UN PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 23

- 1214

MELODY RODGERS

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

BRANDEE RITSEMA; LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton;
KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON;
JESSICA KIRBY

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, For mer Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 1 of 422 Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHU L, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Famil y and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
COUNTY CALIFORN IA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
MARYL AND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT C OUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees

.

No. 23

- 1162

BRANDEE RITSEMA

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 2 of 423 BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
United States Assistan t Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BIL L LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney Gene ral of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA ; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 3 of 424 YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHIN GTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1216

EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL

,

Plaintiffs

- Appellants

,

and

BRANDEE RITSEMA; LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; JESSICA KIRBY; DANIEL BLUE; BRENDA BLUE; KATHRINE THOMAS; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KES HIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA
ANDERSON

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 4 of 425 Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, For mer Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHU L, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Famil y and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
COUNTY CALIFORN IA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
MARYL AND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT C OUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees

.

No. 23

- 1219

JESSICA KIRBY

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

BRANDEE RITSEMA; LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 5 of 426 ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM
O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia H orton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNI TED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United St ates; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUC EY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family a nd Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 6 of 427 KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
MARYLAND ; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUN TY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees

.

No. 23

- 1248

KIMBERLY VIFINKLE

,

Intervenor/Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; BRANDEE RITSEMA; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDER SON

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE
COOPER

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the Un ited States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 7 of 428 B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
United St ates Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRIC K, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRA L INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE C OUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1250

LORA BYERS

,

Intervenor/Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 8 of 429 LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTE N CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; BRANDEE RITSEMA; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; OCERINE COOPER;
KIMBERLY VIFINKLE

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the U nited States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN , Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
COUNTY CAL IFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 9 of 4210 COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLO UNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1253

OCERINE COOPER

,

Intervenor/Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; BRANDEE RITSEMA; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS;
KIMBERLY VIFINKLE

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 10 of 4211 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice Pres ident of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Te xas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KE MP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles Coun ty; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRI ES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE
COUNTY FLORI DA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MO NROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 12 56

KATHRINE THOMAS

, USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 11 of 4212 Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; BRANDEE RITSEMA; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; LORA BYERS; OCERINE COOPER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE

,

Intervenors/Plai ntiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney Gener al of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of N ew Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kan sas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Dep artment of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 12 of 4213 a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MA RYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees

.

No. 23

- 1257

TIJANA VIDANOVIC

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS;
MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton;
KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE;
BRANDEE RITSEMA

,

Plaintif fs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs, USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 13 of 4214 v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
Uni ted States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB B ONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. L UCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUN TY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1258 USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 14 of 4215 RENESHA TOMLIN

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

L AURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton;
KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE;
BRANDEE RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, For mer Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHU L, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 15 of 4216 Department of Famil y and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
COUNTY CALIFORN IA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
MARYL AND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT C OUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1260

SALLY BORGHESE

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BE ATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

, USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 16 of 4217 Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Li eutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Geor gia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attor ney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC

., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK ; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 17 of 4218 No. 23

- 1261

KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAU RIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; SALLY BORGHES E; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW , Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 18 of 4219 Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissi oner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANS AS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1264

MALACHI CHAPMAN

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton;
KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE;
BRANDEE RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs, USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 19 of 4220 and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRI S, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children an d Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Go vernor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvan ia; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of

Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRAN CIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

, USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 20 of 4221 Defendants

- Appellees

.

No. 23

- 12 65

KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia H orton

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KRISTEN CLARK

HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Interven ors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorne y General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of Calif ornia; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Govern or of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 21 of 4222 Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees

.

No. 23

- 1266

BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE

,

Plaintiffs

- Appellants

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRANDEE RITS EMA

, USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 22 of 4223 Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice Pres ident of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Te xas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KE MP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles Coun ty; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRI ES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE
COUNTY FLORI DA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MO NROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 23 of 4224 BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1268

CHRISTINA ANDERSON

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plainti ffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General o f the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 24 of 4225 GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New M exico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Departm ent of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
COU NTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEX AS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees

.

No. 23

- 12 69

SARA YBARRA

- JOHNSON

,

Intervenor/Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

a nd

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 25 of 4226 HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BL UE; BRANDEE RITSEMA; ALAN
MEDDOWS

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS; KARLA JOHNSON

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Gove rnor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida ; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michig an; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President
of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 26 of 4227 MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILL O COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees

.

No. 23

- 1270

KARLA JOHNSON

,

Intervenor/Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VID ANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA; ALAN
MEDDOWS

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS; SARA YBARRA

- JOHNSON

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XA VIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 27 of 4228 B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES,
United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant G overnor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney Genera l of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC.,
a/k/a T he Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGT ON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1271

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS

,

Intervenor/Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 28 of 4229 LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CL ARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA; ALAN
MEDDOWS

,

Plaintiffs,

and

AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS; KARLA JOHNSON; SARA YBARRA

- JOHNS ON

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, For mer Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHU L, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Famil y and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
COUNTY CALIFORN IA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 29 of 4230 COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
MARYL AND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT C OUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1272

ALAN MEDDOWS

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WI LLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

a nd

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS; KARLA JOHNSON; SARA YBARRA

JOHNSON

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 30 of 4231 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Childr en and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California;
GREG ABOT T, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of

Penns ylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS CO UNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1273

APRIL FOX

, USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 31 of 4232 Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LOR A BYERS; KARLA JOHNSON; SARA YBARRA

JOHNSON

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, For mer Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHU L, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 32 of 4233 Department of Famil y and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
COUNTY CALIFORN IA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
MARYL AND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT C OUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1283

TERESA GOIN

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WIL LIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
RITSEMA

,

Pla intiffs,

and USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 33 of 4234 BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director
of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Famili es; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor o f Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIA N KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINI STRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE
COUNTY F LORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW
YORK ; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees

. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 34 of 4235 No. 23

- 12 84

GERRI F. HOOD

,

Plaintiff

- Appellan t

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE;
OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Servi ces; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico ; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 35 of 4236 Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska ; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN
COUNTY ARKAN SAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY T EXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees

.

No. 23

- 1285

BARBARA MAST

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADL EY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY;
KATHRINE TH OMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
RITSEMA

, USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 36 of 4237 Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, For mer Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHU L, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Famil y and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES
COUNTY CALIFORN IA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY
MARYL AND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 37 of 4238 BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT C OUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1286

LATASHA WOOLRIDGE

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

LAURIE REYNOLDS; CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN CLARK

- HASSEL; SALLY BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE
RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Plaintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice Presid ent of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DO ES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 38 of 4239 Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texa s; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP , Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Kansas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County ; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the Department of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES ; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELES COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE
COUNTY FLORIDA ; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. MARYS COUNTY MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONR OE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNTY TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

No. 23

- 1287

LAURIE REYNOLDS

,

Plaintiff

- Appellant

,

and

CECELIA EVERTEZ; RAYMOND SIPULT; GLENDA CODY; RUSS E. CODY; KEONA BRADLEY; ELIZABETH ANDREWS; MELODY RODGERS; EMILY
O ’ DELL; WILLIAM O ’ DELL; MALACHI CHAPMAN; TIJANA VIDANOVIC; USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 39 of 4240 RENESHA TOMLIN; KESHIA HOLLIMAN, a/k/a Keshia Horton; KRISTEN
CLARK

- HASSE L; SALLY BORGHESE; ALAN MEDDOWS; CHRISTINA ANDERSON; JESSICA KIRBY; KATHRINE THOMAS; BRENDA BLUE; DANIEL BLUE; BRANDEE RITSEMA

,

Plaintiffs,

and

BEATRICE RIVERA ADAMS; AUDREY LESSNER; KIMBERLY VIFINKLE; OCERINE COOPER; LORA BYERS

,

Intervenors/Pl aintiffs,

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; JOE BIDEN, President of the United States Department; KAMALA D. HARRIS, Vice President of the United States; XAVIER BECERRA, United States Department of Health and Human Services; MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney Gene ral of the United States; JERRY MILNER, Director of the Children's Bureau for the Administration for Children and Families; DOES, United States Assistant Secretaries for Administration for Children and Family Services; GAVIN NEWSOM, Governor of California; JERRY BROWN, Former Governor of California; ELENI KOUNALAKIS, Lieutenant Governor of California; GREG ABOTT, Governor of Texas; DAN PATRICK, Lieutenant Governor of Texas; SUSANA MARTINEZ, Former Governor of New Mexico; MICHELLE
LUJAN

- GRISHAW, Governor of New Mexico; DOUG DUCEY, Governor of Arizona; RON DESANTIS, Governor of Florida; TOM WOLF, Governor of Pennsylvania; BRIAN KEMP, Governor of Georgia; BILL LEE, Governor of Tennessee; MICHAEL DUNLEAVY, Governor of Alaska; KATHLEEN LAURA KELLY, Governor of Ka nsas; KATHY HOCHUL, Governor of New York; GRETCHEN WHITMER, Governor of Michigan; JACKEY LACEY, Governor of Los Angeles County; ROB BONTA, Attorney General of Los Angeles County; KEN PAXTON, Attorney General of Texas; JAIMIE MASTERS, Commissioner of the

De partment of Family and Child Protective Services; WILLIAM CLARK, President of Saint Francis Ministries; ST. FRANCIS MINISTRIES; KIDS CENTRAL INC., a/k/a The Centers Inc.; MARICOPA COUNTY ARIZONA; SEBASTIAN COUNTY ARKANSAS; SCOTT COUNTY ARKANSAS; LOS ANGELE S COUNTY CALIFORNIA; RIVERSIDE COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MONTEREY COUNTY CALIFORNIA; MARION COUNTY FLORIDA; MIAMI

- DADE COUNTY FLORIDA; ST. LUCIE COUNTY FLORIDA; CAMDEN COUNTY GEORGIA; LAURENS COUNTY GEORGIA; HUTCHINSON COUNTY KANSAS; SEDGWICK COUNTY KANSAS; ST. M ARYS COUNTY USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 40 of 4241 MARYLAND; KENT COUNTY MICHIGAN; OAKLAND COUNTY MICHIGAN; BERNALILLO COUNTY NEW MEXICO; KINGS COUNTY NEW YORK; MONROE COUNTY NEW YORK; WASHINGTON COUNTY OHIO; ALLEGHANY COUNTY PENNSYLVANIA; MCLENNAN COUNTY TEXAS; BELL COUNTY TEXAS; WICHITA COUNT Y TEXAS; BLOUNT COUNTY
TENNESSEE

,

Defendants

- Appellees.

Appeal s from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina , at Wilmington

. Louise W. Flanagan , District Judge. ( 7:22

- cv

- 00178

- FL )

Submitted : July 25

, 2023 Decided: July 27, 2023

Before W YNN and HEYTENS

, Circuit Judges , and FLOYD, Senior Circuit Judge

.

Dismissed by un published per curiam opinion

.

Melody Rodgers; Brandee Ritsema; Emily O’Dell; William O’Dell; Jessica Kirby; Kimberly Vifinkle; Lo ra Byers; Ocerine Cooper; Kathrine Thomas; Tijana Vidanovic; Renesha Tomlin; Sally Borghese; Kristen Clark

- Hassell; Malachi Chapman; Kesh i a Holliman; Brenda Blue; Daniel Blue; Christina Anderson; Sara Elizabeth Ybarra Johnson; Karla Johnson; Beatrice River a; Alan Me d dows; April Fox; Teresa Goin; Gerri F. Hood; Barbara Mast; Latasha Woolridge; Laurie Reynolds, Appellants Pro Se.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 41 of 4242 PER CURIAM:

In these consolidated appeals, Appellants seek to appeal the district court’s orders

dismissing some appellants as plaintiffs, denying others’ motions to intervene as plaintiffs,

and denying reconsideration of those orders . This court may exercise jurisdiction only over

final orders, 2 8 U.S.C. § 1291, and certain interlocutory and collateral orders, 28 U.S.C.

§ 1292; Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); Cohen v. Beneficial Indus. Loan Corp. , 337 U.S. 541, 545

-

46 (1949). The order s Appellants seek to appeal are neither final order s nor appealable

int erlocutory or collateral order s . Accordingly, we dismiss the appeal s for lack of

jurisdiction and deny as moot the pending motions for leave to file an amicus curiae brief

,

to expedite the decision , and to extend filing time . We dispense with oral argume nt because

the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this court

and argument would not aid the decisional process.

DISMISSED USCA4 Appeal: 23-1248 Doc: 14 Filed: 07/27/2023 Pg: 42 of 42