Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-1 

# 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors

Ecological exposure factors are used in the Ecological Exposure Module of the 3MRA modeling system to calculate the total exposure dose (in mg/kg/d) to a suite of receptors that consume contaminated media and food items within their respective habitats. The Ecological Exposure Module calculates exposure doses based on media and food concentration inputs generated by other modules. The Ecological Exposure Module requires the following inputs:



### # Aquatic Food Web Module –Contaminant concentrations in the aquatic food web.



### # Surface Impoundment Module –Contaminant concentrations in surface impoundment water.



### # Surface Water Module –Contaminant concentrations in surface water and sediment.



### # Terrestrial Food Web Module –Contaminant concentrations in the terrestrial food web (including vegetation, prey items, and soil).



### # Ecological Exposure Module –Receptor-specific values for body weight, ingestion rates, and prey preferences.



### # Site Layout Inputs –Site-specific input on habitats, receptors, waterbodies, and prey present at a site.
The ecological exposure module calculates the exposure dose for 52 terrestrial receptor species as they occur in any of 11 ecological ha bitats. Table 12-1 lists the terrestrial wildlife receptors in the representative national data set. These receptors are representative of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Section 13.0 provides additional discussion about the selection of receptors and their respective habitats.
Exposure to the ecological receptors may occur through the following ingestion pathways:



### # Ingestion of soil or sediment


### # Ingestion of aquatic and terrestrial vegetation


### # Ingestion of aquatic and terrestrial prey items


### # Ingestion of surface water.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-2 Table 12-1. Exposure Data Sources for Terrestrial Wildlife Receptors

Species Scientific Name References Alligator snapping turtle Macroclemys temminckii Lane and Mitchell, 1997; Conant and Collins, 1991 American kestrel Falco sparverius Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Lane and Fischer, 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 American robin Turdus migratorius Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 American woodcock Scolopax minor Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996
Beaver Castor canadensis Stokes and Stokes, 1986; Whitaker, 1997; Jenkins and Busher, 1979 Belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Black bear Ursus americanus Schaefer and Sargent, 1990; Stokes and Stokes, 1986; Whitaker, 1997 Black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus Whitaker, 1997; Sample et al., 1997; MacMahon, 1985 Burrowing owl Speotyto cunicularia Terres, 1980; Sample et al., 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Canada goose Branta canadensis Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Niering, 1985; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Cerulean warbler Dendroica cerulea Evans and Fischer, 1997; Terres, 1980; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperi Terres, 1980; Sample et al., 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Coyote Canis latrans Bekoff, 1977; Sample et al, 1997; Whitaker, 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1986
Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Whitaker, 1997; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1986 Eastern box turtle Terrapene carolina Martof et al., 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Sutton and Sutton, 1985; Conant and Collins, 1991 Eastern cottontail rabbit Sylvilagus floridanus Stokes and Stokes, 1986; Chapman et al., 1980; Whitaker, 1997; U.S. EPA, 1993 Great blue heron Ardea herodias Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996; Niering, 1985 Great Basin pocket mouse Perognathus parvus Whitaker, 1997; Sample et al., 1997 Green heron Butorides virescens Terres, 1980; Sample et al., 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1996; Niering, 1985 Herring gull Larus argentatus Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Kit fox Vulpes velox McGrew, 1979; Sample et al., 1997; MacMahon, 1985; Whitaker, 1997 (continued)

### Table 12-1. (continued) Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors

Species Scientific Name References



### 12-3 Least weasel Mustela nivalis Whitaker, 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1986; Sample et al., 1997 Lesser scaup Aythya affinis Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Little brown bat Myotis lucifugus Whitaker, 1997; Sample et al., 1997. Loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus Hall et al., 1997; Terres, 1980; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Long-tailed weasel Mustela frenata Sutton and Sutton, 1985; Sample et al., 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996; Niering, 1985 Marsh wren Cistothorus palustris Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996; Niering, 1985 Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Whitaker, 1997; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1986 Mink Mustela vison Niering, 1985; U.S. EPA, 1993; Whitaker, 1997; Stokes and Stokes,1986 Mule deer Odocoileus hemionus Whitaker, 1997; Sample et al., 1997; Anderson and Wallmo, 1984; Whitney, 1985 Muskrat Ondatra zibethicus Niering, 1985; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1986; Willner et al., 1980; Whitaker, 1997 Northern water snake Nerodia sipedon Martof et al., 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Conant and Collins, 1991; Niering, 1985; Behler and King, 1979 Northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Osprey Pandion haliaetus Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Painted turtle Chrysemys picta Niering, 1985; U.S. EPA, 1993; Conant and Collins, 1991; Behler and King, 1979 Pine vole Microtus pinetorum Whitaker, 1997; Sample et al., 1997 Prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster Whitaker, 1997; U.S. EPA, 1993
Raccoon Procyon lotor Lotze and Andersen, 1979; U.S. EPA, 1993; Whitaker, 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1986
Racer Coluber constrictor Behler and King, 1979; U.S. EPA, 1993; Conant and Collins, 1991; Martof et al., 1980 Red fox Vulpes vulpes Whitaker, 1997; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1986 Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 River otter Lutra canadensis Whitaker, 1997; U.S. EPA, 1993; Niering, 1985; Stokes and Stokes, 1986 (continued)

### Table 12-1. (continued) Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors

Species Scientific Name References



### 12-4

Short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda Whitaker, 1997; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1986 Short-tailed weasel Mustela erminea King, 1983; Sample et al., 1997; Whitaker, 1997 Snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina Martof et al., 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Behler and King, 1979; Conant and Collins, 1991 Southern hognose snake Heterodon simus Behler and King, 1979; Jordan, 1998; Martoff et al., 1980; Conant and Collins, 1991 Spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia Terres, 1980; U.S. EPA, 1993; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor Terres, 1980; Sample et al., 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 Western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta Terres, 1980; Sample et al., 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1996 White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Whitaker, 1997; Stokes and Stokes, 1986; Smith, 1991



### The pathways through which each receptor species may be exposed were determined by the species’ dietary preferences. For example, stri ct herbivores are exposed through ingestion of vegetation but not through ingestion of animal prey items; species whose diet includes animal prey are exposed through prey ingestion, and so on. Exposures through ingestion of soil, sediment, and surface water was determined by the documented foraging and feeding behavior of each species.
The generalized equation for calculating ecological exposure dose is the following:

(12-1)

where

CR food 

### = consumption rate of food

FoodConc HabRange 

### = effective concentration in all food items, weighted by prey preferences

CtssAve HabRange 

### = average contaminant concentration in surficial soil in a home range

CRfrac soil 

### = soil dietary fraction for each receptorSection 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-5 ConcWaterTotAve HabRange 

### = total average concentration in water for each home range

CR water 

### = consumption rate of water
BodyWt Rec 

### = receptor body weight

AreaFrac HabRange 

### = fraction of the receptor’s home range comprised by the habitat.



## 12.1 Parameters Collected
The variables used in the Ecological Exposure Module are shown in Table 12-2, along with the data source and notes on whether the variable is represented by a distribution or a fixed value. The body weight and ingestion rate parame ters are characterized by fixed values; dietary composition, or the amount of each food item eaten, is characterized by a uniform distribution between reported minimum and maximum values. In addition, the variable PreyType is addressed in this section. While no data collection was required for this parameter, prey items were assigned to nine prey categories (PreyType) for use in the Ecological Exposure Module.
In general, the ecological exposure factors are for the mean adult body weight for the species; male and female weights are combine d, and juvenile body weights are not considered. Although some data are reported by age or sex, not enough of these data exist to develop exposure factors for juveniles or for males versus females for an adequate number of species. Moreover, age- or sex-specific uptake factors and toxicological benchmarks are not available for ecological receptors. Therefore, consumption rates and prey preferences were estimated for average adults only.
Dietary composition for each receptor species varies depending on habitat. For example, raccoons are assumed to eat a variety of vegetation and animal prey wherever they occur; however, when they occur in waterbody margin habitats, aquatic prey are included in their dietary composition. In an upland forest or a residential habitat, only terrestrial prey are included.



## 12.2 Data Sources
The following documents were the principal data sources for the ecological exposure factors used in the representative national data set:



### # U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook . EPA/600/R-93/187. Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. December.



### # Sample, B.E., M.S. Alpin, R.A. Efroymson, G.W. Suter, and C.J.E. Welsh. 1997. Methods and Tools for Estimation of the Exposure of Terrestrial Wildlife to Contaminants . ORNL/TM-13391, Office of Environmental Policy and Assistance. Oak Ridge National La boratory, Oak Ridge, TN. October.

### 12-6 Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors12-6Table 12-2. Parameters CollectedVariable Name Description Principal Data Sources Distribution/Fixed ValueBodyWt_rec Body weight for each receptor U.S. EPA,1993; Sample et al., 1997; American Society ofMammalogists,aU.S. Army Corps of Engineers2Fixed (mean)CR_food Food consumption rate for eachreceptorU.S. EPA, 1993 Fixed (for mean bodyweight)CR_water Water consumption rate for eachreceptorU.S. EPA, 1993 Fixed (for mean bodyweight)CRfrac_sed Percentage of food consumptionconsisting of sedimentU.S. EPA, 1993 FixedCRfrac_soil Percentage of food consumptionconsisting of soilU.S. EPA, 1993 FixedMinPreyPref_HabRange Minimum dietary preference forfood items found in home rangeU.S. EPA, 1993; Sample et al., 1997; American Society ofMammalogists,aU.S. Army Corps of EngineersbMinimum, uniformdistribution assumedMaxPreyPref_HabRange Maximum dietary preference forfood items found in home rangeU.S. EPA, 1993; Sample et al., 1997; American Society ofMammalogists,aU.S. Army Corps of EngineersbMaximum, uniformdistribution assumedAreaFracHabRangecHome range size U.S. EPA, 1993; Sample et al., 1997; American Society ofMammalogists,aU.S. Army Corps of EngineersbFixedaThe American Society of Mammalogists’Mammalian Species Seriescomprises individually published monographs on single species. Authors and dates ofpublication vary for each species.bThe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’Species Profile Seriescomprises individually published monographs on single species. Authors and dates of publicationvary for each species.cHome range size data were used in the site layout data processing step to calculate AreaFracHabRange. Although home range size is not a variable used directly bythe ecological exposure module, these data were collected from the same sources as other species-specific exposure factors andare documented in this section.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-7 

### # U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Species Profile Series . Various authors and publication dates.



### # American Society of Mammalogists’ Mammalian Species Series . Various authors and publication dates.
Table 12-2 indicates the principal data source for each parameter. For species-specific body weight, dietary composition, and home range size, the primary source of data was the Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook (the Handbook ) (U.S. EPA, 1993). The Handbook is the best available compendium of information releva nt to ecological exposure. It includes exposure factors for 34 species of mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. All species included in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993) have been included in the 3MRA modeling system exposure factor database, with the exception of the harbor seal, which inhabits estuarine and marine habitats not addressed in the example data set. In addition, algorithms for estimating ingestion rates based on body weight were taken from the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993).
Similar data for an additional 15 species of birds and mammals (Black-tailed jackrabbit, burrowing owl, Cooper’s hawk, coyote, Great Basin pocket mouse, green heron, kit fox, little brown bat, least weasel, long-tailed weasel, short-tailed weasel, mule deer, pine vole, tree swallow, and western meadowlark) were taken from Sample et al. (1997). The species addressed in Sample et al. (1997) were chosen by the authors specifically to complement those in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993), and thus provide complementary data.
The American Society of Mammalogists’ Mammalian Species Series provided additional prey preference, home range size, and body weight data on seven of the species in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993) and Sample et al. (1997), and provided primary data for an additional two mammals (beaver and white-tailed deer).
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Species Profile Series provided data on eight additional species – one mammal, two reptiles, two amphibians, and three birds. These species profiles are part of a study of wildlife species on military reservations in the southeastern United States and, therefore, emphasize species found in that region. Of the receptors selected from this source, however, only the amphibians and reptiles (alligator snapping turtle, southern hognose snake, gopher frog and flatwoods salamander) are restricted to the southeastern United States. Because data on herpetofauna are generally scarce, these four species are included in the receptor list, although they are included in the exposure analysis only at sites located within their respective areas of distribution.
Additional sources were identified to supplement the prey preference data from the principal sources. The dietary information in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993) and Sample et al. (1997) consists of reported food items from fiel d studies. Thus, the data reflect the dietary composition of a single or a few individuals at particular study sites, in some cases over a relatively short time period. The 3MRA modeling system exposure assessment, on the other hand, is based on hypothetical food webs intended to reflect all of the receptor species’ potential dietary items. As such, the prey preference data required by the ecological exposure module should reflect the potential food intake for the species in all habitats and regions where it occurs. Therefore, more generalized dietary compositi on data were taken from numerous field guidesSection 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-8 and wildlife encyclopedias (e.g., several of the National Audubon Society field guides and the Peterson field guides; Terres, 1980; Martof et al., 1980). All references used to collect ecological exposure data are listed in Table 12-1 and in the reference section (Section 12.5).
Soil and sediment ingestion data were taken from the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993) and from several additional references, each with data on one or a few species. See Section 12.3.4 for further discussion of these data sources. 

## 12.3 Methodology
Methods for developing exposure factors from wildlife data extracted from various sources are detailed in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993). Those methods were followed substantially in the data collection effort for the representative national data set. Based on information in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993) and in the other sources listed previously, a database was developed containing all available data relevant to ecological exposures for the 52 selected receptor species. Most of the data were extracted from the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993) and from Sample et al. (1997). Both the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993) and Sample et al. (1997) are compilations of data from many different references and, therefore, include multiple values for each species for a particular data category (e.g., multiple body weights for otter). In some cases, the reported values are the mean of the data collected for a single study; in other cases, the reported values reflect a single measurement. In all cases, all reported values were entered into the database, including means, minima, and maxima. Single reported values were entered as mean values. Data collected from additional sources were treated in the same manner. These data were then processed to generate the appropriate inputs for the module. The following subsections document the data processing methods for each ecological exposure parameter. Section 12.3.6 addresses the quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) of data collection and processing.
12.3.1 Receptor Body Weights
Data on the body weights of individual receptor species were taken from several primary sources that represent a compilation of the results of many separate studies. The primary sources used included the following:



### # U.S. EPA (1993)


### # Sample et al. (1997)


### # American Society of Mammalogists’ Mammalian Species Series


### # U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ Species Profile Series

. Values were collected and assembled in the ecological exposure database. Then, a mean value was calculated so that a single datum represented body weight for each species. When data from multiple studies were reported in a single reference (e.g., the Handbook [U.S. EPA, 1993]), the geometric mean of the adult body weights from each study was calculated. In some cases, body weight data were presented separately for males and females. In this instance, the average of the geometric means for males and females was used. Body weights collected from field guides generally consisted of average adult values. Body weights identifiable as juvenile or preadult weights were not included in the species average. The mean body weights representSection 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-9 (12-2) data from multiple local investigations as well as from national or regional averages. They are assumed to collectively represent a national mean.
The following assumptions are inherent in this manipulation of body weight data:



### # Some reported data are accompanied by an indication of the age of the individual studied; age data are relevant to body weights. In some cases, an age in months or years is reported, while in others a life stage such as fledgling, juvenile, or subadult is reported. These data were standardized in the database to indicate adults for individuals that have reached sexual maturity and juveniles for all other ages.



### # Individual body weights were derived to represent receptors nationally. This derivation was generally based on local scale data from studies distributed throughout the United States. For some species, however, only one or a few reported body weights were available.



### # A single value is assumed to represent both males and females.
12.3.2 Food Ingestion Rates
Food and water consumption rates were calculated for each receptor species using Nagy’s (1987) allometric equations as reported in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993). The equations correlate food and water intake to body weight in free-living wildlife species. Separate regression equations were used for mammals and birds. The equations and associated values follow.
Food ingestion rate

where
Y = food ingestion rate, g DW/d Wt = representative body weight of receptor species, g WW a = empirical coefficient b = empirical coefficient.
Mean adult body weights were estimated as described in Section 12.3.1. The values used for the empirical coefficients a and b, as presented in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993), are presented in Table 12-3. The estimations were based on average, gender-neutral body weights and do not account for differences in size, season, habitat, or activity level. Ingestion rates were subsequently converted to a wet weight basis assuming 85 percent moisture content of food.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-10 (12-3)

(12-4) Table 12-3. Empirical Coefficients Used to Calculate Food Ingestion Rates

Species Group/Subgroup a b
Birds 0.64 0.651
Mammals 0.23 0.822

Source: U.S. EPA, 1993.



### 12.3.3 Water Ingestion Rates
Receptor species’ consumption rates for water also were derived based on body weights. Calder and Braun (1983), as cited in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993), developed an equation for drinking water ingestion for birds. This equation is presented in Equation 12-3.
Water ingestion rate for birds

where
WI = drinking water ingestion, L/d Wt = representative body weight of receptor species, kg.
This equation was derived based on a data set representing 21 species with a body weight range of 11 to 3,150 g. Birds, in general, drink less water than mammals of equivalent body weight. Calder and Braun (1983) developed a parallel equation for mammals, as shown in Equation 12-4.
Drinking water ingestion for mammals

where
WI = drinking water ingestion, L/d Wt = representative body weight of receptor species, kg.
No similar allometric equation is available for relating body weight to drinking water ingestion for reptiles and amphibians. Therefore, a default value of 0.0001 was used for water ingestion in all herpetofauna.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-11 The following assumptions are inherent in the derivation of the receptor species drinking water ingestion rates:



### # The estimations were based on average, gender-neutral body weights and do not account for differences in size, season, habitat, or activity level.



### # Additional sources of water, including wa ter derived from ingested food, were not accounted for. Depending on dietary composition, some species derive more water from food items than do others.
12.3.4 Consumption Rate of Surficial Soil/Sediment
Consumption rates for surficial soil and sediment were taken from the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993) and the following additional references:



### # Arthur and Gates (1988)


### # Arthur and Alldredge (1979)


### # Beyer et al. (1994)


### # Mayoh and Zach (1986).
Sediment and soil ingestion rates were reported as a fraction of the total dietary ingestion. The fractions were applied to the ingestion rates estimated as described in Section 12.3.2. The values were reported as sediment/soil ingestion rates, without distinguishing what proportion was sediment versus soil. The Ecol ogical Exposure Module, however, uses discreet constituent concentrations in soil and sediment. Therefore, receptor species were assigned soil or sediment ingestion as a function of their feed ing patterns. Those species feeding entirely on terrestrial prey and food items were assumed to consume soil, and the reported sediment/soil ingestion rate was applied entirely to soil. Those receptors feeding on aquatic prey and food items, or on a combination of aquatic and terrestrial prey and food items, were assumed to ingest only sediment.
For those species for which sediment/soil ingestion rates were not available, the reported ingestion rate of the most similar species was used. Similarity was based first on faunal class (i.e., mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian), second on size, and third on feeding behavior. Data were available for only two species of herpetofauna, the eastern box turtle and the painted turtle. Therefore, small herpetofauna with mixed diets (e.g., frogs, salamanders) were given the same rate as the eastern box turtle, and larger herpetofauna that eat a significant proportion of fish (e.g., snapping turtles and aquatic snakes) were given the same rate as the painted turtle.
The following assumptions are inherent in the derivation of the receptor species’ surficial soil/sediment ingestion rates:



### # Soil and sediment ingestion were treated as mutually exclusive because the data do not specify which medium was reporte d. Many receptors probably ingest a combination of soil and sediment (e.g., raccoon).Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-12 

### # Data on soil ingestion were lacking for most receptor species; therefore, available values were used for species expected to have a similar diet and feeding behavior.
12.3.5 Maximum/Minimum Dietary Preferences
The Ecological Exposure Module includes an algorithm to construct a unique, randomly selected diet for each receptor species at each site where it occurs. This algorithm reflects the variability in receptor species’ dietary composition. Dietary preference data required by the ecological exposure model includes a list of potential diet items for each species and the maximum and minimum proportion of the species’ diet that each item can comprise. Diet items are categorized as one of 17 types of prey recognized by the 3MRA modeling system. The prey categories are shown in Table 12-4.

Table 12-4. Prey Categories

Worms Other invertebrates Small mammals Small birds Small herpetofauna Herbivorous vertebrates Omnivorous vertebrates Benthic filter feeders Trophic level (T3) fish Trophic level (T4) fish Aquatic plants Exposed fruit Exposed vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage



### For example, prey preference data on the Eastern box turtle are as follows:

Diet Item Percentage of Diet

Worms 3 to 60 Forage 13 to 39 Fruits 5 to 33 Other invertebrates 8 to 22 Small herpetofauna 0 to 10 Small mammals 0 to 10
Information on receptor species’ dietary composition comes from a wide range of data sources and is of two general types. Some data consist of reported quantities of certain items eaten by particular individuals in a localized or site-specific study. These data consist of measured stomach contents, nest or burrow contents, or counts of items observed to be eaten during a particular time span. The principal sources for this type of data are the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993) and Sample et al. (1997). The second type of information consists of qualitative reports of items documented to be eaten. These reports reflect a compilation of observations and measurements for the species in general and are reported as descriptions of the species’ potential diet. The principal sources of this type of data are the Army Corps of Engineers’ Species ProfileSection 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-13 Series , the American Society of Mammalogists’ Mammalian Species Series , and the various field guides and handbooks listed in Table 12-1.
The Ecological Exposure Module requires data on the full range of potential diet items across all habitats where each species could occur. In addition, it requires quantified data – maxima and minima. Therefore, the two general types of data for each receptor were combined, and dietary profiles were developed for each receptor species. The profiles include each documented diet item for each species, whether the item was reported in a quantitative or qualitative form. Maximum and minimum values were generated for each item through a subjective process implemented by project ecologists. In this process, the qualitative information was evaluated, and an estimated dietary fraction was assigned to each item. Then, all reported and estimated dietary fractions were compared, and the minimum and maximum values were identified for each diet item.
The assignment of estimated dietary fractions was made by a single ecologist to maintain consistency in interpreting qualitative descriptions. In addition, certain decision rules were followed for all assignments. References to a diet item that implied a single most significant component, such as “primary food source,” “bulk of the diet,” and “consumes mostly,” were assigned a minimum of 50 percent dietary composition. Items that are of secondary importance but that would always make up at least some portion of the diet were assigned a minimum of 10 percent. Descriptions implying occasional sources of food were given a minimum of zero (thus indicating that some individuals under some circumstances do not consume the item at all) and a maximum of 25 percent. A few species ha ve relatively limited diets and eat only one diet item. For example, the cerulean warbler eats insects almost exclusively. In these cases, the exclusive diet item (insects) was assigned a minimum of 95 percent and a maximum of 100 percent. The quantified dietary profiles were entered into the exposure factor database as maximum and minimum values for each prey category.
The different data sources report vegetative dietary constituents in various terms ranging from a list of food items by species name to general categories such as seeds and nuts or vegetation. Consequently, the data for vegetation constituents were standardized in the database using terms recognized by the exposure module and coded according to farm food chain codes for compatibility with the farm food chain and terrestrial food web modules. Table 12-5 shows the food categories most frequently reported in the literature and their respective farm food chain codes.
Assumptions inherent in the processing of these data include the following:



### # Data from a variety of sources were collected and combined to represent receptor species’ diets; therefore, the values used were intended to be representative of the species throughout their range and habitat types.



### # Qualitative diet information was subjectively interpreted and given numeric values. These values were combined with site- or study-specific quantitative data to derive maximum and minimum values.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-14 Table 12-5. Farm Food Chain Codes for Wildlife Diet Items

Farm Food Chain Code Dietary Items Included Forage Forbs, grass(es), other plant(s), plant(s), shrubs, terrestrial plants, trees, unclassified plant(s), unidentified plant(s), vegetation, woody plants Silage Crops, corn Grains Seeds, nuts Exposed fruit Fruits, fruits/seeds (reported as a single item) Exposed vegetation Fern(s), fungi, fungus , cactus, dicot shoots, monocot shoots
Root Root



### # When fish were a reported dietary item, the fish's trophic level was included for use in the aquatic food web module. When the fish species name was reported, its trophic level was extracted from trophic level analyses in EPA’s Great Lakes Study (U.S. EPA, 1995). In all other cases, the trophic level for fish prey was assumed to be T3 or T4 based on the size of the predator (receptor species). Small receptors were assumed to eat T3 fish. For large receptors, it was assumed that 50 percent of the fish they eat are T3 and 50 percent are T4. None of the primary exposure data sources included information on the trophic level of prey items.
12.3.6 Home Range Size
Home range, or territory size, was used to estimate the proportion of the diet taken from the potentially contaminated area. For species with very small territories (e.g., mice, voles), the entire home range is likely to fall within the contaminated area. For larger or wider ranging species (e.g., the bald eagle), much of a receptor’s diet could come from outside the contaminated area. The variable used in the ecological exposure module to reflect the proportion of a receptor’s diet taken from the contaminated area is AreaFrac HabRange 

### . Home range size data were used in the site layout data processing step to calculate AreaFrac HabRange 

### by dividing the species’ home range area by the area of the species’ habitat located on a site. A detailed discussion of the AreaFrac HabRange 

### variable is presented in the documentation of the ecological exposure module.
Home range data were available for all but 9 of the 52 receptor species and were found primarily in the Handbook (U.S. EPA, 1993), Sample et al. (1997), the Army Corps of Engineers’ Species Profile Series , and the American Society of Mammalogists’ Mammalian Species Series . Species for which no data were available were assigned the home range size of a similar species with similar feeding habits. Various metrics are reported in the literature for the size of the area used by a receptor. These metrics include feeding or foraging radius, feeding or foraging distance, and home range or territory size. In most cases (particularly, the HandbookSection 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-15 [U.S. EPA, 1993]), the terminology for area size was discussed and defined. In other sources, when no definition of terms was provided, judgments were made based on the context of the data and comparison with other reports on the same species. In most cases, the size of the area used by a species for foraging and feeding was reported in hectares or acres and referred to as the home range or territory. When a linear distance was reported, it was assumed to represent a radius. When a radius was reported, it was assumed to describe a circular area around a nest or some essential physical feature. All home range size data were entered into the exposure factors database, and the midpoint between the minimum and maximum values was calculated for each species. The home ranges were assumed to be circular.
In the site layout processing step, receptor species’ home ranges were placed within delineated habitats where the species occur. Section 13.0 provides a full description of habitat delineation and placement of home ranges. As explained in Section 13.0, home range placement proved inordinately resource-intensive. Therefor e, a binning approach was adopted to reduce the number of home ranges that required placement in a geographic information system (GIS). Using this approach, each receptor’s average home range size was assigned to one of four bins. Each bin comprised a range of home range sizes, as follows:



### # Bin 1 – Home range = or <100,000 m 2


### # Bin 2 – Home range >100,000 m 2 

### and <1 million m 2


### # Bin 3 – Home range = or >1 million m 2 

### , and <10 million m 2


### # Bin 4 – Home range = or >10 million m 2



### . Because receptor exposure dose, as calculated in the ecological exposure module, is adjusted based on the proportion of the home range that falls within the contaminated area, the binning approach potentially underestimates the exposure dose for receptors at the low end of each range. For example, the meadow vole has an average home range size of 416 m 2 

### ; however, because it falls within Bin 1, its home range is assumed to be 100,000 m 2 

### . Thus, the proportion of the meadow vole’s diet taken from contaminated habitat will be calculated as the proportion of the 100,000-m 2 

### home range that falls within the contaminated area. Obviously, in certain cases, this will be a significantly smaller proportion of the diet than would be estimated if the true mean home range size (416 m 2 

### ) were used.
The following assumptions are inherent in the processing of home range size data:



### # Calculated averages were assumed to reflect the home range size for a species in all of the habitats where it occurs, while available data may come from a single habitat type. In fact, habitat type and quality affect foraging distance. For example, a white-tailed deer may cover a larger area when foraging in a forest than when feeding in a crop field.



### # Average home range sizes also were assumed to reflect all regions of the United States and year-round food availability. Some reported home range data were for particular regions and seasons; no attempt was made to distinguish home range size by region or season.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-16 12.3.7 Data Entry and Data Processing Quality Assurance/Quality Control
The QA/QC functions for data collection of ecological exposure factors consist of ensuring that data have been interpreted and extracted correctly (i.e., Technical QA/QC) and verifying that data have been entered correctly (i.e., data entry QA/QC). Detailed QA records are maintained by the project QA Officer (QAO).
12.3.7.1 Technical Quality Assurance/Quality Control

. The sources used to obtain the exposure factor data are considered to be authoritative references and, therefore, data extracted from them are assumed to be of high quality. Data extracted from primary literature sources have been reviewed by senior ecologists to determine the quality of the exposure factors. Methods for extracting and combining data (e.g., calculating mean values) as well as the assumptions used for interpreting and standardizing data (e.g., assigning age data as adult or juvenile or assigning food types to farm food chain categories) were developed with the oversight and review of senior ecologists.
12.3.7.2 Data Entry Quality Assurance/Quality Control

. Entry of raw data into the exposure factors database was checked against the source by a staff member other than the one who entered the data. At least 50 percent of entries from each source were checked. All data processing, such as calculation of means, was checked by a staff member other than the one who performed the calculation or set up the calculation spreadsheet. A QA check of at least 10 percent of the results of the spreadsheet macros used to manipulate data was made against the original spreadsheets.



## 12.4 Results
Tables presenting the ecological exposure data used in the 3MRA modeling system are presented in the appendixes to this section. Appendix 12A includes the following tables:



### # Table 12A-1 – Mean body weights by receptor


### # Table 12A-2 – Food ingestion rates for mean body weight by receptor


### # Table 12A-3 – Water ingestion rates for mean body weight by receptor


### # Table 12A-4 – Soil ingestion rates as a fraction of total ingestion


### # Table 12A-5 – Sediment ingestion rates as a fraction of total ingestion.
Appendix 12B includes prey preference tables:



### # Table 12B-1 – Minimum prey preferences


### # Table 12B-2 – Maximum prey preferences.
Appendix 12C includes receptor home ranges and assignments to size bins.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-17 

## 12.5 References
Anderson, Allen E., and Olof C. Wallmo. 1984. Odocoileus hemionus . In: Mammalian Species

. Volume 219 pp. 1-9. The American Society of Mammalogists.
Arthur, W. J., and A. W. Alldredge. 1979. Soil ingestion by mule deer in northcentral Colorado. Journal of Range Management, 32(1):67-71. January.
Arthur, W. John, III, and Robert J. Gates. 1988. Trace element intake via soil ingestion in pronghorns and in black-tailed jackrabbits. Journal of Range Management, 41(2):162- 166. March.
Bekoff, Marc. 1977. Canis latrans . In: Mammalian Species . Volume 79 pp. 1-9. The American Society of Mammalogists.
Beyer, W. Nelson, Erin E. Connor, and Sarah Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Management, 58(2):375-382.
Calder, William A., III, and Eldon J. Braun. 1983. Scaling of osmotic regulation in mammals and birds. American Journal of Physiology, 244(13):R601-R606.
Chapman, Joseph A., J. Gregory Hockman, and C. Ojeda. 1980. Sylvilagus floridanus . In: Mammalian Species . Volume 136 pp. 1-8. The American Society of Mammalogists.
Evans, Darrell E. and Richard A. Fischer. 1997. Species Profile: Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) on Military Installations in the Southeastern United States. SERDP-97-12. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. October.
Hall, Stephen P. and Harry E. LeGrand, Jr., and Richard A. Fischer. 1997. Species Profile: Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) on Military Installations in the Southeastern United States. SERDP-97-8. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. September.
Jenkins, Stephen H., and Peter E. Busher. 1979. Castor canadensis . In: Mammalian Species

. Volume 120 pp. 1-8. The American Society of Mammalogists.
King, C. M. 1983. Mustela erminea . Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammologists 195:(1-8).
Lane, John J. and Richard A. Fischer. 1997. Species Profile: Southeastern American Kestrel (Falco sparverius paulus) on Military Installations in the Southeastern United States. SERDP-97-4. Headquarters, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. August.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-18 Lotze, Joerg Henner, and Sydney Anderson. 1979. Procyon lotor . In: Mammalian Species

. Volume 119 pp. 1-8. The American Society of Mammalogists.
MacMahon, James A. 1985. Deserts. In: The Audobon Society Nature Guides . Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, NY.
Mayoh, Keith R., and Reto Zach. 1986. Grit ingestion by nestling tree swallows and house
wrens. Canadian Journal of Zoololgy, 64:2090-2093.
McGrew, John C. 1979. Vulpes macrotis . In: Mammalian Species . Volume 123 pp. 1-6. The American Society of Mammalogists.
Nagy, K. A. 1987. Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. Ecological Monographs, 57(2):111-128.
Niering, William A. 1985. Wetlands. In: The Audubon Society Nature Guides . Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, NY.
Sample, B. E., M. S. Aplin, R. A. Efroymson, G. W. Suter II, and C. J. E. Welsh. 1997. Methods and Tools for Estimation of the Exposure of Terrestrial Wildlife to Contaminants . ORNL/TM-13391. Office of Environmental Policy and Assistance, U.S. Department of Energy. Oak Ridge Nati onal Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. October.
Schaefer, Joe, and Mary Sargent. 1990. The Florida Black Bear: A Threatened Species . SSWIS-25. Cooperative Urban Wildlife Program, Gainesville, FL. December. pp. 1-3.
Smith, Winston Paul. 1991. Odocoileus virginianus . In: Mammalian Species . Volume 388 pp. 1-13. The American Society of Mammalogists.
Stokes, Donald, and Lillian Stokes. 1996. Stoke s field guide to birds. Eastern region. In: Stokes Field Guides . 1st Edition. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA.
Stokes, Donald W., and Lillian Q. Stokes. 1986. A guide to animal tracking and behavior. In: Stokes Nature Guides . Little, Brown & Company, Boston, MA.
Sutton, A. and M. Sutton. 1985. The Audubon Society Nature Guides: Eastern Forests . Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. New York.
Terres, John K. 1980. The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, NY.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Volumes I and II. EPA/600/R-93/187. U.S. Environmenta l Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment and Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC. December.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-19 Whitaker, John O., Jr. 1997. Field guide to North American mammals. In: National Audobon Society . 2nd Edition. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, NY.
Whitney, Stephen. 1985. Western forests. In: The Audubon Society Nature Guides . Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, NY.
Willner, Gale R., George A. Feldhamer, Elizabeth E. Zucker, and Joseph A. Chapman. 1980. Ondatra zibethicus . In: Mammalian Species . Volume 141 pp. 1-8. The American Society of Mammalogists.Section 12.0 Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-20 This page intentionally left blankAppendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-21 

# Appendix 12A
Ecological Exposure Factors

Table 12A-1. Mean Adult Body Weight (kg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-23 Table 12A-2. Food Ingestion Rates (kg/d wet weight) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-25 Table 12A-3. Water Ingestion Rates (L/d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-27Appendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-22 This page intentionally left blankAppendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-23 Table 12A-1. Mean Adult Body Weight (kg)

Receptor Index Receptor Species BodyWt Rec 

### 1 Alligator snapping turtle 50.40 2 American kestrel 0.12 3 American robin 0.08 4 American woodcock 0.18 5 Bald eagle 3.75 6 Beaver 19.31 7 Belted kingfisher 0.15 8 Black bear 128.87 9 Black-tailed jackrabbit 2.42 11 Burrowing owl 0.15 12 Canada goose 3.00 13 Cerulean warbler 0.01 14 Cooper's hawk 0.40 15 Coyote 13.13 16 Deer mouse 0.02 17 Eastern box turtle 0.38 18 Eastern cottontail rabbit 1.23 22 Great Basin pocket mouse 0.02 23 Great blue heron 2.23 25 Green heron 0.23 26 Herring gull 1.09 27 Kit fox 1.80 28 Least weasel 0.04 29 Lesser scaup 0.79 30 Little brown bat 0.01 31 Loggerhead shrike 0.05 32 Long-tailed weasel 0.19 33 Mallard duck 1.17 34 Marsh wren 0.01 35 Meadow vole 0.02 36 Mink 0.99 37 Mule deer 75.47 38 Muskrat 0.87 39 Northern bobwhite 0.19 40 Northern water snake 0.21 (continued)

### Table 12A-1. (continued) Appendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### Receptor Index Receptor Species BodyWt Rec



### 12-24 41 Osprey 1.60 42 Painted turtle 0.24 43 Pine vole 0.03 44 Prairie vole 0.04 45 Raccoon 5.69 46 Racer 0.11 47 Red fox 4.53 48 Red-tailed hawk 1.13 49 River otter 8.66 50 Short-tailed shrew 0.02 51 Short-tailed weasel 0.20 52 Snapping turtle 5.30 53 Southern hognose snake 0.10 54 Spotted sandpiper 0.04 55 Tree swallow 0.02 56 Western meadowlark 0.11 57 White-tailed deer 69.42Appendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-25 Table 12A-2. Food Ingestion Rates (kg/d wet weight)

Receptor

Index Receptor Species CR_Food (kg/d ww) 1 Alligator snapping turtle 0.35 2 American kestrel 0.10 3 American robin 0.072 4 American woodcock 0.12 5 Bald eagle 0.91 6 Beaver 5.1 7 Belted kingfisher 0.11 8 Black bear 24 9 Black-tailed jackrabbit 0.93 11 Burrowing owl 0.11 12 Canada goose 0.78 13 Cerulean warbler 0.018 14 Cooper's hawk 0.21 15 Coyote 3.7 16 Deer mouse 0.018 17 Eastern box turtle 0.0079 18 Eastern cottontail rabbit 0.53 22 Great Basin pocket mouse 0.016 23 Great blue heron 0.65 25 Green heron 0.15 26 Herring gull 0.41 27 Kit fox 0.73 28 Least weasel 0.032 29 Lesser scaup 0.33 30 Little brown bat 0.0092 31 Loggerhead shrike 0.052 32 Long-tailed weasel 0.11 33 Mallard duck 0.42 34 Marsh wren 0.020 35 Meadow vole 0.019 36 Mink 0.45 37 Mule deer 16 38 Muskrat 0.40 39 Northern bobwhite 0.13 (continued)

### Table 12A-2. (continued) Appendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### Receptor

Index Receptor Species CR_Food (kg/d ww)

12-26 40 Northern water snake 0.0050 41 Osprey 0.52 42 Painted turtle 0.0055 43 Pine vole 0.022 44 Prairie vole 0.033 45 Raccoon 1.9 46 Racer 0.0031 47 Red fox 1.6 48 Red-tailed hawk 0.41 49 River otter 2.6 50 Short-tailed shrew 0.014 51 Short-tailed weasel 0.12 52 Snapping turtle 0.060 53 Southern hognose snake 0.0028 54 Spotted sandpiper 0.049 55 Tree swallow 0.031 56 Western meadowlark 0.089 57 White-tailed deer 15Appendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-27 Table 12A-3. Water Ingestion Rates (L/d)

Receptor Index Receptor Species CR_Water (kg/d) 1 Alligator snapping turtle 0.00010 2 American kestrel 0.014 3 American robin 0.011 4 American woodcock 0.019 5 Bald eagle 0.14 6 Beaver 1.4 7 Belted kingfisher 0.016 8 Black bear 7.8 9 Black-tailed jackrabbit 0.22 11 Burrowing owl 0.017 12 Canada goose 0.12 13 Cerulean warbler 0.0025 14 Cooper's hawk 0.032 15 Coyote 1.00 16 Deer mouse 0.0029 17 Eastern box turtle 0.00010 18 Eastern cottontail rabbit 0.12 22 Great Basin pocket mouse 0.0026 23 Great blue heron 0.10 25 Green heron 0.022 26 Herring gull 0.063 27 Kit fox 0.17 28 Least weasel 0.0056 29 Lesser scaup 0.050 30 Little brown bat 0.0014 31 Loggerhead shrike 0.0076 32 Long-tailed weasel 0.022 33 Mallard duck .066 34 Marsh wren .0028 35 Meadow vole 0.0030 36 Mink 0.098 37 Mule deer 4.8 38 Muskrat 0.088 39 Northern bobwhite 0.019 (continued)

### Table 12A-3. (continued) Appendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### Receptor Index Receptor Species CR_Water (kg/d)

12-28 40 Northern water snake 0.00010 41 Osprey 0.081 42 Painted turtle 0.00010 43 Pine vole 0.0036 44 Prairie vole 0.0057 45 Raccoon 0.47 46 Racer 0.00010 47 Red fox 0.39 48 Red-tailed hawk 0.064 49 River otter 0.69 50 Short-tailed shrew 0.0035 51 Short-tailed weasel 0.023 52 Snapping turtle 0.00010 53 Southern hognose snake 0.00010 54 Spotted sandpiper 0.0071 55 Tree swallow 0.0044 56 Western meadowlark 0.013 57 White-tailed deer 4.5Appendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-29 Table 12A-4. Soil Ingestion Rates (percent of total ingestion)

Receptor Index Receptor Species CRfrac_soil 2 American kestrel 1 3 American robin 1 4 American woodcock 10.4 8 Black bear 2.8 9 Black-tailed jackrabbit 6.3 11 Burrowing owl 1 12 Canada goose 8.2 13 Cerulean warbler 0 14 Cooper's hawk 1 15 Coyote 2.8 16 Deer mouse 2 18 Eastern cottontail rabbit 6.3 22 Great Basin pocket mouse 2 27 Kit fox 2.8 28 Least weasel 1 30 Little brown bat 0 31 Loggerhead shrike 1 32 Long-tailed weasel 2.8 35 Meadow vole 2.4 37 Mule deer 6.8 39 Northern bobwhite 9.3 43 Pine vole 2.4 44 Prairie vole 2.4 46 Racer 1 47 Red fox 2.8 48 Red-tailed hawk 1 50 Short-tailed shrew 1 51 Short-tailed weasel 2.8 53 Southern hognose snake 1 55 Tree swallow 1 56 Western meadowlark 0 57 White-tailed deer 6.8Appendix 12A Ecological Exposure Factors



### 12-30 Table 12A-5. Sediment Ingestion Rates (percent of total ingestion)

Receptor Index Receptor Species CRfrac_sed 1 Alligator snapping turtle 5.9 5 Bald eagle 5.9 6 Beaver 3.3 7 Belted kingfisher 5.9 17 Eastern box turtle 4.5 23 Great blue heron 9.4 25 Green heron 9.4 26 Herring gull 5.9 29 Lesser scaup 3.3 38 Mallard duck 3.3 34 Marsh wren 0 36 Mink 9.4 38 Muskrat 3.3 40 Northern water snake 5.9 41 Osprey 5.9 42 Painted turtle 5.9 45 Raccoon 9.4 49 River otter 9.4 52 Snapping turtle 5.9 54 Spotted sandpiper 10.4Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web



### 12-31 

# Appendix 12B
Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web

Table 12B-1a. Minimum Prey Preferences in Terrestrial Habitats (percent of diet) . . . . . . 12-33 Table 12B-1b. Minimum Prey Preferences in Waterbody Margin and Wetland Margin Habitats (percent of diet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-36 Table 12B-2a. Maximum Prey Preferences in Terrestrial Habitats (percent of diet) . . . . . 12-39 Table 12B-2b. Maximum Prey Preferences in Waterbody Margin and Wetland Margin Habitats (percent of diet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-42Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web



### 12-32 This page intentionally left blank

### 12-33 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food WebTable 12B-1a. Minimum Prey Preferences in Terrestrial Habitats (percent of diet)

Worms Other invertebrates Small mammals Herbivorous vertebrates Omnivorous vertebrates Small birds Benthic filter feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic plants Exposed fruits Exposed vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small herpetofaunaNumpreyNumreceptor1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 201 Alligator snapping turtle -999 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.22 American kestrel 0 0.25 0 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 0.023 American robin 0.15 0.08 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 0.07 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -9994 American woodcock 0.6 0.01 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -9995 Bald eagle -999 0 0.1 0 0 0.02 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 06 Beaver -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 0.2 -999 0.01 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -9997 Belted kingfisher -999 0.2 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 08 Black bear -999 0.3 0.01 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.3 0 0.05 -999 0 0 0.01 -999 -999 09 Black-tailed jackrabbit -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.9 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99911 Burrowing owl -999 0.01 0.09 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 012 Canada goose -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.2 0.2 0 0.2 0.01 -999 -999 -99913 Cerulean warbler -999 0.95 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99914 Cooper's hawk -999 -999 0.15 -999 -999 0.29 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99915 Coyote -999 0.01 0.05 0 0 0.03 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.05 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 016 Deer mouse -999 0.07 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 0.01 0 0 0.12 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99917 Eastern box turtle 0.03 0.08 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.05 0 0.13 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 018 Eastern cottontail -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.17 -999 -999 0 0.01 -999 -999 -99922 Great Basin pocket mouse -999 0.2 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0.2 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99923 Great blue heron -999 0.02 0.03 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 0.0425 Green heron 0 0.01 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 0.0126 Herring gull 0 0.1 0.05 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 027 Kit fox -999 0 0.25 0.2 0.2 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 0(continued)

### 12-34 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web

Worms Other invertebrates Small mammals Herbivorous vertebrates Omnivorous vertebrates Small birds Benthic filter feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic plants Exposed fruits Exposed vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small herpetofaunaTable 12B-1a. (continued)28 Least weasel -999 0 0.5 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99929 Lesser scaup -999 0.1 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 0 -999 0 0.1 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99930 Little brown bat -999 0.95 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -99931 Loggerhead shrike -999 0.24 0.28 -999 -999 0.28 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 032 Long-tailed weasel 0 0 0.14 0 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99933 Mallard duck -999 0.1 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 0 0.5 0 0 0.01 -999 -999 -99934 Marsh wren -999 0.95 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99935 Meadow vole -999 0.01 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0 0.5 0 0.01 0 0.01 -999 -999 -99936 Mink -999 0 0.1 0.1 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 0.0237 Mule deer -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 0.1 0 0.5 0 -999 0 0.01 -999 -999 -99938 Muskrat -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0.02 0 0 -999 0.01 -999 -999 039 Northern bobwhite -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 0 0.21 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99940 Northern water snake -999 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.1441 Osprey -999 -999 0 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 042 Painted turtle -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99943 Pine vole -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0 0.25 0 0.25 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99944 Prairie vole -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0 0.5 0 0.1 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99945 Raccoon 0 0 0 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.25 -999 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 -999 -999 046 Racer -999 0.1 0.1 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 0.147 Red fox -999 0 0.1 0 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.1 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99948 Red-tailed hawk 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 049 River otter -999 0 0 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 050 Short-tailed shrew 0.25 0.1 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99951 Short-tailed weasel -999 0 0.5 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 052 Snapping turtle 0 0.1 0 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 053 Southern hognose snake -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 0.5(continued)

### 12-35 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web

Worms Other invertebrates Small mammals Herbivorous vertebrates Omnivorous vertebrates Small birds Benthic filter feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic plants Exposed fruits Exposed vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small herpetofaunaTable 12B-1a. (continued)54 Spotted sandpiper -999 0.5 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99955 Tree swallow -999 0.5 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 0 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99956 Western meadowlark -999 0.5 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99957 White-tailed deer -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.1 0 0.5 0 -999 0 0.01 -999 -999 -999-999 denotes a null value. The speciesdoes not consume the particular receptor.

### 12-36 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food WebTable 12B-1b. Minimum Prey Preferences in Waterbody Margin and Wetland Margin Habitats (percent of diet)

Worms Other Invertebrates Small Mammals Herbivorous Vertebrates Omnivorous Vertebrates Small Birds Benthic Filter Feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic Plants Exposed Fruits Exposed Vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small HerpetofaunaNumprey 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Numreceptor1 Alligator Snapping Turtle -999 0 0-999 -999 -999 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.22 American Kestrel 0 0.25 0 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 0.023 American Robin 0.15 0.08 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.07 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -9994 American Woodcock 0.6 0.01 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -9995 Bald Eagle -999 0 0.1 0 0 0.02 -999 0.25 0.25 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 06 Beaver -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.1 -999 -999 0.2 -999 0.01 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 -9997 Belted Kingfisher -999 0.2 0 -999 -999 -999 0 0.5 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 08 Black Bear -999 0.3 0.01 0 0 -999 0 0 0 -999 0.3 0 0.05 -999 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 09 Black-Tailed Jack Rabbit -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.9 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99911 Burrowing Owl -999 0.01 0.09 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 012 Canada Goose -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 0.2 0.2 0 0.2 0.01 0.01 0.01 -99913 Cerulean Warbler -999 0.95 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99914 Cooper's Hawk -999 -999 0.15 -999 -999 0.29 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99915 Coyote -999 0.01 0.05 0 0 0.03 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.05 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 016 Deer Mouse -999 0.07 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0 0 0.12 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99917 Eastern Box Turtle 0.03 0.08 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.05 0 0.13 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 018 Eastern Cotton Tail -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.17 -999 -999 0 0.01 -999 -999 -99922 Great Basin Pocket Mouse -999 0.2 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0.2 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99923 Great Blue Heron -999 0.02 0.03 -999 -999 0 0 0.05 0.05 0.01 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0425 Green Heron 0 0.01 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.4 -999 0 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0126 Herring Gull 0 0.1 0.05 -999 -999 0.01 0.1 0.05 0.05 0 0 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 027 Kit Fox -999 0 0.25 0.2 0.2 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 028 Least Weasel -999 0 0.5 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -999(continued)

### 12-37 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web

Worms Other Invertebrates Small Mammals Herbivorous Vertebrates Omnivorous Vertebrates Small Birds Benthic Filter Feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic Plants Exposed Fruits Exposed Vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small HerpetofaunaTable 12B-1b. (continued)29 Lesser Scaup -999 0.1 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 0 0 -999 0 0.1 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 -99930 Little Brown Bat -999 0.95-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -99931 Loggerhead Shrike -999 0.24 0.28 -999 -999 0.28 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 032 Long-Tailed Weasel 0 0 0.14 0 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99933 Mallard Duck -999 0.1 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0 -999 0 0 -999 0 0.5 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 -99934 Marsh Wren -999 0.95 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 0.01 -99935 Meadow Vole -999 0.01 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0 0.5 0 0.01 0 0.01 -999 -999 -99936 Mink -999 0 0.1 0.1 -999 0 -999 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0237 Mule Deer -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.1 0 0.5 0 -999 0 0.01 -999 -999 -99938 Muskrat -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0 -999 0.12 -999 0 0.02 0 0 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 039 Northern Bobwhite -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 0 0.21 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99940 Northern Water Snake -999 0 0 -999 -999 -999 0 0.5 0.3 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.1441 Osprey -999 -999 0 -999 -999 0 -999 0.25 0.25 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 042 Painted Turtle -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 0.5 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 -99943 Pine Vole -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0 0.25 0 0.25 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99944 Prairie Vole -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0 0.5 0 0.1 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99945 Raccoon 0 0 0 -999 -999 0 0 0 0 -999 0.25 -999 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 046 Racer -999 0.1 0.1 -999 -999 0 -999-999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -9990.01 -999 -999 0.147 Red Fox -999 0 0.1 0 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.1 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99948 Red-Tailed Hawk 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 049 River Otter -999 0 0 -999 -999 0 0 0.25 0.25 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 050 Short-Tailed Shrew 0.25 0.1 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99951 Short-Tailed Weasel -999 0 0.5 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 052 Snapping Turtle 0 0.1 0 -999 -999 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 053 Southern Hognose Snake -999 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 0.5(continued)

### 12-38 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web

Worms Other Invertebrates Small Mammals Herbivorous Vertebrates Omnivorous Vertebrates Small Birds Benthic Filter Feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic Plants Exposed Fruits Exposed Vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small HerpetofaunaTable 12B-1b. (continued)54 Spotted Sandpiper -999 0.5 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0.01 0.01 0.01 -99955 Tree Swallow -999 0.5 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 0 -999 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99956 Western Meadow Lark -999 0.5 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 -999 -999 0.01 -999 -999 -99957 White-Tailed Deer -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 0 0.1 0 0.5 0 -999 0 0.01 -999 -999 -999-999 denotes a null value. The speciesdoes not consume the particular receptor.

### 12-39 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food WebTable 12B-2a. Maximum Prey Preferences in Terrestrial Habitats (percent of diet)

Worms Other Invertebrates Small Mammals Herbivorous Vertebrates Omnivorous Vertebrates Small Birds Benthic Filter Feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic Plants Exposed Fruits Exposed Vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small HerpetofaunaNumprey 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Numreceptor1 Alligator snapping turtle 0 0.1 0.1 0 00 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.82 American kestrel 0.05 0.51 0.51 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.493 American robin 0.27 0.93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.92 0 0.24 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 04 American woodcock 1 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 05 Bald eagle 0 0.1 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.16 Beaver 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0.1 0 0.01 0 0 07 Belted kingfisher 0 0.71 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.278 Black bear 0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.1 0.3 0 0.05 0.05 0.01 0 0 0.19 Black-tailed jack rabbit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 011 Burrowing owl 0 0.9 0.68 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.112 Canada goose 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0.37 1 0.01 0 0 013 Cerulean warbler 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 014 Cooper's hawk 0 0 0.71 0 0 0.85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 015 Coyote 0 0.1 0.73 0.2 0.2 0.28 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.116 Deer mouse 0 0.58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.46 0.1 0.41 0.65 0 0 0.01 0 0 017 Eastern box turtle 0.6 0.22 0.1 0 00 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.1 0.39 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.118 Eastern cotton tail 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.25 0.01 0 0 022 Great basin pocket mouse 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14 0.85 0 0 0.01 0 0 023 Great blue heron 0 0.09 0.23 0 0 0.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.63 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.2325 Green heron 0.21 0.84 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.126 Herring gull 0.1 0.38 0.78 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.16 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.02(continued)

### 12-40 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web

Worms Other Invertebrates Small Mammals Herbivorous Vertebrates Omnivorous Vertebrates Small Birds Benthic Filter Feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic Plants Exposed Fruits Exposed Vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small HerpetofaunaTable 12B-2a. (continued)27 Kit fox 0 0.1 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.128 Least weasel 0 0.1 1 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 029 Lesser scaup 0 0.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.1 1 0 0 0.01 0 0 030 Little brown bat 0 1.200000000000000000031 Loggerhead shrike 0 0.96 0.76 0 0 0.76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.2532 Long-tailed weasel 0.1 0.1 0.82 0.25 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 033 Mallard duck 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.24 0 0.1 1 0.1 0.25 0.01 0 0 034 Marsh wren 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 035 Meadow vole 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.1 1 0.25 0.34 0.25 0.01 0 0 036 Mink 0 0.63 0.43 0.43 0 0.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.3937 Mule deer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.6 0.94 0.1 0 0.1 0.01 0 0 038 Muskrat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.81 0.1 0.1 0 0.01 0 0 0.139 Northern bobwhite 0 0.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.25 0.92 0 0 0.01 0 0 040 Northern water snake 0 0.25 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8341 Osprey 0 0 1 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.0542 Painted turtle 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 043 Pine vole 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.96 0.21 0.5 0 0.01 0 0 044 Prairie vole 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.1 1 0.25 0.25 0 0.01 0 0 045 Raccoon 0.1 0.9 0.35 0 0 0.19 0 0 0 0 0.86 0 0.66 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.01 0 0 0.2546 Racer 0 0.64 0.62 0 0 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.6747 Red fox 0 0.25 0.92 0.1 0.1 0.46 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 048 Red-tailed hawk 0.1 0.25 0.9 0.25 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.2549 River otter 0 0.25 0.25 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.2550 Short-tailed shrew 0.5 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.25 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 051 Short-tailed weasel 0 0.25 0.8 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.25(continued)

### 12-41 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web

Worms Other Invertebrates Small Mammals Herbivorous Vertebrates Omnivorous Vertebrates Small Birds Benthic Filter Feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic Plants Exposed Fruits Exposed Vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small HerpetofaunaTable 12B-2a. (continued)52 Snapping turtle 0.1 0.25 0.25 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.4553 Southern hognose snake 0 0 0.25 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 154 Spotted sandpiper0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 055 Tree swallow 0 0.78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.25 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 056 Western meadow lark 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0.01 0 0 057 White-tailed deer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.25 1 0.78 0 0.78 0.01 0 0 0Shaded values are not real values;they were entered to make the sumof the MaxPreyPref greater than1.The species for which these valueswere entered do not occur in these (terrestrial) habitats, and were used as placeholders inthis table. The little brown bat does occur in terrestrial habitats but eats only oneprey item (invertebrates).0 denotes a null value. The species does not consume the particular prey item.

### 12-42 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food WebTable 12B-2b. Maximum Prey Preferences in Waterbody Margin and Wetland Margin Habitats (percent of diet)

Worms Other Invertebrates Small Mammals Herbivorous Vertebrates Omnivorous Vertebrates Small Birds Benthic Filter Feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic Plants Exposed Fruits Exposed Vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small HerpetofaunaNumprey 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Numreceptor1 Alligator snapping turtle 0 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.62 American kestrel 0.05 0.51 0.51 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.493 American robin 0.27 0.93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.92 0 0.24 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 04 American woodcock 1 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 05 Bald eagle 0 0.1 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.53 0 0.74 0.74 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.16 Beaver 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0.9 0 0.1 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 07 Belted kingfisher 0 0.41 0.1 0 0 0 0.1 1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.278 Black bear 0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 0.05 0.3 0.3 0 0.5 0.1 0.3 0 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.19 Black-tailed jackrabbit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 011 Burrowing owl 0 0.9 0.68 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.112 Canada goose 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 1 1 0.37 1 0.01 0.01 0.01 013 Cerulean warbler 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 014 Cooper's hawk 0 0 0.71 0 0 0.850 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 015 Coyote 0 0.1 0.73 0.2 0.2 0.28 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.116 Deer mouse 0 0.58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.46 0.1 0.41 0.65 0 0 0.01 0 0 017 Eastern box turtle 0.6 0.22 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.33 0.1 0.39 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.118 Eastern cottontail rabbit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.25 0.01 0 0 022 Great basin pocket mouse 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14 0.85 0 0 0.01 0 0 023 Great blue heron 0 0.09 0.23 0 0 0.02 0.09 0.98 0.98 0.33 0 0 0.33 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.23(continued)

### 12-43 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web

Worms Other Invertebrates Small Mammals Herbivorous Vertebrates Omnivorous Vertebrates Small Birds Benthic Filter Feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic Plants Exposed Fruits Exposed Vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small HerpetofaunaTable 12B-2b. (continued)25 Green heron 0.21 0.24 0.05 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 0.03 0 0 0.03 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.126 Herring gull 0.1 0.38 0.78 0 0 0.3 0.38 0.73 0.73 0.16 0.1 0 0.16 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0227 Kit fox 0 0.1 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.128 Least weasel 0 0.1 1 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 029 Lesser scaup 0 0.69 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 1 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 030 Little brown bat 0100000000000000000031 Loggerhead shrike 0 0.96 0.76 0 0 0.760 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.2532 Long-tailed weasel 0.1 0.1 0.82 0.25 0.25 0.250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 033 Mallard duck 0 0.6 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 0.24 0 0.1 1 0.1 0.25 0.01 0.01 0.01 034 Marsh wren 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.01 035 Meadow vole 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.1 1 0.25 0.34 0.25 0.01 0 0 036 Mink 0 0.63 0.43 0.43 0 0.33 0 0.9 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.3937 Mule deer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.6 0.94 0.1 0 0.1 0.01 0 0 038 Muskrat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.1 0 0.91 0 0.1 0.81 0.1 0.1 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.139 Northern bobwhite 0 0.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.25 0.92 0 0 0.01 0 0 040 Northern water snake 0 0.25 0.12 0 0 0 0.05 0.75 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.5341 Osprey 0 0 0.05 0 0 0.1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0542 Painted turtle 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0.13 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 043 Pine vole 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.96 0.21 0.5 0 0.01 0 0 044 Prairie vole 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.1 1 0.25 0.25 0 0.01 0 0 045 Raccoon 0.1 0.9 0.35 0 0 0.19 0.25 0.23 0.23 0 0.86 0 0.66 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.2546 Racer 0 0.64 0.62 0 0 0.080 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.6747 Red fox 0 0.25 0.92 0.1 0.1 0.46 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.1 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 048 Red-tailed hawk 0.1 0.25 0.9 0.25 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.25(continued)

### 12-44 Appendix 12B Dietary Preferences for Terrestrial Food Web

Worms Other Invertebrates Small Mammals Herbivorous Vertebrates Omnivorous Vertebrates Small Birds Benthic Filter Feeders T3 Fish T4 Fish Aquatic Plants Exposed Fruits Exposed Vegetables Forage Grains Roots Silage Soil Sediment Water Small HerpetofaunaTable 12B-2b. (continued)49 River otter 0 0.25 0.25 0 0 0.25 0.1 0.94 0.94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.2550 Short-tailed shrew 0.5 0.5 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.25 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 051 Short-tailed weasel 0 0.25 0.8 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 0.2552 Snapping turtle 0.1 0.25 0.25 0 0 0.1 0.25 0.84 0.84 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.2553 Southern hognose snake 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 154 Spotted sandpiper 01 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.01 0.01 0.01 055 Tree swallow 0 0.78 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0.25 0 0 0 0.01 0 0 056 Western meadowlark 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0.01 0 0 057 White-tailed deer 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.4 0.25 1 0.78 0 0.78 0.01 0 0 0* 0 denotes a null value. The species does not consume the particular prey item.Appendix 12C Home Range Parameters for Ecological Receptors



### 12-45 

# Appendix 12C
Home Range Parameters for Ecological Receptors

Table 12C-1. Receptor Home Ranges and Bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-47Appendix 12C Home Range Parameters for Ecological Receptors



### 12-46 This page intentionally left blankAppendix 12C Home Range Parameters for Ecological Receptors



### 12-47 Table 12C-1. Receptor Home Ranges and Bins

Receptor Index Receptor Species Home Range (min)
m 2 Home Range (max)m 2 Home Range (midpt) m 2 Bin 1 :hr =/<100,000 m 2 19 Eastern newt 28 153 91 20 Flatwood slamander 100 100 100 21 Gopher frog 1 7 200 104 24 Green frog 7 200 104 10 Bullfrog 1 400 201 35 Meadow vole 2 830 416 44 Prairie vole 73 980 527 16 Deer mouse 140 1,280 710 38 Muskrat 480 1,700 1,090 34 Marsh wren 156 2,600 1,378 54 Spotted sandpiper 2,500 2,500 2,500 30 Little brown bat 2,549 2,549 2,549 3 American robin 1,100 8,400 4,750 28 Least weasel 8,000 8,000 8,000 50 Short-tailed shrew 300 18,000 9,150 22 Great basin pocket mouse 500 24,000 12,250 40 Northern water snake 1 18,000 30,000 24,000 53 Southern hognose snake 1 18,000 30,000 24,000 46 Racer 18,000 30,000 24,000 17 Eastern box turtle 4,600 52,000 28,300 43 Pine vole 310 68,800 34,555 18 Eastern cottontail rabbit 8,000 78,000 43,000 42 Painted turtle 2 2,400 83,800 43,100 52 Snapping turtle 2,400 83,800 43,100 7 Belted kingfisher 3 6,000 84,000 45,000 25 Green heron 3 6,000 84,000 45,000 31 Loggerhead shrike 3 6,000 84,000 45,000 23 Great blue heron 6,000 84,000 45,000 56 Western meadowlark 12,000 130,000 71,000 Bin 2: hr >100,000 and <1 million m 2 39 Northern bobwhite 36,000 186,000 111,000 51 Short-tailed weasel 20,000 250,000 135,000 6 Beaver 164,084 164,084 164,084 9 Black-tailed jackrabbit 162,000 202,000 182,000 13 Cerulean warbler 4 20,000 600,000 310,000 55 Tree swallow 20,000 600,000 310,000 (continued)

### Table 12C-1. (continued) Appendix 12C Home Range Parameters for Ecological Receptors

Receptor Index Receptor Species Home Range (min)
m 2 Home Range (max)m 2 Home Range (midpt) m 2



### 12-48 32 Long-tailed weasel 50,000 1,210,000 630,000 4 American woodcock 3,000 1,712,000 857,500 29 Lesser scaup 890,000 890,000 890,000 Bin 3: hr = or >1 million and <10 million m 2 11 Burrowing owl 400 4,810,000 2,405,200 2 American kestrel 97,000 5,000,000 2,548,500 57 White-tailed deer 590,000 8,040,000 4,315,000 33 Mallard duck 380,000 14,400,000 7,390,000 27 Kit fox 2,600,000 13,700,000 8,150,000 14 Cooper's hawk 180,000 18,000,000 9,090,000 Bin 4: hr >10 million m 2 37 Mule deer 1,286,800 21,227,200 11,257,000 48 Red-tailed hawk 600,000 24,650,000 12,625,000 47 Red fox 570,000 34,200,000 17,385,000 26 Herring gull 5 18,300,000 18,800,000 18,550,000 41 Osprey 5 18,300,000 18,800,000 18,550,000 5 Bald eagle 18,300,000 18,800,000 18,550,000 1 Alligator snapping turtle 180,000 38,480,000 19,330,000 45 Raccoon 53,000 49,460,000 24,756,500 36 Mink 78,000 78,540,000 39,309,000 15 Coyote 14,300,000 68,000,000 41,150,000 8 Black bear 79 177,000,000 88,500,040 12 Canada goose 1,800, 000 1,029,220,000 515,510,000 49 River otter 2,950, 000 19,113,450,000 9,558,200,000

1 no data available. Home range data for the racer used.
2 no data available. Home range data for the snapping turtle used.
3 no data available. Home range data for the great blue heron used.
4 no data available. Home range data for the tree swallow used.
5 no data available. Home range data for the bald eagle used.