IEAB Independent Economic 

Analysis Board

Roger Mann, Chair 

Noelwah R. Netusil, Vice-Chair 

Kenneth L. Casavant 

Daniel D. Huppert 

Joel R. Hamilton 

Lon L. Peters 

Susan S. Hanna 

Hans Radtke 

A I - 1 

Economic Effects From Columbia 

River Basin Anadromous Salmonid 

Fish Production 

Independent Economic Analysis Board 

Revised December 2005 

Document IEAB 2005-1 
 i 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................. i 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................ES-1 

INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 

Background 

Outline of the Report 

Trends in the Ocean Commercial Salmon Fishery 

Trends in the Tribal Fisheries 

Trends in the Recreational Salmon Fishery 

METHODS USED TO CALCULATE ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION ......................................9 

Economic Value Measurements 

Estimating Regional Economic Impacts With Input/Output Models 

Limitations of Regional Economic Impact Analyses 

CHANGING HARVEST PATTERNS..........................................................................................13 

Management Objectives 

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION ESTIMATES ............................................................................17 

Economic Contribution Model Specification 

Economic Contribution Estimates 

Economic Contribution in Historical Context 

Other Fish Resources Not Included in These Estimates 

BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................37 

Cited 

Not Cited 
 ii 

MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURE 

Map 1: Columbia River Watershed 

Table 1: Anadromous Fish Regional Economic Impact Modeling Assumptions 

Table 2: Hatchery and Wild Fish Production 

Table 3a: Smolt-to-Adult Survival Rate Model Assumptions by Production Area and 

Species Complex Used for Four Cases of Production and Harvest Management 

Policies in the Columbia River Basin 

Table 3b: Estimated Annual Total Released Hatchery Smolts (2002-2004 Average) Based 

on Fish Passage Center Count of Approximately 139 Million and Representative 

Early 2000's Survival Rates 

Table 4: Contribution to Fisheries Model Assumptions for Case III - Early 2000's 

Table 5: Hatchery Release, Smolt-to-Adult Survival Rates, and Harvest Level 

Assumptions for Four Cases Considered for Estimating Adult Salmonid Returnsto-Fisheries 

Table 6: Regional Economic Impacts of Columbia River Basin Produced 

Salmon/Steelhead by Geographic Areas For Four Cases of Production and 

Harvest Management Policies 

Table 7: Economic Impacts Per Year For Four Cases of Columbia River Basin 

Anadromous Fish Production and Harvest Management 

Table 8: Economic Contribution From Columbia River Basin Fish Production 

Figure 1: Pacific Salmon Harvest and World Farmed Production 

Figure 2: World Salmon Aquaculture Production and Average Price 

Figure 3: U.S. Ocean Commercial Salmon Fishery North of Cape Falcon, Total Fish Caught 

and Ex-vessel Price/lb 

Figure 4a: Columbia River Commercial Salmon Fishery, Harvest Volume Below Bonneville 

in 1987 to 2004 

Figure 4b: Columbia River Commercial Salmon Fishery, Harvest Volume Above Bonneville 

in 1987 to 2004 

Figure 4c: Columbia River Commercial Salmon Fishery, Price for Harvests Below 

Bonneville in 1987 to 2004 

Figure 4d: Columbia River Commercial Salmon Fishery, Price for Harvests Above 

Bonneville in 1987 to 2004 

Figure 5: Recreational Ocean Salmon Harvest North of Cape Falcon 

Figure 6: Recreational Salmon Fishery in the Lower Columbia River and Estuary (Buoy 10) 

Figure 7: The Fisheries Economic Assessment Model Process 

Figure 8: Columbia River Commercial Landings of Salmon and Steelhead, 1866-2002 

Figure 9a: Distribution of Columbia River Salmon, Showing Abundance Above and Below 

the Site of Bonneville Dam (Area of Circles is Proportional to Estimated 

Population Sizes) 

Figure 9b: Species Composition of Columbia River Salmon (Area of Circles is Proportional 

to Estimated Population Sizes) 

Figure 10: Estimated Daily Historical Adult Returns to the Columbia River Basin Circa 1878 
 iii 

Figure 11: Recent Actual Daily Adult Returns and Returns Needed for Increased Markets to 

Bonneville Dam 

Figure 12: Historical and Recent Columbia River Basin Estimated Regional Economic 

Impacts From Basin Produced Salmonid Harvests 

APPENDICES 

A. Modeling For Four Cases of Production and Harvest 

B. List of Sources Used to Provide Estimates of Representative Survival Rates for Columbia 

River Basin Salmonids 

C. Other Fish Resources Not Included in the Analysis 
 ES-1 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The Northwest Power and Conservation Council (NPCC) has requested that the Independent 

Economic Analysis Board (IEAB) prepare an estimate of the economic value of commercial, 

tribal, and recreational fisheries' on Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead, both wild and 

hatchery (NPCC's IEAB Task Order 87). This report was prepared to describe some of these 

values. The report focused on current fisheries, their contribution to local economies, and the 

sources of the salmon and steelhead that support these fisheries. It also provides some historical 

context and identifies significant changes that have affected fisheries over time. 

Fishing has a long history in the Columbia River Basin. To the Indians living along the 

Columbia River, salmon were their lifeblood, essential to their subsistence, their culture, and 

their religion. A focal point of this great salmon fishery for many centuries was Wy-am, one of 

the longest continuously occupied sites on the North American continent. Located near Celilo 

Falls on the Columbia River, the Wy-am area, before the Dalles Dam in 1957, was a commercial 

center during the fishing season. In autumn, as many as 5,000 people would gather to trade, 

feast, and participate in games and religious ceremonies. 

Salmon played a key role in developing the West by European settlers. As early as 1828, various 

trading companies were purchasing and exporting salmon caught by the Indians on the Columbia 

River. The first commercial use of fishery products in Oregon was the packing of salmon. 

Development of the canning process in the mid 1800's created a huge demand for salmon. The 

total harvested pounds of salmon and steelhead in the early 1890's ranged from 21 million 

pounds to 40 millions pounds. During the late 1880's and early 1920's, the salmon gillnet fishery 

in the Columbia River pumped a substantial amount of income into communities on the lower 

Columbia River, such as Astoria. 

The history of Columbia River salmon harvest exhibits a transition from hand-held spears and 

dip nets, to riverboats with purse seines and gillnets, to ocean-going vessels with diesel engines 

and trolling poles. Originally, harvesters waited until salmon returned to the Columbia River. 

When salmon became scarcer and gas powered engines allowed fishermen to venture out farther 

into the ocean, trolling for salmon became an attractive alternative. As ocean fisheries 

developed, a growing share of the fish produced in the Basin was harvested in the ocean. Today, 

salmon produced in the Columbia River system are harvested from California to Alaska by 

trolling gear and by nets set to harvest other species of salmon. The effect of economic 

development in the Columbia Basin, hatchery production, and mixed stock, open access fisheries 

has been to reduce the total harvest and change the species and stock composition of salmon 

returning to the Columbia River. The change in the nature of the harvest patterns and the decline 

in total Columbia Basin production has resulted in fewer fish available for harvest in the 

Columbia River. Commercial landings of salmon and steelhead harvested in the Columbia River 

declined from around 20 million pounds in the late 1940's to a very low level in 1993, when a 

total of just over one million pounds of salmon was harvested. 

Another trend is that, in the last two decades, farmed salmon has grown to provide more than half 

of the world salmon market. This infusion of new supply has resulted in significant reductions in 
 ES-2 

salmon prices that, combined with reduced catch, has put substantial economic pressure on 

commercial salmon fisheries. As returning fish numbers have declined, so have the revenues 

received by fishermen and the resulting household income generated for inland communities. 

Some of these trends may be changing. Adult salmon and steelhead numbers have always been 

volatile, depending on ocean and other conditions. Since 2000, numbers of adult salmon and 

steelhead available for harvest have increased dramatically. Increased prices for certain salmon 

products during the 2004 season may indicate increased demand for specialty products, such as 

"wild caught" salmon. Another recent trend is the rapid decline in the U.S. dollar. This has also 

increased prices for most salmon products. 

This analysis estimates the contribution of salmon and steelhead to coastal and Columbia River 

communities in recent years. The estimate includes both wild and hatchery fish, and economic 

value from both commercial harvests and recreational harvests wherever they occur. Tribal 

harvests for commercial markets are included. Ceremonial and subsistence catch is not included. 

The report uses regional economic impacts (REI) as the measure of value. The unit of value is 

household personal income. REI should be viewed as the income generated by harvesting, and 

in the case of commercially harvested fish, preparing a marketable product, plus the indirect or 

secondary impacts on other economic activities, commonly called the "multiplier effect." The 

contribution of surplus hatchery fish sold to fish processors is included. The REI calculations are 

for household income generated in communities wherever Columbia River Basin salmon and 

steelhead are caught, communities extending from Alaska and British Columbia to northern 

California. 

REI measures the amount of income that is related to the fisheries. It measures economic 

contribution under current conditions and is not a valid measure of the long-term effects on the 

economy of changes in fish abundance or policy. It provides a measure of the short-term 

dislocations and adjustments that might be caused by collapse of the fishery. 

The REI is not a measure of economic benefit. Economic benefits might include consumer 

surpluses of recreational fishermen, certain non-use values such as tribal subsistence and 

ceremonial harvests, certain industry costs or cost savings, and a variety of other economic 

values not analyzed in this paper. Economic benefits would be a more appropriate measure to 

show the long term effects from changes in the fishery. 

In the early 2000's, the Columbia Basin produced about 284 million smolts (Figure ES.1). 

Overall, about 48 percent of this production is by hatchery and 52 percent through natural 

production. The surviving adults, harvested and returning to spawning grounds and hatcheries, 

total 2.8 million. About 63 percent of these adults are produced by hatcheries and 37 percent by 

natural production (Figure ES.1). Because of different levels of smolt production by species, 

different survival rates from smolt to harvestable adults, and different areas and means of 

harvest, the total income generated from harvesting is supported by about 70 percent by 

hatcheries and 30 percent by natural production. 

The model to generate estimates of REI uses factors for smolt-to-adult survival rates, hatchery 

production levels, and harvest regulations. As shown in Table ES.1, the estimates varied from 
 ES-3 

Figure ES.1 

Estimated Hatchery and Wild Smolt Production and Resulting Surviving 

Adults From the Columbia Basin Using Early 2000's Conditions 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Fall

Chinook

S/S

Chinook

 

Coho

 

Steelhead

Smolt Production (millions of smolts)

Hatchery

Wild

Total smolt production

284 million

23%

44%

12%

5% 8% 5%

1% 1% 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Fall

Chinook

S/S

Chinook

 

Coho

 

Steelhead

Surviving Adults (millions of adults)

Total surviving adults

2.8 million

7%

22%

2%

12%

3%

16%

13%

25%

$40 million to $142 million, depending on the assumptions for these production and harvest 

factors. The remainder of this summary focuses on Case III, using factors that describe the 

conditions representative of the early 2000's. 

Figure ES.2 shows how the economic impacts are distributed among geographic areas. About 77 

percent of the economic contribution occurs from ocean and in-river fisheries in the Pacific 

Northwest. Most of the rest occurs in Alaska and British Columbia, with a very small 

contribution in California as well. Significant economic contributions to Alaska and British 

Columbia come from fall Chinook. About half of the total economic contribution from fall 

Chinook is captured outside the Pacific Northwest. 

Based on preliminary information of adult survival rates for early 2000's brood stock, the 

Columbia River Basin anadromous salmonid production will contribute about $142 million total 

personal income annually to communities on the West Coast. In the Pacific Northwest, a full 

time equivalent job receives about $30,000 annually. The $109 million generated in the Pacific 

Northwest states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho of personal income may support about 3,633 

jobs. The total income in the Pacific Northwest states is about $400 billion annually. Although 

the impact from Columbia Basin salmonid production may be relatively small in comparison, 

this economic impact can be significant in some local communities with close ties to the fishing 

industry. 
 ES-4 

Table ES.1 

Economic Impacts Per Year For Four Cases of Columbia River Basin Anadromous Fish 

Production and Harvest Management (Millions of 2003 Dollars of Personal Income) 

Policy Economic Impacts (Millions of 2003$)

Case Assumptions Commercial Recreational Total

I Hatchery production at NMFS cap, SAR and 

harvests 30 yr historical average

$54.3 $33.4 $87.7

II Hatchery production at 1995 levels, SAR and 

harvests at 1980's historical average

$66.4 $47.1 $113.5

III Hatchery production, SAR, and harvests at early 

2000's levels

$91.2 $50.4 $141.6

IV Hatchery production at 1995 levels, SAR and 

harvests early 1990's historical average

$26.4 $13.6 $40.0

Notes: 1. Regional economic impacts are total personal income per year in millions of 2003 dollars. 

2. Total and subtotals may not equal sum of values due to rounding. 

3. SAR is smolt-to-adult survival rate. Adults are harvests and returns to hatcheries for hatchery 

origin anadromous fish. Adults are harvests and spawners plus in-stream prespawning 

mortality for wild origin anadromous fish. 

4. Commercial includes ocean treaty and non-treaty harvests from California to Alaska, in-river 

treaty and non-treaty harvests, and hatchery surplus sales. Recreational includes ocean, inriver mainstem, and in-river tributary. 

5. The concern about certain species or sub-species of salmon, and the overall effect of 

hatchery fish on survival of these species, has led to the NMFS placing a cap of 197 million 

annual smolt releases within the Columbia Basin. 

Under early 2000's conditions, about 63 percent of the total economic contribution was generated 

by the Columbia in-river fishery. Steelhead and spring/summer Chinook are mostly caught in 

the river. Coho and fall Chinook are mostly caught in the ocean fisheries. Figure ES.3 shows 

how the four species groups contribute to the economic impact of salmon and steelhead harvest. 

Although there are only slightly fewer spring/summer Chinook harvested than coho, the higher 

value of spring/summer Chinook results in a much larger economic impact. The high per fish 

value of spring/summer Chinook results in them having a higher share of the total economic 

impact, even though fall Chinook are two-thirds more numerous. Steelhead comprise the 

smallest number harvested, but they have a high recreational per fish value. 

Figure ES.4 shows the relative economic contribution of recreational fishing, commercial fishing 

and hatchery surplus. Commercial fishing accounts for 59 percent of the economic impact of 

fishing. Recreational fishing contributes about 36 percent of the total personal income related to 

salmon and steelhead harvest. Steelhead harvest is largely an in-river recreational activity. A 

large share of the coho contribution occurs in the ocean recreational fishery. 
 ES-5 

Figure ES.2 

Estimated Percent of Total Economic Impacts of Columbia River Basin 

Salmon and Steelhead by Region of Catch Using Early 2000's Conditions 

Alaska

4.8%

Canada

18.1%

Washington 

ocean

8.8%

Oregon 

ocean

5.1%

Columbia 

River

62.7%

California

0.4%

Total $141.6 million

Figure ES.3 

Estimated Percent of Total Economic Impacts of Columbia River Basin 

Salmon and Steelhead by Species Group Using Early 2000's Conditions 

Coho

13%

Spring/ 

summer 

Chinook

35%

Fall Chinook

39%

Steelhead

13%

Total $141.6 million
 ES-6 

Figure ES.4 

Estimated Percent of Total Economic Impacts of Columbia River Basin 

Salmon and Steelhead by Fishery Types Using Early 2000's Conditions 

Hatchery 

surplus

5%

Commercial

59%

Recreational

36%

 Nontribal

36%

 Tribal

23%

Total $141.6 million
 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Background 

There are many different fisheries that rely on Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead 

anadromous fish production, including commercial, tribal, and recreational user groups. (See 

Map 1 for the boundaries of the Columbia River Basin (“the Basin")) This report provides an 

estimate of the contribution that the various fisheries make to economies in locations throughout 

the fish migration range; economies extending from Alaska to northern California. The 

economic contribution is due to both wild production and to hatchery production projects.1

There has been little research attention given to the economic contribution from basin-wide fish 

production. A recent publication of the National Research Council (NRC 2004) identifies the 

fisheries and restates estimates by Fluharty (2000) that the Basin generates about 200 to 400 

annual direct commercial fisheries jobs. However, these are only "within Basin" jobs from the 

non-treaty salmon gillnet fishery. The estimate does not include jobs associated with in-river 

fisheries or ocean salmon fisheries. Other authors have taken on species-specific and 

geographic-specific economic analyses. For example, Radtke et al. (1999) developed a model to 

show the economic contribution of the Basin's anadromous fish production. The U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service (USDI 2002) periodically surveys anglers with at the state level to determine 

economic impacts, but does not itemize estimates by river basins in their more recent research 

publications. The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (The Research Group 1991) 

undertook an economic survey that yielded regional economic contribution estimates that 

included Columbia River anadromous as well as resident fish, but other states within the Basin 

do not have comparable economic studies. Idaho sponsored an economic analysis of the Snake 

River steelhead fishery that described the contribution a restored salmon fishery could make to 

state and local economies (Ben Johnson Associates 1999). None of these studies includes 

estimates of economic contribution from all fisheries. 

The Northwest Power and Conservation Council's (NPCC's) Fish and Wildlife Program presently 

spends about $40 million annually on anadromous fish propagation projects. These NPCC 

directed funds are just a part of total Basin funds supplied by a range of local, state, regional, and 

federal agencies for anadromous fish propagation projects. Anadromous fish propagation 

projects help to fulfill basinwide objectives and meet Endangered Species Act (ESA) 

requirements and other treaty and agreement obligations. 

Harvest management has changed; so has the global market for salmon in recent years. There 

have been new allocations among commercial, tribal, and recreational use of the resource. ESA 

requirements have altered the way that fish are harvested. A baseline description of the existing 

 

1. Anadromous fish propagation projects generate economic contributions more than just from increasing 

abundances available to commercial and recreational fisheries. The construction, operation, and maintenance of 

propagation facilities transfers dollars to local economies. Moreover, it takes many biologists, fishery 

managers, researchers, enforcement agents, and administrators to set policies, develop plans, and carry out 

anadromous fish propagation projects. These impacts have not been included in this analysis. A separate 

analysis would be required to estimate the economic contribution of anadromous fish propagation projects. 
 2 

Map 1 

Columbia River Watershed 

Source: The World Commission on Dams (2004). 

salmonid production and fishing industry will assist the NPCC in understanding the role that 

artificial production plays in the regional economy. 

Additional purposes of this report are to support NPCC responsibilities for decision making 

based on sound economic principals, and in particular, assist in Independent Economic Analysis 

Board (IEAB) work in evaluating and advising the Artificial Production Review and Evaluation 

(APRE) process on the economic aspects of cultured salmonid production. 

Outline of the Report 

This report first describes the status of the fishing industry supported by Basin salmonid 

production. Second, economic analysis methods are described. Third, the static economic 

model specifications and assumptions are stated. Lastly, estimates of the economic contribution 

of Columbia Basin salmon and steelhead are shown. 
 3 

Trends in the Ocean Commercial Salmon Fishery 

During the past two decades the major trend affecting the commercial salmon fishery has been 

the burgeoning supply of fresh salmon from the salmon farming industry. As indicated in Figure 

1, the aggregate harvest of Pacific Ocean salmon remained at relatively high levels (mainly in 

Alaska), while world farmed production of salmon grew to exceed the total fishery harvest. One 

major consequence of this development was a substantial drop in the price paid to fishermen for 

salmon: the outward shift in supply revealed that the demand for salmon is negatively related to 

price. This drop in price has affected both farmed salmon and fishery harvests of salmon, and 

was made possible by the rapid technological advances in salmon farming that fostered lower 

production costs and effective marketing techniques. As shown in Figure 2, the average market 

value of farmed salmon (in nominal prices) dropped from roughly $6,000 per metric ton to less 

than $3,000 per metric ton between 1987 and 2001. (Adjusted to 2002 prices, this decline would 

be about double that amount.) This world-wide trend in price is the major cause of reduced 

earnings and the crisis in salmon fishing communities on the West Coast. 

In the ocean salmon fishery north of Cape Falcon, Oregon (the ocean area in which Columbia 

River fish are most frequently caught), harvests fluctuated widely around a declining trend, until 

an upturn in catch in recent years (Figure 3). During the period from 1987 to 2002, the average 

price of salmon to the fishermen in this area (coho and Chinook combined) dropped from 

roughly $5 per pound (adjusted to 2002 prices) to just over $1 per pound. Similarly, the in-river 

gillnet commercial salmon fishery (Figure 4) has suffered a substantial decline in total volume of 

harvests and price since the mid-1980's. The reduced harvests during the mid-1990's did not 

increase prices because Pacific coast salmon are a small part of the international salmon market. 

However, increased available harvests in the early 2000's and increasing prices for certain 

salmon products during the 2004 season may indicate a trend of greater abundance of returning 

salmon and increased demand for specialty products, such as "wild caught" salmon. Another 

recent trend is the rapid decline in the U.S. dollar. This has increased prices for imported, as 

well as domestically produced, salmon products. 

Trends in the Tribal Fisheries 

The present treaty fisheries consist primarily of set gillnets, but dip net fishing still occurs at 

several locations. Harvest rates for treaty fisheries are 50 percent of harvestable returning adults 

as set by the courts in deference to the Belloni Decision (United States v. Oregon 1969) and the 

Boldt Decision (United States v. Washington 1974). This has been further interpreted to mean 

that the tribal harvest shall be 50 percent of all harvestable fish. 

All species of salmon and steelhead are sought. Each year, allowable catch is estimated from run 

counts at Bonneville. Catch is allocated first to ceremonial, next to subsistence and last to 

commercial purposes. No fish of any run are sold for commercial purposes until ceremonial and 

subsistence needs are met. As recently as 1995, spring Chinook were only available for 

ceremonial purposes. Fall Chinook are routinely harvested for commercial sale. Fish are taken 

from the mainstem Columbia and a number of tributaries. Almost all of the commercial fish 

taken are from the mainstem. Total tribal commercial harvest of spring and fall run salmon has 

averaged about 25,000 and 110,000 fish, respectively, over the last five years (Mann 2004). 
 4 

Figure 1 

Pacific Salmon Harvest and World Farmed Production 

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

19

5

4

19

5

9

19

64

19

69

197

4

197

9

19

84

19

8

9

19

94

19

9

9

Year

metric tons

Farmed

Sockeye

Pink

Masu

Coho

Chum

Chinook

Source: FAO (2003). 

Figure 2 

World Salmon Aquaculture Production and Average Price 

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

Year

Metric Tons

$-

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

$7,000

$ US per Metric Ton 

Total Atlantic Salmon

Total Non-Atlantic Salmon

Aver. Market Price

Source: FAO (2003) (in nominal prices). 
 5 

Figure 3 

U.S. Ocean Commercial Salmon Fishery North of Cape Falcon, Total Fish Caught and Ex-vessel Price/lb 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1986 1990 1994 1998 2002

Year

1,000s of Fish

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

Dollars (inflation adjusted to 2002)

Total Fish

Value/lb. in 2002$

Source: PFMC (2003). 

Figure 4a 

Columbia River Commercial Salmon Fishery, Harvest Volume Below Bonneville in 1987 to 2004 

0

2

4

6

8

10

198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

Round Pounds (Millions)

Other

Steelhead

Coho

Chinook

Notes: 1. The determination of harvest area-of-catch used a filter for tribal fisheries. There is a very 

minor amount (less than 1%) of tribal fisheries below Bonneville in the earlier shown years, 

except for 1986 when it was 1% (14,866 pounds). 

 2. Year 2004 is only through November for Washington and California. 

Source: PacFIN December 2004 and February 2005 extractions. 
 6 

Figure 4b 

Columbia River Commercial Salmon Fishery, Harvest Volume Above Bonneville in 1987 to 2004 

0

2

4

6

8

10

198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

Round Pounds (Millions)

Other

Steelhead

Coho

Chinook

Notes and source: See Figure 4a. 

Figure 4c 

Columbia River Commercial Salmon Fishery, Price for Harvests Below Bonneville in 1987 to 2004 

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

Spring Chinook

Fall Chinook

Chum

Coho

Notes: 1. Prices adjusted to 2002 dollars using the GDP implicit price deflator developed by the U.S. 

Bureau of Economic Analysis. 

 2. Prices not shown in years with less than 250 pounds of landings. 

 3. Year 2004 is only through November for Washington and California. 

Source: PacFIN December 2004 and February 2005 extractions. 
 7 

Figure 4d 

Columbia River Commercial Salmon Fishery, Price for Harvests Above Bonneville in 1987 to 2004 

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004

Spring Chinook

Fall Chinook

Coho

Sockeye

Steelhead

Notes and source: See Figure 4c. 

Trends in the Recreational Salmon Fishery 

Basin produced salmon are caught recreationally throughout the West Coast. The recreational 

fishery supported by Columbia River salmon is especially significant in the ocean fishery north 

of Cape Falcon, the estuary and lower river fishery, and various fisheries farther upstream and in 

tributaries. The ocean and lower river fisheries have been highly variable, both in terms of catch 

and level of participation (as measured by annual angler trips taken). In the period1986-2002 the 

ocean recreational catch averaged 137,000 fish (coho plus Chinook), varying between 150,000 

and 200,000 in the late 1980's and early 1990's, dropping to zero in 1994 and recovering to 

232,000 in 2001. From 1981 to 2000 recreational catch in the lower river and estuary averaged 

142,000 fish. As in the ocean fishery, river fishery catch was relatively high in the late 1980's 

and early 1990's, dropped to a record low in 1994, and recovered to about half of the earlier high 

levels in 2000 (Figure 5 and Figure 6). River recreational catch has increased dramatically in 

recent years, as ocean conditions have improved. Demand for outdoor recreation is expected to 

increase. resulting from demographic changes (Haynes and Horne 1996). Changes in salmonid 

production and salmon harvest management may allow for increased regional income generation 

associated with recreational harvest expenditures. 
 8 

Figure 5 

Recreational Ocean Salmon Harvest North of Cape Falcon 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Year

Number of Trips

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

2.00

Catch/Trip

Trips

Catch/trip

Source: PFMC (2003). 

Figure 6 

Recreational Salmon Fishery in the Lower Columbia River and Estuary (Buoy 10) 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999

thousands of trips

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

fish/trip

trips

Catch/trip

Notes: 1. The trips and catch are for the Buoy 10 fishery. 

Source: WDFW and ODFW (2002). 
 9 

METHODS USED TO CALCULATE ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION 

The study's overall goal is to evaluate the economic contributions from harvesting and primary 

processing the Columbia and Snake River anadromous salmon and steelhead fish stocks. 

Columbia Basin produced fish are harvested from Alaska to northern California and the effects 

on their economies are included in this analysis. 

Economic value is generally described in one of two ways: net economic value (NEV) and 

regional economic impacts (REI). NEV attempts to measure the net benefits received by those 

that fish and the value people place on the resource, whether or not they intend to actually use 

the resource in a fishing experience. REI considers how many people participate in fishing and 

how much they spend while fishing. The spending introduces money into the economies, which 

finds its way to household income from wages, proprietor's incomes, rents, interest and 

dividends. 

Economic Value Measurements 

NEV refers to net benefits from a national or regional perspective. This approach addresses 

changes in economic welfare (i.e., the changes in consumer and producer surplus from the events 

being studied). The NEV of the fishery resource is defined as people's net willingness to pay to 

have the fishery resource. NEV is generally, willingness to pay of consumers above their costs, 

plus revenues of producers above costs of production. A common mistake is to add the costs 

associated with using the fishery resource (e.g., travel costs, lodging costs, equipment) to the 

NEV calculation. These associated costs, or expenditures, are drivers of local business activity 

that generate jobs and produce income to local households. REI's are the measurement of this 

activity and are often described in units of jobs, personal income, and business output. REI 

refers to the estimation of economic activity within a region and are sometimes called "economic 

impacts." NEV and REI calculations are "apples and oranges," and cannot be added together or 

even compared in any way. 

The NEV must represent the value of the fishery resource itself, and not the value of the related 

travel and equipment items, because resources are consumed in the creation of value and the 

NEV estimate is only interested in the net value created. For example, suppose the fishery was 

threatened by a hydropower development and policy makers wanted to know whether the anglers 

could "buy out" the hydropower interests. All of the money spent on travel and equipment is not 

available to buy out the competing hydropower interests. However, the money that is left over, 

after all the costs of angling have been paid, is the net willingness-to-pay (consumer surplus) for 

the fishery resource (or fishing at the particular site). If extracted, this surplus could, in 

principle, be used to buy out the hydropower interests (or vice versa). 

Another way to view the difference between NEV and REI is to consider NEV as the net loss to 

society if the resource were no longer available. Suppose that a specific river fishery were no 

longer available to anglers, and they had to either fish somewhere else or engage in some other 

activity. The money spent on travel and equipment would not be lost to the economy - in fact it 

could be spent on travel and equipment or some other commodities in some other location. But 

the value anglers received from fishing in that specific river would be lost. Their net value for 
 10 

the chosen fishery versus other fisheries or activities would be a loss to society, although that 

loss might be offset by gains elsewhere. Their expenditures or associated impacts on income or 

jobs would be a loss to the economy in the vicinity of the preferred river, but would be a gain to 

some other local economy. Regional impacts, therefore, describe the local or regional effects 

associated with any specific area chosen as the point of interest. The calculations for REI in this 

report use personal income as the unit of measurement.1

It is clear that NEV and REI are two distinct measures, and each is useful for different purposes. 

NEV's are important if the goal is to allocate resources efficiently. REI's are important in 

assessing the distributional impacts of the different policies on the economies of local areas. It 

may often be the case that society will want to invest in a less valuable resource from a national 

perspective because the local area or economy that holds the resource is in need of economic 

development. Nevertheless, having the information on economic value will tell society how 

much it is giving up in order to achieve the redistribution of economic activity or development. 

Sometimes an REI gain or employment in one area may be an REI loss to a different area. For 

example, the expenditures by BPA for hatchery funding may be a transfer from electricity paying 

consumers in Portland and Seattle to anglers and businesses in coastal communities. These are 

allocation and equity issues and are not addressed here. 

Estimating Regional Economic Impacts With Input/Output Models 

REI calculations start with an estimate of the costs or expenditures made in the pursuit of the fish 

or, in the case of commercial fishing, its subsequent primary processing to ready the product to 

be shipped out of the harvesting area.2

 These expenditures reverberate throughout the economy 

as the money is spent and respent by those that supply the fishing industry and then the 

households that spend their wages on other goods and services. Economic input/output (I/O) 

models are used to estimate the respending or multiplier effects. The basic premise of the I/O 

framework is that each industry sells its output to other industries and final consumers and in 

turn purchases goods and services from other industries and primary factors of production. 

Therefore, the economic performance of each industry can be determined by changes in both 

final demand and the specific inter-industry relationships. 

The models developed for this project utilize one of the best known secondary I/O models 

available. The IMPLAN modeling software and database can be used to construct county or 

multi-county I/O models for any region in the U.S.3

 The regional I/O models provided by 

 

1. Corresponding measures for full time equivalent jobs may be developed by assuming the personal income is a 

person's average wage and salary or proprietors net income. It can be assumed in the Pacific Northwest that 

$30,000 is a reasonable estimate for annual per job income. The $30,000 represents a representative income per 

Pacific Northwest resident for 2002 to 2004. 

2. Harvesting as well as primary processing is included in the REI calculations. Some fish, such as salmon caught 

with troll gear, are partially processed at sea. Net caught fish are harvested and delivered in the round to a 

"tender" to be taken to a processor. The "ex-vessel" prices do not compare to similar product. Sometimes the 

ex-vessel price is the price paid to the net harvester, other times it is the price paid to the tender. Primary 

processing prices, or first wholesale prices, are for a comparable product. 

3. The IMPLAN model is now being offered for general use by the Minnesota IMPLAN Group (Olson et al. 

1993). 
 11 

IMPLAN are derived from technical coefficients of a national I/O model and localized estimates 

of total gross output, income and employment by sectors.1

 IMPLAN adjusts the national level 

data to fit the economic composition and estimated trade balance of a chosen region. Areas that 

are any combination of single counties can be constructed using IMPLAN. 

The Fishery Economic Assessment Model (FEAM) uses the IMPLAN coefficients to estimate 

the REI from salmon harvests.2 The FEAM process starts with IMPLAN data. Fishing related 

expenditures are then used to develop harvest and primary processing expenditure related impact 

coefficients. The economic impacts, as measured by personal income or job opportunities, are 

then estimated by specific geographic areas (Figure 7). Estimates of REI from composite stocks 

harvested from California to Alaska are determined by the information made available on 

contributions of Columbia River stocks to the ocean fisheries. 

Figure 7 

The Fisheries Economic Assessment Model Process 

• Based on IMPLAN 

• Build I/O coefficients for fishing related expenditures 

• Harvest data 

• Primary processing data 

• Economic impacts measured by personal income 

• Translate to full time job equivalents 

• Geographic areas 

Limitations of Regional Economic Impact Analyses 

REI estimates are sometimes indicators of the dislocation costs that may occur from reductions 

in fisheries, but are not indicators of the net loss to the nation from such reductions, because 

losses of income and employment in some areas will likely be offset by gains in income and 

employment elsewhere.3

 If sufficient quantitative information and defensible analytical models 

are available, net gain or loss to the nation determined through a benefit-cost analysis is the value 

suggested by Executive Order 12866 and the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S. C. 601 et seq.) 

for analyzing actions of federally managed fisheries (NMFS 2000).4,5 In general, there is no 

particular relationship between changes in NEV derived in a benefit-cost analysis and REI's. 

 

1. The available IMPLAN models are generally three to four years behind calendar years. This is due to data 

availability and the time it takes to prepare the models. Unless very dramatic changes take place in a regional 

economy, the sector coefficients will not change dramatically from year to year. 

2. The FEAM was developed for the West Coast Fisheries Development Foundation by Hans Radtke and William 

Jensen in 1986. 

3. We recognize, however, that shifts in economic activity are not immediate and inconsequential. In some cases, 

public policy-makers will want to consider assistance for those whose income is reduced by new environmental 

restrictions. 

4. Other laws, such as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the National 

Environmental Policy Act, and the Endangered Species Act (ESA) also have economic analysis requirements. 

5. The benefit-cost analysis from management actions may include the sum of expected changes in: (1) potential 

changes in consumer surplus derived from recreational fishing, (2) potential changes in consumer surplus 

derived from non-consumptive use, (3) existence value, (4) consumer and producer surplus from commercial 

fishing landings, less (5) less management costs (administration, monitoring, and enforcement). 
 12 

REI estimates measured in units of personal income provide a value that is comparable to similar 

values often used to describe activities in non-fishing sectors of the economy. However, if 

fishing activity is reduced, personal income is not necessarily reduced by a proportional amount. 

The effect on personal income in local economies will depend on alternative available activities 

and the location(s) of those activities. If there were a reduction in the ocean salmon fisheries, 

over the long run, workers in the commercial and recreational fisheries, owners of vessels and 

processing plants and seafood consumers would be expected to adjust to the reductions by 

changing the activities in which they engage. Such adjustments would not be costless, of course, 

but are outside the scope of this study. 

The personal income estimates provide information on a representative year basis and are an 

indicator of the magnitude of the possible redirection of money between nonfishing-dependent 

and fishing-dependent sectors that may occur with changes in the fishery. The amount of 

redirection of income and employment represents a dislocation that may have economic and 

social costs that would not be reflected in a typical NEV analysis. 
 13 

CHANGING HARVEST PATTERNS 

Because Columbia Basin anadromous salmonid production contributes to fisheries throughout 

West Coast ocean and inland communities, economic contributions are widely dispersed.1 The 

economic contribution can be attributed to both the natural production and to hatchery 

production. The different harvesting groups are non-treaty commercial, treaty commercial, 

treaty subsistence and ceremonial, and ocean and in-river recreational anglers. 

Historically, harvesters waited until adults returned to the Columbia River to harvest salmon with 

nets and fish wheels. Local processors canned most of the salmon for national and international 

markets. Today, salmon produced in the Columbia River system are harvested in multi-stock 

salmon fisheries from California to Alaska by troll gear and nets. Landings are processed into 

mostly frozen and fresh product forms rather than being canned. 

Propagation methods and harvest policies have resulted in a large part of salmon fishing being 

shifted to communities outside the Basin. Until the 1920's, most of the fish were harvested in the 

Basin (Figure 8). Basin production historically was highest for spring and summer Chinook that 

were returning to upriver habitat and harvests occurred at in-river locations (Figure 9a). A major 

dip net native fishery was located at Celilo Falls until 1957, when the rising pool behind The 

Dalles Dam inundated the falls and a lump sum payment of $23 million was made to four tribes 

for a "flowage easement" over the lost fishing site. A major part of today's production is lower 

river hatchery releases of fall Chinook and coho (Figure 9b). With the advent of efficient 

seagoing vessel and gear, these species have high ocean harvest rates. Coastal economies in 

Washington, British Columbia, and southeast Alaska now benefit from Basin production. 

Management Objectives 

Past Basin economic development policies, propagation, and harvest management policies have 

resulted in substantial shifts in area of harvest, species composition of returning adults, and 

timing of returning adults to the Basin. In 1878, most of the salmon/steelhead returned between 

May and July (Figure 10). Many of these returning adults destined for upriver spawning areas 

contained fat reserves and were marketed fresh or frozen as prime fish or destined for specialty 

markets for canning or smoking. 

Presently, most of the returning adults are fall Chinook returning in September (Figure 11). 

These returning adults are mostly lower river stocks that have been naturally programmed not to 

contain large body fat reserves. The lower fat content, the natural aging process, and the 

competing West Coast salmon markets combine to produce fish that do not bring very high 

harvest prices. The "bunching up" of the runs in a short period also requires harvest, processing, 

 

1. Basin salmonids are defined to be five species of salmon (Chinook, coho, chum, sockeye, and pink) and 

steelhead. Some of these salmonid species have a non-anadromous form, like sockeye, called kokanee. The 

non-anadromous form of steelhead is the rainbow trout. Sturgeon and Pacific lamprey eels both spend a portion 

of their life cycle in the ocean. Some of the Basin sturgeon fish resources are land locked. Resident fish are 

defined to be all non-anadromous fish. Small Pacific lamprey eel and bait (anchovy and herring) commercial 

fisheries are not included in the estimates. Starry flounder are caught incidentally in the lower Columbia River 

and, while sometimes are sold, they are also not included in the estimates. 
 14 

Figure 8 

Columbia River Commercial Landings of Salmon and Steelhead, 1866-2002 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

18661872187818841890189619021908191419201926193219381944195019561962196819741980198619921998

Millions of Pounds

Source: ODFW (2004). 

and marketing capabilities that are unused for most of the year. This may also result in seasonal 

"boom or bust" fluctuations for communities that rely on the income from these fisheries. 

Within the context of treaty obligations and other legal, social, and economic constraints, 

management goals may include adjusting these runs to smooth out the returning runs over a 

longer period (Figure 11). 

However, this goal of smoothing out the runs should also consider the economic attributes of 

species composition, method and area of harvest, and markets. The amount of economic 

contribution, in total and by species, can be one indicator of positive or negative results from 

policies to change the composition of Basin salmonid production. 
 15 

Figure 9a 

Distribution of Columbia River Salmon, Showing Abundance Above and Below the Site of 

Bonneville Dam (Area of Circles is Proportional to Estimated Population Sizes) 

Note: Lower river is below Bonneville. 

Source: Lee (1993). 

Figure 9b 

Species Composition of Columbia River Salmon 

(Area of Circles is Proportional to Estimated Population Sizes) 

Source: Lee (1993). 
 16 

Figure 10 

Estimated Daily Historical Adult Returns to the Columbia River Basin Circa 1878 

Source: Suzumoto (2003). 

Figure 11 

Recent Actual Daily Adult Returns and Returns Needed for Increased Markets to Bonneville Dam 

Note: Future adult returns may consist of a variety of species composition. 

Source: Suzumoto (2003). 
 17 

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION ESTIMATES 

Economic Contribution Model Specification 

The low rate of returning wild spawners in the 1990's raised concerns about maintaining and 

recovering wild anadromous fish species in the Basin. In a broader context, if major changes or 

curtailment take place in production and harvest management, the economic values at risk may 

extend to all harvests of Basin anadromous fish. To model the economic effects for an extensive 

curtailment of harvest, Radtke et al. (1999) used four production and harvest management 

scenarios to pattern historical periods and what may happen if there are successful salmon 

recovery efforts. The four cases were specifically designed to show a range of economic effects 

of harvest levels. For this project, the same basic four cases from Radtke et al. (1999) are used. 

However, Case III was modified to address the harvest levels that are most likely to have 

occurred recently.1 The four scenarios are as follows: 

Case I Hatchery production at NMFS cap; smolt-to-adult survival 

(SAR) and harvests at 30 year historical average 

Case II Hatchery production at 1995 levels; SAR's and harvests at 

1980's historical average 

Case III Hatchery production at actual 2002-2004 releases; SAR's at 

early 2000's levels; harvests projected to be double the 

1980's average 

Case IV Hatchery production at 1995 levels; SAR's and harvests at 

1990's historical average 

The economic model has two separate stages. The first stage generates commercially harvested 

per fish economic impacts and recreationally harvested per angling day economic impacts for 

various U.S. West Coast, Alaska, and British Columbia economies. The second stage generates 

numbers of fish that may be commercially harvested and recreational fishery effort that may 

result from changes in fish populations. The product of Stage 1 multiplied by Stage 2 is an 

estimate of total economic contribution. 

The Stage 1 model relies on harvest and catch per unit effort (CPUE) information from the 

Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Pacific Salmon 

Commission, several agencies for U.S. West Coast ocean fisheries (Pacific States Marine 

Fisheries Commission PacFIN and RecFIN databases, PFMC annual reviews of salmon fisheries, 

and NOAA Fisheries Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey information), and several 

agencies for inland fisheries (Columbia River Compact status reports, Oregon Department of 

Fish and Wildlife and Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife special reports, and 

 

1. For this project, the four scenarios simply portray different situations that either have occurred in the past or 

hypothetically may occur in the future. Case III should be considered the portrayal of what may be expected 

from the early brood years of the 2000's. "The concern about certain species or sub-species of salmon, and the 

overall effect of hatchery fish on the survival of these species, has led to the NMFS placing a cap on the total 

hatchery releases in the Columbia River system. The NMFS cap for smolt production from the Columbia River 

Basin at 197 million smolts is to protect the salmon runs that have been declared threatened or endangered 

(Radtke et al. 1999, Part 2, Chapter III, Page 8). 
 18 

Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission information). For commercially caught fish, 

average weights by region are used (Table 1). The business activity and resulting impacts per 

fish generated by the commercial harvest are calculated by the FEAM. The impacts for 

recreational effort use trip expenditure information and personal income coefficients derived 

from IMPLAN. These estimates have been developed by the Oregon Department of Fish and 

Wildlife (ODFW) and the Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) and other agencies to 

analyze the economic contribution of recreational fishing (Radtke et al. 1999, Part 2, Chapter II, 

Page 13). It is recognized that more detailed recreation information could be developed using 

data collected by fish management agencies and recent economic studies specifically for the 

Columbia River system recreational fishery. These data could not be developed within the scope 

of this study. 

The estimated REI values per commercial harvested fish are shown in Table 1. The ex-vessel 

prices per pound on Table 1 are from 1995 data and expressed in 2003 dollars.1

 Table 1 also 

shows the REI values per angler day. 

The Stage 2 model has separate variable inputs for: 

1) Hatchery and Wild Production. Systemwide salmonid smolt downstream 

migration from hatchery and wild components has been estimated to be close to 

200 million (Hankin and Richards 2000). However, the APRE (2003) shows 

projected hatchery related releases alone (i.e., excluding wild spawners) at 208 

million for the 2004 year. Depending on the number of estimated naturally 

spawning adults, the total amount of smolts that are entering the Columbia/Snake 

River according to the APRE (2003) estimate may be as high as 330 million. The 

Columbia River Fish Passage Center estimates the actual hatchery smolt releases 

at about 140 million (Sando 2003). Therefore, including the estimated natural 

produced smolts, the total smolt downstream migration would be about 330 

million. The economic contribution model uses estimates for the two smolt origin 

components (wild and hatchery) itemized for four species complexes (coho, 

spring/summer Chinook, fall Chinook, and summer/winter steelhead) from five 

production provinces (Snake River, Upper Columbia, Middle Columbia, Lower 

Columbia, and Willamette). The total estimated hatchery smolts are estimated to 

be 139 million for Case III (Table 2). When wild production is included, the 

estimated total production is 284 million. 

2) Smolt-to-Adult Survival Rates (SAR). Several historical periods are used to give 

a range of rates [30-year average ending in 1993 (Case I), 1980's decade average 

(Case II), a hypothetical rate used to model anticipated 2002 to 2004 runs (Case 

III), and early 1990's average ending in 1995 (Case IV)]. The rates are 

disaggregated by species complexes and the five production provinces. It is 

 

1. There have been price shifts between the mid 1990's and the early 2000's. Prices declined to historic levels by 

2003, but by 2004 a significant general salmon price increase took place. Prices in 2004 are generally equal to 

mid 1990's level. Therefore, the 1995 prices are used as representative of what may be expected from the 

outgoing smolts from the early 2000's. 
 19 

assumed that the two smolt origin components (hatchery and wild) have the same 

harvest rates. 
 20 

Table 1 

Anadromous Fish Regional Economic Impact Modeling Assumptions 

Commercial Ex-Vessel Price Pounds Recreational Days Recreational

REI Per Fish Per Pound Per Fish REI Per Day Per Fish REI Per Fish

Species: Coho

Ocean

Alaska 23.39 1.60 6.5 60.00 1.00 60.00

British Columbia 19.94 1.60 5.5 60.00 1.00 60.00

Washington ocean 13.72 1.65 3.8 60.00 1.00 60.00

Washington Puget Sound 18.57 1.15 6.8 60.00 1.00 60.00

Oregon 19.15 1.70 5.8 60.00 1.00 60.00

California 22.69 1.70 5.9 60.00 1.00 60.00

Columbia Basin inland

Freshw ater sport

Mainstem -- -- -- 60.00 1.00 60.00

Tributary -- -- -- 60.00 1.00 60.00

Gillnet 16.65 0.85 7.5 -- -- --

Tribal 16.65 0.85 7.5 -- -- --

Other -- -- -- -- -- --

Hatchery surplus market 13.12 0.60 7.5 -- -- --

Hatchery carcass 2.20 0.10 7.5 -- -- --

Species: Spring/Summer Chinook

Ocean

Alaska 75.98 2.20 17.5 60.00 1.00 60.00

British Columbia 76.90 2.20 17.7 60.00 1.00 60.00

Washington ocean 53.08 1.95 12.2 60.00 1.00 60.00

Washington Puget Sound 45.29 1.15 16.5 60.00 1.00 60.00

Oregon 46.20 1.95 11.2 60.00 1.00 60.00

California -- -- 11.6 60.00 1.00 60.00

Columbia Basin inland

Freshw ater sport

Mainstem -- -- -- 60.00 2.00 120.00

Tributary -- -- -- 60.00 2.00 120.00

Gillnet 108.32 2.05 18.4 -- -- --

Tribal 108.32 2.05 -- -- -- --

Other -- -- -- -- -- --

Hatchery surplus market 53.97 1.45 -- -- -- --

Hatchery carcass 2.20 0.10 -- -- -- --

Species: Fall Chinook

Ocean

Alaska 75.98 2.20 17.5 60.00 1.00 60.00

British Columbia 76.90 2.20 17.7 60.00 1.00 60.00

Washington ocean 53.08 1.95 12.2 60.00 1.00 60.00

Washington Puget Sound 45.29 1.35 16.5 60.00 1.00 60.00

Oregon 46.20 1.95 11.2 60.00 1.00 60.00

California 59.11 2.25 11.6 60.00 1.00 60.00

Columbia Basin inland

Freshw ater sport

Mainstem -- -- -- 60.00 1.50 90.00

Tributary -- -- -- 60.00 2.00 120.00

Gillnet 45.29 1.15 18.4 -- -- --

Tribal 45.29 1.15 -- -- -- --

Other -- -- -- -- -- --

Hatchery surplus market 32.69 0.70 -- -- -- --

Hatchery carcass 2.20 0.10 -- -- -- --

Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead

Ocean

Alaska -- -- 7.0 60.00 1.00 60.00

British Columbia 24.48 1.50 7.0 -- -- --

Washington ocean -- -- -- -- -- --

Washington Puget Sound -- -- -- -- -- --

Oregon -- -- -- 60.00 1.00 60.00

California -- -- -- -- -- --

Columbia Basin inland

Freshw ater sport

Mainstem -- -- -- 60.00 2.00 120.00

Tributary -- -- -- 60.00 2.00 120.00

Gillnet -- -- -- -- -- --

Tribal 18.56 1.00 -- -- -- --

Other -- -- -- -- -- --

Hatchery surplus market 15.61 0.85 -- -- -- --

Hatchery carcass 2.20 0.10 -- -- -- --

Notes: 1. Pounds per fish and ex-vessel prices shown in this table should be considered as representative data used in the analysis. Commercial harvest prices reflect 

representative prices expected from the 2000 to 2004 releases. The downward price trends of 2000 to 2003 have been replaced with a small upward trend in 2004. 

Listed regional economic impacts per unit are for state and province level economies. 

 2. Hatchery sales include carcass and egg sales. Carcass sale value estimated to be $0.10 per pound for whole body fish less eggs. 

 3. Two days per fish harvested include released wild and retained hatchery fish. For steelhead retained fish only, the CPUE is 0.17 fish per day (or 5.88 days per fish). 

 4. This table represents information gathered for a lengthy process funded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Radtke et al. 1999). The per fish economic impacts 

generally reflect the situation of the present. For more detailed analysis, a comprehensive study on economic value (NEV) as well as REI is warranted. 
 21 

Source: Radtke et al. (1999) and Project. 
 22 

Table 2 

Hatchery and Wild Fish Production 

Cases I, II Case III 

Estimated Total Estimated Total 

Waterway Hatchery Wild Smolt Smolt Hatchery Hatchery Wild Smolt Smolt Waterway Ha

Share Releases Production Production Share Releases Production Production Share Re

Coho 35,325,745 1,859,250 37,184,995 23,194,600 1,880,643 25,075,243 29,

Snake River 0.0% -- -- -- 92.5% 1,244,676 100,920 1,345,596 0.0% Upper Columbia 2.4% 843,373 44,388 887,761 92.5% 2,058,340 166,892 2,225,232 2.4% Middle Columbia 7.0% 2,462,651 129,613 2,592,264 92.5% 5,938,039 481,463 6,419,502 7.0% 2,Lower Columbia 87.0% 30,742,613 1,618,032 32,360,645 92.5% 13,615,637 1,103,971 14,719,608 87.0% 25,Willamette 3.6% 1,277,108 67,216 1,344,324 92.5% 337,907 27,398 365,305 3.6% 1,

Spring/summer Chinook 27,392,626 11,739,697 39,132,323 34,412,382 14,748,164 49,160,546 25,

Snake River 8.6% 2,342,791 1,004,053 3,346,844 70% 12,517,116 5,364,478 17,881,595 8.6% 2,Upper Columbia 21.9% 5,990,957 2,567,553 8,558,510 70% 6,992,970 2,996,987 9,989,958 21.9% 5,Middle Columbia 22.9% 6,264,260 2,684,683 8,948,943 70% 5,477,483 2,347,493 7,824,975 22.9% 5,Lower Columbia 19.2% 5,253,481 2,251,492 7,504,973 70% 4,189,200 1,795,371 5,984,571 19.2% 4,Willamette 27.5% 7,541,137 3,231,916 10,773,053 70% 5,235,613 2,243,834 7,479,447 27.5% 7,

Fall Chinook 113,802,184 113,802,184 227,604,368 66,321,986 124,703,634 191,025,620 100,

Snake River 0.5% 612,797 612,797 1,225,594 70% 3,445,924 1,476,825 4,922,749 0.5% Upper Columbia 10.8% 12,329,885 12,329,885 24,659,770 10% 11,784,085 106,056,765 117,840,850 10.7% 10,Middle Columbia 21.1% 24,002,299 24,002,299 48,004,598 70% 24,623,481 10,552,920 35,176,401 20.9% 20,Lower Columbia 67.5% 76,857,203 76,857,203 153,714,406 80% 26,468,496 6,617,124 33,085,620 67.9% 67,Willamette 0.0% -- -- -- 0% -- -- -- 0.0% 

Steelhead 20,042,061 8,589,455 28,631,516 14,588,711 4,136,895 18,725,606 17,

Snake River 64.4% 12,900,795 5,528,912 18,429,707 75% 9,469,817 3,156,606 12,626,422 64.5% 11,Upper Columbia 6.8% 1,363,636 584,415 1,948,051 75% 1,262,177 420,726 1,682,903 6.8% 1,Middle Columbia 2.7% 536,886 230,094 766,980 75% 589,679 196,560 786,238 2.7% Lower Columbia 18.8% 3,775,119 1,617,908 5,393,027 90% 2,341,892 260,210 2,602,102 18.9% 3,Willamette 7.3% 1,465,625 628,125 2,093,750 90% 925,147 102,794 1,027,941 7.2% 1,

Total 196,562,616 135,990,585 332,553,201 138,517,679 145,469,336 283,987,016 172,

Snake River 8.1% 15,856,383 7,145,762 23,002,145 73% 26,677,534 10,098,828 36,776,362 8.2% 14,Upper Columbia 10.4% 20,527,851 15,526,241 36,054,092 17% 22,097,572 109,641,370 131,738,943 10.6% 18,Middle Columbia 16.9% 33,266,096 27,046,689 60,312,785 73% 36,628,682 13,578,435 50,207,117 16.9% 29,Lower Columbia 59.3% 116,628,416 82,344,635 198,973,051 83% 46,615,225 9,776,676 56,391,901 58.9% 101,Willamette 5.2% 10,283,870 3,927,257 14,211,127 73% 6,498,667 2,374,026 8,872,693 5.4% 9,

Notes: 1. According to the National Marine Fisheries Service's recent Biological Opinion on Artificial Propagation, for example, adult hatchery 

percent of the fall Chinook, 70 to 80 percent of the spring/summer Chinook, 70 percent of the steelhead, and 95 percent of the coho 

these estimates are changed to reflect the opinions of managers knowledgeable about Basin salmon management (Appendix A). 

 2. For Case III, hatchery releases are estimated to be 139 million, while wild production releases about 146 million, for a total of 284 m

the wild production (106 million) are fall Chinook from the upper Columbia system. 
 23 
 24 

 The model relies on survival rates using several representative hatcheries for 

certain species and river reaches. Experience has shown that statistical averaging 

or regression analysis is not very useful for predicting SAR's (Radtke et al. 1999, 

Part 2, Chapter II). This is why a broad range of historical periods has been used 

in the model. Table 3a shows the survival rates used in the model for all four 

cases.

1

 The smolt releases, survival rates, and survived adults for Case III are 

displayed in Table 3b. 

3) Contribution to Fisheries. The model relies on information in the missing 

production reports for coded wire tag (CWT) recovery estimates.2 The fisheries 

are aggregated geographically and by user group. Table 4 shows estimates of 

contributions to fisheries used to model Case III.3

 These change as smolt 

releases, ESA requirements, treaty obligations, and other harvest management 

techniques are imposed. 

Although anadromous fish are harvested on a mixed species basis, historical 

records and information gathered from sources such as CWT captures do provide 

some estimates of numbers of fish by species and geographical place of origin. 

These data are then used in this modeling process to generate the number of fish 

caught with origins from the Basin. SAR's are one critical factor in the modeling 

equation. Indicator stocks provide a basis for the denominator (e.g., total smolts 

released from a hatchery). The numerator is the amount of species-specific adults 

harvested in any given geographic area, returns to hatcheries, or wild spawners. 

For example, in the 1980's an estimated 48 million smolts (fall Chinook hatchery 

and wild) were produced from the middle Columbia. The number of such smolts 

surviving to adults was 0.73 percent or about 348,000 smolts. Twenty-seven 

percent or about 94,000 of these were harvested in the British Columbia 

commercial and recreational fishery. 

 

1. These are estimates of expected survival rates developed from past Integrated Hatchery Operations Team 

(IHOT) documents, the NPCC-APRE process, literature review, and discussion with salmon managers 

throughout the region (Appendix C). 

2. As a title, "missing production reports" is a misnomer leading to misunderstanding. These are reports about 

hatcheries that describe production and coded wire tag (CWT) capture results. The estimates of harvests in this 

project are based on these IHOT data, because they are the basis for much of anadromous salmonid 

management of Basin production. 

3. Detailed information on distribution of harvests, total expected harvests, and economic contribution estimates 

for all four cases are included in Appendix A. (Section I lists distributional assumptions, Section II provides 

numbers of total expected harvests by region, and Section III shows regional economic impacts by geographic 

areas. and waterways) 
 25 

Table 3a 

Smolt-to-Adult Survival Rate Model Assumptions by Production Area and Species Complex Used 

for Four Cases of Production and Harvest Management Policies in the Columbia River Basin 

Weighted

Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette Average

Coho

NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual) NA 1.20% 1.20% 2.50% 1.20% 2.33%

80's Actual Runs NA 1.49% 1.49% 2.90% 1.49% 2.72%

Representative Early 2000's 0.50% 1.50% 2.50% 3.00% 3.00% 2.60%

Early 90's Runs NA 0.15% 0.15% 1.00% 0.40% 0.90%

Spring/Summer Chinook

NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual) 0.37% 0.37% 0.37% 0.97% 0.97% 0.65%

80's Actual Runs 0.39% 0.39% 0.39% 1.01% 1.02% 0.69%

Representative Early 2000's 1.00% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 2.20% 1.28%

Early 90's Runs 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.35% 0.35% 0.22%

Fall Chinook

NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual) 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.32% NA 0.41%

80's Actual Runs 0.73% 0.73% 0.73% 0.38% NA 0.49%

Representative Early 2000's 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.32% NA 0.55%

Early 90's Runs 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.25% NA 0.30%

Steelhead

NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual) 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.40% 0.40% 0.62%

80's Actual Runs 1.56% 1.56% 1.56% 0.89% 0.89% 1.38%

Representative Early 2000's 2.00% 2.00% 5.00% 1.00% 8.00% 2.32%

Early 90's Runs 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.20% 0.20% 0.42%

Notes: 1. Rates expressed as representative percents of smolts released. Survival rates are best estimates 

based on information provided by the "Annual Coded Wire Program - Missing Production Groups" 

annual reports. Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy. Bonneville Power Administration and State of 

Oregon Reports (see text, section on survival rates and contribution to fisheries). 

 2. Survival rate assumptions for 1970's to 1990's are based on historical review of actual survival rates. 

The early 1990's survival rates are also based on historical review. The survival rates used for 2002 to 

2004 are based on consensus of salmon managers. 

Source: Radtke et al. (1999) and Project. 
 26 

Table 3b 

Estimated Annual Total Released Hatchery Smolts (2002-2004 Average) Based on Fish Passage 

Center Count of Approximately 139 Million and Representative Early 2000's Survival Rates 

Fall Chinook

Area of Release % Hatchery Releases Number of Smolts Estimated Survival Rate Adult Survival

Snake 70% 3,445,924 0.60% 20,676

Upper Columbia 10% 11,784,085 0.60% 70,705

Middle Columbia 70% 24,623,481 0.60% 147,741

Lower Columbia 80% 26,468,496 0.32% 84,699

Willamette 0% 0 -- --

Total 66,321,986 323,820

Spring/Summer Chinook

Area of Release % Hatchery Releases Number of Smolts Estimated Survival Rate Adult Survival

Snake 70% 12,517,116 1.00% 125,171

Upper Columbia 70% 6,992,970 1.20% 83,916

Middle Columbia 70% 5,477,483 1.20% 65,730

Lower Columbia 70% 4,189,200 1.20% 50,270

Willamette 70% 5,235,613 2.20% 115,183

Total 34,412,382 440,270

Coho

Area of Release % Hatchery Releases Number of Smolts Estimated Survival Rate Adult Survival

Snake 92.5% 1,244,676 0.50% 6,223

Upper Columbia 92.5% 2,058,340 1.50% 30,875

Middle Columbia 92.5% 5,938,039 2.50% 148,451

Lower Columbia 92.5% 13,615,637 3.00% 408,469

Willamette 92.5% 337,907 3.00% 10,137

Total 23,194,600 604,156

Steelhead

Area of Release % Hatchery Releases Number of Smolts Estimated Survival Rate Adult Survival

Snake 75% 9,469,817 2.00% 189,396

Upper Columbia 75% 1,262,177 2.00% 25,244

Middle Columbia 75% 589,679 5.00% 29,484

Lower Columbia 90% 2,341,892 1.00% 23,419

Willamette 90% 925,147 8.00% 74,012

Total 14,588,711 341,554

Total 138,517,679 1,709,801

Sockeye

Area of Release Number of Smolts

Snake 120,725

Upper Columbia 277,606

Total 398,331

Notes: 1. Sockeye are not included in the economic effects estimates. 

 2. Number of smolt releases provided by Fish Passage Center, Portland, Oregon, October 2004. 

 3. Percentage of hatchery releases and survival rates that represent the species by regions are the result 

of reviews of historical studies and best estimates of scientists and agency managers. A list of sources 

and people contacted are included as Appendix B. The information used in this table is a compilation of 

all of these sources. 

 4. Because of supplementation programs, some wild to hatchery ratios may change in the future. 
 27 

Table 4 

Contribution to Fisheries Model Assumptions for Case III - Early 2000's 

Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette

Species: Coho

West Coast Ocean

Alaska

a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.001% --

b) Sport NA -- -- -- --

British Columbia

a) Commercial NA 2.000% 2.000% 4.500% 2.000%

b) Sport NA 0.200% 0.200% 0.500% 0.200%

Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest NA 2.200% 2.200% 5.001% 2.200%

Washington ocean

a) Commercial (0.33% tribal) NA 0.534% 0.534% 2.066% 1.068%

- Westport (28%) NA 0.150% 0.150% 0.578% 0.299%

- Other commercial (68%) NA 0.363% 0.363% 1.405% 0.726%

- Tribal (4%) NA 0.021% 0.021% 0.083% 0.043%

b) Sport NA 10.681% 10.681% 15.454% 21.362%

- Westport (41%) NA 4.379% 4.379% 6.336% 8.758%

- Other sport (59%) NA 6.302% 6.302% 9.118% 12.604%

Washington Puget Sound

a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.052% --

b) Sport NA -- -- 0.052% --

Oregon

a) Commercial NA 5.341% 5.341% 12.363% 10.681%

- Astoria (3%) NA 0.160% 0.160% 0.371% 0.320%

- Other commercial (97%) NA 5.180% 5.180% 11.992% 10.361%

b) Sport NA 6.943% 6.943% 12.363% 13.885%

- Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) NA 1.111% 1.111% 1.978% 2.222%

- Other sport (84%) NA 5.832% 5.832% 10.385% 11.664%

California

a) Commercial NA 1.602% 1.602% 1.030% 3.204%

b) Sport NA 1.068% 1.068% 0.515% 2.136%

Available for allocation inriver NA 93.780% 93.780% NA NA

Columbia Basin inland

a) Freshwater sport

Mainstem NA 0.534% 0.534% 5.151% 1.068%

- Astoria (50%) NA 0.267% 0.267% 2.576% 0.534%

- Other (50%) NA 0.267% 0.267% 2.576% 0.534%

Tributary NA -- -- -- --

b) Gillnet NA 5.341% 5.341% 28.218% 10.681%

- Astoria (100%) NA 5.341% 5.341% 28.218% 10.681%

c) Tribal (50% of allocation) NA 46.890% 46.890% -- --

Other NA 0.427% 0.427% -- 0.854%

Total Harvest NA 81.560% 81.560% 82.265% 67.141%

Hatchery requirement NA 4.020% 4.020% 2.070% 4.020%

Hatchery surplus market NA 7.210% 7.210% 7.833% 14.419%

Hatchery surplus carcass NA 7.210% 7.210% 7.833% 14.419%
 28 

Table 4 (cont.) 

Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette

Species: Spring/Summer Chinook

West Coast Ocean

Alaska

a) Commercial 2.500% 2.500% 2.500% 9.000% 9.000%

b) Sport -- -- -- 0.100% 0.100%

British Columbia

a) Commercial 5.000% 5.000% 5.000% 11.000% 11.000%

b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 8.000% 8.000% 8.000% 21.100% 21.100%

Washington ocean

a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 4.000% 4.000%

- Westport (40%) 0.400% 0.400% 0.400% 1.600% 1.600%

- Other commercial (59%) 0.590% 0.590% 0.590% 2.360% 2.360%

- Tribal (1%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.040% 0.040%

b) Sport 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

- Westport (71%) 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710%

- Other sport (29%) 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290%

Washington Puget Sound

a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 0.010% 0.010%

b) Sport -- -- -- 0.030% 0.030%

Oregon

a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

- Astoria (2%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.020% 0.020%

- Other commercial (98%) 0.490% 0.490% 0.490% 0.980% 0.980%

b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

- Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.005% 0.005% 0.005% 0.010% 0.010%

- Other sport (99%) 0.495% 0.495% 0.495% 0.990% 0.990%

California

a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

Available for allocation inriver 77.583% 77.583% 77.583% 67.634% 67.668%

Columbia Basin inland

a) Freshwater sport

Mainstem 23.009% 23.009% 23.009% 10.000% 10.000%

- Astoria (50%) 11.504% 11.504% 11.504% 5.000% 5.000%

- Other (50%) 11.504% 11.504% 11.504% 5.000% 5.000%

Tributary 7.670% 7.670% 7.670% -- --

b) Gillnet 5.113% 5.113% 5.113% 10.000% 10.000%

- Astoria (100%) 5.113% 5.113% 5.113% 10.000% 10.000%

c) Tribal (50% of allocation) 38.791% 38.791% 38.791% -- --

Other 3.000% 3.000% 3.000% -- --

Total Harvest 89.083% 89.083% 89.083% 48.140% 48.140%

Hatchery requirement 10.917% 10.917% 10.917% 4.226% 4.192%

Hatchery surplus market 0.000% -0.000% -0.000% 23.817% 23.834%

Hatchery surplus carcass 0.000% -0.000% -0.000% 23.817% 23.834%
 29 

Table 4 (cont.) 

Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette

Species: Fall Chinook

West Coast Ocean

Alaska

a) Commercial 6.000% 6.000% 6.000% 1.500% NA

b) Sport 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% -- NA

British Columbia

a) Commercial 25.000% 25.000% 25.000% 20.000% NA

b) Sport 2.000% 2.000% 2.000% 3.000% NA

Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 33.010% 33.010% 33.010% 24.500% NA

Washington ocean

a) Commercial (3.00% tribal) 5.215% 5.215% 5.215% 15.843% NA

- Westport (40%) 2.086% 2.086% 2.086% 6.337% NA

- Other commercial (59%) 3.077% 3.077% 3.077% 9.348% NA

- Tribal (1%) 0.052% 0.052% 0.052% 0.158% NA

b) Sport 2.318% 2.318% 2.318% 13.203% NA

- Westport (71%) 1.646% 1.646% 1.646% 9.374% NA

- Other sport (29%) 0.672% 0.672% 0.672% 3.829% NA

Washington Puget Sound

a) Commercial 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% -- NA

b) Sport 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% -- NA

Oregon

a) Commercial 1.738% 1.738% 1.738% 3.961% NA

- Astoria (2%) 0.035% 0.035% 0.035% 0.079% NA

- Other commercial (98%) 1.704% 1.704% 1.704% 3.882% NA

b) Sport 0.579% 0.579% 0.579% 1.320% NA

- Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.006% 0.006% 0.006% 0.013% NA

- Other sport (99%) 0.574% 0.574% 0.574% 1.307% NA

California

a) Commercial 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% 0.660% NA

b) Sport 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% 0.132% NA

Available for allocation inriver 61.082% 61.082% 61.082% NA NA

Columbia Basin inland

a) Freshwater sport

Mainstem 1.159% 1.159% 1.159% 6.601% NA

- Astoria (50%) 0.579% 0.579% 0.579% 3.301% NA

- Other (50%) 0.579% 0.579% 0.579% 3.301% NA

Tributary -- -- -- -- NA

b) Gillnet 13.907% 13.907% 13.907% 14.523% NA

- Astoria (100%) 13.907% 13.907% 13.907% 14.523% NA

c) Tribal (50% of allocation) 30.541% 30.541% 30.541% -- NA

Other 0.168% 0.168% 0.168% -- NA

Total Harvest 88.639% 88.639% 88.639% 80.744% NA

Hatchery requirement 5.908% 5.908% 5.908% 11.183% NA

Hatchery surplus market 2.727% 2.727% 2.727% 4.036% NA

Hatchery surplus carcass 2.727% 2.727% 2.727% 4.036% NA
 30 

Table 4 (cont.) 

Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette

Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead

West Coast Ocean

Alaska

a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

British Columbia

a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030%

Washington ocean

a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

Washington Puget Sound

a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

Oregon

a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

California

a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

Available for allocation inriver 95.082% 95.082% 95.082% 92.188% 92.188%

Columbia Basin inland (50/50)

a) Freshwater sport (25% of allocation)

Mainstem 5.943% 5.943% 5.943% 45.000% 45.000%

- Astoria (25%) 1.486% 1.486% 1.486% 11.250% 11.250%

- Other (75%) 4.457% 4.457% 4.457% 33.750% 33.750%

Tributary 17.828% 17.828% 17.828% -- --

b) Gillnet -- -- -- -- --

- Astoria (100%) -- -- -- -- --

c) Tribal (25% of allocation) 23.770% 23.770% 23.770% -- --

Other -- -- -- -- --

Total Harvest 48.601% 48.601% 48.601% 46.060% 46.060%

Hatchery requirement 3.858% 3.858% 3.858% 6.752% 6.752%

Hatchery surplus market 23.770% 23.770% 23.770% 23.594% 23.594%

Hatchery surplus carcass 23.770% 23.770% 23.770% 23.594% 23.594%

Notes: 1. Expressed as percent of fish surviving-to-fisheries based on reviews of available data for 

1971-1993 brood years. 

 2. Hatchery requirements: 

 a) Rates expressed as percent of smolts released. 

 b) For hatchery purposes, at least two spawners (one male and one female) are required for 

future egg and smolt production. Each coho and steelhead female spawner produces 

about 2,500 eggs, while Chinook produce 3,500 or more eggs. Hatchery egg to smolt 

survival tends to be about 80 percent. In order to provide some flexibility in hatchery 

spawner requirements, three future spawners per spawning pair are used in these 

calculations. Example for coho at 0.01 survival rate equals 25 surviving adults; divide 3 

required spawners by 25 equals 12 percent of adults required for hatchery purposes, etc. 

At 0.012, the requirement is 10 percent (3 ÷ [0.012 x 2,500] = 0.10). At 0.0012, the 

requirement is 100 percent. 

Source: Radtke et al. (1999) and Project. 
 31 

The following equation is used to calculate REI values in total: 

i j k l j l

i j k l

EUGi j k SAR , , , PR ,

, , ,

, , ∑ ⋅ ⋅

where i = Ocean, in-river, and hatchery geographic areas 

j = Species (coho, spring/summer Chinook, fall Chinook, 

summer/winter steelhead) 

k = Geographic harvest areas 

l = Columbia River Basin provinces 

EUG = Economic factor for spatially defined user group itemized for 

recreational and commercial fisheries; factor is REI or net 

benefits per fish for commercial fisheries and per angler day 

for recreational fisheries 

SAR = Smolt-to-adult survival rates, including harvests, hatchery 

returns, and adjusted to exclude spawners; normalized for 

ocean fisheries, in-river fisheries, and hatchery returns 

PR = Smolt production measured by hatchery releases or wild 

downstream migrants 

The above three inputs are mixed and matched to generate four cases in order to provide a range 

of possible economic contributions for any given set of assumptions regarding hatchery 

production, SAR's, and harvest regime. Table 5 shows the variable input assignments for the 

cases. 

The modeling process may be summarized verbally as follows: 

1) Start with hatchery smolt releases and estimates of wild smolts (by species and 

production area) 

2) Apply survival rates (SAR's) to estimate the number of adults available for 

harvest or return to hatchery (by species and production area) 

3) Apply assumptions about how these adults contribute to various fisheries or return 

to hatcheries (or to spawn naturally)(by species, production area, and fishery) 

4) Apply estimates of REI per fish to calculate personal income impacts (by species 

and fishery) 

Economic Contribution Estimates 

The economic contribution for the period of 2002 to 2004 adult harvests (early 2000's brood 

years) (Case III) is estimated to be about $142 million (Table 6). The early 1990's (Case IV) 

experienced very low survival rates, which resulted in low harvests and therefore low economic 

contribution of $40 million. During the 1980's (Case II), a period of relatively good survival 

rates, the economic contribution averaged about $113 million per year. 

Respective REI's for the four cases and the distribution of income generated are shown in Table 

7 and Table 8. Detailed estimates of REI by region, species, and user groups are provided in 
 32 

Table 5 

Hatchery Release, Smolt-to-Adult Survival Rates, and Harvest Level Assumptions for 

Four Cases Considered for Estimating Adult Salmonid Returns-to-Fisheries 

 Assumptions 

Cases Hatchery Production SAR Harvest Regime 

I NMFS Cap 30-year average 30-year average 

II Actual 1995 1980's average 1980's average 

III Actual 2002-2004 

releases 

Adjusted to reflect 2002-

2004 expectations 

Double 1980's average 

IV Actual 1995 Early 1990's average Early 1990's average 

Notes: 1. Hatchery production National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) cap is 197 million. 

2. SAR is smolt-to-adult survival rates for hatchery and wild origin anadromous fish. Hatchery 

origin adults are harvests and returns to hatcheries. Wild adults are harvests and spawners 

plus prespawning mortality. 

 3. Average brood year periods SAR used for "30 years" ended in 1993; "early 1990's" was 1991 

to 1995; and "1980's" was 1981 to 1989. SAR assumptions for Case III are partially based 

on managers' expectations for this period. 

4. Commercial harvests include ocean and inland treaty and non-treaty allocations from 

California to Alaska, and hatchery surplus sales. Recreational harvests includes ocean and 

inland (mainstem and tributary). Harvest estimates are based on Integrated Hatchery 

Operations Team (IHOT) and CWT data. 

5. These four cases may be viewed as situations or goals for Columbia River anadromous fish 

management. The four cases simply portray different situations that either have occurred in 

the past or hypothetically may occur in the future. 

Source: Radtke et al. (1999) and Project. 

Appendix C. The lower bounds ($40 million per year for Case IV) may be viewed as the amount 

of total personal income generated by Basin anadromous fish production when overall survival is 

at historic low rates. The highest amount ($142 million for Case III) may be attained if the 

survival rates continue as they have in the early 2000's. 

A breakout of areas that may be affected by the production of anadromous salmonid harvesting 

from Basin production is provided in Table 8. At low production and available harvests (Case 

IV), recreational harvests are about 50 percent of total economic income generated. At higher 

production levels, the increases are higher for the commercial fisheries than for the recreational 

sector (Table 7). This is because the ocean commercial fisheries and the in-river commercial 

(tribal as well as non-tribal) fisheries are able to access and harvest increasing numbers. At 

lower overall stocks, the commercial fisheries are constrained by treaties and management 

agreements. The regions within the Basin are the beneficiaries of increased smolt production 

and resulting available harvests (Table 8). 

Higher amounts of regional personal income may be attained by development of commercial 

markets for fish harvested at hatcheries, or by shifting the emphasis to higher valued commercial 

species, such as spring/summer Chinook. Better market development may also involve 

consistent supply throughout the year. Shifting management policies between users from 

commercial to recreational use may also generate more regional income. For example, a 

returning fall Chinook surplus hatchery fish may only generate $32.69 of total income (REI) per 
 33 

Table 6 

Regional Economic Impacts of Columbia River Basin Produced Salmon/Steelhead by Geographic Areas 

For Four Cases of Production and Harvest Management Policies (2003 Dollars of Personal Income) 

I. NMFS II. 1980's III. Early IV. Early

Cap % Average % 2000's % 1990's %

Species: Coho

Alaska 189 0.0% 219 0.0% 103 0.0% 63 0.0%

British Columbia 998,744 4.0% 1,160,702 3.9% 635,025 3.5% 326,742 4.4%

Washington ocean

- Westport 3,231,119 12.9% 3,793,319 12.9% 2,285,246 12.6% 951,946 12.7%

- Other 4,712,743 18.7% 5,532,514 18.8% 3,327,590 18.3% 1,388,896 18.6%

- Tribal 9,107 0.0% 10,659 0.0% 5,640 0.0% 2,746 0.0%

Washington Puget Sound 31,782 0.1% 37,125 0.1% 17,873 0.1% 9,726 0.1%

Oregon ocean

- Astoria 1,036,080 4.1% 1,215,266 4.1% 705,915 3.9% 307,365 4.1%

- Other 7,007,618 27.9% 8,217,951 27.9% 4,734,869 26.0% 2,082,014 27.9%

California 495,868 2.0% 586,427 2.0% 456,439 2.5% 137,759 1.8%

Columbia Basin inland

Freshwater sport

Mainstem

 - Astoria 1,224,628 4.9% 1,431,670 4.9% 717,005 3.9% 372,549 5.0%

 - Other 1,224,628 4.9% 1,431,670 4.9% 717,005 3.9% 372,549 5.0%

Tributary 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Gillnet 3,750,008 14.9% 4,386,857 14.9% 2,266,021 12.5% 1,135,256 15.2%

Tribal 305,164 1.2% 387,989 1.3% 1,513,159 8.3% 6,419 0.1%

Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Hatchery

Hatchery surplus market 872,432 3.5% 1,025,883 3.5% 657,851 3.6% 253,818 3.4%

Hatchery carcass 244,191 1.0% 269,895 0.9% 148,371 0.8% 124,026 1.7%

Total with hatchery surplus utilization 25,144,301 100.0% 29,488,148 100.0% 18,188,111 100.0% 7,471,874 100.0%

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 24,027,678 28,192,370 17,381,889 7,094,030

Species: Spring/Summer Chinook

Alaska 1,369,549 11.5% 1,440,177 11.4% 2,376,129 4.8% 452,041 13.9%

British Columbia 1,925,970 16.1% 2,026,491 16.1% 3,768,529 7.6% 626,017 19.3%

Washington ocean

- Westport 275,356 2.3% 289,764 2.3% 552,029 1.1% 89,201 2.7%

- Other 290,537 2.4% 305,588 2.4% 528,475 1.1% 95,343 2.9%

- Tribal 4,174 0.0% 4,389 0.0% 7,102 0.0% 1,381 0.0%

Washington Puget Sound 21,467 0.2% 22,734 0.2% 94,228 0.2% 5,794 0.2%

Oregon ocean

- Astoria 3,290 0.0% 3,462 0.0% 6,594 0.0% 1,066 0.0%

- Other 225,975 1.9% 237,800 1.9% 452,899 0.9% 73,208 2.3%

California 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Columbia Basin inland

Freshwater sport

Mainstem

 - Astoria 1,063,781 8.9% 1,117,442 8.9% 6,838,042 13.8% 360,808 11.1%

 - Other 1,063,781 8.9% 1,117,442 8.9% 6,838,042 13.8% 360,808 11.1%

Tributary 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 3,613,244 7.3% 0 0.0%

Gillnet 1,920,551 16.1% 2,017,430 16.0% 4,734,826 9.5% 651,403 20.0%

Tribal 273,043 2.3% 295,594 2.3% 16,496,978 33.3% 592 0.0%

Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Hatchery

Hatchery surplus market 3,288,270 27.6% 3,516,359 27.9% 3,039,695 6.1% 444,144 13.7%

Hatchery carcass 207,595 1.7% 216,882 1.7% 239,779 0.5% 87,369 2.7%

Total with hatchery surplus utilization 11,933,339 100.0% 12,611,556 100.0% 49,586,590 100.0% 3,249,175 100.0%

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 8,437,474 8,878,315 46,307,116 2,717,662
 34 

Table 6 (cont.) 

I. NMFS II. 1980's III. Early IV. Early

Cap % Average % 2000's % 1990's %

Species: Fall Chinook

Alaska 2,584,269 5.9% 3,117,981 5.8% 4,446,296 8.0% 1,561,034 6.1%

British Columbia 17,505,874 40.3% 21,068,182 38.9% 21,174,531 38.3% 11,090,416 43.4%

Washington ocean

- Westport 4,149,984 9.6% 5,388,350 10.0% 2,936,683 5.3% 2,359,116 9.2%

- Other 3,483,479 8.0% 4,518,637 8.3% 2,698,498 4.9% 1,971,384 7.7%

- Tribal 41,921 0.1% 54,329 0.1% 35,137 0.1% 23,623 0.1%

Washington Puget Sound 233 0.0% 295 0.0% 578 0.0% 117 0.0%

Oregon ocean

- Astoria 24,062 0.1% 31,127 0.1% 23,231 0.0% 13,443 0.1%

- Other 1,393,097 3.2% 1,802,151 3.3% 1,345,000 2.4% 778,312 3.0%

California 175,159 0.4% 228,789 0.4% 50,356 0.1% 102,361 0.4%

Columbia Basin inland

Freshwater sport

Mainstem

 - Astoria 1,306,247 3.0% 1,698,174 3.1% 808,737 1.5% 746,936 2.9%

 - Other 1,306,247 3.0% 1,698,174 3.1% 808,737 1.5% 746,936 2.9%

Tributary 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Gillnet 4,859,963 11.2% 6,250,472 11.5% 6,665,244 12.1% 2,640,441 10.3%

Tribal 5,291,179 12.2% 6,696,763 12.4% 13,107,682 23.7% 2,652,967 10.4%

Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Hatchery

Hatchery surplus market 832,465 1.9% 1,073,560 2.0% 984,248 1.8% 458,249 1.8%

Hatchery carcass 484,666 1.1% 500,874 0.9% 215,216 0.4% 407,926 1.6%

Total with hatchery surplus utilization 43,438,844 100.0% 54,127,857 100.0% 55,300,173 100.0% 25,553,261 100.0%

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 42,121,713 52,553,423 54,100,709 24,687,086

Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead

Alaska 3,203 0.0% 7,116 0.0% 7,808 0.0% 1,910 0.1%

British Columbia 43,564 0.6% 96,780 0.6% 106,182 0.6% 25,980 0.7%

Washington ocean 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

- Westport

- Other

- Tribal

Washington Puget Sound 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Oregon ocean 3,203 0.0% 7,116 0.0% 7,808 0.0% 1,910 0.1%

- Astoria

- Other

California 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Columbia Basin inland

Freshwater sport

Mainstem

 - Astoria 676,695 9.5% 1,573,061 9.1% 2,041,753 11.0% 294,330 7.9%

 - Other 2,030,084 28.4% 4,719,184 27.3% 6,125,258 33.0% 882,989 23.7%

Tributary 3,268,905 45.7% 8,098,924 46.9% 6,963,511 37.5% 1,882,489 50.5%

Gillnet 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Tribal 449,355 6.3% 1,113,307 6.4% 1,435,844 7.7% 258,774 6.9%

Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Hatchery

Hatchery surplus market 528,536 7.4% 1,380,828 8.0% 1,606,800 8.7% 276,168 7.4%

Hatchery carcass 149,889 2.1% 269,846 1.6% 269,810 1.5% 105,197 2.8%

Total with hatchery surplus utilization 7,153,435 100.0% 17,266,163 100.0% 18,564,773 100.0% 3,729,747 100.0%

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 6,475,010 15,615,489 16,688,163 3,348,382
 35 

Table 6 (cont.) 

I. NMFS II. 1980's III. Early IV. Early

Cap % Average % 2000's % 1990's %

Species: Total

Alaska 3,957,210 4.5% 4,565,494 4.0% 6,830,335 4.8% 2,015,049 5.0%

British Columbia 20,474,153 23.4% 24,352,155 21.5% 25,684,267 18.1% 12,069,154 30.2%

Washington ocean

- Westport 7,656,459 8.7% 9,471,433 8.3% 5,773,957 4.1% 3,400,263 8.5%

- Other 8,486,759 9.7% 10,356,739 9.1% 6,554,563 4.6% 3,455,623 8.6%

- Tribal 55,202 0.1% 69,377 0.1% 47,879 0.0% 27,750 0.1%

Washington Puget Sound 53,482 0.1% 60,155 0.1% 112,678 0.1% 15,637 0.0%

Oregon ocean

- Astoria 1,063,432 1.2% 1,249,855 1.1% 735,740 0.5% 321,874 0.8%

- Other 8,629,893 9.8% 10,265,018 9.0% 6,540,575 4.6% 2,935,443 7.3%

California 671,027 0.8% 815,216 0.7% 506,794 0.4% 240,120 0.6%

Columbia Basin inland

Freshwater sport

Mainstem

 - Astoria 4,271,350 4.9% 5,820,348 5.1% 10,405,537 7.3% 1,774,623 4.4%

 - Other 5,624,740 6.4% 8,966,470 7.9% 14,489,043 10.2% 2,363,283 5.9%

Tributary 3,268,905 3.7% 8,098,924 7.1% 10,576,755 7.5% 1,882,489 4.7%

Gillnet 10,530,521 12.0% 12,654,760 11.2% 13,666,091 9.6% 4,427,100 11.1%

Tribal 6,318,741 7.2% 8,493,654 7.5% 32,553,663 23.0% 2,918,751 7.3%

Other 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%

Hatchery

Hatchery surplus market 5,521,703 6.3% 6,996,631 6.2% 6,288,594 4.4% 1,432,379 3.6%

Hatchery carcass 1,086,341 1.2% 1,257,497 1.1% 873,177 0.6% 724,517 1.8%

Total with hatchery surplus utilization 87,669,918 100.0% 113,493,724 100.0% 141,639,648 100.0% 40,004,057 100.0%

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 81,061,875 105,239,597 134,477,877 37,847,161

fish. The same fish may generate between $45 and $77 in the commercial fishery and about $60 

in the recreational fishery. However, many of these shifts, although they could generate more 

income, may be unattainable due to recovery policies, past treaties, or allocation agreements. 

Economic Contribution in Historical Context 

Salmon were the lifeblood of the Indians living along the Columbia River, essential to their 

subsistence, their culture, and their religion. A focal point of this great salmon fishery for many 

centuries was Wy-am, one of the longest continuously occupied sites on the North American 

continent. Located near Celilo Falls on the Columbia River, the Wy-am area, before the Dalles 

Dam in 1957, was a commercial center during the fishing season. In autumn, as many as 5,000 

people gathered to trade, feast, and participate in games and religious ceremonies (Spranger and 

Anderson 1988). 

The history of Columbia River salmon harvest has been one of transition from spears and dip 

nets, to seine and gillnets, to diesel engines and ocean trolling poles. Historically, harvesters 

waited until salmon returned to the Columbia River. Today, salmon produced in the Columbia 

River system are harvested from California to Alaska by trolling gear and by nets set to harvest 

other species of salmon. 
 36 

Table 7 

Economic Impacts Per Year For Four Cases of Columbia River Basin Anadromous Fish 

 Production and Harvest Management (Millions of 2003 Dollars of Personal Income) 

Policy Economic Impacts (Millions of 2003$)

Case Assumptions Commercial Recreational Total

I Hatchery production at NMFS cap, SAR and 

harvests 30 yr historical average

$54.3 $33.4 $87.7

II Hatchery production at 1995 levels, SAR and 

harvests at 1980's historical average

$66.4 $47.1 $113.5

III Hatchery production, SAR, and harvests at early 

2000's levels

$91.2 $50.4 $141.6

IV Hatchery production at 1995 levels, SAR and 

harvests early 1990's historical average

$26.4 $13.6 $40.0

Notes: 1. Regional economic impacts are total personal income per year in millions of 2003 dollars. 

2. Total and subtotals may not equal sum of values due to rounding. 

3. SAR is smolt-to-adult survival rate. Adults are harvests and returns to hatcheries for hatchery 

origin anadromous fish. Adults are harvests and spawners plus in-stream prespawning 

mortality for wild origin anadromous fish. 

4. Commercial includes ocean treaty and non-treaty harvests from California to Alaska, in-river 

treaty and non-treaty harvests, and hatchery surplus sales. Recreational includes ocean, inriver mainstem, and in-river tributary. 

5. The concern about certain species or sub-species of salmon, and the overall effect of 

hatchery fish on survival of these species, has led to the NMFS placing a cap of 197 million 

annual smolt releases within the Columbia Basin. 

Source: Project. 

Salmon played a key role in developing the West by European settlers. As early as 1828, various 

trading companies were purchasing and exporting salmon caught by the Indians on the Columbia 

River. The first commercial use of fishery products in Oregon was the packing of salmon. 

Development of the canning process in the mid 1800's created a huge demand for salmon. The 

total harvested pounds of salmon and steelhead in the early 1890's ranged from 21 million 

pounds to 40 millions pounds (Figure 8). During the late 1880's and early 1920's, the salmon 

gillnet fishery in the Columbia River contributed a substantial amount of income to communities 

on the lower Columbia River, such as Astoria. At today's prices, these runs contributed as much 

as $300 million REI into the lower Columbia communities per year (Figure 12) (Radtke et al. 

1999 and Project). 

When salmon became scarcer and gas powered engines allowed fishermen to venture out farther 

into the ocean, trolling for salmon became an attractive alternative. As ocean fisheries 

developed, a majority of the fish produced in the Basin were harvested in marine waters from 

California to Alaska. The effect of economic development, hatchery production, and mixed 

stock, open access fisheries has been to reduce the total, and change the species and stock 

composition, of returning salmon to the Columbia River. 
 37 

Table 8 

Economic Contribution From Columbia River Basin Fish Production 

(Millions of 2003 Dollars of Personal Income) 

Case I Case II Case III (High) Case IV (Low)

Anadromous Fish Fisheries NMFS Cap 1980's Avg. Early 2000's Early 1990's

A. Inside and Outside the Columbia Basin

 Within Basin $30.0 $44.0 $81.7 $13.4

 Commercial $16.8 $21.1 $46.2 $7.3

 Non-treaty $10.5 $12.7 $13.7 $4.4

 Treaty $6.3 $8.5 $32.6 $2.9

 Recreational $13.2 $22.9 $35.5 $6.0

 Hatchery surplus $5.5 $7.0 $6.3 $1.4

 Hatchery carcass $1.1 $1.3 $0.9 $0.7

 Outside Basin $51.0 $61.2 $52.8 $24.5

 Commercial $30.9 $37.0 $37.8 $16.9

 Recreational $20.2 $24.2 $14.9 $7.6

 Total $87.7 $113.5 $141.6 $40.0

B. By Geopolitical Regions

 Alaska $4.0 $4.6 $6.8 $2.0

 Canada $20.5 $24.4 $25.7 $12.1

 Washington, ocean and Puget Sound $16.3 $20.0 $12.5 $6.9

 Oregon ocean $9.7 $11.5 $7.3 $3.3

 Columbia River (Oregon, Washington, and hatcheries) $36.6 $52.3 $88.9 $15.5

 California $0.7 $0.8 $0.5 $0.2

 Total $87.7 $113.5 $141.6 $40.0

C. By Species Groups

 Coho $25.1 $29.5 $18.2 $7.5

 Fall Chinook $43.4 $54.1 $55.3 $25.6

 Spring/summer Chinook $11.9 $12.6 $49.6 $3.2

 Steelhead $7.2 $17.3 $18.6 $3.7

 Total $87.7 $113.5 $141.6 $40.0

Source: Project. 

In more recent times, the Basin produced around 20 million pounds that were harvested in the 

Basin until the late 1940's. Since then, the total poundage harvested commercially generally 

declined to the very low level in 1993, when a total of just over one million pounds of salmon 

were harvested in the Columbia River. As returning fish numbers have declined, so have the 

revenues received by fishermen and the resulting income generated for inland communities. 

Based on the four cases analyzed, the total contribution during the 1980's of Basin produced 

salmonids was about $113 million. This compares with over $200 million in the best of years in 

the late 1880's and early 1900's (Figure 12). During the 1990's, the total contribution declined to 

about $40 million. With Basin smolt production and survival rates experienced in the early 

2000's, the total economic contribution from commercial and recreational salmon and steelhead 
 38 

Figure 12 

Historical and Recent Columbia River Basin Estimated Regional 

Economic Impacts From Basin Produced Salmonid Harvests 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

186618721888188418901896190219081914192019261932193819441950195619621968197419801986199219982004

Personal Income (Millions of 2003 Dollars)

Chinook

Coho

Sockeye

Chum

Steelhead

Early 2000's

1970's to 

1993

1980's

1990's

At survival rates and 

estimated harvest 

for 4 time periods

Notes: 1 Economic impacts expressed as total personal income adjusted to Year 2003 dollars using the 

GDP implicit price deflator developed by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 

 2. Historical available data only represents harvest in the Columbia River from 1866 to 1993. 

These Project estimates include both ocean and Columbia River harvests. 

Sources: Landing data are from NPCC (1986), fish size and ex-vessel price are from ODFW (1995), 

and regional economic impacts per pound are from Radtke (May 1997) and Project. 

harvested throughout the West Coast is estimated to be about $142 million. This approaches the 

average income contribution of the period from 1890's to 1930's. 

Other Fish Resources Not Included in These Estimates 

Fish other than anadromous salmonid and resident species support major fisheries of 

commercial, tribal, and recreational user groups (WDFW and ODFW 2002). These 

contributions are not included in these estimates. Despite their recognition by many as an 

important component of the Basin ecosystem, resident fish do not get the level of research and 

management attention as do anadromous fish. Comprehensive data are often lacking regarding 

population, life history requirements, and habitat use.1

White sturgeon, shad, and smelt are the principal other species contributing to the commercial 

fisheries. There is also a small Pacific lamprey eel and bait (anchovy and herring) commercial 

 

1. See Appendix C, Table C.1 for a list of resident species known or assumed to occur in the Basin's reservoirs and 

tributaries. 
 39 

fishery. Native Americans fished for other species, but little documentation of these fisheries 

exists.1

 The principal other species contributing to recreational fisheries are white sturgeon, 

shad, smelt, walleye, northern pikeminnow, and rainbow trout. There is some targeted 

recreational fishing for smallmouth bass and catfish in the pools behind the upriver dams and in 

tributaries. 

Recreational fisheries for other than salmon and steelhead in the Basin are less well documented 

than are commercial fisheries. This is, in part, a function of their complexity and the difficulty in 

monitoring the activity levels. Estimates of recreational angling activity within the Basin are 

available (Fluharty 2000 and USDI March 2003).2 The diversity of recreational fishing activities 

(anadromous, resident, warm water, cold water, ice fishing, and specialized gear fisheries - flies, 

plugs, etc.) and the vast geographic scale of the Basin make it difficult to provide detailed 

treatment of each. Also, the lack of comprehensive surveys is limiting. Despite this lack of 

research, it should not be assumed that the economic values from recreational fishing are 

insignificant. Based on available data, the estimated number of anglers may be as high as 

1,166,000 (Appendix C, Table C.2). These anglers spend about 12,427,000 days fishing within 

the Basin for a variety of resident and anadromous species. The direct expenditures on gasoline, 

fishing tackle, etc. from these angler trips are estimated to be about $2 billion. The economic 

effects in terms of REI of these anglers may be as much as $408 million. A data problem exists 

in that the Integrated Hatchery Operations Team (IHOT) based estimates of in-river salmonid 

recreational harvests used to include salmonid recreational harvests in the analysis of the four 

cases in this paper are part of these total angler trips. A survey is needed to separate the resident 

fish angling effort from the anadromous salmonid based effort. 

 

1. Hunn (1990) describes some aspects of the usage of nonsalmonid resources by one family. 

2. Inland recreational fishing includes angling trips when either anadromous fish or resident fish are the target 

species. Therefore, the within Basin recreational anadromous fish fisheries are not separated, in this data set, 

from other fishing trips. 
 40 

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APPENDIX A 

Modeling For Four 

Cases of Production 

and Harvest 

SECTION I 

Distributional Assumptions 

SECTION II 

Returning Adults by 

Geographic Region 

SECTION III 

Regional Economic Impacts 

of Columbia River Basin 

Produced Salmon/Steelhead 

by Geographic Areas 
 APPENDIX A 

SECTION I 

Distributional Assumptions 
IEAB Independent Economic 

Analysis Board

Roger Mann, Chair 

Noelwah R. Netusil, Vice-Chair 

Kenneth L. Casavant 

Daniel D. Huppert 

Joel R. Hamilton 

Lon L. Peters 

Susan S. Hanna 

Hans Radtke 

A I - 1 

Distributional Assumptions (Case I) 

 

 Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette

Species: Coho 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.001% --

 b) Sport NA -- -- -- --

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial NA 2.000% 2.000% 4.500% 2.000%

 b) Sport NA 0.200% 0.200% 0.500% 0.200%

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest NA 2.200% 2.200% 5.001% 2.200%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial (0.33% tribal) NA 0.500% 0.500% 2.005% 1.000%

 - Westport (28%) NA 0.140% 0.140% 0.561% 0.280%

 - Other commercial (68%) NA 0.340% 0.340% 1.363% 0.680%

 - Tribal (4%) NA 0.020% 0.020% 0.080% 0.040%

 b) Sport NA 10.000% 10.000% 15.000% 20.000%

 - Westport (41%) NA 4.100% 4.100% 6.150% 8.200%

 - Other sport (59%) NA 5.900% 5.900% 8.850% 11.800%

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.050% --

 b) Sport NA -- -- 0.050% --

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial NA 5.000% 5.000% 12.000% 10.000%

 - Astoria (3%) NA 0.150% 0.150% 0.360% 0.300%

 - Other commercial (97%) NA 4.850% 4.850% 11.640% 9.700%

 b) Sport NA 6.500% 6.500% 12.000% 13.000%

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) NA 1.040% 1.040% 1.920% 2.080%

 - Other sport (84%) NA 5.460% 5.460% 10.080% 10.920%

 California 

 a) Commercial NA 1.500% 1.500% 1.000% 3.000%

 b) Sport NA 1.000% 1.000% 0.500% 2.000%

 Available for allocation inriver NA 87.800% 87.800% NA NA

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem NA 0.500% 0.500% 5.000% 1.000%

 - Astoria (50%) NA 0.250% 0.250% 2.500% 0.500%

 - Other (50%) NA 0.250% 0.250% 2.500% 0.500%

 Tributary NA -- -- -- --

 b) Gillnet NA 5.000% 5.000% 27.389% 10.000%

 - Astoria (100%) NA 5.000% 5.000% 27.389% 10.000%

 c) Tribal (50% of allocation) NA 43.900% 43.900% -- --

Other NA 0.400% 0.400% -- 0.800%

Total Harvest NA 76.500% 76.500% 79.995% 63.000%

Hatchery requirement NA 10.000% 10.000% 4.800% 10.000%

Hatchery surplus market NA 6.750% 6.750% 7.603% 13.500%

Hatchery surplus carcass NA 6.750% 6.750% 7.603% 13.500%
A I - 2 

Species: Spring/Summer Chinook 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial 2.500% 2.500% 2.500% 9.000% 9.000%

 b) Sport -- -- -- 0.100% 0.100%

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 5.000% 5.000% 5.000% 11.000% 11.000%

 b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 8.000% 8.000% 8.000% 21.100% 21.100%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 4.000% 4.000%

 - Westport (40%) 0.400% 0.400% 0.400% 1.600% 1.600%

 - Other commercial (59%) 0.590% 0.590% 0.590% 2.360% 2.360%

 - Tribal (1%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.040% 0.040%

 b) Sport 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Westport (71%) 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710%

 - Other sport (29%) 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290%

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 0.010% 0.010%

 b) Sport -- -- -- 0.030% 0.030%

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Astoria (2%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.020% 0.020%

 - Other commercial (98%) 0.490% 0.490% 0.490% 0.980% 0.980%

 b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.005% 0.005% 0.005% 0.010% 0.010%

 - Other sport (99%) 0.495% 0.495% 0.495% 0.990% 0.990%

 California 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Available for allocation inriver 65.334% 65.334% 65.334% 63.023% 63.023%

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem -- -- -- 10.000% 10.000%

 - Astoria (50%) -- -- -- 5.000% 5.000%

 - Other (50%) -- -- -- 5.000% 5.000%

 Tributary -- -- -- -- --

 b) Gillnet -- -- -- 10.000% 10.000%

 - Astoria (100%) -- -- -- 10.000% 10.000%

 c) Tribal (5% of allocation) 3.267% 3.267% 3.267% -- --

Other 3.000% 3.000% 3.000% -- --

Total Harvest 17.767% 17.767% 17.767% 48.140% 48.140%

Hatchery requirement 23.166% 23.166% 23.166% 8.837% 8.837%

Hatchery surplus market 29.534% 29.534% 29.534% 21.512% 21.512%

Hatchery surplus carcass 29.534% 29.534% 29.534% 21.512% 21.512%
A I - 3 

Species: Fall Chinook 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial 6.000% 6.000% 6.000% 1.500% NA 

 b) Sport 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% -- NA 

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 25.000% 25.000% 25.000% 20.000% NA 

 b) Sport 2.000% 2.000% 2.000% 3.000% NA 

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 33.010% 33.010% 33.010% 24.500% NA 

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial (3.00% tribal) 4.500% 4.500% 4.500% 12.000% NA 

 - Westport (40%) 1.800% 1.800% 1.800% 4.800% NA 

 - Other commercial (59%) 2.655% 2.655% 2.655% 7.080% NA 

 - Tribal (1%) 0.045% 0.045% 0.045% 0.120% NA 

 b) Sport 2.000% 2.000% 2.000% 10.000% NA 

 - Westport (71%) 1.420% 1.420% 1.420% 7.100% NA 

 - Other sport (29%) 0.580% 0.580% 0.580% 2.900% NA 

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% -- NA 

 b) Sport 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% -- NA 

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial 1.500% 1.500% 1.500% 3.000% NA 

 - Astoria (2%) 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.060% NA 

 - Other commercial (98%) 1.470% 1.470% 1.470% 2.940% NA 

 b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% NA 

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.005% 0.005% 0.005% 0.010% NA 

 - Other sport (99%) 0.495% 0.495% 0.495% 0.990% NA 

 California 

 a) Commercial 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% 0.500% NA 

 b) Sport 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% 0.100% NA 

 Available for allocation inriver 52.704% 52.704% 52.704% NA NA 

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 5.000% NA 

 - Astoria (50%) 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 2.500% NA 

 - Other (50%) 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 2.500% NA 

 Tributary -- -- -- -- NA 

 b) Gillnet 12.000% 12.000% 12.000% 11.000% NA 

 - Astoria (100%) 12.000% 12.000% 12.000% 11.000% NA 

 c) Tribal (50% of allocation) 26.352% 26.352% 26.352% -- NA 

Other 0.145% 0.145% 0.145% -- NA 

Total Harvest 81.009% 81.009% 81.009% 67.100% NA 

Hatchery requirement 14.286% 14.286% 14.286% 26.786% NA 

Hatchery surplus market 2.353% 2.353% 2.353% 3.057% NA 

Hatchery surplus carcass 2.353% 2.353% 2.353% 3.057% NA 
A I - 4 

Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

 California 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Available for allocation inriver 81.797% 81.797% 81.797% 68.940% 68.940%

Columbia Basin inland (60/40) 

 a) Freshwater sport (30% of allocation) 

 Mainstem 6.135% 6.135% 6.135% 45.000% 45.000%

 - Astoria (25%) 1.534% 1.534% 1.534% 11.250% 11.250%

 - Other (75%) 4.601% 4.601% 4.601% 33.750% 33.750%

 Tributary 18.404% 18.404% 18.404% -- --

 b) Gillnet -- -- -- -- --

 - Astoria (100%) -- -- -- -- --

 c) Tribal (20% of allocation) 16.359% 16.359% 16.359% -- --

Other -- -- -- -- --

Total Harvest 41.959% 41.959% 41.959% 46.060% 46.060%

Hatchery requirement 17.143% 17.143% 17.143% 30.000% 30.000%

Hatchery surplus market 20.449% 20.449% 20.449% 11.970% 11.970%

Hatchery surplus carcass 20.449% 20.449% 20.449% 11.970% 11.970%
A I - 5 

 

 Notes: 1.Expressed as percent of fish surviving-to-fisheries. 

 2.See text, section on survival rates and contribution to fisheries. 

 3.For coho: 

 a) Assumes treaty allocation of 50% of available harvest after hatchery and spawner requirements are met. 

 b) In order to meet hatchery and tribal obligations, reduce historic lower U.S. allocation to 50%. 

 4.For spring/summer Chinook: 

 a) Assumes treaty allocation of 5%. (Between 25,000 and 50,000 inriver runs - in this scenario about 50,000 

 adults will be entering the river. 

 b) Assumes that lower U.S. ocean catches are incidental and will remain as historic catches. 

 5.For fall Chinook: 

 a) Assumes treaty obligation of 50% of available harvest after hatchery and spawner requirements are met. 

 b) In order to meet hatchery requirements and treaty obligations, reduce lower U.S. allocation to 50%. 

 6.For steelhead: 

 a) Assumed allocation between tribal fishery and inriver recreation fishery for future runs (Mike Matylewich of 

 Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission) (Inriver catches not to exceed 50%.) 

 7.Hatchery requirements: 

 a) Rates expressed as percent of smolts released. 

 b) For hatchery purposes, at least two spawners (one male and one female) are required for future egg and smolt 

 production. Each coho and steelhead female spawner produces about 2,500 eggs, while Chinook produce 3,500 

 or more eggs. Hatchery egg to smolt survival tends to be about 80 percent. In order to provide some flexibility 

 in hatchery spawner requirements, three future spawners per spawning pair are used in these calculations. 

 Example for coho at 0.01 survival rate equals 25 surviving adults; divide 3 required spawners by 25 equals 12 

 percent of adults required for hatchery purposes, etc. At 0.012, the requirement is 10 percent 

 (3 ÷ [0.012 x 2,500] = 0.10). At 0.0012, the requirement is 100 percent. 
A I - 6 

Distributional Assumptions (Case II) 

 

 Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette

Species: Coho 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.001% --

 b) Sport NA -- -- -- --

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial NA 2.000% 2.000% 4.500% 2.000%

 b) Sport NA 0.200% 0.200% 0.500% 0.200%

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest NA 2.200% 2.200% 5.001% 2.200%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial (0.33% tribal) NA 0.511% 0.511% 2.020% 1.022%

 - Westport (28%) NA 0.143% 0.143% 0.566% 0.286%

 - Other commercial (68%) NA 0.348% 0.348% 1.373% 0.695%

 - Tribal (4%) NA 0.020% 0.020% 0.081% 0.041%

 b) Sport NA 10.223% 10.223% 15.110% 20.446%

 - Westport (41%) NA 4.191% 4.191% 6.195% 8.383%

 - Other sport (59%) NA 6.032% 6.032% 8.915% 12.063%

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.050% --

 b) Sport NA -- -- 0.050% --

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial NA 5.112% 5.112% 12.088% 10.223%

 - Astoria (3%) NA 0.153% 0.153% 0.363% 0.307%

 - Other commercial (97%) NA 4.958% 4.958% 11.725% 9.916%

 b) Sport NA 6.645% 6.645% 12.088% 13.290%

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) NA 1.063% 1.063% 1.934% 2.126%

 - Other sport (84%) NA 5.582% 5.582% 10.154% 11.164%

 California 

 a) Commercial NA 1.533% 1.533% 1.007% 3.067%

 b) Sport NA 1.022% 1.022% 0.504% 2.045%

 Available for allocation inriver NA 89.759% 89.759% NA NA

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem NA 0.511% 0.511% 5.037% 1.022%

 - Astoria (50%) NA 0.256% 0.256% 2.518% 0.511%

 - Other (50%) NA 0.256% 0.256% 2.518% 0.511%

 Tributary NA -- -- -- --

 b) Gillnet NA 5.112% 5.112% 27.590% 10.223%

 - Astoria (100%) NA 5.112% 5.112% 27.590% 10.223%

 c) Tribal (50% of allocation) NA 44.880% 44.880% -- --

Other NA 0.409% 0.409% -- 0.818%

Total Harvest NA 78.158% 78.158% 80.544% 64.357%

Hatchery requirement NA 8.041% 8.041% 4.139% 8.041%

Hatchery surplus market NA 6.901% 6.901% 7.658% 13.801%

Hatchery surplus carcass NA 6.901% 6.901% 7.658% 13.801%
A I - 7 

Species: Spring/Summer Chinook 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial 2.500% 2.500% 2.500% 9.000% 9.000%

 b) Sport -- -- -- 0.100% 0.100%

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 5.000% 5.000% 5.000% 11.000% 11.000%

 b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 8.000% 8.000% 8.000% 21.100% 21.100%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 4.000% 4.000%

 - Westport (40%) 0.400% 0.400% 0.400% 1.600% 1.600%

 - Other commercial (59%) 0.590% 0.590% 0.590% 2.360% 2.360%

 - Tribal (1%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.040% 0.040%

 b) Sport 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Westport (71%) 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710%

 - Other sport (29%) 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290%

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 0.010% 0.010%

 b) Sport -- -- -- 0.030% 0.030%

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Astoria (2%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.020% 0.020%

 - Other commercial (98%) 0.490% 0.490% 0.490% 0.980% 0.980%

 b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.005% 0.005% 0.005% 0.010% 0.010%

 - Other sport (99%) 0.495% 0.495% 0.495% 0.990% 0.990%

 California 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Available for allocation inriver 66.665% 66.665% 66.665% 63.408% 63.475%

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem -- -- -- 10.000% 10.000%

 - Astoria (50%) -- -- -- 5.000% 5.000%

 - Other (50%) -- -- -- 5.000% 5.000%

 Tributary -- -- -- -- --

 b) Gillnet -- -- -- 10.000% 10.000%

 - Astoria (100%) -- -- -- 10.000% 10.000%

 c) Tribal (5% of allocation) 3.333% 3.333% 3.333% -- --

Other 3.000% 3.000% 3.000% -- --

Total Harvest 17.833% 17.833% 17.833% 48.140% 48.140%

Hatchery requirement 21.835% 21.835% 21.835% 8.452% 8.385%

Hatchery surplus market 30.166% 30.166% 30.166% 21.704% 21.738%

Hatchery surplus carcass 30.166% 30.166% 30.166% 21.704% 21.738%
A I - 8 

Species: Fall Chinook 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial 6.000% 6.000% 6.000% 1.500% NA 

 b) Sport 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% -- NA 

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 25.000% 25.000% 25.000% 20.000% NA 

 b) Sport 2.000% 2.000% 2.000% 3.000% NA 

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 33.010% 33.010% 33.010% 24.500% NA 

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial (3.00% tribal) 4.711% 4.711% 4.711% 13.089% NA 

 - Westport (40%) 1.884% 1.884% 1.884% 5.235% NA 

 - Other commercial (59%) 2.779% 2.779% 2.779% 7.722% NA 

 - Tribal (1%) 0.047% 0.047% 0.047% 0.131% NA 

 b) Sport 2.094% 2.094% 2.094% 10.907% NA 

 - Westport (71%) 1.487% 1.487% 1.487% 7.744% NA 

 - Other sport (29%) 0.607% 0.607% 0.607% 3.163% NA 

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% -- NA 

 b) Sport 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% -- NA 

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial 1.570% 1.570% 1.570% 3.272% NA 

 - Astoria (2%) 0.031% 0.031% 0.031% 0.065% NA 

 - Other commercial (98%) 1.539% 1.539% 1.539% 3.207% NA 

 b) Sport 0.523% 0.523% 0.523% 1.091% NA 

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.005% 0.005% 0.005% 0.011% NA 

 - Other sport (99%) 0.518% 0.518% 0.518% 1.080% NA 

 California 

 a) Commercial 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% 0.545% NA 

 b) Sport 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% 0.109% NA 

 Available for allocation inriver 55.173% 55.174% 55.174% NA NA 

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem 1.047% 1.047% 1.047% 5.454% NA 

 - Astoria (50%) 0.523% 0.523% 0.523% 2.727% NA 

 - Other (50%) 0.523% 0.523% 0.523% 2.727% NA 

 Tributary -- -- -- -- NA 

 b) Gillnet 12.562% 12.562% 12.562% 11.998% NA 

 - Astoria (100%) 12.562% 12.562% 12.562% 11.998% NA 

 c) Tribal (50% of allocation) 27.587% 27.587% 27.587% -- NA 

Other 0.152% 0.152% 0.152% -- NA 

Total Harvest 83.258% 83.258% 83.258% 70.965% NA 

Hatchery requirement 11.817% 11.816% 11.816% 22.366% NA 

Hatchery surplus market 2.463% 2.463% 2.463% 3.334% NA 

Hatchery surplus carcass 2.463% 2.463% 2.463% 3.334% NA 
A I - 9 

Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

 California 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Available for allocation inriver 91.223% 91.223% 91.223% 85.436% 85.436%

Columbia Basin inland (60/40) 

 a) Freshwater sport (30% of allocation) 

 Mainstem 6.842% 6.842% 6.842% 45.000% 45.000%

 - Astoria (25%) 1.710% 1.710% 1.710% 11.250% 11.250%

 - Other (75%) 5.131% 5.131% 5.131% 33.750% 33.750%

 Tributary 20.525% 20.525% 20.525% -- --

 b) Gillnet -- -- -- -- --

 - Astoria (100%) -- -- -- -- --

 c) Tribal (20% of allocation) 18.245% 18.245% 18.245% -- --

Other -- -- -- -- --

Total Harvest 46.672% 46.672% 46.672% 46.060% 46.060%

Hatchery requirement 7.717% 7.717% 7.717% 13.504% 13.504%

Hatchery surplus market 22.806% 22.806% 22.806% 20.218% 20.218%

Hatchery surplus carcass 22.806% 22.806% 22.806% 20.218% 20.218%
A I - 10 

 

 Notes: 1.Expressed as percent of fish surviving-to-fisheries. 

 2.See text, section on survival rates and contribution to fisheries. 

 3.For coho: 

 a) Assumes treaty allocation of 50% of available harvest after hatchery and spawner requirements are met. 

 b) In order to meet hatchery and tribal obligations, reduce historic lower U.S. allocation to 51%. 

 4.For spring/summer Chinook: 

 a) Assumes treaty allocation of 5%. (Between 25,000 and 50,000 inriver runs - in this scenario about 50,000 

 adults will be entering the river. 

 b) Assumes that lower U.S. ocean catches are incidental and will remain as historic catches. 

 5.For fall Chinook: 

 a) Assumes treaty obligation of 50% of available harvest after hatchery and spawner requirements are met. 

 b) In order to meet hatchery requirements and treaty obligations, reduce lower U.S. allocation to 52%. 

 6.For steelhead: 

 a) Assumed allocation between tribal fishery and inriver recreation fishery for future runs (Mike Matylewich of 

 Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission) (Inriver catches not to exceed 50%.) 

 7.Hatchery requirements: 

 a) Rates expressed as percent of smolts released. 

 b) For hatchery purposes, at least two spawners (one male and one female) are required for future egg and smolt 

 production. Each coho and steelhead female spawner produces about 2,500 eggs, while Chinook produce 3,500 

 or more eggs. Hatchery egg to smolt survival tends to be about 80 percent. In order to provide some flexibility 

 in hatchery spawner requirements, three future spawners per spawning pair are used in these calculations. 

 Example for coho at 0.01 survival rate equals 25 surviving adults; divide 3 required spawners by 25 equals 12 

 percent of adults required for hatchery purposes, etc. At 0.012, the requirement is 10 percent 

 (3 ÷ [0.012 x 2,500] = 0.10). At 0.0012, the requirement is 100 percent. 
A I - 11 

Distributional Assumptions (Case III) 

 

 Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette

Species: Coho 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.001% --

 b) Sport NA -- -- -- --

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial NA 2.000% 2.000% 4.500% 2.000%

 b) Sport NA 0.200% 0.200% 0.500% 0.200%

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest NA 2.200% 2.200% 5.001% 2.200%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial (0.33% tribal) NA 0.534% 0.534% 2.066% 1.068%

 - Westport (28%) NA 0.150% 0.150% 0.578% 0.299%

 - Other commercial (68%) NA 0.363% 0.363% 1.405% 0.726%

 - Tribal (4%) NA 0.021% 0.021% 0.083% 0.043%

 b) Sport NA 10.681% 10.681% 15.454% 21.362%

 - Westport (41%) NA 4.379% 4.379% 6.336% 8.758%

 - Other sport (59%) NA 6.302% 6.302% 9.118% 12.604%

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.052% --

 b) Sport NA -- -- 0.052% --

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial NA 5.341% 5.341% 12.363% 10.681%

 - Astoria (3%) NA 0.160% 0.160% 0.371% 0.320%

 - Other commercial (97%) NA 5.180% 5.180% 11.992% 10.361%

 b) Sport NA 6.943% 6.943% 12.363% 13.885%

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) NA 1.111% 1.111% 1.978% 2.222%

 - Other sport (84%) NA 5.832% 5.832% 10.385% 11.664%

 California 

 a) Commercial NA 1.602% 1.602% 1.030% 3.204%

 b) Sport NA 1.068% 1.068% 0.515% 2.136%

 Available for allocation inriver NA 93.780% 93.780% NA NA

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem NA 0.534% 0.534% 5.151% 1.068%

 - Astoria (50%) NA 0.267% 0.267% 2.576% 0.534%

 - Other (50%) NA 0.267% 0.267% 2.576% 0.534%

 Tributary NA -- -- -- --

 b) Gillnet NA 5.341% 5.341% 28.218% 10.681%

 - Astoria (100%) NA 5.341% 5.341% 28.218% 10.681%

 c) Tribal (50% of allocation) NA 46.890% 46.890% -- --

Other NA 0.427% 0.427% -- 0.854%

Total Harvest NA 81.560% 81.560% 82.265% 67.141%

Hatchery requirement NA 4.020% 4.020% 2.070% 4.020%

Hatchery surplus market NA 7.210% 7.210% 7.833% 14.419%

Hatchery surplus carcass NA 7.210% 7.210% 7.833% 14.419%
A I - 12 

Species: Spring/Summer Chinook 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial 2.500% 2.500% 2.500% 9.000% 9.000%

 b) Sport -- -- -- 0.100% 0.100%

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 5.000% 5.000% 5.000% 11.000% 11.000%

 b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 8.000% 8.000% 8.000% 21.100% 21.100%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 4.000% 4.000%

 - Westport (40%) 0.400% 0.400% 0.400% 1.600% 1.600%

 - Other commercial (59%) 0.590% 0.590% 0.590% 2.360% 2.360%

 - Tribal (1%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.040% 0.040%

 b) Sport 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Westport (71%) 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710%

 - Other sport (29%) 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290%

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 0.010% 0.010%

 b) Sport -- -- -- 0.030% 0.030%

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Astoria (2%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.020% 0.020%

 - Other commercial (98%) 0.490% 0.490% 0.490% 0.980% 0.980%

 b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.005% 0.005% 0.005% 0.010% 0.010%

 - Other sport (99%) 0.495% 0.495% 0.495% 0.990% 0.990%

 California 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Available for allocation inriver 77.583% 77.583% 77.583% 67.634% 67.668%

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem 23.009% 23.009% 23.009% 10.000% 10.000%

 - Astoria (50%) 11.504% 11.504% 11.504% 5.000% 5.000%

 - Other (50%) 11.504% 11.504% 11.504% 5.000% 5.000%

 Tributary 7.670% 7.670% 7.670% -- --

 b) Gillnet 5.113% 5.113% 5.113% 10.000% 10.000%

 - Astoria (100%) 5.113% 5.113% 5.113% 10.000% 10.000%

 c) Tribal (50% of allocation) 38.791% 38.791% 38.791% -- --

Other 3.000% 3.000% 3.000% -- --

Total Harvest 89.083% 89.083% 89.083% 48.140% 48.140%

Hatchery requirement 10.917% 10.917% 10.917% 4.226% 4.192%

Hatchery surplus market 0.000% -0.000% -0.000% 23.817% 23.834%

Hatchery surplus carcass 0.000% -0.000% -0.000% 23.817% 23.834%
A I - 13 

Species: Fall Chinook 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial 6.000% 6.000% 6.000% 1.500% NA 

 b) Sport 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% -- NA 

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 25.000% 25.000% 25.000% 20.000% NA 

 b) Sport 2.000% 2.000% 2.000% 3.000% NA 

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 33.010% 33.010% 33.010% 24.500% NA 

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial (3.00% tribal) 5.215% 5.215% 5.215% 15.843% NA 

 - Westport (40%) 2.086% 2.086% 2.086% 6.337% NA 

 - Other commercial (59%) 3.077% 3.077% 3.077% 9.348% NA 

 - Tribal (1%) 0.052% 0.052% 0.052% 0.158% NA 

 b) Sport 2.318% 2.318% 2.318% 13.203% NA 

 - Westport (71%) 1.646% 1.646% 1.646% 9.374% NA 

 - Other sport (29%) 0.672% 0.672% 0.672% 3.829% NA 

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% -- NA 

 b) Sport 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% -- NA 

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial 1.738% 1.738% 1.738% 3.961% NA 

 - Astoria (2%) 0.035% 0.035% 0.035% 0.079% NA 

 - Other commercial (98%) 1.704% 1.704% 1.704% 3.882% NA 

 b) Sport 0.579% 0.579% 0.579% 1.320% NA 

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.006% 0.006% 0.006% 0.013% NA 

 - Other sport (99%) 0.574% 0.574% 0.574% 1.307% NA 

 California 

 a) Commercial 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% 0.660% NA 

 b) Sport 0.001% 0.001% 0.001% 0.132% NA 

 Available for allocation inriver 61.082% 61.082% 61.082% NA NA 

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem 1.159% 1.159% 1.159% 6.601% NA 

 - Astoria (50%) 0.579% 0.579% 0.579% 3.301% NA 

 - Other (50%) 0.579% 0.579% 0.579% 3.301% NA 

 Tributary -- -- -- -- NA 

 b) Gillnet 13.907% 13.907% 13.907% 14.523% NA 

 - Astoria (100%) 13.907% 13.907% 13.907% 14.523% NA 

 c) Tribal (50% of allocation) 30.541% 30.541% 30.541% -- NA 

Other 0.168% 0.168% 0.168% -- NA 

Total Harvest 88.639% 88.639% 88.639% 80.744% NA 

Hatchery requirement 5.908% 5.908% 5.908% 11.183% NA 

Hatchery surplus market 2.727% 2.727% 2.727% 4.036% NA 

Hatchery surplus carcass 2.727% 2.727% 2.727% 4.036% NA 
A I - 14 

Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

 California 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Available for allocation inriver 95.082% 95.082% 95.082% 92.188% 92.188%

Columbia Basin inland (50/50) 

 a) Freshwater sport (25% of allocation) 

 Mainstem 5.943% 5.943% 5.943% 45.000% 45.000%

 - Astoria (25%) 1.486% 1.486% 1.486% 11.250% 11.250%

 - Other (75%) 4.457% 4.457% 4.457% 33.750% 33.750%

 Tributary 17.828% 17.828% 17.828% -- --

 b) Gillnet -- -- -- -- --

 - Astoria (100%) -- -- -- -- --

 c) Tribal (25% of allocation) 23.770% 23.770% 23.770% -- --

Other -- -- -- -- --

Total Harvest 48.601% 48.601% 48.601% 46.060% 46.060%

Hatchery requirement 3.858% 3.858% 3.858% 6.752% 6.752%

Hatchery surplus market 23.770% 23.770% 23.770% 23.594% 23.594%

Hatchery surplus carcass 23.770% 23.770% 23.770% 23.594% 23.594%
A I - 15 

 

 Notes: 1.Expressed as percent of fish surviving-to-fisheries. 

 2.See text, section on survival rates and contribution to fisheries. 

 3.For coho: 

 a) Assumes treaty allocation of 50% of available harvest after hatchery and spawner requirements are met. 

 b) In order to meet hatchery and tribal obligations, reduce historic lower U.S. allocation to 53%. 

 4.For spring/summer Chinook: 

 a) Assumes treaty allocation of 50%. (Excess of 112% of 115,000 inriver runs 50% treaty Indian and 50% 

 non-treaty - In this scenario about 130,000 adults will be entering the river. 

 b) Assumes that lower U.S. ocean catches are incidental and will remain as historic levels. 

 5.For fall Chinook: 

 a) Assumes treaty obligation of 50% of available harvest after hatchery and spawner requirements are met. 

 b) In order to meet hatchery requirements and treaty obligations, reduce lower U.S. allocation to 58%. 

 6.For steelhead: 

 a) Assumed allocation between tribal fishery and inriver recreation fishery for future runs (Mike Matylewich of 

 Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission) (Inriver catches not to exceed 50%.) 

 7.Hatchery requirements: 

 a) Rates expressed as percent of smolts released. 

 b) For hatchery purposes, at least two spawners (one male and one female) are required for future egg and smolt 

 production. Each coho and steelhead female spawner produces about 2,500 eggs, while Chinook produce 3,500 

 or more eggs. Hatchery egg to smolt survival tends to be about 80 percent. In order to provide some flexibility 

 in hatchery spawner requirements, three future spawners per spawning pair are used in these calculations. 

 Example for coho at 0.01 survival rate equals 25 surviving adults; divide 3 required spawners by 25 equals 12 

 percent of adults required for hatchery purposes, etc. At 0.012, the requirement is 10 percent 

 (3 ÷ [0.012 x 2,500] = 0.10). At 0.0012, the requirement is 100 percent. 
A I - 16 

Distributional Assumptions (Case IV) 

 

 Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette

Species: Coho 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.001% --

 b) Sport NA -- -- -- --

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial NA 2.000% 2.000% 4.500% 2.000%

 b) Sport NA 0.200% 0.200% 0.500% 0.200%

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest NA 2.200% 2.200% 5.001% 2.200%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial (0.33% tribal) NA 0.101% 0.101% 1.845% 0.772%

 - Westport (28%) NA 0.028% 0.028% 0.517% 0.216%

 - Other commercial (68%) NA 0.069% 0.069% 1.255% 0.525%

 - Tribal (4%) NA 0.004% 0.004% 0.074% 0.031%

 b) Sport NA 2.027% 2.027% 13.803% 15.444%

 - Westport (41%) NA 0.831% 0.831% 5.659% 6.332%

 - Other sport (59%) NA 1.196% 1.196% 8.144% 9.112%

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial NA -- -- 0.046% --

 b) Sport NA -- -- 0.046% --

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial NA 1.014% 1.014% 11.042% 7.722%

 - Astoria (3%) NA 0.030% 0.030% 0.331% 0.232%

 - Other commercial (97%) NA 0.983% 0.983% 10.711% 7.490%

 b) Sport NA 1.318% 1.318% 11.042% 10.039%

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) NA 0.211% 0.211% 1.767% 1.606%

 - Other sport (84%) NA 1.107% 1.107% 9.275% 8.433%

 California 

 a) Commercial NA 0.304% 0.304% 0.920% 2.317%

 b) Sport NA 0.203% 0.203% 0.460% 1.544%

 Available for allocation inriver NA 17.800% 17.800% NA NA

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem NA 0.101% 0.101% 4.601% 0.772%

 - Astoria (50%) NA 0.051% 0.051% 2.300% 0.386%

 - Other (50%) NA 0.051% 0.051% 2.300% 0.386%

 Tributary NA -- -- -- --

 b) Gillnet NA 1.014% 1.014% 25.203% 7.722%

 - Astoria (100%) NA 1.014% 1.014% 25.203% 7.722%

 c) Tribal (50% of allocation) NA 8.900% 8.900% -- --

Other NA 0.081% 0.081% -- 0.618%

Total Harvest NA 17.263% 17.263% 74.009% 49.150%

Hatchery requirement NA 80.000% 80.000% 12.000% 30.000%

Hatchery surplus market NA 1.368% 1.368% 6.996% 10.425%

Hatchery surplus carcass NA 1.368% 1.368% 6.996% 10.425%
A I - 17 

Species: Spring/Summer Chinook 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial 2.500% 2.500% 2.500% 9.000% 9.000%

 b) Sport -- -- -- 0.100% 0.100%

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 5.000% 5.000% 5.000% 11.000% 11.000%

 b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 8.000% 8.000% 8.000% 21.100% 21.100%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 4.000% 4.000%

 - Westport (40%) 0.400% 0.400% 0.400% 1.600% 1.600%

 - Other commercial (59%) 0.590% 0.590% 0.590% 2.360% 2.360%

 - Tribal (1%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.040% 0.040%

 b) Sport 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Westport (71%) 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710% 0.710%

 - Other sport (29%) 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290% 0.290%

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 0.010% 0.010%

 b) Sport -- -- -- 0.030% 0.030%

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Astoria (2%) 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% 0.020% 0.020%

 - Other commercial (98%) 0.490% 0.490% 0.490% 0.980% 0.980%

 b) Sport 0.500% 0.500% 0.500% 1.000% 1.000%

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.005% 0.005% 0.005% 0.010% 0.010%

 - Other sport (99%) 0.495% 0.495% 0.495% 0.990% 0.990%

 California 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Available for allocation inriver 2.786% 2.786% 2.786% 47.370% 47.370%

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem -- -- -- 10.000% 10.000%

 - Astoria (50%) -- -- -- 5.000% 5.000%

 - Other (50%) -- -- -- 5.000% 5.000%

 Tributary -- -- -- -- --

 b) Gillnet -- -- -- 10.000% 10.000%

 - Astoria (100%) -- -- -- 10.000% 10.000%

 c) Tribal (1% of allocation) 0.028% 0.028% 0.028% -- --

Other 2.758% 2.758% 2.758% -- --

Total Harvest 14.286% 14.286% 14.286% 48.140% 48.140%

Hatchery requirement 85.714% 85.714% 85.714% 24.490% 24.490%

Hatchery surplus market -- -- -- 13.685% 13.685%

Hatchery surplus carcass -- -- -- 13.685% 13.685%
A I - 18 

Species: Fall Chinook 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial 6.000% 6.000% 6.000% 1.500% NA 

 b) Sport 0.010% 0.010% 0.010% -- NA 

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 25.000% 25.000% 25.000% 20.000% NA 

 b) Sport 2.000% 2.000% 2.000% 3.000% NA 

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 33.010% 33.010% 33.010% 24.500% NA 

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial (3.00% tribal) 3.890% 3.890% 3.890% 10.152% NA 

 - Westport (40%) 1.556% 1.556% 1.556% 4.061% NA 

 - Other commercial (59%) 2.295% 2.295% 2.295% 5.990% NA 

 - Tribal (1%) 0.039% 0.039% 0.039% 0.102% NA 

 b) Sport 1.729% 1.729% 1.729% 8.460% NA 

 - Westport (71%) 1.228% 1.228% 1.228% 6.007% NA 

 - Other sport (29%) 0.501% 0.501% 0.501% 2.454% NA 

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% -- NA 

 b) Sport 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% -- NA 

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial 1.297% 1.297% 1.297% 2.538% NA 

 - Astoria (2%) 0.026% 0.026% 0.026% 0.051% NA 

 - Other commercial (98%) 1.271% 1.271% 1.271% 2.487% NA 

 b) Sport 0.432% 0.432% 0.432% 0.846% NA 

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (1%) 0.004% 0.004% 0.004% 0.008% NA 

 - Other sport (99%) 0.428% 0.428% 0.428% 0.838% NA 

 California 

 a) Commercial 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.423% NA 

 b) Sport 0.000% 0.000% 0.000% 0.085% NA 

 Available for allocation inriver 45.561% 45.561% 45.561% NA NA 

Columbia Basin inland 

 a) Freshwater sport 

 Mainstem 0.864% 0.864% 0.864% 4.230% NA 

 - Astoria (50%) 0.432% 0.432% 0.432% 2.115% NA 

 - Other (50%) 0.432% 0.432% 0.432% 2.115% NA 

 Tributary -- -- -- -- NA 

 b) Gillnet 10.374% 10.374% 10.374% 9.306% NA 

 - Astoria (100%) 10.374% 10.374% 10.374% 9.306% NA 

 c) Tribal (50% of allocation) 22.781% 22.781% 22.781% -- NA 

Other 0.125% 0.125% 0.125% -- NA 

Total Harvest 74.504% 74.504% 74.504% 60.541% NA 

Hatchery requirement 21.429% 21.429% 21.429% 34.286% NA 

Hatchery surplus market 2.034% 2.034% 2.034% 2.586% NA 

Hatchery surplus carcass 2.034% 2.034% 2.034% 2.586% NA 
A I - 19 

Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead 

West Coast Ocean 

 Alaska 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

 British Columbia 

 a) Commercial 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000% 1.000%

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Subtotal Alaska/B.C. harvest 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030% 1.030%

 Washington ocean 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Washington Puget Sound 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Oregon 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030% 0.030%

 California 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- -- --

 b) Sport -- -- -- -- --

 Available for allocation inriver 74.940% 74.940% 74.940% 38.940% 38.940%

Columbia Basin inland (60/40) 

 a) Freshwater sport (30% of allocation) 

 Mainstem 5.621% 5.621% 5.621% 35.000% 35.000%

 - Astoria (25%) 1.405% 1.405% 1.405% 8.750% 8.750%

 - Other (75%) 4.215% 4.215% 4.215% 26.250% 26.250%

 Tributary 16.862% 16.862% 16.862% -- --

 b) Gillnet -- -- -- -- --

 - Astoria (100%) -- -- -- -- --

 c) Tribal (20% of allocation) 14.988% 14.988% 14.988% -- --

Other -- -- -- -- --

Total Harvest 38.530% 38.530% 38.530% 36.060% 36.060%

Hatchery requirement 24.000% 24.000% 24.000% 60.000% 60.000%

Hatchery surplus market 18.735% 18.735% 18.735% 1.970% 1.970%

Hatchery surplus carcass 18.735% 18.735% 18.735% 1.970% 1.970%
A I - 20 

 

 Notes: 1. Expressed as percent of fish surviving-to-fisheries. 

 2. See text, section on survival rates and contribution to fisheries. 

 3. For coho: 

 a) Assumes treaty and spawner allocation of 50% of available harvest after hatchery requirements are met. 

 b) In order to meet hatchery and tribal obligations, reduce historic lower U.S. allocation to 10%. 

 4. For spring/summer Chinook: 

 a) In this scenario, the inriver runs may be about 25,000 or less. Assumes a minimum of 1% for treaty harvest. 

 b) Assumes that lower U.S. ocean catches are incidental and will remain as historic levels. 

 5. For fall Chinook: 

 a) Assumes treaty obligation of 50% of available harvest after hatchery and spawner requirements are met. 

 b) In order to meet hatchery requirements and treaty obligations, reduce lower U.S. harvest to 43%. 

 6. For steelhead: 

 a) Assumed allocation between tribal fishery and inriver recreation fishery for future runs (Mike Matylewich of 

 Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission) (Inriver catches not to exceed 50%.) 

 7. Hatchery requirements: 

 a) Rates expressed as percent of smolts released. 

 b) For hatchery purposes, at least two spawners (one male and one female) are required for future egg and smolt 

 production. Each coho and steelhead female spawner produces about 2,500 eggs, while Chinook produce 3,500 

 or more eggs. Hatchery egg to smolt survival tends to be about 80 percent. In order to provide some flexibility 

 in hatchery spawner requirements, three future spawners per spawning pair are used in these calculations. 

 Example for coho at 0.01 survival rate equals 25 surviving adults; divide 3 required spawners by 25 equals 12 

 percent of adults required for hatchery purposes, etc. At 0.012, the requirement is 10 percent 

 (3 ÷ [0.012 x 2,500] = 0.10). At 0.0012, the requirement is 100 percent. 
APPENDIX A 

SECTION II 

Returning Adults by 

Geographic Region 
A II - 1 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Coho Case I: NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual)  Snake RiverUpper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 0 843,373 2,462,651 30,742,613 1,277,108 Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%  - No. of releases 0 44,388 129,613 1,618,032 67,216 Total smolt production 0 887,761 2,592,264 32,360,645 1,344,324 

Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery NA 1.20% 1.20% 2.50% 1.20%  - Wild NA 1.20% 1.20% 2.50% 1.20% Number survived to adults NA 10,653 31,107 809,016 16,132 West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial NA -- -- 8 --  b) Sport NA -- -- -- --  British Columbia  a) Commercial NA 213 622 36,406 323  b) Sport NA 21 62 4,045 32  Washington ocean  a) Commercial NA 53 156 16,221 161  - Westport (28%) NA 15 44 4,542 45  - Other commercial (68%) NA 36 106 11,030 110  - Tribal (4%) NA 2 6 649 6  b) Sport NA 1,065 3,111 121,352 3,226  - Westport (41%) NA 437 1,275 49,754 1,323  - Other sport (59%) NA 629 1,835 71,598 1,904  Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial NA -- -- 405 --  b) Sport NA -- -- 405 --  Oregon  a) Commercial NA 533 1,555 97,082 1,613 
AI I - 2 

 - Astoria (3%) NA 16 47 2,912 48  - Other commercial (97%) NA 517 1,509 94,169 1,565  b) Sport NA 692 2,022 97,082 2,097  - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) NA 111 324 15,533 336  - Other sport (84%) NA 582 1,698 81,549 1,762  California  a) Commercial NA 160 467 8,090 484  b) Sport NA 107 311 4,045 323  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem NA 53 156 40,451 161  - Astoria (50%) NA 27 78 20,225 81  - Other (50%) NA 27 78 20,225 81  Tributary NA -- -- -- --  b) Gillnet NA 533 1,555 221,581 1,613  c) Tribal C & S NA 4,677 13,656 -- --  Other NA 43 124 -- 129  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement NA 1,065 3,111 38,833 1,613 

 Hatchery surplus market NA 719 2,100 61,505 2,178  Hatchery surplus carcass NA 719 2,100 61,505 2,178 
AI I - 3 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Coho Case II: 80's Actual  Snake RiverUpper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 0 843,373 2,462,651 30,742,613 1,277,108 Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%  - No. of releases 0 44,388 129,613 1,618,032 67,216 Total smolt production 0 887,761 2,592,264 32,360,645 1,344,324 

Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery NA 1.49% 1.49% 2.90% 1.49%  - Wild NA 1.49% 1.49% 2.90% 1.49% Number survived to adults NA 13,249 38,687 938,163 20,062 West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial NA -- -- 9 --  b) Sport NA -- -- -- --  British Columbia  a) Commercial NA 265 774 42,217 401  b) Sport NA 26 77 4,691 40  Washington ocean  a) Commercial NA 68 198 18,948 205  - Westport (28%) NA 19 55 5,305 57  - Other commercial (68%) NA 46 134 12,885 139  - Tribal (4%) NA 3 8 758 8  b) Sport NA 1,354 3,955 141,755 4,102  - Westport (41%) NA 555 1,622 58,120 1,682  - Other sport (59%) NA 799 2,333 83,636 2,420  Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial NA -- -- 473 --  b) Sport NA -- -- 473 --  Oregon 
AI I - 4 

 a) Commercial NA 677 1,977 113,404 2,051  - Astoria (3%) NA 20 59 3,402 62  - Other commercial (97%) NA 657 1,918 110,002 1,989  b) Sport NA 880 2,571 113,404 2,666  - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) NA 141 411 18,145 427  - Other sport (84%) NA 740 2,159 95,260 2,240  California  a) Commercial NA 203 593 9,450 615  b) Sport NA 135 395 4,725 410  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem NA 68 198 47,252 205  - Astoria (50%) NA 34 99 23,626 103  - Other (50%) NA 34 99 23,626 103  Tributary NA -- -- -- --  b) Gillnet NA 677 1,977 258,836 2,051  c) Tribal C & S NA 5,946 17,362 -- --  Other NA 54 158 -- 164  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement NA 1,065 3,111 38,833 1,613 

 Hatchery surplus market NA 914 2,670 71,846 2,769  Hatchery surplus carcass NA 914 2,670 71,846 2,769 
AI I - 5 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Coho Case III: Representative Early 2000's  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 1,244,676 2,058,340 5,938,039 13,615,637 337,90

Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 7.5% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5%  - No. of releases 100,920 166,892 481,463 1,103,971 27,39

Total smolt production 1,345,596 2,225,232 6,419,502 14,719,608 365,30Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 0.50% 1.50% 2.50% 3.00% 3.00%  - Wild 0.50% 1.50% 2.50% 3.00% 3.00% Number survived to adults 6,728 33,378 160,488 441,588 10,95West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial NA -- -- 4 -

 b) Sport NA -- -- -- - British Columbia  a) Commercial NA 668 3,210 19,871 21

 b) Sport NA 67 321 2,208 2

 Washington ocean  a) Commercial NA 178 857 9,122 11

 - Westport (28%) NA 50 240 2,554 3

 - Other commercial (68%) NA 121 583 6,203 8

 - Tribal (4%) NA 7 34 365 

 b) Sport NA 3,565 17,142 68,243 2,34 - Westport (41%) NA 1,462 7,028 27,980 96

 - Other sport (59%) NA 2,103 10,114 40,264 1,38

 Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial NA -- -- 227 -

 b) Sport NA -- -- 227 - Oregon 
AI I - 6 

 a) Commercial NA 1,783 8,571 54,595 1,17

 - Astoria (3%) NA 53 257 1,638 3

 - Other commercial (97%) NA 1,729 8,314 52,957 1,13

 b) Sport NA 2,317 11,142 54,595 1,52

 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) NA 371 1,783 8,735 24

 - Other sport (84%) NA 1,947 9,359 45,860 1,27

 California  a) Commercial NA 535 2,571 4,550 35

 b) Sport NA 357 1,714 2,275 23 Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem NA 178 857 22,748 11 - Astoria (50%) NA 89 429 11,374 5

 - Other (50%) NA 89 429 11,374 5 Tributary NA -- -- -- -

 b) Gillnet NA 1,783 8,571 124,608 1,17

 c) Tribal C & S NA 15,651 75,252 -- -

 Other NA 143 686 -- 9

 Hatchery  Hatchery requirement NA 1,342 6,452 9,139 44

 Hatchery surplus market NA 2,406 11,571 34,588 1,58

 Hatchery surplus carcass NA 2,406 11,571 34,588 1,58
AI I - 7 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Coho Case IV: Early 90's  Snake RiverUpper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 0 700,000 2,044,000 25,561,369 1,060,000 Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%  - No. of releases 0 36,842 107,579 1,345,335 55,789 Total smolt production 0 736,842 2,151,579 26,906,704 1,115,789 

Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery NA 0.15% 0.15% 1.00% 0.40%  - Wild NA 0.15% 0.15% 1.00% 0.40% Number survived to adults NA 1,105 3,227 269,067 4,463 West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial NA -- -- 3 --  b) Sport NA -- -- -- --  British Columbia  a) Commercial NA 22 65 12,108 89  b) Sport NA 2 6 1,345 9  Washington ocean  a) Commercial NA 1 3 4,964 34  - Westport (28%) NA 0 1 1,390 10  - Other commercial (68%) NA 1 2 3,376 23  - Tribal (4%) NA 0 0 199 1  b) Sport NA 22 65 37,138 689  - Westport (41%) NA 9 27 15,227 283  - Other sport (59%) NA 13 39 21,912 407  Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial NA -- -- 124 --  b) Sport NA -- -- 124 --  Oregon 
AI I - 8 

 a) Commercial NA 11 33 29,711 345  - Astoria (3%) NA 0 1 891 10  - Other commercial (97%) NA 11 32 28,819 334  b) Sport NA 15 43 29,711 448  - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) NA 2 7 4,754 72  - Other sport (84%) NA 12 36 24,957 376  California  a) Commercial NA 3 10 2,476 103  b) Sport NA 2 7 1,238 69  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem NA 1 3 12,379 34  - Astoria (50%) NA 1 2 6,190 17  - Other (50%) NA 1 2 6,190 17  Tributary NA -- -- -- --  b) Gillnet NA 11 33 67,812 345  c) Tribal C & S NA 98 287 -- --  Other NA 1 3 -- 28  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement NA 884 2,582 32,288 1,339  Hatchery surplus market NA 15 44 18,823 465  Hatchery surplus carcass NA 15 44 18,823 465 
AI I - 9 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Spring/Summer Chinook Case I: NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual)  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 2,342,791 5,990,957 6,264,260 5,253,481 7,541,13Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 30% 30% 30% 30% 30 - No. of releases 1,004,053 2,567,553 2,684,683 2,251,492 3,231,9Total smolt production 3,346,844 8,558,510 8,948,943 7,504,973 10,773,05Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 0.37% 0.37% 0.37% 0.97% 0.97

 - Wild 0.37% 0.37% 0.37% 0.97% 0.97Number survived to adults 12,383 31,666 33,111 72,798 104,49

West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial 310 792 828 6,552 9,40 b) Sport -- -- -- 73 10 British Columbia  a) Commercial 619 1,583 1,656 8,008 11,49 b) Sport 62 158 166 728 1,04 Washington ocean  a) Commercial 124 317 331 2,912 4,18 - Westport (28%) 50 127 132 1,165 1,67 - Other commercial (68%) 73 187 195 1,718 2,46 - Tribal (4%) 1 3 3 29 4 b) Sport 124 317 331 728 1,04 - Westport (41%) 88 225 235 517 74 - Other sport (59%) 36 92 96 211 30 Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial 62 158 166 7  b) Sport -- -- -- 22 3 Oregon 
AI I - 10 

 a) Commercial 62 158 166 728 1,04 - Astoria (3%) 1 3 3 15 2 - Other commercial (97%) 61 155 162 713 1,02 b) Sport 62 158 166 728 1,04 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) 1 2 2 7  - Other sport (84%) 61 157 164 721 1,03 California  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem -- -- -- 7,280 10,45 - Astoria (50%) -- -- -- 3,640 5,22 - Other (50%) -- -- -- 3,640 5,22 Tributary -- -- -- --  b) Gillnet -- -- -- 7,280 10,45 c) Tribal C & S 405 1,034 1,082 --  Other 371 950 993 --  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 2,869 7,336 7,671 6,433 9,23

 Hatchery surplus market 3,657 9,352 9,779 15,660 22,47

 Hatchery surplus carcass 3,657 9,352 9,779 15,660 22,47
AI I - 11 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Spring/Summer Chinook Case II: 80's Actual  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 2,342,791 5,990,957 6,264,260 5,253,481 7,541,13Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 30% 30% 30% 30% 30 - No. of releases 1,004,053 2,567,553 2,684,683 2,251,492 3,231,9Total smolt production 3,346,844 8,558,510 8,948,943 7,504,973 10,773,05Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 0.39% 0.39% 0.39% 1.01% 1.02

 - Wild 0.39% 0.39% 0.39% 1.01% 1.02Number survived to adults 13,138 33,597 35,130 76,109 110,13

West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial 328 840 878 6,850 9,9 b) Sport -- -- -- 76 1 British Columbia  a) Commercial 657 1,680 1,756 8,372 12,1 b) Sport 66 168 176 761 1,10 Washington ocean  a) Commercial 131 336 351 3,044 4,40 - Westport (28%) 53 134 141 1,218 1,76 - Other commercial (68%) 78 198 207 1,796 2,59 - Tribal (4%) 1 3 4 30 4 b) Sport 131 336 351 761 1,10 - Westport (41%) 93 239 249 540 78 - Other sport (59%) 38 97 102 221 3 Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial 66 168 176 8  b) Sport -- -- -- 23 3 Oregon 
AI I - 12 

 a) Commercial 66 168 176 761 1,10 - Astoria (3%) 1 3 4 15 2 - Other commercial (97%) 64 165 172 746 1,07 b) Sport 66 168 176 761 1,10 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) 1 2 2 8  - Other sport (84%) 65 166 174 753 1,09 California  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem -- -- -- 7,611 11,0 - Astoria (50%) -- -- -- 3,805 5,50 - Other (50%) -- -- -- 3,805 5,50 Tributary -- -- -- --  b) Gillnet -- -- -- 7,611 11,0 c) Tribal C & S 438 1,120 1,171 --  Other 394 1,008 1,054 --  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 2,869 7,336 7,671 6,433 9,23

 Hatchery surplus market 3,963 10,135 10,597 16,519 23,94

 Hatchery surplus carcass 3,963 10,135 10,597 16,519 23,94
AI I - 13 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Spring/Summer Chinook Case III: Representative Early 2000's  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 12,517,116 6,992,970 5,477,483 4,189,200 5,235,6Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 30% 30% 30% 30% 30 - No. of releases 5,364,478 2,996,987 2,347,493 1,795,371 2,243,83Total smolt production 17,881,595 9,989,958 7,824,975 5,984,571 7,479,44

Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 1.00% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 2.20

 - Wild 1.00% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 2.20Number survived to adults 178,816 119,879 93,900 71,815 164,54West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial 4,470 2,997 2,347 6,463 14,80

 b) Sport -- -- -- 72 16 British Columbia  a) Commercial 8,941 5,994 4,695 7,900 18,10

 b) Sport 894 599 469 718 1,64 Washington ocean  a) Commercial 1,788 1,199 939 2,873 6,58 - Westport (28%) 715 480 376 1,149 2,63 - Other commercial (68%) 1,055 707 554 1,695 3,88 - Tribal (4%) 18 12 9 29 6 b) Sport 1,788 1,199 939 718 1,64 - Westport (41%) 1,270 851 667 510 1,16 - Other sport (59%) 519 348 272 208 47 Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial 894 599 469 7  b) Sport -- -- -- 22 4 Oregon 
AI I - 14 

 a) Commercial 894 599 469 718 1,64 - Astoria (3%) 18 12 9 14 3 - Other commercial (97%) 876 587 460 704 1,6 b) Sport 894 599 469 718 1,64 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) 9 6 5 7  - Other sport (84%) 885 593 465 711 1,62 California  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem 41,143 27,583 21,605 7,181 16,45 - Astoria (50%) 20,572 13,791 10,803 3,591 8,22 - Other (50%) 20,572 13,791 10,803 3,591 8,22 Tributary 13,714 9,194 7,202 --  b) Gillnet 9,143 6,129 4,801 7,181 16,45 c) Tribal C & S 69,365 46,503 36,425 --  Other 5,364 3,596 2,817 --  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 19,522 13,088 10,251 3,035 6,89 Hatchery surplus market 0 -0 -0 17,104 39,21 Hatchery surplus carcass 0 -0 -0 17,104 39,21
AI I - 15 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Spring/Summer Chinook Case IV: Early 90's  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 2,202,224 5,631,500 5,888,404 4,938,272 7,088,66Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 30% 30% 30% 30% 30 - No. of releases 943,810 2,413,500 2,523,602 2,116,402 3,038,00Total smolt production 3,146,034 8,045,000 8,412,006 7,054,674 10,126,67Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.35% 0.35

 - Wild 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.35% 0.35Number survived to adults 3,146 8,045 8,412 24,691 35,44West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial 79 201 210 2,222 3,19 b) Sport -- -- -- 25 3 British Columbia  a) Commercial 157 402 421 2,716 3,89 b) Sport 16 40 42 247 35 Washington ocean  a) Commercial 31 80 84 988 1,4 - Westport (28%) 13 32 34 395 56 - Other commercial (68%) 19 47 50 583 83 - Tribal (4%) 0 1 1 10  b) Sport 31 80 84 247 35 - Westport (41%) 22 57 60 175 25 - Other sport (59%) 9 23 24 72 10 Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial 16 40 42 2  b) Sport -- -- -- 7  Oregon 
AI I - 16 

 a) Commercial 16 40 42 247 35 - Astoria (3%) 0 1 1 5  - Other commercial (97%) 15 39 41 242 34 b) Sport 16 40 42 247 35 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) 0 0 0 2  - Other sport (84%) 16 40 42 244 35 California  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem -- -- -- 2,469 3,54 - Astoria (50%) -- -- -- 1,235 1,77 - Other (50%) -- -- -- 1,235 1,77 Tributary -- -- -- --  b) Gillnet -- -- -- 2,469 3,54 c) Tribal C & S 1 2 2 --  Other 87 222 232 --  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 2,697 6,896 7,210 6,047 8,68

 Hatchery surplus market -- -- -- 3,379 4,85 Hatchery surplus carcass -- -- -- 3,379 4,85
AI I - 17 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Fall Chinook Case I: NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual)  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willame

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 612,797 12,329,885 24,002,299 76,857,203 Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 50% 50% 50% 50% 50 - No. of releases 612,797 12,329,885 24,002,299 76,857,203 

Total smolt production 1,225,594 24,659,770 48,004,598 153,714,406 Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.32% N

 - Wild 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.32% NNumber survived to adults 7,354 147,959 288,028 491,886 N

West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial 441 8,878 17,282 7,378 N

 b) Sport 1 15 29 -- N

 British Columbia  a) Commercial 1,838 36,990 72,007 98,377 N b) Sport 147 2,959 5,761 14,757 N

 Washington ocean  a) Commercial 331 6,658 12,961 59,026 N - Westport (28%) 132 2,663 5,184 23,611 N - Other commercial (68%) 195 3,928 7,647 34,826 N - Tribal (4%) 3 67 130 590 N

 b) Sport 147 2,959 5,761 49,189 N

 - Westport (41%) 104 2,101 4,090 34,924 N - Other sport (59%) 43 858 1,671 14,265 N Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial 0 1 1 -- N b) Sport 0 1 1 -- N Oregon 
AI I - 18 

 a) Commercial 110 2,219 4,320 14,757 N

 - Astoria (3%) 2 44 86 295 N

 - Other commercial (97%) 108 2,175 4,234 14,461 N

 b) Sport 37 740 1,440 4,919 N - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) 0 7 14 49 N

 - Other sport (84%) 36 732 1,426 4,870 N

 California  a) Commercial 0 1 1 2,459 N b) Sport 0 1 1 492 N

 Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem 74 1,480 2,880 24,594 N

 - Astoria (50%) 37 740 1,440 12,297 N - Other (50%) 37 740 1,440 12,297 N Tributary -- -- -- -- N

 b) Gillnet 882 17,755 34,563 54,107 N

 c) Tribal C & S 1,938 38,990 75,901 -- N Other 11 215 418 -- N

 Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 1,051 21,137 41,147 131,755 N

 Hatchery surplus market 173 3,481 6,776 15,038 N

 Hatchery surplus carcass 173 3,481 6,776 15,038 N
AI I - 19 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Fall Chinook Case II: 80's Actual  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willame

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 612,797 12,329,885 24,002,299 76,857,203 Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 50% 50% 50% 50% 50 - No. of releases 612,797 12,329,885 24,002,299 76,857,203 

Total smolt production 1,225,594 24,659,770 48,004,598 153,714,406 Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 0.73% 0.73% 0.73% 0.38% N

 - Wild 0.73% 0.73% 0.73% 0.38% NNumber survived to adults 8,890 178,882 348,224 589,080 N

West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial 533 10,733 20,893 8,836 N

 b) Sport 1 18 35 -- N

 British Columbia  a) Commercial 2,222 44,721 87,056 117,816 N b) Sport 178 3,578 6,964 17,672 N

 Washington ocean  a) Commercial 419 8,427 16,404 77,103 N

 - Westport (28%) 168 3,371 6,562 30,841 N

 - Other commercial (68%) 247 4,972 9,679 45,491 N - Tribal (4%) 4 84 164 771 N b) Sport 186 3,745 7,291 64,252 N - Westport (41%) 132 2,659 5,176 45,619 N - Other sport (59%) 54 1,086 2,114 18,633 N Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial 0 1 2 -- N b) Sport 0 1 2 -- N Oregon 
AI I - 20 

 a) Commercial 140 2,809 5,468 19,276 N

 - Astoria (3%) 3 56 109 386 N

 - Other commercial (97%) 137 2,753 5,359 18,890 N

 b) Sport 47 936 1,823 6,425 N - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) 0 9 18 64 N

 - Other sport (84%) 46 927 1,804 6,361 N

 California  a) Commercial 0 1 2 3,213 N b) Sport 0 1 2 643 N

 Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem 93 1,873 3,645 32,126 N

 - Astoria (50%) 47 936 1,823 16,063 N - Other (50%) 47 936 1,823 16,063 N Tributary -- -- -- -- N

 b) Gillnet 1,117 22,472 43,745 70,677 N

 c) Tribal C & S 2,452 49,348 96,064 -- N Other 13 272 529 -- N

 Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 1,051 21,137 41,147 131,755 N

 Hatchery surplus market 219 4,406 8,576 19,643 N

 Hatchery surplus carcass 219 4,406 8,576 19,643 N
AI I - 21 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Fall Chinook Case III: Representative Early 2000's  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willame

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 3,445,924 11,784,085 24,623,481 26,468,496 Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 30% 90% 30% 20% N - No. of releases 1,476,825 106,056,765 10,552,920 6,617,124 

Total smolt production 4,922,749 117,840,850 35,176,401 33,085,620 Representative survival rate in %- Hatchery 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.32% N - Wild 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.32% NNumber survived to adults 29,536 707,045 211,058 105,874 NWest Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial 1,772 42,423 12,664 1,588 N b) Sport 3 71 21 -- N British Columbia  a) Commercial 7,384 176,761 52,765 21,175 N b) Sport 591 14,141 4,221 3,176 N Washington ocean  a) Commercial 1,540 36,875 11,007 16,774 N - Westport (28%) 616 14,750 4,403 6,710 N - Other commercial (68%) 909 21,756 6,494 9,897 N - Tribal (4%) 15 369 110 168 N b) Sport 685 16,389 4,892 13,978 N - Westport (41%) 486 11,636 3,473 9,925 N - Other sport (59%) 199 4,753 1,419 4,054 N Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial 0 4 1 -- N b) Sport 0 4 1 -- N Oregon 
AI I - 22 

 a) Commercial 513 12,292 3,669 4,194 N - Astoria (3%) 10 246 73 84 N - Other commercial (97%) 503 12,046 3,596 4,110 N b) Sport 171 4,097 1,223 1,398 N - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) 2 41 12 14 N - Other sport (84%) 169 4,056 1,211 1,384 N California  a) Commercial 0 4 1 699 N b) Sport 0 4 1 140 N Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem 342 8,194 2,446 6,989 N - Astoria (50%) 171 4,097 1,223 3,495 N - Other (50%) 171 4,097 1,223 3,495 N Tributary -- -- -- -- N b) Gillnet 4,108 98,332 29,353 15,376 N c) Tribal C & S 9,021 215,938 64,459 -- N Other 50 1,188 355 -- N Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 1,745 41,773 12,470 11,840 N Hatchery surplus market 805 19,278 5,755 4,273 N Hatchery surplus carcass 805 19,278 5,755 4,273 N
AI I - 23 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Fall Chinook Case IV: Early 90's  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willame

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 533,134 10,727,000 20,882,000 67,966,887 Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 50% 50% 50% 50% 50 - No. of releases 533,134 10,727,000 20,882,000 67,966,887 

Total smolt production 1,066,268 21,454,000 41,764,000 135,933,774 Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.25% N

 - Wild 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.25% NNumber survived to adults 4,265 85,816 167,056 339,834 N

West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial 256 5,149 10,023 5,098 N

 b) Sport 0 9 17 -- N

 British Columbia  a) Commercial 1,066 21,454 41,764 67,967 N b) Sport 85 1,716 3,341 10,195 N

 Washington ocean  a) Commercial 166 3,338 6,499 34,502 N - Westport (28%) 66 1,335 2,599 13,801 N - Other commercial (68%) 98 1,970 3,834 20,356 N - Tribal (4%) 2 33 65 345 N

 b) Sport 74 1,484 2,888 28,751 N

 - Westport (41%) 52 1,053 2,051 20,413 N - Other sport (59%) 21 430 838 8,338 N Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial 0 0 1 -- N b) Sport 0 0 1 -- N Oregon 
AI I - 24 

 a) Commercial 55 1,113 2,166 8,625 N

 - Astoria (3%) 1 22 43 173 N

 - Other commercial (97%) 54 1,091 2,123 8,453 N

 b) Sport 18 371 722 2,875 N - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%) 0 4 7 29 N

 - Other sport (84%) 18 367 715 2,846 N

 California  a) Commercial 0 0 1 1,438 N b) Sport 0 0 1 288 N

 Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem 37 742 1,444 14,376 N

 - Astoria (50%) 18 371 722 7,188 N - Other (50%) 18 371 722 7,188 N Tributary -- -- -- -- N

 b) Gillnet 442 8,902 17,330 31,627 N

 c) Tribal C & S 972 19,549 38,057 -- N Other 5 108 209 -- N

 Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 914 18,389 35,798 116,515 N

 Hatchery surplus market 87 1,745 3,397 8,790 N

 Hatchery surplus carcass 87 1,745 3,397 8,790 N
AI I - 25 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead Case I: NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual)  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 12,900,795 1,363,636 536,886 3,775,119 1,465,62Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 30% 30% 30% 30% 30 - No. of releases 5,528,912 584,415 230,094 1,617,908 628,12Total smolt production 18,429,707 1,948,051 766,980 5,393,027 2,093,75Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.40% 0.40 - Wild 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.40% 0.40Number survived to adults 129,008 13,636 5,369 21,572 8,37West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport 39 4 2 6  British Columbia  a) Commercial 1,290 136 54 216 8 b) Sport -- -- -- --  Washington ocean  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  - Westport (28%)  - Other commercial (68%)  - Tribal (4%)  b) Sport -- -- -- --  - Westport (41%)  - Other sport (59%)  Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Oregon 
AI I - 26 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- --  - Astoria (3%)  - Other commercial (97%)  b) Sport 39 4 2 6  - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%)  - Other sport (84%)  California  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem 7,914 837 329 9,707 3,76 - Astoria (25%) 1,979 209 82 2,427 94 - Other (75%) 5,936 627 247 7,281 2,82 Tributary 23,743 2,510 988 --  b) Gillnet -- -- -- --  c) Tribal C & S 21,105 2,231 878 --  Other -- -- -- --  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 22,116 2,338 920 6,472 2,51 Hatchery surplus market 26,381 2,789 1,098 2,582 1,00 Hatchery surplus carcass 26,381 2,789 1,098 2,582 1,00
AI I - 27 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead Case II: 80's Actual  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 12,900,795 1,363,636 536,886 3,775,119 1,465,62Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 30% 30% 30% 30% 30 - No. of releases 5,528,912 584,415 230,094 1,617,908 628,12Total smolt production 18,429,707 1,948,051 766,980 5,393,027 2,093,75Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 1.56% 1.56% 1.56% 0.89% 0.89 - Wild 1.56% 1.56% 1.56% 0.89% 0.89Number survived to adults 286,599 30,294 11,927 47,924 18,60West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport 86 9 4 14  British Columbia  a) Commercial 2,866 303 119 479 18 b) Sport -- -- -- --  Washington ocean  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  - Westport (28%)  - Other commercial (68%)  - Tribal (4%)  b) Sport -- -- -- --  - Westport (41%)  - Other sport (59%)  Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Oregon 
AI I - 28 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- --  - Astoria (3%)  - Other commercial (97%)  b) Sport 86 9 4 14  - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%)  - Other sport (84%)  California  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem 19,608 2,073 816 21,566 8,37 - Astoria (25%) 4,902 518 204 5,391 2,09 - Other (75%) 14,706 1,554 612 16,174 6,27 Tributary 58,825 6,218 2,448 --  b) Gillnet -- -- -- --  c) Tribal C & S 52,289 5,527 2,176 --  Other -- -- -- --  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 22,116 2,338 920 6,472 2,51 Hatchery surplus market 65,361 6,909 2,720 9,689 3,76 Hatchery surplus carcass 65,361 6,909 2,720 9,689 3,76
AI I - 29 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead Case III: Representative Early 2000's  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 9,469,817 1,262,177 589,679 2,341,892 925,14

Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 25% 25% 25% 10% 10 - No. of releases 3,156,606 420,726 196,560 260,210 102,79Total smolt production 12,626,422 1,682,903 786,238 2,602,102 1,027,94Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 2.00% 2.00% 5.00% 1.00% 8.00 - Wild 2.00% 2.00% 5.00% 1.00% 8.00Number survived to adults 252,528 33,658 39,312 26,021 82,23West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport 76 10 12 8 2 British Columbia  a) Commercial 2,525 337 393 260 82 b) Sport -- -- -- --  Washington ocean  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  - Westport (28%)  - Other commercial (68%)  - Tribal (4%)  b) Sport -- -- -- --  - Westport (41%)  - Other sport (59%)  Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Oregon 
AI I - 30 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- --  - Astoria (3%)  - Other commercial (97%)  b) Sport 76 10 12 8 2 - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%)  - Other sport (84%)  California  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem 15,007 2,000 2,336 11,709 37,00 - Astoria (25%) 3,752 500 584 2,927 9,25 - Other (75%) 11,255 1,500 1,752 8,782 27,75 Tributary 45,020 6,000 7,008 --  b) Gillnet -- -- -- --  c) Tribal C & S 60,027 8,001 9,345 --  Other -- -- -- --  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 9,743 1,299 1,517 1,757 5,55

 Hatchery surplus market 60,027 8,001 9,345 6,139 19,40 Hatchery surplus carcass 60,027 8,001 9,345 6,139 19,40
AI I - 31 

Estimated Columbia River Basin Salmon/Steelhead Production (Hatchery and Wild) of Smolt Releases, Smolt Production, Survival Rates, and Returning Adults by Geographic Region Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead Case IV: Early 90's  Snake River Upper Columbia Middle Columbia Lower Columbia Willamette 

Number of annual hatchery smolt releases 11,352,700 1,200,000 472,460 3,322,105 1,259,75Wild fish contribution - % Assumption 30% 30% 30% 30% 30 - No. of releases 4,865,443 514,286 202,483 1,423,759 539,89Total smolt production 16,218,143 1,714,286 674,943 4,745,864 1,799,64Representative survival rate in % - Hatchery 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.20% 0.20 - Wild 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.20% 0.20Number survived to adults 81,091 8,571 3,375 9,492 3,59West Coast Harvest

 Alaska  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport 24 3 1 3  British Columbia  a) Commercial 811 86 34 95 3 b) Sport -- -- -- --  Washington ocean  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  - Westport (28%)  - Other commercial (68%)  - Tribal (4%)  b) Sport -- -- -- --  - Westport (41%)  - Other sport (59%)  Washington Puget Sound  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Oregon 
AI I - 32 

 a) Commercial -- -- -- --  - Astoria (3%)  - Other commercial (97%)  b) Sport 24 3 1 3  - Astoria & Buoy 10 (16%)  - Other sport (84%)  California  a) Commercial -- -- -- --  b) Sport -- -- -- --  Columbia Basin inland  a) Freshwater sport  Mainstem 4,558 482 190 3,322 1,26 - Astoria (25%) 1,139 120 47 831 31 - Other (75%) 3,418 361 142 2,492 94 Tributary 13,673 1,445 569 --  b) Gillnet -- -- -- --  c) Tribal C & S 12,154 1,285 506 --  Other -- -- -- --  Hatchery  Hatchery requirement 19,462 2,057 810 5,695 2,16 Hatchery surplus market 15,192 1,606 632 187 7 Hatchery surplus carcass 15,192 1,606 632 187 7
APPENDIX A 

SECTION III 

Regional Economic Impacts 

of Columbia River Basin 

Produced Salmon/Steelhead 

by Geographic Areas 
A III - 1 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Coho Case I: NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual) 

 Total state Total Total st

 level avg. recreational Total level av

 economic economic economic econom

 impact impact impact % impac

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska NA NA NA NA Alaska  British Columbia NA NA NA NA British Columbia 726 Washington ocean Washington ocean 222

 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound NA NA NA NA Washington Puget Sound 7

 Oregon Oregon 1,859 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California NA NA NA NA California 183 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem NA NA NA NA Mainstem  Tributary NA NA NA NA Tributary  Gillnet NA NA NA NA Gillnet 3,688 Tribal NA NA NA NA Tribal  Other NA NA NA NA Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market NA NA NA NA Hatchery surplus market 806 Hatchery carcass NA NA NA NA Hatchery carcass 220Total with hatchery surplus utilization NA NA Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization NA Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 2 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 0 0 0 0% Alaska  British Columbia 4,249 1,278 5,527 5% British Columbia  Washington ocean Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 3 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 3,626 6,392 10,017 8% California 1 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 3,196 3,196 3% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 8,866 0 8,866 7% Gillnet 2 Tribal 77,848 0 77,848 66% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 9,434 0 9,434 8% Hatchery surplus market 2 Hatchery carcass 3,921 0 3,921 3% Hatchery carcass Total with hatchery surplus utilization 118,810 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 105,455 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 3 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 0 0 0 0% Alaska 18 British Columbia 12,407 3,733 16,140 2% British Columbia 749,09 Washington ocean 2,134 186,643 188,777 27% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 63,75 - Other - Other 154,82 - Tribal - Tribal 9,10 Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound 7,51 Oregon 29,787 121,318 151,104 22% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 57,90 - Other - Other 1,872,18

 California 10,587 18,664 29,251 4% California 208,74 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 9,332 9,332 1% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria  Gillnet 25,890 0 25,890 4% - Other  Tribal 227,316 0 227,316 33% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 3,750,00 Hatchery Tribal 305,16 Hatchery surplus market 27,546 0 27,546 4% Other  Hatchery carcass 11,450 0 11,450 2% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 686,807 100% Hatchery surplus market 872,43

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 647,811 Hatchery carcass 244,19 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 4 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Coho Case II: 80's Actual 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level avg

 economic economic economic economi impact impact impact % impact 

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska NA NA NA NA Alaska 2

 British Columbia NA NA NA NA British Columbia 841,8 Washington ocean Washington ocean 260,0

 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound NA NA NA NA Washington Puget Sound 8,7

 Oregon Oregon 2,171,7 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California NA NA NA NA California 214,4

 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem NA NA NA NA Mainstem  Tributary NA NA NA NA Tributary  Gillnet NA NA NA NA Gillnet 4,308,5 Tribal NA NA NA NA Tribal  Other NA NA NA NA Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market NA NA NA NA Hatchery surplus market 942,5 Hatchery carcass NA NA Hatchery carcass 243,2Total with hatchery surplus utilization NA NA Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization NA Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 5 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 0 0 0 0% Alaska 0  British Columbia 5,284 1,590 6,874 5% British Columbia 8,002  Washington ocean Washington ocean 2,815  - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound 0  Oregon Oregon 39,279  - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 4,610 8,127 12,737 8% California 13,961  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 4,063 4,063 3% Mainstem 0  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary 0  Gillnet 11,273 0 11,273 8% Gillnet 34,141  Tribal 98,978 0 98,978 66% Tribal 0  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 0 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 11,994 0 11,994 8% Hatchery surplus market 36,324  Hatchery carcass 4,350 0 4,350 3% Hatchery carcass 9,629 Total with hatchery surplus utilization 150,269 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 133,925 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 6 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 0 0 0 0% Alaska 219  British Columbia 15,430 4,642 20,072 2% British Columbia 870,613  Washington ocean 2,714 237,300 240,013 28% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 74,615  - Other - Other 181,209  - Tribal - Tribal 10,659  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound 8,774 

 Oregon 37,871 154,245 192,116 22% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 67,857  - Other - Other 2,194,056 

 California 13,460 23,730 37,190 4% California 246,448  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 11,865 11,865 1% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria 0  Gillnet 32,917 0 32,917 4% - Other 0  Tribal 289,011 0 289,011 33% Tributary 0  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 4,386,857  Hatchery Tribal 387,989  Hatchery surplus market 35,022 0 35,022 4% Other 0  Hatchery carcass 12,702 0 12,702 1% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 870,909 100% Hatchery surplus market 1,025,883 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 823,185 Hatchery carcass 269,895  Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 7 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Coho Case III: Representative Early 2000's 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level av

 economic economic economic econom impact impact impact % impact 

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska NA NA NA NA Alaska 

 British Columbia NA NA NA NA British Columbia 396, Washington ocean Washington ocean 125, - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound NA NA NA NA Washington Puget Sound 4, Oregon Oregon 1,045, - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California NA NA NA NA California 103, Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem NA NA NA NA Mainstem  Tributary NA NA NA NA Tributary  Gillnet NA NA NA NA Gillnet 2,074, Tribal NA NA NA NA Tribal  Other NA NA NA NA Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market NA NA NA NA Hatchery surplus market 453, Hatchery carcass NA NA Hatchery carcass 96,Total with hatchery surplus utilization NA NA Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization NA Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 8 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 0 0 0 0% Alaska 0  British Columbia 13,313 4,005 17,318 4% British Columbia 4,37 Washington ocean Washington ocean 1,606  - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound 0  Oregon Oregon 22,417  - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 12,133 21,391 33,524 9% California 7,968  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 10,696 10,696 3% Mainstem 0  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary 0  Gillnet 29,673 0 29,673 8% Gillnet 19,485  Tribal 260,525 0 260,525 67% Tribal 0  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 0 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 31,570 0 31,570 8% Hatchery surplus market 20,73 Hatchery carcass 8,237 0 8,237 2% Hatchery carcass 4,44Total with hatchery surplus utilization 391,543 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 351,736 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 9 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 0 0 0 0% Alaska 10 British Columbia 64,009 19,259 83,267 2% British Columbia 477,96 Washington ocean 11,762 1,028,505 1,040,267 28% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 39,47 - Other - Other 95,87 - Tribal - Tribal 5,64 Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound 4,22

 Oregon 164,140 668,528 832,668 22% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 37,98 - Other - Other 1,228,24

 California 58,339 102,851 161,189 4% California 181,66 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 51,425 51,425 1% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria  Gillnet 142,669 0 142,669 4% - Other  Tribal 1,252,634 0 1,252,634 33% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 2,266,02 Hatchery Tribal 1,513,15 Hatchery surplus market 151,794 0 151,794 4% Other  Hatchery carcass 39,605 0 39,605 1% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 3,755,520 100% Hatchery surplus market 657,85

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 3,564,121 Hatchery carcass 148,37 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 10 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Coho Case IV: Early 90's 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level av

 economic economic economic econom

 impact impact impact % impact 

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska NA NA NA NA Alaska 

 British Columbia NA NA NA NA British Columbia 241, Washington ocean Washington ocean 68,

 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound NA NA NA NA Washington Puget Sound 2,

 Oregon Oregon 568, - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California NA NA NA NA California 56,

 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem NA NA NA NA Mainstem  Tributary NA NA NA NA Tributary  Gillnet NA NA NA NA Gillnet 1,128,

 Tribal NA NA NA NA Tribal 

 Other NA NA NA NA Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market NA NA NA NA Hatchery surplus market 246, Hatchery carcass NA NA Hatchery carcass 112,Total with hatchery surplus utilization NA NA Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization NA Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 11 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 0 0 0 0% Alaska  British Columbia 441 133 573 12% British Columbia 1,78 Washington ocean Washington ocean 47 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 6,60 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 76 134 211 4% California 2,34 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 67 67 1% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 186 0 186 4% Gillnet 5,73 Tribal 1,637 0 1,637 34% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 198 0 198 4% Hatchery surplus market 6,10

 Hatchery carcass 1,976 0 1,976 41% Hatchery carcass 3,96Total with hatchery surplus utilization 4,850 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 2,675 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 12 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 0 0 0 0% Alaska 63  British Columbia 1,287 387 1,674 8% British Columbia 244,966  Washington ocean 45 3,926 3,971 19% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 19,224  - Other - Other 46,687  - Tribal - Tribal 2,746  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound 2,299 

 Oregon 627 2,552 3,178 15% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 17,293  - Other - Other 559,135  California 223 393 615 3% California 58,820  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 196 196 1% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria 0  Gillnet 545 0 545 3% - Other 0  Tribal 4,781 0 4,781 22% Tributary 0  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 1,135,256  Hatchery Tribal 6,419  Hatchery surplus market 579 0 579 3% Other 0  Hatchery carcass 5,771 0 5,771 27% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 21,311 100% Hatchery surplus market 253,818 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 14,961 Hatchery carcass 124,026  Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 13 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Spring/Summer Chinook Case I: NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual) 

 Total state Total Total st

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impac

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 23,521 0 23,521 7% Alaska 497 British Columbia 47,614 3,715 51,329 15% British Columbia 615 Washington ocean Washington ocean 154 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 2,804 0 2,804 1% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 33 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 0 0 0% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 788 Tribal 43,820 0 43,820 13% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 197,381 0 197,381 59% Hatchery surplus market 845 Hatchery carcass 14,341 0 14,341 4% Hatchery carcass 48Total with hatchery surplus utilization 333,196 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 121,474 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 14 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 60,148 0 60,148 7% Alaska 714,557  British Columbia 121,758 9,500 131,258 15% British Columbia 883,957  Washington ocean Washington ocean 221,870  - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 7,171 0 7,171 1% Washington Puget Sound 473  Oregon Oregon 48,280  - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 0 0 0 0% California 0  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 0 0 0% Mainstem 0  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary 0  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 1,131,971  Tribal 112,056 0 112,056 13% Tribal 0  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 0 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 504,739 0 504,739 59% Hatchery surplus market 1,213,211 

 Hatchery carcass 36,672 0 36,672 4% Hatchery carcass 69,689 Total with hatchery surplus utilization 852,044 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 310,633 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 15 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 62,892 0 62,892 7% Alaska 1,358,91 British Columbia 127,313 9,933 137,246 15% British Columbia 1,796,444 

 Washington ocean 17,575 19,867 37,442 4% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 166,95 - Other - Other 246,26 - Tribal - Tribal 4,17 Washington Puget Sound 7,498 0 7,498 1% Washington Puget Sound 18,27

 Oregon 7,649 9,933 17,582 2% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 1,995  - Other - Other 97,744  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 0 0 0% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% - Other  Tribal 117,168 0 117,168 12% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 1,920,55 Hatchery Tribal 273,04 Hatchery surplus market 527,765 0 527,765 56% Other  Hatchery carcass 38,345 0 38,345 4% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 945,937 100% Hatchery surplus market 3,288,27

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 379,828 Hatchery carcass 207,59 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 16 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Spring/Summer Chinook Case II: 80's Actual 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level avg

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impact 

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 24,956 0 24,956 7% Alaska 520,4 British Columbia 50,517 3,942 54,459 15% British Columbia 643,8 Washington ocean Washington ocean 161,5 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 2,975 0 2,975 1% Washington Puget Sound 3 Oregon Oregon 35,1 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 0 0 0% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 824,4 Tribal 47,439 0 47,439 13% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 213,901 0 213,901 60% Hatchery surplus market 891,5

 Hatchery carcass 15,013 0 15,013 4% Hatchery carcass 50,4Total with hatchery surplus utilization 358,743 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 129,829 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 17 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 63,816 0 63,816 7% Alaska 753,075  British Columbia 129,182 10,079 139,261 15% British Columbia 931,605  Washington ocean Washington ocean 233,830  - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 7,608 0 7,608 1% Washington Puget Sound 499  Oregon Oregon 50,883  - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 0 0 0 0% California 0  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 0 0 0% Mainstem 0  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary 0  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 1,192,988  Tribal 121,311 0 121,311 13% Tribal 0  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 0 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 546,981 0 546,981 60% Hatchery surplus market 1,292,039  Hatchery carcass 38,392 0 38,392 4% Hatchery carcass 72,899 Total with hatchery surplus utilization 917,368 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 331,996 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 18 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 66,727 0 66,727 7% Alaska 1,429,003  British Columbia 135,075 10,539 145,614 14% British Columbia 1,890,187 

 Washington ocean 18,647 21,078 39,725 4% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 175,551  - Other - Other 258,938  - Tribal - Tribal 4,389  Washington Puget Sound 7,955 0 7,955 1% Washington Puget Sound 19,382  Oregon 8,115 10,539 18,654 2% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 2,099  - Other - Other 102,859  California 0 0 0 0% California 0  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 0 0 0% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria 0  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% - Other 0  Tribal 126,844 0 126,844 12% Tributary 0  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 2,017,430  Hatchery Tribal 295,594  Hatchery surplus market 571,932 0 571,932 56% Other 0  Hatchery carcass 40,143 0 40,143 4% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 1,017,595 100% Hatchery surplus market 3,516,359 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 405,519 Hatchery carcass 216,882  Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 19 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Spring/Summer Chinook Case III: Representative Early 2000's 

 Total state Total Total st

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impac

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 339,649 0 339,649 2% Alaska 491 British Columbia 687,550 53,645 741,195 5% British Columbia 607 Washington ocean Washington ocean 152 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 40,493 0 40,493 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 33 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 4,937,193 4,937,193 30% Mainstem  Tributary 0 1,645,731 1,645,731 10% Tributary  Gillnet 990,401 0 990,401 6% Gillnet 777 Tribal 7,513,909 0 7,513,909 46% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 0 0 0 0% Hatchery surplus market 923

 Hatchery carcass 42,899 0 42,899 0% Hatchery carcass 44Total with hatchery surplus utilization 16,251,469 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 16,208,570 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 20 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 227,703 0 227,703 2% Alaska 1,125,17 British Columbia 460,938 35,964 496,902 5% British Columbia 1,391,91 Washington ocean Washington ocean 349,36 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 27,147 0 27,147 0% Washington Puget Sound 74 Oregon Oregon 76,02 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 3,309,927 3,309,927 30% Mainstem  Tributary 0 1,103,309 1,103,309 10% Tributary  Gillnet 663,971 0 663,971 6% Gillnet 1,782,44 Tribal 5,037,374 0 5,037,374 46% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 0 0 0 0% Hatchery surplus market 2,116,59

 Hatchery carcass 28,760 0 28,760 0% Hatchery carcass 101,33Total with hatchery surplus utilization 10,895,093 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 10,866,333 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 21 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 178,356 0 178,356 2% Alaska 2,361,9 British Columbia 361,046 28,170 389,216 4% British Columbia 3,508,9 Washington ocean 49,842 56,340 106,182 1% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 284,0 - Other - Other 419,0 - Tribal - Tribal 7,1 Washington Puget Sound 21,263 0 21,263 0% Washington Puget Sound 89,9

 Oregon 21,692 28,170 49,862 1% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 3,9 - Other - Other 195,8 California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 2,592,612 2,592,612 30% Mainstem  Tributary 0 864,204 864,204 10% - Astoria  Gillnet 520,078 0 520,078 6% - Other  Tribal 3,945,694 0 3,945,694 45% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 4,734,8 Hatchery Tribal 16,496,9 Hatchery surplus market 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery carcass 22,527 0 22,527 0% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 8,689,994 100% Hatchery surplus market 3,039,6

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 8,667,467 Hatchery carcass 239,7 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 22 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Spring/Summer Chinook Case IV: Early 90's 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impact 

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 5,976 0 5,976 23% Alaska 168, British Columbia 12,097 944 13,040 51% British Columbia 208, Washington ocean Washington ocean 52, - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 712 0 712 3% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 11, - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 0 0 0% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 267, Tribal 95 0 95 0% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 0 0 0 0% Hatchery surplus market 182, Hatchery carcass 5,926 0 5,926 23% Hatchery carcass 20,Total with hatchery surplus utilization 25,749 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 19,823 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 23 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 15,281 0 15,281 23% Alaska 242,36 British Columbia 30,933 2,414 33,347 51% British Columbia 299,81 Washington ocean Washington ocean 75,25 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 1,822 0 1,822 3% Washington Puget Sound 16 Oregon Oregon 16,37 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 0 0 0% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 383,93 Tribal 243 0 243 0% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 0 0 0 0% Hatchery surplus market 261,77

 Hatchery carcass 15,153 0 15,153 23% Hatchery carcass 29,73Total with hatchery surplus utilization 65,845 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 50,692 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 24 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 15,978 0 15,978 19% Alaska 448,43 British Columbia 32,344 2,524 34,868 42% British Columbia 584,05 Washington ocean 4,465 5,047 9,512 11% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 55,23 - Other - Other 81,46 - Tribal - Tribal 1,38 Washington Puget Sound 1,905 0 1,905 2% Washington Puget Sound 4,71

 Oregon 1,943 2,524 4,467 5% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 64 - Other - Other 31,66 California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 0 0 0% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% - Other  Tribal 254 0 254 0% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 651,40 Hatchery Tribal 59 Hatchery surplus market 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery carcass 15,844 0 15,844 19% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 82,828 100% Hatchery surplus market 444,14

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 66,984 Hatchery carcass 87,36 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 25 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Fall Chinook Case I: NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual) 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impac

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 33,522 44 33,566 10% Alaska 560 British Columbia 141,373 8,824 150,197 46% British Columbia 7,565 Washington ocean Washington ocean 3,133

 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 2 2 4 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 681 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 2 2 4 0% California 145 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 6,618 6,618 2% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 39,965 0 39,965 12% Gillnet 2,450

 Tribal 87,763 0 87,763 27% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 5,655 0 5,655 2% Hatchery surplus market 491 Hatchery carcass 2,689 0 2,689 1% Hatchery carcass 322Total with hatchery surplus utilization 326,462 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 318,118 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 26 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 674,490 888 675,378 10% Alaska N

 British Columbia 2,844,514 177,550 3,022,065 46% British Columbia N Washington ocean Washington ocean N - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 34 44 78 0% Washington Puget Sound N Oregon Oregon N - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 44 44 88 0% California N Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 133,163 133,163 2% Mainstem N Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary N Gillnet 804,121 0 804,121 12% Gillnet N Tribal 1,765,859 0 1,765,859 27% Tribal N Other 0 0 0 0% Other N Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 113,779 0 113,779 2% Hatchery surplus market N Hatchery carcass 54,097 0 54,097 1% Hatchery carcass NTotal with hatchery surplus utilization 6,568,627 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization Total without hatchery surplus utilization 6,400,751 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 27 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 1,313,014 1,728 1,314,742 9% Alaska 2,581,6 British Columbia 5,537,350 345,633 5,882,983 42% British Columbia 16,088,4

 Washington ocean 687,980 345,633 1,033,613 7% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 1,676,8

 - Other - Other 2,473,3 - Tribal - Tribal 41,9 Washington Puget Sound 65 86 152 0% Washington Puget Sound 1 Oregon 199,610 86,408 286,019 2% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 19,7 - Other - Other 969,2 California 85 86 172 0% California 145,5 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 259,225 259,225 2% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria  Gillnet 1,565,363 0 1,565,363 11% - Other  Tribal 3,437,557 0 3,437,557 24% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 4,859,9 Hatchery Tribal 5,291,1 Hatchery surplus market 221,491 0 221,491 2% Other  Hatchery carcass 105,309 0 105,309 1% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 14,106,624 100% Hatchery surplus market 832,4

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 13,779,824 Hatchery carcass 484,6 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 28 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Fall Chinook Case II: 80's Actual 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impact 

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 40,526 53 40,580 10% Alaska 671, British Columbia 170,910 10,668 181,578 45% British Columbia 9,060,

 Washington ocean Washington ocean 4,092,

 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 2 3 5 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 890, - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 3 3 6 0% California 189, Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 8,376 8,376 2% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 50,578 0 50,578 13% Gillnet 3,200, Tribal 111,070 0 111,070 28% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 7,157 0 7,157 2% Hatchery surplus market 642, Hatchery carcass 2,790 0 2,790 1% Hatchery carcass 332,Total with hatchery surplus utilization 402,139 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 392,193 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 29 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 815,459 1,073 816,532 10% Alaska N

 British Columbia 3,439,019 214,658 3,653,677 45% British Columbia N Washington ocean Washington ocean N - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 42 56 99 0% Washington Puget Sound N Oregon Oregon N - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 55 56 112 0% California N Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 168,538 168,538 2% Mainstem N Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary N Gillnet 1,017,736 0 1,017,736 13% Gillnet N Tribal 2,234,961 0 2,234,961 28% Tribal N Other 0 0 0 0% Other N Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 144,004 0 144,004 2% Hatchery surplus market N Hatchery carcass 56,129 0 56,129 1% Hatchery carcass NTotal with hatchery surplus utilization 8,091,787 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization Total without hatchery surplus utilization 7,891,654 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 30 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 1,587,430 2,089 1,589,519 9% Alaska 3,114,7 British Columbia 6,694,639 417,869 7,112,509 41% British Columbia 19,364,6

 Washington ocean 870,739 437,449 1,308,188 8% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 2,173,1

 - Other - Other 3,205,3

 - Tribal - Tribal 54,3 Washington Puget Sound 83 109 192 0% Washington Puget Sound 1 Oregon 252,636 109,362 361,999 2% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 25,5 - Other - Other 1,253,8

 California 108 109 217 0% California 190,0 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 328,087 328,087 2% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria  Gillnet 1,981,197 0 1,981,197 11% - Other  Tribal 4,350,732 0 4,350,732 25% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 6,250,4 Hatchery Tribal 6,696,7 Hatchery surplus market 280,329 0 280,329 2% Other  Hatchery carcass 109,264 0 109,264 1% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 17,422,232 100% Hatchery surplus market 1,073,5

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 17,032,639 Hatchery carcass 500,8 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 31 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Fall Chinook Case III: Representative Early 2000's 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impac

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 134,646 177 134,823 10% Alaska 120, British Columbia 567,841 35,444 603,285 43% British Columbia 1,628, Washington ocean Washington ocean 890,

 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 8 10 18 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 193, - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 10 10 20 0% California 41, Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 30,808 30,808 2% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 186,039 0 186,039 13% Gillnet 696, Tribal 408,544 0 408,544 29% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 26,324 0 26,324 2% Hatchery surplus market 139, Hatchery carcass 5,605 0 5,605 0% Hatchery carcass 35,Total with hatchery surplus utilization 1,395,467 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 1,363,539 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 32 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Fall Chinook Case III: Representative Early 2000's 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impac

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 134,646 177 134,823 10% Alaska 120, British Columbia 567,841 35,444 603,285 43% British Columbia 1,628, Washington ocean Washington ocean 890,

 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 8 10 18 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 193, - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 10 10 20 0% California 41, Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 30,808 30,808 2% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 186,039 0 186,039 13% Gillnet 696, Tribal 408,544 0 408,544 29% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 26,324 0 26,324 2% Hatchery surplus market 139, Hatchery carcass 5,605 0 5,605 0% Hatchery carcass 35,Total with hatchery surplus utilization 1,395,467 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 1,363,539 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 33 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 962,139 1,266 963,406 9% Alaska 4,440,6 British Columbia 4,057,612 253,270 4,310,882 39% British Columbia 19,846,7 Washington ocean 584,266 293,529 877,795 8% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 1,405,4 - Other - Other 2,073,0 - Tribal - Tribal 35,1 Washington Puget Sound 55 73 129 0% Washington Puget Sound 2 Oregon 169,519 73,382 242,901 2% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 19,0 - Other - Other 935,7 California 72 73 146 0% California 41,6 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 220,147 220,147 2% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria  Gillnet 1,329,384 0 1,329,384 12% - Other  Tribal 2,919,343 0 2,919,343 26% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 6,665,2 Hatchery Tribal 13,107,6 Hatchery surplus market 188,101 0 188,101 2% Other  Hatchery carcass 40,047 0 40,047 0% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 11,092,280 100% Hatchery surplus market 984,2

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 10,864,132 Hatchery carcass 215,2 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 34 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Fall Chinook Case IV: Early 90's 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level avg

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impact 

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 19,443 26 19,469 11% Alaska 387,2 British Columbia 81,996 5,118 87,114 49% British Columbia 5,226,6

 Washington ocean Washington ocean 1,831,3

 - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 1 1 2 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon Oregon 398,5 - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 1 1 2 0% California 84,9 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 3,318 3,318 2% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary  Gillnet 20,038 0 20,038 11% Gillnet 1,432,3

 Tribal 44,004 0 44,004 25% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 2,835 0 2,835 2% Hatchery surplus market 287,3 Hatchery carcass 2,199 0 2,199 1% Hatchery carcass 275,3Total with hatchery surplus utilization 178,982 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 173,948 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 35 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 391,204 515 391,719 11% Alaska NA 

 British Columbia 1,649,818 102,979 1,752,798 49% British Columbia NA  Washington ocean Washington ocean NA  - Westport - Westport  - Other - Other  - Tribal - Tribal  Washington Puget Sound 17 22 39 0% Washington Puget Sound NA  Oregon Oregon NA  - Astoria - Astoria  - Other - Other  California 22 22 44 0% California NA  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 66,767 66,767 2% Mainstem NA  Tributary 0 0 0 0% Tributary NA  Gillnet 403,182 0 403,182 11% Gillnet NA  Tribal 885,392 0 885,392 25% Tribal NA  Other 0 0 0 0% Other NA  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 57,048 0 57,048 2% Hatchery surplus market NA  Hatchery carcass 44,245 0 44,245 1% Hatchery carcass NA Total with hatchery surplus utilization 3,601,233 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization Total without hatchery surplus utilization 3,499,940 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 36 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 761,548 1,002 762,550 10% Alaska 1,559,49 British Columbia 3,211,663 200,467 3,412,130 44% British Columbia 10,170,14 Washington ocean 344,949 173,298 518,247 7% Washington ocean  - Westport - Westport 944,91 - Other - Other 1,393,75 - Tribal - Tribal 23,62 Washington Puget Sound 33 43 76 0% Washington Puget Sound 5 Oregon 100,084 43,325 143,408 2% Oregon  - Astoria - Astoria 11,05 - Other - Other 541,50 California 43 43 86 0% California 85,04 Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 129,974 129,974 2% Mainstem  Tributary 0 0 0 0% - Astoria  Gillnet 784,864 0 784,864 10% - Other  Tribal 1,723,571 0 1,723,571 22% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 2,640,44 Hatchery Tribal 2,652,96 Hatchery surplus market 111,054 0 111,054 1% Other  Hatchery carcass 86,130 0 86,130 1% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 7,672,092 100% Hatchery surplus market 458,24

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 7,474,908 Hatchery carcass 407,92 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 37 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead Case I: NMFS Cap (1970's-1990's Actual) 

 Total state Total Total s

 level avg. recreational Total level a

economic economic economic econo

impact impact impact % impa

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 0 2,322 2,322 0% Alaska  British Columbia 31,581 0 31,581 1% British Columbia  Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 2,322 2,322 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 949,723 949,723 20% Mainstem  Tributary 0 2,849,170 2,849,170 60% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Tribal 391,657 0 391,657 8% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 411,889 0 411,889 9% Hatchery surplus market 4

 Hatchery carcass 106,570 0 106,570 2% Hatchery carcass 1Total with hatchery surplus utilization 4,745,235 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 4,226,776 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 38 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 0 245 245 0% Alaska  British Columbia 3,338 0 3,338 1% British Columbia  Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 245 245 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 100,387 100,387 20% Mainstem  Tributary 0 301,162 301,162 60% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Tribal 41,399 0 41,399 8% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 43,537 0 43,537 9% Hatchery surplus market 1 Hatchery carcass 11,265 0 11,265 2% Hatchery carcass Total with hatchery surplus utilization 501,579 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 446,777 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 39 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 0 97 97 0% Alaska  British Columbia 1,314 0 1,314 1% British Columbia 43,56 Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 97 97 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 39,524 39,524 20% Mainstem  Tributary 0 118,573 118,573 60% - Astoria  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% - Other  Tribal 16,299 0 16,299 8% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Hatchery Tribal 449,35 Hatchery surplus market 17,141 0 17,141 9% Other  Hatchery carcass 4,435 0 4,435 2% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 197,480 100% Hatchery surplus market 528,53

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 175,904 Hatchery carcass 149,88 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 40 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead Case II: 80's Actual 

 Total state Total Total st

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impac

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 0 5,159 5,159 0% Alaska  British Columbia 70,159 0 70,159 1% British Columbia 11 Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 5,159 5,159 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 2,353,005 2,353,005 20% Mainstem  Tributary 0 7,059,014 7,059,014 60% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Tribal 970,357 0 970,357 8% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 1,020,484 0 1,020,484 9% Hatchery surplus market 151

 Hatchery carcass 192,227 0 192,227 2% Hatchery carcass 35Total with hatchery surplus utilization 11,675,563 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 10,462,852 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 41 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 0 545 545 0% Alaska  British Columbia 7,416 0 7,416 1% British Columbia 4,5 Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 545 545 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 248,717 248,717 20% Mainstem  Tributary 0 746,151 746,151 60% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Tribal 102,569 0 102,569 8% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 107,867 0 107,867 9% Hatchery surplus market 58,7 Hatchery carcass 20,319 0 20,319 2% Hatchery carcass 13,7Total with hatchery surplus utilization 1,234,130 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 1,105,944 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 42 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 0 215 215 0% Alaska  British Columbia 2,920 0 2,920 1% British Columbia 96,78 Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 215 215 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 97,920 97,920 20% Mainstem  Tributary 0 293,759 293,759 60% - Astoria  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% - Other  Tribal 40,381 0 40,381 8% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Hatchery Tribal 1,113,30 Hatchery surplus market 42,467 0 42,467 9% Other  Hatchery carcass 8,000 0 8,000 2% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 485,875 100% Hatchery surplus market 1,380,82

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 435,408 Hatchery carcass 269,84 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 43 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead Case III: Representative Early 2000's 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impac

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 0 4,546 4,546 0% Alaska  British Columbia 61,818 0 61,818 1% British Columbia 6, Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 4,546 4,546 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 1,800,813 1,800,813 19% Mainstem  Tributary 0 5,402,438 5,402,438 57% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Tribal 1,113,958 0 1,113,958 12% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 937,202 0 937,202 10% Hatchery surplus market 95,

 Hatchery carcass 153,318 0 153,318 2% Hatchery carcass 17,Total with hatchery surplus utilization 9,478,638 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 8,388,118 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 44 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 0 606 606 0% Alaska  British Columbia 8,239 0 8,239 1% British Columbia 20,13 Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 606 606 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 240,020 240,020 19% Mainstem  Tributary 0 720,060 720,060 57% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Tribal 148,473 0 148,473 12% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 124,914 0 124,914 10% Hatchery surplus market 302,93 Hatchery carcass 20,435 0 20,435 2% Hatchery carcass 54,83Total with hatchery surplus utilization 1,263,353 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 1,118,004 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 45 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 0 708 708 0% Alaska  British Columbia 9,623 0 9,623 1% British Columbia 106,18 Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 708 708 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 280,338 280,338 19% Mainstem  Tributary 0 841,013 841,013 57% - Astoria  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% - Other  Tribal 173,413 0 173,413 12% Tributary  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Hatchery Tribal 1,435,84 Hatchery surplus market 145,897 0 145,897 10% Other  Hatchery carcass 23,868 0 23,868 2% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 1,475,568 100% Hatchery surplus market 1,606,80

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 1,305,803 Hatchery carcass 269,81 Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 46 

Regional Economic Impacts by Geographic Areas Species: Summer/Winter Steelhead Case IV: Early 90's 

 Total state Total Total sta

 level avg. recreational Total level av

economic economic economic econom

impact impact impact % impac

Snake River Lower Columbia

 Alaska 0 1,460 1,460 0% Alaska  British Columbia 19,851 0 19,851 1% British Columbia 2 Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 1,460 1,460 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 546,924 546,924 20% Mainstem  Tributary 0 1,640,773 1,640,773 60% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Tribal 225,547 0 225,547 8% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other 

 Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 237,198 0 237,198 9% Hatchery surplus market 2

 Hatchery carcass 76,151 0 76,151 3% Hatchery carcass 12Total with hatchery surplus utilization 2,749,363 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 2,436,014 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 47 

Upper Columbia Willamette

 Alaska 0 154 154 0% Alaska  British Columbia 2,098 0 2,098 1% British Columbia  Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound  Oregon 0 154 154 0% Oregon  California 0 0 0 0% California  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 57,811 57,811 20% Mainstem  Tributary 0 173,433 173,433 60% Tributary  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% Gillnet  Tribal 23,841 0 23,841 8% Tribal  Other 0 0 0 0% Other  Hatchery Hatchery  Hatchery surplus market 25,072 0 25,072 9% Hatchery surplus market  Hatchery carcass 8,049 0 8,049 3% Hatchery carcass Total with hatchery surplus utilization 290,612 100% Total with hatchery surplus utilization 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 257,491 Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
A III - 48 

Middle Columbia Total

 Alaska 0 61 61 0% Alaska 0  British Columbia 826 0 826 1% British Columbia 25,980  Washington ocean 0 0 0 0% Washington ocean 0  Washington Puget Sound 0 0 0 0% Washington Puget Sound 0  Oregon 0 61 61 0% Oregon 0  California 0 0 0 0% California 0  Columbia Basin inland Columbia Basin inland  Freshwater sport Freshwater sport  Mainstem 0 22,761 22,761 20% Mainstem  Tributary 0 68,283 68,283 60% - Astoria 0  Gillnet 0 0 0 0% - Other 0  Tribal 9,386 0 9,386 8% Tributary 0  Other 0 0 0 0% Gillnet 0  Hatchery Tribal 258,774  Hatchery surplus market 9,871 0 9,871 9% Other 0  Hatchery carcass 3,169 0 3,169 3% Hatchery Total with hatchery surplus utilization 114,419 100% Hatchery surplus market 276,168 

Total without hatchery surplus utilization 101,378 Hatchery carcass 105,197  Total with hatchery surplus utilization  Total without hatchery surplus utilization 
APPENDIX B 

List of Sources Used to Provide 

Estimates of Representative 

Survival Rates for Columbia 

River Basin Salmonids 
B-1 

APPENDIX B 

List of Sources Used to Provide Estimates of Representative 

Survival Rates for Columbia River Basin Salmonids1

A. Documents

0. Mahnken, C., G. Ruggerone, W. Waknitz, and T. Flagg. "A Historical 

Perspective on Salmonid Production From Pacific Rim Hatcheries. N. Pac. 

Anadr. Fish Comm. Bull. No. 1:38-53. 1998. 

 Outdated, but very good historical overview of survival rates. 

1. Radtke, Hans D., Shannon W. Davis, and Rebecca L. Johnson. Lower Snake 

River Juvenile Salmon Migration Feasibility Study: Anadromous Fish Economic 

Analysis. Prepared for Foster Wheeler Environmental Corporation and U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers. October 1999. 

 This document includes a historical representation up to 1994 of survival rates of 

Basin salmonid releases. These are generally known as the IHOT reports. 

2. Artificial Production Review and Evaluation (APRE). Northwest Power and 

Conservation Council. Portland, Oregon. 2004. 

 Information of survival rates is available for some hatchery programs within the 

Basin. Some of the information is dated. 

3. Fish Passage Center and Comparative Survival Study Oversight Committee. 

Comparative Survival Study (CSS) of PIT Tagged Spring/Summer Chinook. 

2002 Annual Report, Migration Years 1997-2000, Mark/Recapture Activities and 

Bootstrap Analysis. Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Agencies and Columbia 

Basin Tribes. Final. November 26, 2003. 

 Provides up to date information on SAR's on Snake River Chinook stocks. 

4. Williams, J.G., S.G. Smith, W.D. Muir, B.P. Sandford, S. Achord, R. McNatt, 

D.M. Marsh, R.W. Zabel, M.D. Scheuerell. Effects of the Federal Columbia 

River Power System on Salmon Populations. Fish Ecology Division, Northwest 

Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Final draft 

for Collaboration Group. May 6, 2004. 

 Provides some information on current estimates of Snake River stocks. 

5. Pastor, Stephen M. Annual Report 2002. Project No. 1989-06500, Annual Stock 

Assessment - CWT (USFWS). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River 

Fisheries Program Office, Vancouver, Washington. 

 Provides information on some USFWS hatchery programs. 

 

1. Survival rates represent smolt to adult (SAR's), including harvest throughout their range. 
B-2 

6. North, J., C. Rodriguez, M. Miller, J. Sewall, P. Frazier, S. Gray, T. Jones, A. 

Dietrichs, T. Miethe. Select Area Fishery Evaluation Project. Final Project 

Completion Report. October 1993-July 2004. U.S. Department of Energy, 

Bonneville Power Administration. October 2004. 

 Provides some up to date survival estimates of lower Columbia hatchery releases. 

7. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Oregon Department of Fish and 

Wildlife. Status Report. Columbia River Fish Runs and Fisheries, 1938-2000. 

July 2002. 

 Provides run estimates but not much information on survival rates. 

B. People Contacted

1. Michele DeHart, Fish Passage Center, Portland, Oregon 

2. Larry Basham, Fish Passage Center, Portland, Oregon 

3. Henry Franzoni, Fish Passage Center, Portland, Oregon 

4. Curt Melcher, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 

5. Cindy LeFleur, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 

6. Larry LaVoy, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 

7. Howard Schaller, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

8. Henry Yuen, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

9. Charlie Petrosky, Idaho Department of Fish and Game 

10. Tod Jones, Clatsop Economic Development Council Fisheries Project 

11. Bruce Suzumoto, Northwest Power and Conservation Council. 

12. Mike Matelywich, Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission 

C. Discussion of Salmonid Survival Rates, Smolt-to-Adult Survival Rates

Any modeling of fish produced in the Basin and harvested throughout their range relies 

on estimates of smolt-to-adult survival rates (SAR's). Past experience has shown that 

statistical averaging or regression analysis is not very useful for predicting SAR's. This is 

why a broad range of historical periods are used to describe what may be a representative 

range of SAR's. 

A good historical background on survival rates in the Pacific Rim is provided by 

Mahnken et al. (1998). For the Basin, a review of survival rates and alternative 

representative rates was developed in Radtke et al. (October 1999). Most recent 

information on survival rates (some up to date, others outdated) are presented in several 

papers. (See Section A.) This information was then presented to agency scientists and 

managers. (See Section B.) The resulting survival rates by major species/geographic 

areas represent the best estimates of survival rates that can be expected over the next 

several years. These do not represent the estimates of any one of the agency personnel 

mentioned, but rather a consensus that these estimates are a best estimate of the 

characterization of salmonid runs of the Columbia River for the most recent years, and 

what could reasonably be expected for the next two to five years. 
APPENDIX C 

Other Fish Resources Not 

Included in the Analysis 
 C - 1 

Table C.1 

Matrix of Resident Fish Species Known or Assumed to Occur in the Reservoirs and Rivers Mica/Revelstoke/Arrow Lake Koocanusa Kootenai River Kootenay Lake Hungry Horse Res. Upper Flathead River Flathead Lake Lower Flathead River Clark Fork River Lake Pend Oreille Pend Oreille River Lake Roosevelt Lake Rufus Woods Mid-Columbia R-O-R Hanford Reach Hells Canyon Complex Hells Canyon Reach Dworshak Reservoir Lower Clearwater R Lower Snake R-O-R Lower Columbia R-O-R Below Bonneville

Brown bullhead X X X X X X X X X

Channel catfish X X X X X X

Tadpole madtom X X X X

Flathead catfish X X

Mosquitofish X X

Burbot X X X X X X X X

3-spine stickleback X X X X

Sandroller X X X X X X X

Pumpkinseed X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Warmouth X X

Bluegill X X X X X X

Smallmouth bass X X X X X X X X X X

Largemouth bass X X X X X X X X X X X

White crappie X X X X X

Black crappie X X X X X X X X X X X X

Yellow perch X X X X X X X X X X X X

Walleye X X X X X X X X

Sculpin spp. X X X X X

Coastrange sculpin X

Prickly sculpin X X X X X

Mottled sculpin X X

Paiute sculpin X X X X

Slimy sculpin X X X X X

Shorthead sculpin X X X X

Reticulate sculpin X

Torrent sculpin X X X X X X X X

W. brook lamprey X X

White sturgeon X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Lake whitefish X X X X X X X X

Cutthroat trout X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Rainbow trout X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Kokanee X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Pygmy whitefish X X X X X

Mountain whitefish X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Brown trout X X X X X X

Bull trout X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Brook trout X X X X X X X X

Lake trout X X

Northern pike X X X

Chiselmouth X X X X X X X X X X

Goldfish X X

Lake chub X X X

Common carp X X X X X X X X X X X X

Tui chub X

Peamouth X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Northern squawfish X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Longnose dace X X X X X X X X X X

Leopard dace X X X

Speckled dace X X X X X X

Redside shiner X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Tench X X X X

Longnose sucker X X X X X X X X X X X

Bridgelip sucker X X X X X X X X X X X

Largescale sucker X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Mountain sucker X

Black bullhead X X X X X

Yellow bullhead X X

Source: Corps (1995). 
 C - 2 

Table C.2 

Columbia River Basin Recreational Fisheries in 2001 

(Thousands) 

Parameter Idaho Montana Oregon Washington Total

No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent

Total freshwater anglers 416 100% 349 100% 611 100% 659 100% 2,035 100%

 Resident 251 60% 212 61% 461 75% 611 93% 1,535 75%

 Nonresident 165 40% 138 39% 150 25% 48 7% 501 25%

Basin freshwater anglers 416 100% 139 100% 227 100% 384 100% 1,166 100%

 Resident 266 64% 70 51% 180 79% 319 83% 836 72%

 Nonresident 150 36% 69 50% 45 20% 65 17% 330 28%

Total freshwater days fishing 4,070 100% 4,068 100% 7,895 100% 9,800 100% 25,833 100%

 Resident 2,942 72% 3,515 86% 7,346 93% 9,465 97% 23,268 90%

 Nonresident 1,128 28% 554 14% 549 7% 335 3% 2,566 10%

Basin freshwater days fishing 4,070 100% 1,237 100% 1,847 100% 5,272 100% 12,427 100%

 Resident 3,217 79% 989 80% 1,376 74% 4,714 89% 10,296 83%

 Nonresident 855 21% 247 20% 462 25% 580 11% 2,144 17%

Total fishing expenditures

 by state residents $230,006 $202,751 $590,738 $966,874 $1,990,369

 Basin share of expenditures 100% 40% 31% 40% 46%

Basin fishing expenditures

 in 2001 dollars $230,006 $80,491 $185,491 $387,698 $883,687

Basin fishing economic contributions

 in 2003 dollars $133,708 100% $40,627 100% $60,692 100% $173,209 100% $408,236 100%

 Resident $105,670 79% $32,502 80% $45,215 74% $154,849 89% $338,236 83%

 Nonresident $28,079 21% $8,125 20% $15,173 25% $19,053 11% $70,430 17%

Notes: 1. The 1985 USDI FWS five-year survey for states had breakdowns of fishing activity by wildlife 

management regions. The table assumes the same pattern and distribution of angler 

activities as to what was in the 1985 survey (USDI FWS 1989) as found in Fluharty (2000). 

 2. Economic contribution from 2001 angler participation is calculated using regional economic 

impact per recreational angler day from TRG (1991). The economic contribution is adjusted 

to 2003 dollars using the GDP implicit price deflator developed by the U.S. Bureau of 

Economic Analysis. 

 3. Recreational fisheries include angler trips when the target species are either anadromous fish 

or resident fish. 

Source: Fluharty (2000), USDI (March 2003), and Study.