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40–365 2008

THE IMPORTANCE OF POLL WORKERS: 

BEST PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

HEARING 

BEFORE THE

SUBCOMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS 

OF THE

COMMITTEE ON HOUSE 

ADMINISTRATION 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 

ONE HUNDRED TENTH CONGRESS 

FIRST SESSION 

HEARING HELD IN WASHINGTON, DC, OCTOBER 3, 2007 

Printed for the use of the Committee on House Administration 

( 

Available on the Internet: 

http://www.gpoaccess.gov/congress/house/administration/index.html 

(II) 

COMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATION 

ROBERT A. BRADY, Pennsylvania, Chairman 

ZOE LOFGREN, California 

Vice-Chairwoman 

MICHAEL E. CAPUANO, Massachusetts 

CHARLES A. GONZALEZ, Texas 

SUSAN A. DAVIS, California 

ARTUR DAVIS, Alabama 

VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan 

Ranking Minority Member 

DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California 

KEVIN MCCARTHY, California 

S. ELIZABETH BIRNBAUM, Staff Director 

WILLIAM PLASTER, Minority Staff Director 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS

ZOE LOFGREN, California, Chairwoman 

CHARLES A. GONZALEZ, Texas 

SUSAN A. DAVIS, California 

ARTUR DAVIS, Alabama 

KEVIN MCCARTHY, California 

VERNON J. EHLERS, Michigan 

(1) 

THE IMPORTANCE OF POLL WORKERS: BEST 

PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 3, 2007 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 

SUBCOMMITTEE ON ELECTIONS, 

COMMITTEE ON HOUSE ADMINISTRATION, 

Washington, DC. 

The subcommittee met, pursuant to call, at 2:35 p.m., in room 

2128, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Zoe Lofgren (chairwoman of the subcommittee) presiding. 

Present: Representatives Lofgren, Davis of California, Davis of 

Alabama, and Ehlers. 

Staff Present: Liz Birnbaum, Staff Director; Thomas Hicks, Senior Election Counsel; Janelle Hu, Election Counsel; Jennifer Daehn, 

Election Counsel; Matt Pinkus, Professional Staff/Parliamentarian; 

Kyle Anderson, Press Director; Kristin McCowan, Chief Legislative 

Clerk; Daniel Favarulo, Staff Assistant, Elections; Matt DeFreitas, 

Staff Assistant; Gineen Beach, Minority Counsel; and Bryan Dorsey, Minority Professional Staff. 

Ms. LOFGREN. We do welcome all of you to the Subcommittee on 

Elections and the hearing, this hearing, on The Importance of Poll 

Workers: Best Practices and Recommendations. 

The Help America Vote Act reaffirmed the responsibility of training poll workers in the hands of the State. HAVA requires that 

each State prepare a plan detailing what it will do to implement 

the new Federal mandates including a description of how each 

State will use HAVA funds to educate election officials and poll 

workers. 

State law and poll worker training and procedures differ greatly 

State to State, and while each State and local government has its 

own issues, there are several problems that seem to be common 

across the board, particularly training and recruitment. Some 

States require little to no training, while other States are taking 

the initiative and using creative means such as on-line training or 

providing specialized tasks and multilingual training. 

Poll worker pay is also quite low. It is difficult to recruit poll workers when the average daily basic pay is $57, and that is for 

a day that starts before sunrise and ends after sunset. 

In addition to training, we must address the compensation and 

incentives issues relative to poll workers. As a result of these factors and perhaps others, poll worker morale can be quite low. After 

the 2000 election and subsequent election controversies, absenteeism among poll workers has increased, and this has led to staffing 

shortages, polls opening late and sometimes as a consequence a 

disenfranchisement of voters. 

2 

According to a study by electionline.org, 2 million Americans 

serve as poll workers, most with only a few hours of specialized instruction. This results in voters and poll workers finding polling 

places understaffed because of no-shows or personnel shortages. 

And personnel shortages is not the only issue. Poll workers come 

to work each year finding that the voting equipment continues to 

change. Some jurisdictions have multiple voting machines, and 

they range from electronic machines to optical scanners to 

paperless electronic systems, and, in other States, lever systems. 

Recruiting poll workers is an ongoing challenge. NACo reports 

that 56 percent of election officials reported that they were unable 

to fully staff the polls in the last Presidential election. The skills 

needed to serve as a poll worker have not changed, while the skills 

of our—the skills needed to serve as a poll worker have changed 

while the skills of many of our poll workers have not. Since 2000 

and the passage of HAVA, we are asking our poll workers to do 

more, and we may not be doing enough to prepare them for one of 

the most important tasks: administering voting. 

HAVA also required the EAC to conduct studies on methods of 

recruiting, training, and improving the performance of poll workers. The EAC just released the study Successful Practices in Poll 

Worker Recruiting, Training, and Retention. This study developed 

best practices based on 17 months of research and was implemented through a partnership with several organizations including 

the Poll Worker Institute. This study is essentially a snapshot of 

poll worker recruitment, training and service practices across the 

country. 

Poll workers are the link between election administrators and 

the voters. Unfortunately, they are not being properly prepared or 

compensated for undertaking such an obligation. So I am really 

very excited about today’s hearing and to listen to what our witnesses have to say. 

Understanding the problems, the challenges, and what State and 

local governments are doing to address the important role poll 

workers play is really essential to improving the American election 

system. 

I thank the witnesses for coming today and would like to note 

that the Secretary of State of Ohio, Jennifer Brunner, was unable 

to make today’s hearing, but she has submitted her testimony for 

the record, and, without objection, that testimony will be entered 

into the record. 

[The statement of Ms. Brunner follows:] 

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[The statement of Ms. Lofgren follows:] 

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Ms. LOFGREN. At this point I am sure Mr. Ehlers is on his way. 

I don’t know if Mr. Davis has an opening statement, and perhaps 

I believe we could go to the testimony, and Mr. Ehlers can give his 

statement when he arrives. 

So I would like to introduce the witnesses who are here today. 

We have Michael Mauro, the Iowa secretary of state. Mr. Mauro 

was elected Iowa’s 30th secretary of state on November 7th, 2006. 

Prior to his election as secretary of state, he has served the residents of Polk County for nearly a decade as county auditor. As 

auditor for the largest of Iowa’s 99 counties, Mauro streamlined 

services to make the auditor’s office user friendly. As a former high 

school government teacher and coach, he has shown his commitment to Iowa’s youth. He often speaks to youth and civic groups 

about the importance of voting, voter education, and election reform. 

Secretary Mauro is a voting member of the Iowa Executive Council and the Chair of the State Voter Registration Commission. He 

is also a member of the National Association of Secretaries of 

State. In 2003, he earned the designation of certified election registration administrator, the highest professional achievement in the 

field of election administration. 

I would also like to introduce Lance Gough, the executive director of the Chicago Board of Election Commissioners. He is the executive director of the Commissioners for the City of Chicago. They 

administer the elections and related day-to-day operations of one of 

the largest election authorities in the United States, serving 1.4 

million registered voters in the City of Chicago’s 2,605 precincts. It 

is like a whole country there. 

In 2008, he will have served 20 years in the Chicago Election 

Board’s top administrative post. And prior to his appointment to 

the Chicago Election Board, he was a computer consultant in private industry for 3 years specializing in automated election tallying 

equipment. He also worked for the Chicago Board of Election Commissioners from 1976 to 1985 including as manager of the Board’s 

electronic voting system operation. 

An active member of several professional groups, he is past president of the International Association of Clerks, Recorders, Election 

Officials and Treasurers; also past president of the Association of 

Election Commission Officials of Illinois; and a member of the Election Center. 

Next, I would like to introduce Jennifer Collins-Foley. She is the 

president of the Policy Workers Institute and has served in the 

field of developing and managing international and domestic democratic governance programs, training and voter registration outreach education programs for more than 18 years. 

Ms. Collins-Foley has consulted on election administration and 

policy for the League of Women Voters, the EAC, the Election Center and the PEW Research. Last year she managed a 17-month applied research project with the U.S. Election Assistance Commission and IFES titled Successful Practices in Poll Worker Recruiting, Training and Retention. 

She currently serves as the principal investigator of an applied 

research project with the U.S. Election Assistance Commission on 

government-sponsored voter hotlines in the U.S. 

11 

As a consultant for the International Foundation for Election 

Systems, she developed poll worker training materials, training 

curriculum, and election management recommendations for numerous States as well as overseas countries. 

As a consultant with Los Angeles County in 2006, she served as 

a strategic change management, poll worker management and 

HAVA consultant on implementation of new electronic voting systems. 

And finally, we welcome Helen Purcell, the Maricopa County recorder and the Minority’s witness. She was elected to the Office of 

Maricopa County Recorder in November of 1988 and is now serving 

her fifth term and is the second woman to hold this position since 

1871. 

Born in Topeka, Kansas, she has been a Phoenix resident since 

1964. She began her business career with T.J. Betts Mortgage 

Company in Texas, subsequently becoming a real estate trust officer with Stuart Title and Trust of Phoenix. 

She has been a member of the board of directors of the National 

Association of Counties, serving since December of 1997. She is a 

co-chair of the electronic recording committee of the Property 

Records Industry Association; a member of the board of directors 

of the Kids Voting Arizona, a group I once was involved in in California; a member of the National Association of County Recorders 

and Clerks and the International Association of Clerks, Recorders, 

Election Officials and Treasurers. 

In May of 1998, she received the National Kids Voting Excellence 

Award. In October of 2002, she was appointed to serve on NACo’s 

telecommunications and technology steering committee, and in 

2003, was appointed by the president of NACo to the U.S. Election 

Assistance Commission Board of Advisors. 

In June of 2004, she was appointed by the Chairman of the U.S. 

Election Assistance Commission to the newly formed Technical 

Guidelines Development Committee. Its purpose is to draft standards for all voting systems in the U.S. 

She was appointed at NACo’s 2005 annual conference as vice 

chair of NACo’s member program and services committee, and 

Chair of the technology subcommittee of the telecommunications 

and technology steering committee. 

Obviously, we have four very distinguished witnesses who we 

will look forward to hearing from after we invite the Ranking Member, who has now arrived, to make any opening statement that he 

may wish to make. 

Mr. EHLERS. I apologize for being late, but you know what it is 

like when people from this committee are on the floor voting. Everyone asks questions about getting their leg changed and so forth. 

It is a pleasure to be here. I thank you for being here and for 

your comments, and especially for holding this meeting. And I certainly welcome all of the witnesses here. 

When we talk about elections, we always tend to concentrate on 

technology and process and so forth. But those of you who have 

been here a long time know how often I have raised the issue that 

the important factor is the poll workers, and I have been impressed 

over the years I have held local office, county commission office, 

and I chaired the county commission. So I participated very diVerDate Aug 31 2005 01:35 Feb 16, 2008 Jkt 040365 PO 00000 Frm 00013 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\A365.XXX A365
12 

rectly in a number of elections. And there was just—I was just always amazed by the dedication of the poll workers, people who 

come and work under bad conditions, very often drafty schools’ 

hallways, and just stick it out until the very end. Poll workers are 

on the front line, and I have always found them to be very dedicated. 

However, we face a number of new challenges in this area, and 

I appreciate you calling a meeting. 

The typical poll worker that people envision in their mind is an 

85-year-old woman who just doesn’t do that much, doesn’t have a 

job, but turns out faithfully for every election. Those days are—if 

they ever were around—are certainly disappearing, and we have a 

whole new problem to deal with, and that is training new poll 

workers, getting them introduced to working in a job that is not 

highly paid, that requires tremendous dedication, often abuse from 

the public. And so I think we should be very much aware of what 

is going to happen. 

I have often raised the point here, and I am afraid I have alienated some of our other committee members at times, in talking 

about the problems of running local elections and how important 

it is to do it properly and to rely on the experience of the county 

clerks, city clerks, poll workers and so forth, and I firmly believe 

that. 

I am very interested in learning what our witnesses have to say 

about the most effective methods of training poll workers based on 

practices in their States and localities. 

Another of the challenges that election administrators face in 

preparing workers for the duties on election day is training someone to perform a job they will only do for a single day a couple of 

times a year, leaving little time to become familiar with the technology and processes. 

And as we passed HAVA, I was acutely aware of what was likely 

to happen and the training that was likely to be required to implement HAVA and make sure the poll workers were familiar with the 

processes, the machines and so forth. I am very pleased that the 

election officials in general, poll workers specifically, handled that 

transition very well. 

Secondly, I would like to get a sense from our witnesses as to 

how existing Federal voting laws are working at the State and local 

level. HAVA has been in place for a little while. We have had some 

problems, lots of success. And I am very interested in hearing from 

the front lines what is going on. 

Poll workers are relied on to perform a number of duties. They 

must inform voters about using election technology, verify the voting eligibility, and assure that the polling place operates smoothly. 

And in each locality, there are most likely provisions that are working well and lessons to be learned as to what could be improved 

upon, and it is my hope we will gain insight from some of those 

strengths and weaknesses today from our witnesses. 

But particularly a slant that I am interested on this is how has 

HAVA worked; has it made the job more difficult, easier? How have 

people adjusted to the new machines or new approaches, and how 

has it affected the work of the poll workers? 

13 

Finally, I would like to know how at the Federal level we can 

best support States and localities in carrying out their fundamental 

mission of facilitating the practice of casting a vote in this country. 

We need to be very careful that in our efforts to support our State 

and local officials, we are not, in effect, tying their hands by setting 

forth overly prescriptive regulations on the administration of elections. 

In precincts across the country, there are unique circumstances 

in terms of the geography and population of each district making 

it very difficult for us to effectively create, one-size-fits all legislation to cure all of our Nation’s voting challenges. We would like to 

get a sense from our witnesses as to how we may best assist State 

and local election officials without preventing them from effectively 

doing their job. 

And a good example of what I just talked to you about, the 

unique circumstances, you recall, Madam Chair, when we were in 

New Mexico last year and we heard about the varying systems in 

place in Arizona ranging from very large urban areas such as Phoenix to very lightly populated areas such as the Navajo Reservations 

and so on, some of the problems encountered then. 

So I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for taking the 

time to be here. I appreciate it. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. 

[The statement of Mr. Ehlers follows:] 

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Ms. LOFGREN. And without objection, the other Members’ statements will be made a part of the record. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I wonder if we can start with Mr. Mauro and move 

down the line. And we have a process here. It is a 5-minute rule, 

and we ask that Members, witnesses give their statements in about 

5 minutes. When there is a minute left, that little machine there 

will turn yellow, and when your time is up, it turns red. So we ask 

when that happens, if you can try to all summarize, it will be 

great, and your full statements will be made part of the record. 

So if you could begin, Mr. Mauro. Thank you. 

STATEMENT OF MICHAEL MAURO, SECRETARY OF STATE, IA 

Mr. MAURO. Thank you very much. It is an honor to be here 

today. I am honored to be in front of such a distinguished group 

of people talking about something as important as elections. 

I believe this hearing is timely and needed because, as you said 

in your opening statement, I think you set the record straight 

beautifully and took a lot of my comments from me, but they are 

good ones, because it talks about the uncertainty in this process. 

And one of the things I think we all need to understand is elections 

have changed. They have changed across this country, and a lot of 

it happened since the year 2000. A lot of it happened because of 

the Help America Vote Act. But we need to think about elections 

in a different manner on the local level. County administrators, 

county supervisors who fund elections need to think about elections 

differently. 

County officials, county auditors in some States who put on elections have to think about the elections differently because it has all 

changed. In many jurisdictions, they have two pieces of equipment, 

a piece of equipment that can be used by both disabled and regular 

voters, and we have DRE machines, we have optical scan machines. Some counties use blended equipment. This all adds for a 

big adventure for the election officials because our election officials 

come from a variety of backgrounds. Requirements in States dictate what party they should be from, how many there should be, 

and all of those types of things that make the process even more 

difficult to put together. 

In many precincts in the United States they use two different 

types of equipment. I could tell you of some experiences in Iowa. 

I will give you an example in the 2004 elections in Iowa, and I am 

sure other States have seen the same things. In many polling 

places in Iowa in that last Presidential election, we had attorneys 

from both Presidential parties, and then we had the Department 

of Justice, and then we had election officials, many of them retirees, who were trying to operate a system in an election in a conscientious manner under such tremendous scrutiny, and many of 

them are intimidated with the process. Many of them don’t want 

to do it anymore. 

Many of us think the biggest problem in our election system 

today, how we are going to lose elections is through computer hacking. I totally disagree. I think they are missing the big picture, because the weakest link in our election process is adequate training, 

adequate funding for counties, adequate training for poll workers, 

because when they can’t do the job, and they aren’t trained, and 

18 

they don’t understand it, you got some real integrity issues in the 

election process. 

So we have got a lot of people out there talking about different 

ways elections can be taken away from people. This is the biggest 

one I can see, and it is not anybody’s fault. It is just that there is 

too much to absorb in a short period of time. 

Despite all of the obstacles, many States are doing a great job. 

In Iowa, I think we have a great election system, and we used Help 

America Vote funds to put it together. And basically it worked like 

this: We initiated a program called SEAT, which was basically a 

program that talked about State Election Administrator Training, 

and we did it in conjunction with Iowa State University, the Iowa 

State Association of Counties, and the Iowa State Association of 

State Auditors. 

And the precinct election officials, we started a certification program for them, and it was instituted just last year, and we have 

already trained over 2,000 precinct officials statewide. Our goal 

was to have at least one certified election official in each of Iowa’s 

1,784 precincts. We think we will surpass that goal by the November 2008 election. 

The training is broken up into three sessions. Two of the sessions 

you can take at home, or you can come to the class and take them. 

One of them involves on-line use of equipment, how to use the 

equipment. 

We think all of those things are great, and just from talking to 

the election officials, they love it. They want more training. They 

know it is necessary. 

As Secretary of State in Iowa, we have offered precinct training 

on all levels, and it has worked well. The precinct officials’ training 

program is limited to 24 officials at a time, and everyone gets a 

chance at performing the various duties on hand. 

While this is a step in the right direction, there is still a long 

way to go. Recruitment of election officials is a huge hurdle for 

local election administrators, and turnover is extremely high. Many 

individuals choose to work for candidates instead of working at the 

polls, so you lose a good group of people because they are working 

for the candidate. We can’t be there, but I will be there to observe 

the process. So we eliminate a lot of knowledgeable people there. 

We have to get workers who will be able to handle the technology. Believe me, technology has changed. So they have got to be 

able to handle technology. They have to be able to lift equipment. 

We need to explore new ideas in recruiting people, and we have 

all talked about ideas. One of the ones I think that needs to be pursued is going into the business community where people can use 

community service time with no penalty to work at the polling 

place. 

We need younger people, with computer technology, who can 

work with the retirees. We definitely don’t want to eliminate retirees because they are so dedicated to this process, but it has become 

overwhelming to them, so we need to find a good mix, and we need 

to put the training together. 

I can tell you about training. I think everybody does a good job 

at training. Can you train officials in 1 week or in 3 hours to do 

an election process of this magnitude? I became good at it because 

19 

I did it for 25 years. Asking someone to absorb all of these things 

in 2- or 3-hour segments or week segments is difficult, but that is 

what we are trying to do, and that is what we are trying to make 

work. 

I am sure other States have good programs, and I said we believe 

we have one of the best, but despite all of the available training 

programs, the bottom line is we cannot continue to make this job 

more difficult each election cycle and expect untrained individuals 

to do the job in a professional manner with no mistakes. 

I want to commend the committee for inviting me here today and 

calling attention to such an important issue, establishing poll 

watcher training across this country and the need to make improvements. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much, Mr. Mauro. 

[The statement of Mr. Mauro follows:] 

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Ms. LOFGREN. Mr. Gough, we would like to hear from you and 

your Chicago experience. 

STATEMENT OF LANCE GOUGH, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, 

CHICAGO BOARD OF ELECTION COMMISSIONERS 

Mr. GOUGH. Madam Chairwoman, thank you for letting me follow the Iowa secretary of state, because he said everything I also 

say. 

But, for the city of Chicago, we have the added responsibility of 

training 14,000 poll workers; that is, recruiting and training 14,000 

poll workers within about 60 to 90 days. It is a task that requires 

what I call the three ‘‘Ps’’: First, we have to come up with a plan; 

second, we have to come up with a partnership; and third, we have 

to pray—pray that we have plenty of resources. 

Planning. We have had a lot of new legislation and we have had 

new equipment. The result is that for the first time in the city of 

Chicago, for this Presidential election, our voters will be using a 

blended system of touch-screen and optical-scan voting. This is 

going to cause quite a few problems, but I think that by planning 

for it, we can handle it. 

Partnership. We have done partnership with other organizations. 

The Mikva Challenge is a group that sponsors a project to involve 

high school students in voting as poll workers. We set up a special 

class for poll workers, classes just for high school students, and so 

far we have recruited as many as 900. This election we are planning on over 2,000. So we are really looking forward to that. 

We also have a partnership with the Board of Education and 

with the City Colleges of Chicago. City Colleges are a great place 

to recruit our PPAs, our Polling Place Administrators. They are not 

really poll workers, but they are there to handle the equipment. As 

you can see, the equipment is becoming more and more complicated. For somebody of my generation, it is a little difficult, but 

my daughter at 17 years old can whiz right through it. 

We hire these college students to come in and to set up the 

equipment. As I said, they are not actual poll workers. They do 

nothing but the equipment, and our poll workers love their technical help. We hire about 1,900, and we put one in every polling 

place location. 

The other ‘‘P’’ is Plenty of resources. What we need to do is look 

to the news media, to get the word out that we need poll workers. 

We need to get the business community geared up to allow their 

people to take off 2 days, a day for training and a day to serve as 

poll workers. 

As you said in your statement, Madam Chairwoman, it is very, 

very difficult to get people to come in and work an 18-hour day for 

$150 a day. 

What are we looking to the Federal Government for? We are always going to be looking for help. I am going into a city budget 

hearing tomorrow begging for money. Payroll for my polling place 

administrators and for what we call our judges of election, is over 

$1.5 million. A mailing to the residents of the city of Chicago informing them of any changes in equipment, that is $400,000. 

My budget this year, both city and county funds, is almost $31 

million. There is a point where the cities and the counties will 

118 

reach their limits and will not be able to fund elections adequately. 

So, again, we look to the Federal Government. We did get a bailout 

with HAVA, and because of the Federal Government, we were able 

to purchase new equipment. We really thank you for that, but what 

we are saying is that we are going to need additional help. As I 

call it, the bucket that used to be full is draining and nearly empty. 

And, as always, we look to the Federal Government for help to fill 

our needs. 

And that completes what I have to say. Thank you. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much. 

[The statement of Mr. Gough follows:] 

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Ms. LOFGREN. Ms. Purcell, we would be delighted to hear from 

you. 

STATEMENT OF HELEN PURCELL, RECORDER, MARICOPA 

COUNTY 

Ms. PURCELL. Thank you, Madam Chair, members of the committee. 

You have my written testimony which has supporting examples 

of a few of the key points I would like to make today. 

We expect a lot of our poll workers. As you mentioned, Madam 

Chair, they arrive at the polling place before dawn, they perform 

increasingly complicated procedures and serve as a gateway to the 

democratic process for all voters on election day. 

We understand that providing training and instructional tools to 

poll workers is critical for a successful election. In Maricopa County, 83 percent of our poll workers attended training classes for the 

general election in 2006. Almost 1,000 workers have obtained premium status by attending an additional 8 hours of training. Every 

election, hundreds attend bilingual training class, providing language assistance to limited-English-proficiency voters. Yet training 

continues to be a challenge in conducting the election. 

Training responsibilities fall on the local jurisdictions, as they 

should. Maricopa County has 1,142 polling places and hires in excess of 7,000 workers on election day. 

Regardless of the size, there are some essential training questions which have universal applications: core curriculum, training 

formats, on-the-job training materials, training incentive strategies, 

and program evaluation. 

The Election Assistance Commission has recently produced a Poll 

Worker Guidebook of professional practices which contains a myriad of possible ways to augment an existing program in these 

areas. 

Every poll worker in America needs to get instructions on voting 

equipment operations, polling place procedures, how to provide effective voter assistance, sensitivity training regarding voters with 

disabilities, and, of course, security issues. 

There is a challenge with the multiple types of equipment now 

present in the polling place as a result of the Help America Vote 

Act. New technology can be daunting to the poll workers. But 

equipment is only a single facet of what a poll worker must know. 

The worker must make sure that the voter is in the correct polling place, which ballot style the voter is to receive. In Arizona, we 

rely on the worker to implement and uphold our new voter-initiative ID requirements. This means advising the voter that although 

they were able to use their passport to prove their citizenship when 

they registered to vote, because it doesn’t have an address on it, 

they cannot use it as a proof of identity to get a ballot on election 

day. Voters could easily believe that the worker does not understand the ID requirements, when, in fact, they are following the 

strict letter of the law. 

Training formats need to take into consideration various learning 

styles. Some learn by doing, others by reading. Still others learn 

by pictures or graphics and hearing the information. An effective 

program is a combination of the training formats: providing classVerDate Aug 31 2005 01:35 Feb 16, 2008 Jkt 040365 PO 00000 Frm 00200 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\A365.XXX A365
199 

room, video/DVD, on-line and written options for potential workers 

to access the tools they need in the time leading up to election day. 

Pre-election training is obviously not enough. Providing tools 

which the workers can utilize on election day as a quick guide is 

critical. A practice that we have found to be beneficial is to provide 

duty cards, a one-page summary of the responsibilities of each position in the voting processing line. 

If training were mandatory, 1,148 workers hired last November 

in our county would not have been allowed to work. Would voters 

be better served? I think not. 

Prior to serving voters as county recorder, I worked for the political party as their poll worker recruitment manager. It was not uncommon to lose 100 workers the week before the election or even 

the weekend before. In Arizona, a lot of our primary elections fall 

after—the day after Labor Day, and that makes it extremely difficult. 

Regardless of the training strategy that is employed, its efficiency must be evaluated and tracked. We survey our workers to 

determine if they felt trained properly for election day, and we also 

have voter assistance surveys available to the voter. We received 

more than 8,000 responses. Over 98 percent of the voters responded the workers were helpful. But what happens when they 

are not, or they are either unable or unwilling to provide assistance? 

Many jurisdictions get their workers directly from political parties and have no ability to dismiss rogue voters or retire those who 

are no longer willing and able to do the work. Our jurisdiction has 

the ability to hire youth workers, 16- and 17-year-olds, and that 

has been extremely helpful to us with the new equipment, because, 

as one of the panelists mentioned, they can handle that very easily. 

In closing, there is one last element of the training that we have 

not discussed, and that is personal experience of working at the 

polls to determine what goes on at the polls. I require that my staff 

work as poll workers at least once during their career. While sitting as a member of the Technical Guidelines Committee as we 

worked on the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines to the EAC, the 

National Institute of Standards and Technology not only chaired 

our committee, but provided technical assistance to the production 

of the guidelines. So that they could better understand what is required of the workers and the level of their expertise, members of 

the NIST team worked at the polling places. I know certain requirements that had been proposed were quickly abandoned after 

they did that. 

I might suggest that you ask your staff if they have served as 

poll workers. I wish that we could get more government workers 

and business people to work at the polls. First-hand knowledge is 

indispensable. 

I would be happy to take any questions. Thank you, Madam 

Chair. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. 

[The statement of Ms. Purcell follows:] 

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Ms. LOFGREN. And Ms. Collins-Foley, we would love to hear from 

you. 

STATEMENT OF JENNIFER COLLINS-FOLEY, PRESIDENT, THE 

POLLWORKER INSTITUTE 

Ms. COLLINS-FOLEY. Thank you for this opportunity to appear before you. 

I have worked in elections administration, and particularly with 

the focus on poll worker issues, for more than 11 years, including 

serving as assistant registrar of voters in Los Angeles County for 

8 years, where I was responsible for recruiting and training 25,000 

poll workers and another 4,000 rovers and coordinators just to get 

us through our major elections. 

Since leaving Los Angeles County 4 years ago, I have been fortunate to work in a number of elections administration initiatives, 

and one of the projects that I have been most proud of and felt 

most honored to be selected to work on was the Election Assistance 

Commission’s successful practices for poll worker recruitment, 

training, and retention. This was a 17-month project, as the chairman said in the beginning, that focused on a collection of practices 

that do work. 

So this was a very proactive effort, not talking about all of the 

horror stories of the elections, but what people are doing across the 

country that does work. And the election commission, I have a set 

here, and I have some more if anybody would like to see them. 

There is also a compendium of laws as they relate to poll worker 

requirements across the country and a guidebook for recruiting college poll workers as well. 

And there are so many challenges in poll workers, as we have 

talked about already. There is also a number of opportunities. And 

so I would like to talk briefly about the challenges, and then I 

think we will maybe have to move on to the opportunities in the 

questions period. 

We used to be able to recruit 1.4 to 2 million poll workers across 

this country very easily. In some places that is rather easy. It 

seems that in smaller municipalities, people have a cadre of poll 

workers who show up to the polls who are very effective; they are 

reliable. And then there are other larger jurisdictions where we 

sadly have a funny joke that says we use the breathing test, which 

means if they are breathing, they are hired, the poll worker is 

hired. And that is a really sad joke because it has been around for 

about 40 years, and we are still dealing with it. And we get so desperate before major elections. In L.A. It is not uncommon to be 

down 2- to 3,000 poll workers in the weeks before a major election. 

And if we can get those bodies, as we call them, we have no idea 

who they are, but if we can get those bodies, and we just hope they 

can come into training before the election. Pretty scary. 

On top of the challenge of trying to bring back our veteran poll 

workers, the people who have served us so well for so many years, 

we face the challenge of people retiring, people getting too elderly 

to serve at the polls, being afraid of the technology, being afraid 

of the massive amounts of paperwork that are necessary to run a 

polling place. 

537 

There is also the primary elections which are so complicated they 

scare off poll workers; frequent election poll worker burnout, and 

a problem we call location, location, location, which means that you 

can get people to serve in their home precincts, but they will not 

be willing to serve out of their precincts when that is really where 

they are needed. 

As Secretary of State Mauro said, we have an incredibly changing election environment in which election officials find that they 

need people with different skills. We need bilingual poll workers 

who can serve the limited-English-proficiency voters. We need poll 

workers who are comfortable with the technology that is changing. 

We need poll workers who are almost auditors and bookkeepers on 

election day to fill out all of the forms and make all of the signatures. Provisional voting, voting ID procedures, all of these are incredibly complex procedures that are scaring off some of our regular poll workers. 

There is also opportunities. We were fortunate in working with 

the EAC project to study a number of creative recruiting strategies, 

and these strategies are bringing a new skill set into the polling 

place. They are bringing youth, they are bringing energy, they are 

bringing techno-savvy poll workers in, they are bringing bilingual 

poll workers in. As Ms. Purcell said, they are bringing people who 

have been trained in customer service standards for serving voters 

with disabilities. 

And there are also—for larger jurisdictions, there are also multiplier programs. So instead of recruiting one by one by one poll 

workers that used to work, we can now say to a teacher, Can you 

give me 30; to a county manager, Can you give me 100. And in Los 

Angeles County where I am still doing some consulting work, we 

have 3,000 county employees that we hope to have 8,000 next year 

because we have got three major elections next year. And we have 

3,000 students, and we are hoping to get 6,000. I think we are 

going to make our match, and we are going to need to make our 

goals next year to survive, especially the two primaries that nobody 

wants to work. 

In terms of conducting poll worker training, that is another big 

challenge that has a lot of opportunities. Most poll worker training 

programs have had to be reinvented since HAVA because the procedures are becoming more complex, and often poll workers will 

walk out of a training class and quit because it is too much for 

them. 

There are some opportunities. If we take things from the field of 

adult learning, we can really change our polling places, our polling 

place training around. Things like hands-on training, things like 

really well done PowerPoint programs. If we can assess who comes 

to our training and whether they are really getting it, and, you 

know, in some places they have these kinds of tools. They have the 

ability to talk to adult learners, they have the ability to have fancy 

systems to track who they are bringing in and who they don’t want 

to bring back, and other people are actually managing this from 

the back of index cards. 

And I think probably we will get into some findings and recommendations. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you very much. 

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[The statement of Ms. Collins-Foley follows:] 

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Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you all of you for your testimony and your 

willingness to volunteer your experience and expertise with us and 

the Congress as we look at this important issue. 

This is now the time when Members can question the witnesses 

for as long as 5 minutes, and I would like to defer on my time to 

Mr. Davis, who I know has other obligations. 

Mr. DAVIS. Thank you, Madam Chairwoman. 

Let me thank the panel for coming. 

Let me direct the first question to the three election officials that 

are here, Mr. Mauro, Mr. Gough and Ms. Purcell. 

In any of your jurisdictions, which I guess are Iowa, Chicago and 

Maricopa County, Arizona, do any of your jurisdiction document 

the number of complaints or errors that you detect related to poll 

workers? 

Beginning with you, Mr. Mauro. 

Mr. MAURO. I know in my previous experience I served in the 

county—yes. In Polk County where I served as a county commissioner and county auditor before I was elected secretary of state, 

we did document those, and it becomes quite extensive. 

Let me tell you what a typical day on an election in Iowa is like, 

on a Presidential election day or gubernatorial election day. People 

will turn their radios or TVs on, and the first thing they get from 

the radio commentator is, Call this number if you have a problem 

with the polls. You know, Call us, let us know. Don’t call the election commissioner. Let us know so we can send our investigative 

teams to the polls. 

And we try to monitor these types of things. And many of the 

problems that take place at the polling places are not being able 

to identify the proper person at the proper polling place. They go 

to an incorrect polling place, they don’t have their voter identification card with them, or they can’t ascertain where they should be, 

and we try to document those, and a lot of times we get calls to 

our office. But it becomes a very stressful situation. 

Mr. DAVIS. Plug a number out of the air for me so I can understand this quantitatively. Typical election cycle in the State of Iowa 

in 2006, give me a ballpark number of how many problems or potential errors you detected. 

Mr. MAURO. I can only speak for Polk County. We had probably 

270,000 people who participated in the election that day, and we 

probably took somewhere around 1,500 calls from different people 

about incorrect polling places, not being in the poll book, those 

types of issues that we documented during that course. They had 

to vote provisional ballots. Most of our instances come where people 

go, their name is not in the book, and they have to vote provisional 

ballot. 

Mr. DAVIS. Mr. Gough, give me an estimate in how often in the 

2006 elections in Chicago there were reported instances of poll 

worker error. 

Mr. GOUGH. We have what we call our ‘‘hotline’’, which is 

manned by 100 staff, attorneys, and employees that we have hired. 

Out of a turnout of about 700,000 people that came to the polls, 

there were from 1,300 to 5,000 calls. 

But, we have investigators out in the field; and, as soon as we 

get a call, we send an investigator out. If there is a problem with 

551 

a poll worker, we will remove that poll worker on that day. We will 

get a court order to remove that poll worker and replace him with 

another one. 

We have a group of 300 poll workers that we have on standby 

to put them in different polling places in case there is a problem. 

Mr. DAVIS. So 1,300 to 5,000 complaints of errors or problems? 

Mr. GOUGH. Problems that we investigate. 

Mr. DAVIS. Ms. Purcell, give me a similar quantitative number. 

Ms. PURCELL. Thank you, Madam Chair and Mr. Davis. 

We have very few calls about the poll worker error. There are a 

number of things that happen in the polling places. We have already in the field a number of troubleshooters who are out there. 

Their duty is to take five to six polling places, and they circle 

among those polling places all day. 

So a lot of those problems are solved. But we, too, have a hotline 

that they can call into. We document all of those issues that come 

into the hotline, and we do a report of that afterwards so that we 

can analyze what went wrong and what we need to do in that polling place. 

Mr. DAVIS. Let me tell you all why I asked that question. 

Mr. Mauro, you talked about the kind of complaints you get regarding problems, questions on election day. 2006 in the State of 

Iowa, how many complaints did you detect regarding voter ID problems, people who indicated that they are John Jones, and they are 

really Mary Smith and claim to be somebody else at the polling 

place? 

Mr. MAURO. Very, very, very few. 

Mr. DAVIS. I am going to go quickly. 

Mr. Gough, 2006 election cycle, Chicago, how many complaints 

did you get indicating that there were voter ID problems, someone 

who is John Jones claiming to be Mary Smith? 

Mr. GOUGH. Hardly any at all. 

Mr. DAVIS. Same question. 

Ms. PURCELL. My comment would be the same. Hardly any. 

Mr. DAVIS. That is an important point, Madam Chairwoman, because as a lot of you know, the Supreme Court will have a case in 

the next 45 days in voter ID in which voter ID laws will be constitutionally problematic. There has been a huge controversy, legally and politically, around these issues, and I am struck that 

there is being a lot of energy being expended in many States for 

the need for voter ID laws when the empirical problem appears to 

be very limited, according to all three of you, when I hear and see 

very little energy being expended around the problem you all identify. 

Am I correct to see that contradiction? 

Mr. MAURO. You are absolutely correct. Most of our issues—none 

were dealing with voter identification problems. 

Mr. DAVIS. Am I correct to see a contradiction there? 

Mr. GOUGH. You are correct. 

Ms. PURCELL. We already have voter ID requirements in our 

State, so we have to implement those now, but anybody that comes 

into the polls, either give them the right to vote a provisional ballot, or they can vote a conditional provisional if they don’t provide 

the proper ID. 

552 

Mr. DAVIS. All right. Thank you. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I would like to recognize the Ranking Member for 

his 5 minutes of questions. 

Mr. EHLERS. First of all, just on that last comment, I don’t know 

if the survey gives an accurate number, because if you are not 

checking photo IDs, how do you know if you have photo ID problems? So I don’t think there are any conclusions that you can draw 

from that little interrogation. 

Let me note a couple of things. First of all, Ms. Purcell, you made 

the comment firsthand knowledge is indispensable, and I love that 

quote because I have been telling my colleagues that all the time. 

We in the Congress—those of us who don’t have firsthand experience are making some judgements about the voting process that I 

think are inaccurate, and that is why we have to depend on experts 

like you to come in and try to clarify the issue. 

And, Mr. Gough, you made the comment at the end of your testimony that we always look to the Federal Government for help, and 

I quite often will start out my speeches at home saying, I am from 

the Federal Government, and I am here to help you, which is always good for a laugh. 

I don’t know how much you get from us. We try. But if you are 

looking for money, I would point out that our budget deficit this 

year is certainly far greater than the total budget of Chicago. So 

I am not sure how much help we can give you. We will certainly 

try to meter HAVA obligations, and if we pass H.R. 11, we will 

have to meet that monetary obligation. 

But I don’t think you are going to get too much beyond that. 

Ms. Collins-Foley, I was fascinated. First of all, I appreciate your 

quote that you need different training levels for different jobs. And 

too often we lump all poll workers together. I think most of the 

problems—in fact, when you were asked about the problems and 

the number of problems, in my observations, in polls, most of the 

problems are not caused by the poll workers, but by the voter. And 

I am fascinated by one little statistic in Los Angeles in the last 

Presidential election: 3,616 voters in Los Angeles all made precisely the same mistake in voting for President, and that is a lot 

for one particular mistake. Others made other mistakes. 

But I was fascinated with your comments, and I would like to 

talk to you one on one with you after this just to get some more 

of your ideas. I am very interested in your research, and that is 

probably my scientific background. 

Secretary of State Mauro, you appear to have a lot of experience, 

and obviously running statewide is important. I assume you are familiar with H.R. 811, a bill that is in the Congress and which currently is on the floor waiting action. 

How would this legislation impact your State’s and other States’ 

poll worker training programs? And also related to that is what 

opinion—what role should the Federal Government have in poll 

worker training systems? 

Mr. MAURO. H.R. 811, I am glad you asked it because it is going 

to affect all of the States. It is going to affect Iowa greatly, too, because it calls for a lot of comprehensive changes that will affect poll 

workers, and the biggest one is going to be with uncertainty of 

equipment. 

553 

In Iowa, we used our Help America Vote funds to buy new equipment, and we have a blended system there. We have optical scans, 

we have DREs. We just passed paper trail legislation. We are going 

to be putting V-Pats on all the DREs; and with some of the things 

that are taking place with H.R. 811, the funding that we have and 

we are going to use for that is going to be useless by the time we 

get to 2010 or 2012. 

So I think the intent of the bill is to provide voter integrity and 

provide a paper trail. I like all of those things. The uncertainty it 

is creating in Iowa and other States with the equipment issues, 

what do we buy, what is certified, how do we get through the certification process, what do we do with the money, do we spend 

money now because it won’t be any good 2 years from now, those 

are creating havoc. 

In addition to all of that, we have to train poll workers on how 

they put the V-Pat, the attachment that will go on some of these 

DREs, how they work, what happens when the paper roll runs out. 

I am telling you that the intent is good. There are nightmare ramifications that can come from this. That is my feeling. 

Mr. EHLERS. Is part of the problem the time line in the bill that 

would require it to be in effect? 

Mr. MAURO. The time line is an important part of the bill because it is asking a lot of people to do things in a time where the 

vendors—one of the things nobody talked about is the vendors that 

are out there can’t even supply it. Nor can they supply it, they 

don’t have people to even train us on it. You talk about finding poll 

workers, they are going out the street and hiring people off the 

street, bringing them in 2 or 3 days for training, and say, Now go 

train the election officials. 

This is the madness that is being created here. There is not that 

many people supplying election equipment across this country, and 

then they have to go through a certification process, and they have 

to come through the State certification process, and time is up. And 

in the meantime, we are trying to figure out what kind of plans do 

we make for 2008, because we have a verified paper trail in Iowa. 

We need to get these attachments on there, and what we are going 

to buy in 2008, is it going to be more money we are going to need 

in 2010? I think so. Is it going to be more money than we need in 

2012. I think so. 

All of these things are adding up into a real dilemma. 

Mr. EHLERS. Putting aside the time problem, which I think is a 

huge problem, and we probably will not get the bill done in time 

for that to even be a real problem for you, one other issue in the 

bill that I am very concerned about and I would like your opinion 

on, and that is where it specifies that in case of a recount, the vote 

of record is the paper trail. 

Now, as I said, I have been involved in local elections enough. 

My alternative that I have tried to get entered into the bill, and 

so far it has failed, is that that choice of which is the most accurate 

record should be left up to the local and State election officials on 

the site, so if it appears that the paper trail is the most accurate, 

that should be chosen. If it appears the electronic record is more 

accurate, that should be chosen. Or if there is some other backup 

554 

method, there are other backup methods besides paper which could 

be instituted by local governments. 

What is your opinion? 

Ms. LOFGREN. The gentleman’s time is expired, and, by unanimous consent, he is granted additional 2 minutes. 

Mr. MAURO. I think that the idea is good by allowing those different avenues to get a paper trail, but that will never be accepted 

in any State. Most of the States want—most of the voter integrity 

groups or legislative groups want the actual paper roll to be used 

for the recount. 

Now, I am telling you what is going to happen with the paper 

roll: They are going to get jammed. They are not going to print correctly. They are not going to get turned off correctly. The election 

officials are going to have to replace the rolls in the middle of the 

day when they run out. That is what they want to use, they better 

have an alternate plan for when—and in most States they are putting in an alternate plan for when that doesn’t work. 

So the intent is good. The ramifications of this intent without the 

proper training, without the proper vendors putting it in place, 

that is going to create the issues. 

So I would like to think you could choose one, two or three, but 

I don’t think anybody is going to let that happen. I think for the 

most part everybody is going is to say, We want to have this paper 

trail. We want to use that roll that the voter verified as the recount 

mechanism, and in a lot of cases, they are not going to be able to 

because it is going to become corrupted one way or another through 

nobody hacking anything. It is going to become corrupted on its 

own recourse, jammed paper, election officials not replacing the 

rolls, all of those type of issues, and that is what I see the scenario 

being. 

Mr. EHLERS. Thank you. And, you know, that is exactly why I 

want you to make the choice as to which—— 

Mr. MAURO. I think that is a good idea, but I don’t think that 

is going to happen. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I would now like to take my opportunity to ask 

questions. And getting back to the topic of the hearing, I would be 

interested in anything that we might be able to do relative to if 

there are legal obstacles to the recruiting of poll workers who are 

young. 

It seems to me from some of the experiences we have received 

here that that is a real opportunity for the country. They know the 

technology, they are not afraid, they can get up early and work 

late. Certainly we value our retirees, but to augment. 

And the question is are there obstacles that are illegal, or are 

there otherwise obstacles that we could address as a Nation to the 

recruitment of young people that we should know about? Any one 

of you who know the answer to that? 

Mr. GOUGH. Okay. To recruit high school students, they must be 

honor roll students, have a certain grade point average, and be seniors. On the Governor’s desk right now in Illinois, there is a bill 

to let juniors serve as poll workers. We look forward to having that 

young group of people serving as poll workers because we may 

have them for several elections. 

555 

The problem is we do not want to get rid of nor do we want to 

slight our senior poll workers. They have been there for many 

years. They do the job. They look forward to it. And, you can count 

on them showing up. You know, sometimes you may not be able 

to count on a young person showing up at 4 o’clock or 5 o’clock in 

the morning. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Ms. Purcell. 

Ms. PURCELL. Yes. We have recently just changed our laws to 

allow us to do 16- and 17-year-olds helping in the polls, and it is 

a dual purpose, and it has given us a dual response. 

They are capable of handling the equipment much more than 

seniors are. They are helpful to them also to carry things. There 

are a lot of things in a polling place that have to be lifted, stored, 

whatever, and a young person can do that. 

We don’t find the problem with the 16- and 17-year-olds as far 

as getting up. They seem to be able to do that. We did have a little 

bit of problem with some of our college students because they don’t 

readily get up. But when they are allowed by their schools to come 

in and serve, it has been a wonderful experience, and we hope to 

triple it in the coming election. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I know, Mr. Mauro, you addressed this in your 

opening. 

Mr. MAURO. I think we need to reach out into the business community, because I think what Lance had spoken to earlier about 

young kids, you can’t keep them. They are off to college. But they 

are great when you get them there because they have intermingled 

with the retirees and the older people beautifully because they appreciate hauling the equipment, running the errands, putting the 

signs up. There are so many things involved in a polling place, 

hanging the signs, carrying out the equipment and those type of 

things. 

So I think to reach out even further to the business community 

to see if we can get people to take some community service time 

to work at the polls. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Also, $88 is a lot more to a 16-year-old than it 

might be to a 50-year-old. 

Ms. Collins-Foley. 

Ms. COLLINS-FOLEY. The EAC compendium of State poll worker 

requirements is exactly the answer to your question. It goes 

through State by State all of what we saw as impediments to creative poll worker recruiting. The age limitations, only half the 

States have passed laws enabling the young folks to serve. Residency requirements are a big problem. Only five States to date 

have allowed anybody in the State to serve as a poll worker. Everybody else you have to be in the precinct or at least in the county, 

and that means you can’t reach out to your college students; even 

if you can get them out of bed, you can’t even get them. They are 

not registered in that jurisdiction. 

You couldn’t get some of your corporate poll workers who—some 

jurisdictions have had tremendous success with corporate poll 

worker programs—because of very restrictive political party requirements. They have to wait until the political parties turn over 

lists before they can put together their poll worker teams. 

556 

There is as much good news as bad news in this compendium of 

requirements, and a lot of that I think Congress can play a real 

role in supporting flexible poll worker recruiting requirements. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I would be very interested if any of you have just 

suggestions or, especially Ms. Collins-Foley, sort of celebrations 

that we might bring to the attention of various legislatures. Sometimes people are unaware of what is going on and what has worked 

in another jurisdiction, and merely sharing that information can be 

a real impetus to change. 

Like the Ranking Member, I served on the board of supervisors 

for a long time and actually longer than I have been in Congress, 

and we oversaw the registrar of voters. But in California, as you 

are aware, this is all civil service. I mean, the concept that the political parties would be allowed to even touch the process is just 

anathema in California. 

And so I guess that goes to my next question, which is the idea— 

not every country runs their elections with volunteers as we do, 

and I don’t think there is any chance that we will change that. But 

there is a role, and you have mentioned that we have recruited 

county employees for the day or municipal employees. 

Do any of you see any downside to soliciting the assistance of 

municipal or county or even State officials for that purpose? 

Ms. PURCELL. Absolutely none. We recruited at the county level 

with the assistance of our county manager and board of supervisors 

but also at the city and other levels of government that they would 

serve on Election Day. And they do a lot of our work at night, on 

Election night, if they haven’t worked during the day, and they 

come in when we are bringing all of our equipment in. 

Mr. GOUGH. We have looked at that in the City of Chicago. There 

has been an issue that some of these people have received their 

jobs through political hiring. 

Ms. LOFGREN. That also is different than California. 

Mr. GOUGH. We don’t think it is a good idea to do that, so that 

is something that we do not do. 

Ms. LOFGREN. All right. 

Mr. MAURO. In Iowa, basically, a lot of these officials that work 

for government entities are supporting candidates that day; if they 

are taking the day off, they are taking it in support of their favorite 

candidate. We have had some success with different levels of government employees and most of them are working somewhere else, 

if they are not working at their job that day. 

Ms. LOFGREN. But that is an availability issue, not the same concern. 

Mr. MAURO. An availability issue. I would still like to see it get 

out in the business community and have the business community 

promote it, because a lot of businesses have voter awareness 

groups. I think if we could ever get there and get something really 

working there, I think it could be very successful, but I know some 

States have done it with success. We are still trying to put something like that in place. 

Ms. LOFGREN. All right. Since have you been patient with us, I 

am hopeful that you can stay for one more round of questions from 

Mr. Ehlers and myself. I see some nodding heads, so I would recognize Mr. Ehlers for an additional 5 minutes of questions. 

557 

Mr. EHLERS. Thank you, and I will try to be briefer than the first 

time. I appreciate your willingness to let me go longer the first 

time. 

First of all, we have a good deal of material that was submitted 

by Ms. Purcell to us. She was our witness, and I would just like 

to move that material she gave us be entered into the record. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Without objection. 

Mr. EHLERS. Thank you. And then we will save a little time here. 

Ms. Purcell, you state that the Federal Government should not 

set mandates in how State and local jurisdictions run their proworker programs. Can you elaborate? What are your concerns here, 

and why should you do it, and not, why shouldn’t the Federal Government be involved? Go ahead. 

Ms. PURCELL. Thank you, Mr. Ehlers. If we are required to do 

certain things, it might limit our ability to get those poll coworkers 

who don’t fit into that niche. As I said, if training is required, then 

we would have had over a thousand workers in the last election 

that we could not use, because we had to hire them the last weekend before the election, and obviously, there was no time to train 

them. Some of them had worked elections before so they had some 

training in a prior election. We try not to bring those in as any of 

our top workers at the polling places, but our clerks and that type 

of thing, but it just would not serve us well if we were mandated 

to have training for each and every poll worker. 

Mr. EHLERS. I see. And did your county use HAVA funds for poll 

worker training, or did you use your own funds? 

Ms. PURCELL. Mr. Ehlers, we have used mostly our own funds, 

for the poll worker training. We do a little bit of outreach work 

with HAVA money, but most has been our own money. 

Mr. EHLERS. And Mr. Gough, you stated in your program where 

you hired tech savvy college students, which I think is a great idea. 

You just said the program cost $300 per student for training and 

service. Did you have sufficient money for that, or did you have to 

use HAVA funds for that? 

Mr. GOUGH. Yes, sir, this came out of city funds. 

Mr. EHLERS. City funds, good. 

Ms. Collins-Foley, you mentioned that, from your testimony, it is 

clear that retention is one of the biggest problems concerning poll 

workers. And certainly it was a problem in the last Presidential 

election. What do you recommend that States do to ameliorate this 

problem and try to improve retention? 

Ms. COLLINS-FOLEY. I think the first step is finding out who you 

want to bring back, because you don’t want to bring back all of 

your poll workers. And I think that is a bigger challenge in some 

jurisdictions than others, some jurisdictions have set up terrific 

monitoring evaluation programs, so they know if the person went 

to training, if they opened the poll on time, if they had a bunch 

of voters that didn’t sign their provisional ballots. They actually 

know who they hired, who they trained and who they want to bring 

back. 

And then in terms of retention, there’s all sorts of, you know 

things that we don’t know whether they work or not, you know, 

nice pens, nice certification, certificates of appreciation, that kind 

of thing. I think we need to bring back our good ones with newsVerDate Aug 31 2005 01:35 Feb 16, 2008 Jkt 040365 PO 00000 Frm 00559 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\A365.XXX A365
558 

letters and thank-you ceremonies and that kind of thing, but I 

think we also need to recognize it will be more and more difficult 

in the future to bring back a sufficient number of skilled poll workers, and that is why we need to get into some of these other creative Federal employee programs, corporate poll worker programs, 

county employee programs, high school student programs. I think 

we are going to continually be challenged to beef up our pool. 

Mr. EHLERS. In my experience at the polls, there is quite a variety of jobs and some are very mundane, just checking off lists and 

things like that; others are more demanding. It seems to me the 

key is to have a really good supervisor or supervisors who can keep 

everyone on the ball all the time. 

Part of the problem, too, I think, fatigue, particularly if you go 

to the polls at close to 8 o’clock and people have been there since 

7 o’clock, no real breaks. They are pretty worn out, and I think fatigue affects their judgment and their performance as well. 

Ms. COLLINS-FOLEY. I think that is particularly true with—some 

of the veteran poll workers are kind of used to that, but the students going to these polling places, and they are either bored out 

of their minds, or they find an opportunity to talk to some of the 

older poll workers and get something out of it. 

We find that the student poll workers say, I will never do that 

again. And you consider that to be a sad thing, but we find the 

hero of that program to be teachers, and if we can find a way to 

make a fuss over what fantastic teachers give us hundreds and 

thousands of students election after election, that will keep that 

youth in the polling place, people know that, particularly if a student goes off to college and may or may not serve again, they have 

had that great exposure. It is really the teachers that deserve the 

champion award for keeping the youth coming back every election 

and bringing that energy in. 

Mr. EHLERS. That is excellent. It might also help to have a separate room where they can go play video games for 15 minutes every 

once in a while. 

Ms. LOFGREN. I was thinking the same thing. 

Mr. EHLERS. I yield back, thank you. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Thank you. I am interested with the three election 

officials on translated ballots and other materials in qualified jurisdictions, Federal law requires that these materials be made available to citizens whose first language is a language other than 

English. 

What kind of training have you implemented to ensure that poll 

workers are actually providing these ballots? And then, every year 

we hear of problems where maybe the material isn’t provided at 

the polling place. What kind of strategies have you engaged to 

make sure that that does not create a problem. And finally, in California, we found in our county it is so helpful if you are able to actually recruit some bilingual poll workers in areas where you know 

you are going to have a substantial number of people using a ballot 

in another language, and how have you approached that challenge? 

Ms. PURCELL. Thank you. Madam Chairman, we do a constant 

recruiting of bilingual poll workers. It is required because we are 

one of the 13 States covered under the National Voting Rights Act, 

so we do that. But we constantly are going into the communities. 

559 

We are looking at our voter registration rolls to make sure that we 

are servicing enough people. 

We do kind of a two-tiered thing of recruiting poll workers who 

say they are bilingual. We then have a test for them to take with 

one of our bilingual people in our office to make sure that they can 

in fact relate certain election issues and questions to the workers. 

And we also have the Native American languages, which of course 

are not written, and we have to provide those in oral form to all 

the chapter houses on our Indian reservations. So we have another 

thing that we have to do, and we try to constantly keep up with 

that. 

At our last election, our ballot was produced in both English and 

Spanish. We are hopeful we won’t have do that again. We can have 

those ballots separate, because that made for a 4-page ballot and 

was confusing to everyone, even the Hispanic community complained about that. 

Ms. LOFGREN. We have actually separated them. In Santa Clara 

County, like local option, we have gone on the expansive side. California, of course, has these initiatives, and some of them are very, 

very complicated. And even, you know, most voters speak English, 

but to be able to read something that complicated in your first language is a wonderful gift. And so we have got Korean, Chinese, 

Spanish, Vietnamese, on and on and on. Just the more you can 

help people understand it, the better off the society is. We just 

have separate ballots in hand, a different ballot to voters as they 

come in. 

Ms. PURCELL. We were the only county in Arizona that was required by the Justice Department to produce a ballot that had both 

English and Spanish, and it was confusing to everyone. 

Ms. LOFGREN. That is confusing. 

Ms. PURCELL. We are trying to deal with it. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Mr. Gough. 

Mr. GOUGH. Yes. We have to print in English, Spanish and in 

Chinese, and we recruit poll workers from their neighborhoods. If 

we have 1,200 precincts that are covered under section 203, which 

requires having Spanish-speaking poll workers in those precincts, 

we make sure that the people we recruit from those areas speak 

the language. Under section 203, we have about 68 precincts for 

which we recruit people that speak Mandarin so that they can communicate with the voters. This has worked out very well. It is expensive, though. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Mr. Mauro. 

Mr. MAURO. In Iowa, it is not an issue at the present time. We 

only print in English. The next census comes around that possibly 

could change, but right now, we’re only printing one language. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Okay. I was thinking—and this is really the final 

question I have—getting back to the recruitment of young people, 

I know when my kids were going to San Jose High in downtown 

San Jose, every kid was required to have a certain number of hours 

of community service. And I will confess that my kids, like the rest 

of the kids, would wait until the end, and they would go, oh, my 

goodness, I have to have so many hours to graduate. But I don’t 

recall if we ever did anything to say this could get a young person 

qualified to do that, and if that is a thought, if it isn’t qualified 

560 

under community service, that maybe we ought to do some outreach to schools to be sure that it would qualify. And that it is a 

great opportunity, because it is organized, and you don’t have to 

scramble to figure out what else to do. 

And then just another reminder. When I was an undergraduate, 

Stanford had a campus in England, and my favorite political 

science professor, Ray Wolfinger, decided that we would do polling 

in the Midlands, and no matter how good you were at political 

science, you would not get the units for his courses unless you actually went and did 100 interviews for polls. And so for government 

classes, maybe we could incentivize these kids also, because it is 

a great opportunity and experience to see the wonderful American, 

electoral system in action. So between community service and our 

government teachers—that was my favorite class in high school— 

we might be able to put some further incentives into place for 

young people because they clearly will be part of the answer, not 

all of the answer. 

With that, we would note that we have 5 legislative days to submit additional questions, and if you do we ask that you respond to 

them as promptly as possible. And once again, we do thank you 

very, very much for your willingness to be here. 

Mr. Ehlers. 

Mr. EHLERS. First of all, I notice your microphone is cutting in 

and out. We better get that repaired. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Does anyone know someone on the House Administration Committee? 

Mr. EHLERS. Yeah, why don’t we find Mr. Brady? I used to do 

that myself. 

I just want to thank you for this hearing. The last thing I needed 

today was another hearing or meeting, but I thoroughly enjoyed it, 

and I learned a lot, and I really appreciate you doing this. 

Also I can’t resist making a comment, since I used to live in California, and I know what you mean about the ballot proposals. Unfortunately, California started the proposition industry, and it has 

now moved to most States. I really wish we could control it, because I totally agree with you, even if you read perfect English, it 

is very hard to make sense of all the nuances of the proposal. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Yes. 

Mr. EHLERS. I wish we could control it in some way, because I 

think we get some very bad laws. 

Ms. LOFGREN. Oftentimes, and California is the poster child, I 

am afraid, for some of that, but—— 

Mr. EHLERS. Yeah. 

Ms. LOFGREN. With that, I would like to again thank the witness. 

A lot of people don’t realize that the witnesses come as volunteers 

to the country, and it is a tremendous gift you have given us today 

with your expertise. We do appreciate it and will call this hearing 

to a close. Thank you. 

[Whereupon, at 3:49 p.m., the subcommittee was adjourned.] 

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Insert offset folio 870 here 40365A.801
830 


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831 


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832 


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833 


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834 


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835 


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836 


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837 


Insert offset folio 878 here 40365A.809
838 


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839 


Insert offset folio 880 here 40365A.811
840 


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841 


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842 


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843 


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844 


Insert offset folio 885 here 40365A.816
845 


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846 


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847 


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848 


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849 


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850 


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851 


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852 


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853 


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854 


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855 


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856 


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857 


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858 


Insert offset folio 899 here 40365A.830
859 


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860 


Insert offset folio 901 here 40365A.832
861 


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862 


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863 


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864 


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865 


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866 


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867 


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868 


Insert offset folio 909 here 40365A.840
869 


Insert offset folio 910 here 40365A.841
870 


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871 


Insert offset folio 912 here 40365A.843
872 


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873 


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874 


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875 


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876 


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877 


Insert offset folio 918 here 40365A.849
878 


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879 


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880 


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881 


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882 


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883 


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884 


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885 


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886 


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887 


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888 


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889 


Insert offset folio 930 here 40365A.861
890 


Insert offset folio 931 here 40365A.862
891 


Insert offset folio 932 here 40365A.863
892 


Insert offset folio 933 here 40365A.864
893 


Insert offset folio 934 here 40365A.865
894 


Insert offset folio 935 here 40365A.866
895 


Insert offset folio 936 here 40365A.867
896 


Insert offset folio 937 here 40365A.868
897 


Insert offset folio 938 here 40365A.869
898 


Insert offset folio 939 here 40365A.870
899 


Insert offset folio 940 here 40365A.871
900 


Insert offset folio 941 here 40365A.872
901 


Insert offset folio 942 here 40365A.873
902 


Insert offset folio 943 here 40365A.874
903 


Insert offset folio 944 here 40365A.875
904 


Insert offset folio 945 here 40365A.876
905 


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906 


Insert offset folio 947 here 40365A.878
907 


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908 


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909 


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910 


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911 


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912 


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913 


Insert offset folio 954 here 40365A.885
914 


Insert offset folio 955 here 40365A.886
915 


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916 


Insert offset folio 957 here 40365A.888
917 


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918 


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919 


Insert offset folio 960 here 40365A.891
920 


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921 


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922 


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923 


Insert offset folio 964 here 40365A.895
924 


Insert offset folio 965 here 40365A.896
925 


Insert offset folio 966 here 40365A.897
926 


Insert offset folio 967 here 40365A.898
927 


Insert offset folio 968 here 40365A.899
928 


Insert offset folio 969 here 40365A.900
929 


Insert offset folio 970 here 40365A.901
930 


Insert offset folio 971 here 40365A.902
931 


Insert offset folio 972 here 40365A.903
932 


Insert offset folio 973 here 40365A.904
933 


Insert offset folio 974 here 40365A.905
934 


Insert offset folio 975 here 40365A.906
935 


Insert offset folio 976 here 40365A.907
936 


Insert offset folio 977 here 40365A.908
937 


Insert offset folio 978 here 40365A.909
938 


Insert offset folio 979 here 40365A.910
939 


Insert offset folio 980 here 40365A.911
940 


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941 


Insert offset folio 982 here 40365A.913
942 


Insert offset folio 983 here 40365A.914
943 


Insert offset folio 984 here 40365A.915
944 


Insert offset folio 985 here 40365A.916
945 


Insert offset folio 986 here 40365A.917
946 


Insert offset folio 987 here 40365A.918
947 


Insert offset folio 988 here 40365A.919
948 


Insert offset folio 989 here 40365A.920
949 


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950 


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951 


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952 


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953 


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954 


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955 


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956 


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957 


Insert offset folio 998 here 40365A.929
958 


Insert offset folio 999 here 40365A.930
959 


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960 


Insert offset folio 1001 here 40365A.932
961 


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962 


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963 


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964 


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965 


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966 


Insert offset folio 1007 here 40365A.938
967 


Insert offset folio 1008 here 40365A.939
968 


Insert offset folio 1009 here 40365A.940
969 


Insert offset folio 1010 here 40365A.941
970 


Insert offset folio 1011 here 40365A.942
971 


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972 


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973 


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974 


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975 


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976 


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977 


Insert offset folio 1018 here 40365A.949
978 


Insert offset folio 1019 here 40365A.950
979 


Insert offset folio 1020 here 40365A.951
980 


Insert offset folio 1021 here 40365A.952
981 


Insert offset folio 1022 here 40365A.953
982 


Insert offset folio 1023 here 40365A.954
983 


Insert offset folio 1024 here 40365A.955
984 


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985 


Insert offset folio 1026 here 40365A.957
986 


Insert offset folio 1027 here 40365A.958
987 


Insert offset folio 1028 here 40365A.959
988 


Insert offset folio 1029 here 40365A.960
989 


Insert offset folio 1030 here 40365A.961
990 


Insert offset folio 1031 here 40365A.962
991 


Insert offset folio 1032 here 40365A.963
992 


Insert offset folio 1033 here 40365A.964
993 


Insert offset folio 1034 here 40365A.965
994 


Insert offset folio 1035 here 40365A.966
995 


Insert offset folio 1036 here 40365A.967
996 


Insert offset folio 1037 here 40365A.968
997 


Insert offset folio 1038 here 40365A.969
998 


Insert offset folio 1039 here 40365A.970
999 


Insert offset folio 1040 here 40365A.971
1000 


Insert offset folio 1041 here 40365A.972
1001 


Insert offset folio 1042 here 40365A.973
1002 


Insert offset folio 1043 here 40365A.974
1003 


Insert offset folio 1044 here 40365A.975
1004 


Insert offset folio 1045 here 40365A.976
1005 


Insert offset folio 1046 here 40365A.977
1006 


Insert offset folio 1047 here 40365A.978
1007 


Insert offset folio 1048 here 40365A.979
1008 


Insert offset folio 1049 here 40365A.980
1009 


Insert offset folio 1050 here 40365A.981
1010 


Insert offset folio 1051 here 40365A.982
1011 


Insert offset folio 1052 here 40365A.983
1012 


Insert offset folio 1053 here 40365A.984
1013 


Insert offset folio 1054 here 40365A.985
1014 


Insert offset folio 1055 here 40365A.986
1015 


Insert offset folio 1056 here 40365A.987
1016 


Insert offset folio 1057 here 40365A.988
1017 


Insert offset folio 1058 here 40365A.989
1018 


Insert offset folio 1059 here 40365A.990
1019 


Insert offset folio 1060 here 40365A.991
1020 


Insert offset folio 1061 here 40365A.992
1021 


Insert offset folio 1062 here 40365A.993
1022 


Insert offset folio 1063 here 40365A.994
1023 


Insert offset folio 1064 here 40365A.995
1024 


Insert offset folio 1065 here 40365A.996
1025 


Insert offset folio 1066 here 40365A.997
1026 


Insert offset folio 1067 here 40365A.998
1027 


Insert offset folio 1068 here 40365A.999
1028 


Insert offset folio 1069 here 40365A1.000
1029 


Insert offset folio 1070 here 40365A1.001
1030 


Insert offset folio 1071 here 40365A1.002
1031 


Insert offset folio 1072 here 40365A1.003
1032 


Insert offset folio 1072 here 40365A1.004
1033 


Insert offset folio 1073 here 40365A1.005
1034 


Insert offset folio 1074 here 40365A1.006
1035 


Insert offset folio 1075 here 40365A1.007
1036 


Insert offset folio 1076 here 40365A1.008
1037 


Insert offset folio 1077 here 40365A1.009
1038 


Insert offset folio 1078 here 40365A1.010
1039 


Insert offset folio 1079 here 40365A1.011
1040 


Insert offset folio 1080 here 40365A1.012
1041 


Insert offset folio 1081 here 40365A1.013
1042 


Insert offset folio 1082 here 40365A1.014
1043 


Insert offset folio 1083 here 40365A1.015
1044 


Insert offset folio 1084 here 40365A1.016
1045 


Insert offset folio 1085 here 40365A1.017
1046 


Insert offset folio 1086 here 40365A1.018
1047 


Insert offset folio 1087 here 40365A1.019
1048 


Insert offset folio 1088 here 40365A1.020
1049 


Insert offset folio 1089 here 40365A1.021
1050 


Insert offset folio 1090 here 40365A1.022
1051 


Insert offset folio 1091 here 40365A1.023
1052 


Insert offset folio 1092 here 40365A1.024
1053 


Insert offset folio 1093 here 40365A1.025
1054 


Insert offset folio 1094 here 40365A1.026
1055 


Insert offset folio 1095 here 40365A1.027
1056 


Insert offset folio 1096 here 40365A1.028
1057 


Insert offset folio 1097 here 40365A1.029
1058 


Insert offset folio 1098 here 40365A1.030
1059 


Insert offset folio 1099 here 40365A1.031
1060 


Insert offset folio 1100 here 40365A1.032
1061 


Insert offset folio 1101 here 40365A1.033
1062 


Insert offset folio 1102 here 40365A1.034
1063 


Insert offset folio 1103 here 40365A1.035
1064 


Insert offset folio 1104 here 40365A1.036
1065 


Insert offset folio 1105 here 40365A1.037
1066 


Insert offset folio 1106 here 40365A1.038
1067 


Insert offset folio 1107 here 40365A1.039
1068 


Insert offset folio 1108 here 40365A1.040
1069 


Insert offset folio 1109 here 40365A1.041
1070 


Insert offset folio 1110 here 40365A1.042
1071 


Insert offset folio 1111 here 40365A1.043
1072 


Insert offset folio 1112 here 40365A1.044
1073 


Insert offset folio 1113 here 40365A1.045
1074 


Insert offset folio 1114 here 40365A1.046
1075 


Insert offset folio 1115 here 40365A1.047
1076 


Insert offset folio 1116 here 40365A1.048
1077 


Insert offset folio 1117 here 40365A1.049
1078 


Insert offset folio 1118 here 40365A1.050
1079 


Insert offset folio 1119 here 40365A1.051
1080 


Insert offset folio 1120 here 40365A1.052
1081 


Insert offset folio 1121 here 40365A1.053
1082 


Insert offset folio 1122 here 40365A1.054
1083 


Insert offset folio 1123 here 40365A1.055
1084 


Insert offset folio 1124 here 40365A1.056
1085 


Insert offset folio 1125 here 40365A1.057
1086 


Insert offset folio 1126 here 40365A1.058
1087 


Insert offset folio 1127 here 40365A1.059
1088 


Insert offset folio 1128 here 40365A1.060
1089 


Insert offset folio 1129 here 40365A1.061
1090 


Insert offset folio 1130 here 40365A1.062
1091 


Insert offset folio 1131 here 40365A1.063
1092 


Insert offset folio 1132 here 40365A1.064
1093 


Insert offset folio 1133 here 40365A1.065
1094 


Insert offset folio 1134 here 40365A1.066
1095 


Insert offset folio 1135 here 40365A1.067
1096 


Insert offset folio 1136 here 40365A1.068
1097 


Insert offset folio 1137 here 40365A1.069
1098 


Insert offset folio 1138 here 40365A1.070
1099 


Insert offset folio 1139 here 40365A1.071
1100 


Insert offset folio 1140 here 40365A1.072
1101 


Insert offset folio 1141 here 40365A1.073
1102 


Insert offset folio 1142 here 40365A1.074
1103 


Insert offset folio 1143 here 40365A1.075
1104 


Insert offset folio 1144 here 40365A1.076
1105 


Insert offset folio 1145 here 40365A1.077
1106 


Insert offset folio 1146 here 40365A1.078
1107 


Insert offset folio 1147 here 40365A1.079
1108 


Insert offset folio 1148 here 40365A1.080
1109 


Insert offset folio 1149 here 40365A1.081
1110 


Insert offset folio 1150 here 40365A1.082
1111 


Insert offset folio 1151 here 40365A1.083
1112 


Insert offset folio 1152 here 40365A1.084
1113 


Insert offset folio 1153 here 40365A1.085
1114 


Insert offset folio 1154 here 40365A1.086
1115 


Insert offset folio 1155 here 40365A1.087
1116 


Insert offset folio 1156 here 40365A1.088
1117 


Insert offset folio 1157 here 40365A1.089
1118 


Insert offset folio 1158 here 40365A1.090
1119 


Insert offset folio 1159 here 40365A1.091
1120 


Insert offset folio 1160 here 40365A1.092
1121 


Insert offset folio 1161 here 40365A1.093
1122 


Insert offset folio 1162 here 40365A1.094
1123 


Insert offset folio 1163 here 40365A1.095
1124 


Insert offset folio 1164 here 40365A1.096
1125 


Insert offset folio 1165 here 40365A1.097
1126 


Insert offset folio 1166 here 40365A1.098
1127 


Insert offset folio 1167 here 40365A1.099
1128 


Insert offset folio 1168 here 40365A1.100
1129 


Insert offset folio 1169 here 40365A1.101
1130 


Insert offset folio 1170 here 40365A1.102
1131 


Insert offset folio 1171 here 40365A1.103
1132 


Insert offset folio 1172 here 40365A1.104
1133 


Insert offset folio 1173 here 40365A1.105
1134 


Insert offset folio 1174 here 40365A1.106
1135 


Insert offset folio 1175 here 40365A1.107
1136 


Insert offset folio 1176 here 40365A1.108
1137 


Insert offset folio 1177 here 40365A1.109
1138 


Insert offset folio 1178 here 40365A1.110
1139 


Insert offset folio 1179 here 40365A1.111
1140 


Insert offset folio 1180 here 40365A1.112
1141 


Insert offset folio 1181 here 40365A1.113
1142 


Insert offset folio 1182 here 40365A1.114
1143 


Insert offset folio 1183 here 40365A1.115
1144 


Insert offset folio 1184 here 40365A1.116
1145 


Insert offset folio 1185 here 40365A1.117
1146 


Insert offset folio 1186 here 40365A1.118
1147 


Insert offset folio 1187 here 40365A1.119
1148 


Insert offset folio 1188 here 40365A1.120
1149 


Insert offset folio 1189 here 40365A1.121
1150 


Insert offset folio 1190 here 40365A1.122
1151 


Insert offset folio 1191 here 40365A1.123
1152 


Insert offset folio 1192 here 40365A1.124
1153 


Insert offset folio 1193 here 40365A1.125
1154 


Insert offset folio 1194 here 40365A1.126
1155 


Insert offset folio 1195 here 40365A1.127
1156 


Insert offset folio 1196 here 40365A1.128
1157 


Insert offset folio 1197 here 40365A1.129
1158 


Insert offset folio 1198 here 40365A1.130
1159 


Insert offset folio 1199 here 40365A1.131
1160 


Insert offset folio 1200 here 40365A1.132
1161 


Insert offset folio 1201 here 40365A1.133
1162 


Insert offset folio 1202 here 40365A1.134
1163 


Insert offset folio 1203 here 40365A1.135
1164 


Insert offset folio 1204 here 40365A1.136
1165 


Insert offset folio 1205 here 40365A1.137
1166 


Insert offset folio 1206 here 40365A1.138
1167 


Insert offset folio 1207 here 40365A1.139
1168 


Insert offset folio 1208 here 40365A1.140