*After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f) and 10th Cir. R. 34.1.9. The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is

not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,

and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and

judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and

conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

OCT 3 1997

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

MARVIN THOMAS,

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 96-2294

(D.C. No. CIV 96-95 SC/WWD

 CR-94-410 SC)

(Dist. N.M.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before BRORBY, EBEL and KELLY, Circuit Judges.

Appellant Marvin Thomas (“Thomas”) appeals from the district court’s

denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion. We exercise jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291 and affirm.
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On June 15, 1994, Thomas pled guilty to two counts of carrying and using

a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18

U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). Thomas was arrested after delivering more than five grams of

crack cocaine to an undercover officer waiting in a hotel room. The firearm was

found in Thomas’s car by police who observed him drive to the delivery and then

drive away with marked cash from the transaction. Thomas asserts that because

the law governing the “carry” prong of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) was altered by the

Supreme Court’s decision in Bailey v. United States, 116 S. Ct. 501 (1995), his

guilty plea is unsupported by the factual record. 

Thomas requests that we grant him a certificate of appealability under 28

U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(B)(West Supp. 1997). However, Thomas filed his initial 

§ 2255 motion in the district court on January 22, 1996. On April 24, 1996

Congress enacted the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996.

(“AEDPA”). One of the requirements of the AEDPA is that any federal prisoner

bringing a § 2255 challenge of his sentence must first obtain a certificate of

appealability upon showing the denial of a constitutional right. 28 U.S.C. § 2253

(c)(2) (West Supp. 1997). However, according to the Supreme Court’s decision

in Lindh v. Murphy, 117 S.Ct. 2059 (1997), § 2255 motions filed in the district

court before April 24, 1996 are not subject to the provisions of the AEDPA. Id. at

2063-68. Before the AEDPA was passed, federal prisoners were not required to
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seek any sort of certification in order to proceed with their § 2255 appeals. Thus,

Thomas is not required to seek a certificate of appealability for his § 2255

motion. Instead, we examine his appeal on the merits. 

We find that Thomas’s appeal fails as a matter of law. Appellant argues 

that the factual record does not support his § 924(c) vehicular carry guilty plea.

However, as the district court aptly points out, the long-established law in this

circuit regarding the “carry” prong of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) simply requires that the

defendant have actual or constructive access to and knowingly transport the

weapon in question in the defendant’s vehicle. See United States v. Miller, 84

F.3d 1244, 1260 (10th Cir. 1996), overruled on other grounds by United States v.

Holland, 116 F.3d 1353 (10th Cir. 1997). The law governing the term “carry”

under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) was not changed by Bailey. See Miller, 84 F.3d at 1260

(“We see nothing in Bailey that conflicts with our pre-Bailey “vehicular carrying”

line of cases.”).

Thomas admits in the “Statement of Undisputed Material Facts” section of

his amended § 2255 motion that the gun in question was located underneath the

passenger-side front seat of the vehicle. (Tr. Rec. vol. I at 15.) The “carry”

prong of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) is met when the defendant has easy access to the

weapon. See United States v. Ruth, 100 F.3d 111,113 (10th Cir. 1996); Miller, 84

F.3d at 1258-60; United States v. Spring, 80 F.3d 1450, 1464-65 (10th Cir.
1

 Thomas further asserts that this circuit has held that, in cases in which the

weapon was not within immediate reach of the defendant, we look to the

proximity of the weapon to the illegal drugs in question. Because the gun here

was located in a clearly accessible place in the vehicle we need not address this

question. 

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1996); see also United States v. McDonald, 933 F.2d 1519, 1526 (10th Cir. 1991)

(“carrying” satisfied where gun was stored under driver’s seat). Under this

circuit’s case law storage under the passenger-side front seat of one’s vehicle

clearly qualifies as easy access. Thomas’s argument fails as a matter of law.1

Thomas also asserts that the firearm found in his vehicle was not an

integral part of the drug transaction underlying his conviction, as the transaction

occurred in the motel room of his co-defendant and no drugs were found in

Thomas’s car. However, as the district court points out, this was not an issue in

Bailey and could have been raised by Thomas on direct appeal. Lacking cause

and prejudice Thomas is barred from raising this issue as a ground for his § 2255

motion. See United States v. Cox, 83 F.3d 336, 341 (10th Cir. 1996). 

Thus for substantially the same reasons set out in the district court’s

Memorandum Opinion and Order of October 25, 1996 the judgment of the District

Court of New Mexico is AFFIRMED. 

The mandate shall issue forthwith.
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ENTERED FOR THE COURT

David M. Ebel

Circuit Judge