# Patent

## Title
Knit-like nonwoven composite fabric

## Abstract

A coated donor roll comprised of a core with a coating thereover comprised of a photolysis reaction product of a charge transporting polymer and a photo acid compound.

## Background
This invention relates generally to overcoatings for ionographic or electrophotographic imaging and printing apparatuses and machines, and more particularly is directed to an effective overcoating for a donor means like a roll, preferably with electrodes closely spaced therein to form a toner cloud in the development zone to develop a latent image. The present invention is directed, in embodiments, to suitable conductive and semiconductive overcoatings especially for the donor roll or transport means in systems like scavengeless or hybrid scavengeless development systems, reference for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,600, U.S. Pat. No. 5,172, 170, and copending patent applications U.S. Ser. No. 396,153 (now abandoned) and U.S. Ser. No. 724,242 now abandoned, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Overcoatings for donor rolls are known and can contain a dispersion of conductive particles, like carbon black, or graphite in a dielectric binder, such as a phenolic resin or fluoropolymer, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,505,573. The dielectric constant of the overcoatings ranges from about 3 to about 5, and preferably is about 3, and the desired resistivity is achieved by controlling the loading of the conductive material. However, very small changes in the loading of conducive materials near the percolation threshold can cause dramatic changes in resistivity. Furthermore, changes in the particle size and shape of such materials can cause wide variations in the resistivity at constant weight loading. A desired volume electrical resistivity of the overcoating layer is in the range of from about 10.sup.7 ohm-cm to about 10.sup.13 ohm-cm, and preferably, the electrical resistivity is in the range of 10.sup.8 ohm-cm to about 10.sup.11 ohm-cm. If the resistivity is too low, electrical breakdown of the coating can occur when a voltage is applied to an electrode or material in contact with the overcoating. Also, resistive heating can cause the formation of holes in the coating. When the resistivity is too high, for example about 10.sup.13 ohm-cm, charge accumulation on the surface of the overcoating creates a voltage which changes the electrostatic forces acting on the toner. The problem of the sensitivity of the resistivity to the loading of conductive materials in an insulative dielectric binder is avoided, or minimized with the coatings of the present invention.

Generally, the process of electrophotographic printing includes charging a photoconductive member to a substantially uniform potential so as to sensitize the surface thereof. The charged portion of the photoconductive surface is exposed to a light image of an original document being reproduced. This records an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductive surface. After the electrostatic latent image is recorded on the photoconductive surface, the latent image is developed. Two component and single component developer materials are commonly used for development. A typical two component developer comprises magnetic carrier granules having toner particles adhering triboelectrically thereto. A single component developer material typically comprises toner particles. Toner particles are attracted to the latent image forming a toner powder image on the photoconductive surface, the toner powder image is subsequently transferred to a copy sheet, and finally, the toner powder image is heated to permanently fuse it to the copy sheet in image configuration.

Trilevel, highlight color xerography is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,929 (Gundlach). This patent discloses trilevel xerography as a means to achieve single-pass highlight color imaging wherein a charge pattern is developed with toner particles of a first and second colors. The toner particles of one of the colors are positively charged and the toner particles of the second color are negatively charged. In one embodiment, the toner particles are presented to the charge pattern by a pair of magnetic brush development systems wherein each system supplies a toner of one color and one charge.

In highlight color xerography (Gundlach), the xerographic contrast on the charge retentive surface or photoreceptor is divided into three levels, rather than two levels as is the situation for conventional xerography. The photoreceptor is charged, typically to -900 volts, and is exposed imagewise, such that one image corresponding to charged image areas (which are subsequently developed by charged-area development, CAD) remains at the full photoreceptor potential (V.sub.cad or V.sub.ddp). The other image is exposed to discharge the photoreceptor to its residual potential, for example V.sub.dad or V.sub.c (typically -100 volts), which corresponds to discharged area images that are subsequently developed by discharged area development (DAD) and the background areas exposed such as to reduce the photoreceptor potential to halfway between the V.sub.cad and V.sub.dad potentials, (typically -500 volts) and is referred to as V.sub.white or V.sub.w. The CAD developer is typically biased about 100 volts closer to V.sub.cad than V.sub.white (about -600 volts), and the DAD developer system is biased about 100 watts closer to V.sub.dad than V.sub.white (about -400 volts).

The viability of printing system concepts such as trilevel and highlight color xerography usually requires development systems that do not scavenge or interact with a previously toned image. Since several known development systems, such as conventional magnetic brush development and jumping single component development, interact with the image receiver, a previously toned image will be scavenged by subsequent development, and as these development systems are highly interactive with the image bearing member, there is a need for scavengeless or non interactive development systems.

Single component development systems use a donor roll for transporting charged toner to the development nip defined by the donor roll and photoconductive member. The toner is developed on the latent image recorded on the photoconductive member by a combination of mechanical and/or electrical forces. Scavengeless development and jumping development are two types of single component development systems that can be selected. In one version of a scavengeless development system, a plurality of electrode wires are closely spaced from the toned donor roll in the development zone. An AC voltage is applied to the wires to generate a toner cloud in the development zone. The electrostatic fields associated with the latent image attract toner from the toner cloud to develop the latent image. In another version of scavengeless development, isolated electrodes are provided within the surface of a donor roll. The application of an AC bias to the electrodes in the development zone causes the generation of a toner cloud. In jumping development, an AC voltage is applied to the donor roll for detaching toner from the donor roll and projecting the toner toward the photoconductive member so that the electrostatic fields associated with the latent image attract the toner to develop the latent image. Single component development systems appear to offer advantages in low cost and design simplicity. However, the achievement of high reliability and simple, economic manufacturability of the system continue to present problems. Two component development systems have been used extensively in many different types of printing machines.

A two component development system usually employs a magnetic brush developer roller for transporting carrier having toner adhering triboelectrically thereto. The electrostatic fields associated with the latent image attract the toner from the carrier so as to develop the latent image. In high speed commercial printing machines, a two component development system may have lower operating costs than a single component development system. Clearly, two component development systems and single component development systems each have their own advantages. Accordingly, it is considered desirable to combine these systems to form a hybrid development system having the desirable features of each system. For example, at the 2nd International Congress on Advances in Non-Impact Printing held in Washington, D.C. on Nov. 4 to 8, 1984, sponsored by the Society for Photographic Scientists and Engineers, there was described a development system using a donor roll and a magnetic roller. The donor roll and magnetic roller were electrically biased. The magnetic roller transported a two component developer material to the nip defined by the donor roll and magnetic roller, and toner is attracted to the donor roll from the magnetic roll. The donor roll is rotated synchronously with the photoconductive drum with the gap therebetween being about 0.20 millimeter. The large difference in potential between the donor roll and latent image recorded on the photoconductive drum causes the toner to jump across the gap from the donor roll to the latent image and thereby develop the latent image.

In commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,339, there is illustrated a coated transport means comprised of a core with a coating comprised of charge transporting molecules and an oxidizing agent, or oxidizing agents dispersed in a binder.

In commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,222 discloses an electrically conducting composition comprising an organic hole transporting compound, and the reaction product of an organic hole transporting compound and an oxidizing agent capable of accepting one electron from the hole transporting compound.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,929,098 describes a developer sump located below a donor roll. A developer mix of toner particles and ferromagnetic carrier granules is in the sump. A cylinder having a magnet disposed therein rotates through the developer mix and conveys the developer mix adjacent the donor roll. An electrical field between the cylinder and donor roll loads the donor roll with toner particles.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,645 discloses a development apparatus using a magnetic roll contained within a nonmagnetic sleeve. A two component developer is supplied on the outer peripheral surface of the sleeve from a developer tank to form a magnetic brush. The developer material is brought into sliding contact with the photosensitive layer to develop the latent image with toner.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,437 describes a development system in which a photoconductive belt is wrapped around a portion of a first developer roller and spaced from a second developer roller. Each developer roller uses a magnet disposed interiorly of a nonmagnetic sleeve. The sleeves rotate to advance two component developer material into contact with the photoconductive belt thereby developing the latent image recorded thereon.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,809,034 discloses a developing device having a nonmagnetic developing sleeve. A magnetic roller is incorporated in the developing sleeve. A toner supply roller transports toner to the developing sleeve from the toner reservoir. The electrical potential on the supply roller is lower than that on the surface of the developing sleeve, thus the toner is attracted to the developing sleeve forming a brush of toner thereon. The developing sleeve conveys the brush of toner into contact with the photoconductive drum to develop the latent image recorded thereon.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,600 describes a scavengeless development system in which a donor roll has toner deposited thereon. A plurality of electrode wires are closely spaced to the donor roll in the gap between the donor roll and the photoconductive member. An AC voltage is applied to the electrode wires to detach toner from the donor roll and form a toner powder cloud in the gap. Toner from the toner powder cloud is attracted to the latent image recorded on the photoconductive member to develop the latent image recorded thereon. A conventional magnetic brush with conductive two component developer can be used for depositing the toner layer onto the donor roll. To prevent shorting between the conductive core of the donor roll and the AC biased wires or conductive magnetic brush, a resistive overcoating is selected. The conductive donor roll core is made from a material, such as metals or conductive particles, dispersed in a dielectric resin.

The disclosure of the aforementioned patents and publications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

There remains a need for donor rolls with highly efficient semiconductive and charge relaxable coating thereover for use in electrophotographic scavengeless development and printing applications.

It is an object of the present invention to provide improved coatings with many of the advantages illustrated herein.

Another object of the present invention is to provide improved donor roll coatings with many of the advantages illustrated herein.

Also, another object of the present invention is to provide improved toner donor roll coatings, which coatings enable improved conductivity uniformity and control in achieving a desired charge relaxation time constant with a molecular dispersion of a conductivity inducing component in the aforementioned coatings.

Another object of the present invention is to protect electrodes from wear.

Yet another object of the present invention is to prevent electrical shorting with conductive carrier beads.

Moreover, another object of the present invention relates to the provision of improved coatings and overcoatings for electrophotographic development subsystem donor rolls by the molecular dispersion of photo lablie, that is oxidizable, onium salt in a charge transporting polymer, for example aryl diamine polymers, which enables, for example, improved stability and uniformity of the conductivity throughout the coating, and latitude and control in selecting a desired charge relaxation time constant of, for example, about 1 microsecond to about 10 seconds.

Also, another object of the present invention is to provide improved donor roll coatings, which coatings enable improved conductivity uniformity and control in achieving a desired charge relaxation time constant by varying the concentration of the onium salt dopant and the charge transporting moiety in the charge transporting aryl amine polymer layer.

Further, another object of the present invention is the provision of coatings comprised of a photoacid, or in the alternative, a photo lablie onium salt doped polyether carbonate, PEC, obtained from the condensation of a charge transporting molecule such as N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-hydroxy phenyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine and diethylene glycol bischloroformate, or variants thereof.

These and other objects of the present invention are accomplished, in embodiments, by the provision of certain coatings for various imaging systems. Embodiments include: a coated donor roll comprised of a core with a coating thereover comprised of a photolysis reaction product of a charge transporting polymer and a photo acid compound; a coated toner donor roll comprising a core comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of a conductive material, and an insulative dielectric material, with a coating thereover comprised of a partially photo-oxidized cation radical containing charge transporting polymer; a coated donor roll comprised of a core with a coating thereover comprised of a photolysis reaction product of a charge transporting molecule and a photo acid, and a binder; a coated toner donor roll comprised of a core comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of a conductive material and an insulative dielectric material, and a semiconductive coating thereover comprised of a partially photo-oxidized cation radical containing charge transporting compound and a binder; and a method of preparing an electrically conductive donor roll comprising coating a core support member with a solution comprising a solvent, a charge transporting polymer, a photo acid compound, an optional binder resin, an optional photoredox compound, and an optional photosensitizer, to form a coated donor roll, and thereafter irradiating the coated donor roll to afford the electrically conductive donor roll.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for developing a latent image recorded on a surface. The apparatus includes a housing defining a chamber storing a supply of developer material comprising at least carrier and toner. A donor member with an improved coating thereover is comprised of, for example, a polymer which has an aryl diamine charge transporting moiety incorporated in the backbone, reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,618,551; 4,806,443; 4,806,444; 4,818,650; 4,935,487 and 4,956,440, wherein suitable charge transporting polymers are disclosed, the disclosures of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, and wherein a photo lablie onium salt is molecularly dispersed in the aforementioned polyarylamine charge transport polymer such as the polyether carbonate of the '443 patent, and which roll is spaced from the surface and adapted to transport toner to a region opposed from the surface. In a hybrid scavengeless system, developer material containing toner, for example, of resin particles such as styrene acrylates, styrene methacrylates, styrene butadienes and pigment particles such as carbon black, contained in a housing is used to apply and maintain a toner layer on the donor roll. The developer roll and the donor member cooperate with one another to define a region wherein a substantially constant amount of toner having a substantially constant triboelectric charge is deposited on the donor member. The donor roll contains isolated electrodes within the surface which are overcoated with the improved coating, and the isolated electrodes are electrically biased to detach toner from the donor member so as to form a toner cloud in the space between the donor roll and latent image member. Detached toner from the toner cloud develops the latent image.

Pursuant to another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an electrophotographic imaging or printing machine of the type in which an electrostatic latent image recorded on a photoconductive member is developed to form a visible image thereof, and wherein the improvement includes a housing defining a chamber storing a supply of developer material comprising at least carrier and toner. The coated donor member is spaced from the photoconductive member and adapted to transport toner to a region opposed from the photoconductive member. Developer material containing toner is used to apply and maintain a toner layer on the donor roll. The developer roll and the donor member cooperate with one another to define a region wherein a substantially constant amount of toner having a substantially constant triboelectric charge is deposited on the donor member. The donor roll contains isolated electrodes within the surface which are overcoated with the improved coating. The isolated electrodes are electrically biased to detach toner from the donor member so as to form a toner cloud in the space between the donor roll and latent image member. Detached toner from the toner cloud develops the latent image. The insulative donor roll core is made from dielectric materials such as vinyl ester, phenolic, polycarbonate, epoxy, and the like.

More specifically, in embodiments there are provided in accordance with the present invention certain overcoatings for toner donor rolls selected for the scavengeless and hybrid scavengeless systems mentioned herein. These overcoatings contain a partially oxidized charge transporting polymer and generally comprise least two constituents: a charge transporting polymer; and a photo lablie or photon dissociable onium salt dopant also referred to as a photoacid. Various suitable charge transporting polymers, many of which are illustrated herein and described in the U.S. patents mentioned herein, may be utilized in the coatings of the present invention. Although not desired to be limited by theory it is believed that the photoacid onium salt dopant acts as a photon activated oxidizing agent or oxidant for the amine functionality of the charge transporting molecules contained in the backbone of the the charge transporting polymer. The electrically active charge transporting polymeric materials should be capable of being oxidized to the corresponding cation radical species by the onium salt dopant material and the resultant polymeric cation radical species should be capable of supporting the motion of holes through the unoxidized or neutral moieties in the charge transporting polymer. The charge transporting moiety in the backbone of the polymer can, for example, be an oxadiazole, hydrazone, carbazole, triphenylamine or diamine.

Examples of charge transporting polymers include aryl amine compounds represented by the formula: ##STR1## wherein n is a repeating segment and can, for example be a number between about 5 and about 5,000; Z is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR2## wherein n is 0 or 1; Ar represents an aromatic group selected from the group consisting of: ##STR3## wherein R is an alkylene radical selected from the group consisting of alkylene and iso-alkylene groups containing 2 to about 10 carbon atoms; Ar' is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR4## where R is as defined above and X is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR5## s is 0, 1 or 2; and X' is an alkylene radical selected from the group consisting of alkylene and iso-alkylene groups containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms.

Typical charge transporting polymers are represented by the following formula: ##STR6## wherein the value of n is between about 10 and about 1,000. These and other charge transporting polymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,443, the disclosure thereof being totally incorporated herein by reference. One polymer selected as a coating and illustrated in the '443 patent is a polyester carbonate which is a polymeric aryl amine obtained from the reaction of N,N'-diphenyI-N,N'-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine and diethylene glycol bischloroformate.

Other typical charge transporting polymers include aryl amine compounds represented by the formula: ##STR7## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of --H, alkyl, such as --CH.sub.3 and --C.sub.2 H.sub.5 ; m is between about 4 and about 1,000; and A is selected from the group consisting of an aryl amine group represented by the formula: wherein m is 0 or 1; Z is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR8## wherein n is 0 or 1; Ar is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR9## wherein R' is selected from the group consisting of --CH.sub.3, --C.sub.2 H.sub.5, --C.sub.3 H.sub.7, and --C.sub.4 H.sub.9 ; Ar' is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR10## X is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR11## B is selected from the group consisting of the aryl amine group as defined for A, and ##STR12## wherein Ar is as defined above, and V is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR13## and n is 0 or 1 Specific examples include: ##STR14## where the value of m is between about 18 and about 19, and ##STR15## where the value of m is between about 4 and about 5. These and other charge transporting polymers represented by the above generic formula are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,818,650 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,440, the disclosures thereof being totally incorporated herein by reference.

An example of other typical charge transporting polymers include: ##STR16## wherein the value of m was between about 10 and about 50. This and other similar charge transporting polymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,444 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,487, the disclosures thereof being totally incorporated herein by reference.

Other examples of typical charge transporting polymers are: ##STR17## wherein m is between about 10 and about 10,000, and ##STR18## wherein m is between about 10 and about 1,000. Specific charge transporting polymers include copoly[3,3'bis(hydroxyethyl)triphenylamine/bisphenol A]carbonate, copoly[3,3'bis(hydroxyethyl)tetraphenylbenzidine/bisphenol A]carbonate, poly[3,3'bis(hydroxyethyl)tetraphenylbenzidine]carbonate, poly[3,3'bis(hydroxyethyl)triphenylamine]carbonate, and the like. These charge transporting polymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,401,517, the disclosure thereof being totally incorporated herein by reference.

Further examples of charge transporting polymers include: ##STR19## where n is between about 5 and about 5,000; ##STR20## where n represents a number sufficient to achieve a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 500,000; ##STR21## where n represents a number sufficient to achieve a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 500,000; and ##STR22## where n represents a number sufficient to achieve a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 500,000. These and other related charge transporting polymers are described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,532, the entire disclosure thereof being incorporated herein by reference. These coatings are comprised of an partially oxidized polyether carbonate. More specifically, polyethercarbonate, which is a polymeric arylamine obtained from the reaction of, for example, N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine and bischloroformate, like diethylene glycol bischloroformate, reference U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,443, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, see especially Example 3 of this patent, is subjected to oxidation with an oxidizing agent like tris(4-bromophenyl)ammonium hexachloroantimonate (TBTPAT). It is believed that in the presence of an oxidizing agent the partial oxidized charge transporting moieties like tetraphenyldiamines of the polymer function as carrier sites that are transported through the unoxidized charge transporting moieties.

Other suitable charge transporting polymers, which structures represent the polymers prior to photo-oxidation, as illustrated herein include ##STR23## wherein n represents a number of from about 10 to about 5,000; polyesters of the formulas ##STR24## polysiloxanes of the formula ##STR25## where x is from 1 to about 6; poly(arylene ethers) of the formula ##STR26## where n represents a number sufficient to achieve a weight average molecular weight of between about 20,000 and about 500,000, where A is an aryl diamine of the formula ##STR27## and wherein G is an alkyl or alkenyl group with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, an ethoxylate or propoxylate with from 1 to about 6 repeat units, substituted aromatic, or substituted heteroaromatic group, or a formula selected from the group consisting of ##STR28## where R is an aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms or alkyl groups with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms; Y is S, O, or N-R' where R' is an alkyl, alkenyl with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms; and Z is a spacer group with an alkyl with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms spacer group; and where EWG is an aromatic group with electron withdrawing substituents attached thereto and of the formula selected from the group consisting of ##STR29## where R is an aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms or alkyl groups with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms; Y is S, O, or N-R' where R' is an alkyl, alkenyl with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms; and Z is a spacer group with an alkyl with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms.

In other embodiments, the charge transporting compound can be prepared by photo-oxidation of a suitable photo acid and a suitably reactive non polymeric compound in the presence of a binder. Suitable non polymeric precursor compounds follow. A suitably reactive amine compound can be selected from the group of formulas consisting of ##STR30## wherein X, Y and Z are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl group with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and a halogen, and wherein at least one of X, Y, and Z is independently an alkyl group or halogen; ##STR31## wherein X is independently selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.2, --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --O--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --O--, O, S, N-phenyl, CO, and --C(CN).sub.2 ; ##STR32## where Y is independently selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.2, --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2, O, S, N-aryl, CO, and --C(CN).sub.2 ; ##STR33## and where R is selected from the group consisting of H, and alkyl with from to about 25 carbon atoms.

The photoacid compound can be an ionic salt of the formula AX where A is a positive ion selected, for example, from the group consisting of diaryliodonium, triarylsulfonium, diarylbromonium, diarylchloronium, diaryliodosonium, triarylsulfoxonium, pyrylium, thiapyrylium, phenylacyldialkylsulfonium, phenylacyldialkylammonium, quinolinium, phenylacyltriphenylphosphonium, ferrocenium, cobaltocenium, and where X is a anion selected, for example, from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoroacetate, triflate, toluenesulfonate, nitrobenezenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, and dodecylsulfonate. In embodiments, a preferred photoacid compound is di(p-t-butylphenyl) iodonium hexafluoroarsenate.

The photoacid compound can alternatively be a nonionic, latent organic acid producing compound, for example, .alpha.-sulfonyloxyketones, 2,6-dinitrobenzyl mesylate, 2,6-dinitrobenzyl pentafluorobenezenesulfonate, nitrobenzyltriphenylsilyl ether, phenyl naphthoquinonediazide-4-sulfonate, 2,1-diazonaphthoquinone-4-(4-cumylphenyl)-sulfonate, and 2-phenyl-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-s-triazine, .alpha.-sulfonyl ketones, triphenylsilyl benzylether, and the like compounds, and mixtures thereof.

Other suitable photoacid compounds AX are disclosed, for example, in J. V. Crivello and K. Dietliker in "Chemistry and Technology of UV and EB Formulation for Coatings, Inks and Paints", P. K. T. Oldring Ed., Selective Industrial Training Associates Limited, London, UK, 1991, Chapter 3, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Suitable polymer binders are soluble in a common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, toluene, methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, chlorobenzene, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, and mixtures thereof. The polymer binders can be thermoplastics, which may contain fluoro, silane, or siloxane groups. Suitable thermoplastic can be amorphous, polycrystalline, semicrystalline or liquid crystalline. Other suitable thermoplastics can be, for example, a homopolymer, a random copolymer, a block or graft copolymer, or a dendrimer. Typical thermoplastics are polycarbonates (MAKROLON.RTM. and APEC of Miles, MERLON.RTM. of Mobay, LEXAN.RTM. of GE), polyesters (ARDEL of Amoco, CELANEX of Hoechst Celanese), polysulfones (ULTASON S of BASF and UDEL of Amoco), polystyrene and styrene copolymers, polyetherketones, polyvinylcarbazole and vinylcarbazole copolymers, poly(p-phenylenes) (POLY-X of Masdem), poly(p-phenylene-1-phenyl vinylene), poly(p-phenylene-1,2-diphenyl vinylene), polyimides (ULTEM of GE), polyamides, poly(phenylene oxide), polyolefins, poly(anilines), poly(thiophenes), and thiophene containing polymer. The polymer binders can also be elastomers or rubbers, for example, butadiene or isoprene-based copolymers or polyurethane elastomers as disclosed, for example, in D. Freitag, U. Grigo, P. R. Muller, W. Nouvertne, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 11, Wiley and Sons, N.Y., 1988, page 64, and D. Freitag, G. Fengler, and L. Morbitzer, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 30, 1598 (1991).

An optional UV sensitizer compound, which can impart electron transfer and exciplex-induced bond cleavage processes during photolysis, if desired, can be included in the coating solutions of the present invention. Exemplary photosensitizers include anthracene, perylene, phenothiazine, thioxanthone, benzophenone, fluorenone, xanthone, xanthene, bis-(p-N,N-dimethylaminobenzylidene)acetone, and the like. The sensitizer compound is present in an effective amount of from about 0.1 to about 1.5 equivalents by weight of the photoacid compound or compounds selected.

Other suitable photosensitizers are disclosed, for example,in the aforereferenced J. V. Crivello and K. Dietliker in "Chemistry and Technology of UV and EB Formulation for Coatings, Inks and Paints", Chapter 3.

In embodiments of the present invention, an optional photoredox compound can be used and selected, for example, from the group benzoin, benzoin ethyl ether, benzoin isopropyl ether, benzyldimethyl ketal, .alpha.-hydroxyacetophenone, .alpha.-diethoxylacetophenone, 1-hydroxycyclohexylphenylketone, .alpha.-dimethyl .alpha.-hydroxy acetophenone, dimethyl titanocene, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinoxyl, acriflavine, methylene blue, cyanine, triphenylphosphine, triphenylarsine, ascorbic acid, benzyltrimethylstanane, 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole, and the like.

One procedure for the preparation of the coating comprises adding the charge transporting polymer in a suitable solvent and stirring with a magnetic stirrer until a complete solution is achieved. The photoacid or oxidizing onium salt dopant is added and the stirring continued to assure uniform distribution. The resulting films are coated by, for example, bar, spray, dip, and the like, coating methods. The solvents can be, for example, alkylene halides such as methylene chloride, chlorobenzene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and mixtures thereof. A photoactivation is accomplished by irradiation in ambient light, filtered light, electron beam, ultraviolet, infrared, and the like, illumination conditions to accomplish an irradiation step depending upon the specific photosensitivities of the photoacid selected and the desired conductivity and relaxation time properties of the resulting coating. Suitable irradiation wavelengths reside, in embodiments, in the range of, for example, about 220 to about 750 nanometers. Irradiation duration can be for a period of time of about 5 seconds to 24 hours, and irradiation temperatures, resulting from radiant energy or from ambient conditions can be from about 10 to about 150.degree. C. The irradiation can be accomplished before coating, after coating, during coating, or combinations thereof. The concentration of the dopant can range from 1 percent by weight up to about 50 percent by weight of the charge transporting polymer, and preferably from 2 weight percent to 15 weight percent and the exact concentration depends on the relaxation time properties desired. The coated donor member film thickness, in embodiments, is from about 3 microns to about 50 microns and a conductivity of from about 10.sup.-7 to about 10.sup.-10 (ohm-cm).sup.-1 depending on preparative variables and desired application selected.

FIG. 1 is a schematic elevational view of an illustrative electrophotographic printing or imaging machine or apparatus incorporating a development apparatus having the features of the present invention therein;

FIG. 2 is a schematic elevational view showing the development apparatus used in the FIG. 1 printing machine; and

FIG. 3 is a fragmentary, sectional view depicting a portion of the donor roll illustrating the interdigitated electrodes and overcoating.

Inasmuch as the art of electrophotographic printing is well known, the various processing stations employed in the FIG. 1 printing machine will be shown hereinafter schematically and their operation described briefly with reference thereto.

Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown an illustrative electrophotographic machine having incorporated therein the development apparatus of the present invention. The electrophotographic printing machine employs a photoconductive belt 10 comprised of a photoconductive surface and an electrically conductive substrate and mounted for movement past a charging station A, an exposure station B, developer station C, transfer station D and cleaning station F. Belt 10 moves in the direction of arrow 16 to advance successive portions thereof sequentially through the various processing stations disposed about the path of movement thereof. Belt 10 is entrained about a plurality of rollers 18, 20 and 22, the former of which can be used as a drive roller and the latter of which can be used to provide suitable tensioning of the photoreceptor belt 10. Motor 23 rotates roller 18 to advance belt 10 in the direction of arrow 16, and roller 18 is coupled to motor 23 by suitable means such as a belt drive.

With further reference to FIG. 1, initially successive portions of belt 10 pass through charging station A, whereat a corona discharge device such as a scorotron, corotron or dicorotron indicated generally by the reference numeral 24, charges the belt 10 to a selectively high uniform positive or negative potential, V.sub.0. Any suitable known control may be employed for controlling the corona discharge device 24.

Next, the charged portions of the photoreceptor surface are advanced through exposure station B. At exposure station B, the uniformly charged photoreceptor or charge retentive surface 10 is exposed to a laser based output scanning device 25 which causes the charge retentive surface to be discharged in accordance with the output from the scanning device. Preferably, the scanning device is a three level laser Raster Output Scanner (ROS). Alternatively, the ROS could be replaced by a conventional xerographic exposure device. An electronic subsystem (ESS) 27 provides for control of the ROS as well as other subassemblies of the device or apparatus.

The photoreceptor, which is initially charged to a voltage V.sub.0, undergoes dark decay to a level V.sub.ddp equal to about -900 volts. When exposed at the exposure station B, it is discharged to V.sub.c equal to about -100 volts which is near zero or ground potential in the highlight, that is color other than black, color parts of the image. The photoreceptor is also discharged to V.sub.w equal to approximately -500 volts imagewise in the background (white)image areas.

At development station C, a development system, indicated generally by the reference numeral 30 advances developer materials into contact with the electrostatic latent images. The development system 30 comprises first and second developer apparatuses 32 and 34. The developer apparatus comprises a housing containing a pair of magnetic brush rollers 36 and 38. The rollers advance developer material 40 into contact with the latent images on the charge retentive surface which are at the voltage level V.sub.c. The developer material 40 contains color toner and magnetic carrier beads. Appropriate electrical biasing of the developer housing is accomplished by power supply 41 electrically connected to developer apparatus 32. A DC bias of approximately -400 volts is applied to the rollers 36 and 38 via the power supply 41. With the foregoing bias voltage applied and the color toner suitably charged, discharged area development (DAD) with colored toner is effected.

The second developer apparatus 34 comprises a donor structure in the form of a roller 42. Preferably, development system 34 includes donor roller 42 with an overcoating 70 as illustrated herein, and electrodes embedded in the dielectric core. As illustrated in FIG. 2, electrodes 94 are electrically biased with an AC voltage relative to adjacent interdigitated electrodes 92 for the purpose of detaching toner therefrom so as to form a toner powder cloud in the gap between the donor roll and photoconductive surface. Both electrodes 92 and 94 are biased at a DC potential of -600 volts for charged area development (CAD) with a second colored toner. The latent image attracts toner particles from the toner powder cloud forming a toner powder image thereon. Donor roll 42 is mounted, at least partially, in the chamber of developer housing 44. The chamber in developer housing 44 stores a supply of developer (toner and carrier) material. The developer material is preferably a conductive two component developer comprised of at least carrier granules having toner particles adhering triboelectrically thereto. A magnetic roller 46 disposed interiorly of the chamber of housing 44 conveys the developer material to the donor roll. The magnetic roller is electrically biased relative to the donor roll so that the toner particles are attracted from the magnetic roller to the donor roll. Components, such as 46, 90 and 98, are illustrated with reference to FIG. 2. The development apparatus is illustrated in greater detail with reference to FIG. 2.

A sheet of support material 58, such as paper, is moved into contact with the toner image at transfer station D. The sheet of support material is advanced to transfer station D by conventional sheet feeding apparatus, not shown. Preferably, the sheet feeding apparatus includes a feed roll contacting the uppermost sheet of a stack of copy sheets. Feed rolls rotate so as to advance the uppermost sheet from the stack into a chute which directs the advancing sheet of support material into contact with the photoconductive surface of belt 10 in a timed sequence so that the toner powder image developed thereon contacts the advancing sheet of support material at transfer station D.

Since the composite image developed on the photoreceptor consists of both positive and negative toner, a positive pretransfer corona discharge member 56 is provided to condition the toner for effective transfer to the substrate using negative corona discharge.

Transfer station D includes a corona generating device 60 which sprays ions of a suitable polarity onto the backside of sheet 58. This attracts the charged toner powder images from the belt 10 to sheet 58. After transfer, the sheet continues to move, in the direction of arrow 62, onto a conveyor (not shown) which advances the sheet to fusing station E.

Fusing station E includes a fuser assembly, indicated generally by the reference numeral 64, which permanently affixes the transferred powder image to sheet 58. Preferably, fuser assembly 64 comprises a heated fuser roller 66 and a backup roller 68. Sheet 58 passes between fuser roller 66 and backup roller 68 with the toner powder image contacting fuser roller 66. In this manner, the toner powder image is permanently affixed to sheet 58. After fusing, a chute, not shown, guides the advancing sheet 58 to a catch tray, also not shown, for subsequent removal from the imaging or printing apparatus.

After the sheet of support material is separated from photoconductive surface of belt 10, the residual toner particles carried by the nonimage areas on the photoconductive surface are removed therefrom. These particles are removed at cleaning station F. A magnetic brush cleaner housing 21 is disposed at the cleaning station F. The cleaning apparatus comprises a conventional magnetic brush roll structure for causing carrier particles in the cleaner housing to form a brush-like orientation relative to the roll structure and the charge retentive surface. It also includes a pair of detoning rolls for removing the residual toner from the brush.

Subsequent to cleaning, a discharge lamp (not shown) floods the photoconductive surface with light to dissipate any residual electrostatic charge remaining prior to the charging thereof for the next imaging cycle.

Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown development system 34 in greater detail with AC and DC power sources. Development system 34 includes a housing 44, defining a chamber 76 for storing a supply of developer material therein. Coated donor roll 42 comprises first and second sets of electrodes 92 and 94. The active interdigitated electrodes 94 and passive interdigitated electrodes 92 and magnetic roller 46 are mounted in chamber 76 of housing 44. The donor roll can be rotated in either the "with" or "against" direction relative to the direction of motion of the belt 10. In FIG. 2, donor roll 42 is shown rotating in the direction of arrow 68, that is the "with" direction. Similarly, the magnetic roller can be rotated in either the "with" or "against" direction relative to the direction of motion of the donor roll 42. In FIG. 2, magnetic roller 46 is shown rotating in the direction of arrow 96, that is the "against" direction. The core 93 of the donor roll is preferably comprised of a dielectric base, such as a polymeric material like a vinyl ester.

The two sets of electrodes 92 and 94 are arranged in an interdigitated fashion as shown. The electrodes are overcoated with a charge relaxable polymeric coating 70 having a thickness of approximately 25 microns and forming the outer surface of the donor structure 42. Thus, the electrodes are positioned in close proximity to a toner layer on the donor surface. The gap between the donor structure 42 and the photoconductive surface 10 is approximately 250 microns. In this example, the electrodes are 100 microns wide with a center-to-center spacing of 250 microns.

An AC power source 104 applies an electrical bias of, for example, 1,200 volts peak at 4 kHz to the one set of electrodes 94. A DC bias from 0 to 1,000 volts is applied by a DC power source 106 to all of the electrodes of both sets of electrodes 92 and 94. The AC voltage applied to the one set of electrodes establishes AC fringe fields serving to liberate toner particles from the surface of the donor structure 42 to form the toner cloud 112. The AC voltage is referenced to the DC bias applied to the electrodes so that the time average of the AC bias is equal to the DC bias applied. Thus, the equal DC bias on adjacent electrodes precludes the creation of DC electrostatic fields between adjacent electrodes which would impede toner liberation by the AC fields.

When the AC fringe field is applied to a toner layer via an electrode structure in close proximity to the toner layer, the time-dependent electrostatic force acting on the charged toner momentarily breaks the adhesive bond to cause toner detachment and the formation of a powder cloud or aerosol layer 112. The DC electric field from the electrostatic image controls the deposition of toner on the image receiver.

Number 111 is a motor used to supply power to 46 primarily. The two sets of electrodes 92 and 94 are supported on a dielectric cylinder in a circular orientation. Each of the electrodes 94 are electrically isolated on the donor roll whereas all of the electrodes 92 are connected. The AC voltage 104 applied to the active electrodes 94 is commutated via a conductive brush 107 contacting only those electrically isolated electrodes 94 positioned in the nip between the photoconductive surface and the donor roll. If the toned donor is subjected to the AC fringe field before the development nip, the development efficiency would be degraded. This observation implies that an AC field must be applied only in the development nip. Limiting the AC field region to a fraction of the nip width will also help to reduce toner emissions that are usually associated with other non magnetic development systems.

The toner metering and charging are provided by a conductive two component developer in a magnetic brush development system. To control the electrical bias on the electrically isolated electrodes when positioned in the toner metering and charging nip, a second conductive brush 105 is provided with a bias from the DC power supply 106, as illustrated in FIG. 2.

For magnetic brush loading of the donor roll with a two component developer, there can be selected scavengeless hybrid, as illustrated in commonly assigned copending patent application U.S. Ser. No. 396,153, now abandoned, U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,872 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,775, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 4,809,034 describes two-component loading of donor rolls and U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,575 discloses another combination metering and charging device suitable for use in the present invention.

Toner can also be deposited on the donor roll 42 via a combination metering and charging device. A combination metering and charging device may comprise any suitable device for depositing a monolayer of well charged toner onto the donor structure 42. For example, it may comprise an apparatus, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,009, wherein the contact between weakly charged particles and a triboelectrically active coating contained on a charging roller results in well charged toner.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, an alternating electrical bias is applied to the active interdigitated electrodes 92 and 94 by an AC voltage source 104. The applied AC establishes an alternating electrostatic field between the interdigitated electrodes 92 and 94 which is effective in detaching toner from the surface of the donor roller and forming a toner cloud 112, the height of the cloud being such as not to be substantially in contact with the belt 10, moving in direction 16, with image area 14. The magnitude of the AC voltage is on the order of 800 to 1,200 volts peak at a frequency ranging from about 1 kHz to about 6 kHz. A DC bias supply 106, which applies approximately 300 volts to donor roll 42 establishes an electrostatic field between photoconductive surface 12 of belt 10 and donor roll 42, for attracting the detached toner particles from the cloud to the latent image recorded on the photoconductive surface. An applied voltage of 800 to 1,200 volts produces a relatively large electrostatic field without risk of air breakdown. The use of a dielectric coating 70 on the donor roll helps to prevent shorting between the interdigitated electrodes. Magnetic roller 46 meters a constant quantity of toner having a substantially constant charge on to donor roll 42. This insures that the donor roll is loaded with a constant amount of toner having a substantially constant charge in the development gap. The combination of donor roll spacing, that is the spacing between the donor roll and the magnetic roller, the compressed pile height of the developer material on the magnetic roller, and the magnetic properties of the magnetic roller in conjunction with the use of a conductive, magnetic developer material, achieves the deposition of a constant quantity of toner having a substantially constant charge on the donor roller. A DC bias supply 84 which applies approximately 100 watts to magnetic roller 46 establishes an electrostatic field between magnetic roller 46 and the coated donor roll 42 so that an electrostatic field is established between the donor roll and the magnetic roller which causes toner particles to be attracted from the magnetic roller to the donor roll. Metering blade 86 is positioned closely adjacent to magnetic roller 46 to maintain the compressed pile height of the developer material on magnetic roller 46 at the desired level. Magnetic roller 46 includes a nonmagnetic tubular member made preferably from aluminum and having the exterior circumferential surface thereof roughened. An elongated magnet 90 is positioned interiorly of and spaced from the tubular member. The magnet is mounted stationary. The tubular member rotates in the direction of arrow 96 to advance the developer material adhering thereto into the nip defined by donor roll 42 and magnetic roller 46. Toner particles are attracted from the carrier granules on the magnetic roller to the donor roll.

With continued reference to FIG. 2, augers, indicated generally by the reference numeral 98, are located in chamber 76 of housing 44. Augers 98 are mounted rotatably in chamber 76 to mix and transport developer material. The augers have blades extending spirally outwardly from a shaft. The blades are designed to advance the developer material in the axial direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the shaft. Toner metering roll is designated 90.

As successive electrostatic latent images are developed, the toner particles within the developer material are depleted. A toner dispenser (not shown) stores a supply of toner particles. The toner dispenser is in communication with chamber 76 of housing 44. As the concentration of toner particles in the developer material is decreased, fresh toner particles are furnished to the developer material in the chamber from the toner dispenser. The augers in the chamber of the housing mix the fresh toner particles with the remaining developer material so that the resultant developer material therein is substantially uniform with the concentration of toner particles being optimized. In this manner, a substantially constant amount of toner particles are in the chamber of the developer housing with the toner particles having a constant charge. The developer material in the chamber of the developer housing is magnetic and may be electrically conductive. By way of example, the carrier granules include a ferromagnetic core having a thin layer of magnetite overcoated with a noncontinuous layer of resinous material. The toner particles are prepared from a resinous material, such as a vinyl polymer, mixed with a coloring material, such as carbon, or chromogen black. The developer material comprises from about 95 percent to about 99 percent by weight of carrier and from 5 percent to about 1 percent by weight of toner. Examples of toners and carriers that can be selected are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,590,000; 4,298,672; 4,264,697; 4,338,390; 4,904,762; 4,883,736; 4,937,166 and 4,935,326, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.

Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown a fragmentary sectional elevational view of donor roll 42. As illustrated, donor roll 42 includes a dielectric sleeve 93 having substantially equally spaced electrodes on the exterior circumferential surface thereof. The electrodes extend in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the donor roll 42. The electrodes are typically 100 microns wide and spaced approximately 150 microns apart. A charge relaxable overcoating 70 is continuously coated on the entire circumferential surface of donor roll 42. Preferably, the charge relaxation layer has a thickness of about 25 microns, and can be applied by any number of known methods such as spray or dip coating. The charge relaxation layer has a charge relaxation time constant of less than about 1.0 milliseconds, and preferably in embodiments from about 0.01 to about 0.5 milliseconds.

Embodiments of the present invention include a coated transport roll comprised of a core with a coating thereover comprised of a charge transporting polymer and an photo lablie onium dopant compound that is capable of oxidizing at least a portion of the charge transport molecules contained in the backbone of the aforementioned charge transporting polymer; a coated toner transport roll comprised of a core of known materials, such as polymers, metals, such as aluminum, and the like, such as a dielectric material like a vinyl ester, phenolic, polycarbonates, epoxy, and the like, with a coating thereover of a partially oxidized, that is, as cation radical species on the charge transporting polymer backbone; an apparatus for developing a latent image recorded on a surface, including a housing defining a chamber storing a supply of developer material comprising carrier and toner; a coated toner donor member spaced from the surface and being adapted to transport toner to a region opposed from the surface; means for advancing developer material in the chamber of said housing, said advancing means and said donor member cooperating with one another to define a region wherein a substantially constant quantity of toner having a substantially constant triboelectric charge is deposited on said donor member; and electrode members positioned near the surface of a dielectric core roll, said electrodes being electrically biased to detach toner from said donor member as to form a toner cloud for developing the latent image, and wherein the coated toner transport means is comprised of a core with a coating comprised of, for example, an oxidized aryl amine containing polyether carbonate copolymer, or a mixture of a photooxidized aryl amine compound dispersed in a polymeric binder. Also included is an electrophotographic printing machine, wherein an electrostatic latent image recorded on a photoconductive member is developed to form a visible image thereof, wherein the improvement comprises a housing defining a chamber storing a supply of developer material comprising at least carrier and toner; a donor member spaced from the photoconductive member and being adapted to transport toner to a region opposed from the photoconductive member; means for advancing developer material in the chamber of said housing, said advancing means and said donor member cooperating with one another to define a region wherein a substantially constant amount of toner having a substantially constant triboelectric charge is deposited on said donor member, and wherein said donor member contains an oxidized aryl amine containing polyether carbonate copolymer, or a mixture of an oxidized aryl amine compound dispersed in a polymeric binder; and electrode members positioned near the surface of a dielectric core roll, said electrodes being electrically biased to detach toner from said donor member so as to form a toner cloud in the space between said electrode member and the photoconductive member with detached toner from the toner cloud thereby developing the electrostatic latent image recorded on the photoconductive member.

The following Examples are provided, wherein parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

Preparation of Di(p-t-butylphenol)iodonium Hexafluoroarsenate Photoacid 1.

To ice-cooled magnetically stirring acetic anhydride (81.0 g) was gradually added ice cold concentrated sulfuric acid (66 g). The resulting solution (145 g) was transferred into a 250 mL addition funnel and fitted to a 1 L three-necked round bottom flask containing potassium iodate (60 g), acetic anhydride (65 g), t-butylbenzene (80.4 g) and a magnetic stirring bar. The contents of the flask were cooled to -5.degree. C. with a sodium chloride/ice bath. The acetic anhydride/sulfuric acid solution was added slowly over 3.5 h, keeping the temperature below 5.degree. C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 112 h. The resulting viscous mixture was cooled to 5.degree. C. before gradual addition of crushed ice (120 g), maintaining the temperature below 10.degree. C. The resulting mixture was then poured into a stirred ice (300 g)/water (1200 g) mixture in a 2 L beaker. Stirring was continued for 5 minutes and then stopped. After 30 minutes standing, the aqueous layer was decanted. To the remaining mixture was added a solution of potassium hexafluoroarsenate (75 g) in water (210 g) with stirring. The mixture gummed up after about 2 to 3 minutes. The aqueous layer was then decanted into a beaker. Ethyl ether (200 mL) was added to solubilize the gummy material. The decanted aqueous layer was added back into the ether solution, followed by stirring to induce product precipitation (covered with aluminum foil). After 10 minutes of stirring, a fraction of the aqueous layer (200 mL) was decanted and ether (150 mL) was added and stirred for 5 minutes. The precipitate was collected by suction filtration, rinsed with ether (150 mL) and dissolved in chloroform (350 mL). The organic solution was extracted with water (2.times.300 mL) and 1% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (300 mL), slowly dried through a cone of sodium sulfate and then concentrated in vacuo to give a powder. This was quantitatively transferred into a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask containing a magnetic stirring bar, followed by addition of chloroform (100 mL). The mixture was heated on a magnetic stirrer/hot plate to boiling. Hexanes were gradually added in about 20 mL increments until cloudiness appeared (105 mL total hexanes added) and then cooled to promote recrystallization. The white crystals were collected by suction filtration and then air dried to give di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium hexafluoroarsenate (69 g). Hereinafter, this product compound is referred to as photoacid 1.

Preparation of Di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium Hexafluorophosphate Photoacid 1A.

To ice-cooled magnetically stirring acetic anhydride (81.0 g) was gradually added ice cold concentrated sulfuric acid (66 g). The resulting solution (145 g) was transferred into a 250 mL addition funnel and fitted to a 1 L three-necked round bottom flask containing potassium iodate (60 g), acetic anhydride (65 g), t-butylbenzene (80.4 g) and a magnetic stirring bar. The contents of the flask were cooled to -5.degree. C. with a sodium chloride/ice bath. The acetic anhydride/sulfuric acid solution was added slowly over 3.5 h, keeping the temperature below 5.degree. C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 206 h. The resulting viscous mixture was cooled to 5.degree. C. before gradual addition of crushed ice (120 g), maintaining the temperature below 10.degree. C. The resulting mixture was then poured into a stirred ice (300 g)/water (1,200 g) mixture in a 2 L beaker. Stirring was continued for 5 minutes and then stopped. After 30 minutes standing, the aqueous layer was decanted. To the remaining mixture was added a solution of potassium hexafluorophosphate (65 g) in water (210 g) with stirring. The mixture gummed up after about 2 to 3 minutes. The aqueous layer (200 mL) was then decanted into a beaker. Ethyl ether (200 mL) was added to solubilize the gummy material. The decanted aqueous layer was added back into the ether solution, followed by stirring for 15 minutes to induce product precipitation (covered with aluminutesum foil during stirring). The precipitate was collected by suction filtration, rinsed with ether (200 mL) and air dried to give a white powder (100 g). This was dissolved in chloroform (500 mL). The organic solution was extracted with water (2.times.300 mL) and 1% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2.times.300 mL), slowly dried through a cone of sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to give a powder. This was quantitative transferred into a 1L Erlenmeyer flask containing a magnetic stirring bar, followed by addition of chloroform (220 mL). The mixture was heated on a magnetic stirrer/hot plate to boiling. Hexanes were added gradually in about 20 mL increments until cloudiness appeared (200 mL total hexanes added) and then cooled to promote recrystallization. The white crystals were collected by suction filtration and then air dried to give di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium hexafluorophosphate (48 g). Hereinafter, this compound is referred to as photoacid 1A.

Preparation of Di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium Hexafluoroantimonate Photoacid 1B.

To ice-cooled magnetically stirring acetic anhydride (81.0 g) was gradually added ice cold concentrated sulfuric acid (66 g). The resulting solution (145 g) was transferred into a 250 mL addition funnel and fitted to a 1L three-necked round bottom flask containing potassium iodate (60 g), acetic anhydride (65 g), t-butylbenzene (80.4 g) and a magnetic stirring bar. The contents of the flask were cooled to -5.degree. C. with a sodium chloride/ice bath. The acetic anhydride/sulfuric acid solution was added slowly over 3.5 h, keeping the temperature below 5.degree. C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 130 h. The resulting viscous mixture was cooled to 5.degree. C. before gradual addition of crushed ice (120 g), keeping the temperature below 10.degree. C. The resulting mixture was then poured into a stirring ice (300 g)/water (1,200 g) mixture in a 2 L beaker. Stirring was continued for 5 minutes and then stopped. After 30 minutes standing, the aqueous layer was decanted. To the residue was added a solution of sodium hexafluoroantimonate (75 g) in warm water (300 g, about 85.degree. C.), followed by stirring for 45 minutes at 50.degree. C. The aqueous layer was then decanted. Ethyl ether (240 mL) was added, followed by stirring for 15 minutes to induce product precipitation (covered with aluminutesum foil during stirring). The precipitate was collected by suction filtration, rinsed with ether (200 mL) and air dried to give crude di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium hexafluoroantimonate as an off white powder (42.0 g). Hereinafter, this compound is referred to as photoacid 1B.

Preparation of Di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium Trifluoroacetate, Photoacid 2; Di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium Camphor Sulfonate, Photoacid 2A; Di(p-t-Butylphenyl)iodonium Toluenesulfonate; Photoacid 2B, and Di(p-t-Butylphenyl)iodonium Tetraphenylborate Photoacid 2C.

To ice-cooled magnetically stirring acetic anhydride (81.0 g) was gradually added ice cold concentrated sulfuric acid (66 g). Most of the resulting solution (145 g) was transferred into a 250 mL addition funnel which was fitted to a 1 L three-necked round bottom flask containing potassium iodate (60 g), acetic anhydride (65 g), t-butylbenzene (80.4 g) and a magnetic stirring bar. The contents of the flask were cooled to -5.degree. C. with a sodium chloride/ice bath. The acetic anhydride/sulfuric acid solution was added slowly over 3.5 h, keeping the temperature below 5.degree. C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 114 h. The resulting viscous mixture was cooled to 5.degree. C. before gradual addition of crushed ice (120 g), keeping the temperature below 10.degree. C. The resulting mixture was then poured into a stirring ice (300 g)/water (1,200 g) mixture in a 2 L beaker. Stirring was continued for 5 minutes and then stopped. After 30 minutes standing, the aqueous layer was decanted. To the residue was added a solution of potassium chloride (75 g) in water (250 g), followed by stirring for 15 minutes. The aqueous layer (300 mL) was decanted. Ethyl ether (200 mL) was added, followed by stirring for 15 minutes to induce product precipitation (covered with aluminutesum foil during stirring). The precipitate was collected by suction filtration, rinsed with ether (200 mL) and air dried to give crude di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium chloride as an off white powder (64.0 g). A fraction of this compound (4.3 g, 0.01 mol), silver oxide (Ag.sub.2 O, 2.6 g, 0.011 mol) and water (50 mL) was placed into a 4 oz polypropylene bottle and mixed by a wrist action shaker for 18 h. Solid was removed by suction filtration. Trifluoroacetic acid (0.7 g) was added to the filtrate to form a white precipitate. This was collected by suction filtration and air dried to give di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium trifluoroacetate as a white powder (3.0 g). Hereinafter, this compound is referred to as photoacid 2. Another fraction of the crude di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium chloride (4.3 g, 0.01 tool), silver oxide (Ag.sub.2 O, 2.6 g, 0.011 tool) and water (50 mL) was placed into a 4 oz polypropylene bottle and mixed by a wrist action shaker for 18 h. Solid was removed by suction filtration. A 20% aqueous camphor sulfonic acid solution (5 g) was added dropwise to the filtrate to form a white precipitate. This was collected by suction filtration and air dried to give di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium camphor sulfonate as a white powder (4.0 g). This compound will be referred to as photoacid 2A. Another fraction of the crude di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium chloride (4.3 g, 0.01 mol), silver oxide (Ag.sub.2 O, 2.6 g, 0.011 tool) and water (50 mL) was placed into a 4 oz polypropylene bottle and mixed by a wrist action shaker for 18 h. Solid was removed by suction filtration. A 20% aqueous toluene sulfonic acid solution (3 g) was added dropwise to the filtrate to form a white precipitate. This was collected by suction filtration and air dried to give di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium toluenesulfonate as a white powder (4.0 g). This compound is referred to as photoacid 2B. Another fraction of the crude di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium chloride (9.2 g) was dissolved in methanol (240 mL) in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer. To this solution was added a sodium tetraphenylborate (6.8 g)/water (50 mL) solution to form a white precipitate immediately. The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 minutes and the precipitate was collected by suction filtration and air dried to give di(p-t-butylphenyl)iodonium tetraphenylborate as a white powder (12.0 g). This compound is referred to as photoacid 2C.

Semiconductive Coating.

This example illustrates a typical procedure for the fabrication of photoacid doped semiconductive coatings. MYLAR.RTM. (75 microns) substrates with titanium coatings of about 200 to 300 Angstroms were from Imperial Chemical Industries. Substrates were overcoated with a silane blocking layer (about 200 to 500 Angstroms derived from 2-aminutesopropyltriethoxysilane) and then an adhesive layer (200 to 500 Angstroms) of 49K (from DuPont). The resulting substrates were named and identified as "49/silane blocking layer/Ti/MYLAR.RTM.". All layer coatings were accomplished by a Gardner mechanical driven film applicator which is enclosed in a plexiglass acrylic box with an attached cover. A 49K/silane blocking layer/Ti/MYLAR.RTM. substrate was placed on the vacuum plate of the Gardner coater and a size 0.003 Bird film applicator was placed on top of the substrate then coated with a polymer layer using a solution prepared as follows: a mixture of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-methylphenyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (this compound will be referred to as meta-tolyl biphenyl diamine, MBD, hereinafter) (4.0 gram), MAKROLON.RTM. (7.44 gram), photoacid catalyst 1 (0.08 gram) and methylene chloride (56.0 gram) in an amber bottle was roll milled until complete solubilization of the solid occurred to give a coating solution with the following solid composition: MBD (35 wt %), MAKROLON.RTM. (65 wt %), and photoacid 1 or catalyst 1 in an amount of about 2 weight percent with respect to MBD. The resulting device was dried in a forced air oven at 100.degree. C. for 30 minutes to give a 15 micron film, and is shown as Sample 1 in Table 1. An Electrodag electrode was painted onto Sample 1 for charge relaxation time constant measurement which involved applying a pulsed voltage to a sample sandwiched between electrodes. As shown in Table 1, the relaxation time constant for unexposed Sample 1 is 80.0 ms. A relaxation time constant of less or about 1.0 millisecond is needed for a relaxable overcoating application. Upon UV exposure for 99 seconds, 2.times.99 seconds, 3.times.99 seconds, and 4.times.99 seconds gave semiconductive samples 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D, respectively, with fast relaxation time constants of about 0.26, 0.23, 0.20, and 0.18 milliseconds, respectively. These data indicate that 99 seconds of exposure is sufficient to achieve a fast time constant and it remains relatively constant with further irradiation. The UV induced semiconductivity is further illustrated by comparing the time constants between samples 2 and 2A or between sample 3 and 3A using UDEL (a polysulfone from Amoco) or ULTEM (a polyether imide from General Electric) as the binder polymers, respectively. As also shown in Table 1, photoacid 1A doped samples 4, 5, and 6 at respective 2, 5 and 10 weight percent relative to MBD show relaxation time constants within the range of interest. As also shown in Table 1, samples 7, 8, and 9 show relaxation time constants within the range of interest and were obtained by using 5% by weight photoacid with respect to MBD of photoacids 2, 2A, and 2B respectively. ______________________________________ Relaxation time constants for photoacid doped polymer coatings. duration of relaxation SAMPLE  solid composition UV exposure time constant NO.     (percent by weight) (sec)      (milliseconds) ______________________________________ 1       MAKROLON .RTM.  0         80.0 (65%) MBD (35%) photoacid 1 X = AsF.sub.6.sup.- (2 % with respect to MBD) 1A                     99         0.26 1B                     2 .times. 99 0.23 1C                     3 .times. 99 0.20 1D                     4 .times. 99 0.18 2       UDEL (65%)      0         30.0 MBD (35%) photoacid 1 (2 % with respect to MBD) 2A                     99         0.17 3       ULTEM (65%)    99         40.0 MBD (35%) photoacid 1 (2% with respect to MBD) 3A                     99         1.05 4       MAKROLON .RTM. 99         1.38 (65%) MBD (35%) photoacid 1A X = PF.sub.6.sup.- (2% with respect to MBD) 5       MAKROLON .RTM. 99         0.70 (65%) MBD (35%) photoacid 1A (5% with respect to MBD) 6       MAKROLON .RTM. 99         0.32 (65%) MBD (35%) photoacid 1A (10% with respect to MBD) 7       MAKROLON .RTM. 4 .times. 99 0.52 (65%) MBD (35%) photoacid 2 X = CF.sub.3 CO.sub.2.sup.- (5% with respect to MBD) 8       MAKROLON .RTM. 4 .times. 99 1.29 (65%) MBD (35%) photoacid 2A X = Camphor-SO.sub.3.sup.- (5% with respect to MBD) 9       MAKROLON .RTM. 4 .times. 99 1.17 (65%) MBD (35%) photoacid 2B X = TsO.sup.- (5% with respect to MBD) ______________________________________

Table 2 shows relaxation time constants for another series of semiconductive polymer coatings doped with photoacid 1. All the sample were prepared from methylene chloride coatings solution (as described in Example V), dried at 35.degree. C. for 30 minutes and then at 80.degree. C./30 minutes and all were exposed to UV light for 99 seconds. Intrinsically charge transporting polymers such as a polyether carbonate (PC) (sample 10) and polyvinylcarbazole (PVK) (samples 1 to 19) were used as the polymer binders. Polyether carbonate (PC) is a polymeric aryl amine compound and is the reaction product arising from N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-hydroxphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine, (meta-dihydroxy biphenyl diamine or abbreviated herein as MDBD), and diethylene glycol bischloroformate, reference, for example, Example III of U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,443, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. The structure of the PC material is believed to be as follows: ##STR34## wherein n is as illustrated herein. The MBD/PVK weight ratios are 20/80 for samples 11, 12, 13 and 14 and 30/70 for samples 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. As can be seen from Table 2, the relaxation time constant decreases with increased weight percent with respect to MBD of photoacid catalyst 1 (see samples 11 through 14 and samples 15 through 19). ______________________________________ Photoacid doped coatings with intrinsically charge transporting polymers as the binder resin. SAMPLE                  relaxation time constant NO.     composition     (milliseconds) ______________________________________ 10      0.075 g photoacid 1 0.025 50 g PC 11      MBD/PVK (20/80) 4.41 0.5% of photoacid 1 12      MBD/PVK (20/80) 3.09 1% of photoacid 1 13      MBD/PVK (20/80) 1.91 2% of photoacid 1 14      MBD/PVK (20/80) 0.34 5% of photoacid 1 15      MBD/PVK (30/70) 0.30 1% of photoacid 1 16      MBD/PVK (30/70) 0.57 0.5% f of photoacid 1 17      MBD/PVK (30/70) 0.25 1% of photoacid 1 18      MBD/PVK (30/70) 0.17 2% of photoacid 1 19      MBD/PVK (30/70) 0.02-0.04 5% of photoacid 1 ______________________________________ *All coatings were prepared with methylene chloride CH.sub.2 Cl.sub.2 solvent. The coatings were dried according to the conditions indicated in Example V.

The aforementioned patents and publications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Other embodiments and modifications of the present invention may occur to those skilled in the art subsequent to a review of the information presented herein; these embodiments and modifications, as well as equivalents thereof, are also included within the scope of this invention.

## Claims

1. A coated donor roll comprised of a core with a coating thereover comprised of a photolysis reaction product of a charge transporting polymer and a photo acid compound.

2. A coated toner donor roll comprising: a core comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of a conductive material, and an insulative dielectric material; and a coating thereover comprised of a partially photo-oxidized cation radical containing charge transporting polymer.

3. A coated roll in accordance with claim 2 wherein the charge transporting polymer prior to being photoxidized is a polyether carbonate of the formula ##STR35## wherein n is a number of from about 10 to about 1,000.

4. A coated roll in accordance with claim 2 wherein the charge transporting polymer prior to being photoxidized is a copolymer of the formula ##STR36## wherein n represents a number of from about 10 to about 5,000.

5. A coated roll in accordance with claim 2 wherein the charge transporting polymer prior to being photoxidized is a copolymer selected from the group consisting of 1) polyesters of the formulas ##STR37## 2) polysiloxanes of the formula ##STR38## where x is from 1 to about 6; and 3) poly(arylene ethers) of the formula ##STR39## where A is ##STR40## and wherein 6 is an alkyl or alkenyl group with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, an ethoxylate or propoxylate with from 1 to about 6 repeat units, substituted aromatic, or substituted heteroaromatic group, or of the formula selected from the group consisting of the following: ##STR41## where R is an aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms or alkyl groups with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms; Y is S, O, or N--R' where R' is an alkyl, alkenyl with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms; and Z is a spacer group comprising an alkyl with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or an aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms; attached thereto and of the formula selected from the group consisting of ##STR42## where R is an aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms or alkyl groups with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms; Y is S, O, or N--R' where R' is an alkyl, alkenyl with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, or aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms; and Z is a spacer group comprising an alkyl with from 1 to about 25 carbon atoms, or an aryl with from 6 to 25 carbon atoms.

6. A coated roll in accordance with claim 2 wherein the coating is of a thickness of from about 3 to about to 50 microns.

7. A coated roll in accordance with claim 2 wherein the charge transporting polymer is photo-oxidized with a photo acid compound AX where A is a positive ion selected from the group consisting of diaryliodonium, triarylsulfonium, diarylbromonium, diarylchloronium, diaryliodosonium, triarylsulfoxonium, pyrylium, thiapyrylium, phenylacyldialkylsulfonium, phenylacyldialkylammonium, quinolinium, phenylacyltriphenylphosphonium, ferrocenium, cobaltocenium, and where X is a anion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoroacetate, triflate, toluenesulfonate, nitrobenezenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, dodecylsulfonate, and mixtures thereof.

8. A coated roll in accordance with claim 2 wherein the charge transporting polymer is photo-oxidized with a photoacid compound selected from the group consisting of .alpha.-sulfonyloxyketones, 2,6-dinitrobenzyl mesylate, 2,6-dinitrobenzyl pentafluorobenezenesulfonate, nitrobenzyltriphenylsilyl ether, phenyl naphthoquinonediazide-4-sulfonate, 1,2-diazonaphthoquinone-4-(4-cumylphenyl)-sulfonate, and 2-phenyl-4,6-bis-trichloromethyl-s-triazine, .alpha.-sulfonyl ketones, and triphenylsilyl benzylethers.

9. A coated roll in accordance with claim 2 wherein the charge transporting polymer is oxidized with di(p-t-butylphenyl) iodonium hexafluoroarsenate.

10. A coated roll in accordance with claim 2 wherein the coating has a relaxation time constant in the range of 0.01 to 5 milliseconds.

11. A coated roll in accordance with claim 1 wherein the polyether carbonate is a polymeric aryl amine diester obtained from the reaction of a dihydroxy aryl diamine and an alkyleneglycol haloformate.

12. A coated roll in accordance with claim 11 wherein the dihydroxy aryl diamine is N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis(3-hydroxyphenyl)-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine and the glycol is diethyleneglycol bischloroformate.

13. A coated roll in accordance with claim 11 wherein the aryl diamine components are represented, by the following general formula ##STR43## wherein X, Y and Z are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, hydroxy, and halogen; at least one of X, Y and Z is independently an alkyl group or chlorine, and at least two of X, Y, and Z are hydroxy groups.

14. A coated roll in accordance with claim 2 wherein the conductive material is a metal, and the insulative dielectric material is a polymer.

15. A coated roll in accordance with claim 14 wherein the polymer is a vinyl ester.

16. A coated donor roll comprised of a core with a coating thereover comprised of a photolysis reaction product of a charge transporting molecule and a photo acid, and a binder.

17. A coated toner donor roll comprised of: a core comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of a conductive material, and an insulative dielectric material; and a semiconductive coating thereover comprised of a partially photo-oxidized cation radical containing charge transporting compound and a binder.

18. A coated roll in accordance with claim 16 wherein the charge transporting compound prior to being photooxidized is a diamine of the formula ##STR44## and wherein X, Y and Z are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl group with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and a halogen, and wherein at least one of X, Y, and Z is independently an alkyl group or halogen; and the the binder is a polymeric component.

19. A coated roll in accordance with claim 16 wherein the charge transporting compound prior to being photooxidized is an amine compound selected from the group consisting of formulas ##STR45## wherein X is independently selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.2, --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --O--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --O--, O, S, N-phenyl, CO, and --C(CN).sub.2 ; ##STR46## where Y is independently selected from the group consisting of CH.sub.2, --C(CH.sub.3).sub.2 --, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2, O, S, N-aryl, CO, and --C(CN).sub.2 ; ##STR47## where X is ##STR48## and where R is selected from the group consisting of H, and alkyl with from 1 to 25 carbon atoms.

20. A coated roll in accordance with claim 16 wherein the photo acid is a compound of the formula AX where A is a positive ion selected, for example, from the group consisting of diaryliodonium, triarylsulfonium, diarylbromonium, diarylchloronium, diaryliodosonium, triarylsulfoxonium, pyrylium, thiapyrylium, phenylacyldialkylsulfonium, phenylacyldialkylammonium, quinolinium, phenylacyltriphenylphosphonium, ferrocenium, cobaltocenium, and where X is a anion selected, for example, from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, hexafluoroantimonate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, trifluoroacetate, triflate, toluenesulfonate, nitrobenezenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, and dodecylsulfonate.

21. A coated roll in accordance with claim 16 wherein the binder is a polymeric material selected form the group consisting of polyesters, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polysulfones, polyimides, polystyrenes, polyether ketones, polydienes, polycarbazoles, polyphenylenes, polyamides, polyolefins, polyanilines, polythiophenes, and mixtures thereof.

22. A coated roll in accordance with claim 16 wherein the coating is of a thickness of from about 3 to about 50 microns.

23. A coated roll in accordance with claim 16 wherein the coating has a relaxation time constant of about 0.01 to about 5 milliseconds.

24. A donor roll in accordance with claim 16 wherein the resulting coated donor member has a conductivity of from about 10.sup.-7 to about 10.sup.-10 (ohm-cm).sup.-1.

25. A donor roll in accordance with claim 24 wherein the core is comprised of a plurality of electrodes.

26. A method of preparing an electrically conductive donor roll comprising: charge transporting polymer, a photo acid compound, an optional binder resin, an optional photoredox compound, and an optional photosensitizer, to form a coated donor roll; and donor roll.

27. A method in accordance with claim 26 wherein the solution is first irradiated and thereafter coated on the core support.

28. A method in accordance with claim 26 wherein the irradiation is at a wavelength of about 220 to about 750 nanometers.

29. A method in accordance with claim 26 wherein the irradiation is for a period of time of about 5 seconds to 24 hours.

30. A method in accordance with claim 26 wherein the resulting coated donor member has a conductivity of from about 10.sup.-7 to about 10.sup.-10 (ohm-cm).sup.-1.

31. A method in accordance with claim 26 wherein the irradiation is at a temperature of about 10.degree. to about 150.degree. C.

32. A method in accordance with claim 26 wherein the photo acid is present in the resultant coating in an amount of from about 2 to about 15 weight percent.