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Message from Donna E. ShalalaForewordPrefaceAcknowledgments

Executive Summary
**Chapter 1:**Introduction
Scope, Focus, and Overarching Themes

Secondary Areas of Concern

Youth Violence: The Public Health Approach

Myths About Youth Violence

Sources of Data and Standards of Evidence
- Data Sources  Standards of Scientific Evidence for Multidisciplinary ResearchLevel of Evidence
Overview of the Report's Chapters
Chapter Conclusions
Chapter 2
- Chapter 3  Chapter 4Chapter 5
Preparation of the Report
References

**Chapter 2:**The Magnitude of Youth Violence

Measuring Youth Violence

The Violence Epidemic

Arrests for Violent Crimes
- Arrest Rates and Trends  The Role of FirearmsComparing Arrests to Other Trends
- Arrests Versus Self-Reported Incidents   Prevalence of Violent Behavior    - International Prevalence   Differences by Sex and Race/Ethnicity      - Differences in Self-Reports  Differences in Arrest Rates
Violence at School
- Homicides and Nonfatal Injuries  Weapons at SchoolPerceptions of School Violence
Gangs and Violence
Conclusions
References
Appendix 2-A

******Chapter 3:**The Developmental Dynamics of Youth Violence

Early- and Late-Onset Trajectories

Onset and Prevalence of Serious Violence

Cumulative Prevalence

Rates of Offending and Violent Careers

Developmental Pathway to Violence

Chronic Violent Offenders

Superpredators?

Co-Occurring Problem Behaviors
- Violence and Mental Health    Offending and Victimization  Transition to Adulthood  Conclusions  References     
**Chapter 4:**Risk Factors for Youth Violence

Introduction to Risk and Protective Factors
- Risk Factors  Protective FactorsA Note on Sources
- Summary   Risk Factors in Childhood    - Risk Factors by Domain  Summary
Risk Factors in Adolescence
- Risk Factors by Domain  SummaryUnexpected Findings and Effects
Proposed Protective Factors in Childhood and Adolescence
A Note on Sources
- Proposed Protective Factors by Domain  Summary
Conclusions

References

Appendix 4-A: Lipsey and Derzon’s Classes of Risk Factors

Appendix 4-B: Violence in the Media and Its Effect on Youth Violence

Media Violence: Exposure and Content

Major Behavioral Effects of Media Violence
- Television and Film Violence  Experimental StudiesCross-Sectional Surveys
- Longitudinal Studies  Other StudiesViolence in Other Media
- Potential Moderators of Behavioral Effects   Summary of Major Empirical Research Findings  Preventive Efforts  Implications  References     
**Chapter 5:**Prevention and Intervention

Promoting Healthy, Nonviolent Children

Methods of Identifying Best Practices

Scientific Standards for Determining Program Effectiveness
- Model  PromisingDoes Not Work
Stategies and Programs: Model, Promising, and Does Not Work
Primary Prevention: General Populations of Young People
- Ineffective Primary Prevention Programs  Secondary Prevention: Children at High Risk of ViolenceIneffective Secondary Prevention Approaches
- Tertiary Prevention: Violent or Seriously Delinquent Youths  Ineffective Tertiary Programs and Strategies
Cost-Effectiveness

Conclusions

Going to Scale

References

Appendix 5-A: Consistency of Best Practices Evaluations

Appendix 5-B: Descriptions of Specific Programs That Meet Standards for Model and Promising Categories

Model Programs: Level 1 (Violence Prevention)
- Functional Family Therapy (FFT)  Multidimensional Treatment Foster CareMultisystemic Therapy (MST)
- Prenatal and Infancy Home Visitation by Nurses  Seattle Social Development Project
Model Programs: Level 2 (Risk Prevention)
- Life Skills Training (LST)  The Midwestern Prevention Project
Promising Programs: Level 1 (Violence Prevention)
- Intensive Protective Supervision Project  Montreal Longitudinal Study/Preventive Treatment ProgramPerry Preschool Program
- School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP)  Striving Together to Achieve Rewarding Tomorrows (CASASTART, formerly Children At Risk [CAR])Syracuse Family Development Research Program
Promising Programs: Level 2 (Risk Prevention)
Bullying Prevention Program
- Families and Schools Together (FAST Track)  Good Behavior GameI Can Problem Solve
- The Incredible Years Series  Iowa Strengthening Families ProgramLinking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT)
- Parent Child Development Center Programs  Parent-Child Interaction TrainingPreparing for the Drug-Free Years
- Preventive Intervention  Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS)The Quantum Opportunities Program
- Yale Child Welfare Project      
******Chapter 6**A Vision for the Future

Continue to Build the Science Base

Accelerate the Decline in Gun Use by Youths in Violent Encounters

Facilitate the Entry of Youths into Effective Intervention Programs Rather Than Incarcerating Them

Disseminate Model Programs with Incentives That Will Ensure Fidelity to Original Program Design When Taken to Scale

Provide Training and Certification Programs for Intervention Personnel

Improve Public Awareness of Effective Interventions

Convene Youths and Families, Researchers, and Private and Public Organizations for a Periodic Youth Violence Summit

Improve Federal, State, and Local Strategies for Reporting Crime Information and Violent Deaths

Conclusion

Reference
    ******Glossary**  ******Index**  **Boxes**  2-1. Definitions of the four violent crimes considered in this report  4-1. Early and late risk factors for violence at age 15 to 18 and proposed protective factors, by domain  5-1. Rating intervention strategies  5-2. Rating prevention programs  5-3. What Model programs cost  **Figures**  2-1. Arrest rates of youths age 10-17 for serious violent crime, 1980-1999  2-2. Arrest rates of youths age 10-17 for serious violent crime, by type of crime, 1980-1999  2-3. Firearm- and nonfirearm-related homicides by youths, 1980-1997  2-4. Nonfatal firearm-related injuries of youths age 10-19 treated in hospital emergency departments, 1993-1998  2-5. High school students who carried weapons, 1991-1999  2-6. Trends in youth violence since 1983  2-7. Trends in incident rates of serious violence among 12th graders, assault with injury and robbery with a weapon combined, 1980-1998  2-8. Trends in prevalence of serious violence among 12th graders, 1980-1998  2-9. Twelfth graders injured with a weapon at school, 1980-1998  3-1. Hazard rate for initiating serious violence, by age, National Youth Survey  3-2. Prevalence of serious violence among male youths, by age: four longitudinal surveys  3-3. Cumulative prevalence of serious violence, by age, sex, and race: four longitudinal surveys  **Tables**  2-1. International comparison of the annual and cumulative prevalence of self-reported violent behavior by youths, 1992-1993  2-2. Differences in youths' self-reported violent behavior, by sex and race, 1983, 1993, and 1998  2-3. Differences in youth arrests for serious violent crimes, by sex and race/ethnicity, 1983, 1993, and 1998  3-1. Prevalence of serious violence by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: four longitudinal surveys  4-1. Effect sizes of early and late risk factors for violence at age 15 to 18  4-2. Proposed protective factors, evidence of buffering risk, and outcome affected, by domain  5-1. Average effect size  5-2. Cost-effectiveness of early intervention in California  5-3. Comparative costs and benefits of prevention and intervention    ****Back to Top |