United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 18-3644

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Jorge Enrique Avila-Chavarria

lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

v.

Robert M. Wilkinson, Acting Attorney General of the United States

lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent

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Petition for Review of an Order of the

 Board of Immigration Appeals

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 Submitted: December 15, 2020

Filed: February 2, 2021 

[Unpublished]

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Before SHEPHERD, KELLY, and STRAS, Circuit Judges. 

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PER CURIAM.

Jorge Enrique Avila-Chavarria, a native and citizen of Costa Rica, petitions for

review of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his motion

to reopen in which he sought, for the first time, asylum, withholding of removal, and

protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). The BIA concluded that he

failed to demonstrate prima facie eligibility for relief. See I.N.S. v. Abudu, 485 U.S.
94, 104-05 (1988) (noting that the BIA may deny reopening if the movant fails to

establish prima facie eligibility for the relief sought, if the movant fails to introduce

previously unavailable, material evidence, or if the BIA determines that, even if those

requirements were met, the movant would not be entitled to the discretionary grant

of relief sought). We review the BIA’s denial of Avila-Chavarria’s motion to reopen

for an abuse of discretion and will grant the petition only if the decision was without

rational explanation, departed from established policies, invidiously discriminated

against a particular race or group, or if the agency failed to consider all factors

presented or distorted important aspects of the claim. See Shire v. Barr, 967 F.3d

722, 725-26 (8th Cir. 2020). For the following reasons, we conclude Avila-Chavarria

did not meet his “heavy burden” of demonstrating reopening was warranted. See

Sharif v. Barr, 965 F.3d 612, 618 (8th Cir. 2020) (discussing burden). 

Avila-Chavarria does not directly challenge the merits of the BIA’s conclusions

on asylum and withholding of removal. Instead, he argues that the BIA engaged in

improper fact-finding and erred in not remanding his case for further proceedings. 

He argues this was error because the cognizability of his particular social

group—which was not clearly identified in either his motion or appellate brief—is

a “mixed question of law and fact” for the immigration judge to decide. On our

reading of the agency’s decision, however, it appears the BIA assumed that AvilaChavarria belonged to a particular social group characterized by his Catholicism or

membership in his former church yet ultimately concluded that he failed to

demonstrate the requisite nexus between his membership in that group and an

objective fear of persecution. 

Either way, it is well settled in this circuit that whether a group constitutes a

particular social group is a question of law, not fact, that is within the BIA’s purview

to decide. See Ngugi v. Lynch, 826 F.3d 1132, 1137 (8th Cir. 2016); Gaitan v.

Holder, 671 F.3d 678, 680 (8th Cir. 2012). And here, the BIA rationally explained

that Avila-Chavarria failed to demonstrate an objectively reasonable fear of

persecution on account of a protected ground. The materials he submitted did not

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establish that the gangs targeted Catholics or members of his former church who

resisted drug activity, and instead showed only that the gangs perpetrated violence

against the populace as a whole, see Rivera-Guerrero v. Barr, 926 F.3d 1050, 1051-52

(8th Cir. 2019); Martin Martin v. Barr, 916 F.3d 1141, 1145 (8th Cir. 2019). 

Moreover, the BIA was justified in denying the appeal based on its determination that

the facts, as alleged by Avila-Chavarria and presented in documentary evidence,

would not likely change the outcome of his motion to reopen. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229a(c)(7)(B) (stating that a motion to reopen “shall state the new facts that will

be proven at a hearing if the motion is granted, and shall be supported by affidavits

or other evidentiary material”); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1) (same); Caballero-Martinez,

920 F.3d 543, 548 (8th Cir. 2019) (noting that this court has repeatedly upheld the

BIA’s application of the likely-to-change-the-result standard delineated in relevant

BIA decisions); see also Urrutia Robles v. Barr, 940 F.3d 420, 423 (8th Cir. 2019)

(concluding that the BIA followed established policy, and did not abuse its discretion

in denying a motion to reopen instead of remanding to the immigration judge, when

it determined petitioner failed to demonstrate the new evidence would likely change

the result), petition for cert. denied, No. 19-1363 (Jan. 11, 2021). 

As to Avila-Chavarria’s claim for protection under the CAT, we conclude that,

contrary to his suggestion, there is nothing to suggest the BIA applied an improper

heightened standard in concluding that he failed to demonstrate prima facie eligibility

for relief, cf. Xiu Ling Chen v. Holder, 751 F.3d 876, 879 (8th Cir. 2014) (rejecting

argument that the BIA, when denying reopening, applied an excessively stringent

standard in determining petitioner failed to demonstrate prima facie eligibility for

relief); and that his claim would necessarily fail because it was based on the same

underlying facts as his claims for asylum and withholding of removal, see Ming Ming

Wijono v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 868, 874 (8th Cir. 2006). 

Accordingly, the petition for review is denied. See 8th Cir. R. 47B. 

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