IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 22–0495

Submitted November 15, 2023—Filed December 22, 2023

THE ESTATE OF DEANNA DEE FAHRMANN, by Executor Jeffrey A. Fahrmann,

DENNIS C. FAHRMANN, by and through his Power of Attorney, Jeffrey A. 

Fahrmann, JEFFREY A. FAHRMANN, and AMY J. FAHRMANN,

Appellants,

vs.

ABCM CORPORATION, KATHY MEYER-ALLBEE, and LINSEY HENRY,

Appellees.

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Franklin County, Gregg R. 

Rosenbladt, Judge.

Plaintiffs appeal the district court judgment dismissing their medical 

malpractice action with prejudice for noncompliance with the certificate of merit 

requirement in Iowa Code section 147.140. AFFIRMED.

Waterman, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which all participating 

justices joined. Oxley, J., took no part in the consideration or decision of the 

case.

Laura R. Luetje and William C. Strong of Lamberti, Gocke & Luetje, P.C., 

Ankeny; and Bradley C. Obermeier of Obermeier and McBride, P.C., Grimes, for 

appellants.

Tricia Hoffman-Simanek, Ross T. Andrews, and Graham R. Carl of 

Shuttleworth & Ingersoll, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellees.
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WATERMAN, Justice.

In this appeal, we must decide whether the district court correctly applied 

Iowa Code section 147.140 (2021) to dismiss this nursing home malpractice 

action with prejudice. This statute required the plaintiffs to serve a certificate of 

merit affidavit signed under oath by a qualified expert within sixty days of the 

defendants’ answer. The plaintiffs failed to timely serve such a certificate or 

request an extension to do so but did serve initial disclosures, signed by counsel 

alone, that named their expert within the statutory sixty-day deadline. The 

defendants filed a motion to dismiss for noncompliance with section 147.140. 

The plaintiffs only then filed a certificate signed by their expert and resisted the 

motion, arguing they substantially complied with the statute and, alternatively, 

that the defendants waived the certificate of merit requirement by commencing 

discovery. The district court rejected those arguments and dismissed the action 

based on the mandatory language of the statute. The plaintiffs appealed, and we 

retained the case.

On our review, we hold that the district court correctly applied 

section 147.140 to dismiss this action with prejudice. The statute 

unambiguously required the plaintiffs to timely serve the certificate of merit 

affidavit signed under oath by a qualified expert stating the expert’s familiarity 

with the applicable standard of care and its breach by the defendants unless the 

parties extended the deadline by agreement or the plaintiffs, with good cause 

shown, moved for an extension within the sixty-day deadline. The plaintiffs’ 

initial disclosure signed only by counsel did not comply or substantially comply 

with section 147.140. The defendants never agreed to extend the sixty-day 

deadline, nor did the plaintiffs file a timely motion to extend it for good cause. 

Dismissal was mandatory under the plain language of the statute. A contrary 
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holding would defeat the legislature’s requirement for early dismissal of medical 

malpractice actions lacking the requisite expert certification.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

According to the petition in this action, in 2019, Deanna Dee Fahrmann, 

age 74, was residing at the Rehabilitation Center of Hampton, operated by ABCM 

Corporation. She had been married to Dennis C. Fahrmann for forty-three years. 

They had two adult children, Jeffrey A. Fahrmann and Amy J. Fahrmann. 

Deanna’s family expressed concern to the nursing home’s staff in September that 

she “had fallen from a remote-control operated chair on at least one occasion, 

causing minor injury, and that they did not feel that it was safe to allow her 

continued unrestricted and unsupervised access to the chair and remote control 

in her room.” On October 5, she fell from the chair again, this time suffering 

severe injuries, resulting in her death a month later. 

On June 7, 2021, her estate and surviving family members filed this 

wrongful-death action against ABCM and two of its employees, Kathy 

Meyer-Allbee and Linsey Henry, alleging tort claims arising from their care and 

treatment of Deanna. The plaintiffs do not dispute that Iowa Code 

section 147.140 applies to all their claims.

The defendants timely filed their answer on July 19, triggering the 

plaintiffs’ statutory sixty-day deadline to serve certificate of merit affidavits 

signed by a qualified expert by September 17. The plaintiffs served no certificate 

of merit affidavit by that date, nor did they seek or obtain an agreed extension 

or file a motion to extend that deadline. Instead, on September 1, they served 

initial disclosures signed only by counsel that included this paragraph in the 

section listing persons with knowledge supporting their claims:

4. Bruce Naughton, MD, 80 Depew Avenue, Buffalo, NY 

14214. Dr. Naughton may be contacted through counsel. 
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Dr. Naughton will provide expert testimony and opinions as to the 

cause of the injuries and cause of death of M[r]s. Fahrmann, the 

appropriate standard of care for Mrs. Fahrmann’s care and 

treatment while a resident of the defendant entity, the damages 

suffered by Mrs. Fahrmann, the violations of any applicable rules, 

standards, or obligations of the defendant entity, and any and all 

other facts and opinions which have a bearing on this case and 

which are within his purview as an expert witness.

On October 28, the defendants moved to dismiss the petition under Iowa 

Code section 147.140(6) based on the plaintiffs’ failure to serve any certificate of 

merit affidavit signed by a qualified expert. The next day, the plaintiffs served a 

certificate of merit signed under oath by Dr. Naughton, forty-two days after the 

statutory deadline. On November 5, the plaintiffs filed a resistance to the motion 

to dismiss, arguing that the defendants waived the certificate of merit 

requirement by serving discovery and that the plaintiffs’ initial disclosures 

regarding Dr. Naughton substantially complied with the statute. The district 

court conducted a telephonic hearing on the motion on December 14.

The district court entered its ruling dismissing the entire action with 

prejudice on January 11, 2022. The court determined that section 147.140 

applied to all claims and ruled that the plaintiffs’ initial disclosures “simply lack 

the detail and specificity and certainty that would be supplied by the certificate 

of merit affidavit and are in generalities.” The ruling’s final paragraph stated,

The Court finds that there was no order extending the 

certificate of merit deadline, the parties did not discuss or agree to 

an extension of said deadline, there [was] no substantial compliance 

by plaintiffs with the certificate of merit requirement being satisfied 

by plaintiffs’ initial disclosures, and the late-filed certificate of merit 

is also deficient. Iowa [C]ode § 147.140(6) requires the Court to 

dismiss the petition with prejudice in such a situation.

The plaintiffs filed a motion to reconsider under Iowa Rule of Civil 

Procedure 1.904 further arguing substantial compliance, which the defendants 

resisted. The district court denied that motion on February 14, and the plaintiffs 
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appealed, reiterating their arguments based on substantial compliance. We 

retained the case.

II. Scope of Review.

We review rulings on motions to dismiss under Iowa Code 

section 147.140(6) and the district court’s statutory construction for correction 

of errors at law. Ronnfeldt v. Shelby Cnty. Chris A. Myrtue Mem’l Hosp., 

984 N.W.2d 418, 421 (Iowa 2023).

III. Analysis.

On appeal, the plaintiffs do not dispute that Iowa Code section 147.140 

applies to all their claims and no longer argue that the defendants waived the 

certificate of merit requirement by serving discovery before the sixty-day 

deadline. Therefore, we must decide whether the district court correctly rejected 

the plaintiffs’ argument that they substantially complied with section 147.140 

through their initial disclosures signed by counsel that named their expert or 

through their expert’s own untimely certificate of merit. We conclude that the 

district court correctly rejected their substantial compliance argument.

We first address the plaintiffs’ argument that their initial disclosures

signed only by counsel substantially complied with section 147.140 by 

identifying their expert witness and the subject matter of his testimony. The 

defendants argued, and the district court ruled, that the initial disclosures did 

not substantially comply with the statute because they were not signed under 

oath by the expert and lacked specificity. We agree with the defendants and 

district court.

We begin with the text of the statute. Iowa Code section 147.140 is entitled 

“Expert witness—certificate of merit affidavit.” The statute unambiguously 

requires that the expert witness personally sign the certificate of merit under 

oath within sixty days of the defendants’ answer:
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1. a. In any action for personal injury or wrongful death 

against a health care provider based upon the alleged negligence in 

the practice of that profession or occupation or in patient care, 

which includes a cause of action for which expert testimony is 

necessary to establish a prima facie case, the plaintiff shall, prior to 

the commencement of discovery in the case and within sixty days of 

the defendant’s answer, serve upon the defendant a certificate of 

merit affidavit signed by an expert witness with respect to the issue 

of standard of care and an alleged breach of the standard of care. 

The expert witness must meet the qualifying standards of 

section 147.139.

b. A certificate of merit affidavit must be signed by the expert 

witness and certify the purpose for calling the expert witness by 

providing under the oath of the expert witness all of the following:

(1) The expert witness’s statement of familiarity with the 

applicable standard of care.

(2) The expert witness’s statement that the standard of care 

was breached by the health care provider named in the petition.

Iowa Code § 147.140(1). As section 147.140(1)(a) expressly provides, the expert

witness who is signing the certificate of merit affidavit must be qualified to do so 

under section 147.139, which in turn provides:

If the standard of care given by a health care provider, as 

defined in section 147.136A, is at issue, the court shall only allow a 

person the plaintiff designates as an expert witness to qualify as an 

expert witness and to testify on the issue of the appropriate standard 

of care or breach of the standard of care if all of the following are 

established by the evidence:

1. The person is licensed to practice in the same or a 

substantially similar field as the defendant, is in good standing in 

each state of licensure, and in the five years preceding the act or 

omission alleged to be negligent, has not had a license in any state 

revoked or suspended.

2. In the five years preceding the act or omission alleged to be 

negligent, the person actively practiced in the same or a 

substantially similar field as the defendant or was a qualified 

instructor at an accredited university in the same field as the 

defendant.

Id. § 147.139. This statute requires an active license to practice medicine. 

Hummel v. Smith, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___ (Iowa 20__). Neither statute permits the 
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plaintiffs’ attorney to sign on behalf of the expert witness; nevertheless, these 

plaintiffs argue their initial disclosure signed by their attorney substantially 

complied with the statute.

“Substantial compliance means ‘compliance in respect to essential matters 

necessary to assure the reasonable objectives of the statute.’ ” Id. at ___ (quoting

McHugh v. Smith, 966 N.W.2d 285, 288–89 (Iowa Ct. App. 2021)). We reiterate 

section 147.140’s reasonable objective is to “give[] the defending health 

professional a chance to arrest a baseless action early in the process if a qualified 

expert does not certify that the defendant breached the standard of care.” 

Struck v. Mercy Health Servs.—Iowa Corp., 973 N.W.2d 533, 541 (Iowa 2022) 

(alteration in original) (quoting McHugh, 966 N.W.2d at 289–90). No certificate of 

merit affidavit signed by the expert was served by the sixty-day deadline in this 

case. In McHugh v. Smith, the court of appeals rejected the plaintiff’s argument 

that she substantially complied with section 147.140 by serving discovery 

responses signed by counsel that identified her experts. 966 N.W.2d at 290–92. 

The McHugh court reviewed the signature and qualification requirements

enacted in 2017 and concluded the plaintiff’s “interrogatory responses . . . did 

not replicate the signed affidavit expected under section 147.140(1)(a).” Id. at 

290; see also Tunia v. St. Francis Hosp., 832 A.2d 936, 939 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. 

Div. 2003) (holding certificates of merit were fatally defective because the medical 

experts did not sign their affidavits under oath and rejecting substantial 

compliance argument, stating that “[w]e cannot, however, consider the failure to 

place a declarant under oath a mere ‘technical’ deficiency . . . [as] it goes to the 

very nature of what an affidavit is”). The McHugh court aptly observed, “If 

allegations from a layperson could replace the medical expert’s affidavit, the new 

requirements would hold no meaning.” 966 N.W.2d at 290–91. We reach the 

same conclusion and hold that counsel’s signature did not substantially comply 
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with section 147.140(1)’s requirement that the expert sign the certificate of merit 

affidavit under oath.

We also agree with the district court that the plaintiffs’ initial disclosure 

quoted above failed to comply with the specificity requirements of the statute. 

The disclosure failed to include Dr. Naughton’s opinion “that the standard of 

care was breached” by any named defendant. Iowa Code § 147.140(1). We hold 

that the disclosure’s general statement that Dr. Naughton would testify about 

the standard of care and breach did not substantially comply with the statute’s 

requirement that he state his “familiarity with the applicable standard of care” 

and opine that each defendant violated the standard of care. See id.

§ 147.140(1)(a)–(b).

Finally, we consider whether the certificate of merit signed by 

Dr. Naughton and served forty-two days after the statutory deadline 

substantially complies with section 147.140. The statute provides that the 

sixty-day deadline can be extended by agreement of the parties or by court order 

for good cause if the plaintiff files a motion for extension within the sixty-day 

period. See id. § 147.140(4). But the plaintiffs failed to move for an extension

within the deadline, and the defendants never agreed to an extension. The 

district court ruled that Dr. Naughton’s certificate was untimely and did not 

substantially comply with the statute. We agree. See Morrow v. United States,

No. 21-cv-1003-MAR, 2021 WL 4347682, at *1, *5 (N.D. Iowa July 28, 2021) 

(holding certificate of merit filed sixteen days late did not substantially comply 

with section 147.140), aff’d, 47 F.4th 700, 704 (8th Cir. 2022); McHugh, 

966 N.W.2d at 291–92 (holding expert’s certificate served seventy-six days late 

did not substantially comply with the statutory deadline). To hold otherwise 

would undermine the legislative goal of early dismissal of malpractice actions 

lacking the requisite expert certification. See Struck, 973 N.W.2d at 541 (noting 
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that this goal is furthered by “requir[ing] an expert’s certification sixty days from 

the defendant’s answer, even earlier than the [180-day] deadline in [Iowa Code] 

section 668.11”).

The defendants need not show prejudice. Nothing in the text of 

section 147.140 implies a prejudice requirement. And it is not our place to add 

a prejudice requirement that the legislature chose not to include. McHugh, 

966 N.W.2d at 291 (“Nor can we read in a requirement for defendants to show 

they were prejudiced by the delay.”); see also Morrow, 47 F.4th at 705 (holding 

defendant need not show prejudice to obtain dismissal under 

section 147.140(6)). We hold that Dr. Naughton’s untimely certificate of merit 

did not substantially comply with section 147.140.

IV. Disposition.

For those reasons, we affirm the district court’s judgment dismissing this 

action with prejudice.

AFFIRMED.

All justices concur except Oxley, J., who takes no part.