COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges O’Brien, AtLee and Senior Judge Clements

Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia

HAMIDREZA GHAZAVI

MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY

v. Record No. 0573-21-4 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN

MAY 17, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY

Richard E. Gardiner, Judge

Anthony H. Nourse (Law Office of Anthony H. Nourse, PLC, on 

brief), for appellant.

Susan Brock Wosk, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring,1

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Hamidreza Ghazavi appeals an order convicting him of misdemeanor assault and battery

and imposing a sentence of one day in jail and a $100 fine.

2

 Appellant challenges the sufficiency of 

the evidence to convict him, arguing that the victim’s testimony was not credible and the physical 

evidence was inconclusive. For the following reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction.

BACKGROUND

When reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, we state the facts “in the light 

most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial.” Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

1

Jason S. Miyares succeeded Mark R. Herring as Attorney General on January 15, 2022.

2 According to the sentencing transcript, the court suspended the jail time and fine. 

However, the conviction and sentencing order entered November 1, 2019 does not reflect this 

suspension. We remand for the correction of any scrivener’s error in that order. See Code 

§ 8.01-428(B) (allowing the circuit court to correct “clerical mistakes in all judgments or other 

parts of the record and errors therein arising from oversight or from an inadvertent omission”). 

UNPUBLISHED
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Va. 469, 472 (2018) (quoting Scott v. Commonwealth, 292 Va. 380, 381 (2016)). We discard 

appellant’s conflicting evidence and regard as true all credible evidence favorable to the 

Commonwealth and all inferences that may reasonably be drawn from that evidence. Id. at 473.

Appellant rented a room in a house owned by Kambiz Nozary but was behind on his rent. 

On September 9, 2017, Nozary told appellant that he needed to pay or move out, or Nozary would 

evict him. The next morning, when Nozary was coming out of the bathroom, appellant attacked 

him with a stun gun to the torso. During the ensuing struggle, which lasted approximately forty 

minutes and spanned multiple rooms of the house, appellant continued to use the stun gun, mostly 

contacting Nozary’s clothing, hand, and face.

Nozary suddenly felt “paralyzed,” was “shaking,” and fell onto his back. Appellant stood

over him and held onto his shirt. Nozary pushed himself off the floor and ran from the house, 

leaving appellant holding onto the shirt. Appellant called 911.

Still “shaking,” Nozary asked a neighbor to call 911 because he had left his phone in the 

house. Nozary reported to the 911 dispatcher that he had been attacked with a stun gun. From the 

neighbor’s house, Nozary watched appellant come outside, “slowly” walk to the curb, and wait 

there.

Officer Michael Leung responded to the 911 calls and found appellant and Nozary outside, 

both “distraught . . . [a]nd upset.” Nozary was shirtless, and appellant’s shirt was “torn up.” Officer 

Leung photographed abrasions on Nozary’s chin, cheek, nose, forehead, neck and shoulder area, 

arms, torso, and upper and lower back. He did not notice any burn marks on Nozary.

Appellant had no visible injuries but told the officer that he had “tightness in [his] chest.” 

Accordingly, Officer Leung called emergency rescue personnel, who arrived and evaluated Nozary 

and appellant.
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Nozary told Officer Leung that appellant had attacked him and had a stun gun in his hand 

during the attack. Appellant, however, told Officer Leung that he had been attacked by Nozary and 

two other men because of his writings against the Iranian government. Appellant described the men 

as “bearded and average height, average weight.” Officers searched the house for suspects but did 

not find anyone. Officer Leung testified that the officers also “briefly” searched the house and 

curtilage for a stun gun, again to no avail. Appellant packed his belongings and left the house while 

Officer Leung was still there.

Later that day, Nozary conducted an extensive search and found the stun gun under bushes

near the door that led to the curb where appellant had been sitting after the altercation, awaiting 

police. Nozary testified that the stun gun had a sharp tip that caused his abrasions.

At the close of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, appellant moved to strike the evidence, 

arguing that the Commonwealth had not proved an assault and battery. After the court denied the 

motion, appellant testified that on the morning of the incident, he went to the bathroom and when he 

came out, Nozary and two other men attacked him. According to appellant, Nozary punched him in 

the abdomen, and all three men repeatedly struck him in the jaw, shoulder, back, knee, and hip, and, 

while barefoot, kicked his leg. Appellant claimed the attack lasted more than fifteen minutes before 

he escaped and that when officers arrived, he was “lying on the ground” in “critical condition.” 

Appellant testified that he had bruises on his shoulder, hip, and knee and that his jaw was inflamed. 

According to appellant, his blood pressure increased, he became dizzy, and he had chest pain and 

shortness of breath; however, he refused hospitalization because he had no money. Appellant stated

that he suffered severe chest pain and shortness of breath for more than a week following the 

incident.

Appellant denied that he had a weapon during the incident. He also claimed that he gave 

Officer Leung a more complete description of the attackers than what the officer recalled or put in 
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his report, including information about their possible ethnic backgrounds. Appellant testified that 

he escaped by running out of the house and that Nozary remained inside.

After the close of all evidence, appellant argued that Nozary was not credible, that his 

testimony was “full of contradictions,” and that Nozary delayed calling police so he could concoct a 

story about appellant attacking him with a stun gun. Further, he argued that Nozary’s injuries were 

“just scratches,” which he claimed were caused by appellant’s efforts to defend himself. 

Additionally, appellant argued that the evidence did not show who initiated the attack and that if the 

court believed both Nozary and appellant, then the evidence was insufficient to convict.

The court found Nozary’s testimony credible and appellant’s testimony not credible, and it 

determined that no evidence supported appellant’s claim that he was attacked by three people. 

Moreover, the court discarded as “simply not credible” appellant’s claim that he was “brutally 

kicked and punched by three adult males” in an attack lasting fifteen minutes but yet “ha[d]

absolutely no injuries on him at all.” By contrast, the court believed Nozary’s account of an attack 

lasting approximately forty minutes, corroborated by Nozary having “at least some little scratches 

on him” from “having wrestled” with appellant for that length of time. Accordingly, the court 

convicted appellant of assault and battery.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is 

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support it.’” Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018) (alteration in original) (quoting 

Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 327 (2018)). An appellate court “does not ask itself 

whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018) (quoting Pijor v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 

502, 512 (2017)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have 
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found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v. 

Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193

(2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted 

to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by 

the finder of fact at the trial.’” Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018) (quoting 

Banks v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 273, 288 (2017)).

ANALYSIS

In his challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his assault and battery 

conviction, appellant contends that the Commonwealth failed to prove that he attacked Nozary. 

Specifically, appellant argues that because both Nozary and appellant reported to police that they 

were victims of an attack, appellant called 911 first, and the scratches suffered by Nozary were

consistent with appellant acting in self-defense, the evidence was not sufficient to prove that 

appellant initiated the altercation. He further argues that Nozary’s testimony was inherently 

incredible because Nozary claimed appellant used a stun gun on him but sustained “no burn marks 

or other indicia of injury from of a stun gun.” Appellant asserts that Nozary was motivated to attack 

him because appellant was “behind on his rent” and it was “equally possible” that Nozary “planted” 

the stun gun instead of finding it after the officers’ unsuccessful search. Thus, appellant concludes, 

because “[t]he physical evidence does not favor one version” of events over another, and Nozary 

was not credible, the evidence was insufficient to convict.3

“Determining the credibility of witnesses . . . is within the exclusive province of the [fact 

finder], which has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as they 

3 On brief, appellant incorrectly asserts that the Commonwealth’s evidence was primarily

circumstantial. “Circumstantial evidence . . . is offered to prove a fact not directly in issue, from 

which a fact in issue may reasonably be inferred.” Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 512 

(2003). Direct evidence, by contrast, “is offered to prove as a fact the point in issue.” Id. Here, 

Nozary’s testimony, if believed, directly established the facts at issue in appellant’s trial.
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testify.” Dalton v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 512, 525 (2015) (first alteration in original) 

(quoting Lea v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304 (1993)). “[T]he conclusions of the fact 

finder on issues of witness credibility may be disturbed on appeal only when we find that the 

witness’ testimony was ‘inherently incredible, or so contrary to human experience as to render it 

unworthy of belief.’” Ragsdale v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 421, 429 (2002) (quoting Ashby 

v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 540, 548 (2000)).

“Evidence is not ‘incredible’ unless it is ‘so manifestly false that reasonable men ought 

not to believe it’ or ‘shown to be false by objects or things as to the existence and meaning of 

which reasonable men should not differ.’” Gerald, 295 Va. at 487 (quoting Juniper v. 

Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415 (2006)). “A legal determination that a witness is inherently 

incredible is very different from the mere identification of inconsistencies in a witness’ 

testimony or statements. Testimony may be contradictory or contain inconsistencies without 

rising to the level of being inherently incredible as a matter of law.” Kelley v. Commonwealth, 

69 Va. App. 617, 626 (2019). Instead, these “[p]otential inconsistencies” are appropriately 

weighed and “‘resolved by the fact finder,’ not the appellate court.” Id. (alteration in original) 

(quoting Towler v. Commonwealth, 59 Va. App. 284, 292 (2011)).

As the present case illustrates, a fact finder’s “evaluations of credibility” often include 

“choosing between competing accounts offered by different witnesses.” Commonwealth v.

McNeal, 282 Va. 16, 22 (2011); see Hamilton v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 94, 104-05 (2010). In 

conducting these evaluations, the fact finder is “free to believe or disbelieve, in part or in whole, 

the testimony of any witness.” Bazemore v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 203, 213 (2004)

(en banc). Moreover, the fact finder is entitled to reject a defendant’s self-serving testimony and 

“conclude that [he] is lying to conceal his guilt.” Flanagan v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 681, 

702 (2011) (quoting Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10 (1998)).
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Appellant has failed to demonstrate that Nozary’s testimony was inherently incredible as 

a matter of law. We have held that a witness’ testimony was not inherently incredible when it 

was corroborated by other evidence, although corroboration is not necessary. See Lambert v. 

Commonwealth, 70 Va. App. 740, 760 (2019). Here, the record demonstrates that Nozary

suffered numerous injuries, including abrasions on his arms, corroborating his testimony that he 

was attacked and fell on his back. In addition, Nozary was shirtless when Officer Leung arrived, 

supporting his account of escaping the house while appellant held onto his shirt. By contrast, 

appellant suffered no visible injuries despite his contention that he was attacked by three men 

who repeatedly punched and kicked him. Additionally, the responding officers searched without 

success for the other two men appellant claimed had attacked him. Therefore, contrary to 

appellant’s argument, the physical evidence supports Nozary’s testimony that appellant attacked 

him.

Although Nozary did not sustain “burn marks” consistent with use of a stun gun, 

Nozary’s uncontroverted testimony described the stun gun as having a sharp tip, and his injuries 

included skin abrasions. Nozary was wearing a shirt for most of the attack, which limited the 

opportunity for the stun gun to contact his skin. Appellant also emphasizes that he called 911 first 

and Nozary admitted that he wanted to evict appellant. Those circumstances, however, do not 

render Nozary inherently incredible or altogether unworthy of belief. Instead, they presented 

factual issues that are “‘resolved by the fact finder,’ not the appellate court.” Kelley, 69 Va. App. 

at 626 (quoting Towler, 59 Va. App. at 292). “When the law says that it is for triers of the facts to 

judge the credibility of a witness, the issue is not a matter of degree. So long as a witness deposes 

as to facts [that], if true, are sufficient to maintain [the] verdict,” and “[i]f the trier of the facts sees 

fit to base the verdict upon that testimony[,] there can be no relief in the appellate court.” Smith v. 

Commonwealth, 56 Va. App. 711, 718-19 (2010) (quoting Swanson v. Commonwealth, 8 Va. App. 
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376, 379 (1989)). Because Nozary testified to facts that were corroborated and sufficient to sustain 

the trial court’s judgment, there can be no relief in this Court. See id.

Finally, the record established that appellant testified extensively in his defense, claiming 

that Nozary and two other men ambushed him as he exited the bathroom and repeatedly struck him 

for fifteen minutes. At trial, he made claims about their ethnic backgrounds, although this 

information did not appear in Officer Leung’s report. As the fact finder, the court “was at liberty 

to discount [appellant’s] self-serving statements as little more than lying to ‘conceal his guilt’” 

and “could treat such prevarications as ‘affirmative evidence of guilt.’” Coleman v. 

Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 19, 25 (2008) (first quoting Haskins v. Commonwealth, 44 

Va. App. 1, 10 (2004), and then quoting Wright v. West, 505 U.S. 277, 296 (1992)). Moreover, 

Officer Leung testified that appellant did not have any observable injuries.

After weighing the evidence and considering the witnesses’ competing accounts, the 

court credited Nozary’s testimony. Further, the court found that it was “simply not credible” that 

appellant was “brutally kicked and punched by three adult males” in an attack lasting fifteen 

minutes and yet “ha[d] absolutely no injuries on him at all.” Accordingly, having rejected as 

untrue appellant’s testimony, the court could “draw the reasonable inference that his explanation 

was made falsely in an effort to conceal his guilt.” Covil v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 692, 696 

(2004); see also Emmett v. Commonwealth, 264 Va. 364, 372 (2002).

As the court’s credibility determination was neither plainly wrong nor without 

evidentiary support, we will not disturb it on appeal. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to sustain 

appellant’s conviction.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment convicting appellant of 

assault and battery, in violation of Code § 18.2-57. We remand for the limited purpose of correcting 
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a scrivener’s error in the final order pursuant to Code § 8.01-428(B) to reflect that the court 

suspended appellant’s sentence.

Affirmed and remanded.