-palm is a dietary product that also contains calcium oxalate crystals (PERENNIAL , JANICK , VAN WYK). f. Medicinal aspects: Fruit is used as an aphrodisiac (JANICK). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN ). 5. Other production regions: C ultivated throughout c entral and n orthern South America ; experimental crops are found in Africa, Asia and Oceania . In 2000 , the estimated production of fresh fruit bunches in the State of Amazonas, Brazil was 13,600 tonnes (14,991 tons)

. Brazilian Amazonia produced at least twice that amount. In 2002 Colombian production of fruit was approximately 49,000 tonnes (54,013 tons) and Costa Rican fruit production was approximately 10,500 tonnes ( 11,574 tons)

. T otal Neotropical fruit production is estimated to be 120,000 tonnes (132,277 tons) . Of this, approximately 50% is fresh fruit and the other 50% is used for subsistence . Heart

- of

-palm production in Brazil was 20,000 hectares (49,421 acres) in 2002; production in Bolivia was 3,000 hectares (7,413 acres) ; Costa Rica had 8,000 hecatres (19,768 acres) in production in 2002, and production in Colombia was 1,000 hect ares (2,471 acres) . The total Neotropical production area of heart

- of

-palm is greater than 43,000 hectares (106,255 acres) (GRIN , JANICK). 6. Use: Fruit, oil, fat, starch, vegetable, medicinal purposes ; source of hearts

- of

-palm ; wood was used for tools and weapons ; today wood is used for construction purposes; grown in home gardens (GRIN , PERENNIAL , JANICK). 7. Part(s) of p lant consumed: Whole fruit (JANICK). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, PLANTS DATABASE, VAN WYK. 11. Production Map: No entry (PLANTS DATABASE) 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BCTGA (listed as Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.)**Page 149**  **468** 1. 1. **P ersimmon**  **, Black [**  (Mexican persimmon, Texas persimmon , chapote (GRIN))] Ebenaceae Diospyros texana Scheele 2. A slow

- growing small tree that re aches a height of 6 to 12 meters ( 20 to 40 feet) and a width of 5 to 8 meters ( 15 to 25 feet)

. Native to s outhern and c entral Texas and n orthern Mexico

. The canopy is symmetrical. B ark is thin, smooth and peels away to reveal shades of gray, white and pink on the trunk

. The wood is black, hard and heavy. Branches are intricate and ascend into the crown in a twisted fashion. The tree is deciduous from USDA zone 8 northward and remains evergreen in its southern range. Leaves are dark green, leathery , alternate, simple, entire, oblong to obovate in shape, slightly hairy on the underside, and less than 5 centimeters ( 2 inches ) long . Flowers are fragrant, inconspicuous , and green ish to white in color. Male and female flowers are located on different plants. Black fruit are small , round berries that are 1.3 to 2.5 centimeters ( 0.5 to 1 inch) in diameter

. The skin is smooth. The pulp is sweet and juicy. Each fruit contains 3 to 8 seeds. Fruit are popular to birds and other wildlife (GILMAN 230, AGGIE

- HORT , FED )

. 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs from February to June

. Fruits mature in August and September. Seedling s flower within fi ve to six years (GILMAN 230 , AGGIE

- HORT , FED ). b. Cultivation : Grows best in subtropical climates with full sun and shallow, rocky , limestone soils. Prefers warm winters, hot , humid summers, and rainfall in the spring and fall. Forms heavy thickets in the Edwards Plateau. Also popular in Texas in the Rio Grande p lains and the s outheastern corner of the Trans

- Pecos region. In Mex ico, trees are found in the nor th ern portions of Neuvo Leon, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, and the extreme Northeastern corner of Chihuahua. Texas persimmon occurs in scrub evergreen forests, mature riparian and woody upland communities. Tolerant of heat , drought , shade, and most well

- drained s oils including clay, loam, sand . Can survive in semiarid environments including rocky north slopes, arroyos, ravines, and upper floodplain terraces. In drier regions, the tree grows on canyon sites. Grows at elevations of 300 to 1,700 meters (1,100 to 5 ,700 feet). Hardy in USDA zone s 7 to 9. Propagation is by seed and vegetative reproduction

. Clean seeds without fruit pulp germinate rapidly in warm, moist soil. Germination rates are 50 to 90 percent. Trees c an be fertilized once per year (GILMAN 230 , AGGIE

- HORT , FED ). c. Availability in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is used in puddings and custards (FED). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Texas ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: Northern Mexico ; no yield data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: Fruit , bonsai, container plant, ornamental; fruit are used to make a black dye in Mexico ; wood is used for tools, engraving blocks and art work; source of food, sheleter and cover for wildlife (GRIN , GILMAN 230 , FED )

. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Edible peel and inner pulp (AGGIE

- HORT ). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classific ations: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Reference s: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PLANTS DATABASE, GILMAN 230, AGGIE

- HORT, FED. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 6 and 8 (PLANTS DATABASE)**Page 150**  12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: DOSSS (listed as Diospyros L . spec), DOSKA ( D. khaki ), DOSTE (

D. texana ), DOSVI (

D. virginiana )**Page 151**  **468** 1. **Persimmon , Japanese**  [ (Chinese persimmon, kaki, kaki persimmon, Oriental persimmon, shi , rague mine , Kakibaum, Kakipflaume, pisang kaki , caqui , kaki del Japón , placa minera (GRIN))] Ebenaceae Diospyros kaki Thunb. [(syn: Diospyros chinensis Blume, nom. nud. (GRIN))] 2. A slow

- growing, upright , deciduous tree that reaches a height of 4 to 18 meters (13 to 60 feet) and a spread to 4.5 to 6 meters (15 to 20 feet)

. Native to China, Japan , Burma, the Himalayas and the Khasi Hills of Northern India

. The tree contains a rounded crown. Leave s are leathery, glossy and dark green on the upper surface, brown

- silky underneath, large, alternate, oblong, ovate

- elliptic, oblo ng - ovate or obovate in shape, and 7 to 25 centimeters (3 to 10 inches) long by 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) wide

. Petioles are short , brown, ha iry and measure 2 centimeters (0.75 inch) long

. D uring the fall , leaves turn yellow, orange and red

. Gr eenish

-yellow f

lowers occur in the axils of leaves on the current season’s shoot and contain prominent, persistent sepals. Flowers may be male, female, or a combination of both. Female flowers are solitary and contain a large leaf

- like green calyx that i s 4 to 6 centimeters (1.6 to 2.4 inches). Male flowers occur as three

- flowered cymes. On many subtropical forms, male and female flowers occur on separate trees. Most commercial varieties produce only female flowers. Pollination occurs by bees. F ruit are berries that resemble tomatoes in shape and color. S ize, color and shape vary depending on the cultivar. Fruit can be spherical, conical, ovoid, oblate , flattened, or squarish and yellow, light yellow

- orange or dark orange -red in color. Fruit size ranges from 2.5 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) in diameter and fruit weight varies from less than 100 grams to 300 grams (3.5 to 11 ounces)

. Compared to American persimmon, Japanese persimmon fruits are larger. The skin is smooth , glossy, thin and tough

. Pulp is orange in color; the flavor is sweet when ripe

. Fruit grow solitary on the tree. Young fruit are highly as tringe nt due to soluble tannins. Cultivars that do not lose astringe ncy naturally on the tree are called astringent

- type fruit. These fruit are further classified into pollination variant astringent and pollination constant astringent types

. S ome cultivars lose astringency as they develop on the tree. These are called the non

- astringent type fruit. These fruit are further classified as poll ination constant non

- astringent and pollination variant non

- astringent types

. With v ariant

- type persimmons, the flesh darken s when it has seeds. When no seeds are present, flesh of the variant

- types does not turn dark and the astringency is kept until maturation. With c onstant

- type persimmons, flesh color and astringency loss is not changed by the presence or absence of seed. There are more than 950 cultivars of Japanese persimmon. The maj or varieties are Izu, Fuyu, and Suruga. Almost all non - astringent cultuvars were developed in Japan. An important fruit source in China, Korea, and Japan since prehistoric times (PERENNIAL , JANICK , VAN WYK , CULL , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs March to April in Florida and mid

- April in Japan . Fruit matures in approximately 200 days (PERENNIAL , JANICK , CULL ). b. Cultivation: Grown worldwide in warm temperate areas , subtropical areas and tropical highlands. Requires well

- distributed rainfall and a seasonal cool peri od for proper flowering and fruiting. Prefers fertile, free draining clay loams with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5. Tol erates a wide range of soils and locations. Thrives in semi

- arid to high humidity areas
. Grows wild at elevations of 1,830 to 2,500 meters (6,000 to 8,000 feet). The optimal temperature range for fruit growth and sugar accumulation is 20 to 25 ° C (68 to 77 ° F)

. Extremely high temperatures during the summer inhibit fruit growth. Cool autum n temperatures promote the final expansion o f fruit development and enhance fruit maturation. Some cultivars tolerate moderate frost. Non

- astringent varieties grow better in the warm subtropics. Astringent types are best suited for temperate areas. Pro pagation is mostly by grafting. Some plants are propagated by seed, micropropagation, and budding. For seedling rootstocks, s eeds should be clean ed, dried, and place d directly in a seedbed at 30 ° C (86 ° F) during the autumn months. Seedlings should be e stablished in long, narrow pots before potting into large containers. Grafting is done from early to mid

-Apri l when water begins to ascend to the upper parts of the tree. Grafts can be plant ed in three to four months. Commerical trees should be trained, thinned and pruned. Dwarf varieties should be planted 5 by 2.5 meters (16 by 8 feet) apart ,**Page 152**  semi

- dwarf trees should be planted 5 by 3 meters (16 by 10 feet) apart , and vigorous varieties should be planted 6 by 4.5 meters (20 by 15 feet) apart

. Several selected cultivars of persimmon are used for intensive cultivation. Some early

-ripening cultivars are cultivated partially in heated plastic houses for early harvest . Harvesting should occur when fruit are fully mature. Maturity is determined by measuri ng blossom end color with a color chart and measuring sugar content with a hand refractometer. Non

- astringent fruit have a shelf life of 10 to 14 days. With cold storage tem peratures between

- 1.0 to 1.0 ° C (30 to 34 ° F) , fruit can be stored for 2 to 4 mo nths. Astringent

- type fruit are treated with carbon dioxide and/ or ethanol after harvest. Gibberellic acid spray can be applied to the growing fruit to delay the maturation process and increase shelf life. Wrapping fruit with polyethylene film also prol ongs fruit storage. With this method, fruit can be stored for more than 3 months in the refrigerator after harvest (PERENNIAL , JANICK , VAN WYK , MORTON ). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit are sold all over the world. Most production in Israel is consumed domestically as fr esh or cold

- stored fruit, but some is also exported to Europe . Early fruit is shipped to market by the middle of August (JANICK). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is mainly consumed fresh by cutting the fruit in half and scoop ing the flesh out with a spoon. Lemon j uice, cream or sugar is usually added to the pulp. Peeled fruit is added to fruit salads, blended to make persimmon juice, processed into jams or sorbets, candied, stewed, or puréed and added to ice cream and other desserts

. Fruit can also be made into molasses, cider, beer, and wine. Roasted seeds are used as a coffee substitute. A stringent

- type fruit are mostly grown in China. These fruit are usually consumed over

-ripened, dried , candied, frozen, preserved , or fresh after artificial treatments are performed to remove astringency. For drying, fruit are peeled, and hung in the sun (Japan) or sliced and oven

- dried (Western countires). Dried fruit are also used as a source of sugar in China. F rui t are cured by so aking i n vinegar or immersing in boiling water and letting the fruit stand for 12 hours; fruit may also be cured by spraying with ethanol, ethylene gas, or carbon dioxide (PERENNIAL , JANI CK , VAN WYK , CULL , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspec ts: Fruit contain large amounts of potassium and are a good source of vitami n A and vitamin C (PERENNIAL , JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: Fruit contains antioxidant compounds including polyphenols and anti

- cancer compounds including ß

- cryptoxanthins . A mixture of the calyx and fruit stem are used to cure hiccups and coughs (JANICK , MORTON ). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Florida , California; southern states ; no yield data is available (PERENNIAL , MORTON ). 5. Other commercial production regions: China , Korea, Japan , Vietnam, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines, the Himalayas, the Khasi Hills of n orthern India, Brazil, Israel, New Zealand, Australia, Iran, the Mediterranean coast of France, Italy, and other European countries, Southern Russia, Alge ria

. A young tree yields approximately 22.6 to 40.8 kilograms (50 to 96 pounds) of fruit per year. A mature tree yields approximately 150 to 250 kilograms (330 to 550 pounds) of fruit per year. According to 2002 FAO statistics, the global production of persimmon totaled 2,328,919 tonnes (2,567,193 tons)

. Approximately 71.3% of the production was from China, and 11.6% each was from Korea and Japan . According to FAOSTAT, in 2007, China was the number one producing country, producing 2,332,962 tonnes (2,571,650 tons) of fruit; Korea was second, producing 395,614 tonnes (436,089 tons) , Japan was third, producing 244,800 tonnes (269,845 tons) , Brazil was fourth, producing 159,851 tonnes (176,205 tons ) , and Azerbaijan was fifth, producing 128,407 tonnes (141,544 tons) (GRIN , JANICK , MORTON , FAOSTAT ). 6. Use: F ruit, sugar, wood , ornamental , source of rootstocks , medicinal purposes ; tannin from the unripe fruit is used in brewing sake, dyeing, and as a wood preservative; juice of wild persimmons is used as an insect and moisture repellent (GRIN , JANICK , MORTON ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Edib le peel and inner pulp (JANICK) 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit**Page 153**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtro pical fruits, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0307, FT 4113, and FT 4105) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRI N, MARKLE, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, CULL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , MORTON , FAOSTAT

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 4, 6, 10, and 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: DOSSS (listed as Diospyros L. spec), DOSKA ( D. khaki ), DOSTE (

D. texana ), DOSVI (

D. virginiana )**Page 154**  1. **Pitomba** Myrtaceae Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg [(syn: Eugenia lucescens Nied., Phyllocalyx luschnathianus O. Berg (GRIN))] 2. A slow

- growing , upright, spreading tree that reaches a height of 6 to 9 meters (20 to 3 0 feet) and a width of 5 meters ( 15 feet) . Native to Bahia, Brazil. The trunk is light brown to tan. Foliage is dense. Leaves are dark green on the upper surface , pale green on the lower surface, evergreen, glossy, opposite, short

-petioled, oblong

- lanceolate in shape and 2.5 to 7.5 centimeters (1 to 3 inches) long. New growth contains bro nze hair s on the undersides of the leaves. White to yellowish flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils, lon g - stalked, 4

-petalled and up to 4 centimeters ( 1.5 inches ) wide

. Orange to bright orange

- yellow fruit is ovoid or broad

- obovate in shape, 4

- lobed, and 2.5 to 3 centimeters (1 to 1.2 inches) in diameter. The skin is smooth, thin and tender. Each fruit co ntains 4 to 5 green sepals on the apex that measure 1.25 centimeters (0.5 inch) long. W ithin each fruit there is one round or 2 to 4 irregular angular seeds. S eeds are light tan in color and 1 to 1.6 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) in diameter. The soft, juicy aromatic p ulp is yellow in color and has the texture of an apricot; the flavor is sweet, acid or slightly resinous (PERENNIAL , MORTON , QUISQUALIS , DALEYSFRUIT ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs April to May in Florida and April to June elsewhere . Fruit matures in 30 to 60 days (May to July)

. Fruit ripen in November and December in Brazil. Sometimes there is a light fall crop. Trees bear fruit after reaching approximately 1.1 meter ( 3.5 feet) high. (PERENNIAL , MORT ON ). b. Cultivation: Requires tropical to warm subtropical climate. Plants grow well in full sun and a variety of soil s that are fertilized and frequently/heavily watered. Prefers acidic soils. Tolerant of saline conditions, partial shade, and light frosts up to 3 ° C ( 27 ° F )

. Not tolerant of drought during blooming and fruit developme nt. Propagation is by seed and grafting

. Seedlings produce fruit of varying sizes. Superior varieties are veneer

- grafted. Cultivated locally and grown in botanical gardens (PERENNIAL , MORTON , QUISQUALIS ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh; m ay also be made into jellies, preserves , fruit leathers and carbonated beverages (PERENNIAL , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: A few specimens have been grown in s outhern Florida ; no yield data is available (MORTON). 5. Other commercial production regions: Brazil ; introduced elsewhere ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 6. Use: F ruit , home garden plant , hedge, container plant (GRIN , PERENNIAL , QUISQUALIS ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed : Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fr uit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, MORTON, QUISQUALIS. 11. Production map: No specific entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: EUELU**Page 155**  **487** 1. **Pomerac** [ Malay apple, mountain

- apple, Otaheite

- apple , r ose - apple, jamboissier rouge , poirier de Malaque , pomme malac , Malakka

-Apfel , Malayapfel, jambu bol , manzana de agua , pomarrosa de Malaca (GRIN) ) ] Myrtaceae Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry [(syn: Caryophyllus malaccensis (L.) Stokes, Eugenia malaccensis L. (GRIN) ) ] 2. A fast

- growing , medium

- size tree reaching a height of 12 t o 18 meters (40 to 60 feet)

. N ative to Malaysia

. The trunk is erect , short, fluted and 4.5 meters (15 feet) in diameter. The crown is conical, pyramidal or cylindrical in shape

. The outer bark is flaky and pale gray, while the inner bark is pinkish brown

. Leaves are evergreen, soft

- leathery, dark

- green, glossy, simple, opposite, elliptic

- lanceolate, ovate, oblong, or oblanceolate in shape, and 15 to 46 centimeters ( 6 to 18 inche s ) long by 9 to 20 centimeters ( 3.5 to 8 inches ) wide. New leaves are wine

-red to pink

-b uff in color. Petioles are short, red and 0.2 to 1 centimeter (0.1 to 0.4 inch) long. Showy f

lowers are abundant, mildly fragrant, in short

- stalked clusters of 2 t o 8, and borne on the upper trunk , leaf axils, and along leafless areas of mature branches. E ach flower is funnel

- like at the ba se and is composed of 5 thick, green sepals, many 4 centimeter (2 inch) long stamens with anthers, and 4 pinkish

-purple, dark

-red or sometimes white, yellow, or orange petals

. Flowers are approximately 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) wide. Yellow, pink, rose -red , crimson, purple or red to pink

- streaked fruit is pear - shaped, ovoid, oblong, or o bovoid in shape, short

- stalked, and 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inch) long by 2.5 to 7.5 centimeters (1 to 3 inches) wide at the apex
. The skin is thin, smooth and waxy. Fruit pulp is crisp to spongy, juicy and white; the flavor is sweet to bland. Some suggest the flavor is apple

- like. Most fruit contain 1 to 2 light

-brown oblate, hemispherical or round seeds that measure 1.6 to 2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) in width. Some fruit are seedless ( PERENNIAL, MORTON , BARWICK , WHISTLER). 3. Crop Data: a. Seaso n: Main flowering occurs from May to Ju ne in Florida and Java , August to Nove mber in the South Pacific, May to February in Fiji, February and June to October in Vanuatu, March to April in Hawaii, and November to December and April to May in Pohnpei

. In Puerto Rico, flowering occurs during the spring, summer and fall. Flowering takes place in 40 to 60 days. F ruit matures in 30 to 6 0 days. Fruit ripening occurs from August to September in Java, May t o July and November to December in India, November to February in the South Pacific, June to December in Hawaii, January t o February and June to December in Pohnpei, and September to May in Vanuatu

. In Kingston, Jamaica, fruit ripening is completed during the first week of Ju ne
. Fruit production occurs in 5 to 6 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from veget ative propagation (PERENNIAL , MORTON , WHISTLER). b. Cultivation : Requires hot, wet , humid to sub

-humid, tropical climate , full sun, rich, well

- drained soil with a pH of 6.1 to 7.4 , an annual rainfall of 152 centimeters (60 inches) or more and a mean annual temperature of 24 to 27 ° C (75 to 81 ° F)

. Native to lowland and montane rainforests. Grows from sea - level to 1,219 meters ( 4 ,000 feet)

. Low

- lying islands, moist coastal areas , and volcanic soils are prefered

. In India, trees grow best on the banks of ponds, lakes and streams. T olerates a variety of soils including sand and heavy clay and partial shade

. Moderate drought tolerance. Not tolerant of soils with a high pH , waterlogging, and frost. Propagation is by seed, air

- layering , budding, cuttings, and grafting. Seeds should be planted 4 centimeters ( 1.5 inches ) deep directly in the field. Germination occurs in 2 to 4 weeks. Cuttings are transplanted 6 weeks after taking root. Superior plants are propagated by budding. For commercial production, trees should be spaced 6 to 10 meters (20 to 33 feet) apart. Fertilization and irrigation aid plant growth. C ommercial production occurs in Java, the Philippines, Vietnam, Bengal and South India. Fruit should be hand

-picked from the tree as soon as full color is reached

. Fruit do not store well (PERENNIAL , MORTON , BARWICK , WHISTLER). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit are sold in local markets and along streets where the tree is grown ; l ocally consumed, rather than exported (MORTON , WHISTLER). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh, stewed with cloves, cooked with acidic fruit,**Page 156**  processed into wine, preserved , or served with cream for dessert. In Guyana, fruit is peeled and stewed and the skin is cooked separately to make a syrup. Petals of the red

- flowered hibiscus are added to the fruit to give it color. Unripe fruit are made into je lly and pickles. In Indonesia, flowers are consumed in salads and preserved in syrup. Yo ung leaves and shoots are consumed raw with rice or cooked (PERENNIAL , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: A d ecoction of bark is used to aid cuts, mouth infections , throat i nfections, stomachaches and coughs; leave s are used to aid mouth infections and soothe skin ; ro ots are used to alleviate itching, edema, and urinary problems . Root bark is used to cure gastrointestinal issues

. A decoction of the fruit, leaves or seeds is used to reduce fevers. The plant is also used for various conditions such as constipation, diabetes, coughs, pulmonary problems and headaches. S eeded fruit, seed, bark , and leaves contain antibiotic activity and effect blood pressure and res piration (MORTON , WHISTLER). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Hawaii , Puerto Rico ; no yield data is available (MORTON). 5. Other production regions: Tropics, West Indies , Indonesia, Malaysia , Java, Philippines, Vietnam , Bengal, South India, Malacca , East Africa, Melanesia, Polynesia, Micronesia, Bermuda, St. Croix, Brazil, Surinam, Central America, Southeast Asia ; the yield varies from 21 to 85 kilograms ( 46 to 188 pounds ) per tree (GRIN , MORTON , PERENNIAL , WHISTLER). 6. Use: Fresh fruit, table wine in Puerto Rico ; ornamental; medicinal purposes; homegardens; wood is used for construction, railway ties, and bowls (MARKLE , PERENNIAL , MORTON , WHISTLER). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole f ruit (MORTON). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0308) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MORTON, MARKLE, BARWICK, PLANTS DATABASE, WHISTLER, PERENNIAL. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SYZMA**Page 157**  1. **Rambai [** (rambi (GRIN))] Phyllanthaceae. Also placed in: Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea motleyana ( Müll. Arg.) Müll. Arg. [(syn: Pierardia motleyana Müll. Arg. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A slow

- growing tree that reaches a height of 9 to 25 meters (30 to 82 feet) . Native to the lowlands o f Malaya

. T he trunk is short, thick , and up to 40 centimeters (16 inches) in diameter

. T he crown is low, broad, dense and round. N ew branchlets are silky

-hairy. D ark green, glossy leaves are evergreen, spiraled, elliptic, elliptic

- lanceolate, or obovat e - lanceolate in shape and 15 to 33 centimeters ( 6 to 13 inches ) long by 8 to 15 centimeters ( 3 to 6 inches ) wide. The upper surface of each leaf contains indented veins; the lower leaf surface is greenish

-brown and hairy. The petiole is 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long and hairy. Flowers are fragrant, small, petalless, and contain 4 to 6 chartreuse hairy sepals. Female flowers are arranged in racemes that measure 25 to 76 centimeters ( 10 to 30 inches ) long. Mal e flowers are arranged in racemes that are 8 to 15 centimeters ( 3 to 6 inches ) long. Male and female flowers occur on separate plants. Salmon

- colored to brownish yello w fruit is ovoid, 2.5 to 4.5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long , and 2 to 4 centimeters ( 0.8 to 1.6 inches) in diameter

. Fruit hang in small showy clusters from the older branches and trunk. The skin is thin, velvety, and wrinkled when mature. Pulp is whitish , translucent, and in 3 to 5 segments ; the flavor is sweet to acid

. Each segment c ontains one brown flat seed that measures 1.3 centimeters ( 0.5 inch es ) long (PERENNIAL, MORTON , ECOCROP ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs May to July. Fruiting occurs July to October (EFLORAS). b. Cultivation: Requires hot, humid tropical lowlands and forests

. Thrives at elevations up to 750 meters (2,461 feet) . Prefers alluvial soils near rivers or other bodies of water. Prop agation is by seed and grafting (PERENNIAL , ECOCROP ). c. Availablity in the market place: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh, stewed or preserved ; processed into wine and jam (PERENNIAL, MORTON). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: Bark is used to soothe eye inflammation s (MORTON). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial production regions: Southeast Asia including Thailand and Vietnam; region of Malesia (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia); grows wild in Bangha and Borneo ; no yield data is available (GRIN , MORTON, TRADE WINDS ). 6. Use: F ruit , shade tree, ornamental; wood used for posts; bark used as a mordant for dyes; medicinal purposes; rootstock (GRIN , MORTON , ECOCROP ). 7. P art(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (GRIN). 8. Portio n analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel. b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- inedible p eel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, MORTON, ECOCROP, EFLORAS, TRADE WINDS. 11. Production map: No entry (PLANTS DATABASE) 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: BCCMO**Page 158**  **514** 1. **Rose A** **pple [** (

jam bos, Malabar

-plum, jamboes, jam bosier, pomme -rose , Rosenapfelbaum , manzana rosa, pomarrosa , yambo , (GRIN) ) ] Myrtaceae Syzygiumjambos (L.) Alston [(syn: Caryophyllusjambos (L.) Stokes, Eugenia jambos L. (basionym) (GRIN) ) ] 2. A shrub or tree growing 8 to 15 meters ( 25 to 50 feet) tall and 50 centimeters (20 inches) in diameter

. The width is usually greater than the height of the tree. Native to the East Indies, the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia

. The crown is dense , wide, and spreading ; Branches ar e slender, wide

- spreading and low

. The trunk is cylindrical to quadrangular in shape and twisted at the base. Bark is grayish to pale

-brown , smooth and furrowed

. Leaves are evergreen, leathery, glossy, dark

- green, opposite, lanceolate , oblong

- lanceolate or narrow - elliptic in shape, pointed at the tip, 10 to 23 centimeters ( 4 to 9 inches ) long by 2.5 to 6 centimeters ( 1 to 2.5 inches ) wide. Young leaves are pinkish in color. The leaf stalk is 0. 5 to 1 .3 centimeters (0.2 to 0.5 inch) long. Creamy

- white or greenish

-white sweetly

- scented flowers are borne in large, showy terminal clusters of 4 to 5 on the tip s of twigs or leaf corners . Each flower is 5 to 10 centimeters ( 2 to 4 inches ) wide and contains approximately three hundred , 4 centimeter ( 1.5 inch) long stamens, a 4

- lobed calyx, and 4 concave petals. Pale

-yellow, greenish, whitish or pink

-blushed fruit are round, oval or pear

- shaped, contain a tough green calyx, and measure 4 to 5 centimeters ( 1.5 to 2 inches ) long by 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) in diameter . The skin is smooth and thin. The pulp is crisp, mealy, dry or juicy and yellowish in color; the flavor is sweet and resembles the scent of rose s . T he center of the fruit is hollow an d contains 1 to 4 brown, rough, hard, round seed s that measure 1 to 1.6 centimeter s ( 0.375 to 0.625 inch) thick. The seeds rattle when the fruit is shaken. F ruit do not resemble apple s (MORTON , CRFG , JANICK , PIER). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Trees bloom and fruit sporadically almost all year in Jamaica and Puerto Rico; fruiting occurs less during the summer. In the Bahamas and Flordia, the main season is May to July. In s outhern India, blooming occurs in January and ripening occurs in March to April. In the Circars, ripening occurs in April and May. In c entral India, flowering occurs February to April and ripening occurs June to July. There are also varieties that fruit in February and March . Fruiting occurs in 4 years from seed (MORTON , CRFG). b. Cultivation : Requires tropical to near - tropical cli mate. Prefers elevations of sea

- level to 2,286 meters ( 7,500 feet) , deep, loamy soil , full sun , wet lowland habitats, forests, or moist uplands . In India, trees prefer banks of canals and streams. T o lerates semi

- arid conditions, some w ind, cool coastal condtions, sand to limestone soils with little org anic matter , and temperatures to 4 ° C ( 25 ° F )

. Does not tolerate prolonged drought. M ostly propagated by seed. S ome ve getative propagation has been conducted including air

- layering, cuttings, and veneer grafting

. Trees take up a large amount of space. Fruits bruise e asily and are highly perishable (MORTON , CRFG , PIER). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit are seldom marketed (MORTON). d. Preparation for cooking: Consumed fresh mostly by children; fruit can be stewed with sugar and served as dessert or cooked with custards or puddings . Hollow fruit may be stuffed with rice and meat mixtures and baked. F ruit can be processed into jam or je lly or preserved with other fruits; can be made into a syru

p and used in sauce s or drinks. Halved or sliced fruit are candied in Jamaica . In s outheast Asia, fruit are dipped in soy or fish sauce. F lowers are candied (MORTON ; CRFG , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ). e. Nutritional aspects: The seeds, roots, stems, bark and leaves are said to be poisonous ; fruit have very low nutritional value (MORTON , JANICK).**Page 159**  f. Medicinal aspects: In India, f ruit is used as a tonic for the brain and liver and as a diuretic; sweetened flowers are used to reduce fevers; seeds are used to cure diarrhea and reduce excess mucus . In Nicaragua, an infusion of the roasted, powdered seeds are used to aid diabetics . In Colombia, the seeds are used as an anesthetic. Al eaf decoction is used to a id sore eyes; it also serves a diuretic, expect orant, fever

-reducer, itch reliever, and treatment for rheumatism. The bark is used to induce vomiting and relieve asthma and bronchitis. In Cuba, roots are used to cure epilepsy (MORTON). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Florida, Hawaii , Puerto Ri co, Virgin Islands ; naturalized in the S outheastern United States ; grown as an ornamental in California ; no yield data is available (GRIN , MORTON ). 5. Other production regions: East and West Indies , Indonesia, Malaya; cultivated and naturalized in many parts of India, Sri Lanka, former Indochina, and the Pacific Islands; naturalized in South Africa, w est tropical Africa including Ghana, the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba and Reunion, Southeast Asia, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, tropical Southern America, Mascarenes, Seychelles and Galapagos , Australia ; in India, a single mature tree can yield 2 kilograms ( 5 pounds ) of fruit each season (GRIN , MARKLE , MORTON , CRFG , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ). 6. Use: Fresh fruit, jam s and jelly and c andied ; medicinal purposes, ornamental, weed ; invasive in some areas ; living fence around coffee plantations ; fruits are used to make rosewater; branches are used to make hoops for sugar casks and baskets in Puerto Rico; bark is used for tanning and yields a brown dye; wood i s used for furniture, spokes for wheels, kn ee s for boats, beams for construction, frames for musical instruments, general turnery, and packing cases ; fuelwood; wood for charcoal; e ssential oil from the leaves is used in the perfume indu stry; flowers are a source of nectar for bees (GRIN , MARKLE , MORTON , JANICK , PIER). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (MORTON). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0309) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MORTON , PLANTS DATABASE, MARKLE, CRFG, JANICK, PIER, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SYZJA**Page 160**  1. **Rumberry** [( arazá

- de

- água, camu

- cam u (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh [(syn: Myrciaria paraensis O. Berg, Psidium dubium Kunth (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A low

- growing bushy shrub reaching a height of 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet). Grows throughout the Amazon rainforest in swampy or flooded areas. The evergreen opposite leaves are l arge, lanceolate to elliptic in shape, bushy and feathery. Individual leaves are 3 to 20 centimeters (1 to 8 inches) in length and 1 to 2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inches) wide. F ragrant flowers are small and have waxy white petals. S mall, red to purple f

ruits are round berries that measure 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) in diameter. The cherry

- like fruit contains smooth, leathery skin. Fruit is extremely high in vitamin C content. Because the flavor of the fruit is sour and acidic, the fruit is usu ally prepared into drinks and ice creams (WIKIPEDIA, TRADE WINDS, RAIN

- TREE, PENN, RAINFORESTCONSERVATION). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Harvests are seasonal and occur once per year, in synchrony with the annual cycle of precipitation. Plants flower at the end of the dry season and fruit at the peak of the rainy season (WIKIPEDIA). b. Cultivation: T he tree naturally occurs in locally dense populations or even monospecific stands in Amazonian flood plains and riparian vegetation. The plant is tolerant of flooding and can withstand 4 to 5 months with the roots submerged in water. Fruit from wild trees is harvested directly into canoes. The tree is relatively easy to cultivate. Plants survive best in hot, damp tropical climates, with large amounts of rainfall, but can grow in the subtropics, surviving temperatures just above freezing. P ropagation is through seed. Inc ultivation, the tree begins bearing fruit after 4 to 6 years. Suggested planting densities are 600 to 1,100 trees/ha (WIK IPEDIA). c . Availablity in the marketplace: The fruit has only recently come into large

- scale cultivation and sale to the world market. Japan is the major buyer. The high vitamin C content of the fruit has created a demand for the fruit in the natural products market. Herbal supplement companies in the United States are marketing rumberry extracts in powders and pills (WIKIPEDIA, RAIN

- TREE). d. Preparation for cooking: Due to the acidity and sour taste, the fruit must be prepared using a blender, dilution in milk/water and addition of sugar (WIKIPEDIA). e. Nutritional aspects: The fruit provides up to 2 grams (0.1 ounce) of vitamin C per 100 grams (4 ounces) of fruit. In comparison to oranges, the fruit provides thirty times more vitamin C, ten times more i ron, three times more niacin, twice as much riboflavin, and 50% more phosphorus. The fruit contains a significant source of potassium. It also has a full complement of minerals and amino acids that can aid in the absorption of vitamin C. In addition to the chemicals mentioned above, the fruit contains beta

- carotene, calcium, leucine, protein, serine, thiamin, and valine (RAIN

- TREE). f. Medicinal aspects: Herbal supplement companies market the fruit as a cure for viral infections, colds/flu, cold sores, autoimmune disorders and weight loss. The fruit contains vitamins, minerals, and amino acids that help with the absorption and efficient uptake of vitamin C (RAIN

- TREE). g. Crop Photos: 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other commercial productio n regions: Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Peru. Wild trees have been found to yield an average of 9,000 to 12,000 kilograms (19,842 to 26,455 pounds) per hectare. Planting densities of 600 to 1,100 trees per hectare yield about 12 tonnes (13 tons) of fruit. With new techniques, higher yields can be achieved (GRIN, WIKIPEDIA). 6. Use: B everage base, fruit, medicinal purposes (GRIN). 7. Part( s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (WIKIPEDIA). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled : Whole fruit

.**Page 161**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and sub tropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 006 A ssorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- in edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, WIKIPEDIA, TRADE WINDS, RAIN

- TREE, PENN, RAINFORESTCONSERVATION. 11. Production map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 162**  **540** 1. **Sea grape**  [ ( Jamaican kino, platterleaf, shore sea

- grape, raisinier bord de mer, Meertraubenbaum, uva - da

-praia, cocoloba, uva

- do

- mar, uva caleta, uva de pl aya, uvero (GRIN) ) ] Polygonaceae Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. 2. An evergreen low shrub or spreading tree growing to a height of 10 to 15 meters (33 to 49 feet) and a width of 6 to 9 meters ( 20 to 30 feet)

. Native to s outhern Florida, the Bahamas, and the West Indies

. Unpruned tree s are vase - shaped and multiple

- stemmed. The trunk is contorted, stout and grows 0.6 meter ( 2 feet) in diameter. Bark is thin, smooth, flaking and pale grey to light brown with light blotches. The canopy is symmetrical , branches are thick and smooth, and t he foliage is lush . Leaves are large, broad, alternate, simple, entire, stiff, leathery, rounded to heart

- shaped and 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long by 7 to 17 centimeters (3 to 7 inches) wide. Each leaf has a sheath that surrounds the stem at the point of insertion and each blade contain s reddish veins. New leaves are bronze in c olor. Old l eaves turn red before falling. Flowers are borne on 10 to 30 centimeter (4 to 12 inches) long hanging terminal or lateral racemes. Each flower is fragrant, greenish

-white, small, and 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) wide. Male and female flowers are lo cated on different plants. Bees and insects are the main pollinators. Red, purple or off

-white fruit are spherical, pear

- shaped, or ovoid berries that grow in clusters. Each fruit measure s 1 to 2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inch) in diameter. Aprroximately 40 to 50 fruit are contained in one cluster and have the appearance of a bunch of grapes

. The skin is thin and velvety. Each fruit contain s one elliptical

- shaped nut that contains a short sharp point on one end and measures 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) long. Clusters do not ripen simulataneously. The flavor is sweet, acid , bland or musky (PERENNIAL , JANICK , GILMAN 175 , FED , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , BARWICK). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Flowering takes place throughout the year, but most commonly from January to August. Ripening occurs from March to October. Fr uit deveolop and ripen in 2 months. F ruit is produced in 4 to 8 years from seed and 2 to 3 years from cuttings (JANICK). b. Cultivation: Requires warm tropical lowlands, coastal areas , full sun and elevations from sea level to 1,000 meters (3,281 feet). Grows on rocky to sandy shores , coastal woodlands, and forms thickets on dunes. Rarely grows inland. Thrives on slightly t o moderate ly alkaline, well

- drained, loamy sands. Also grows on rocky calcareous soils and other freely

- drained soils. Tolerant of a wide range of rainfall (50 to 150 centimeters (20 to 59 inches) ) , partial shade, a variety of soil conditions, dry season s of up to 8 months, salt spray and drought

. Not tolerant of excessive humidity and extended periods of frost. Young trees are inju red when temperatures reach 0 ° C (32 ° F)

. M ature tree s tolerate temperatures of

- 5 ° C (23 ° F) for short periods of time. Grows slowly in windy locations. Propagation is by seed, air layering, ground layering, veneer grafting and hardwood cuttings

. Seeds should be planted in or on light

- textured, well

- drained soil; germination occurs in 18 to 5 0 days. Transplanting occur s in 4 to 5 months, when the plant is 15 centimeters (6 inches) tall. During the seedling stage, plants should be watered well and placed in a sunny location protected from wind. Pruning and training should be done during the first ten years. A complete fertilizer should be applied 2 to 3 times per year. Currently, the fruit is no t grown commercially. It is harvested from the wild. Fruit are picked individually, sin ce ripening is not simultaneous in clusters (PERENNIAL , JANICK , GILMAN 175 , FED ). c. Av ailability in the marketplace: Not commercially produced ; viewed as “exotic” (JANICK , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC ). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh; made into jelly , preserves, ice cream, sherbets or wine (PERENNIAL , JANICK , FED ). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit pulp is low in fat (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: Fruit juice is used to reduce fevers. Bark resins ar e used to treat throat problems. The root is used used to aid dysentery (JANICK). g. Crop photos**Page 163**  4. Production in U.S.: Home gardens along the Gulf Coast ; Florida ; ornamental in Hawaii ; no yield data is available (GRIN , MARKLE , FED ). 5. Other production regions: Tropical America, along the American Atlantic, the Pacific Coasts of the trop ics and subtropics between 25 °N and 10 ° S, the Antilles, Mexico, Central America, South America, the Caribbean ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL , JANICK). 6. Use: The fruit is utilized for making jellies, jams or wine ; eaten out of hand as a fresh fruit. Itis widely used as an ornamental in coastal areas; erosion control and dune stabilization , windbreak, bonsai, hedge , ground cover ; medicinal purposes ; wood is used to make furniture, cabinetry and ships; wood is used to make charcoal and serves as firewood ; bark resins are used in tanning and dyeing; the plant is a good honey producer (GRIN , GILMAN 175, PERENNIAL , JANICK , FED , BARWICK). 7. Part(s) of pl ant consumed: Whole fruit (JANICK). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0310) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE , PERENNIAL, JANICK, GILMAN 175, FED , NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC , BARWICK

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE)

. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: CODUV**Page 164**  **541** 1. **Sentul** [ ( donka , kechapi, sentul , red santol, sentol , faux mangoustan , sandorique, Sandoribaum, santol (GRIN) ) ] Meliaceae Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr. [ ( s yn: Melia koetjape Burm. f. (basionym), Sandoricum indicum Cav. (GRIN) ) ] 2. A large , semi

- deciduous , fast

- growing tree that reaches a height of 15 to 45 meters (49 to 148 feet)

. Native to Southeast Asia. T ree s contain milky sap. The trunk is smooth and straight and the bark is pale

. Older trees are buttressed. Young branches and leaves are hairy. Ol der branches hang close to the ground. Leaves are glossy, green on the upper surface, light green on the lower surface, spirally

- arranged, and compound

. Each l ea f contain s three leaflets on long petioles that are elliptic, oblong or oblong

- ovate in shape , pointed at the apex and 10 to 25 centimeters ( 4 to 10 inches ) long. Margins on leaflets are entire

. Before falling, leaves turn turn re d. F lowers are borne in 10 to 3 0 centimeter (4 to 12 inch) long loose stalked panicles in the axils of young shoots. Each slightly scented , pale green , greenish white , yellowish or pinkish

-yellow flower contains 5 sepals, 5 reflexed petals, and united stamens that form a fleshy tube of ten anthers. Fl owers measure 1 .2 centimeters (0.5 inch) wide by 0.5 centimeters (0. 2 inch) long. Golden yellow to y ello w - orange fruit is a spherical or oblate firm berry that measures 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches) in diameter and weighs 50 to over 300 grams (2 to 11 ounces)

. The skin is pubescent at maturity , smooth or wrinkled , thin or thick, and emits a slightly milky juice when damaged

. The fruit peduncle is attached to a shallow cavity. Immature fruit are green. T he outer pericarp is thick, tough and leathery, while the inner aril is soft, white, translucent, juicy and fibrous. T he flavor is sour, sweet or subacid

. Each fruit contains 3 to 5 large brown triangular

- shaped seeds that measure 1

. 5 to 2 cent imeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) long. The two types of sentuls are the Yellow and the Red. The Red is more common than the Y ellow. A popular tropical Asian fruit (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs from April to May in Florida. In other are a s, flowering occurs for a period of 3 months, following leaf shed. Flowers open from 6 to 8 p.m. Fruit maturation occurs in approximately 120 days to 6 months

. Fruit ripens from August to September in Florida, June to July in the Malayan Peninsula, and July to October in the Philippines. Asexually propagated trees bear fruit 3 to 5 years after pla nting (PERENNIAL , JANICK). b. Cultivation : Requires hot, wet tropical lowlands with fertile medium

- acid soil. Does best in a wet monsoonal climate wi th average temperatures of 22 ° C (72 ° F) , and well

- drained soi l s with a pH of 6.5. A backyard tree in tropical Asia and a semi

-wild tree in second

- growth forests. Grown with other fruit trees; not grown as a monoculture. Tolerates drought, areas with annual rainfall of 80 centimeters (32 inches) , cold, a variety of soils, and temperatur es up to 40 ° C (104 ° F)

. Large mature trees tolerate light frost. Trees can recov er from severe damage from

- 3 ° C (27 ° F) frosts. Can survive at elevations up to 1,200 meters (3,937 feet)

. Propagation is by seed, inarching, approach grafting, cleft grafting, shield budding, and air layering

. Se eds are prepared for planting by rubbing the seed coat with sand and washing with water. Seeds must be planed fresh or viability is lost. Germination occurs in 20 to 23 days. Propagation by seed may produce undesirable fruit. Seedlings can be used as rootstocks in less than one ye ar. Trees that are asexually propagated are smaller and bushier. Trees should be planted at the start of the rainy season in a field that is deep ly ploughed and harrowed. Before transplanting, old leaves should be removed and leaves left on the trees sh ould be pruned to half their size to lower the transpiration rate. Pruning should also be done before fruiting to develop the main branching system and a low, spreading crown. Spacing should be 8 by 8 meters (26 by 26 feet) to 14 by 14 meters (46 by 46 f eet) . W indbreaks should be placed near the trees. Good fruit are cultivated by regulating fruit load and wrapping young fruit . Fruit are harvested when ripe or when the skin turns yellow. Harvesting is accomplished by knocking the fruit down with a lon g bamboo pole into a net and transferring the fruit into a basket. The storage life is 3 weeks at 8 ° C (46 ° F) and a humidity of 90% (PERENNIAL , JANICK). c. Availability in the marketplace: F ruit are sold in local markets . Marmalade is exported from the**Page 165**  Philippines to Oriental food dealers in the U.S. and elsewhere (MORTON). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh without peeling ; can be preserved or processed into candy, chutney, jelly, marmalade and preserves

. In Bangkok, peeled fruit is consumed with a chilli sauce and in India fruit is consumed with a number of spices. P reserving occurs by paring and quartering the fruit, cooking it in syrup, and placing it in jars. Young fruit are candied by paring the fruit, removing the seeds, boiling the fruit in water, and boiling the fruit a second time in sugar. In the Philippines, fruit are peeled by dipping the fruit in hot water for 2 minutes, a lye solutio n at 93 ° C ( 200 ° F ) fo r 3 to 5 minutes, and a cold water bath . Following this process, fruit are commercially preserved. Very ripe fruit are fermented with rice to create an alcoholic drink (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON ). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit is high in carbohydrates, fair in iron and low in calcium (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspe cts: Pounded bark is used to treat ringworm; leaf decoctions are used to reduce fevers and itching ; root infusions and decoctions are used as a general tonic and in treating diarrhea, and spasm s ; stem bark is used to treat colic

. Pulp is used as an astri ngent (JANICK, MORTON)

. g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Grows well in S outh Florida ; no yield data is available (MORTON). 5. Other production regions: Tropical and Southeast Asia, Malesia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines) , former Indochina including Cambodia and Southern Laos, the Malay Peninsula, India, the Andaman Islands, the Moluccas, Mauritius ; cultivated elsewhere in the tropics

. Experimental data indicates that annual yields can reach up to 14 tonnes (15 tons) per hectare . Mature trees produce up to 22.5 tonnes (25 tons) of fruit per hectare

. In the Philippines in 1991 , there were over 1.6 million productive trees (GRIN , PERENNIAL , JANICK). 6. Use: The fruit is usually consumed raw without peeling. With the seeds removed, the fruit is made into jam or jelly; fruit is preserved; ornamental, backyard tree, provider of shade/shelter , medicinal purposes; in the Philippines bark is used in tanning fishing lines; wood i s used to make house

-posts, barrels, cabinets, boats, carts, sandals, and household items; firewood (GRIN , MARKLE , JANICK , MORTON ). 7. Part(s) of pl ant consumed: Whole fruit (MORTON). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class:Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel. b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 006 (FI 0364) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- inedible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MORTON, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK. 11. Production M ap: EPA Crop Production Region 3. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SNOKO**Page 166**  1. **Sete**
**- capotes**  [( sete

- capas, marmelero, siete capotes (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg [(syn: Britoa sellowiana O. Berg (GRIN))] 2. A tree that grows 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) tall. Native to Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. Leaves are marked with deep depressions, or lobes. Yellow

- green fruit is round and measures 2.5 centimeters in diameter. The skin is velvety. The flavor is sour (E

- JARDIM). 3. Crop Data: a. Season : Fruiting occurs in 3 to 4 years from seed (E

- JARDIM). b. Cultivation : Requires subtropical climates, full sun and well

- drained soil rich in organic matter. Grown along the Alto Uruguay River, the Araucaria Forest and the Santa Catarina Highlands. Tolerates tropical climates. In warmer climates, trees should be placed in partial shade locations. Trees should be fertilized regularly (E

- JARDIM). c. Availabil ity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh; may be processed into juice and ice cream (E

- JARDIM)

. e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay ; no yi eld data is available (GRIN). 6. Use: Ornamental, fruit (GRIN). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel. b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted trop ical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, E

- JARDIM. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Pl ant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry**Page 167**  1. **Silver a spen**  Rutaceae Acronychia wilcoxiana (F. Muell.) T.G. Hartley 2. A small , bushy tree growing up to 9 meters (30 feet) high. Native to the Australian rainforests. Leaves are shiny, smooth, dark green, 1

- foliolate, obovate, oblanceolate, or oblong

- elliptic in shape, and 6 to 22 centimeters (2 to 9 inches) long by 2.5 to 9 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) wide. T he apex of the leaf is rounded, pointed , or notched. T he base is wedge or heart

- shaped

. T he petiole is 0.6 to 3 centimeters (0.2 to 1.2 inches) long. Inflorescence s are 4 to 6.5 centimeters (1.6 to 2.6 inches) long. Each whitish flower contains 0. 1 2 to 0.3 cent imeter (0.05 to 0.1 inch) long sepals and 0.85 to 1 cent imeter (0 .3 to 0.4 inch) long petals. White f ruit are broad

- ovoid to round in shape , 4 to 5 lobed, deeply furrowed between carpels when dry, grown in clusters at the end of branches and 0. 8 to 2 centimeters (0.3 to 0.8 inch) in diameter. The skin is smooth or contains an apical tuft of hairs. Fruit may contain small ridges and waxy skin (HARDEN , DALEYSFRUIT, GOEBEL ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering occurs during autumn (HARDEN). b. Cultivation : Grown in coastal rainforest s , further inland in subtropical rainforests , north from Gosford district or in coastal areas with full sun and adequate water . Fruit is planted in plantations and colle cted wild fro m rainforest areas (HARDEN , DALEYSFRUIT, GOEBEL ). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit is sold commercially as juice (GOEBEL). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed as juice, wines and sauces. Seeds are not consumed (GOEBEL). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop photos 4. Pro duction in U.S.: No data. 5. Other production regio ns: Australian rainforests , New South Wales, Queensland, coastal regions; approximately 100 hectares (247 acres) are grown (HARDEN , GOEBEL ). 6. Use: F ruit (GOEBEL). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GOEBE L). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel. b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, HARDEN, DALEYSFRUIT , GOEBEL. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No entry

.**Page 168**  **578** 1. **Starfruit** [ (Belimbing manis, carambola, carambolier , Karambole, Sternfrucht, carambolo (GRIN, MARKLE))] Oxalidaceae; also placed in: Averrhoaceae Averrhoa carambola L. 2. A small, slow

- growing, short

- trunked, bushy deciduous tropical tree reaching a height of 8 to 9 meters (26 to 30 feet). Native to Indochina, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The tree contains a rounded top and a smooth, grayish to dark trunk. The dark green leaves are alternate, petiolate and pinnate and may reach 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 10 inches). Each leaf consists of 5 to 11 medium

- green pinnate opposite leaflets that are ovoid, ovate

- lanceolate, or oblong elliptic and range in size from 3.8 to 9 centimeters (1.5 to 3.5 inches) long. Leaflets are sensitive to light and fold together at night. Re d

- stalked lilac purple

- streaked downy flowers measuring 6 mm (0.25 inch) wide are found in small clusters on the twigs and in the axils of the leaves during much of the year. Fruits are showy, oblong, and longitudinally 5 to 6 angled, growing 6.35 to 16 c entimeters (0.5 to 6 inches) long and up to 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) wide. The skin is thin, waxy, and orange - yellow at maturity. The yellow flesh is juicy and crisp. Slices cut in cross section are the shape of a star. T he flavor ranges from sour to mildly sweet, resembling apples. Three to 15 flat, thin brown seeds are present in the fruit. The fruit is consumed in many dishes; the tree is used as an ornamental; there are many medicinal uses (MARKLE, MORTON, NAKASONE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: In India, the fruit is available in September and October and again in December and January. In Malaya, fruit s are produced all year. In Florida, scattered fruits are found throughout the year, but the main crop matures from l ate summer to early winter. Some trees have fruited heavily in November and December and again in March and April. Weather conditions account for variability. In many areas, trees have several cycles of flowers and fruit during the year. Fruit take twe lve to sixteen weeks to develop fully from flowering. Fruits fall to the ground when ripe. For marketing and shipping, fruits are hand

-picked while pale

- green with a touch of yellow. Fruits bruise easily (MORTON, MARKLE , VAN WYK, BARWICK, CULL )

. b. Cul tivation : Grown in tropical and subtropical areas. Mature trees can tolerate freezing temperatures for short periods of time. T hrives in full sun, at elevations of up to 1,200 meters (4,000 feet); requires evenly distributed rainfall of 180 centimeters (70 inches) per year. Prefers well

- drained, rich clay loam soils. Propagated from seed, grafting, budding and air layering. Seeds germinate in damp peat moss in one week during the summer months or 14 to 18 days in the winter. For mass production, side

-veneer grafting of mature, purplish wood onto starfruit seedlings is used. Plants are spaced 4 to 9 meters (13 to 30 feet) apart (MORTON, CULL, VAN WYK). c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruits were once viewed as a curiosity in the U.S.; today some small groves have been established and the fruits are used as “conversation pieces” to decorate gift shipments and appear in the produce sections of some supermarkets. Many U.S. shipments go to Vancouver, Quebec, Cleavand, and Disneyworld. Small amount s are sold locally. Fruits have been shipped successfully without refrigeration from Florida to northern cities. Waxing extends storage l ife and preserves vitamin value. The shelf life of the fruit is seven to twenty days. Fruit are available in the su

btropics from late summer through to late winter (MORTON , CULL )

. d. Preparation for cooking: The whole fruit (skin, seeds, pulp) can be consumed. The sweet varieties (Arkin, Fwang Tung, Thai Knight and Maha) are eaten fresh after slicing in salads and as garnishes . The tart varieties (Golden Star, Thayer, Newcombe, Star King) are mainly used for cooking . These varieties are cooked in puddings, tarts, stews, and curries. In Thailand, green fruits are boiled with shrimp. Underripe fruits are salted, pickled or made into jam. In China, fruit are sliced lengthwise and canned in sirup for export. In Queesnland, the sweeter varieties are cooked green as a vegetable. Cr oss - sections of the fruit are covered with honey, allowed to stand overnight, are cooked briefly and put into jars. A relish is made of chopped unripe fruits combined with horseradish, celery, vinegar, and seasonings. Fruits are also dried and candied. Fruits are used as a substitute for apples in recipes. Starfruit juice is prepared into drinks. Starfruit flowers are acid and**Page 169**  added to salads or made into preserves. Leaves are eaten as a substitute for sorrel (MARKLE , MORTON, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC )

. e. Nutritional aspects: The oxalic acid content of ripe starfruit may adversely affect some individuals. Starfruits are good sources of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, potassium, iron, carotenoids, and nicotinamide (MORTON, LAMBERTS, VAN WYK). f. Medicinal aspects: In India, ripe fruit is used to halt hemorrhages; the Chinese use the fruit as antidote for high blood pressure; In Thailand, the fruit is used to reduce blood sugar levels in diabetics; in Indonesia, it is used to alleviate hypertension, gingivitis, and acne; dried fruit or juice is taken to counteract fevers; a conserve of the fruit is used to reduce gastrointestinal, kidney and bladder problems and hangovers; an ointment made from the fruit is said to relieve eye afflications and skin conditions. The leaves, flowers, bark, roots and seeds are also used medicinally (MORTON, BARWICK). g. Crop photos

. 4. Production in U.S.: The majority of domestic production is from Florida. One fruit grower and shipper has 20 hectares (50 acres) planted. Fruit from Hawaii (14 hectares (35 acres) in 1994) must be treated prior to shipment to the mainland. Approximately 0.9 tonnes (1 ton) of fruit was harvested from Guam in 1992; some production occurs in California. The current annual estimated value of this crop is $1.5 million (MARKLE, MORTON, CRFG, LAMBERTS). 5. Other commercial production regions: All tropical regions of the world; Indonesia, the Moluccas, the West Indies, some of the South Pacific islands, the provinces of Fukien, Kuangtung and Kuangsi in south ern China, Sri Lanka. Main production occurs in Taiwan, Malaysia, Brazil, Guyana, India, the Philippines, Australia, Israel, Florida, and Hawaii. Individual trees that receive adequate horticultural attention have yielded 45 to 500 kilograms (100 to 1,10 2 pounds) of fruit. Yields of 100 to 250 kilograms (220 to 551 pounds) per tree per year are common when there are two to three crops per year; no statistics are currently available about world production. H owever, overall commercial carambola planting i n the world is no more than 10,000 hectares (24,711 acres) (GRIN, MARKLE, MORTON, VAN WYK, JANICK). 6. Use: Sweet varieties are eaten fresh or used in salads, garnishes, and juices. Tart varieties are used for cooking; flowers and leaves are consumed; unripe fruit has high oxalate content and can be used to remove rust and clean metals; also used in place of a conventional mordant in dyeing; wood used for furniture; medicinal purposes (GRIN, MARKLE, MORTON). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0289) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edib le peel d. EPA Crop Def

inition: Guava = Starfruit 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, CULL, BARWICK, MARKLE, MORTON, NAKASONE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, LAMBERTS, VAN WYK, JANICK. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3, 10 and 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: AVRCA**Page 170**  **589** 1. **Surinam Cherry** [ (Cayenne cherry, Brazil

- cherry, cerisier carré , cerisier de Cayenne , Cayennekirsche, Surinamkirsche, pitanga

- da

-praia , pitanga

- mulata , pitanga

-roxa , pitanga

- vermelha , cerezo de Cayena , nagapiry, pitang a (GRIN, MARKLE))] Myrtaceae Eugenia uniflora L. [(syn: Eugenia brasiliana (L.) Aubl., Eugenia michelii Lam. (GRIN))] 2. An evergreen shrub or small multi

- trunked tree with a spreading growth habit , reaching a height of 6 to 10 meters (20 to 33 feet)

. Native to Surinam, Guyana, French Guiana, Southern Brazil, and Uruguay. B ranches are slender. Young stems and leaves are bright red to bronze and may contain red hairs . Dark green leaves are small, simple, opposite, short

-petioled, shiny, resinously aro matic, ovate, lanceolate or ovate

- lanceolate in shape, blunt to sharp

-point ed, and 2.5 to 8 centimeters (1 to 3 inches) long by 1.3 to 2 centimeters (0.5 to 0.75 inch) wide. In cold, dry weather, leaves turn red. Flowers are borne on long slender stalks in the leaf axils and occur singly or in clumps of up to four. Each small , fragrant creamy white flower contains 4 delicate, recurved petals and 50 to 60 white stamens with yellow anthers . Individual flowers measure 1 centimeter ( 0.375 inch) in diameter. Bright red, deep scarlet red, dark purplish maroon, purpl e or black fruit is an oblate to depressed

- gl obose berry that is seven - eight

-ribbed, and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) in diameter. Fruit are cherry

- like and are connected to slender stal ks. Immature fruit is green to orange. T he peel is very thin and smooth . Each fruit contains one large seed or up to seven small seeds. T he pulp is orange to orange

-red in color, soft and juicy. The flavor is sweet, spicy, acid, tangy , or resinou s. T he two main cultivars are red

- colored fruit and a less resionous, sweet, dark

-purple or black fruit (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON , FLEPPC ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: In Florid a and the Bahamas, flowering mainly occurs from March to May; occasional blooming occurs during other times of the year. In Brazil, flow e ring occurs in September and December. Flowers are borne on the previous season’s growth or the basal part of the current season’s shoots. Flowering last s 6 to 8 we eks. In Florida and the Bahamas, fruit is harvested from March and April to May and June and again in September through November. In California, harvesting occurs late summer. In Brazil, fruit is harvested in October and again in January. In Israel, ha rvesting occurs in May. In many parts of Hawaii, frui ting occurs year

-round. In many areas, there are two fruit crops per year; some trees produce multiple crops per year. F ruit matures in 3 weeks to 50 days. Flowering and fruiting begins 2 to 6 years after planting (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LOVE, MORTON). b. Cultivation: Requires tropical to warm subtropical climates, full sun to partial shade, and medium to high rainfall. Found growing along stream s, river banks, and the edges of forests in Brazil. Grows at elevations of sea level to 1,800 meters (5,906 feet) . Favors deep loamy soil. Tolerates a variety of well

- drained soil conditions including sand, sandy loam, stiff clay, and limestone

-based soil s, long dry seasons, periodic floo ding, temperatures down to

- 6 ° C (21 ° F) , and light frost. Not tolerant of saline conditions. Propagation is by seed, marcottage, air

- layering, or veneer or cle ft grafting . Germination occurs within 3 to 4 weeks after removal from the fruit. Seedlings are used for rootstocks of Surinam cherry. Trees should be planted 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet) apart or in hedgerows with an in

-row spacing of 1 to 2 meters (3 to 7 feet) and a between

-row spacing of 5 meters ( 16 feet)

. During the first 5 years of growth, trees should not be pruned. For ornamental purposes, trees are pruned into square hedges. For fresh consumption, fruit should be harvested and immediately packaged when fully ripe. Following harvesting, fruit should be chilled immediately. For jelly manufacturing, fruit are harvested when orange or orange

-red in color. Fruit is easily damaged and the postharvest shelf life is short. With refrigeration, shelf life is 14 days. Fruit has commercial potential as a processed fruit (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LOVE, MORTON). c. Availability in the marketplace: C urrently, fresh fruit is only available at l ocal markets

. T he only commercial production is in Brazil and India. However, the demand for the fruit is increasing. Curr ently, most fruit products are made in the home (JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, MORTON). d. Preparation for cooking : F ruit is consumed fresh after picking. T o reduce the resinous flavor, the**Page 171**  fruit is cut open, the seeds are removed, the fruit is sprinkled with s ugar, and it is chilled for 2 to 3 hours. F ruit is also used fresh in fruit salads and processed into jellies, jams, pickles, juices, candies, ice cream, sorbets, marmalade, syrup, vinegar and wine; preserved whole in syrup. F ruit is placed in pies, chutneys, sauces, curries, puddings, custards, relish , and distilled liquor (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON). e. Nutritional aspects: F ruit is low in sugar ; good source of carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, and iodine. The f

ruit contains a large quantity of antioxidants including lycopene, beta

- cryptoxanthin, gamma - carotene, and rubixanthin. Seeds are toxic (JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE). f. Medicinal aspects: In B razil, a leaf infusion is made to aid stomach ailments and reduce f ever s; used as an astringent. In Surinam, leaf decoctions are taken as a cold remedy and fever reducer. Leaves produce essential oils (LOVE). g. Crop photos 4. Production in U.S.: Hawaii, California and Florida as a small bush

- like tree or hedge; natura lized in the Southeastern United States, Puerto Rico, Samoa , and the U.S. Virgin Islands ; yields of trees in Hawaii have varied from 2.7 kilograms ( 6 pounds ) from a 4

- year - old tree to 11 kilograms ( 24 pounds ) from a 6 meter ( 20

- foot) untrimmed wild tree. Average yields range from 2.7 to 3.6 kilograms ( 6 to 8 pounds ) per plant per year (GRIN, MORTON, JANICK , FLEPPC , LOVE ). 5. Other production regions: South America including Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Surinam, Guyana and French Guiana; Southeast Asia, s outhern China, along the Atlantic coast of Central America, India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Israel, Italy; cultivated elsewhere in the tropics; naturalized in South Africa, Australia, and the West Indie s. In India, the yield is approximately 2.7 to 3.6 kilograms (6 to 8 pounds) per plant. T he highest yield was recorded in Israel and was 11 kilograms (24 pounds) from one untrimmed plant. The approximate yield from a Brazilian test plot was 7 kilograms ( 15.4 pounds ) per tree per year. S ome plants produce up to 10 kilograms (22 pounds) of fruit per year (GRIN, JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON). 6. Use: consumed as fresh fruit; jams, jelly, relish, pickles or sherbet; grown in plantations; grown as an ornamental or hedge plant; medicinal purposes, weed (potential seed contaminant); invasive species; leaves are spread over floors of Brazilian homes to repel flies; bark contains tannin and can be used for treating leather; flowers are a source of pollen for bees (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, LOVE, MORTON). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit (GRIN). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0311) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEO GRAPHIC, MORTON, FLEPPC

. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3, 10 and 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: EUEUN**Page 172**  **599** 1. **Tamarind** [ (Indian date, Indian tamarind, kilytree, tamarin, tamarindier, tamariner, Tamarinde, Tamarindenbaum, tamarindeiro, tâmara

- da

- Índia, tamarinda, tamarindo

- do

- Egito, tamarino, tamarindo (GRIN, MARKLE))] Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); also placed in: Caesalpiniaceae Tamarindus indica L. 2. A large, compact, semi

- deciduous, slow

- growing, graceful tree that reaches a height of 10 to 30 meters (33 to 98 feet). Native to Tropical Central Africa. Trees have a deep extensive root system with a long taproot. Sapwood is light yellow and moderately soft. Heartwood is dark, purplish

-brown, hard and heavy. The trunk is short, stout, and up to 7.5 meters (25 feet) in diameter. T rees are often multistemmed. Branches are strong, symmetrical, pliable, and drooping at the ends. Bark is light grey, dark grey or brown in color, strongly fissured, rough, and scaly on the trunk. Bark is smooth on the branches. When damaged, a blood

-red gum exudes from the trunk and branches. T he crown is large, deep

- seated, spreading, and u p to 12 meters (39 feet) in diameter. Bluish green to bright green fine feathery leaves are alternate, thick, even, and pinnately compound with two terminal leaflets. The rachis is 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long. Each leaf contains 6 to 20 pai rs of opposite leaflets that are narrowly oblong, unequal, entire, rounded to almost square, slightly notched at the tip with a tuft of yellow hairs, rounded at the base, pale underneath, and 1.2 to 3.2 by 0.3 to 1.1centimeters (0.5 to 1.3 by 0.1 to 0.4 centimeters) in size. Leaves fold in at night. Small, short, drooping, branched inflorescence racemes are borne in the axils of the branches, are contained in groups of 5 to 10, and measure 5 to 13 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) long. Individual flowers are 2 to 2.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) in diameter, showy, fragrant, and contain four unequal, ovate, pink, cream or pale yellow sepals (up to 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long), 5 oblong, white, cream, pale yellow or pinkish (streaked with red, orange or yell ow) petals (posterior and lateral petals are large and showy, anterior petals are reduced), a calyx, and both female and male reproductive organs. Flowers are cross

-pollinated or self

-pollinated. Cinnamon

- brown, greyish

-brown or light greyish fruit is a pendulous pod that occurs in clusters on new branches. Individual fruit is oblong, sausage

- shaped, curved or straight with rounded ends, heavy, lum

py, flattish, bean

- like, and 5 to 18 centimeters (2 to 7 inches) long by 2.5 to 3 centimeters (1 to 1.2 inch) wide by 2 to 3.2 centimeters (0.8 to 1.3 inch) in diameter. The mature shell (pod) is minutely scaly, rusty velvety, indehiscent, constricted between seeds, and brittle. Immature fruit contain tender shells with green, acid flesh and soft, whitish unde r - developed seeds. Blackish brown, dark golden, reddish brown or rosy brown pulp resembles dried dates, surrounds the seed cavities and is soft, firm, pasty, sticky, fibrous, thick and juicy. The flavor is sweet

- sour. There are two main types of tamarin d, those with sweet pulp and those with sour pulp. Each pod contains one to 12 seeds. Individual reddish or purplish brown seeds are enclosed by a parchment

- like me mbrane, irregular in shape, flattened, rhomboid to obovoid, hard, shiny, and 3 to 10 by 1. 3 centimeters (1.2 to 4 by 0.5 inch) in size. Fruit has been consumed since ancient times (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, LORENZI, MORTON, CRFG, WINROCK). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering can occur several times per year in some tropical locatio ns. Flowering occurs from May to June in Florida, September to October in Brazil, summer in Central America and the West Indies and spring to summer in other locations. Two flowering periods occur in India and Sri Lanka. Fruit development occurs in the rainy season in many locations. Fruiting occurs in summer in Brazil, late spring to summer in California, late summer to fall in Hawaii, and April to June in Central America, Florida, and the West Indies. Fruit matures in 6 to 10 months. Fruit production occurs in 7 to 10 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from vegetative propagation. Trees can produce fruit for up to 200 years (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, LORENZI, MORTON, CRFG). b. Cultivation: Requires hot subtropical to tropical lowlands or humid mons oonal climate, full sun, elevations of sea level to 1,500 meters (4,921 feet), a mean annual rainfall of 50 to 150 centimeters (20 to 59 inches), a dry period (for tamarind fruit development), a maximum annual temperature of 33 to 37 °C (91 to 99 ° F), a mi nimum annual temperature of 9.5 t o 20 °C (49 to 68 ° F), and fertile, deep, well

- drained, slightly acid loamy to alluvial soils. An easily managed tree. Grown in the sub

-**Page 173**  and semi

- arid tropics, stream banks, and dry coastal plains. Thrives in USDA zones 10 to 12. Tolerates a variety of well

- drained soils (sandy soil, clay loam, rocky soils, saline soils, calcareou s soils, sodic soils )

. Large, mature trees are t olerant of frost as low as

- 3 °C (27 ° F), and high temp eratures of up to 47 °C (117 ° F). Propagation is by seed, layering, cuttings, budding, grafting, and micropropagation. Most plants are grown by seed. Seeds remain viable for 6 months to several years when kept in proper storage conditions. Seeds should be planted 1.3 centimeters (1⁄2 inch) deep. Germination occurs in 7 to 25 days. Germination rate is 30 to 92 percent. Soaking seed in cold water and scarifying the seed coat can increase germination percentage. Vegetative propagation can result in good genetic quality, a younger bearing age, and a smaller tree height. After trees reach a height of 80 centimeters (31.5 inches), transplanting should occur during the rainy season. Spacing should be 10 to 20 meters (33 to 66 feet) between trees. Young trees should be pruned to establish th e framework of the tree. M ature trees should be pruned to remove dead and weak branches. Fertilizer can aid growth. Trees can be intercropped. Fruit are hand

-harvested when fully mature and the moisture content is reduced to to approximately 20 percent . Fruit maturity is determined by tapping the fruit and listening for a hollow, loose sound. Fruit mature at different times on the same tree, therefore selective harvesting must be done. In some countries, fruit are harvested at a green stage (flavoring), and a ripe stage (fresh consumption and processing). Unharvested fruit fall from the tree a year after flowering. There are a number of different processing techniques involved with the tamarind. Fresh fruit can be dried using dehydrators or the sun . Shells, fibers, and seeds are removed and the pulp is pressed and preserved in large masses. In e astern India, pulp is covered with salt, rolled into balls, exposed to dew, and stored in jars. In J ava, the salted pulp is rolled into balls, steamed, an d sun dried, and exposed to dew for a week before packing in stone jars. In some countries, tamarind is processed for shipment to large

- scale processors by layering the pulp with sugar and covering it with boiling sugar syrup. There are also mechanical methods of extracting pulp, including a tamarind dehuller. Pulp is most often stored by mixing with salt and storing in transparent containers. Pulp can be stored in a cool, dry area for 3 to 6 months. Fresh fruit can be stored for a few days in a refrig erator or freezer or packed in high

- density polyethylene bags in a dry place below 10 °C (50 ° F) for 4 to 6 months. Tamarind production is expanding. Grows wild and is widely cultivated around the world, most notably in India, Puerto Rico, and Thailand (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, LORENZI, CRFG). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit is marketed worldwide fresh and in sauces, syrups, and processed foods. Pulp is sold in shops and bazaars by weight. S eeds are sold in markets in Thailand (JANICK, MORTON). d. Preparation for cooking: Pulp is consumed fresh, dried, candied, and in beverages; used as a flavoring in foods and sauces including English Worcester shire s auce, barbeque sauce, and Angostura Bitters. Pulp is widely used as an ingredient in con fectionary items, sauces, syrups, jellies, ice cream, curries, chutneys, preserves, wine, condiments, sweetmeats, spice mixtures, jams, fruit purées, vegetable purées, pickles, sherbets, and beverages. In Sri Lanka, fruit can be used to preserve fish; use d as a garnish in soups and other dishes. Green fruit are used for flavoring purposes. The tender immature pods are eaten as a vegetable, cooked, or pickled; cooked as a seasoning with rice, fish, and meats in India. In the Bahamas, mature, but unripe f ruit are roasted in coals and the pulp is eaten. T he seeds are cooked (roasted, soaked to remove the seedcoat and boiled or fried) and consumed. Seeds can be ground into flour or used as a coffee substitute. Kerne ls can be used to make a type of pectin that is used in the manufacture of jellies and stabilization of foods. Pods are easily broken if pressed. Flowers, seedlings, and yo ung leaves are consumed in salads, curries and soups (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, MORTON).**Page 174**  e. Nutritional aspects: Pulp is a good source of calories, calcium, phosphorus, iron, riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, minerals, B complex vitamins, and vitamin C. Pulp contains the richest natural source of tartaric acid of any fruit; pulp also contains acetic and citric acids, alcohol, pectin, and sucrose. The peel of young fruits contains a higher amount of vitamin C than mature fruit peels. The seeds are a rich source of protein with a favorable amino acid composition (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON). f. Medicinal aspects: T he tree produces many valued medicines. Ripe fruit especially has a recognized and proven medicinal value. The American pharmacedtical industry processes 100 tonnes (110 tons) of tamarind pulp each year. Fruit is used to reduce fever, aid sore throats and arthritis, treat sunstroke, aid leprosy, paralysis, and poisonings, and cure intestinal ailments and scurvy; pulp is used as an astringent on skin infections. It is an ingredient in cardiac and blood sugar -reducing medicines. A tea of young leaves and /or flowers is used to heal irritations, swollen joints, sprains, boils, and skin eruptions. Lotions made from the tree are used to remove intestinal worms, and treat pink

- eye, dysentery, jaundice, hemorrhoids and other ailments. The bark is used as an a stringent, tonic, digestive aid, and cure for gingivitis, asthma, eye problems, and fevers. Powdered seeds are used to aid diarrhea. Roots are taken to ease chest pain. Pectin from the seed kernel is used in pharmaceutical products (JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON). g. Crop Photos: 4. Production in U.S.: New Mexico, Florida, California, Hawaii, Puerto Rico. For the most part, tamarind production is of minor importance in the US (MARKLE, VAN WYK, CRFG). 5. Other commercial production regions: T he Caribbean i ncluding Bermuda, Jamaica, Haiti, Grenada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and the Bahamas; Central America including Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Panama, and Costa Rica; South America including Brazil; India; Southeast Asia including Thailand, Malaya, Malaysi a, and Indonesia; tropical Africa including Madagascar, Cape Verde, Sudan and c entral and e ast Africa; Fiji, Australia, the Middle East; Egypt, Yemen, the Greater Antilles; East Indies; Islands of the Pacific; other tropical and subtropical countries. T here are no statistical records on tamarind. H owever, it is known that 95 percent of total world production is the sour type tamarind. India is the largest producer of sour tamarind in Asia; annual production in India is estimated at 250,000 to 300,000 ton nes (275,578 to 330,693 tons). Tamarind kernel powder is in demand and approximately 20,000 tonnes (22,046 tons) are produced annually in India. Thailand is the second largest producer of tamarind in Asia; Thailand produces 30 percent of the sweet type, and also produces the sour type. Each tree can produce approximately 90 kilograms (198 pounds) of purified pulp (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, VAN WYK, LORENZI, MORTON, WINROCK). 6. Use: The young seedlings, tender leaves and flowers can be used as a salad crop; immature pods can be used as a seasoning; the pulp is an important ingredient in Worcestershire and barbecue sauces. The pulp can also be used in drinks, preserves and in meat sauces. Overripe fruit is used to clean copper and brass. Seeds are consumed after cooking or can be ground or used to make a type of pectin. Dried leaves, flowers and pods are used as mordants in dyeing; yellow dye is obtained from the leaves; pulp is used in dyeing and to coagulate rubber latex; ornamental; shade/shelter, windb reak, prevents soil erosion; wood for tools, fuel and charcoal; beads, medicinal purposes; seeds can be used as a substitute in livestock feed; side branches of the tree and leaves are used as livestock fodder; leaves are consumed by silkworms; honey plant ; powder from tamarind kernels is used in sizing and finishing cotton and has many other industrial purposes; oil from the seed is used in varnish; bark and twigs are used for twine and tanning (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON). 7. Part(s) of plant c onsumed: Every part of the tree can be utilized, however and pulp and seeds are most often used part. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit**Page 175**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit

- edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 006 (FI 0369) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- inedible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, LORENZI, MORTON, CRFG, WINROCK. 11 . Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: TAMIN**Page 176**  1. **Uva lha**  [(uvaia, jamboisier rouge, Kirschmyrte, perita costeña (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. [(syn: Eugenia uvalha Cambess.)] Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. var
. pyriformis Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. var. uvalha (Cambess.) D. Legrand [(syn: Eugenia uvalha Cambess. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. An evergreen shrub or tree growing to a height of 8 meters (26 feet) . Native to Southern Brazil. Leaves are oblong to obtuse in shape and are aromatic when crushed. Yellow to orange fruit is round to oblate in shape, 1 to 5 centimeters (0.4 to 2 inches) in diameter and weighs 8.5 grams (0.3 ounce)

. Remnants of the calyx are found at the ape x of the fruit. The skin is thin and smooth . Pulp is soft and juicy. The flavor is sweet, bland or very acidic . The fruit can emit an unpleasant odor. Related to Eugenia uniflora (PERENNIAL, JANICK , POPENOE, HAWAIIFRUIT ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flo wering occurs from March to May and fruit are harvested from May to July in Florida. Fruit matures in 60 days. F ruit production occurs in 3 to 4 year s from seed (PERENNIAL, JANICK , POPENOE , HAWAIIFRUIT ). b. Cultivation: Requires tropical or warm subtropical climates with low to medium rainfall. Tolerant of light frost and d rought. Propagation is by seed

. Fertilization and irrigation aid fruit quality. Fruit should be harvested when ripe. Fruit is processed commerci ally by small growers in rural areas in Brazil (PERENNIAL). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Processed commercially (HAWAIIIFRUIT). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh; processed into juice and jelly; used as a f lavoring in alcoholic beverages (PERENNIAL). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit has a moderate vitamin C content (JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: No specific entry. g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Florida ; no yield data is available (PERENNIAL ). 5. Other production regions: Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay ; introduced elsewhere ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL ). 6. Use: B everage base, fr uit , ornamental (GRIN , JANICK , HAWAIIFRUIT ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (JANICK). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d . EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, POPENOE, HAWAIIFRUIT. 11. Pr oduction Map: No specific entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: EUEUV (listed as Eugenia uvalha CAMBESS.)**Page 177**  1. **Water apple [**  ( watery rose - apple, bellfruit, jamb o ayer, Wasserjambuse, jambu ai r, perita costeña, tambis (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston [(syn : Eugenia aquea Burm. f. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A small to medium sized tree growing to a height of 3 to 10 meters (10 to 33 feet)

. Native to India through Malaysia

. The trunk branches close to the ground; it is short , crooked, and reaches 30 to 6 0 centimeters (12 to 24 inches) in diameter. Bark is red, brown or dark grey in color, smooth or slightly rough, and fis sured, scaly or flaky. The crown is non

- symmetrical and open

. Dull, leathery, light

- green l eaves are opposite, simple, elliptic

- oblong, elliptic

- cordate or obovate

- oblong in shape, cordate at the base, blunt and notched or short

-pointed at the apex, yellowish

- green on the underside, and 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 inches) long by 2.5 to 16 centimeters (1 to 6 i nches) wide. T he short, thick lea fstalk is 0.5 to 1.5 centimeter s (0.2 to 0.6 inch) long. Leaves are slightly aromatic when crushe d. Slightly fragrant pale

- y ellow , yellowish

-white, pinkish or white flowers are borne in loose terminal or axillary clusters of 3 to 7. Each flower measures 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters (1 to 1.4 inch es) in diameter, contains a 4

-parted calyx, 4 petals, num erou s 2 centimeter long stamens and a long style

. Flowers are hairless , and petals connate in a cap. Male and female organs are located on the same flower. Green, whi te, light red or pink berry fr uit is pear

- shape d , grows solitary on the tree, and measures 1.6 to 2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) long and 3.5 to 4.5 centimeters (1.4 to 1.8 inches) in diameter. The apex is concave; thick calyx segments and a protruding, slender bristle

- like style is found on each fruit. The skin is thin and shiny. Pulp is white to pink in color , dry or juicy, and crisp or spongy. Fruit may be seedless or contain 1 to 6 small seeds. The flavor is slightly sweet to bland ; fruit may be mildly fragrant; mainly used t o relieve thirst. The two main cultivars are the white

- fruited and the red

- fruited cultivars (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON , PNGPLANTS , AGROFORESTRY ). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Main flowering occurs M ay to July in Florida and can occur during other seasons. In Indonesia, f

lowering occurs in July and September

. F lowering usually occurs during the early or late portion of the dry season

. Fruit matures in 30 to 40 days. In Malaya, the two main crops are in the spring and the fall. In Indonesia, ripening occurs in August and November. Fruit production occurs in 7 to 8 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from layers (PERENNIAL , MORTON , AGROFORESTRY ). b. Cultivation: Requires hot, wet tropical lowlands with light, well

- drained mildly acid soils. Prefers a long dry season, elevations up to 1,200 meters (3,937 feet) and well

- spaced rainfall

. Planted along streams and ponds. Tolerant of heavy soils. Not tolerant of temperatures below freez ing. P ropagation is by seed, air

- layering , cuttings, or budding

. Seeds lo se viability quickly and should be planted fresh from the fruit. Trees are spaced 5 to 7 meters (16 to 23 feet) apart. During the first couple of years, trees should be weeded, mulched, fertilized and watered. F ertilizers should be applied after harvest and flowering. Cultivated in India, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia . Due to the thin skin, fruit are delicate and must be picked by hand twice per week. Shelf life is only a few days (PERENNIAL , MORTON , AGROFORESTRY). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Fruit are sold in markets in piles or skewered on slender bamboo sticks in Indonesia. Fruit are almost available the entire year. Export is limited to border trade including Singapore (MORTON , AGROFORESTRY). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh, served in salads, cooked , stewed or pickled; mainly consumed by children . Young leaves are used to wrap snacks of fermented sticky rice (PERENNIAL, JANICK , MORTON , AGROFORESTRY , FAO ). e. Nutritional aspects: Low in nutritional value ; 90% water ( JANICK). f. Medicinal aspects: In Hawaii, a decoction of the bark is used to treat thrush ; various parts of the tree possess antibiotic activity (JANICK , AGROFORESTRY). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Hawaii ; no yield data is available (MORTON). 5. Other production regions: Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand,**Page 178**  Taiwan, region of Malesia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea), the Philippines, Australia , Pacific Islands, Central and South America , Trinidad ; cultivated elsewhere in tropical Asia ; introduced into the Tropics ; no yield data is available (GRIN , PERENNIAL , JANICK , PNGPLANTS, AGROFORESTRY , FAO ). 6. Use: F ruit , home gardens, wood is used for construction or handicrafts , flowers are a source of nect ar ; some parts of the tree contain tannin that is used for dyeing (GRIN , JANICK , AGROFORESTRY). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (AGROFORESTRY). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FAO, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, PNGPLANTS, AGROFORESTRY. 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SYZAQ**Page 179**  1. **Water Pear [**  (waterpeer, white umdoni (GRIN))] Myrtaceae Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. **[** ( Calyptranthes guineensis Willd. (basionym) (GRIN))] 2. A medium to large evergreen shrub or tree growing 12 to 30 meters (39 to 98 feet) in height. Native to tropical Africa. The crown is rounded, heavy, and drooping. The stems are thick and angular. Bark is grayish

- white or silver mottled and smooth in young trees. Older trees contain bark that is rough, flaky, and creamy, light grey, dark brown, or black in color. B ark scales are in rectangular flakes and exude red, watery sap when cu

t. T he wood resembles that of a pear. Branchlets droop. Trees may p roduce bundles of fibrous aerial roots 2 meters (7 feet) up the trunk. Grey - green leaves are simple, opposite, leathery, glabrous, tough, shiny, elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate

- elliptic in shape, narrow at both ends, and 5 to 17.5 centimeters (2 to 7 inches) long by 1.3 to 7.5 centimeters (0.5 to 3 inches) wide. Most leaves contain slightly wavy margins; aromatic when crushed. Fragrant, creamy white flowers are borne in terminal panicle s measuring 10 by 10 centimeters (4 by 4 inches); flowers may also be borne in widely

- spaced clusters of 4 to 8 inch branched heads, measuring up to 3 centimeters (1.2 inches) in diameter. Individual flowers are sessile or sub

- sessile, measure 1.5 centime ters (0.6 inch) in diameter, and contain 4 petals, red or pink calyx tips, and numerous 0.6 centimeter (0.2 inch) long stamens. Petals fall in a short period of time, leaving behind the showy white stamens. Pollination is by insects. Black to purplish

-black fruit is an oval, oblong, or ellipsoid drupe. Fruit occur in bunches of 20 to 30, and measure 1 to 3.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1.4 inches) long by 3 centimeters (1.2 inch) in diameter. The skin is smooth and shiny. Immature fruit is whitish

- green. E ach fruit contains 1 yellowish to brownish round seed measuring 1.3 to 1.4 centimeters (0.5 to 0.6 inch) in diameter (PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY, BIODIVERSITY). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Inareas with two rainy seasons, flowering occurs twice, once during the short dry season and once at the end of the long rains. In areas with one rainy season, flowering occurs once, at the end of the dry season and extending into the rainy season. In some areas, flowering occurs September to December. F ruit ripen from February to May in some locations and October to June in other locations (AGROFORESTRY, FAO, BIODIVERSITY). b. Cultivation: Requires a tropical climate, fresh, permanently moist, well

- drained areas with a high water table, full sun, mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C (50 to 86 °F), and mean annual rainfall of 100 to 230 centimeters (39 to 91 inches). Thrives at elevations of 0 to 2,100 meters (0 to 6,890 feet). Found growing along stream banks, valleys, gullies or streambeds, floodplains, lowland and mountain rainforests, fringing riverian swampy forests, rocky ground in high rainfall savannah, open woodlands, and the shore. Grows in standing water. Propagation is by seed and coppice. Seeds should be planted in moist mineral soil in pots soon after being removed from the fruit. Germination of 80 to 90% is attained after 20 to 50 days. Trees should be planted on cleared sites. Fruit should be harvested by shaking the branches with hooks. S. guineense may interbreed with other spec ies in the genus (PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY, BI ODIVERSITY). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry; gathered and eaten (AGROFORESTRY). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh; made into beverages. Fruits are especially consumed by children (PERENNIAL, FAO). e. Nutritional aspects: The bark is poisonous and has been known to cause death in humans (AGROFORESTRY). f. Medicinal aspects: Fruit is used to treat dysentery; a decoction of the bark is used to treat diarrhea ; liquid from the pounded bark and roots mixed with water is used as a purgative (AGROFORESTRY). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regions: Northeast tropical Africa, e ast t ropical Africa, w est

- c entral tropical Africa, w est tropical Africa, s outh t ropical Africa, s outhern Africa, Arabian Peninsula (Yemen); no yield data is available (GRIN).**Page 180**  6. Use: Fruit, wood for poles, posts, building and bridge construction; firewood, charcoal; smoke from the wood is used to season milk containers; ornamental; source of shade and shelter (AGROFORESTRY). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (AGROFORESTRY). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropica l fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Referenc es: C ODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY, BIODIVERSITY, FAO. 11. Production Map : No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: SYZGU**Page 181**  1. **Water B**  **erry [**  (umdoni, waterbessie, watertree, waterwood ( GRIN))] Myrtaceae Syzygium cordatum Hochst. Ex C. Krauss 2. A small to medium

- sized evergreen tree that grows to a height of 8 to 20 meters (26 to 66 feet) . Native to Africa. T he tree contains a compact and rounded crown. Young stems are four

- angled and slightly winged. Young trunks contain bands ; bark of young trees is smooth and blotched with grey and white. B ark of mature tree s is dark brown, light grey or reddish in color, rough, flaking and thick . The foliage is dense. Bluish

- green leaves are simple, thick, leathery, smooth, glossy, elliptic , lanceolate

- ellipt ic, oblong

- elliptic, oblong, oval, or circular in shape , heart

- shaped at the base, rounded to subacute at the apex, pale green on the underside , and 2.5 to 13 centimeters (1 to 5 inches) long by 1.9 to 8 centimeters (0.7 to 3 inches) wide

. Young leaves ar e reddish in color. Leaves are found close to the ends of the branches and pairs of leaves are set at right angles to each other. The petiole is up to 0.2 centimeter (0.08 inch) long. Creamy white to pinkish fragrant f

lowers are borne in branched termin al clusters

. Each flower contains numerous fluffy stamens and produces a large quantity of nectar. Red, pink

-purple or dark

-purple fruit are oval berries that measure up to 1.8 centimeters (0.6 inch) long and 0.9 centimeters ( 0.4 inch) wide

. The skin is smooth. The pulp is crisp, crunchy and acidic. The flavor is sour and e ach fruit contains one seed (JANICK , TRADE WINDS , ALUKA, ECOCROP , ZIMBABWEFLORA, BIODIVERSITY). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Flowering time varies and occurs in June, Septe mber to October , Augus t to November, or August to January . F ruiting varies and can occur in August, October, and December. Fruiting can occur while the tree is still flowering (JANICK , ZIMBABWEFLORA, BIODIVERSITY ). b. Cultivation: The tree prefers subtr opical to warm

- temperate climates, lowlands, medium to high elevation (10 to 1,660 meters or 33 to 5,446 feet) forests , full sun, and locations near water and along watercourses. Grows along stream banks , swampy areas, riverine thickets, forest margins , moist gullies in montane forest, seasonally waterlogged grasslands, sandy coastal plains and bush or open grassy and sometimes high country

. Tolerates cold , but n ot tolerant of frost. Propagated by seed. Germination is aided by pre

- treating the seed with a pre - emergence fungicide to prevent dampening off. S eeds should be placed in a seed tray and covered with a thin layer of well

- drained soil. Regular watering , fertilization and good ventilation are needed. Once large enough, seedlings should be potted into individual plant bags or pots (JANICK, PLANTZAFRICA , TRADE WINDS , ALUKA, ZIMBABWEFLORA , ECOCROP ). c. Availablity in the marketplace: No specific entry. d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit are c onsumed fresh; used to make alcoholic drinks and je lly (PLANTZAFRICA , ECOCROP ). e. Nutritional aspects: No specific entry. f. Medicinal aspects: In c entral Africa, the tree is used to treat stomachaches, diarrhea, respiratory ailments and tuberculosis ; a decoction of boiled roots and bark is used to treat in digestion and giddiness; extraction of the leaves is used as a purgative or treatment for diarrhea (PLANTZAFRICA , ECOCROP ). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN). 5. Other production regi ons: East t ropical Africa, w est

- c entral tropical Africa, s outh t ropical Africa, s outhern Africa ; no yield data is available (GRIN ). 6. Use: F ruit , habitat and food source for native birds and other animals; bark is extracted for dye; powdered bark is used as a fish poison ; wood is used for making mortars and fence poles ; construction material for boat planking ; firewood, charcoal; leaves are used as fodder ; the tree is used for erosion control; shade tree; ornamental; living fence; the tree is used as an indicator of underground water and an i ndicator of areas suitable for sugarcane farming; protected species in South Africa (JANICK, PLANTZAFRICA , ALUKA , BIODIVERSITY , ECOCROP ). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit

. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

.**Page 182**  9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

- edible peel. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. Referenc es: CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, TRADE WINDS, ALUKA, ECOCROP, ZIMBABWEFLORA, BIODIVERSITY, PLANTZAFRICA 11. Prod uction Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry.**Page 183**  **649** 1. **Wax jambu [**  (Wax apple, Water apple, Jumrool, Java

- apple, Se marang rose - apple, Java

-Apfel, cajuil de Surinam, makopa (GRIN , MARKLE ) ) ] Myrtaceae Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry [ (syn: Eugenia javanica Lam. , Myrtus samarangensis Blume (basionym) (GRIN) ) ] 2. A large evergreen shrub or small tree growing from 5 to 15 meters (16 to 49 feet) tall. Native from Malaysia to s outheast ern Asia. The crown is open, wide and spreading. The trunk is short and 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) thick. B ark is pinkish

- grey and flakin g. Yellowish to dark bluish

- green l eaves are opposite, leathery, nearly sessile, elliptic

- oblong, rounded or slightly cordate in shape at the base, aromatic when crushed and 10 to 25 centimeters (4 to 10 inches) long by 5 to 12 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) wide. Inflorescences are in drooping panicles of 3 to 30 and are borne at the branch tips or in small clusters in the axils of fallen leaves. Fragrant, yellowish white , white or pinkish flowers are f our -petalled, contain numerous 1.5 to 2.5 centimeter (0.6 to 1 inch) long stamens, and measure 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) wide. Green ish

-white , yellow, creamy white , light red, crimson, or pink fruit is pear shaped , narrow at the base, broad, flattened and indented at the apex with four f l eshy calyx lobes, thick, 0.3 cent imeter (0.1 inch) long leaf stalks, and a 1 .5 centimeter (0.6 inch) long calyx. Each fruit measures 3 to 5 centimeters (1.2 to 2 inches) long by 4.5 to 5 centimeters (1.8 to 2 inches) wide

. The skin is very thin and waxy. Pulp is white in color , spongy, dry or juicy . The flavor is sweet to bland. Each fruit may be seedless or contain 1 to 2 rounded seeds measuring 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) wide. Fruit have been collected since ancient times. Taiwan and Thailand have an extensive commercial industry of wax jambu production (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON , VAN WYK). 3. Crop Data: a. Season: Main flowering occurs from April to June in Florida and Java, and March to April in India ; flowering can occur during other seasons. A dry season is required for flowering

. Fruit are h arvested from May to July in Hawaii, March to May in Sri Lanka , May to June in India, and June to August in Java. P roduction systems in Taiwan allow for fruit to be harvested during different times of the year. With the regular system, fruit are harvested from May to July; simple flower forcing enables fruit to be harvested February to July; improved flower forcing allows fruit to be harvested December to July; the bald cut system and the bald cut plus shading sys tem enables fruit to be harvested from December to February. Fruit are harvested 1 to 3 times per year. Fruit matures in 30 to 40 days. Fruit production o ccurs in 5 to 6 years from seed (PERENNIAL , JANICK , MORTON ). b. Cultivation: Requires hot, wet tropical lowlands , a short dry season, and elevations of sea level to 1,200 meters (3,937 feet)

. Prefers fertile, heavy soil , rich in organic matter, with a loam to clay

- loam t exture

. Grows wild in coastal forests. In s ubtropical climates, fruit harvested during the winter are best to eat. Tolerates a variety of soil conditions. Does not tolerate frost or high wind

. Propagation is by seed , cuttings , budding, tissue culture, and air layering. Seeds should be removed from the fruit and immediately planted. Germination occurs in a short period of time

. Trees should be spaced 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 feet) apart in the field. Cultivated trees , especially in Taiwan, are pruned, thinned, root pruned, girdled, flooded, sprayed with flower and growth

- inducing chemicals, irrigated and fertilized. Fertilization should be performed after the formation of the inflorescence. L ight, temperature, and sugar affect fruit color. Cytokinins and gibberellic acid aid the size and quality of the fruit. A dditional foli ar applications of manganese and calcium aid the color and firmness of the fruit. The thin skin is delicate and easily damaged, so proper harvesting and handling must be practiced. Fruit should be harvested 2 to 3 times per week when the fr uit is full of color and firm. Fruit are sorted for size and shape before being packed in single layer tray packs with padding. Fruit can be stored 4 t o 6 days at ambient temperature (PERENNIAL , JANICK). c. Availablity in the marketplace: Marketed in As ia , especially Malaysia (PERENNIAL , VAN WYK). d. Preparation for cooking: Fruit is consumed fresh or preserved; processed into jams, jellies and preserves. Green fruit are consumed raw with salt or c ooked as a sauce in Malaysia; stewed with**Page 184**  apples. Pink fruit are juicier, more flavorful, consumed fresh, or cooked without spices except for sugar. Salt or sugar is added to bland fruit (PERENNIAL, JANICK). e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit are between 80 and 90% water ; fruit contain a fair amount of vitamin C (JANICK , VAN WYK). f. Medicinal aspects: Flowers are astringent and contain tannins; used in Taiwan to reduce fevers and aid diarrhea. Flowers also contain weak antibiotic action (JANICK). g. Crop Photos 4. Production in U.S.: Florida ; 0.4 hectare ( 1 acre ) in Florida (CRANE 1995 , FACCIOLA). 5. Other production regions: Tropical Asia , s outheast Asia, Malaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Solomon Islands, Jamaica, Surinam, the islands of Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, ; c ultivated in India, Zanzibar , and Pemba; commercial produc tion in the Philippines, Taiwan , Malaysia, Australia and Central and South America; cultivated elsewhere in the tropics ; ornamental in Israel. Mature trees yields from 700 to over 1,000 fruit; each fruit weighs 65 to 100 grams (2 to 4 ounces) (GRIN , FACCIOLA , PERENNIAL , JANICK). 6. Use: Fruit e aten raw or cooked as a sauce o r in a stew with true apples; also grown as an ornamental tree ; wood is used for construction; flowers are a rich source of nectar (MARKLE , JANICK). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Whole fruit (JANICK). 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit

. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tro pical and subtropical fruit, edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry

. General entry is 00 5 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits

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