this issue...

Michael J. O’Malley III / Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission

One of the more enduring—as well as exciting—outcomes of “Black History 

in Pennsylvania: Communities in Common,” the annual theme adopted by 

the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) for 2010, is a 

historical study that examines more than three centuries of African American life, culture, 

and experience in the Keystone State. This study examines, in detail, the daily life, work, 

struggles, and ideals of generations of African Americans in Pennsylvania, beginning in the 

late 17th century.

Awarded a Preserve America Grant in 2006 to garner knowledge of shared history, 

PHMC worked closely with the African American Museum in Philadelphia (AAMP) 

to develop the exhaustive chronicle of African Americans in Pennsylvania and conduct 

a survey of the history, changing demographics, and built environment of eight 

geographically and economically distinct black communities in the Commonwealth: 

Bedford, Bedford County; Coatesville, Chester County; Meadville, Crawford County; 

Mount Union, Huntingdon County; Stroudsburg, Monroe County; Washington, 

Washington County; Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne County; and Williamsport, Lycoming County. 

AAMP, the first institution established by a major United States city to explore and 

interpret the lives of African Americans, partnered with PHMC to research and produce 

the historical narrative and conduct and summarize the community surveys.

The study delves into social, cultural, economic, industrial, political, and religious 

history as it probes what makes Pennsylvania’s African American historical legacy so 

rich and varied. In addition to the historical narrative, the surveys of eight featured 

communities serve as templates for those wishing to investigate their own historical and 

cultural resources, propose properties for state historical markers, and nominate buildings, 

structures, sites, objects, and districts to the National Register of Historic Places. 

National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior

Heritage Matters fall 2010 News of the Nation’s Diverse Cultural Heritage

Continued » Page 2

Black History in 

Pennsylvania: Communities 

in Common 

NPS Hispanic Outreach in 

the Southwest 

Traveling Highway 17 

in Search of the Soul of 

the Gullah

“Preserving Asian Pacific 

Islander America: 

Mobilizing Our 

Communities”: The First 

National Asian Pacific 

Islander American Historic 

Preservation Forum

National Register 

Nominations

The Southwest Georgia 

Civil Rights Movement: 

The Historical Impact and 

the Celebration of its 50th 

Anniversary 

The Franklin School and 

Sumner School: DC’s 

Sentinels at a Time of 

Change

Black History in Pennsylvania: 

Communities in Common

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 1 10/21/10 11
secular, philanthropic, and religious-based educational 

initiatives and the many attempts of the black community to 

secure elementary and secondary schools and institutions 

of higher education. Many of the struggles and triumphs 

in obtaining a fair and equitable education, such as the 

laborious and time-consuming desegregation of public 

schools, are examined in detail. Special emphasis is given 

to the African American independent school movement 

and the establishment of the Commonwealth’s historically 

black colleges and universities, Lincoln University of 

Pennsylvania and Cheyney University of Pennsylvania. 

The study concludes with chapters examining the 

history and legacy of African American benevolent, mutual 

aid, and fraternal societies, such as the Masons, Grand 

United Order of Odd Fellows, Order of the Eastern Star, 

and Pennsylvania Federation of Negro Women’s Clubs. 

Case studies of selected organizations include discussion 

of activities for the betterment of its members and the 

community at large, such as literary and book groups, 

scholarships, and financial assistance. The study also 

broaches the subjects of recreation and sports, illuminating 

how African American males founded their own baseball 

teams and created leagues in Pennsylvania. ❖

i For individuals interested in reading the study and 

survey reports, visit www. phmc.state.pa.us/blackhistory on 

the Web and click on “Resources” and then “History Study.”

Black History in Pennsylvania: Communities in Common

Continued from Page 1

2 FALL 2010

African Americans helped build the roads in early 20th-century 

Pennsylvania, including Ellis Road in Crawford County. Courtesy of 

the Pennsylvania State Archives.

The study opens with an extensive discussion of 

slavery and resistance to it by African Americans. 

The introductory chapter offers an examination of 

the beginnings of the slave trade and how it impacted 

individuals of African descent living in Pennsylvania, 

followed by an explanation—supplemented with 

examples—of how they dealt with the “peculiar 

institution” (a euphemism for slavery that grew to be 

popular during the second half of the 19th century). 

Slavery as commerce is explored in-depth. Among the 

more emotionally charged issues in Chapter One are the 

examples of resistance and the harrowing experiences 

of runaway slaves. Nineteeth-century Pennsylvania 

was a hotbed for abolitionism and early civil rights 

activities, with formal and informal acts of resistance 

from organizations and individuals across racial lines. By 

examining the development and legacy of slavery as an 

institution, the study also considers the overt actions of 

slaves who carried out revolts and obstructed work or 

sabotaged the workplaces where they labored. The study 

includes a number of advertisements that appeared in the 

late 18th century in the Pennsylvania Gazette, published 

in Philadelphia, for both the sale of slaves and the return 

of fugitives.

Chapter Two highlights the quest by African Americans 

for civil and political rights. It provides a broad look at 

the evolution of African Americans’ rights by examining 

the practices endorsed or embraced by state government 

from the 18th through the 20th centuries. The dynamic 

role of African American laborers in Pennsylvania—as 

slaves, indentured servants, or free citizens—in the 

areas of agriculture, iron making, domestic work, steel 

production, coal mining, brick making, and glass making, 

are chronicled in Chapters Three and Four. These 

sections address the changing workforce and workplace 

and how these places were affected by migration and 

industrialization. 

The study profiles the growth and spread of the 

independent African and African American church in 

Pennsylvania. The narrative is brought to life by numerous 

biographies, excerpts from autobiographical sketches, and 

writings of individuals, many of whom played pivotal roles 

in the foundation of and development of black churches. 

The role of the black church in political and social activism 

is also explored, in addition to significant ecclesiastical 

and secular documents issued by specific denominations. 

There is, naturally, a discussion of Philadelphia’s venerable 

Mother Bethel AME Church, but there is also fair coverage 

of other churches and congregations in communities 

across Pennsylvania.

The educational history of Pennsylvania’s African 

Americans is charted by the evolution of African American 

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 2 10/21/10 11
NPS INITIATIVES

NPS Hispanic Outreach in the Southwest

Celinda Peña / National Park Service

As part of the National Park Service’s (NPS) effort to 

expand awareness and relevancy among Hispanics, 

NPS reached out to two preeminent Hispanic 

organizations, the National Council of La Raza (NCLR) and 

the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) in 

July 2010. Our strategy was to bring their summer conference 

attendees to two national parks, San Antonio Missions 

National Historical Park and Petroglyph National Monument, 

so people can see for themselves how the National Park 

Service is connected to their cultural heritage. NCLR 

represents millions of Hispanics around the country through 

their affiliated network of community-based organizations. 

LULAC is the largest and oldest Hispanic organization in the 

United States, reaching millions of Hispanics through its 70 

councils nationwide.

During the NCLR conference in San Antonio, the NPS 

sponsored a table at the convention expo, talking to thousands 

of visitors about NPS and the national parks that preserve and 

interpret the stories and culture of Hispanics. The highlight 

was a special evening reception at the San Antonio Missions 

National Historical Park Visitor Center, hosted by Rep. Ciro 

Rodriguez, who spoke about his pending legislation to expand 

and preserve the park, which passed in the U.S. House of 

Representatives the very next day. 

Youth attending the LULAC conference took a morning hike at Petroglyph National Monument in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Courtesy of Celinda Peña.

As the group scaled the anicent 

volcanoes, spotting rattlesnakes 

and lizards, they also heard from 

park rangers about how and why 

they entered the National Park 

Service and what makes their jobs 

so interesting and fun.

The LULAC convention was held in Albuquerque 

where the NPS brought 150 members of a youth 

conference to Petroglyph National Monument for 

a morning hike. As the group scaled the ancient 

volcanoes, spotting rattlesnakes and lizards, they also 

heard from park rangers about how and why they 

entered the National Park Service and what makes their 

jobs so interesting and fun.

These outreach efforts are meant to set the stage 

for increased partnership with both organizations. 

The vision is for NCLR and LULAC to consider NPS 

a resource for history, culture, education, recreation, 

and healthy living. ❖

 Heritage matters 3

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 3 10/21/10 11
PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVES

containing archeological and sculptural interpretations of 

the Gullah/Geechee experience. At Friendfield Plantation 

in Georgetown, participants visited the ancestral home of 

First Lady Michelle Obama (her great-great grandfather Jim 

Robinson lived at Friendfield). Vermelle “Bunny” Rodriguez, 

quilter and co-owner of De Gullah O’oman Museum in 

Pawleys Island, showcased her story quilt, “The Michelle 

Obama Quilt, From the Slave Cabin to the White House.” 

The intent of the tour was to provide insight into this 

unique cultural landscape. Allen said, “I knew on the bus 

tour would be an array of heritage area folks and community 

members from around the country who may never have 

visited or had any authentic information about Gullah 

culture or heritage. I wanted them to see the remnants, 

residues, and vestiges of the culture, as well as the threats 

that the culture is facing today.” ❖

Ronald Daise / Brookgreen Gardens

On June 28th, a bus tour along Highway 17, from 

Charleston to Georgetown, South Carolina, took 43 

International Heritage Development Conference 

attendees (Charleston, from June 27-July 1, 2010) for a “taste” 

of Gullah/Geechee history, heritage, and culture. The tour 

was coordinated by Michael Allen, National Park Service 

(NPS) Community Partnership Specialist, along with South 

Carolina commissioners and the Gullah/Geechee Cultural 

Heritage Corridor Commission.

The bus tour stopped at several locations that reflected 

Gullah/Geechee culture. At the Sweetgrass Cultural Arts 

Pavilion at Memorial Waterfront Park in Mt. Pleasant, Ms. 

Thomasena Stokes-Marshall, Executive Director, Sweetgrass 

Cultural Arts Festival, enlightened attendees about the 

history, heritage, and artistry of the popular Gullah/Geechee 

sweetgrass craft. 

Commissioner Nichole Green of McClellanville offered 

insight into her home community while attendees toured 

Bethel AME Church. Commissioner Ronald Daise, a native 

of St. Helena Island, SC, presented cultural connections of 

Gullah/Geechee people and their enslaved West African 

ancestors through songs and recollections of his journeys to 

two West African countries. 

The tour visited Brookgreen Gardens in Murrells Inlet 

and took “The Lowcountry Trail Audio Tour” walking 

tour along a trail that overlooks a former rice field, 

Traveling Highway 17 in Search of the Soul of the Gullah

“I knew on the bus tour would be 

an array of heritage area folks and 

community members from around the 

country who may never have visited or 

had any authentic information about 

Gullah culture or heritage.”

Michael Allen

4 FALL 2010

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 4 10/21/10 11
PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVES

“Preserving Asian Pacific Islander America: Mobilizing 

Our Communities”: The First National Asian Pacific 

Islander American Historic Preservation Forum

Turkiya Lowe / National Conference of State Historic 

Preservation Officers

Held in San Francisco’s historic Japantown on June 

24 to 26, 2010, Asian and Pacific Islander Americans 

(APIA) working on historic preservation issues 

across the country shared stories, exchanged ideas, and 

discussed strategies to preserve their ethnic heritages, 

cultural practices, and historic places. This was the first 

national conference of its kind for the Asian and Pacific 

Islander American community.

Each Asian ethnic group told of their individual 

struggle within their community and the broader panAsian association. Thai American community leaders, for 

example, recounted their fight to preserve a Buddhist temple 

in Berkeley, one of the few extant physical representations 

of their historic presence. Japanese American veterans 

and the children of former Tule Lake internees shared 

memories of their families and the country during World 

War II. Cambodian and Vietnamese Americans revealed 

their experiences as so-called “boat people” during the 

1970s, their resettlement struggles in the United States, 

and recent triumphs in local neighborhood revitalization 

efforts. Conference panels and breakout sessions included a 

wide range of topics: developing preservation partnerships, 

economic empowerment through heritage tourism, 

strategies for adaptive reuse, and best practices for cultural 

heritage preservation. 

In addition, Forum participants visited the Chinese 

Historical Society of America (CHSA) located in the 

Chinatown YWCA building, and toured the new 

International Hotel in San Francisco’s historic Filipino 

community, Manilatown. Founded on January 5, 1963, 

the CHSA is one of the oldest and largest organizations 

dedicated to the study, documentation, and dissemination of 

Chinese American history. Early 20th-century architect Julia 

Morgan, the first woman to be admitted to the prestigious 

Ecole des Beaux Arts department of architecture in Paris, 

originally designed the 1932 building as the city’s first 

Chinese YWCA. The original I-Hotel, as it is locally known, 

housed Filipino immigrant male laborers beginning in the 

1910s, and became the center of the Filipino community by 

mid-century. 

In 1977, elderly Filipino residents were evicted from the 

building to make way for Bay Area urban renewal projects, 

which had already destroyed several of the city’s historic 

ethnic neighborhoods. The building was demolished in 

1981. Decades of APIA community advocacy resulted in 

a replacement building that became low-income senior 

housing in 2005 with priority given to former residents of 

the original I-Hotel. The new I-Hotel also contains the 

Manilatown Center—a vibrant community space that hosts 

cultural events, sponsors art exhibitions and performances— 

and an archive dedicated to preserving materials 

documenting the legacy of the city’s Filipino community. 

The I-Hotel provides a rare and exciting story for the 

preservation of Asian American heritage in the United States.

Dozens of organizations representing the Chamorro 

(Guam), Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, and Southeast Asian 

American communities partnered with the National 

Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP) and the National 

Park Service, Pacific West Regional Office to sponsor the 

Forum. Sue Fawn Chung, a professor of history and art 

at the University of Las Vegas and preservationist, and 

Irene Hirano Inouye, President of the US- Japan Council 

and former President of the Japanese American National 

Museum in Los Angeles, offered inspiring keynote addresses 

urging Forum participants to become active advocates 

for preservation of APIA cultural heritage. Assistant 

Secretary for Insular Affairs Anthony (Tony) M. Babauta, 

a self-described son of Guam, pledged the Department of 

the Interior’s support in identifying and preserving APIA 

resources for the enjoyment of future generations 

of Americans.

Continued » Page 6

 Heritaage ma matterss 5

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 5 10/21/10 11
PARTNERSHIP INITIATIVES

“Preserving Asian Pacific Islander America: Mobilizing Our Communities”

Continued from Page 5

The Forum emphasized several longstanding themes that have 

defined APIA preservation efforts. First, the entrance of ethnic 

and racial minorities, such as African Americans and Native 

Americans, into the historic preservation field has expanded the 

field by acknowledging the seminal importance of diverse cultural 

heritage in United States History. The transformation of the historic 

preservation field, however, has only recently emerged within 

Asian American communities in the last decade. Second, APIA 

communities generally prioritized the continuity of cultural practices 

and establishment of commemorative space more than preservation 

of the physical sites where these cultural practices have occurred. 

This practice often clashed with the field of historic preservation, 

which emphasizes the protection of buildings and sites. A disconnect 

between APIA community values and professional preservation 

contributes to fewer official designations associated with Asian 

American resources. However, the Forum demonstrated that Asian 

American communities have significant and growing interest in 

seeking local, state, and federal designations as a tool for APIA 

cultural heritage preservation. 

In addition, the Asian American experience in the United States 

is frequently filtered through the lens of the African American 

experience. The unique transnational nature of the APIA experience 

as both citizens and immigrants provides an obvious admonition 

to this tendency. Forum participants affirmed that any national 

APIA historic preservation agenda must define the Asian American 

experience, both within and separate from the history of other U.S. 

minority groups. 

The Forum also demonstrated the diversity within the APIA 

community and highlighted the challenges that this diversity brings 

in defining a national APIA preservation agenda. For example, a visit 

to the Southeast Asian Community Center in San Francisco’s Little 

Saigon highlighted the unique meaning and consequences of arriving 

in the United States as a refugee, rather than as an immigrant, and the 

ways this experience contributed to community development and 

cultural preservation. Several Forum organizers expressed dismay at 

the small representation of Southeast Asian communities compared 

to other APIA groups and vowed to increase their representation at 

future meetings. 

Forum participants pledged to harness the energy generated by 

the Forum to create a national APIA preservation organization. The 

National Trust will produce a video documenting the conference that 

will be posted on the Forum’s and NTHP’s websites. The footage 

will include a portion of the conference speeches, a snapshot of the 

“Next Steps” discussion, and exit interviews with Forum members. 

The caucus voted to meet biennially to report progress and establish 

a national APIA preservation agenda, with the next conference 

scheduled for 2012. Participants also determined to hold a yearly 

APIA Affinity Session during annual NTHP National Preservation 

Conferences.(1) ❖

i For more information on the National APIA Historic Preservation 

Forum, visit www.apinhpforum.org.

1 The 2010 NTHP Conference is in Austin, Texas from October 27th to 30th.

Thai American community 

leaders, for example, recounted 

their fight to preserve a Buddhist 

temple in Berkeley, one of the few 

extant physical representations 

of their historic presence.

6 FALL 2010

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 6 10/21/10 11
STATE INITIATIVES

Topeka Council of Colored Women’s 

Clubs Building

For more than a century, African American women have relied 

on “Colored Women’s Clubs” in their effort to “Lift as they 

climb.” African American women began organizing in the 

1880s and 1890s, during a time of escalating discrimination 

and segregation. African American women’s clubs fought for 

basic civil rights for African Americans and worked to establish 

child care and kindergartens to help working women. In the 

1910s, the members of the Kansas colored women’s clubs 

joined the national effort to put a stop to lynching.

The property that would house the Topeka Council of 

Colored Women’s Clubs (TCCWC) was originally constructed 

as a single-family residence in 1901 by William Warren, a 

Topeka dairyman and grocer. For its first 30 years, the black 

clubwomen met in homes and churches. In 1931, Emma 

Gaines, the widow of African American mortician Ben Gaines, 

loaned money to the TCCWC to purchase the Warren home 

for a clubhouse. 

The Topeka Council of Colored Women’s Clubs building is 

located at 1149 SW Lincoln Street in Topeka in the heart 

of Tennessee Town, one of Topeka’s traditionally African 

American neighborhoods. The building itself is a vernacular 

1-1⁄2-story balloon-framed T-plan house with applied Queen 

Anne details. The Topeka Council of Colored Women’s Clubs 

Building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places 

on December 30, 2009.

National Register Nominations 

Rustin Quaide / National Park Service / Christine H. Messing / National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officers

1

Continued » Page 8

2 Fitch-Hoose House

Located in Dalton, Massachusetts, the Fitch-Hoose House 

is significant as an early 19th-century home built for and 

occupied by African Americans in an area settled primarily 

by former enslaved African Americans who had either been 

freed or fled from the Hudson Valley area of New York 

shortly after the American Revolution. The small timberframed house was built in 1846 by William H. Bogart, a local 

cotton manufacturer, then sold to an African American man 

from Connecticut, Henry Fitch, and subsequently occupied 

by different black families. Charles Hoose bought the 

house and its original one-acre lot in 1868. Charles was the 

grandson of Philip Hoose, who is listed in the 1820 census in 

the nearby town of Cheshire, having moved with his family 

The Topeka Council of Colored Women’s Clubs originated after African American 

women began organizing in the 1880s and 1890s, during a time of escalating 

discrimination and segregation, and members were active through the Civil Rights 

struggle. TCCWC occupied the home from 1931 until present. Courtesy of Christy 

Davis, the Kansas State Historic Preservation Office.

to Dalton by 1830. Like many of the African American residents 

of the area, the Hoose family name was likely derived from the 

Dutch surname of a previous Hudson Valley master. Hoose’s 

descendents would continue to live in the house until 2001.

Few examples survive of small laborer’s dwellings such as this 

1-1/2-story home, particularly with so few structural changes–-

even the original front door and frame remain intact. The 

Fitch-Hoose House is significant as a representation of the 

development of an African American enclave in Berkshire 

County during a time when blacks were marginalized.

The Fitch-Hoose House was added to the National Register of 

Historic Places on June 24, 2010.

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 7 10/21/10 11
Ernesto Memorial Chapel

The Ernesto Memorial Chapel, built in 1912, is located in 

the rural ward of Abra Honda, in the municipality of Camuy, 

Puerto Rico. The Ernesto Memorial Chapel represents the 

establishment of Protestant ideals, concepts, and values 

within the local social network during the early 20th century 

and the religious openness promoted by the change of 

regime in the formerly Catholic island after the SpanishAmerican War of 1898. 

The Spanish-American War transformed the island from a 

Spanish colony into an American territory. The Protestant 

missionaries followed the footsteps of U.S. soldiers into 

Puerto Rico after the ratification of the Treaty of Paris ended 

the war. By March 1889, representatives from the Baptists, 

Methodists, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, 

and Disciples of Christ convened in New York to establish 

the procedures, boundaries, and rules in the “Protestant 

colonization” of Puerto Rico. The Baptists and Methodists 

claimed the major urban centers; Camuy was claimed by 

the Methodists. The Foraker Act of 1900 created a local civil 

administration and established the total separation of church 

and state, eroding 400 years of the Catholic Church’s power.

After using a meeting-house for the services, the Methodist 

Church acquired a lot to build the chapel in 1906. Opened 

in 1912, the building plan of the church broke with traditional Catholic architectural patterns and served to create an 

intimate, accessible space for the congregation and clergy. 

The 80-square-meter (approximately 861 square feet), hipped 

roof building is made from limestone rocks, with mortar. Built 

under the guidance of architect Albert Munson, the method 

of construction exemplifies the Arts & Craft movement and 

its architectural derivation, the Craftsman style. The Ernesto 

Memorial Chapel was listed in the National Register of Historic 

Places on July 8, 2010.

The Ernesto Memorial Chapel is emblematic of the break between the 

state and the Catholic Church and the rise of Protestantism in Puerto 

Rico. Photo courtesy of Juan Llanes Santos, the Puerto Rico State Historic 

Preservation Office.

3

National Register Nominations

Continued from Page 7

4 Tupapa Site

The Tupapa Site, located in American Samoa, is an 

archeological site within an actively cultivated agricultural 

area. Much of the site’s valuable artifacts and features 

are intact deep below the surface. From data gathered 

so far, the site may yield information on at least three 

occupational periods in ancestral Samoan culture 

(Polynesian Plain Ware Period, Late Prehistoric Period, and 

Historic Period), thus helping to draw a more complete 

timeline of Samoan society.

Ceramics found at the Tupapa Site indicate that the 

highland regions were occupied earlier than previously 

thought, although more work needs to be done to 

determine if this particular site was intended for temporary 

or permanent use. The large number of artifacts found and 

associated with original context features will also help to 

explain the patterns of production, use, and circulation of 

raw materials and man-made objects, providing valuable 

information about the manufacture and exchange of goods 

during these periods.

 The artifacts at the Tupapa Site related to stone tool use are 

also central for understanding this time period in Samoan 

culture. The evidence suggests that stone tools used there 

were brought in from elsewhere in finished or nearly finished 

form, as the primary basalt stone was not available in the 

immediate vicinity of the site. The Tupapa Site was listed in the 

National Register of Historic Places on October 30, 2009.

8 FALL 2010

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 8 10/28/10 1
The Parkway Theatre

The Parkway Theatre at 1768 St. John’s Place in the 

Brownsville section of Brooklyn was constructed in 

1928 as a Yiddish vaudeville and dramatic theater. 

The Parkway Theatre is significant for its association 

with the history of Yiddish theater in New York City. 

The ornate Moorish-inspired building is an example 

of early 20th-century theater architecture. It was 

designed by theater architect Harrison Wiseman. 

The theater was originally known as the Rolland 

Theatre, named after its builder, the theatrical 

producer William Rolland. By the mid-1930s the 

theater became known as the Parkway Theatre. It 

was converted to a church when the current owner, 

the Holy House of Prayer for All People, acquired the 

building. The theater became an important part of 

the immigrant experience in the Brownsville section 

of Brooklyn. Jewish immigrants from the Lower East 

Side began moving here as transit improved by the 

late 19th century. 

The Parkway Theatre has a tall rectangular-plan 

auditorium block and stage fly loft block, with 

a triangular-shaped lobby block at the front 

northwest corner and a long and lower threestory block fronting St. John’s Place. The lobby 

and auditorium retain a high degree of integrity 

of materials, design, and craftsmanship. The lobby 

is noted for its highly ornate walls with elaborate 

Byzantine-inspired relief ornamentation. The 

Parkway Theatre was listed in the National Register 

of Historic Places on March 31, 2010.

Constructed in 1928 at 1768 St. John’s Place in the Brownsville 

section of Brooklyn, the Parkway Theatre was a Yiddish 

vaudeville and dramatic theatre. Photo courtesy Kathy Howe, 

NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation.

STATE INITIATIVES

Daughters of Zion Cemetery

The Daughters of Zion Cemetery in Charlottesville, 

Albemarle County, Virginia, was established in 1873 

when the organization purchased almost two acres 

adjacent to the Oakwood Cemetery. Although Oakwood 

Cemetery was considered a public burying ground 

because it was established by the local government 

a decade earlier, it remained segregated with only a 

very small portion allotted for the “colored” burials. A 

private Jewish cemetery was also established nearby but 

separate. The Daughters of Zion likely chose the site of 

their cemetery because of its proximity to an existing, 

although segregated, municipal cemetery, as this was a 

common practice in Reconstruction-era Virginia. The name 

“Daughters of Zion” was not uncommon among mutual 

aid societies of the time, but there was no particular 

uniformity among the different groups or overarching 

mother organization. The Charlottesville group appears to 

have been thriving and well-organized, owning a meeting 

hall used by other local benevolent societies, in addition 

to managing the cemetery.

The successful establishment of the Daughters 

of Zion Society, along with the meeting hall and 

private urban cemetery established by and for their 

underserved community, is an important milestone in 

the development of the African American community 

in Charlottesville. The park-like cemetery contains 

approximately 300 burials, about half of which have 

surviving grave markers. The division of the burials 

primarily into family groups demonstrates the 

importance of the family structure to African American 

communities during Reconstruction and into the 20th 

century. Data regarding the size, structure, and status 

of these families can be gained from engravings on the 

headstones. The majority of burials date between 1885 

and 1934, by which time the society had become extinct 

with the passing of the last known members. 

The cemetery was basically abandoned until 1971, when 

the city of Charlottesville took ownership through 

eminent domain. Burials continued until 1995, presumably 

arranged through local African American churches as 

the cemetery continued to be exclusively for the African 

American community. The condition of the cemetery 

remains good, with most headstones intact or repairable, 

and the overall landscape remaining largely unchanged. 

As the meeting hall no longer exists, this cemetery is 

the only site connected to Charlottesville’s Daughters of 

Zion. The cemetery was listed in the National Register of 

Historic Places on June 24, 2010.

5 6

Continued » Page 10

 Heritage matters 9

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 9 10/21/10 11
National Register Nominations

Continued from Page 9

7

The First Battalion Virginia Volunteers Armory was 

constructed in 1895, in the Jackson Ward neighborhood 

of Richmond, Virginia. It served the surrounding African 

American community for nearly a century. The armory’s 

construction was funded by the Richmond City Council, due 

in large part to the persistence of John Mitchell, Jr., editor 

of the African American newspaper The R ichmond Planet

and Richmond City Council member from 1888 to 1896. 

The two-story brick building has towers and crenellations 

in the classic American armory building style of the time. It 

included numerous windows on three sides of the building, 

demonstrating the movement away from armories used 

strictly as military fortification, toward more general use 

as a social gathering space and educational facility for the 

surrounding neighborhood.

Believed to be the only armory in Virginia specifically built 

for use by black military personnel, the First Battalion 

Virginia Volunteers Armory is also the oldest remaining 

armory building in the state. The building has undergone 

interior alterations over the years, related to its evolving 

use. Shortly after the First Battalion disbanded in 1899, 

the building was used as an elementary school for the 

African American children in the surrounding Jackson 

Ward community for the next four decades. The building 

returned to military use during World War II as a reception 

center for thousands of African American servicemen. 

Following the war, the building was again used as a 

school building and as a storage facility for the city. Most 

recently, the armory temporarily housed The Black History 

Museum of Richmond until it moved to a permanent 

location. In 1988 the armory was declared surplus by the 

city of Richmond. The building has since been stabilized 

using a 2002 “Save America’s Treasures” grant, and 

a protective easement was placed in 2003 to ensure 

preservation of the building’s exterior. The First Battalion 

Virginia Volunteers Armory was placed on the National 

Register of Historic Places on December 23, 2009.

8 Brook Chapel

Brook Chapel was built in Hillburn, New York at the end 

of the 19th century. One of two churches built at that 

time, Brook Chapel was built for the Ramapo Lenape 

Indian Nation, who were long associated with the Ramapo 

Mountain region of New York and New Jersey. Hillburn 

developed as a working-class community in the late 

19th century with the nearby Ramapo Iron Works as an 

economic focal point. Among the early iron workers were 

several Ramapo Indians, including Samuel De Freese, 

Sr., the primary force behind the establishment of a 

Presbyterian community among the Ramapo people of 

the area. As more members of the regional native 

population were drawn to Hillburn by employment 

opportunities, the church community also grew. Brook 

Chapel was built to replace an earlier simple log structure 

used as a gathering and worship space by the Ramapo, 

which they had outgrown.

The separation of the Hillburn Presbyterian community 

along racial lines was echoed in the segregation of school 

children. While all the local children attended a single 

high school in a neighboring town, there were separate 

elementary schools for the white and Ramapo children 

of Hillburn–the white school being larger and with 

modern amenities, while the school for the Ramapo was 

overcrowded and antiquated. The issue came to a head 

in 1943 with the establishment of a local chapter of the 

NAACP, and a visit from Thurgood Marshall to organize a 

protest. The State Commissioner of Education, Dr. George 

Stoddard, issued a decision that closed the Ramapo 

(described as “colored” in the nomination and transcripts) 

school and allowed those children to 

attend the main elementary school.

Brook Chapel served as the center for all social gatherings 

of the community. The congregation successfully petitioned 

the presbytery for its independence in 1952. Despite efforts 

in the 1960s to merge the two churches in Hillburn with 

another in a neighboring town, the Indian community 

rejected these efforts in order to maintain its own 

traditions. Brook Chapel remains the center of the religious 

and social community of the Ramapo Indian population of 

Hillburn. The original building is much the same as it was 

in 1893, with only minor additions and alterations. Brook 

Chapel was listed in the National Register of Historic Places 

on February 1, 2010.

First Battalion Virginia Volunteers Armory

10 FALL 2010

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STATE INITIATIVES

places of lodging, and offered social interactions and a taste 

of home life during the winter months when the herds were 

brought down from the mountains. 

The Hailey newspaper closely followed the Rialto Hotel’s 

construction in 1934, emphasizing that the hotel would 

have a “beer parlor without seats and gaming of any kind,” 

to dispel stereotypical notions of Basque patrons as loiters, 

heavy drinkers, and gamblers. The Hotel’s opening included a 

reception and dancing, with music provided by a Basque band 

from Boise. The Astorquia family owned the Rialto Hotel until 

1973, making it the longest-operated Basque boardinghouse 

in Blaine County. The Rialto Hotel, in the heart of the 

community’s commercial core, is a two-story, brick-masonry 

building. It is an example of a two-part commercial block, 

exhibiting elements of the Art Deco style on a modest scale. 

The Rialto Hotel was listed in the National Register of Historic 

Places on December 30, 2009.

9 The Rialto Hotel

The Rialto Hotel is located on the southwest corner of 

Main and Croy streets in Hailey, Idaho. The building is 

the first Basque American owned business in Hailey, and 

is an example of commercial development during the 

Great Depression. Cattle and sheep ranching grew and 

dominated the rural areas of Blaine County. Newly arrived 

immigrants often took arduous and lonely jobs as herders. 

Men from the Basque region, an area located along the 

mountainous border of Spain and France, often worked as 

herders when they came to the United States. As the sheep 

industry grew, Basques in the United States encouraged 

relatives in their homeland to come work as herders. In 

1900, there were roughly 270 people of Basque descent 

living in southern Idaho; by 1920, the number had grown 

to 1,800. One such immigrant was Julio Astorquia, who 

came to Hailey in 1913.

Astorquia worked as a herder and married another Basque 

immigrant, Maria Aspitarte, in 1918. In 1934, Julio and 

Maria Astorquia invested their money in a new venture in 

Hailey, buying two lots on its Main Street for construction of 

a hotel (also known as a boardinghouse). Basques were not 

always welcomed by the established Idaho communities. 

These boardinghouses were important cultural centers for 

the Basque community, as they frequently were the only 

i For more information about the National Register visit http://www.nps.gov/nr

The Rialto Hotel, located on the southwest corner of Main and Croy streets 

in Hailey, Idaho, was the first Basque owned business in Hailey. A family 

owned hotel, it was built during the Great Depression and was a focal point 

for the local Basque community. Courtesy of Madeline Buckendorf, Idaho 

State Historic Preservation Office.

 Heritage matters 11

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 11 10/21/10 11
LOCAL INITIATIVES

Freedom Riders, the Congress of Racial Equality 

(CORE), and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating 

Committee (SNCC) were some of the prominent 

organizations in Albany, Georgia, in 1961. These groups came 

for a common goal, to ensure that the Interstate Commerce 

Commission ruling to desegregate interstate bus and train 

terminals was upheld. However, these groups did not 

come to start a movement; they came to join a movement 

already taking place in Southwest Georgia. Beginning in 

1955, African American citizens of Albany had grown tired 

of the mistreatment and inequities, and they spelled out 

their grievances on such things as voting poll taxes and 

school segregation in letters to the City Council. Mass 

meetings were already taking place within the churches and 

meetings were being held with the City’s leaders demanding 

change within the political and socio-economic structure in 

Southwest Georgia.

In the Fall of 1962, Dr. William Anderson, the only 

African American doctor in the city and later known as the 

Albany Civil Rights Movement Leader, asked his former 

Morehouse College classmate, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 

to provide a short sermon to the people in Albany in support 

of the Albany Movement. In turn, the singing, the passion, 

and the courage of the Albany people invigorated Dr. King. 

Marches, sit-ins, and mass meetings were held all over 

Southwest Georgia, and all were lead by song. The Albany 

Movement became known as the “Singing Movement” 

and the SNCC Freedom Singers emerged from the events. 

The power of the song captivated and carried the people 

through the toughest hours. Students, professors, and 

doctors risked their own well-being in order to provide 

a better way of living. Students who were expelled from 

Albany State included Annette White, who had her Miss 

ASU Homecoming crown taken for participating in the 

movement; Dr. Bernice Johnson [Reagon], who later 

founded the renowned group Sweet Honey in the Rock; 

Ola Mae Quartimon, who was sentenced to 33 years in 

the Milledgeville mental institution, and; Charles Sherrod, 

a SNCC member and founder of the Southwest Georgia 

Project for Community Education.

The constant external pressures, as well as conflicting 

tactics from the different organizations within the 

movement, prohibited it from being completely cohesive. 

Dr. King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference 

returned to Albany over the next several years and lessons 

learned from there helped to focus efforts in the national 

civil rights movement.

The concerted efforts within the Southwest Georgia 

region continued beyond Dr. King and the SCLC’s 

involvement. School desegregation was enforced; voter 

registration drives continued to increase the African 

American vote in the area; and African American leaders 

began to run for elected offices. 

Andrew Young wrote: “I admired their achievement. 

No matter what the press said about Albany, I knew how 

difficult and dangerous it was to be organizing for civil rights 

in southwest Georgia. By mobilizing black people in Albany 

to express their discontent, the students had accomplished a 

great deal.”(1) 

On June 2-4, 2011, the Southwest Georgia Project will 

celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the events surrounding the 

Southwest Georgia Civil Rights Movement. This celebration 

will bring civil rights activists, professors, authors, and 

contributors to reflect on the events of the past, the current 

reality, and where we are headed in the future. ❖

i For more information contact the Southwest Georgia 

Project at 229.430.9870, email: salaam.d@swgaproject.com

1

Andrew Young, An Easy Burden: The Civil Rights Movement and the 

Transformation of America (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 

1996), 172.

The Southwest Georgia Civil Rights Movement: 

The Historical Impact and the Celebration of its 

50th Anniversary

Daaiyah N. Salaam / Southwest Georgia Project

Dr. King and the 

SCLC returned to 

Albany over the next 

several years and 

lessons learned from 

there helped to 

focus efforts in the 

national civil rights 

movement.

Martin Luther King, Jr. and the SCLC participated in the Albany 

Movement over the course of 3 years, 1962-1965.

12 FALL 2010

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LOCAL INITIATIVES

Continued » Page 14

The Franklin School and Sumner School: DC’s Sentinels 

at a Time of Change

Lucinda Janke

Adolf Cluss, one of Washington, DC’s most prolific 

and influential architects of the 19th century, 

designed a series of large new school buildings of 

Second Empire design for the city, a stark contrast to the 

one- and two-room public schoolhouses then in use. Cluss 

brought to Washington architecture worthy of a modern 

capital and designed accommodations that all of its citizens 

could partake of equally. Two of the buildings still remain: 

The Benjamin Franklin School and the Charles Sumner 

School. Both buildings are listed in the National Register of 

Historic Places (the Franklin School was also designated a 

National Historic Landmark in 1996)and are valued assets 

in the city’s cultural history. Their paths run parallel tracks 

through the educational and social history of Washington, 

DC, from Reconstruction to the landmark desegregation 

case Brown v. Board of Education. Now, in a twist of fate, 

one building’s future hangs in the balance as city officials and 

concerned citizens consider possible uses for the building.

Opened in 1869, the Franklin School was built as a 

showpiece and model school. Built for white students, 

located on a rise in a fashionable neighborhood, the site was 

chosen to give prominence to public schools, which were 

once regarded as charity or “pauper” schools. The Franklin 

School served as a pioneering laboratory for new programs 

including vocational training, high school curriculum, and 

professional teacher training. In 1873 a “normal school” 

was established at Franklin and continued for forty years. 

From 1925 to 1968, Franklin School was the administrative 

headquarters for the DC public schools. The Franklin 

School quickly became an object of pride and a tourist 

attraction, generating images in prints and stereographs, 

and inclusion in guidebooks. Its exuberant, elegant design 

succeeded immediately in raising the reputation of the city’s 

public school system.

Cluss also designed a school for African American 

students, named for Massachusetts Senator Charles 

Sumner. Until 1862 there had been no public schools for 

African Americans in Washington, DC. The Sumner School, 

completed in 1872, served as the headquarters of the separate 

African American school system, the equivalent of the 

Franklin, until desegregation in 1954. The building’s design 

featured the latest in heating and ventilation systems, as well 

as innovative use of individual student desks and large wallmounted blackboards. Classrooms had windows on two 

sides and raised platforms for the teachers that enhanced 

visibility and acoustics. Classes were divided by grades and 

the curricula were grade-specific, now taken for granted but 

unusual at the time. Cluss’ architectural designs for schools 

won a design award at the Vienna International Exposition 

in 1873, an award at the 1876 Centennial in Philadelphia, and 

honors at the International Exposition in Paris in 1878. 

Disparities between the dual school systems, evident 

throughout the second half of the 19th century and early 

20th century increased after the Second World War. 

The black schools became overcrowded while the white 

schools were underutilized. Some black schools were at 

nearly double their capacity and classes were held in shifts. 

Schools from the white system were transferred to the black 

one, often with great controversy. As the administrative 

headquarters for the white school system, Franklin was at 

ground zero for the issues arising. The ensuing years saw 

Bolling v. Sharpe (president of the DC Board of Education) 

decided alongside the historic Brown v. Board of Education

 Heritage matters 13

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LOCAL INITIATIVES

The Franklin School and Sumner School: DC’s Sentinels 

at a Time of Change

Continued from Page 13

on't tear

The battle for preservation...

Preservation: 1968 - Present

By the turn of the century, Washington's red brick 

schoolhouses were in disfavor, and many of these 

buildings fell victim to the wrecking ball in

subsequent decades.

But by the 1960's, when the School Administration vacated Franklin School, the

public had developed a new appreciation of the city's architectural heritage. The 

Franklin had been included in a 1964 inventory of historic sites in the District of 

Columbia. In 1966 Congress passed the first national law that offered some

protection for landmarks and established the National Register of Historic Places. 

Despite these developments at the federal level, the District of Columbia had no 

local law that could prevent demolition of Franklin School. In 1971 the threat of 

demolition of a number of historic buildings sparked the creation of a citizen's

action group called Don’t Tear It Down, which became the DC Preservation 

League. Their first objectives were to prevent the demolition of the Old Post Office, 

Old City Hall, and Franklin School. Of these, only the preservation of the Franklin 

remains unfulfilled.

“...chances are that the Franklin 

School will be gone by the time we 

celebrate the Bicentennial in 1976.”

washington post, 1972

1964 

D Rally at Franklin Park

April, 1972

Franklin School Preservation Timeline

Listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of

Historic Sites

it down

Nearly 150 participants rode bicycles

on a tour past threatened landmarks. 

The rally was a turning point in the 

history of historic preservation efforts

in the city.

Closed in 1978 and with a partially collapsed roof, the Sumner School 

survived demolition by the narrowest of margins. It was ultimately restored 

through a public-private partnership in the 1980s. 

Sumner School barely escapes demolition

◄ The Adult Education Center at

Franklin School, transformed with 

fluorescent lighting and modern 

furniture.

◄ Sumner School 

under renovation,

1984 - 86

1973

1977

1986

1992

1996

2002

2003

2004

2005

2009

Listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Board of Education votes to restore Sumner and 

Franklin Schools

Sumner School restored and opened to public

Exterior of Franklin School restored

The Franklin designated a National Historic

Landmark

DC historic designation amended to include interiors

City advertises for tenant for the Franklin

Franklin School used as a homeless shelter. DC 

Preservation League lists Franklin as endangered 

due to lack of use and maintenance, threatening 

historic interior

City issues another Request for Proposal to develop 

Franklin School

Washington Post, April 1972

City issues Request for Proposal to develop Franklin 

School

Charles Sumner School Museum & Artchives

Charles Sumner School Museum & Artchives

This banner illustrates the preservation efforts for the Franklin 

School how the Sumner School was nearly lost. Courtesy of 

Lucinda Janke.

case that outlawed school segregation in May 1954. 

Integrated public schools opened in Washington in 

September 1954. 

By 1968, Franklin was replaced as the administrative 

headquarters of the DC schools and Sumner was largely 

vacant. Concerns arose for the long-term preservation 

of these landmarks. 1972 saw a flurry of preservation 

activity in the city. Both Franklin and Sumner, by then 

the only surviving school buildings designed by Cluss, 

received attention in the press. In 1977, the Board of 

Education voted to preserve the Franklin and Sumner 

Schools. Since then, Sumner was meticulously restored 

via a public-private partnership. It reopened in 1986 as a 

museum, conference center, and the repository for the 

archives of the public school system. Franklin School 

was an adult education center, which closed in 1989, and 

briefly served as a shelter for homeless men. Lack of 

maintenance is taking a toll inside and out.

The future of the historic building emerged again in 

late 2009 when the city issued a Request for Proposals 

to Redevelop the historic Franklin School building. The 

city’s plan included commercial, residential, mixeduse, hotel, or retail use but nothing related to its former 

function and history. In response, concerned citizens 

formed the Coalition for Franklin School in November 

2009. The goals of this ad hoc group include retaining 

public control of the historic school, completing its 

restoration, and finding an appropriate use for it. The 

Coalition established a steering committee, a website, 

and a newsletter.

In March 2010, the Coalition sponsored a public 

community forum to discuss possible uses for the 

Franklin School. There were several proposals 

presented, including a model open enrollment high 

school and a charter school. The overwhelming 

consensus of the audience was that Franklin School be 

used for educational and/or cultural purposes.

The city is fortunate in having preserved for nearly 

a century and a half this unique pair of flagship schools 

from its dual system. They reflect Washington’s cultural 

diversity, its public school history, and architectural 

heritage. A traveling exhibition about the Franklin 

School debuted at the Historical Society of Washington, 

D.C., in July 2010. ❖

i For more information on the Franklin School 

and the Coalition for Franklin School, see 

www.franklinschooldc.org. To learn more about 

its architect, see www.adolf-cluss.org. 

The Franklin School quickly became 

an object of pride...Its exuberant, 

elegant design succeeded immediately 

in raising the reputation of the city’s 

public school system.

14 FALL 2010

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NPS INITIATIVES

Conferences and Events

Events

Hispanic Heritage Month / September/October

African American Heritage Month / February

Asian American/Pacific Islander Heritage Month / April

Historic Preservation Month / May

Conferences

October 2010

National Trust for Historic Preservation, Austin, TX

The theme of the National Trust’s National Preservation Conference in 2010 is 

“Next American City, Next American Landscape.” The conference will take place 

in Austin, Texas. Sessions will focus on smart growth and diversity.

For more information visit the National Trust’s conference website, 

http://www.preservationnation.org/resources/training/npc/.

March 2011

Organization of American Historians, Houston, TX

Houston, Texas will host the 103rd annual meeting of OAH March 17–20, 2011. This 

year’s theme is “Americans Divided and United: Multiple and Shifting Solidarities.”

For more information on the conference, visit http://annualmeeting.oah.org/.

April 2011

National Conference of Public Historians, Pensacola, FL

The theme of 2011’s annual meeting is “Crossing Borders/Building Communities–

Real and Imagined.” It will take place in Pensacola, Florida on April 6–10, 2011 

at the Historic Pensacola Village and Crowne Plaza Pensacola Grand Hotel. NCPH 

invites proposals for the Poster Session at the annual meeting. The deadline for 

submissions is December 1, 2010.

For more information, visit http://ncph.org/cms/conferences/2011-annual-meeting/.

September 2011

American Association of State and Local History, Richmond, VA

AASLH’s 2011 annual meeting will take place September 14–17, 2011 in Richmond, VA.

For more information, visit the AASLH Meeting webpage, http://www.aaslh.org/

anmeeting.htm.

Mission of the 

National Park Service

The National Park Service preserves 

unimpaired the natural and cultural 

resources and the values of the national 

park system for the enjoyment, 

education, and inspiration of this and 

future generations. The Park Service also 

cooperates with partners to extend the 

benefits of natural and cultural resource 

conservation and outdoor recreation 

throughout this country and the world.

Heritage Matters, sponsored by the 

Cultural Resources Programs of the 

National Park Service, is published twice 

a year, and is free of charge. Readers are 

invited to submit short articles and notices 

for inclusion. (Limit submissions to fewer 

than 600 words and include author’s name 

and affiliation. Photographs or digital 

images are welcome.) Please submit 

newsletter items in writing or electronically 

to: Brian D. Joyner, Editor, Heritage 

Matters, DOI/National Park Service, 

1849 C Street, NW (2280), Washington, 

DC 20240. Phone: 202.354.2276, e-mail: 

brian_joyner@nps.gov.

This material is based upon work 

conducted under a cooperative agreement 

between the U.S. Department of the 

Interior, National Park Service and the 

National Conference of State Historic 

Preservation Officers. Views and 

conclusions in this material are those of 

the authors and should not be interpreted 

as representing the opinions or policies of 

the U.S. Government. Mention of trade 

names or commercial products does not 

constitute their endorsement by the 

U.S. Government.

Jonathan B. Jarvis 

Director

Stephanie Toothman

Associate Director, Cultural Resources

Antoinette J. Lee 

Assistant Associate Director, Historical 

Documentation Programs

J. Paul Loether 

Chief, National Register of Historic Places 

& National Historic Landmarks Programs

Brian D. Joyner 

Heritage Matters Editor

Christine H. Messing

Guest Assistant Editor

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 15 10/21/10 11
The Southwest Georgia 

Civil Rights Movement: 

The Historical Impact 

and the Celebration of 

its 50th Anniversary

The Franklin School 

and Sumner School: 

DC’s Sentinels at a 

Time of Change

About 

Heritage Matters

Heritage Matters highlights the many 

diverse cultural resources/historic 

preservation projects that are underway in 

the National Park System, the National Park 

Foundation, the National Parks Conservation 

Association, state and local governments, 

and other partnership organizations. This 

newsletter also showcases preservation 

activities occurring within diverse 

communities. It is distributed to major 

preservation partnership organizations, 

including federal agencies, State Historic 

Preservation Offices, Tribal Preservation 

Offices, private preservation organizations, 

as well as diverse organizations and schools. 

National Park Service

1849 C Street, NW 

Washington, DC 20240

Heritage Matters

News of the Nation’s Diverse Cultural Heritage

FALL 2010

“Preserving Asian Pacific 

Islander America: 

Mobilizing Our 

Communities”: The First 

National Asian Pacific 

Islander American Historic 

Preservation Forum

National Register 

Nominations

Black History in 

Pennsylvania: 

Communities in Common

NPS Hispanic Outreach 

in the Southwest

Traveling Highway 17 

in Search of the Soul 

of the Gullah

Presort

FIRST CLASS MAIL

Postage & Fees Paid

U.S. Department

of the Interior

Permit # G-83

NPS_Fall_wbg.indd 16 10/21/10 11