–60°

–70°

–80°

–80°

–70°

60°

70°

80°

80°

60°

57°

50°

40°

30°

20°

10°

–10°

–20°

–30°

–40°

–50°

–57°

0°

57°

50°

40°

30°

20°

10°

–10°

–20°

–30°

–40°

–50°

–57°

0°

180° 170° 160° 150° 140° 130° 120° 110° 100° 90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 10° 0° 350° 340° 330° 320° 310° 300° 290° 280° 270° 260° 250° 240° 230° 220° 210° 200° 190° 180°

180° 170° 160° 150° 140° 130° 120° 110° 100° 90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 10° 0° 350° 340° 330° 320° 310° 300° 290° 280° 270° 260° 250° 240° 230° 220° 210° 200° 190° 180°

0°

180°

90° 270°

30°

60°

120°

150°

210°

240°

300°

330°

–55°

–60°

–55° 180°

0°

90° 270°

150°

120°

60°

30°

330°

300°

240°

210°

55°

70°

55°

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS SERIES I–2770

ATLAS OF JOVIAN SATELLITES: CALLISTO

Prepared for the

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

500 400 300 200 100 50 0 50 100 200 300 400 500

SCALE 1:8 388 000 (1 mm = 8.39 km) AT 56° LATITUDE

POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

KILOMETERS

55°

70°

90°

55°

70°

90°

NORTH POLAR REGION

500 400 300 200 100 50 0 50 100 200 300 400 500

SCALE 1:8 388 000 (1 mm = 8.39 km) AT –56° LATITUDE

POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

KILOMETERS

–55°

–70°

–90°

–55°

–70°

–90°

SOUTH POLAR REGION

180° 0°

NORTH POLAR REGION SOUTH POLAR REGION

55°

–55°

90° 270°

0° 180°

180° 180°

–57°

57° 0°

0°

–57°

57°

0°

90° 270°

180° 90° 0° 270° 180°

90° 270°

Footprint of the Galileo and Voyager image observation boundaries

No Data

1 2

3

4

5

5

7

9

10

10

10

10

10

10

11

11

11

11

12

12

12

13

13

13

14 14

15

15

16

16

17

17

17

17

6

8

180° 0°

NORTH POLAR REGION SOUTH POLAR REGION

55°

–55°

90° 270°

0° 180°

180° 180°

–57°

57° 0°

0°

–57°

57°

0°

90° 270°

180° 90° 0° 270° 180°

No Data

Resolution expressed in kilometers per pixel (km/pix)

0.0 .25 .55 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 10.0 60

Index showing approximate resolution of images included in the mosaic

90° 270°

Listed at left are the images that were used to create

the photomosaic. Bold entries represent Galileo

observation names, which are areas of Callisto that

were targeted for scientific investigation. The numbers

and letters included in the observation names are in a

standard format (NNTIOOOOOOSS) where NN=orbit

number, T=target (Callisto in this case), I=instrument,

OOOOOO=science targeting objective, and

SS=sequence number. The numbers connected with

these bold observation names correlate to the

numbers on the index to the left and are listed in

order of descending resolution. The 's' and 'c' entries

represent spacecraft clock times, which are used as

unique archival identifiers for each image; they are

listed in the order they were mosaicked.

CONTROLLED PHOTOMOSAIC MAP OF CALLISTO

JC 15M CMN

2002

INTERIOR —GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, RESTON, VA—2002

Prepared on behalf of the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, Solar

System Exploration Division, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Manuscript approved for publication May 1, 2002

NOTE TO USERS

Users noting errors or omissions are urged to indicate them

on the map and to forward it to the Astrogeology Team, U.S.

Geological Survey, 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff,

Arizona 86001. A replacement copy will be returned.

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for

descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the

U.S. Government.

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286,

Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, 1–800–ASK–USGS

Printed on recycled paper

W

est

East

North

South

0 50 100 200 300 400 500 1000

±57°

±30°

0°

1000 500 400 300 200 100 50

SCALE 1:15 000 000 (1 mm = 15 km) AT 0° LATITUDE

MERCATOR PROJECTION

KILOMETERS

±57°

±30°

0°

1– C9CSCRATER01

s0401505500

s0401505513

s0401505526

s0401505539

s0401505552

s0401505565

2– 10CSSMTHPL02

s0413388122

s0413388123

s0413388145

s0413388168

3– 10CSTINDR_01

s0413389500

s0413389501

4– 10CSRNGSTR01

s0413389745

s0413389746

s0413389768

5– G8CSVGRGAP01

s0394364268

s0394364300

s0394364322

s0394364345

s0394364368

s0394364400

s0394364422

s0394364445

s0394364468

s0394364500

s0394364522

s0394364545

s0394364568

s0394364600

s0394364622

5– G8CSSPOLAR01

s0394371268

s0394371300

s0394371322

s0394371345

s0394371368

s0394371400

s0394371422

s0394371446

s0394371468

s0394371500

s0394371522

s0394371545

s0394371568

5– G8CSADLNDA01

s0394377300

s0394377322

s0394377345

s0394377368

s0394377400

s0394377422

s0394377445

s0394377468

s0394377500

s0394377522

s0394377545

s0394377569

6– C9CSVALHAL02

s0401513300

s0401510565

s0401510400

s0401510539

s0401510578

s0401510513

s0401510426

s0401510478

s0401510552

s0401510452

s0401510413

s0401510526

s0401510500

s0401510439

s0401510465

7– 20CSBRANCR01

s0498216345

8– 30CSBRANCR01

s0605155800

s0605155801

s0605155900

s0605155901

9– C3CSASGRNG01

s0368292901

s0368293000

s0368293101

s0368293200

10– Voyager 1

c1641846

c1641802

c1641806

c1641814

c1641822

c1641838

c1642118

c1642121

c1642127

c1642130

c1642133

c1642136

c1642139

c1642143

c1642147

c1642151

c1642155

c1642159

c1642211

c1642225

c1642646

c1642801

c1642510

c1642526

c1642450

c1642508

c1642524

c1642416

c1642426

c1642520

c1642512

c1642514

c1642516

c1642518

c1642500

c1642502

c1642504

c1642432

c1642506

c1642418

c1642420

c1642428

c1642430

c1642440

c1642442

c1642444

c1642446

c1642448

c1642456

c1642452

c1642434

11– Voyager 2

c2061904

c2061916

c2061921

c2061932

c2061936

c2061940

c2060621

c2060625

c2060629

c2060633

c2060637

c2060641

c2060645

c2060649

c2060653

c2061737

c2061741

c2061346

c2061725

c2061709

c2061334

c2061330

c2061713

c2061705

c2061721

c2061406

c2061418

c2061422

c2061426

c2061430

c2061438

12– G2CSVGRGAP01

s0360322900

s0360323000

13– G7CSGLOBAL01

s0389556200

14– C3CSHEMCLR01

s0368211900

s0368211901

15– 11CSPHOTOM01

s0420426101

16– Voyager 2 Low

Resolution Frame

c2058321

17– Voyager 1 Low

Resolution Frames

c1632308

c1617415

NOTES ON BASE

This sheet is one in a series of maps of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter at a nominal scale of

1:15,000,000. This series is based on data from the Galileo Orbiter Solid-State Imaging (SSI) camera and the cameras of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft.

PROJECTION

Mercator and Polar Stereographic projections used for this map of Callisto are based on a sphere

having a radius of 2,409.3 km. The scale is 1:8,388,000 at ±56° latitude for both projections. Longitude increases to the west in accordance with the International Astronomical Union (1971) (Seidelmann and others, 2002).

CONTROL

The geometric control network was computed at the RAND Corporation using RAND’s most

recent solution as of April 1999 (Davies and Katayama, 1981; Davies and others, 1998). This process involved selecting control points on the individual images, making pixel measurements of their

locations, using reseau locations to correct for geometric distortions, and converting the measurements to millimeters in the focal plane. These data are combined with the camera focal lengths and

navigation solutions as input to photogrammetric triangulation software that solves for the best-fit

sphere, the coordinates of the control points, the three orientation angles of the camera at each

exposure (right ascension, declination, and twist), and an angle (W0) which defines the orientation

of Callisto in space. W0—in this solution 259.51°—is the angle along the equator to the east,

between the 0° meridian and the equator’s intersection with the celestial equator at the standard

epoch J2000.0. This solution places the crater Saga at its defined longitude of 326° west (Seidelmann and others, 2002).

MAPPING TECHNIQUE

This global map base uses the best image quality and moderate resolution coverage supplied by

Galileo SSI and Voyager 1 and 2 (Batson, 1987; Becker and others, 1998; Becker and others, 1999;

Becker and others, 2001). The digital map was produced using Integrated Software for Imagers and

Spectrometers (ISIS) (Eliason, 1997; Gaddis and others, 1997; Torson and Becker, 1997). The individual images were radiometrically calibrated and photometrically normalized using a Lunar-Lambert function with empirically derived values (McEwen, 1991; Kirk and others, 2000). A linear

correction based on the statistics of all overlapping areas was then applied to minimize image

brightness variations. The image data were selected on the basis of overall image quality, reasonable original input resolution (from 20 km/pixel for gap fill to as much as 150 m/pixel), and availability of moderate emission/incidence angles for topography. Although consistency was achieved

where possible, different filters were included for global image coverage as necessary: clear for

Voyager 1 and 2; clear and green (559 nm) for Galileo SSI. Individual images were projected to a

Sinusoidal Equal-Area projection at an image resolution of 1.0 kilometer/pixel. The final constructed Sinusoidal projection mosaic was then reprojected to the Mercator and Polar Stereographic

projections included on this sheet. The final mosaic was enhanced using commercial software.

NOMENCLATURE

Names on this sheet are approved by the International Astronomical Union. Names have been

applied for features clearly visible at the scale of this map; for a complete list of nomenclature for

Callisto, please see http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. Font color was chosen only for readability.

Jc 15M CMN: Abbreviation for Jupiter, Callisto (satellite): 1:15,000,000 series, controlled mosaic

(CM), nomenclature (N) (Greeley and Batson, 1990).

REFERENCES

Batson, R.M., 1987, Digital cartography of the planets—New methods, its status, and its future:

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 53, no. 9, p. 1211–1218.

Becker, T.L., Archinal, B., Colvin, T.R., Davies, M.E., Gitlin, A., Kirk, R.L., and Weller, L., 2001,

Final digital global maps of Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto, in Lunar and Planetary Science

Conference XXXII: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, abs. no. 2009 [CD-ROM].

Becker, T.L., Rosanova, T., Cook, D., Davies, M.E., Colvin, T.R., Acton, C., Bachman, N., Kirk,

R.L., and Gaddis, L.R., 1999, Progress in improvement of geodetic control and production of

final image mosaics for Callisto and Ganymede, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference

XXX: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, abs. no. 1692 [CD-ROM].

Becker, T.L., Rosanova, T., Gaddis, L.R., McEwen, A.S., Phillips, C.B., Davies, M.E., and Colvin,

T.R., 1998, Cartographic processing of the Galileo SSI data—An update on the production of

global mosaics of the Galilean satellites, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXIX:

Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, abs. no. 1892 [CD-ROM].

Davies, M.E., and Katayama, F.Y., 1981, Coordinates of features on the Galilean satellites: Journal

of Geophysical Research, v. 86, no. A10, p. 8635–8657.

Eliason, E.M., 1997, Production of Digital Image Models using the ISIS system, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXVIII: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 331.

Gaddis, L.R., Anderson, J., Becker, K.J., Becker, T.L., Cook, D., Edwards, K., Eliason, E.M., Hare,

T., Kieffer, H.H., Lee, E.M., Mathews, J., Soderblom, L.A., Sucharski, T., Torson, J.,

McEwen, A.S., Robinson, M.S., 1997, An overview of the Integrated Software for Imaging

Spectrometers (ISIS), in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXVIII: Houston, Lunar

and Planetary Institute, p. 387.

Greeley, R., and Batson, R.M., 1990, Planetary Mapping: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,

p. 274–275.

International Astronomical Union, 1971, Commission 16—Physical study of planets and satellites,

in Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly, Brighton, 1970: Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, v. 14B, p. 128–137.

Kirk, R.L., Thompson, K.T., Becker, T.L., and Lee, E.M., 2000, Photometric modeling for planetary cartography, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXI: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, abs. no. 2025 [CD-ROM].

McEwen, A.S., 1991, Photometric functions for photoclinometry and other applications: Icarus, v.

92, p. 298–311.

Seidelmann, P.K., Abalakin, V.K., Bursa, M., Davies, M.E., de Bergh, C., Lieske, J.H., Oberst, J.,

Simon, J.L., Standish, E.M., Stooke, P., and Thomas, P.C., 2002, Report of the IAU/IAG

Working Group on Cartographic and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites—2000:

Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, v. 82, p. 83–110.

Torson, J.M., and Becker, K.J., 1997, ISIS—A software architecture for processing planetary

images, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXVIII: Houston, Lunar and Planetary

Institute, p. 1443.

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Durinn Hödr

Akycha

Rigr

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Freki

Hábrok

Bragi

Dryops

Fili

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Saga

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