COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Bumgardner, McClanahan and Senior Judge Coleman 

Argued at Salem, Virginia 

JULIA LONG AND 

 TONY LONG 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY 

v. Record No. 1434-03-3 JUDGE SAM W. COLEMAN III 

 MAY 25, 2004 

JUDITH HOLT-TILLMAN 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF DANVILLE 

Joseph W. Milam, Jr., Judge 

 Carol B. Gravitt (Gravitt & Gravitt, P.C., on brief), for appellants. 

 Robert J. Smitherman (Janine M. Jacob; Daniel, Vaughan, Medley & 

Smitherman, P.C, on brief), for appellee. 

Lee H. Turpin, Guardian ad litem for the minor child. 

 This appeal involves a child custody dispute between the child’s natural parents and her 

maternal grandmother. The trial court awarded sole physical custody of the four-year-old child to 

the grandmother, Judith Holt-Tillman, and joint legal custody to Tillman and Julia Long, the 

biological mother. In doing so, the court found that the parents had voluntarily relinquished custody 

of the child to the grandmother. Julia and Tony Long appeal the relinquishment finding and the 

custody ruling. The Longs also contend the trial court erred by refusing to admit evidence of past 

incidents concerning Tillman’s parenting skills. We affirm the trial court’s decision. 

BACKGROUND

 Julia and Tony Long are the parents of K.L., who was born in August 1999. The Longs 

have two other daughters, ages seven and two. The Longs have been married since June 2002, but 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
- 2 -

have had an ongoing relationship for more than seven years. Judith Holt-Tillman is Julia’s mother 

and the grandmother of K.L. 

 Immediately after the birth of K.L., Julia and K.L. resided for several months with Tony in 

North Carolina. In November 1999, Julia and K.L. moved into her mother’s home because Julia 

planned to attend nursing school in order to improve her earning potential. She planned to “get 

back together” with Tony after completing the nursing program. When Julia and K.L. moved in 

with Tillman, the Longs’ oldest daughter continued to reside with Tony’s parents in North Carolina. 

The youngest daughter was not yet born. After Julia returned to Tillman’s home in 1999, K.L. has 

continuously resided there. 

 Tillman testified that, after Julia first returned home, Julia primarily took care of K.L. 

However, Tillman stated that, over time, Julia’s reliance on Tillman for K.L.’s care increased to the 

point that Tillman was the child’s primary caregiver. Tillman testified she performed all of the 

housekeeping chores and cooking during the time Julia lived with her. While Julia resided with 

Tillman, the two had numerous disagreements over when and where Julia could take K.L. Julia 

testified that Tillman refused to allow her to take K.L. to North Carolina to visit the child’s father. 

According to Julia, she and her mother always had “a very rocky relationship.” Julia testified that 

Tillman has never liked or approved of Tony and has always made disparaging remarks about him 

and his family. 

 In March 2000, Julia obtained an order from the Danville Juvenile and Domestic Relations 

District Court (JDR court) awarding her sole custody of K.L. with liberal visitation to Tony. Julia 

stated that she sought the order because she thought it would make “things better” while she resided 

with Tillman. Tony did not oppose the order. However, after entry of the order, Julia and Tillman 

continued to have disagreements concerning K.L., particularly regarding Tony’s visitation with the 

child. Tony testified that he was often denied visitation with K.L. when he attempted to visit her. 
- 3 -

 During the spring of 2000, Julia and Tillman had several disagreements concerning the care 

of K.L., resulting in Julia’s periodic absences from the home, leaving K.L. in the sole care of 

Tillman. According to Julia, during one of these absences Tillman refused to let her visit K.L. for a 

period of time. 

 Sometime after May 2000, Julia and Tony resumed living together. When they went to 

Tillman’s home to get K.L. in order that she could live with them, Tillman refused to let them take 

K.L. Afterward, Tillman filed a complaint against Julia and Tony with Child Protective Services 

(CPS). At the suggestion of a social services worker, Julia and Tony agreed to allow K.L. to remain 

with Tillman pending the investigation of the complaint. During the CPS investigation, Julia agreed 

to sign a consent order which awarded joint legal custody of K.L. to Julia and Tillman but awarded 

sole physical custody of K.L. to Tillman. The order further provided that Julia would have 

visitation with K.L. one day per week for six hours and additional visitations as the parties agreed. 

Julia testified that she feared if she went to court she “wouldn’t get [K.L.].” The consent order was 

entered on July 27, 2000. 

 Julia complied with the visitation conditions, although they made it difficult for Tony to visit 

K.L. In addition, Julia testified she gave Tillman her WIC (Women, Infants and Children) welfare 

checks to assist in paying for K.L.’s care. 

 As to Tillman’s explanation of how the parties agreed to the joint custody arrangement, she 

testified that Julia had wanted to give Tillman sole custody of K.L. and that it was Tillman’s idea 

that they have joint custody. Tillman denied that she established any limitations on Julia’s visitation 

rights, and she stated that the visitation arrangement initially worked well. 

 For the fifteen months from July 2000 to November 2001, K.L. lived with Tillman and Julia 

visited the child one day per week. Tillman testified that in early 2001, she needed financial 

assistance to pay K.L.’s expenses, but, other than the WIC checks, Julia had only occasionally 
- 4 -

provided diapers for K.L. and Tony had provided no financial support. Julia testified that she paid 

Tillman for some expenses for K.L.’s care. 

 In November 2001, Tillman filed a support petition in the JDR court and the court ordered 

the parents to pay Tillman child support. On November 8, 2001, the Longs filed in the JDR court a 

motion to amend the July 27, 2000 consent order, requesting full custody of K.L. In response, on 

February 11, 2002, Tillman filed in the JDR court a motion to amend the consent order, also 

requesting full custody of K.L. On July 11, 2002, the JDR court issued a temporary order, ruling 

that custody was to remain with Tillman pending a home study on Tillman. The court continued the 

matter until October 18, 2002 for a final hearing. By order dated October 18, 2002, the JDR court 

awarded “full custody” of K.L. to Tillman with visitation to the Longs. Julia appealed that decision 

to the circuit court. 

 At the February 2003 circuit court custody hearing, K.L.’s guardian ad litem commended 

the Longs for the improvements they had made in their lives and gave her opinion that the Longs 

were able to provide an appropriate home for K.L. However, she also opined that in the absence of 

the parental presumption, the child’s best interests would be served by remaining in Tillman’s 

custody. 

 The evidence showed that in the past the Longs have had financial difficulties. But, at the 

time of the hearing, Tony had worked for the same employer for four years, he is considered “an 

excellent” worker and had been promoted to foreman over one year ago. Julia has worked in the 

same convenience store for one year, and her employer considers her a reliable and hard worker. 

Julia testified that the couple is current on paying bills. They had been residing for approximately 

one year in a rented home in which they have designated a bedroom for K.L. The family has health, 

medical, dental, and prescription coverage through Tony’s employment. 
- 5 -

 In an opinion letter dated April 23, 2003, the trial court awarded joint legal custody of K.L. 

to Julia and Tillman, subject to the parents having expanded visitation rights, and sole physical 

custody of K.L. to Tillman. The trial court held that “clear, cogent and convincing evidence” 

established that the Longs had voluntarily relinquished custody of K.L. to Tillman. The court found 

that the immediate transfer of physical custody to the Longs at that time would not be in K.L.’s best 

interests because K.L. enjoyed a strong relationship and a stable living environment with Tillman. 

In addition, the child had known no home other than that provided by her grandmother. The court 

described its ruling as a “transitional custody arrangement,” allowing K.L. to acclimate to life with 

her parents, yet preserving for her a stable living environment. The trial court stated that it would 

revisit custody in the summer of 2004. 

 The Longs appeal the trial court’s custody ruling. 

ANALYSIS

Admission of Evidence 

 During the custody hearing, the Longs proffered evidence of specific instances of Tillman’s 

child-rearing techniques that had occurred during Julia’s childhood, which evidence the Longs 

contend was relevant to prove that Tillman possessed and exhibited poor parenting skills. The trial 

court refused to admit the evidence, ruling that it was remote and was irrelevant to the issue of 

Tillman’s present ability to rear K.L. 

 Evidence ordinarily is admissible if it “is both material--tending to prove a matter that is 

properly at issue in the case--and relevant--tending to establish the proposition for which it is 

offered.” Johnson v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 598, 601, 347 S.E.2d 163, 165 (1986). Evidence 

concerning incidents in Julia’s childhood with her mother did not tend to prove whether it was in the 

best interests of K.L. to remain in Tillman’s physical custody--the matter at issue in the case. 

Ample and sufficient evidence of Tillman’s parenting of K.L. since her birth had more evidentiary 
- 6 -

value in proving whether Tillman was capable of parenting and rendered the proffered evidence of 

little or no evidentiary value. The proffered evidence of Tillman’s parenting of Julia did not tend to 

establish that Tillman was unsuitable to raise K.L. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in refusing to admit it. 

Custody

 “[T]he interest of parents in the care, custody, and control of their children . . . is perhaps the 

oldest of the fundamental liberty interests recognized by [the United States Supreme] Court.” 

Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65 (2000). 

 “In all child custody cases, including those between a parent and nonparent, ‘the best 

interests of the child are paramount and form the lodestar for the guidance of the court in 

determining the dispute.’” Bailes v. Sours, 231 Va. 96, 99, 340 S.E.2d 824, 826 (1986) (quoting 

Walker v. Brooks, 203 Va. 417, 421, 124 S.E.2d 195, 198 (1962)). “The court shall give due regard 

to the primacy of the parent-child relationship but may upon a showing by clear and convincing 

evidence that the best interest of the child would be served thereby award custody or visitation to 

any other person with a legitimate interest.” Code § 20-124.2(B). 

 In custody disputes between a natural parent and a nonparent, the law presumes the best 

interest of the child will be served when the child is in the custody of the natural parent. Bailes, 231 

Va. at 100, 340 S.E.2d at 827. When applying the parental presumption, “the rights of the [natural] 

parents may not be lightly severed but are to be respected if at all consonant with the best interest of 

the child.” Wilkerson v. Wilkerson, 214 Va. 395, 397, 200 S.E.2d 581, 583 (1973). 

To overcome the strong presumption favoring a parent, the 

nonparent must adduce by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) 

the parents are unfit; (2) a court previously has granted an order of 

divestiture; (3) the parents voluntarily relinquished custody; (4) the 

parents abandoned the child; or (5) special facts and circumstances 

constitute extraordinary reasons to take the child from the parents. 

Mason v. Moon, 9 Va. App. 217, 220, 385 S.E.2d 242, 244 (1989). 
- 7 -

 “Because the trial court heard the evidence at an ore tenus hearing, its decision ‘is entitled to 

great weight and will not be disturbed unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.’” 

Piatt v. Piatt, 27 Va. App. 426, 432, 499 S.E.2d 567, 570 (1998) (citation omitted). 

 Tillman contends that the Longs are not entitled to the parental presumption because they 

voluntarily relinquished custody of K.L. to her and that, without the parental presumption, K.L.’s 

best interest would be served by remaining with her. The Longs contend that because Julia always 

retained joint legal custody of K.L., and periodically lived in the home with K.L. and Tillman, and 

at all other times visited K.L. and maintained a close relationship with her, no voluntary 

relinquishment of the custody of K.L. occurred. Thus, they contend the trial court was required to 

apply the parental presumption. 

 The trial court held that Tillman had rebutted the parental presumption by proving that 

Julia voluntarily relinquished her right to custody of K.L. to Tillman. The court found that Julia 

participated “only intermittently” in K.L.’s early upbringing, and she voluntarily left “the 

primary responsibility” for K.L.’s care with Tillman. In addition, the trial court found that Tony 

“willingly played a limited role in [K.L.]’s early upbringing and voluntarily acquiesced to 

[K.L.]’s placement in [Tillman]’s custody.” The trial court found that Julia and Tony offered 

“no appreciable financial support” for the child until the JDR court ordered them to do so. On 

these findings the court ruled that clear and convincing evidence proved the Longs had 

voluntarily relinquished custody of K.L. to Tillman. 

 The dispositive issue is whether the consent order granting physical custody of K.L. to 

Tillman was a voluntary relinquishment of custody of K.L. by Julia to Tillman, thereby rebutting 

the presumption favoring custody by a parent over a nonparent. 

 We hold that the consent order was a voluntary relinquishment of physical custody by 

Julia of K.L. and, thus, the parental presumption does not apply to this case. Therefore, Julia had 
- 8 -

the burden to prove that circumstances had so changed since the voluntary relinquishment that 

return of K.L. to her parents would be in the child’s best interests. 

The Supreme Court’s decision and reasoning in Watson v. Shepard, 217 Va. 538, 544-45, 

229 S.E.2d 897, 901 (1976), controls our decision here. Watson involved a custody dispute 

between a natural mother and paternal relatives who were seeking to adopt the child. In Watson, 

the mother had executed a notarized statement which stated, “‘I give my consent for [the 

Shepards] to have custody of [my] daughter . . . .’” The mother, who was separated from the 

child’s father, gave custody of the child to the Shepards because she felt she was financially 

unable to take care of the child and she believed her daughter was “‘better off’” with the 

Shepards until she “‘could get [her]self straightened out.’” Id. at 539-40, 229 S.E.2d at 898. 

Based on the mother’s having relinquished custody of her child until she could care for the child, 

the JDR court entered an order granting the Shepards custody. 

 Several years later, the mother petitioned the trial court for custody of her daughter. The 

trial court denied the change of custody petition, and the mother appealed.1 The Supreme Court 

ruled that the JDR court order giving custody of the child to the Shepards 

was not merely pro forma . . . but it was based upon [the mother’s] 

voluntary relinquishment of custody, as evidenced by a written 

statement executed by [the mother], upon results of a thorough 

investigation, and upon a hearing by a court of competent 

jurisdiction . . . . Consequently, the mother’s parental custody 

rights were altered and for her to be entitled to a later change in 

custody, the burden was upon her to show the circumstances had 

so changed since entry of the foregoing order that it would be in 

[the child]’s best interests to transfer custody to her; the burden 

was not upon the Shepards, as the mother argues, to show parental 

unfitness. 

Id. at 545, 229 S.E.2d at 901. 

 1

 The Watson case also involved an appeal of an interlocutory adoption order, but that 

issue is not germane to this case. 
- 9 -

 Here, Julia agreed in the consent order to voluntarily relinquish physical custody of K.L. 

to Tillman while retaining joint legal custody. As in the Watson case, the relinquishment was on 

a temporary basis until the parents could make the changes in their lives that might enable them 

to resume custody. “A voluntary relinquishment occurs when a parent willingly agrees or 

consents to having their child placed in the custody of a nonparent.” Mason, 9 Va. App. at 222, 

385 S.E.2d at 245. The JDR custody order granting Tillman sole physical custody of K.L., even 

though ultimately a consent order, was not “merely pro forma,” but was an adjudication on the 

merits by the court in a proceeding where both parties were contesting custody. The JDR court 

decision was based upon evidence presented at a custody hearing and from a CPS investigation. 

Moreover, the JDR court order went beyond merely preserving the status quo. Cf. Wilkerson, 

214 Va. at 397, 200 S.E.2d at 583 (finding agreed order had “neither the dignity nor the effect of 

a final order of custody upon the merits” where, upon parents’ agreement, JDR court ordered 

continuing temporary custody of child with nonparent to maintain the status quo during 

pendency of the parents’ divorce proceeding). 

 This case is distinguishable from Ferris v. Underwood, 3 Va. App. 25, 348 S.E.2d 18 

(1986), upon which the Longs rely. First, Ferris dealt with whether the court’s order constituted 

an order of divestiture where there had been only an agreed order and no adjudication by the 

court, and here we decide whether as a matter of fact the parent had voluntarily relinquished 

custody of the child to a nonparent. In Ferris, we held that where an “agreed temporary custody 

order” had been entered without an adjudication awarding custody to a grandparent “such order 

ha[d] ‘neither the dignity nor the effect of a final order of custody upon the merits’ [and] . . . the 

parental presumption is applicable.” Id. at 28, 348 S.E.2d at 20. 

However, the JDR court custody order awarding custody of K.L. to Tillman 

was a determination by a court of competent jurisdiction of the 

custody question on its merits based upon then-existing facts. . . . 
- 10 -

Consequently, [Julia] . . . , when [s]he instituted the present 

proceeding, was not clothed with the parental presumption 

generally accorded natural parents in a dispute with non-parents, 

because h[er] parental custody rights were altered by the [JDR 

court] order. [T]herefore, . . . in this proceeding the welfare of 

[K.L.] is the paramount consideration, and . . . the burden was 

upon [Julia] to prove that circumstances had so changed since the 

[JDR court] order that it would be in [K.L.]’s best interests to 

transfer custody to h[er and Tony]. 

McEntire v. Redfearn, 217 Va. 313, 315-16, 227 S.E.2d 741, 743 (1976). 

After ruling that the parental presumption did not apply, the trial court found that the 

Longs had not proven that an “immediate transfer” of physical custody would serve K.L.’s best 

interests “at this time,” noting that the four-year-old child had known no other home than the one 

provided by Tillman. The trial court also found that K.L. enjoyed a “strong relationship and a 

stable living environment” with her grandmother. Thus, the trial court found that K.L.’s best 

interests would be served by adopting a “transitional custody arrangement, a middle ground” that 

acclimates K.L. to life with her natural parents while preserving a stable living environment. 

Accordingly, the court held that Tillman and Julia would share legal custody and Tillman would 

retain physical custody of K.L. until further review of the case in the summer of 2004. 

 We find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by not returning K.L. to the Longs 

at the time. The evidence shows that the custody arrangement was considered by the parties and 

by the trial court as temporary custody, with return of the child to the mother or both parents if 

and when they demonstrated that they are suitable and responsible parents. Indeed, deficiencies 

in the Longs’ ability to parent the child existed when K.L. was first born and the parents were 

unmarried and were starting their lives together as young adults. The Longs experienced 

financial difficulties in the past, but they appear to be in the process of establishing a stable 

living situation. They are both employed and have received positive assessments from their 

employers. The Longs rent a home where they reside with their youngest daughter and have 
- 11 -

visitation with their oldest daughter, K.L.’s biological siblings. The home study revealed that the 

youngest daughter is “thriving and appears to be on target in growth and development” while 

residing with the Longs. The home study did not reveal “evidence to suspect that [the Longs] are 

incapable of providing a safe and secure home for [K.L.].” The Longs have always had a role in 

K.L.’s life and are most certainly not strangers in her life. 

Although each dispute concerning custody and visitation presents 

unique circumstances . . . the trial court’s judgment in every case is 

guided by a single, unvarying standard that the welfare of the child 

is the primary, paramount, and controlling consideration of the 

court. All other matters are subordinate. The trial court’s decision 

whether it was to the best interest of [K.L.] was within its 

discretion and is reversible only upon a showing that the court 

abused its discretion. 

Brown v. Burch, 30 Va. App. 670, 689, 519 S.E.2d 403, 412 (1999) (citation omitted). 

 It appears that the Longs are devoted to K.L. and are making concerted efforts to stabilize 

their family life and to be able to give K.L. proper care. Although they have taken steps toward 

this end, the trial court found that the evidence failed to show that K.L.’s best interests would be 

served at the time by a return of custody to them. Under the court’s ruling Julia continues to 

share joint legal custody of K.L. with Tillman, meaning she will have “joint responsibility for the 

care and control of [K.L.] and joint authority to make decisions concerning [K.L.].” Code 

§ 20-124.1 (defining joint custody). The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to 

return physical custody to the Longs at the time. 

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. 

 Affirmed.