NATIONAL PARK SERVICE "-:::"' 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • ~ 

"" 

HERITAGE MATTERS 

INSIDE THIS ISSUE 

Conferences 

planned, p. 23 

Contributors 

sought for research 

project, p. 23 

Save America's 

Treasures grants, p. 9 

National Register 

listings, p. 11 

Publications 

of note, p. 22 

Find out more 

about this logo 

on page 5, 

the National 

Underground 

Network to 

Freedom 

article. 

HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

• e I • • • • • 

Hovenweep National Monument and Hopi Foundation 

Archeological Documentation and Preservation Workshop 

Eric J. Brunnemann 

Southeast Utah Group. National Park Service 

Beginning October 15, 2001 and 

continuing to November 9, 2001, 

Vanishing Treasures archeologists, 

masonry specialists, photographers, 

computer specialists, and the entire 

Hovenweep National Monument 

staff, participated in a workshop 

with Hopi masonry specialists from 

Greasewood, Coyote, and Reed 

Clans, under the guidance of Hopi 

Reed Clan Mother Eilene Randolph from Bacavi. This workshop 

marked the beginning of a mutual 

assistance program with the Hopi 

Foundation, Hopi Nation, and 

National Park Service. Three weeks 

of the workshop were devoted to 

documentation 

and preservation. The fourth week 

was dedicated to meeting with 

Hopi tribal elders to review the 

program and tour the sites that 

were documented and stabilized. 

The four-week long program of 

on-site documentation, stabilization, and consultation is the result 

of two parallel rehabilitation 

programs: the NPS Vanishing 

Treasures Initiative, and the Hopi 

Foundation Clan House Restoration Program. In early 2000, 

the parks and monuments of 

the Southeast Utah Group, which 

includes Hovenweep National Monument, entered into a Cooperative 

Agreement with the Hopi Foundation, a 501(c)(3) organization. 

The Vanishing Treasures 

Initiative, "a grass-roots program 

designed to address both the devastating destruction of .. .irreplaceable 

historic and prehistoric structures 

as well as the impending loss of 

preservation expertise;' was 

SEE HOPI, PAGE 3 

The structures at the Hovenweep National Monument will benefit from the traditional knowledge systems shared with 

park preservationists during the four-week Documentation and Preservation workshop. Dalton Taylor (left) with NPS 

Vanishing Treasures Conservator Lloyd Masayumptewa (right) confer on the Cajon Unit, Hovenweep Historical 

Monument. Photo courtesy of Eric J. Brunnemann. 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

NPS ACTIVITIES 

Understanding 

and Preserving 

the Heritage of 

Cambodian Americans 

Audrey Ambrosino 

Lowell National Historical Park 

Erin Sheehan 

Lowell National Historical Park 

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page 2 

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Over the past year, staff members 

of Lowell National Historical Park 

in Lowell, Massachusetts, have 

been involved in an intensive program aimed at making new and 

deeper connections with members 

of Lowell's Cambodian community. 

In June 2001, a delegation from 

Lowell visited Cambodia. The 

group included civic, educational, 

business, and community leaders, 

including Lowell NHP Superintendent Patrick C. McCrary. The trip 

represented an effort by Lowell 

leaders to better understand the 

complex culture, history, and heritage of nearly one-third of Lowell's 

citizens- first and second generation KhmerAmericans. 

Prior to 

their arrival 

in United 

States, most 

Cambodian 

immigrants 

were subject 

to the barbarous rule of 

the Khmer Rouge 

and its leader Pol Pot. 

Since the June 2001 trip, 

numerous meetings have taken 

place to plan educational and cultural exchange programs, economic 

development initiatives, and a possible museum or center detailing 

immigration based on human rights 

issues. According to Superintendent McCrary, such a center would 

be a place for Lowell's numerous 

ethnic groups and immigrant communities to share their history and 

Young members of the Angkor 

Dance Troupe perform at the Lowell 

Folk Festival in July of 2001 . Photo 

courtesy of Kevin Harkins. 

culture, as well as promote 

tolerance and understanding 

among people. 

This past February, Lowell NHP 

sponsored a public forum to discuss the trip and the many resulting· 

initiatives. Park, city, and state officials as well as educators, media, 

community activists and interested 

citizens filled the auditorium of the 

Park's visitor center to learn more 

about the trip and to discuss plans 

for the future. Superintendent 

Patrick Mccrary and Lowell City 

Councilor Rithy Uong moderated 

the event. Uong, who immigrated 

20 years ago, is the first Cambodian 

to hold public office in the United 

States. 

All speakers touched on the 

importance of tolerance, cultural 

understanding, patience, pride, and 

sensitivity in the city of Lowell. 

They praised the park for its interest, level of involvement and commitment, and pledged their support 

for future collaborative ventures. 

Currently, the park offers space to 

the nationally recognized Angkor 

Dance Troupe, supports community 

events like the Southeast Asian 

Water Festival and the Lowell Folk 

Festival, and is currently hosting an 

exhibit documenting Southeast 

Asian Dance Traditions. 

In April of 2002, Superintendent 

Mccrary was presented with a 

Community Appreciation Award 

from the Cambodian American 

League of Lowell. 

For more information, contact Audrey Ambrosino 

at audrey_ambrosino@nps.gov. 
HOPI, FROM PAGE 1 

established in 1993. It is comprised 

of over 40 NPS units in the Southwest. The initiative has three primary purposes: 

1) funding emergency stabilization 

projects to record and repair 

structures in immediate danger 

of destruction, 

2) replacement of an aging workforce of stone masons and master carpenters whose architectural skills will be lost if not 

passed to a new generation of 

craft persons, and 

3) moving the initiative from an 

emergency response to the loss 

of historic fabric, to a proactive 

preservation program. 

The Hopi Foundation is a nonprofit, grassroots Native American 

organization. The Foundation's 

mission is to foster self-reliance 

and a sense of pride, recognize 

ability, pass on learning, and give 

back to the community. Through 

various programs, the Foundation 

seeks to preserve and rehabilitate 

historical Hopi architecture. It also 

acknowledges that the traditional 

skills employed in architectural 

preservation are gradually being 

lost. This gradual loss of traditional building skills suggest that traditional activities, integral with such 

structures, might not be passing 

from generation to generation. 

In the first week, Hopi participants toured regional archeological 

sites, and received information 

about the techniques, methods, 

and recording skills used by NPS 

archeologists to document architectural sites prior to preservation 

or treatment. Week two was devoted to data collection in the field. 

The third week was hands-on 

masonry stabilization. 

In the final week, Hopi clan 

leaders, representatives from the 

Hopi Cultural Preservation Office, 

and the Executive Director of the 

Hopi Foundation joined the Hopi 

masonry specialists at Hovenweep. 

National Park Service and Hopi 

members reviewed the program and 

then conducted site visits. Tribal 

elders visited springs and petroglyph sites throughout the monument and discussed clan affiliations 

and Hopi cultural prehistory. 

Based on this workshop, tribal 

representatives from both the Hopi 

Foundation and the Hopi Cultural 

Preservation expressed their desire 

to see the program expand beyond 

Hovenweep National Monument 

and asked NPS to consider expanding the initiative to other ancestral 

Puebloan parks and monuments in 

the Southwest. There are plans 

underway for a 2002 program and 

suggestions of a formal visit to 

Hopi itself by NPS archeologists. 

Both agencies are considering 

reciprocal job opportunities in 

preservation as a venue for preserving ancestral Puebloan culture. 

As both NPS and Hopi become 

more acquainted with each other, it 

is anticipated that our mutual 

interests will continue to build 

strong relationships. 

For more information about the Hopi Foundation, 

contact Barbara Poley at 928/734-2380. or visit 

their website, http://www.hopifoundation.org/. 

For more information about the Hopi Cultural 

Preservation Office, contact Leigh J. 

Kuwanwisiwma at 928/734-3000, or 0visit the website, http://www.nau.edu/- hcpo-p/. For more 

information about the Southeast Utah, contact 

Eric Brunnemann at 435n19-2 134, email: 

eric_brunneman@nps.gov. Visit the Vanishing 

Treasures Initiative webpage at 

http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/vt/vt.htm. 

Biscayne National 

Park and the Stories 

that Lie Beneath 

Alan Spears 

National Parks Conservation Association 

When Biscayne National 

Monument was expanded to 

181,500 acres and designated a 

national park in 1980, the objective 

was to "protect a rare combination 

of terrestrial and undersea life ... 

and to provide an outstanding spot 

for recreation and relaxation:' To 

this day, Biscayne remains a vast 

harbor of clear blue waters, multitextured coral, and a dazzlingly 

colorful array of fish. But as the 

majority of the park (96%) is 

underwater, so too is a large part 

of the story of Biscayne hidden 

from plain sight. Omitted, lost, or 

forgotten amidst the tributes naturalists, historians, and interpreters, 

have paid to the beauty of the reefs 

and keys, are the people of 

Biscayne, many of African descent, 

who populated the region and 

formed a rudimentary, hardscrabble existence for themselves. 

To be a person of color in the 

United States is, often, to have a 

different sense of geography. 

Tangible things such as waterfalls 

and interstates are known entities, 

but sometimes less significant than 

the knowledge of safe harbors and 

places one "ought not go:' Our 

national parklands too, are a part 

of this alternative landscape. 

Determining how some people of 

color have historically used and 

viewed these places can tell us volumes about our collective history 

as Americans- where we have 

been, where we are, and, perhaps, 

where we are going. 

The story of Biscayne's early 

residents begins with the European 

arrival in the Americas, the displacement of indigenous peoples, 

and the enslavement and transport 

page 3 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

page 4 

of Africans to the Western 

Hemisphere. Between 1565 and 

1763, Florida was one province in 

Spain's vast "new world" empire. 

Although free Africans, such as the 

explorer Juan Garrido, accompanied early Spanish Conquistadors, 

the hard work of establishing a 

colony out of the swamps and 

woodlands of Florida called for the 

importation of large numbers of 

enslaved Africans. Contrary to 

popular belief, most of the 

Africans, brought directly from 

Africa, and later Cuba and other 

Spanish holding in the Caribbean, 

to Florida, were skilled laborers 

and artisans, as adept at shipbuilding as they were at constructing 

fortifications or growing crops. 

Some of the first Africans to 

inhabit the keys were those who 

had survived the wreck of slave 

ships passing through the area. 

Men and women escaping from 

slavery on the mainland also made 

their way to the keys. Some settled 

in the area while others used the 

keys as a staging point on their way 

to non-slave holding islands such 

Andros in the Bahamas or Haiti. 

Some of those settlers' stories 

were "lost;' but others like Black 

Caesar and Parson Jones and his 

family illustrate how some sought 

to take advantage of their new 

home. Black Caesar, so the legend 

describes, is as an African leader 

who, after being tricked into the 

hold of a slave ship and transported to the Caribbean, made good his 

escape and became a pirate. 

Caesar Creek, located just to the 

southeast of the present day Adams 

Key Information Center, is thought 

to have been the location of Black 

Caesar's headquarters. The Jones 

family lived on Elliott Key where 

they grew limes and pineapples. 

Jones and his family spent several 

years hacking out a channel in the 

coral reefs around Elliot Key in 

order to create a way of transporting their produce to markets on the 

mainland. The cut, although no 

longer used, remains visible to the 

careful eye to this day. The last 

descendant of the family, Lancelot 

Jones, remained on Elliott Key until 

Hurricane Andrew forced his evacuation and eventually destroyed his 

home. 

The legend of Black Caesar and 

the limited historical record on 

Parson Jones hint at the wealth of 

information that potentially waits 

to be uncovered about Biscayne's 

"other history?' Long regarded as a 

nature lover's paradise and a prime 

vacation/recreation destination, 

Biscayne had a very different 

appeal to the Africans, AfroCaribbeans, and African Americans 

who made the Keys their home. 

Historian George Santayana 

once wrote "all history is written 

wrong ... and is therefore in need of 

rewriting?' Uncovering these stories is a way to make Biscayne 

National Park (and by extension, 

the entire park system) more relevant to people of color. 

For more information about Biscayne National 

Park, visit httpJ/www.nps.gov/bisdresource/ 

cultural. Alan Spears can be reached at 

aspears@npca.org. 

Adams Key is presumed to be the base of operation for the pirate Black Caesar, who conducted raids in and around the 

keys. Photo courtesy of Alan Spears. 
School Desegregation 

Study Leads to Formal 

. Recognition and 

Lesson Plan 

John H. Sprinkle, Jr. 

National Historic Landmarks Survey 

National Park Service 

In 1998, as part of the legislation 

establishing the Little Rock Central 

High School National Historic Site, 

Congress directed the Department 

of the Interior to prepare a 

National Historic Landmark theme 

study on racial desegregation. 

Prepared by the National Historic 

Landmarks Survey, the theme study 

provides a context for identifying 

and evaluating historic places that 

help us understand the school 

desegregation story. Published in 

2000, the theme study is available 

on the world wide web at 

http:/ /www.cr.nps.gov/history/ 

online_books/nhl/school.htm. (See 

Heritage Matters, February 2000, for 

a related story on the desegregation 

study by Turkiya Lowe, a NPS 

Cultural Resources Diversity 

Internship Program intern.) 

One of the little-known stories is 

found in New Kent County, Virginia 

and the pioneering efforts of its 

African-American citizens to realize 

the promise of the Brown v. Board of 

Education decisions. The 1968 Green v. 

New Kent County decision defined the 

standards by which the Court judged 

whether a violation of the U.S. 

Constitution had been remedied in 

school desegregation cases. 

After Green, a decade of massive 

resistance to school desegregation 

in the South from 1955-1964, was 

replaced by an era of massive integration from 1968-1973, as the 

Court placed an affirmative duty on 

school boards to integrate schools. 

The Green decision is considered 

the most significant public school 

case decided by the Supreme Court 

since the Brown cases. The New 

Kent and George W. Watkins 

schools illustrate the typical characteristics of a southern rural 

school system that achieved token 

desegregation following Brown and 

stand as a symbol to the modern 

Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1970 

to expand the rights of black citizens in the United States. 

Having identified the significance of the Green case, the 

National Park Service, in cooperation with the New Kent County 

Board of Education, nominated the 

New Kent and Watkins Schools as 

National Historic Landmarks. On 

August 3, 2001, the Secretary of the 

Interior designated them together 

as National Historic Landmarks. A 

copy of this nomination is available 

at http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/ 

designations/ 08-07-01/. 

National Park Service involvement in the recognition of these 

schools did not stop with preparing 

a nomination. Teaming with the 

New Kent County Board of 

Education and the Department of 

History at the College of William 

and Mary, the National Park 

Service successfully applied for a 

2001 African American heritage 

mini grant from the Virginia 

Foundation for the Humanities and 

Public Policy. The purpose of the 

grant was to increase the level of 

public recognition for the Green 

case within Virginia and across the 

nation by preparing a Teaching with 

Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan. 

Administered by the National 

Register of Historic Places, Teaching 

with Historic Places collects and distributes lesson plans for secondary 

school teachers and other educators. The lesson plan is currently in 

preparation for publishing on the 

Teaching with Historic Places web 

site, 

http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/. 

For more information, contact John Sprinkle at 

202/343-8166, email: john_sprinkle@nps.gov. 

Network to Freedom 

Program Adds 39 New 

Listings 

Diane Miller 

NPS UGRR Network to Freedom Program 

National Park Service 

The National Underground 

Railroad Network to Freedom 

Program preserves and commemorates the history of the Underground Railroad, a significant heritage related to resistance to 

enslavement and flight to freedom 

in the United States, Canada, 

Mexico, and the Caribbean. 

Recently the National Park Service 

announced that the National 

Underground Railroad Network to 

Freedom (Network to Freedom) 

has accepted 39 listings from the 

latest round of applications. There 

are 29 sites, eight programs, and 

two facilities. This increases the 

number of listings to 54, with 39 

sites, 18 programs, and seven facilities. 

Listing in the Network to 

Freedom provides national recognition to well-documented historic 

sites, programs, and facilities. 

Network to Freedom listings will be 

featured on the Program's web site 

(www.cr.nps.gov/ugrr). Sites, programs, and facilities that have been 

accepted in the Network will have 

the privilege to use and display the 

Network to Freedom logo. This 

validation of their Underground 

Railroad associations can be an 

important tool for site preservation 

and proc_urement of funding, 

whether through Network to 

Freedom grants or other sources. 

As the Network to Freedom 

expands, information from the 

publicly accessible nominations 

will be available to assist 

researchers with gaining a new 

appreciation of the complexity of 

this rich tapestry illustrating the 

quest for freedom. For example, in 

page 5 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

page 6 

the Midwest, there is a cultural 

landscape, the Mary Meachum 

Crossing Site, Missouri, where a 

group of enslaved Africans seeking 

their freedom crossed the Mississippi River, just north of St. Louis. 

On the Illinois side, the party was 

met by a group of police and slave 

owners resulting in the death of 

one organizer, the arrest of the 

conductor Mary Meachum, and the 

sale of another escaping woman in 

the party. Further up the Mississippi River, north of Alton, Illinois, 

was an area known as Rocky Fork, 

now known as Camp Warren Levis. 

Here lies one of the first "Free" 

state stops for freedom seekers 

leaving Missouri. With many 

descendants in the area today, the 

community lasted long after 1865, 

holding on to oral traditions associated with the Underground 

Railroad. 

The Network to Freedom 

acknowledges National Historic 

Landmarks (NHL), National 

Register sites, sites in national park 

units, and historical sites such as 

those not previously nationally recognized. The Gerrit Smith Estate in 

Peterboro, New York, a new NHL, 

was home to abolitionist Gerrit 

Smith and a major resting place for 

refugees from slavery. Fort 

Donelson National Battlefield, in 

Dover, Tennessee, is associated 

with the Underground Railroad, 

The Underground Railroad Network 

to Freedom logo will be affixed to 

materials and publications distributed by sites and organizations listed 

as UGRR Network to Freedom 

members. Design courtesy of Shelley 

Harper. 

because it was a site used by slaves 

escaping during the Civil War and 

was a recruiting center for the U.S. 

Colored Troops. A former railroad 

station in Baltimore, Maryland, 

President Street Station, listed in 

the National Register, shows the 

role of railroads as an escape route 

for such freedom seekers as Ellen 

and William Craft and Henry "Box" 

Brown. 

Equal in importance to sites are 

the programs and facilities accepted into the Network to Freedom. 

Programs such as the Footsteps to 

Freedom Study Tour for educators 

in southern California and the 

living history-based "A Fugitive's 

Path-Escape on the Underground 

Railroad;' in Bath, Ohio interpret 

Underground Railroad history to 

people of aJI ages and help to keep 

the memory alive. Similarly, facilities such as the River Road African 

American Museum and Gallery, 

located in Gonzales, Louisiana, 

help to tell the story of the origins 

of the Underground Railroad in the 

Deep South, where slavery was 

entrenched. 

The Network to Freedom 

Program encourages eligible 

Underground Railroad sites, programs, and facilities to apply by 

either the July 15 or January 15 

deadlines. 

For more information, contact the regional coordinators via the website at www.cr.nps.gov/ugrr. 

A "Safer Haven" on 

Roanoke Island: 

Freedman's Colony 

Monument Dedicated 

Doug Stover 

Cape Hatteras National Seashore 

On September 14, 2001, the 

Freedmen's Colony Celebration 

Committee and the National Park 

Service dedicated a monument to 

the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke 

Island, 1862-1867. Following the 

next day on September 15, 2001, 

descendants of the colonists and 

others gathered to remember their 

historic struggles and achievements. 

In 1862, the beginning of 

American Civil War, Union forces 

under the command of General 

Ambrose E. Burnside defeated 

Confederate troops and took 

control of Roanoke Island, 

North Carolina. Word spread 

throughout North Carolina that 

if slaves could cross the creek 

to Roanoke Island, they 

could find "safer 

haven?' Hundreds 

of free and 

runaway 

NATIONAL 

UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 

NETWORK TO FREEDOM 
Over the course of two days, descendants of the Freedmen~ Colony participated in events commemorating its founding. The monument is located at the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, Roanoke Island, North Carolina. Photo courtesy 

of Doug Stover. 

slaves began arriving. By the end of 

1862, over 1,000 freed men, women, 

and children found sanctuary on 

Roanoke Island. Able-bodied men 

were offered rations and employment to build a new fort on the 

north end of the island. 

By May 1863, work on the new 

fort was completed, yet more freedmen were arriving each day and the 

federal government ordered a formal colony be established and work 

provided for the freedman. The 

Freedmen's Colony was to become 

the model for other colonies. It 

encompassed much of the island, 

from the present center of Manteo, 

North Carolina to the northern 

shoreline, including most of what is 

today Fort Raleigh National 

Historic Site. Homes, a sawmill, 

and a school, which employed 

seven black female teachers, were 

established. In June 1863, the first 

state regiment of freedmen was 

formed. There troops became the 

First and Second North Carolina 

Colored Infantry. 

After the fall of the Confederacy 

in April 1865, the Union government 

returned the property appropriated 

for the colony to the original owners, and the residents of the 

Freedmen's Colony were told to 

leave. Many of the freed people, 

after pleading their cases to the 

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and 

Abandoned Lands, were allowed to 

remain on Roanoke Island. Other 

returned to the towns and cities 

from which they came, and still others settled throughout the Albemarle 

area, some of whose descendants 

remain in the area today. 

For more information on t he Freedmen's Colony 

at Roanoke Island, NC, visit 

http://www.nps.gov/fora/freedmancol.htm 

page 7 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

page 8 

Cultural Resources 

Diversity Internship 

Program for 2002-2003 

For the year 2002-2003, the 

National Park Service Cultural 

Resources Diversity Internship 

Program will pair students from 

colleges and universities around the 

United States with cultural 

resources projects. Projects range 

from the development of Section 

ro6 consultation strategies for the 

Federal Emergency Management 

Agency (FEMA) in Washington, DC 

to archeological investigations at 

the Harriet Tubman Birth Site on 

Maryland's Eastern Shore. During 

2002-2003, the Cultural Resources 

Diversity Internship Program will 

sponsor 13 summer internships and 

five semester internships. 

The Diversity Internship Program is part of the National Park 

Service (NPS) Cultural Resources 

Diversity Initiative, which is a comprehensive effort to diversify the 

cultural resources field. Funding 

for the 2002-2003 projects is provided by the Challenge Cost Share 

Program of the National Park 

Service, the National Center for 

Cultural Resources of the National 

Park Service, and the intern sponsors. For three internship projects 

located in Washington, DC, the 

Everett Public Service Internship 

Program contributes additional 

financial support and educational 

activities. 

2002-2003 is the fourth year for 

the Cultural Resources Diversity 

Internship Program. The purpose 

of the program is to introduce 

diverse undergraduate and graduate students to the historic preservation/cultural resources field. The 

Diversity Internship Program 

exposes students to the many ways 

they can adapt their educational 

backgrounds and interest in history 

to the work of historians, curators, 

interpreters, and archeologists 

employed in historic site administration, historic property surveys 

and research, and interpretive programs. The program is oriented 

around professional projects that 

assist students with building their 

resumes of professional work in 

this field. 

For more information on the internship program, 

contact Toni Lee at 202/343-9561 or email: 

toni_lee@nps.gov. Student applications for internships should be directed to: 1800 N. Kent Street, 

Arlington, Virginia 22209 or visit the SCA website 

at www.sca-inc.org. 

Patriots of Color: 

Native Americans and 

African Americans at 

Bunker Hill 

Patricia Roeser 

Boston National Historical Park 

In October 1999, Boston National 

Historical Park, in collaboration 

with Minute Man National 

Cuff Chambers, an African American 

participant in the Battle of Bunker 

Hill, was buried in Dead River 

Cemetery, Leeds, Maine. The gravestone and accompanying marker 

indicate his service to the country in 

the Revolutionary War. Photo 

courtesy of Sarah Quintel. 

Historical Park, launched a 

research project designed to uncover the untold stories of African 

American and Native American 

combatants in the Battle of Bunker 

Hill and the conflict at Lexington 

and Concord. The parks hired 

Revolutionary War consultant 

George Quintal, Jr. to identify the 

patriots of color who participated 

in these first battles of the 

American Revolution. 

After three years of extensive 

research, including the careful 

review of muster rolls and pensions, Quintal completed his 

research and his findings are available in a report entitled "Patriots of 

Color: African Americans and 

Native Americans at Battle Road 

and Bunker Hill." The findings of 

this groundbreaking report concluded that ro3 patriots of color 

fought in the battle, more than five 

times the earlier estimate. Quintal's 

research also uncovered information about individual combatants 

including dates of birth, death, and 

marriage; placement on the battlefield; participation in other military 

campaigns; and life histories. 

According to Marty Blatt, Chief of 

Cultural Resources at Boston 

National Historical Park, these new 

facts and figures provide an intimate look into the lives of the combatants and change our understanding of these battles, especially 

the Battle of Bunker Hill. 

Written records for African 

American and Native American soldiers of the American Revolution 

are often haphazard or missing, 

which caused unique problems for 

Quintal as he set out to uncover the 

untold stories of these men. 

Quintal read nearly the entire 2,670 

roll archive of 80,000 Revolutionary War pension applications. 

Other sources of information 

included church and town records 

and anecdotal reports. 
In conducting his research, 

Quintal separated all the men into 

three categories according to the 

type of documentation used to 

prove their involvement: primary, 

secondary, and "probable:' Quintal 

uncovered a total of 21 names of 

patriots of color who participated 

in the conflict along Battle Road. 

Thirteen of those names were 

proven by primary sources and 

three by secondary. Of the rn3 

names identified for the Battle of 

Bunker Hill, 12 were proven by primary sources and 22 by secondary 

sources. According to Quintal five 

percent of the soldiers engaged in 

the campaign at Bunker Hill were 

patriots of color. That makes 

Bunker Hill second only to 

Monmouth for the number of 

African American and Native 

American combatants. Blatt says 

that he is comfortable with the 

numbers and believes that with 

additional research, more soldiers 

could be identified. 

Quintal's report will be featured 

in a major new exhibit being developed by Boston National Historical 

Park, in cooperation with the 

Charlestown Historical Society. By 

uncovering the untold stories of 

these patriots of color, both Boston 

National Historical Park and 

Minute Man National Historical 

Park will be able to enhance the 

interpretation of African Americans 

and Native Americans. 

Copies of the report are available from Boston 

National Historical Park. To request a copy contact 

Patricia Roeser at 617/242-5668 or email: 

patricia_roeser@nps.gov. 

NHLs Benefit from 

Save America's 

Treasures Grants 

For the year 2001, federal Save 

America's Treasures grants, administered by the National Park Service, 

awarded more than $13 million to 

55 projects in 27 states, the District 

of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The 

grants are intended to assist with 

the restoration and on-going 

preservation of historic places of 

national significance to America. 

Of that $13 million, 60% was given 

to designated National Historic 

Landmarks; the remainder was 

given to properties listed at the 

National Register at the national 

level of significance. Among these 

are several historic places of significance to diverse communities. 

Examples of culturally diverse 

Save America's Treasures grantees 

include the Kaloko Fishpond, 

Kaloko-Honokahau National 

Historic Park, Hawaii; Madame 

Walker Theatre Center, 

Indianapolis, Indiana; the African 

Meeting House, Boston, 

Massachusetts; San Esteban Del 

Rey Mission, Acoma Pueblo, New 

Mexico; the Susan B. Anthony 

House, Rochester, New York; and 

the Robert Russa Moton High 

School Museum, Farmville, 

Virginia. 

For more information on the Save America's 

Treasures Grant program, contact Joe Wall is at 

202/343-9564, email: joe_wallis@nps.gov. 

Federal Historic 

Rehabilitation Tax 

Credits Help Revitalize 

the Jackson Ward 

Historic District 

Angela Shearer 

Technical Preservation Services 

For the last 25 years, the Federal 

Historic Tax Incentives Program 

has been an invaluable tool for 

revitalizing communities and stimulating private investment while preserving historic buildings. 

Administered by the National Park 

Service in partnership with State 

Historic Preservation Offices and 

the Internal Revenue Service, this 

program offers a 20% Federal tax 

credit for the cost of rehabilitating 

an income producing building. 

Properties may be commercial, 

industrial, agricultural, or rental 

residential, but owners' private residences are not eligible. 

To qualify for the program, the 

building must be individually listed 

in the National Register of Historic 

Places or certified as contributing 

to a registered historic district and 

the project must meet the Secretary 

of the Interior's Standards for 

Rehabilitation. Rehabilitated historic properties under this program 

cover every period, size, style, and 

type of building reflecting the 

broad range of America's cultural 

and ethnic diversity. One community that exemplifies the positive 

effect the tax credit program has 

had on community revitalization is 

the Jackson Ward Historic District 

in Richmond, Virginia. 

The Jackson Ward Historic 

District is a residential neighborhood encompassing approximately 

42 city blocks in the center of 

Richmond. Although the neighborhood developed in the early 1820s, 

the area's greatest growth was from 

187I-I905, when it was the center of 

African-American professional and 

entrepreneurial activities in the city 

as well as the state. The area gave 

rise to numerous African-American 

fraternal organizations, banks, insurance companies, and other commercial and social institutions. Many 

notable African-American figures 

lived and worked in Jackson Ward 

including Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, 

actor and dancer and Maggie L. 

Walker, the first woman in the United 

States to found and serve as president 

of a bank. 

The historic neighborhood is 

characterized architecturally by the 

small-scale brick nineteenth-century Greek Revival and Italianate 

townhouses, two to three stories in 

height, with decorative porches. 

Commercial and social institutions 

page 9 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

that were prevalent in the community echoed the small scale and 

character of the residential community. Jackson Ward was listed in the 

National Register of Historic Places 

in 1976 and due to its outstanding 

significance was designated a 

National Historic Landmark district in 1978. 

Since 1950, highway construction 

and urban renewal programs have 

significantly contributed to the 

neighborhood's economic decline 

and disrepair. The National Trust for 

Historic Preservation listed Jackson 

Ward on its "America's II Most 

Endangered Places" list in 2001 to 

bring national attention to the plight 

of this historic neighborhood. 

Today, the area is showing 

strong signs of new life because of 

the African-American owned development companies who have successfully utilized the Federal Tax 

Credit program in Jackson Ward. 

The majority of the adaptive reuse 

projects are converting vacant residential townhouses into rental residential properties. During the 

Fiscal Year 2001, $1.6 million in 

rehabilitation costs were spent in 

the Jackson Ward historic district. 

When combined with Virginia's 

25% State Rehabilitation Tax Credit 

and other tax abatement programs, 

the Federal Tax Credit program has 

provided Jackson Ward an effective 

tool for helping deteriorated businesses and residential properties. 

New investors utilizing various 

forms of financial incentives have 

provided an impetus to others 

seeking home ownership in this reemerging center of AfricanAmerican heritage. 

For more information on the Federal Tax 

Incentives Program, visit the w eb site at 

www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/tax/index.htm 

page 10 

STATE INITIATIVES 

Michigan Tourism and 

Cultural Heritage 

Nancy L. Mathews 

Michigan Humanities Council-North 

Michigan Humanities Council and 

the Michigan Council for Arts and 

Cultural Affairs launched their 

"Michigan's Great Outdoors 

Culture Tour" partnership project 

in summer 1998. When the partnership project started, the partners expected these arts and 

heritage programs about the state's 

north woods and Great Lakes 

would reach underserved audiences in northern Michigan, as well 

as summer visitors in popular vacation destinations. Today, five years 

after the award-winning project's 

beginnings, audiences and hosts 

eagerly await the six-week, 97-program series, while its musicians, 

storytellers, dancers, historical role 

players, and cultural interpreters 

research and polish new program 

material gleaned from earlier seasons' experience. Regional interest 

in cultural programming has also 

increased. 

"Michigan's Great Outdoors 

Culture Tour" is a vehicle for capturing and preserving little-known 

historical footnotes and anecdotes 

about Michigan's more rural, 

isolated northland. Topics range 

from heroic maritime rescues, 

mysterious northern legends, and 

timber country adventures to the 

natural history of scenic coastlines 

and vast woodlands and enduring 

sagas of pioneers and Native 

Americans. Northern Michigan's 

earliest residents were the Ojibwa, 

Potawatomi, and Odawa peoples, 

joined over three centuries by a 

diverse mix of ethnic immigrantsNorwegians, Swedish, Finnish, 

French, Cornish, Germans, Italians, 

Irish, Croatians, Dutch, and 

others- who worked in its woods, 

navigated its rivers and Great 

Lakes, dug its mines, and cleared 

and planted its farmlands. These 

diverse groups make up the story of 

Michigan, which the tour seeks to 

celebrate. 

Inspired by a Civilian Conservation Corps site visited on tour, 

veteran presenter Michael Deren 

developed a CCC character as part 

of his "The Past in Person" interpretations of common people 

whose labors built Michigan and 

the country. He interviewed four 

Michigan alumni of Roosevelt's 

"tree army" that planted thousands 

of acres of pine seedlings on 

burned-over land to help him 

"accurately tell the story of the 

CCC:' His "enrollee" brings to life 

an organization dedicated to "conserving national (young men) and 

natural (trees, etc.) resources" and 

helps audiences "understand, learn 

and value what these men did" and 

what they, in turn, gained. 

Other Culture Tour presenters 

also encounter anecdotes on tour, 

which they research and turn into 

songs, stories, or narrative presentations. Great Lakes musician Lee 

Murdock, for example, developed 

two maritime songs after learning 

stories during Culture Tour travels. 

Now, "The Scottish Hero" about an 

ill-fated rescue attempt at Lake 

Superior's Pt. Iroquois Lighthouse 

and a ghostly legend of a lighthouse 

keeper and his family on "St. Martin 

Island" in Lake Michigan adjacent 

to Green Bay are part of his 

repertoire. 
One-hour evening programs 

occur in northern Lower Michigan 

and the Upper Peninsula July 1-

August 15, 2002, are free of charge 

in local, state, and National Parks, 

National Forest recreation areas, 

and small rural museums under a 

partnership that pools limited 

resources of hosts and sponsors. 

The Culture Tour received the 

Forest Service's "Window on the 

Past" 2000 heritage award and was 

among 24 "model" cultural tourism 

projects featured by the National 

Trust for Historic Preservation in a 

2001 publication. 

For more information on the Michigan 

Humanities Council, visit the web site at 

www.michiganhumanities.org/culturetour, or 

contact program coordinator Nancy Mathews at 

906n89-9471 , or email: paomihum@voyager.net. 

Recent National 

Register Listings 

Congregation Talmud Torah 

of Los Angeles 

From 1915 until the mid-198os, 

Congregation Talmud Torah served 

Eastern European Jewish immigrants in the culturally diverse 

neighborhood of Boyle Heights, 

described as "Los Angeles' Ellis 

Island." Los Angeles, according to 

the National Register nomination, 

has the third largest Jewish population outside of Israel and New York 

City. The site consists of two contributing structures: the brick synagogue and the wood framed school 

building, which housed the Los 

Angeles Jewish Academy, the first 

Jewish parochial elementary school 

in the city. 

The Byzantine Revival structure 

housed the largest Jewish orthodox 

synagogue in the West. Congregation Talmud Torah, also know as 

Breed Street Shu], was listed in the 

National Register on November 4, 

2001. Listing was based upon its 

architectural characteristics, association with religious and educational activities, and connection to Los 

Angeles' social history. 

American Beach Historic District 

American Beach was developed as 

an ocean front resort for African 

Americans on the south end of 

Amelia Island, Florida, in 1935. The 

Pension Bureau of the AfroAmerican Life Insurance Company 

bought three parcels of just north of 

Franklintown, a black township, to 

create a beach and resort for African 

American use, and in response to 

segregation laws in Florida. 

According to the National Register 

nomination, American Beach was 

"the most ambitious and intact of 

Florida's beach resorts developed by 

and for African Americans ... " 

The American Beach Historic 

District was the location of choice 

for African Americans from 

Jacksonville and Fernandia, Florida, 

as well as notables such as Cab 

Calloway and Joe Louis. The historic 

district was listed in the National 

Register on January 28, 2002 for its 

association with African American 

ethnic heritage and community planning and development. 

First African Missionary 

Baptist Church 

The Romanesque Revival-style 

church in Bainbridge, Georgia was 

listed in the National Register on 

The Congregation Talmud Torah's impressive and massive far;ade led it to 

being known as "Queen of the Shuls," an icon of permanence to travel-weary 

immigrants. The site has fallen into disrepair, but plans are underway to 

rehabilitate Shu/ buildings as a community museum and cultural center. 

Photo courtesy of Bill Aron. 

page 11 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

page 12 

(above) As premiere destination for 

African American vacationers from 

northern Florida, American Beach 

provided a place for leisure and 

relaxation. Area teachers and professionals, and officers and employees of the Pension Bureau of the 

Afro-American Life Insurance 

Company frequented the beach 

resort. American Beach was considered the most prominent of the 

Florida segregated beaches. Photo 

courtesy of Joel McEachin. 

(right) Its sophisticated design and 

its relationship with the community 

merited First African Missionary 

Baptist's listing in the National 

Register. Photo courtesy of James R. 

Lockhart. 

(facing page, left) Thomas Memorial 

A.M.E. Zion was listed in the 

National Register in recognition of 

its architecture, social history, and 

ethnic heritage. Photo courtesy of 

Lynn Garofalini. 

(facing page, right and above) Chief 

John Ross was one of the Cherokee 

who survived the "Trail of Tears" to 

settle in Oklahoma. At his Ross 

Cemetery gravesite is a marker 

acknowledging his participation in 

the War of 1812. Photos courtesy of 

Lois E. Albert. 

January 28, 2002. Congregation 

member, Thomas Bynes, an architect trained at the Tuskegee 

Institute, designed the church. 

First African Missionary is a monumental structure, with ornate 

features and vaulted ceilings, and is 

of brick construction. 

First African Missionary has 

served the African American community since 1904 as a place of 

worship, a center for social and 

charitable organizations, and a 

focus for civic and political activity. 

Its listing is based upon significance in areas of architecture and 

African American ethnic heritage. 

Thomas Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church 

This late Gothic Revival style edifice 

is the home of the first African 

American church in Watertown, 

New York. Named for the president 
of the Board of Trustees, Frank 

Thomas, the membership of Thomas 

Memorial African Methodist A.M.E. 

Zion church was active in the 

Underground Railroad and antislavery fugitive activities. One of the 

church's early members of the Board 

of Trustees, Henry Barr, escaped to 

the North with the help of the 

Underground Railroad, prior to settling in Watertown in 186s. 

The church was established in 

1878, meeting in a private home 

before the faux-stone building was 

constructed in 1909. The church 

edifice still serves the congregation 

as a place of worship and a center 

for cultural activities for the African 

American community. It was listed 

in the National Register on March 

6, 2002 for its architectural merits 

and its association with African 

American ethnic heritage. 

Ross Cemetery 

Located in Cherokee County, 

Oklahoma, the Ross Cemetery is the 

only place associated with Chief 

John Ross in Oklahoma. Ross, 

Principal Chief of the Cherokee 

Nation from 1828-1866 and veteran 

of the War of 1812, and his family are 

interred in the cemetery. The cemetery is also significant to the Cherokee Nation as representative of the 

relocation to Indian Territory. 

The forced removal of the 

Cherokee Nation on the "Trail of 

Tears" in 1838-1839 saw some 

16,000 Cherokee traverse from 

Tennessee and Georgia to Oklahoma. Many of the individuals 

interred in Ross Cemetery, 

including Chief John, survived the 

migration. Several of those who 

made up the original governing 

body of the Indian Nation are 

buried there as well. The cemetery 

sits just outside of Park Hill and 

fou~ miles away from Tahlequah, 

capital city of the Cherokee Nation. 

Ross Cemetery was listed in the 

National Register on March 7, 2002. 

page 13 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

COMMUNITY INITIATIVES 

Sugar Hill: Thoughts 

on Cultural 

Conservation 

Ned Kaufman 

Recently, a panel discussion on 

preserving the heritage of Sugar 

Hill was held. The neighborhood 

had been important to the Harlem 

Renaissance and was a powerful 

symbol of achievement for many 

African Americans in the 1920s and 

later. Two discussants were longtime Harlem residents and civic 

activists: Michael Henry Adams, a 

preservation advocate, and John 

Reddick, an architect and urban 

designer. The discussion became 

particularly interesting when, turning a sharp corner, it unexpectedly 

confronted a disagreement that got 

into the very meaning of heritage. 

Sugar Hill is a neighborhood 

rich in story and myth, but some of 

its aging rowhouses and apartment 

buildings are sliding into disrepair. 

Adams asserted that to preserve the 

area's heritage, it was imperative to 

restore and maintain the buildings. 

If that meant turning Sugar Hill 

into an expensive and largely white 

neighborhood, so be it: heritage 

must be preserved ... by any means 

necessary, as one might say. 

Reddick wanted just as passionately to preserve Sugar Hill's heritage, but countered that it would be 

lost, not saved, if the neighborhood 

became a well-heeled white enclave. 

Indeed, no amount of architectural 

restoration could preserve the area's 

heritage, if the community most 

intimately connected with its history were swept away. That community was Sugar Hill's heritage. 

Reddick's prescription: provide 

housing and other forms of social 

assistance to sustain the existing, 

largely low-income, African 

American community. 

This represents a puzzling situation, for both views seemed to contain profound, if unreconcilable 

truths. Yet both also seemed harsh. 

Adams was willing to sweep away a 

community in pursuit of preservation. Reddick wanted to exclude 

outsiders in pursuit of the same 

goal. Both positions were built 

upon surprisingly generous views of 

what heritage is. 

It is easier to see the generosity 

in Reddick's proposal. For 

Reddick, heritage is not a musty 

relic of the past: it is a connection 

with history that people recreate 

through their lives. It is about 

continuity. If African Americans 50 

or 60 years ago aspired to live in 

Sugar Hill and created a remarkable community there, then African 

Americans living there now, 

walking in their footsteps, are preserving their heritage by living it. 

Reddick's argument draws on a 

powerful vein of current thinking 

about cultural conservation, one 

relevant to Native Americans (and 

Hawaiians and Alaskans), to family 

farmers, Chesapeake Bay fisherman, and indeed to numerous residents of communities across the 

country. 

Adams is generous too. If heritage is not something to be lived, it 

is something to be treasured and 

passed down. And Adams evidently 

believes that white people could 

preserve the heritage of an African 

American community. And if 

whites could be the loving stewards 

of black heritage, blacks could presumably do the same for Koreans, 

Koreans for Jews, Jews for Irish, 

and perhaps even suburbanites for 

farmers, and farmers for Kiowas or 

Crows. 

In New York, where constant 

change is celebrated-while imposing high social and personal costsit seems that some degree of community stabilization, a la Reddick, 

is almost necessary. Alas, given the 

political realities, it might also be 

impossible. Adams' vision of raceblind heritage conservation seems 

equally impossible, yet just as necessary, for if people cannot cross 

social fences to care for each 

other's heritage, the preservation of 

any heritage in a place like New 

York could become difficult, to say 

the least. 

All of which begs the question of 

what, exactly, heritage is. And here 

Adams and Reddick differ, though 

perhaps more subtly than it might 

seem. Both value architecture, and 

both value history. But for Adams, 

it seems that the stories live mainly 

in the buildings, whereas for 

Reddick they live mainly in people. 

Thus, for Reddick cultural conservation requires community conservation, while for Adams, it requires 

residents with disposable income. 

It would be hard to pin political 

labels to these contrasting views: 

neither is exactly conservative or 

liberal. But their consequences are 

highly political indeed. One point 

of view is willing to direct social 

resources to shoring up a community sorely lacking in market power; 

the other to allow market forces to 

displace that community. Preference of one view, for example the 

use of shared resources to stabilize 

an existing community rather than 

see it swept away, for another may 

stem more from ones politics than 

any heritage theory. 

The fact is heritage is always 

political. And preservationists 

should always be alert to the 

politics of what we do as heritage 
professionals. That is not to prohibit compromise. But recognizing 

that our actions will have political 

consequences-whether or not we 

consciously intend them-may help 

us integrate our politics with our 

heritage practice. At the same time, 

if we let ourselves think politically, 

we may also recognize the limits of 

what heritage conservation can do. 

The campaign to save New York's 

African Burial Ground set out to 

push a new awareness of African 

Americans' historical presence into 

the foreground of New Yorkers' 

minds. It succeeded brilliantly: 

consciousness was truly changed. 

But it did not require the fight for 

economic, social, and political parity. How could it? Some battles can 

be fought on the grounds of cultural conservation. Others must be 

engaged on their own terms. 

Ned Kaufman is a cultural resource consultant 

based on Yonkers, New York. Contact Ned 

Kaufman at 914/476-3045; email: 

nk290nk@aol.com. 

AARCH Building in 

Frederick, MD 

Arches hold up bi:idges, attach one 

spot to another, and catch your eye 

along the freeway letting you know 

food is just ahead. A group of 

museum and library professionals, 

academics, students, and a variety 

of community volunteers in 

Frederick, Maryland are using this 

image as an inspiration as they 

identify, document, and preserve 

African American resources in the 

community called AARCH, African 

American Resources-Cultural and 

Heritage. 

Last March, a series of public 

meetings introduced the AARCH 

concept and attracted strong 

involvement Frederick City and 

County African American communities. More than 100 individuals 

attended meetings at Asbury United 

Methodist Church, a historically 

African American, activist congregation. After the meetings, volunteers left with AARCH project "lead 

sheets" to begin to identify African 

American heritage community 

resources. 

A museum concept surfaced regularly during the initial phase of 

AARCH, and was the subject of a 

January 2002 planning retreat at 

Frederick Community College's 

conference center, hosted by the 

Catoctin Center for Regional 

Studies. The retreat began with 

panelists addressing the challenges 

of establishing a new museum. The 

panelists included Sandy Bellamy, 

Development Officer for the 

Maryland Museum of AfricanAmerican History; Zora Felton, former Director of Education for the 

Smithsonian's Anacostia Museum; 

Barbara Franco, Executive Director 

of the Historical Society of 

Washington, D.C.; and Mary 

Alexander, Director of the 

Maryland Museum Assistance 

Program. Two informal discussion 

groups explored the museum idea 

and addressed possible AARCH 

projects. 

Discussions suggested two piers 

for Frederick's AARCH, one that 

will address the feasibility of a 

museum facility. The other, 

"AARCHways" will pursue community projects such as oral histories, 

historical research, thematic tours, 

and others activities to build an 

audience or "set the stones" for the 

AARCH. "AARCHways" may be 

undertaken by museums and other 

partner organizations, as well as 

formal AARCH subcommittees. 

The first "AARCHway" is a selfguided African American tour. The 

brochure for the tour will be organized in two sections, the city of 

Frederick and Frederick County. 

The brochure is available at the 

Frederick Visitor Center, 19 East 

Church Street for $-50. 

The City of Frederick section of 

the tour will focus primarily on 

West All Saints Street, where a 

thriving African American community developed early in the twentieth century. Stops of interest 

include the Free Colored Men's 

Library and Asbury United 

Methodist Church. Most stops on 

this section tour are within walking 

distance. The Frederick County 

sites are widely dispersed and must 

be viewed as a driving tour. This 

section emphasizes late nineteenth 

century villages and churches 

founded by African Americans, 

some of whom had been slaves. 

The villages include Centerville, 

Greenfield, and Pleasant View. 

Grants from the Community 

Foundation of Frederick County 

and the Freedom Summer 

Celebration will support the selfguided tour. Overall support for 

the AARCH project as been provided to the Frederick County Historic 

Sites Consortium by a grant from 

the Maryland Historical Trust's 

Museum Assistance Program. 

For more information, contact Li z Shatto, 

Coord inator, Frederick Historic Sites Consortium at 

3011644-4042. 

DISCOVER DALLAS! A 

Survey of Dallas' 

Architectural, Cultural, 

and Historic Properties 

Katherine Dyll 

Preservation Dallas 

Preservation Dallas, with help from 

residents and volunteers, is 

documenting Dallas' significant 

architectural, cultural, and historic 

properties. This multicultural 

grassroots effort is both innovative 

and precedent-setting; never has a 

city this size utilized volunteers to 

collect survey data. Properties 

include residential, commercial, 

institutional, and industrial buildings constructed before 1965 and 

page 15 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

page 16 

Students from Sunset High School participated in the documentation of buildings near their school, as a part of the 

Discover Dallas! Resource survey. Photo courtesy of Katherine Dyll. 

within the Dallas city limits. 

Preservation Dallas's board 

members conceptualized the survey two years ago when they 

became frustrated with Dallas's 

current architectural surveys. 

Scattered throughout the city's 

repositories, these surveys are 

inaccessible to the public. They 

are also out of date and use disparate methods in determining a 

property's significance. With 

Discover Dallas!, the user will be 

able to search the resultant database by address, architect/builder, 

date, and style, as well as local, 

state, or national significance. 

Users will also find location maps 

and neighborhood assessments 

using geographic information system (GIS) and property tax data. 

This is an ambitious project in 

yet another respect. Neighborhoods play a prominent role 

because the project begins with 

them. Neighborhood by neighborhood, Preservation Dallas teaches 

residents to train their eyes so they 

can better understand the forms 

that shape their environment. 

Residents record architectural 

details as well as note which buildings are most important to their 

community's culture and/or history. 

In January 2002, the Leadership 

class from South Dallas' Sunset 

High School took part in Discover 

Dallas! by surveying the commercial buildings near their school. 

They began with an Art Deco 

building, today Tejano Mexican 

Restaurant and Club. A previous 

survey estimated a construction 

date of 1955; however, the students 

discovered an earlier construction 

date of 1939, when it opened as 

Wyatt's Cafeteria. Sunset student 

Stephanie Tackett remarked, "I 

could not believe all the histories 

behind [Tejano's.] Before now I 

didn't think anything about the 

buildings I pass by, but now .. .l 

look at them in a different way and 

find myself trying to determine 

different things about them." 

Knowing more about building history has made a remarkable difference in the way the students see 

their neighborhood, not to mention expanded their understanding 

of South Dallas. 

The benefits of the project 

include reinvestment in historic 

properties, building residential 

pride in the uniqueness of the 

neighborhood, and empowering 

residents in the development of 

their community. The project has 

won the support of city officials, 

preservationists, and volunteers 

who recognize the urgency in 

recording the city's resources. 

For more information about Discover Dallas!, call 

214/82 1-3290, or visit the Preservation Dallas 

website at www.preservat iondallas.org. 
New Orleans 

Celebrates Its Shotgun 

Houses, Seeks to Save 

Them 

In March, 2002, New Orleans celebrated Shotgun House Month, with 

events intended to showcase the 

vernacular architecture that makes 

up a large percentage of the city's 

and the state's housing stock. The 

shotgun, a narrow structure with a 

front-facing gable and main door, 

can be found throughout the South, 

but is closely associated with 

Louisiana and its African American 

population. Over the course of the 

month, the Preservation Resource 

Center (PRC) of New Orleans held 

a Designers' Shotgun House 

Showcase, and presepted lectures 

on the history of the house in New 

Orleans and how it relates to 

African Americans. The PRC 

offered a map for those interested 

in taking a driving tour of shotgun 

houses in one of five neighborhoods, and organized a walking 

tour of shotguns in Algiers. Most 

importantly, the PRC conducted a 

Shotgun Summit, on purchasing, 

maintaining and refurbishing shotgun houses. 

James Perry of Operation 

Comeback, a program dedicated to 

neighborhood revitalization by 

helping people buy and renovate 

historic homes, gave attendees 

information on acquiring available 

homes using various methods 

including the Blighted Properties 

Removal Program. Operation 

Comeback is run through the New 

Orleans Redevelopment Authority 

(NORA) which acquires properties 

in and around the city, and offers 

them at auctions to prospective 

homeowners. The agency initiated 

its Real Estate and Landbanking 

Mechanism (REALM) in late 1999. 

According to NORA Director 

Lisa Mazique, the strategy was 

devised to achieve three results: 

"First we saw the need to make 

available for development a pool of 

properties in distressed neighborhoods. Second, we knew that upfront costs and risks were keeping 

some interested buyers out of the 

program, so we wanted to eliminate 

those impediments. And third, we 

wanted to strengthen our mechanism for matching buyers with 

available resources to facilitate the 

timely removal of blight from 

neighborhoods?' 

As a result of NORA's "landbanking" efforts, a menu of attractive properties, in addition to shotgun houses, in local historic districts under the jurisdiction of the 

Historic District Landmarks 

Commission are available for auction. The four sessions at the 

Shotgun Summit was part of 

Operation Comeback's efforts to 

educate the public, offer ideas 

about possible renovation plans, as 

well as financing, provide the history of the housing type, and note the 

many famous New Orleanians who 

have lived in shotguns. 

For information on New Orleans' Shotgun House 

Month, Operation Comeback, or the PRC, contact 

Mary Fitzpatrick at 504/581-7032, email: 

prc@prcno.org. 

Preservation and 

Transformation in San 

Francisco: Friends of 

1800 

Gerry Takano 

Friends of 1800 

Like so many fledgling organizations, the San Francisco based 

Friends of 1800 evolved through 

the vigilant activism of uninitiated 

neighborhood preservationists. 

Dedicated to save the Fallon, a 

Victorian building at 1800 Market 

Street, the group's opposition to 

demolition threatened to divide an 

already politicized gay-lesbianbisexual-transgender (GLBT) community: gay preservationists were 

pitted against other gays. 

The Fallon has a colorful history, more than a century old. It was 

built by Carmel Fallon, granddaughter of General Joaquin 

Castro- the namesake of Castro 

Street-who was once married to 

Commander Thomas Fallon, former mayor of San Jose. A commercial and residential building, it 

eventually passed to Carmel's 

daughter, Anita, a well-known stage 

actress. The Fallon survived the 

1906 and 1989 earthquakes, and 

was a home to gays, artists, and 

stage performers during the 1970s 

and 1980s. The announcement to 

raze the Fallon for a new GLBT 

Community Center ignited a major 

local preservation campaign. 

While thousands of signatures were 

collected in the Castro district to 

save the building, more seasoned 

activists presented compelling 

options to revitalize the Fallon. 

For several months, representatives 

from both sides began assessing the 

feasibility of maintaining the Fallon 

as part of the Center. 

Finally, after much debate and 

discussion, the Board of the 

Community Center reversed its 

decision in favor of preservation. 

In early March 2002, the new GLBT 

Community Center, including the 

renovated Fallon and its modernist 

addition, was dedicated with gala 

events and highly publicized fanfare. 

A singular issue such as the 

Fallon, however, could not sustain 

the organization's development. 

The Friends of 1800 Board set forth 

on new constructive and provocative preservation projects throughout San Francisco. The organization promoted the landmarking of 

various sites such as the Harvey 

Milk Camera Shop and initiated 

revisions to local landmarks 

regulations. 

page 17 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

page 18 

In addition, the Friends held an 

international conference during 

June 2001 entitled, "Looking Back 

and Forward, an exploration of the 

identification and assessment of 

significant GLBT sites:' Attendees 

experienced alternative GLBT 

interpretations of the San Francisco City Hall with a focus on the 

day Harvey Milk, the first openly 

gay City Supervisor, and Mayor 

George Moscone, were assassinated 

during the years of new GLBT 

political awareness and presence. 

The emerging GLBT geography of 

San Francisco's Tenderloin, Polk, 

and the Castro districts were also 

discussed. 

·Today, the Friends of 1800 

organization is strongly allied with 

local mainstream preservation 

organizations, such as the San 

Francisco Architectural Heritage 

and the GLBT Historical Society of 

Northern California. The organization addresses a range of projects 

and promotes numerous local 

advocacy issues. A long ranged 

involvement with the City and 

County of San Francisco is a survey 

of hundreds of sites in the Castro, 

Noe Valley, and Western Addition 

neighborhoods. 

Extending beyond San 

Francisco, the Friends of 1800 also 

provides outreach assistance to 

other organizations interested in 

the built environment. In 

Honolulu, Hawaii, for example, the 

Friends assists local groups in the 

interpretation and identification of 

GLBT sites, past and present. 

For more information, visit the Friends website at 

friendsof1800.org. Gerry Takano can be reached 

at gertkno@aol.com. 

TRIBAL ACTIVITIES 

Shinnecock Nation 

Cultural Center and 

Museum 

Helga Christine Morpurgo 

Two decades ago, a group of 

Shinnecock natives began the 

process of creating a cultural center 

that would allow them to preserve 

and recreate their own heritage, a 

culture that dates back almost 

10,000 years. "Everyone has been 

telling our story but us:' said 

Elizabeth Haile Thunder Bird, echoing a belief held by other tribe members. The Shinnecock Nation 

Cultural Center and Museum in 

Southampton, New York is the end 

result of their efforts. 

The 5,400 sq. ft. cultural center 

and museum, which opened its 

doors to the public on June 16, 2001, 

is of spiritual significance to Native 

Americans because it was built using 

traditional methods, with logs of 

white pine without the use of nails 

or mortar. The logs are fitted one 

atop the other and held in place by 

wooden pegs. A curved stairwell of 

halved pine logs leads to a lower 

level, transported in one piece from 

Oneida, New York where the structure was built by Obomsawin 

artisans. 

The murals of native Shinnecock 

artist and historian David Bunn 

Martine complement the engineering of the construction. Martine's 

work recreates aspects of communal 

life during the course of Indian history, dating as far back as the 

Paleolithic era and as far forward as 

present day portraits of living tribal 

members. The larger-than-life paintings show authentic historic details 

that depict the evolution of terrain 

under the effects of climate changes. 

The upper level will display many 

native artifacts, such as a small 

organ that had resided in the 

Reservation's Small Church when 

the church was still in existence. It 

also contains a hand-caned chair 

that had belonged to an ancestor 

who everyone on the Reservation 

had once known, a 400 year-old 

birch bark canoe, tools from every 

period of Indian history, an antique 

skin drying stand, and many other 

historic artifacts. Wampum, sewing 

tools, and other artifacts found during the construction of new homes 

in the Southampton area have been 

given to the Reservation. 

The Museum contains a photograph gallery, an archive room for 

videos and recordings of verbal history, a kitchen facility, offices, and a 

storage area. There are plans for an 

amphitheater to serve as a setting 

for spiritual ceremonies, festivals, 

lectures, traditional dancing, 

demonstrations, drumming, and 

flute and vocal concerts. 

The Shinnecock Museum is open 

by appointment for lectures and 

tours and Saturdays from 

n a.m. to 4 p.m. 

For scheduling and information. call the 

Shinnecock Museum at 631 /287-4923. 

Outside the 

Boundaries 

Gregg L. Bruff 

Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore 

National Park Service staff is occasionally involved in special opportunities to contribute to cultural heritage projects outside of park boundaries. In 1996, The Face In The Rock 

was published by Loren R. Graham, 
a Professor of the History of Science 

at Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology. Publication of the book 

was the culmination of a collaborative project between the author and 

local Anishinabeg tribal elders. Once 

the book was in print, elders then 

began working to increase awareness 

of both local and regional visitors of 

the story related by the book. This 

includes the historic rock carving of 

Powers of the Air, a Grand Island 

Ojibwa who helped guide the Lewis 

Cass Expedition on Lake Superior in 

1820. 

Eroded by the vagaries of Lake 

Superior weather, much of the foot-

high carved sandstone image is still 

visible, though most local residents 

do not know its location or the story 

behind it. In 1996 local tribal elder, 

Dolores Leveque decided to change 

that, and began working on a project 

that would tell the story. 

Funded by a Michigan 

Department of Transportation 

(DOT) grant, Leveque and Pictured 

Rocks National Lakeshore Park 

Ranger Gregg Bruff developed plans 

and a production schedule for a 

large viewing deck and two wayside 

exhibits at the Rathfoot State DOT 

wayside, near Au Train, Michigan on 

Michigan highway M-28. The view-

ing deck will provide disabled access 

to the scenic beach area on Lake 

Superior. The pair of exhibits will 

focus on the Anishinabeg history of 

the region and the story of the Cass 

expedition which also included 

Henry R. Schoolcraft, who later 

became Indian Agent at Sault St. 

Marie. One exhibit will include a 

three dimensional replica of the rock 

carving which will provide an alternative to accessing the carving by 

walking on shifting beach sands. 

Construction of the viewing platform and installation of the exhibits 

will take place during the summer of 

2002. 

For more information, contact Greg L. Bruff at 

greg_brutt@nps.gov. 

The A Face in the Rock project has 

allowed the Anishinabeg tribe to 

inform the surrounding community 

of its history on Grand Island. The 

sculpture is of Powers of the Air, a 

Chippewa Indian warrior. Photo 

courtesy of Gregg Bruff. 

page 19 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

page 20 

White Mountain 

Apache Tribe 

Nominates Lower 

Cibecue Lutheran 

Mission to National 

Register of Historic 

Places 

Rustin Quaide 

National Register of Historic Places 

On February 5, 2002, the Lower 

Cibecue Lutheran Mission in 

Navajo County, Arizona, on the 

White Mountain Apache tribe 

lands, was listed in the National 

Register of Historic Places. 

National Park Service Director 

Fran P. Mainella said, "[t]he Lower 

Cibecue Lutheran Mission was 

nominated by the White Mountain 

Apache Tribe Preservation Office 

after a grassroots preservation 

effort emerged to work toward the 

preservation and revitalized use of 

the building, culminating in the 

1997-1998 restoration of the 

Mission?' This represents the first 

officially recognized listing nominated by a Tribal Preservation 

Office (TPO). 

The White Mountain Apache 

Tribe is one of 31 tribes that constitute the National Association of 

Tribal Historic Preservation 

Officers. In 1992 the U.S. Congress 

adopted amendments to the 

National Historic Preservation Act 

that allowed federally recognized 

Indian tribes take on more formal 

responsibility for the preservation 

of significant historic properties on 

tribal lands. "The community is 

using this recognition as a catalyst 

for further preservation efforts;' 

said White Mountain Apache Tribe 

Tribal Historic Preservation Officer 

John Welch. 

Cibecue, referred to in the 

Apache language as Deschibikoh 

("elongated red valley"), is a rural 

community of approximately 1,500 

people of Western Apache heritage. 

The Lower Cibecue Lutheran 

Mission is today located near the 

southern edge of the community, 

approximately three miles south of 

the more recently constructed 

Lutheran Mission. The original 

Lutheran Mission represents the 

initial entry of non-American 

Indian architectural forms into the 

western side of the Fort Apache 

Indian Reservation. Development 

of the Lower Cibecue Mission 

The Mission Chapel is indicative of a hybrid vernacular architectural style that was used for buildings at the Lower 

Cibecue Lutheran Mission. Photo courtesy of John Welch. 
complex, which began with the construction of the chapel in 19II, also 

included school facilities, a teacherage, and a parsonage. The Cibecue 

area is now home to an important 

matrilineal clan, the Deshidin ("Red 

Rock People"), who trace their 

ancestry to territory now within the 

Navajo Nation. The White Mountain Indian Reservation was established by Executive Order by President Ulysses S. Grant on November 

9, 1871. 

rounding San Carlos and on the 

eastern side of the Fort Apache 

Reservation for two decades prior 

to the mission establishment at 

Cibecue. 

general form of the Mission 

Chapel, based on a simple square 

plan, one-story wall height, and 

pyramidal roof, is that of a small 

community-gathering place. The 

interior surface of the adobe wall 

has a thin coat of mud plaster. The 

wood flooring is made of Douglas 

fir, and the five large windows in 

the main Chapel room are fourover-four, single-hung wood 

windows. 

The Lower Cibecue Lutheran 

Mission site represents the earliest 

and most substantial Christian missionary activity in the Cibecue area. 

Lutheran missionaries were active 

among Apache communities surThe Lower Cibecue Lutheran 

Mission is truly an architectural 

hybrid, incorporating elements of 

both Sonoran and Anglo 

Traditional styles. While the 

Mission School and Mission 

Teacherage are today in various 

states of ruin, the Mission Chapel 

survives. The style of the building 

has been determined as "local vernacular?' This determination is 

based on a harmonious and unusual association of form, function, 

materials, and workmanship. The 

The building's survival and rehabilitation is testimony to its workmanship and positive integration 

into the Cibecue community, and 

the active work of the community 

to preserve it. 

For more information, contact John Welch at 

520/338-4625, email:JohnWelch@bia.gov. 

Current Listing of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers 

As of March 30, 2002, the Native American 

tribes with officially-recognized Tribal Historic 

Preservation Offices include: 

* Catawba Indian Nation (South Carolina) 

* Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (South Dakota) 

* Confederated Tribes of the Colville 

Reservation (Washington) 

* Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North 

Carolina) 

* Hualapai Tribe (Arizona) 

* Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior 

Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin (Wisconsin) 

* Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior 

Chippewa Indians (Wisconsin) 

* Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians 

(Minnesota) 

* Makah Tribe (Washington) 

* Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin 

(Wisconsin) 

* Mescalero Apache Tribe (New Mexico) 

* Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Indians (Minnesota) 

* Narragansett Indian Tribe (Rhode Island) 

* Navajo Nation (Arizona) 

* Poarch Band of Creek Indians (Alabama) 

* Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewas 

(Wisconsin) 

* Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of 

the Flathead Nation (Montana) 

* Seneca Nation of Indians (New York) 

* Skokomish Indian Tribe (Washington) 

* Spokane Tribe of Indians (Washington) 

* Squaxin Island Tribe (Washington) 

* Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (North Dakota) 

* Timbisha Shoshone Tribe (California) 

* Tunica-Biloxi Indians of Louisiana (Louisiana) 

* Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa (North 

Dakota) 

* Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla 

Reservation (Oregon) 

* Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah, 

Massachusetts) 

* Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs 

Reservation in Oregon (Oregon) 

* White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona) 

* Yurok Tribe (California) 

* Pueblo of Zuni (New Mexico) 

For more information on THPOs, contact H. Bryan Mitchell at 202/343-

9558, email: bryan_mitchell@nps.gov 

page 21 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

page 22 

PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, 

NOTICES, AND RESEARCH 

Publications 

Latinos in Public History 

Under different circumstances, the 

United States as we know it could be 

called New Spain, or Aztlan, as the 

Southwestern portion of it once was. 

A look at a map shows Hispanic, or 

Latino, place-names dotting the 

landscape from Florida to California. Coming forward to the present, 

there are significant Latino populations throughout the nation. There 

is a long-standing presence of peoples from Mexico, the Caribbean, 

Central, and South America in the 

United States, in the Southwest, the 

West, and in the large urban 

enclaves of New York, Miami, and 

Chicago. New Latino communities 

are established in areas such as 

Boston; Lancaster and Harrisburg, 

Pennsylvania; and Atlanta. 

Despite the fact that Latinos 

represent 12% of the total U.S. population, the Latino presence is 

underrepresented in the field of 

public history. Crossing color lines 

and linguistic boundaries, Latino 

communities exhibit a complexity 

that has eluded traditional historical methodology. Folk expressions 

and local events play prominent 

roles in the shaping of community 

identity. Their role in creating a 

community identity does not correspond with the models most professionals are familiar with, 

although several programs and 

organizations across the country 

are addressing the matter. 

The periodical of the National 

Council for Public History, The 

Public Historian published a special 

issue dedicated to Latino Public 

History in the fall of 2001. Edited 

by Antonio Rios-Bustamante and 

Maria Cristina Garcia, "Latino 

Public History" addresses a wide 

range of topics concerning cultural 

heritage and identity. 

Contributor L. Stephen 

Velasquez documents the 

Smithsonian Institution's self-evaluation and move toward representing Latinos in the programs and the 

staff with "The Teodore Vidal 

Collection: Crating Space for 

Latinos at the National Museum of 

American History." Three of the 

essays look at markers of cultural 

identity using public history programs with "Where's the 'Mexican' 

in 'New Mexican'?" by Sarah 

Horton, "Preserving Hispanic 

Lifeways;' by John Hunner, and 

"'Black Behind the Ears' -and Up 

Front Too? Dominicans in the 

Black Mosaic" by Ginetta E. B. 

Candelario. 

The political nature of cultural 

heritage is examined in, "Our 

Voices in the Nation's Capital: 

Creating the Latino Community 

Heritage Center of Washington, 

D.C.;' by Olivia Cadaval and Brian 

Finnegan. "Chicano Park and the 

Chicano Park Murals: Barrio 

Logan, City of San Diego, 

California;' by Martin D. Rosen 

and James Fisher addresses similar 

concerns. "The Browncoats are 

Coming: Latino Public History in 

Boston;' by Felix Matos-Rodriguez 

looks at "younger" Latino communities and inclusion into traditional 

historical accounts. 

The Public Historian is published quarterly by the 

University of California Press. For a copy of t he 

" Latino Public History" issue, contact Journals 

Division, University of California Press, Berkeley, 

CA, 94720. For more information, contact The 

Public Historian at 805/893-3667, email: 

lreed@descartes.ucsb.edu 

Civil Rights in America: A Framework 

for Identifying Significant Sites 

The National Historic Landmark 

Survey program conducted a civil 

rights framework study that was 

designed to assist the National Park 

Service with identifying and prioritizing those areas of history significant in illustrating the civil rights 

story. Authorized by Congress in 

1999, the framework study will 

assist planners in evaluating proposals by Congress and others for 

additions to the park system, historic trails, and heritage areas. The 

report is available through the 

National Register of Historic 

Places, 1849 C Street, NW, NC 400, 

Washington, DC 20240. 

For more information contact John Sprinkle at 

202/343-8166, email: john_sprinkle@nps.gov. 

Archeology at the Banneker 

Homestead 

The Maryland Historical Trust 

Press announces the release of a 

new publication on the archeology 

and history of Benjamin Banneker 

and the African American experience in Maryland, The Discovery and 

Archeological Investigation of the 

Benjamin Banneker Homestead 

(18BA282), Baltimore County, Maryland 

by Robert J. Hurry. 

Archeological discoveries reveal 

tangible evidence of Banneker's 

homestead and yield new insights 

into the life and times of this 

important figure. 

Copies of the publication may be attained by contacting Bernadette Pruitt of t he Maryland 

Historical Trust at 410/514-7650, or by email, 

Pruitt@dhcd.state.md.us. Order may be placed online by visiting the Maryland Historic Trust's website at www.marylandhistorictrust.net, under 

"MHT Press." 
Conferences 

Reclaiming the Legacy: Asian 

Americans and Pacific Islanders in 

United States History 

The National Archives and Records 

Administration-Pacific Region held 

the conference on Asian Pacific 

American Heritage on May 4, 2002, 

at the University of San Francisco, 

Lone Mountain Conference Center. 

Tours included Angel Island 

Immigration Station, the Chinese 

Historical Society of America 

Museum, National Archives and 

Records Administration, and the 

National Japanese American 

Historical Society. 

For more information, contact the National 

Archives and Records Administration-Pacific 

Region at 650/876-9249. 

Mosaic In Motion 2002: Connecting 

People of Color to America's 

National Parks 

On July 7-rn, 2002, National Parks 

Conservation Association, in conjunction with Georgia-Pacific 

Corporation, the William and Flora 

Hewlett Foundation, Home Depot, 

National Park Service, Pitney 

Bowes Inc., and the Wilderness 

Society wiU hold a three-day 

conference. The conference will 

address the issue of the underrepresentation of people of color as 

visitors to national parks, subjects 

of interpretation, employees, and 

contractors. This third Mosaic 

conference will feature Congressman John Lewis as keynote speaker. It will be held at the Evergreen 

Conference Center in Stone 

Mountain, Georgia. 

For conference program and sponsorship information, visit the website al www.npca.org or call 

Alicia Seyler at 202/223-6722. 

The Association of African American 

Museums Conference 

On August 21-25, 2002, the 

Association of African American 

Museums will hold its annual conference in Washington , DC. The 

host organization will be the 

Smithsonian Institution's Anacostia 

Museum and Center for African 

American History and Culture. 

For more information, contact the Association of 

African American Museums, do William Billingsley 

at 937/376-4944, or wbillingsley@ohiohistory.org, 

Association of African American Museums, P.O. 

Box 427, Wilberforce, 

OH 45384. 

Fourth Annual Graduate Student 

Conference in African American 

History 

The Fourth Annual Graduate 

Student Conference in African 

American History will be held 

October 18-20, 2002, at the 

University of Memphis. Graduate 

students are invited to submit a 

curriculum vita and one-page 

abstract on any topic in African 

America history by June 1, 2001. 

Participants will be notified of 

acceptance of their abstract by July 

1, 2002; completed papers must be 

received no later than August 31, 

2002 to secure program placement. 

Information is avai lable at 

http://www.people.memphis.edu/-history, email 

the program committee at 

AfAmHistConf@yahoo.com. Submissions may be 

sent to: Program Committee, Graduate Student 

Conference in African American History, 100 

Mitchell Hall, Department of History, University of 

Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152. 

Research 

African Americans and the Struggle 

to Claim Space in the United States. 

Given the recent research on placemaking and attempts to claiin space, 

a collection of essays relating to the 

African American experience is being 

edited. Among other topics, this 

collection will address the 

establishment of historically black 

colleges and the creation of 

autonomous black communities in 

New York City. Anyone interested in 

or engaged in research exploring 

black institution building, placemaking, or other attempts to claim 

public space, should contact Leslie 

Alexander at alexander.282 

@osu.edu, or Angel David Nieves at 

angel.nieves @colorado.edu. 

Notices 

New Website for University of 

Maryland's Center for Heritage 

Resource Studies 

The Center for Heritage Resource 

Studies at the University of 

Maryland-College Park has a new 

website. Founded in December 

2000, the Center was established to 

bring together scholars and practitioners to support a comprehensive 

approach to the study of heritage. 

The Center's new website can be 

found at www.heritage.umd.edu. 

New Location for OPEVAfrican Burial 

Ground Project 

Due to the destruction of its offices 

near the World Trade Center on 

September n, 2001, the General 

Service Administration's Office of 

Public Education and Interpretation (OPEi), African Burial 

Ground Project, has moved. 

The new address is 201 Varick 

Street, Rm. rn21, New York, NY 

rno14. Office hours are rn:oo a.m. 

to 4:oop.m. daily. OPEi, which 

administers the African Burial 

Ground Project, has resumed tours 

of the Burial Ground site. 

For more information, contact Sherrill D. Wilson at 

212/432-5707, email: nyabg@worldnet.att.net. 
HERITAGE 

MATTERS 

JUNE 2002 

Fran P. Mainella 

Director 

Katherine H. Stevenson 

Associate Director, 

Cultural Resource 

Stewardship and 

Partnerships 

John Robbins 

Assistant Director, 

Cultural Resources 

Antoinette J. Lee 

Special Projects Manager 

Brian D. Joyner 

Heritage Matters Editor 

INDEX 

JUNE 2002 

page 24 

National Park Service 

1849 C Street. NW, Suite NC-350 

Washington, DC 20240 

see page 19 

FIRST CLASS MAIL 

Postage & Fees Paid 

U.S. Department 

of the Interior G-83 

HERITAGE MATTERS NPS ACTIVITIES, pages 1-10 

Hovenweep National Monument/Hopi 

Foundation Archeological Workshop, p. 1 

Heritage of Cambodian Americans, p. 2 

Biscayne National Park, p. 3 

School Desegregation Study Leads to Formal 

Recognition and Lesson Plan, p. 5 

Network to Freedom Program Adds 39 New 

Listings, p. 5 

A "Safer Haven" on Roanoke Island: 

Freedman's Colony Monument Dedicated, p. 6 

Cultural Resources Diversity Internship 

Program for 2002-2003, p. 8 

Patriots of Color at Bunker Hill, p. 8 

NHLs Benefit from Save America's Treasures 

Grants, p. 9 

Federal Tax Credits Help Revitalize the Jackson 

Ward Historic District, p. 9 

STATE INITIATIVES, pages 10-13 

Michigan Tourism and Cultural Heritage, p. 10 

Recent National Register Listings, p. 11 

• Congregation Talmud Torah of Los Angeles 

• American Beach Historic District 

• Ross Cemetery 

• Thomas Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church 

• First African Missionary Baptist Church 

COMMUNITY INITIATIVES, pages 14-18 

Sugar Hill: Thoughts on Cultural 

Conservation, p. 14 

AARCH Building in Frederick, MD, p. 15 

Discover Dallas!, p. 15 

New Orleans Shotgun Houses, p. 17 

Preservation and Transformation in San 

Francisco: Friends of 1800, p. 17 

TRIBAL ACTIVITIES, pages 18-21 

Shinnecock Nation Cultural Center & Museum, 

p. 18 

Outside the Boundaries, p. 18 

Lower Cibecue Lutheran Mission Listed in 

National Register, p. 20 

Current List of Tribal preservation officers, p. 21 

PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, 

NOTICES, AND RESEARCH, pages 22-23 

Publications, p. 22 

• Latinos in Public History 

• Civil Rights in America: A Framework for 

Identifying Significant Sites 

• Archeology at the Banneker Homestead 

Conferences, p. 23 

• Reclaiming the Legacy: Asian Americans and 

Pacific Islanders in United States History 

• M osaic In Motion 2002: Connecting People 

of Color to America's National Parks 

• The Association of African American 

Museums Conference 

• Graduate Student Conference in Africa n 

American History 

Research, p. 23 

• African Americans and the Struggle to Claim 

Space in the United States 

Notices, p. 23 

• New Website for University of Maryland's 

Center for Heritage Resource Studies 

• New Location for OPEi/African Burial Ground 

Project 

Mission of the 

National Park Service 

The National Park Service is dedicated to 

conserving unimpaired the natural and 

cultural resources and the values of the 

National Park System for the enjoyment, 

education and inspiration of this and 

future generations. The Service also cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world. 

Heritage Matters, sponsored by the 

Cultural Resources Programs of the 

National Park Service, is published twice-ayear and is free of charge. Readers are 

invited to submit short articles and notices 

for inclusion. (Li mit submissions to fewer 

than 600 words and include author's name 

and affiliation. Black and white photographs or slides are welcome.) Please submit newsletter items in writing or electronically to: Brian D. Joyner, Editor, 

Heritage Matters, DOI/National Park 

Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Suite NC-350, 

Washington, DC 20240. Phone: 202/343-

1000, email: brianjoyner@nps.gov. 

Visit the Web site for the NPS Cultural 

Resources D1versIty Initiative: 

www.cr.nps.gov/crdi