A national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

Innovation for Our Energy Future 

Technical Support Document: 

Development of the Advanced 

Energy Design Guide for K-12 

Schools—30% Energy Savings 

S. Pless, P. Torcellini, and N. Long 

Technical Report 

NREL/TP-550-42114 

September 2007 

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Technical Report 

NREL/TP-550-42114 

September 2007 

Technical Support Document: 

Development of the Advanced 

Energy Design Guide for K-12 

Schools—30% Energy Savings 

S. Pless, P. Torcellini, and N. Long 

Prepared under Task No. BEC71011 
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 iii

Acknowledgments 

The authors would like to thank the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Building Technologies 

and Drury Crawley, Technology Development Manager for Commercial Buildings. This document was 

prepared by NREL’s Center for Buildings and Thermal Systems as FY 2007 Deliverable 1.1.2 under Task 

1.1 in the Commercial Building’s Statement of Work. 

The authors would like to thank all the members of the project committee for their valuable input and 

willingness to share their expertise. Much work went into producing the lighting and daylighting 

recommendations, many types of HVAC systems, and envelope considerations. Without the committee’s 

expertise and differing views and the support of the Project Committee’s employers, this document would 

not have been possible. 

Additional thanks to those who helped to edit and review the document: Stefanie Woodward, Michael 

Deru, Dan Macumber, Brent Griffith, Chad Lobato (all of NREL), and Lilas Pratt (ASHRAE). And 

finally, the authors greatly appreciate the assistance of Brent Griffith and NREL’s EnergyPlus analysis 

and modeling team. Their simulation development and support allowed us to evaluate the many 

variations of energy efficiency technologies. 
Executive Summary 

Background 

This Technical Support Document (TSD) describes the process and methodology for the development of 

the Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings (K-12 AEDG), a design guidance 

document intended to provide recommendations for achieving 30% whole-building energy savings in 

K-12 Schools over levels achieved by following the ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, Energy 

Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. The K-12 AEDG was developed in 

collaboration with the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers 

(ASHRAE), the American Institute of Architects (AIA), the Illuminating Engineering Society of North 

America (IESNA), the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), and the U.S. Department of Energy 

(DOE). 

The 30% energy savings target is the first step toward achieving net-zero energy schools; schools that, on 

an annual basis, draw from outside sources less or equal energy than they generate on site from renewable 

energy sources. Previous guides in this series include the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small 

Office Buildings, the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings, and the Advanced 

Energy Design Guide for Small Warehouses and Self Storage Buildings. Each guide in the AEDG series 

provides user-friendly design assistance and recommendations to design, architectural and engineering 

firms to achieve energy savings. Included in the K-12 AEDG are prescriptive recommendations by 

climate zone for the design of the building envelope, fenestration, lighting systems (including electrical 

lights and daylighting), HVAC systems, building automation and controls, outside air treatment, and 

service water heating. Additional savings recommendations are also included, but not necessary for 30% 

savings. Additional savings recommendations are provided for electrical distribution, plug loads, 

renewable energy systems, and using the building as a teaching tool. The K-12 AEDG contains 

recommendations only and is not a code or standard. 

Our task in developing the 30% K-12 AEDG included: 

• Document the process and schedule used for developing the Guide. 

• Develop prototypical, baseline, and low-energy EnergyPlus K-12 school models. 

• Document the EnergyPlus modeling assumptions needed to verify 30% energy savings. 

• Present the recommendations for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999 for use in the K-12 

AEDG. 

• Present the recommendations for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

• Demonstrate that the recommendations result in 30% or greater energy savings by climate zone. 

Development Process 

The K-12 AEDG was developed by a project committee (PC) that represents a diverse group of 

professionals. Guidance and support was provided through a collaboration of ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA, 

USGBC, and DOE. Members of the PC came from these partner organizations, the ASHRAE Standing 

Standards Project Committee 90.1 (SSPC 90.1), the ASHRAE Technical Committee on Educational 

Facilities (TC 9.7), the Sustainable Building Industry Council, the Collaborative for High Performance 

Schools Project (CHPS), and the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities at the National 

Institute of Building Sciences. A steering committee (SC) made up of representatives of ASHRAE, AIA, 

IESNA, USGBC, and DOE issued a charge to the PC to develop the Guide. The charge included a 

timeline for the task, an energy savings goal, an intended target audience, space types to include, and 

desired design assistance characteristics. 

Following the guidance from the SC, the PC developed a one-year plan for completing the document. 

Key milestones in the development schedule were determined based on a final publication date such that 

it would be ready for the Winter ASHRAE Meeting in January 2008. The PC used a similar schedule to 

the one developed for the previous guides to plan for two peer review periods that corresponded with a 

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65% completion draft (technical refinement review) and a 90% completion draft (final review for errors). 

A focus group reviewed the conceptual 35% draft. Six PC meetings were held at ASHRAE Headquarters 

or at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Five conference calls with the full PC were 

also held. 

Evaluation Approach and Results 

The purpose of the building energy simulation analysis presented in this TSD is to assess and quantify the 

energy savings potential of the Guide’s recommendations. The AEDGs contain a set of energy efficiency 

recommendations for eight climate zones across the country. To provide prescriptive 30% 

recommendations, a specific quantitative energy savings goal must be measured against a specific version 

of Standard 90.1, that is, 90.1-1999, the “turn of the Millennium” standard for each climate zone. The 

energy savings of the prescriptive recommendations are also determined against ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

The following steps were used to determine 30% savings: 

1) Develop “typical” K-12 school prototype characteristics 

For building characteristics that are not specified by ASHRAE 90.1-1999, ASHRAE 90.1-2004, or 

ASHRAE 62, but that are needed to develop code-compliant baseline models, we surveyed the available 

data sets in order to develop “typical” school characteristics. Data sets evaluated include: 

• The 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). 

• The School Planning and Management (SPM) and American School and University (ASU) 

annual construction survey and report. 

• Additional data sets from the PC, including plug load surveys, actual floor plates, and space 

programming requirements. 

From the survey of “typical” school characteristics, we developed prototype elementary, middle, and high 

school models as documented in Table ES-1. 

Table ES-1 K-12 AEDG Prototype Characteristics and Data Sources 

School Characteristic K-12 AEDG Prototype Source 

School types Elementary, middle, and high school ASU, SPM, AEDG PC 

Size 73,930 ft2 elementary, 116,080 ft2

 middle, 210,810 ft2

high 

ASU, SPM, CBECS 2003, 

AEDG PC 

Number of floors 1 for elementary, 1 for middle, 2 for high schools CBECS 2003 

Number of students Elementary: 650, middle: 800, high: 1200 SPM, ASU, 

Space types See Table 3-4 SPM 

Constructions Mass walls, insulation entirely above deck CBECS 2003, AEDG PC 

Floor plan North- and South-facing classrooms similar to 

example floor plans in Section 3.2.3.2 AEDG PC 

Window area 35% fenestration to gross wall area CBECS 2003, AEDG PC 

Occupancy Fully occupied during school hours, partially 

occupied year round and into the evening CBECS 2003, AEDG PC 

Peak plug loads 1.1 w/ft2 for elementary, 1.0 W/ft2 for middle and high AEDG PC 

Percent conditioned Fully heated and cooled CBECS 2003 

HVAC system types Baseline: PSZ 

Low-energy: PSZ, PVAV, and VAV 

2003 CBECS 

AEDG PC 

 v
2) Create baseline models from the prototypes that are minimally code compliant for both 

ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

We documented the baseline elementary, middle, and high school energy modeling assumptions and 

methods, including the building form and floor plate, envelope characteristics, building internal loads and 

operating schedules, ventilation rates and schedules, HVAC equipment efficiency, operation, control and 

sizing, fan power assumptions, and service water heating. The baseline models for the elementary, 

middle, and high schools were developed by applying the criteria in ASHRAE 90.1 and ASHRAE 62 to 

the prototype characteristics. We used the criteria in ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 62-2001 as the 

baselines to calculate energy savings for the K-12 AEDG recommendations. For the baselines needed to 

verify 30% savings for our DOE analysis, we updated the K-12 AEDG baselines to be minimally code 

compliant with ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

3) Create the low-energy models based on the recommended energy efficiency technologies in the 

Guide. 

The final recommendations included in the Guide were determined based on an iterative process using the 

PC’s expertise and results from modeling the recommendations. To quantify the potential energy savings 

from the final recommended energy efficiency measures in the Guide, we simulated the low-energy 

building models by implementing the energy efficiency technologies listed below. We documented the 

EnergyPlus modeling assumptions and methods needed to model the final recommended energyefficiency measures. The energy efficiency measures included in the energy saving calculation are: 

• Enhanced building opaque envelope insulation 

• Enhanced window glazings with overhangs 

• Reduced lighting power density and occupancy controls 

• Classroom and gym daylighting 

• Demand-controlled ventilation with automatic motorized outdoor air damper control 

• Energy recovery ventilation 

• Economizers 

• Lower pressure ductwork design 

• Higher efficiency heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment 

• High-efficiency service water heating. 

Any possible plug loads reductions are not credited to the calculated 30% energy savings, as these energy 

efficiency opportunities are not part of the prescriptive recommendations. However, they form a 

prominent part of the additional savings section in the Guide. 

4) Verify 30% energy savings across the various HVAC system types and daylighting options over 

the 15 climate zones and sub-zones in the country. 

Energy savings from the final recommendations in the Guide are documented, along with the 

recommendations for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

Recommendations are provided based on the availability of daylighting for the school and by the type of 

HVAC system. To verify savings over this range of design options, we modeled low-energy versions of 

the elementary, middle, and high schools, each with the daylit option and the non-daylit option. For each 

daylit and non-daylit option, we modeled three HVAC types. The low-energy HVAC system types 

included a constant volume package rooftop DX system, a package variable-air volume direct expansion 

system with a central boiler, and a VAV air cooled chiller and central boiler. The recommendations in the 

K-12 AEDG result in more than 30% savings in all climate zones, for each daylit and non-daylit 

elementary, middle, and high school, with a range of HVAC system types. For 30% savings over 

ASHRAE 90.1-2004, the recommendations are almost the same as those that are in the K-12 AEDG. The 

non-daylit option presented in the K-12 AEDG is not available for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-

2004, as 30% savings were not possible over all climate zones for the non-daylit recommendations. 

 vi
To inform the future development of more stringent K-12 AEDGs, we performed a scoping study to 

understand which energy efficiency technologies would be needed to achieve 50% energy savings. 

Recommendations included in the 50% scoping analysis include the most stringent of each 

recommendation included in the 30% guide, combined with plug load reductions brought about by highefficiency distribution transformers and Energy Star® equipment, daylighting in all zones, infiltration 

reduction, and water-cooled chillers. We modeled these recommendations in a daylit middle school to 

determine energy savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004 in each of the 15 climate zones. Based on this initial 

scoping study, 50% savings should be possible in all climates. For the most temperate climates such as 

3C and 4C, energy savings are just above 50%. Findings from this scoping study suggest that 50% 

savings are possible, but that nontraditional efficiency measures such as plug load reductions and 

infiltration reduction are required. Additional focus on “typical” plug load schedules in K-12 schools and 

the expected energy savings from Energy Star equipment will be needed to accurately predict the plug 

load savings. Baseline infiltration inputs will also need to be further researched. In addition, only certain 

types of HVAC systems, such as water cooled chillers, high efficiency condensing boilers, or ground 

source heat pumps, may be available for a 50% low-energy school. Standard systems such as package 

single zone equipment or unit ventilators may not be able that meet the high efficiency needs for a 50% 

savings school without additional lighting, plug load, or envelope measures. 

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Contents 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................................... III

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................IV

BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................................................IV

DEVELOPMENT PROCESS .........................................................................................................................IV

EVALUATION APPROACH AND RESULTS...................................................................................................V

CONTENTS...............................................................................................................................................IX

FIGURES, TABLES, AND EQUATIONS ...........................................................................................XII

FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................. XII

TABLES.................................................................................................................................................. XIII

EQUATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ XV

NOMENCLATURE...............................................................................................................................XVI

1. INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1

1.1 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................1

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................................2

1.3 SCOPE OF THE K-12 AEDG AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT............................................3

1.3.1 Report Organization .............................................................................................................3

2. DEVELOPMENT PROCESS............................................................................................................4

2.1 CHARGE TO THE PROJECT COMMITTEE ........................................................................................4

2.1.1 Inclusion of Economics and Cost..........................................................................................5

2.2 APPROVAL AUTHORITY ................................................................................................................5

2.3 PROJECT COMMITTEE ORGANIZATION AND MEMBERSHIP...........................................................5

2.4 DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE AND PROCESS ....................................................................................6

2.4.1 Focus Group .........................................................................................................................8

3. EVALUATION APPROACH..........................................................................................................11

3.1 DETERMINING 30% SAVINGS .....................................................................................................11

3.1.1 Site Energy Use...................................................................................................................11

3.1.2 Whole-Building Energy Savings .........................................................................................11

3.1.3 ASHRAE Baseline ...............................................................................................................12

3.1.4 Modeling Methods...............................................................................................................12

3.2 PROTOTYPE MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSUMPTIONS...........................................................14

3.2.1 2003 CBECS .......................................................................................................................14

 ix
3.2.2 K-12 Construction Industry Publications...........................................................................26

3.2.3 Additional School Characteristics......................................................................................29

3.2.4 Prototype Model Summary..................................................................................................41

3.3 BASELINE MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSUMPTIONS..............................................................45

3.3.1 Form and Floor Plate .........................................................................................................45

3.3.2 Envelope..............................................................................................................................47

3.3.3 Internal Loads.....................................................................................................................49

3.3.4 HVAC Systems and Components.........................................................................................51

3.3.5 Service Water Heating ........................................................................................................55

3.3.6 Schedules.............................................................................................................................55

3.4 LOW-ENERGY MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND ASSUMPTIONS.......................................................63

3.4.1 Developing the Recommendations......................................................................................64

3.4.2 Form and Floor Plate .........................................................................................................65

3.4.3 Envelope..............................................................................................................................69

3.4.4 Lower Lighting Power Density ...........................................................................................73

3.4.5 HVAC Systems and Components.........................................................................................74

3.4.6 Service Water Heating ........................................................................................................78

3.4.7 Schedules.............................................................................................................................79

4. EVALUATION RESULTS ..............................................................................................................81

4.1 RECOMMENDATION TABLES FOR 30% SAVINGS ........................................................................81

4.2 DISCUSSION OF RECOMMENDATIONS .........................................................................................87

4.3 ENERGY SAVINGS RESULTS........................................................................................................88

4.3.1 End Uses for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999.........................................................92

4.3.2 End uses for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004..........................................................95

5. BEYOND 30% ENERGY SAVINGS..............................................................................................97

5.1 50% ENERGY SAVINGS MODEL INPUTS AND ASSUMPTIONS......................................................97

5.2 50% ENERGY SAVINGS RESULTS................................................................................................99

6. REFERENCES................................................................................................................................103

APPENDIX A. PROJECT COMMITTEE MEETING AGENDAS.............................................105

A.1 MEETING #1 AGENDA...............................................................................................................105

A.2 CONFERENCE CALL #1 AGENDA...............................................................................................106

A.3 FOCUS GROUP AGENDA AND QUESTIONS ................................................................................107

A.4 MEETING #2 AGENDA...............................................................................................................109

A.5 CONFERENCE CALL #2 AGENDA...............................................................................................111

A.6 MEETING #3 AGENDA...............................................................................................................111

 x
A.7 MEETING #4 AGENDA...............................................................................................................113

A.8 CONFERENCE CALL #3 AGENDA...............................................................................................114

A.9 MEETING #5 AGENDA...............................................................................................................114

A.10 CONFERENCE CALL #4 AGENDA...............................................................................................116

A.11 CONFERENCE CALL #5 AGENDA...............................................................................................116

A.12 MEETING #6 AGENDA...............................................................................................................117

APPENDIX B. RESPONSES TO 65% DRAFT REVIEW REMARKS......................................119

APPENDIX C. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL BASELINE SCORECARDS ..................................123

APPENDIX D. MIDDLE SCHOOL BASELINE SCORECARD.................................................129

APPENDIX E. HIGH SCHOOL BASELINE SCORECARD ......................................................135

APPENDIX F. ENVELOPE OPTIMIZATIONS...........................................................................141

F.1 INSULATION ABOVE DECK OPTIMIZATION RESULTS................................................................142

F.2 MASS WALL INSULATION OPTIMIZATION RESULTS.................................................................146

APPENDIX G. ENERGY SAVINGS END USE TABLES: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 BASELINE..150

APPENDIX H. ENERGY SAVINGS END USE TABLES: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 BASELINE..156

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Figures, Tables, and Equations 

Figures 

Figure 3-1 DOE Climate Zones and Representative Cities .......................................................................13

Figure 3-2 Area Weighted Average Daylit Floor Area..............................................................................15

Figure 3-3 Area Weighted Average Cooled Floor Area ............................................................................16

Figure 3-4 Area Weighted Average Heated Floor Area ............................................................................16

Figure 3-5 Area Weighted Average Months per Year of Use ...................................................................17

Figure 3-6 Area Weighted Average Weekly Operating Hours..................................................................18

Figure 3-7 Area Weighted Average Number of Computers......................................................................19

Figure 3-8 Area Weighted Average Wall and Roof Construction Type....................................................20

Figure 3-9 Area Weighted Average Primary Heating and Cooling System Types ...................................21

Figure 3-10 Area Weighted Average Window to Wall Ratio....................................................................22

Figure 3-11 Area Weighted Average Number of Floors ...........................................................................23

Figure 3-12 Area Weighted Average Elementary/Middle School Size .....................................................24

Figure 3-13 Area Weighted Average High School Size ............................................................................24

Figure 3-14 2003 CBECS Site EUI by Climate Zone................................................................................26

Figure 3-15 Middle School Floor Plan Example .......................................................................................32

Figure 3-16 Elementary School Floor Plan Example ................................................................................32

Figure 3-17 High School Floor Plan Example—East or West Entry.........................................................33

Figure 3-18 High School Floor Plan Example—North Entry....................................................................33

Figure 3-19 High School Floor Plan Example—South Entry....................................................................33

Figure 3-20 Elementary School Prototype Floor Plan ...............................................................................43

Figure 3-21 Middle School Prototype Floor Plan......................................................................................44

Figure 3-22 High School Prototype First Floor Plan .................................................................................44

Figure 3-23 High School Prototype Second Floor Plan.............................................................................45

Figure 3-24 Elementary School Baseline Model Rendering: View from Southwest................................46

Figure 3-25 Middle School Baseline Model Rendering: View from Southwest .......................................46

Figure 3-26 High School Baseline Model Rendering: View from Southwest..........................................47

Figure 3-27 Elementary School Low-Energy Model Rendering: No Daylighting ...................................65

Figure 3-28 Middle School Low-Energy Model Rendering: No Daylighting..........................................66

Figure 3-29 High School Low-Energy Model Rendering: No Daylighting..............................................66

Figure 3-30 Classroom Sidelit Pattern.......................................................................................................67

Figure 3-31 Elementary School Low-Energy Model Rendering: Daylit..................................................68

Figure 3-32 Middle School Low-Energy Model Rendering: Daylit.........................................................68

Figure 3-33 High School Low-Energy Model Rendering: Daylit ............................................................69

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Figure 4-1 Elementary School End Uses: Daylit......................................................................................92

Figure 4-2 Elementary School End Uses: No Daylighting .......................................................................92

Figure 4-3 Middle School End Uses: Daylit.............................................................................................93

Figure 4-4 Middle School End Uses: No Daylighting..............................................................................93

Figure 4-5 High School End Uses: Daylit ................................................................................................94

Figure 4-6 High School End Uses: No Daylighting..................................................................................94

Figure 4-7 Elementary School End Uses: Daylit, ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline ....................................95

Figure 4-8 Middle School End Uses: Daylit, ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline...........................................95

Figure 4-9 High School End Uses: Daylit, ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline...............................................96

Figure 5-1 50% Savings Fully Daylit Middle School Model Rendering...................................................98

Figure 5-2 Middle School End Uses: 50% Savings................................................................................100

Tables 

Table 2-1 K-12 AEDG PC Organization Chart ...........................................................................................6

Table 2-2 K-12 AEDG Project Committee Development Schedule............................................................8

Table 2-3 K-12 AEDG Focus Group Participants.......................................................................................9

Table 3-1 2003 CBECS Floor Area: Weighted Mean ...............................................................................23

Table 3-2 Area Weighted Average Site EUI by ASHRAE Climate Zone.................................................25

Table 3-3 National Average Schools Sizes, Costs, and Number of Students (ASU Construction 

Report, SPM Construction Report) .....................................................................................27

Table 3-4 Space Types Included in Schools: 2006 SPM National Average, Wake County, NC, and in 

the AEDG Prototype............................................................................................................28

Table 3-5 Roanoke District High School Plug Load Density Survey........................................................29

Table 3-6 Roanoke District Middle School Plug Load Density Survey ....................................................30

Table 3-7 Roanoke District Elementary School Plug Load Density Survey .............................................30

Table 3-8 Plug Load Items Included in Survey .........................................................................................31

Table 3-9 North Carolina Elementary School Typical Space Profiles.......................................................35

Table 3-10 North Carolina Middle School Typical Space Profiles ...........................................................36

Table 3-11 North Carolina Middle School Typical Space Profiles (Cont.)...............................................37

Table 3-12 North Carolina High School Typical Space Profiles...............................................................38

Table 3-13 North Carolina High School Typical Space Profiles (Cont.)...................................................39

Table 3-14 North Carolina High School Typical Space Profiles (Cont.)...................................................40

Table 3-15 Elementary/Middle School National Average Schools Sizes: ASU, SPM, AEDG, CBECS..41

Table 3-16 High School National Average Schools Sizes: ASU, SPM, AEDG, CBECS.........................41

Table 3-17 K-12 AEDG Prototype Characteristics and Data Sources.......................................................42

Table 3-18 Total Space Sizes Included in the AEDG Prototypes..............................................................43

Table 3-19 Selected Baseline Modeling Assumptions...............................................................................46

 xiii
Table 3-20 Elementary School Baseline Internal Loads by Space Type ...................................................50

Table 3-21 Middle School Baseline Internal Loads by Space Type..........................................................50

Table 3-22 High School Baseline Internal Loads by Space Type..............................................................51

Table 3-23 Baseline OA Rates by Space Type ..........................................................................................52

Table 3-24 Baseline Fan System Total Pressure Drops.............................................................................53

Table 3-25 Baseline HVAC Models Summary..........................................................................................55

Table 3-26 Building Lighting Schedule......................................................................................................56

Table 3-27 Building Heating and Cooling Set Point Schedules.................................................................57

Table 3-28 Building Equipment Schedule ..................................................................................................58

Table 3-29 General and Extended Occupancy Schedule ...........................................................................59

Table 3-30 Offices and Gym Occupancy Schedules...................................................................................60

Table 3-31 Auditorium and Cafeteria Occupancy Schedules....................................................................61

Table 3-32 Service Water Heating Schedules.............................................................................................62

Table 3-33 Infiltration and HVAC Operation Schedules...........................................................................63

Table 3-34 Fenestration by Space Type for Daylit Models.......................................................................68

Table 3-35 Roof Insulation Options and Costs..........................................................................................71

Table 3-36 Mass Wall Insulation Options and Costs.................................................................................72

Table 3-37 Baseline and Low-Energy LPDs .............................................................................................74

Table 3-38 Low Energy Fan System Total Pressure Drops.......................................................................77

Table 3-39 Low-Energy HVAC Models Summary ...................................................................................78

Table 3-40 Building Lighting Schedule with Occupancy Sensors ............................................................79

Table 3-41 General and Extended Occupancy Schedules for Demand Controlled Ventilation ................80

Table 4-1 K-12 AEDG Recommendations for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999: Climate 

Zones 1-4.............................................................................................................................83

Table 4-2 K-12 AEDG Recommendations for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999: Climate 

Zones 1-4 (Cont.).................................................................................................................84

Table 4-3 K-12 AEDG Recommendations for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999: Climate 

Zones 5-8.............................................................................................................................85

Table 4-4 K-12 AEDG Recommendations for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999: Climate 

Zones 5-8 (Cont.).................................................................................................................86

Table 4-5 Energy Savings: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline.......................................................................90

Table 4-6 Energy Savings: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline.......................................................................91

Table 5-1 50% Savings Building Equipment Schedule .............................................................................99

Table 5-2 Recommendations for 50% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004: Climate Zones 1-4.............101

Table 5-3 Recommendations for 50% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004: Climate Zones 5-8.............102

Table C-1 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3..............................................................123

Table C-2 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 (Cont.) .................................................124

 xiv
Table C-3 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5..............................................................125

Table C-4 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 (Cont.) .................................................126

Table C-5 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8..............................................................127

Table C-6 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 (Cont.) .................................................128

Table D-1 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 ....................................................................129

Table D-2 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 (Cont.)........................................................130

Table D-3 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 ....................................................................131

Table D-4 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 (Cont.)........................................................132

Table D-5 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 ....................................................................133

Table D-6 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 (Cont.)........................................................134

Table E-1 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 ........................................................................135

Table E-2 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 (Cont.)............................................................136

Table E-3 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 ........................................................................137

Table E-4 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 (Cont.)............................................................138

Table E-5 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 ........................................................................139

Table E-6 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 (Cont.)............................................................140

Table G-1 Elementary End Uses: Climate Zones 1-4..............................................................................150

Table G-2 Elementary School End Uses: Climate Zones 4-8.................................................................151

Table G-3 Middle School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-4........................................................................152

Table G-4 Middle School End Uses: Climate Zones 4-8........................................................................153

Table G-5 High School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-4 ...........................................................................154

Table G-6 High School End Uses: Climate Zones 4-8 ...........................................................................155

Table H-1 Elementary School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-8.................................................................156

Table H-2 Middle School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-8........................................................................157

Table H-3 High School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-8 ...........................................................................158

Equations 

Equation 3-1 Calculation of EER from SEER...........................................................................................54

Equation 3-2 Calculation of Annual Cash Flows.......................................................................................70

Equation 3-3 Calculation of TLCC............................................................................................................70

 xv
Nomenclature 

ACH air changes per hour 

AEDG Advanced Energy Design Guide 

AIA American Institute of Architects 

ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning 

 Engineers 

CBECS Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 

CDD cooling degree day 

CFR Code of Federal Regulations 

CHPS Collaborative for High Performance Schools 

ci continuous insulation 

CO2 carbon dioxide 

COP coefficient of performance 

DOE U.S. Department of Energy 

DX direct expansion 

EER energy efficiency ratio 

ERV energy recovery ventilator 

EUI energy use intensity 

HDD heating degree day 

HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 

IECC International Energy Conservation Code 

IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America 

IPLV integrated part load value 

LPD lighting power density 

NCEF National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities 

NIBS National Institute of Building Sciences 

NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

OA outside air 

O&M operations and maintenance 

PC project committee 

PSZ A package single zone DX rooftop unit 

PVAV A package multi-zone DX rooftop with a VAV 

RMS root mean square 

SBIC Sustainable Building Industry Council 

SC steering committee 

 xvi
SEER seasonal energy efficiency ratio 

SHGC solar heat gain coefficient 

SO AEDG Small Office Advanced Energy Design Guide 

SPM School Planning and Management 

SR AEDG Small Retail Advanced Energy Design Guide 

SRI Solar Reflective Index 

TLCC total life cycle cost 

TSD Technical Support Document 

USGBC U.S. Green Building Council 

VAV variable air volume 

VLT visible light transmittance 

WD Weekday 

w.c. water column 

XML extensible markup language 

 xvii
 xviii
1. Introduction 

The Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings (K-12 AEDG) (referred to as the Guide in 

this report) was written to help owners and designers of elementary, middle, and high schools achieve 

whole-building energy savings of at least 30% compared to the minimum requirements of the 

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, which serves as a baseline (ASHRAE 1999). “K-12” refers 

to kindergarten through twelfth grade schools. Depending on the school districts, these grades are divided 

roughly into elementary schools with grades K through 5, middle schools with grades 6 through 8, and 

high schools with grades 9 through 12. Included in the Guide are prescriptive recommendations by 

climate zone for the design of the building envelope, fenestration, lighting systems (including electrical 

lights and daylighting), HVAC systems, building automation and controls, outside air (OA) treatment, 

and service water heating. Additional savings recommendations are also included, but not necessary for 

30% savings. Additional savings recommendations are provided for electrical distribution, plug loads, 

renewable energy systems, and using the building as a teaching tool. The Guide contains 

recommendations only and is not a code or standard. 

The Guide is intended to show that achieving the 30% target is not only possible, but easily achievable. 

Case studies in the Guide show schools around the country that have achieved and surpassed the 30% 

energy savings target. Best practices and cautions are also provided to demonstrate how to implement the 

recommendations. The recommendation tables do not include all the components listed in ASHRAE 

90.1-1999. Though this Guide focuses only on the primary energy systems in a building, the underlying 

energy analysis presumes that all the other components are built to the criteria in ASHRAE 90.1 and 

ASHRAE 62.1 (ASHRAE 2001, ASHRAE 2004b). 

By specifying a target goal and identifying paths for each climate zone to achieve the goal, the Guide 

provides some ways, but not the only way, to meet the 30% target and build energy-efficient K-12 schools 

that use substantially less energy than those built to minimum energy code requirements. There may be 

other means of achieving the target goal, and we hope the Guide generates ideas for innovation as well. 

The Guide was developed by a project committee (PC) representing a diverse group of professionals. 

Guidance and support was provided through a collaboration of the ASHRAE, the American Institute of 

Architects (AIA), the IESNA, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), and the U.S. Department of 

Energy (DOE). Members of the PC came from these partner organizations, the ASHRAE Standing 

Standards Project Committee 90.1 (SSPC 90.1), the ASHRAE Technical Committee on Educational 

Facilities (TC 9.7), the Sustainable Building Industry Council (SBIC), the Collaborative for High 

Performance Schools Project (CHPS), and the National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities (NCEF) 

at the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). 

The 30% energy savings target is the first step toward achieving net zero-energy schools; schools that, on 

an annual basis, draw from outside sources less or equal energy than they generate on site from renewable 

energy sources. Other guides in this series include the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office 

Buildings(SO AEDG) (AEDG-SO 2004), the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings 

(SR AEDG) (AEDG-SR 2006), and the Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Warehouses and Self 

Storage Buildings (www.ashrae.org/aedg). 

1.1 Objectives 

Our task in developing of the 30% K-12 AEDG was to provide the analysis and modeling support to: 

• Verify energy savings – The specific prescriptive recommendations that must, in aggregate, 

yield 30% savings beyond a benchmark building built to the Standard 90.1-1999 for each climate 

region contained in the guide. The 30% is measured based on the total energy consumption, not 

just the regulated loads. It is not an average of the national energy savings. Cities used for 

testing in the SO AEDG were also used for the K-12 schools guide (Jarnagin 2006). 

 1 
• Develop recommendations that meet a numeric goal value – The energy savings goal is a hard 

value as opposed to an approximate target. The 30% energy savings value was set to be as 

consistent as feasible with LEED criteria (USGBC 2006), given that LEED works from a cost 

basis and this document is based on energy savings. As in past AEDGs, we intend for this Guide 

to be used for obtaining LEED Energy and Atmosphere credits. 

• Identify methods to achieve the goal – The goal of the guide is to save energy by identifying 

packages of design measures and strategies combined with selecting state-of-the shelf building 

systems and design concepts (multiple suppliers of a given technology or system) which result in 

efficient and high-quality spaces. 

Separate from the Guide itself, this Technical Support Document (TSD) has been developed to document 

the process used to develop the 30% K-12 AEDG and the analysis and modeling done to support that 

development. The specific objectives for this TSD include: 

• Document the process and schedule used for developing the Guide. 

• Develop prototypical K-12 school characteristics. 

• Document the EnergyPlus modeling assumptions needed to verify 30% energy savings. 

• Develop the baseline and low-energy EnergyPlus K-12 school models. 

• Present the recommendations for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999 for use in the K-12 

AEDG. 

• Present the recommendations for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004a). 

• Demonstrate that the recommendations result in 30% or greater energy savings by climate zone. 

1.2 Literature Review 

The first step in developing the 30% K-12 AEDG was a literature review and summary of highperformance K-12 school guidelines. To ensure that the K-12 AEDG did not duplicate previous work in 

the relatively mature field of high-performance schools, we performed a literature review of the available 

design guides and rating systems for high-performance K-12 schools. Efforts focused on compiling a 

summary of the available high-performance school guides available throughout the country. Based on 

our review of many such guidelines and rating systems, we concluded that the K-12 AEDG will be a 

unique guideline. None of the guides reviewed include prescriptive design guidance for targeted levels of 

energy savings based on climate. The K-12 AEDG should provide a needed resource and complement 

many of the available guides and criteria. Another intent is for the K-12 AEDG to provide an alternative 

energy efficiency compliance path for the high-performance schools rating and criteria systems such as 

LEED for Schools and CHPS for California, New York, and Massachusetts. There is a need in these 

systems for an alternative energy efficiency compliance path that does not require significant simulation 

analysis. 

In addition to the vast selection of school design guides, there are many sets of physical school 

characteristics and performance data. The currently available data sources represent existing school stock 

as well as annual updates for new school construction. We surveyed these data sets to develop “typical” 

school characteristics and energy performance. Typical school characteristics helped to inform our 

development of realistic prototypical models for the 30% AEDG analysis, as documented in Section 3.2

of this TSD. Data sets that we evaluated include: 

• The 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) 

• The School Planning and Management (SPM) and American School and University (ASU) 

annual construction survey and report 

• Additional data sets from the PC, including plug load surveys, actual floor plates, and space 

programming requirements from North Carolina 

 2 
• The DOE High Performance Buildings Database 

• The Energy Star® Target Finder and Energy Star labeled building database 

• DOE Commercial Buildings Benchmark project 

1.3 Scope of the K-12 AEDG and Technical Support Document 

Each guide in the AEDG series provides recommendations and user-friendly design assistance to 

designers, developers and owners of commercial buildings that will encourage steady progress toward 

net-zero energy buildings. The K-12 AEDG provides prescriptive recommendation packages that are 

capable of reaching the energy savings target for each climate zone in order to ease the burden of the 

design and construction of energy-efficient K-12 schools. 

The Guide applies to all sizes of K-12 school buildings (classified as elementary, middle, and high 

schools) with administrative and office areas, classrooms, hallways, restrooms, gymnasiums, assembly 

spaces, food preparation spaces, and dedicated spaces such as media centers and science labs. This Guide 

does not consider atypical specialty spaces such as indoor pools, wet labs such as chemistry, “dirty” dry 

labs such as woodworking and auto shops, or other unique spaces with extraordinary heat or pollution 

generation. It is primarily intended for new construction, but it may be equally applicable to many school 

renovation, remodeling, and modernization projects. 

Certain aspects of energy-efficient school design, including steam heat, modular classrooms, vehicles and 

other maintenance areas, domestic water well piping, kitchen process loads (e.g., ovens, coolers, 

freezers), and sewage disposal, are excluded from this Guide. They were too complex to include given 

the scope of the project. Significant energy efficiency opportunities may be available with these aspects. 

Guide users are encouraged to take advantage of these opportunities and treat them as “bonuses” beyond 

the 30% target. 

In addition, the Guide is not intended to substitute for rating systems or references that address the full 

range of sustainable issues in schools, such as acoustics, productivity, indoor air quality, water efficiency, 

landscaping, and transportation, except as they relate to operational energy consumption. Nor is this 

Guide a design text – we assume good design skills as well as expertise in school design. 

The guides in the AEDG series do not provide a detailed documentation for the development of the 

recommendations or the actual energy savings. This TSD describes the process and methodology for the 

development of the Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings and provides the technical 

details for determining 30% energy savings, including model inputs and assumptions, the development of 

the 30% recommendations, and the energy savings. 

1.3.1 Report Organization 

This report is presented in four sections: Section 1 introduces the K-12 AEDG and the supporting 

background information; Section 2 describes the charge given to the PC for developing of the Guide and 

outlines the process and development schedule; Section 3 provides the evaluation approach, including 

baseline and low-energy modeling methods and assumptions; Section 4 documents the final 

recommendations and energy savings; Section 5 describes an additional scoping analysis for beyond 30% 

savings. 

Additional information on the PC development process is included in Appendix A. Appendix B includes 

the summary responses to the remarks received on the 65% review draft. Appendixes C, D, and E 

summarize baseline model inputs. Appendix F provides the results of determining optimal envelope 

insulation levels. Appendixes G and Appendix H provide EUIs for the primary end uses for both the 

recommendations for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and for 30% saving over ASHRAE 90.1-

2004. 

 3 
2. Development Process 

The Guide was developed by a PC that represents a diverse group of professionals. Guidance and support 

was provided through a collaboration of ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA, USGBC, and DOE. PC members came 

from these partner organizations, the ASHRAE Standing Standards Project Committee 90.1 (SSPC 90.1), 

the ASHRAE Technical Committee on Educational Facilities (TC 9.7), the SBIC, CHPS, and the NCEF 

at NIBS. 

2.1 Charge to the Project Committee 

A steering committee (SC) made up of representatives of the partner organizations issued a charge to the 

PC to develop the Guide. The charge included a timeline for the task, an energy savings goal, an intended 

target audience, and desired design assistance characteristics. These elements of the charge to the 

committee are contained below: 

• To develop and document a process to achieve a savings of 30% progress toward a net zeroenergy building for K-12 schools. 

• To produce recommendations in a technically sound Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 

schools. 

• To publish the Guide within a year. 

• To constrain the scope and duration of the analysis effort so that the schedule is maintained. The 

PC should rely on current knowledge of energy-efficient building design, supplemented with 

energy design analysis that can be completed while maintaining the schedule. 

• To produce a document that is to the point and not voluminous. Use the SO AEDG as guide for 

size and technical depth, with an expected overall size limit of 100 to 200 published pages. 

Additional guidance from the SC to the PC was provided in a Scope Document. Elements of the Scope 

Document are contained below: 

1. The baseline for energy usage evaluation is annual site energy consumption. 

2. Address the practical how-to, user-friendly information needs of its intended users who are 

designers in medium to large firms, design/build contractors, and construction firms. 

3. The interaction of building components and systems will likely need to be considered rather than 

having all the savings come from individual parts (savings from integration of systems is 

encouraged). Accommodate, to the extent practical, some level of design flexibility through use 

of packages of efficiency measures that users may choose from. 

4. Adopt a prescriptive recommendation approach with packages of measures. This will include 

envelope, mechanical, lighting, and water heating measures. The document will be formatted for 

easy use, provide specific procedures, convey best practices, and avoid code language. The 

apparent complexity of the typical standard/guideline layout and format should be avoided to ease 

usability by the target audience. 

5. In addition to prescriptive energy efficiency measures, the guide should contain “how to” 

guidance that will help the designer construct an energy-efficient school facility. In recognition 

of the constrained design fees available, the document should be presented in a very user-friendly 

manner to reduce design time. By focusing on user-friendly layouts and presentation as well as 

prescriptive design recommendations, the guide should ease the burden for the designers and give 

school decision-makers an overview of specific, easy-to-follow recommendations. 

6. The prescriptive recommendations presented should be sufficient to allow innovative firms to 

extend the information when designing facilities that might be evaluated on performance-based 

 4 
criteria. That is, some additional allowance or flexibility should be provided for those 

accustomed to performance-based documents. 

7. Several case studies should be included to illustrate the energy efficiency components identified. 

These case studies can focus on the geographic regions (as in the SO AEDG) or to illustrate 

particular items or techniques recommended. 

2.1.1 Inclusion of Economics and Cost 

The purpose of the guidance provided in the K-12 AEDG is to assist designers in the design of energyefficient schools. The goal of 30% energy savings is to be considered the primary focus of the Guide, i.e. 

the focus is on high performance buildings and the energy savings related thereto, not on installations that 

have a payback less than some given number of years. Cost and payback are factors, but they are 

secondary to achieving buildings that use 30% less energy. 

Therefore, energy use is to be considered the independent variable that is specified, and cost effectiveness 

(as measured by, for example, simple payback period) is the dependent (or resulting) variable. Although 

some of the products or recommendations may be considered premium, products of similar performance 

must be available from multiple manufacturers. 

2.2 Approval Authority 

The final approval for the Guide is the responsibility of the SC. SC members represent various interested 

parties and are responsible for reflecting the opinions of the group represented. This includes consulting 

with the groups and getting buy-in from them during the entire process and providing the peer review. 

Efforts should be made to agree on the content, like the ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals (ASHRAE 

2005); however, it is not a consensus document. 

2.3 Project Committee Organization and Membership 

The Guide was developed by a PC administered under ASHRAE’s Special Project procedures. The K-12 

AEDG PC was designated as ASHRAE Special Project 111 (SP- 111), and included membership from 

each partner organization. Table 2-1 lists the project committee members and the organizations that they 

represent. 

 5 
Table 2-1 K-12 AEDG PC Organization Chart 

Member Organization 

Paul Torcellini Chairman 

Merle McBride Vice-Chairman 

Don Colliver SC Liaison 

Jyoti Sharma USGBC Representative 

Larry Schoff USGBC Representative 

John Murphy SBIC Representative 

Bill Brenner NIBS/NCEF Representative 

Jim Benya IESNA Representative 

Leslie Davis IESNA Representative 

Charles Eley CHPS Representative 

Mike Nicklas AIA Representative 

Kathleen O’Brien AIA Representative 

Carol Marriott ASHRAE SSPC 90.1 Representative 

Milton S. Goldman, M.D. ASHRAE TC 9.7 Representative 

Lilas Pratt ASHRAE Staff Liaison 

Bruce Hunn ASHRAE Staff Liaison 

The SC selected PC members with energy efficiency experience in K-12 schools. Each representative 

organization was given the chance to provide peer review input on the various review drafts produced by 

the PC. In effect, these representatives were intended to be the interfaces to their respective organizations 

to ensure a large body of input into the development of the document. 

2.4 Development Schedule and Process 

Following the guidance from the SC, the SP-111 committee developed a one-year plan for completing the 

document. Key milestones in the development schedule were determined based on a final publication 

date in December, 2007 (ready for the Winter ASHRAE Meeting in January 2008). With this final 

publication date, the PC determined the time needed for the publication process and then determined the 

dates of review periods for the various completion stages for the draft document. The PC used a similar 

schedule to the one developed for the previous guides to plan for two peer review periods that 

corresponded with a 65% completion draft (technical refinement review) and a 90% completion draft 

(final review for errors). A focus group reviewed the conceptual 35% draft. Six PC meetings were held 

at ASHRAE Headquarters or at NREL. Five conference calls were also held. The following schedule 

shown in Table 2-2 outlines key dates in the development of the K-12 AEDG. 

The development of the prototype, baseline, and low-energy models was an iterative process, with 

discussion of the model inputs and the current model results at every meeting and conference call. 

Results from the modeling, combined with input from the PC, led to the development of the final 

recommendations. The following steps show the modeling process used, from the initial prototype 

development to the final recommendations: 

1. Determine prototype models inputs from the PC, ASHRAE 90.1-1999, ASHRAE 62. 

2. Present preliminary baseline results for the prototype elementary school. 

3. Develop a consensus from the PC on the prototype model inputs. 

 6 
4. Extend elementary baseline inputs to the middle and high school prototypes. 

5. Develop initial recommendations and the corresponding low-energy models, including 

daylighting types, HVAC systems, and envelope recommendations. 

6. Present the low-energy modeling results and identify recommendations that do not result in 30% 

energy savings. 

7. Fine tune the recommendations to achieve at least 30% whole-building energy savings in all 

climate zones for the various daylighting and HVAC options and school types. 

8. Determine final recommendations for the K-12 AEDG that achieve 30% savings. 

The following sections of this TSD present the prototype development results from Step 3, the baseline 

model results from Step 4, and the final recommendations and energy savings results as determined in 

Step 8. 

Because the document was developed under the ASHRAE special project procedures, and not the 

standards development procedures, the peer reviews were not considered true “public” reviews. 

However, review copies were made available to all partner organizations, as well as the various bodies 

within ASHRAE represented by the PC membership. In addition, interested members could download 

review copies from the ASHRAE Web site. The responses to the remarks and suggestions received from 

the 65% review draft are summarized in Appendix B. 

Further information about each meeting and conference call are included in the meeting agendas and 

conference call agendas in Appendix A. For future reference, these agendas were updated after each 

meeting or call to reflect the actual discussions and length of time spent on each item. After each 

conference call and meeting, we compiled the meeting notes, agenda, action items, future schedules, and 

other related documents into a meeting report. These meeting reports were very useful for reference and 

organizational purposes during the development of the Guide. 

 7 
Table 2-2 K-12 AEDG Project Committee Development Schedule 

Date Event Description 

12/8/06−12/9/06 Kickoff/PC meeting #1 Kickoff introduction meeting, first PC meeting 

1/8/07 Concept draft complete Draft 35% concept draft for PC and Focus group review 

1/12/07 Conference call #1 Conference call to discuss concept draft 

1/18/07 Focus Group Meeting Solicit input from industry on concept 

1/19/07−1/20/07 PC meeting #2 Discuss results of focus group and baseline modeling 

assumptions 

2/9/07 Conference Call #2 Discuss progress of 65% draft 

2/23/07−2/24/07 PC meeting #3 Discuss progress of 65% draft and fill missing pieces 

3/9/07 65% Draft complete 65% Draft complete 

3/12/07−3/23/07 65% Draft review 65% Draft review 

4/12/07−4/13/07 PC meeting #4 Review simulation results, address 65% review remarks 

5/18/07 Conference Call #3 Discuss progress to 90% draft 

6/4/07−6/5/07 PC meeting #5 Further develop 90% draft, finalize responses for 65% 

review remarks 

6/16/07 Draft Technical Support 

Document 

Draft Technical Support Document 

6/19/07 Conference Call #4 Review simulation results 

7/2/2007 Conference Call #5 Identify missing pieces in 90% draft 

7/6/07 90% Draft complete 90% Draft complete 

7/9/07−7/20/07 90% Draft review 90% Draft review 

8/2/07−8/3/07 PC meeting #6 Address 90% review remarks, finalize draft for 100% 

8/10/07 Final 100% document Final 100% document 

week of 8/12/07 Steering Committee 

approval 

Steering Committee approval 

week of 9/10/07 Final 100% document to 

Publications 

Final 100% document to Publications 

9/15/07 Final Technical Support 

Document to DOE 

Final Technical Support Document to DOE 

10/12/07 Proof review complete Proof review complete 

10/15/07 Document to printers Document to printers 

December, 2007 Printed document complete Printed document complete 

2.4.1 Focus Group 

To evaluate the concept of the K-12 AEDG, ASHRAE convened a focus group of school administrators, 

school designers, and school energy management staff to review the 35% completion draft. The focus 

group was brought to ASHRAE headquarters to discuss the concept of the K-12 AEDG. Members of the 

Focus Group are shown in Table 2-3. Before the focus group meeting, the participants reviewed the 35% 

concept draft, the SC Scope Document, and examples of the recommendation tables and case studies from 

 8 
the previous guides. The questions asked of the Focus Group to stimulate discussion and solicit feedback 

are shown in Appendix A.3. The highlights of the Focus Group discussion are shown below: 

• Keep it simple: Need to keep the energy recommendations simple and avoid complex systems – 

preference within the focus group for passive types of controls. “Avoid complications wherever 

possible.” There was a general perception that high-performance schools are too complicated and 

cost too much. 

• Capital rich, maintenance poor: Operations and maintenance (O&M) are a big concern. 

Capital for construction is plentiful, but general funds for O&M are much harder to come by. 

Maintenance staff training needs to be addressed. They felt that “green” schools would cost 5% 

to 25% more than standard schools, and be achievable for wealthy districts while not possible for 

poorer districts. 

• Effective in multiple elements: Green schools must be effective on several levels: operation, 

cost, learning opportunities for students, community partnerships. Often, new green schools are 

not just schools but community resources that require extended hours of use. 

• Owner and designer audience: The involvement of school boards in supporting energy 

efficiency and having buy-in is important. The target audience differs from the SO AEDG and 

SR AEDG (i.e., mainly architects and engineers) (Liu 2006 and Jarnagin 2006). School districts, 

as decision makers, should be strongly inclined to provide this guide to their designers. School 

districts typically rely on the advice of facilities, so the audience comprises owners and designers. 

In addition, the school architectural and engineering firms that design schools are typically 

medium to large firms. The K-12 AEDG should be a common reference point for all these 

audiences. 

• They are not risk takers: Therefore, the guide should be at least “on the edge of mainstream.” 

There is a need for verified, credible, monitored data in the case studies to prove performance. 

They also want persistence, track record, and cost data in the case studies. 

• Recommendations too limiting: The focus group was worried that the K-12 AEDG 

recommendations might limit the architecture, site, or programming. There is a need to assure the 

group that energy-efficient equipment specifications apply to all items, including appliances and 

other packaged HVAC items. 

Table 2-3 K-12 AEDG Focus Group Participants 

Member Organization 

Kevin Chisholm Energy Manager: Arlington Public Schools 

Susan Cook School Superintendent, Kenton County Schools 

Rick Dames Director of Buildings & Grounds: Boone County 

Schools 

Chad Loomis Cornell University, Planning Design and 

Construction 

Forrest Miller Director of Facilities and Planning: Lake Washington 

School District 

Karen Reager National Energy Education Development (NEED) 

Project 

Ervin Ritter Ritter Consulting Engineers 

Bryan Welsh Welsh Commissioning Group 

 9 
In developing the K-12 AEDG, the PC attempted to include the results from the focus group by: 

• Including discussion for the decision makers, such as the superintendents and school boards. 

• Covering administrative policy issues for items such as administration policy on no plug in mini 

fridges or assigning a dollar figure to discourage use of inefficient plug loads. 

• Focusing on simple(r) systems. 

• Emphasizing O&M. 

• Addressing plug loads. 

• Addressing specialty spaces. 

• Providing a wider range of daylighting and HVAC recommendations. 

• Providing case studies with at least two years of measured energy performance as well as 

examples of cost-effective implementation of the Guide’s recommendations. 

 10 
3. Evaluation Approach 

This chapter describes the analysis methods used to support development of the K-12 AEDG. It presents 

how we quantified the 30% energy savings, developed prototype models, baseline models and the lowenergy models. 

3.1 Determining 30% Savings 

The purpose of the building energy simulation analysis presented in this TSD is to assess and quantify the 

energy savings potential of the Guide’s final recommendations. The AEDGs contain a set of energy 

efficiency recommendations for eight climate zones across the country. To provide prescriptive 30% 

recommendations, a specific quantitative energy savings goal must be measured against a specific version 

of Standard 90.1. For the K-12 AEDG, this is 90.1-1999, the “turn of the Millennium” standard 

(ASHRAE 1999). The energy savings of the prescriptive recommendations were also examined relative 

to ASHRAE 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004). 

The following steps were used to determine 30% savings: 

1. Develop “typical” K-12 school prototype characteristics. 

2. Create baseline models from the prototypes that are minimally code compliant for both ASHRAE 

90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

3. Create the low-energy models based on the recommended energy-efficient technologies in the 

Guide. 

4. Verify 30% energy savings across the various HVAC system types and daylighting options over 

the 15 climate zones and sub-zones in the country. 

These steps are presented in a linear fashion, but there is some iteration among the steps. For example, 

certain baseline model inputs were determined by features included in the low-energy models, such as 

glass and skylight areas. In addition, 

3.1.1 Site Energy Use 

The 30% energy savings goal of the AEDG series is based on site energy savings between a minimally 

code compliant school and a low-energy school that uses the recommendations in the Guide. Other 

metrics, such as energy cost savings, source energy savings, or carbon savings, could be used to 

determine energy savings (Torcellini et al. 2006). Each metric has advantages and disadvantages from an 

implementation and calculation perspective, and each can favor different technologies and fuel types. 

The K-12 AEDG uses site energy savings, as directed by the SC, to retain consistency from the previous 

AEDGs. 

3.1.2 Whole-Building Energy Savings 

Historically, energy savings have been expressed in two ways: Energy savings of regulated loads and 

energy savings of the whole building. The “regulated loads” energy savings indicates the savings when 

the loads that are not code regulated are not included in the total loads of the building. These unregulated 

loads typically include plug and some process loads. The “whole-building” energy savings indicate the 

savings when all the loads (regulated and unregulated) are included in the energy savings calculations. In 

general, for the same level of percent savings, whole-building savings is more challenging than regulated 

loads savings. In LEED 2.1, plug loads are included in the simulation (to capture proper heat loads), but 

not in the denominator of the energy savings calculation. In the case of Appendix G in ASHRAE 90.1-

2004 and in LEED 2.2, plug loads are included in the denominator, i.e., the whole-building method, 

which includes the unregulated loads for calculating energy savings. The K-12 AEDG uses the “wholebuilding” energy savings method for determining 30% energy savings. See Section 3.2.3.1 for additional 

information about determining the plug loads for schools. 

 11 
3.1.3 ASHRAE Baseline 

The K-12 AEDG was written to help owners and designers of elementary, middle, and high schools 

achieve energy savings of at least 30% compared to the minimum requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/ 

IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, which serves as a baseline. The baseline level energy use was set for 

buildings built at the turn of the millennium, which are assumed to be based on ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 

Standard 90.1-1999 (ASHRAE 1999), Energy Standard for Buildings except Low-Rise Residential 

Buildings. The selection of ASHRAE 90.1-1999 for the baseline was also based on the fact that the 

standard was the most recent for which DOE had issued a formal determination of energy savings at the 

time of preparation of the first AEDG. 

The use of ASHRAE 90.1-1999 for the baseline for determining 30% energy saving for the K-12 AEDG 

is also consistent with other AEDGs in the series (Jarnagin 2006, Liu 2006). There has been considerable 

discussion between the SC and the K-12 AEDG PC about having the energy savings based on a 

percentage below a specific version of 90.1 (1999, 2001, 2004, 2007, etc). The SC realized that this 

would always provide for a moving baseline if the most current version of the standard was used. It 

would cause considerable confusion in the marketplace because the recommendations would always be 

changing based on which version of 90.1 was being used as the baseline for determining savings. Two 

very similar buildings could have different recommendations, solely because a different baseline was 

being used. Therefore, the SC decided to look at the other end of the scale, and describe the energy 

savings as the progress toward a net zero-energy building. The top end of the scale, or 0% progress, 

would be set as the energy used by a structure built to the energy standards at the turn of the millennium 

(i.e., 90.1-1999). The bottom end of the scale, or 100%, is the net zero-energy building. 

For our analysis for DOE, we have also determined the recommendations needed to achieve 30% savings 

over ASHRAE 90.1-2004. Recommendation tables and energy savings are provided for 30% savings 

over both 90.1-1999 and 90.1-2004. 

3.1.4 Modeling Methods 

3.1.4.1 EnergyPlus 

EnergyPlus version 2.0 (DOE 2007) was used to complete the energy simulations. All simulations were 

completed with the NREL analysis platform (currently called OptEPlus) that manages inputs and outputs 

of the EnergyPlus simulations. The core functionality of the analysis platform is the user’s ability to pass 

high-level parameters of the building (building area, internal gains per zone, HVAC system configuration, 

etc.) to generate a fully parameterized input file for EnergyPlus. Such files are generated rapidly and can 

be easily changed to incorporate changes during the evolution of the model. The high-level parameter file 

is an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) file, which is basically a structured text file. Modifying the 

high-level parameters is preferred over modifying the EnergyPlus input file because it greatly simplifies 

the modeling input development process. Modifying EnergyPlus input files can be time intensive when 

the high-level parameters have a one-to-many relationship with the input objects in the low-level input 

file. 

We selected EnergyPlus because it is the contemporary DOE tool that accounts for the complicated 

interactions between climate, internal gains, building form and fabric, HVAC systems, and renewable 

energy systems. The simulations are run with EnergyPlus Version 2.0 compiled to run on a 64-bit cluster 

computer at NREL. EnergyPlus is a heavily tested program with formal BESTEST validation efforts 

repeated for every release (Judkoff and Neymark 1995). 

3.1.4.2 Climate Zones 

The AEDGs contain a unique set of energy efficiency recommendations for a range of climate zones 

across the country. The three AEDGs developed to date have standardized climate zones that the 

International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) and ASHRAE have adopted for residential and 

commercial applications. The common set of climate zones includes eight zones covering the entire 

United States and is shown in Figure 3-1. Climate zones are categorized by heating degree days (HDDs) 

 12 
and cooling degree days (CDDs), and range from the very hot zone 1 to the very cold zone 8. In addition, 

some of the climate zones are divided into sub-zones based on humidity levels. Humid sub-zones are A 

zones, dry sub-zones are B zones, and marine sub-zones are C zones. These climate zones may be 

mapped to other climate locations for international use (ASHRAE 2004a). 

Figure 3-1 DOE Climate Zones and Representative Cities 

When the climate zones were being developed, 15 specific climate locations (cities) were selected as 

being most representative of each zone, as shown in Figure 3-1 and in the list below. To determine 

energy savings, we used weather files for each of the 15 climate zones to simulate the baseline and lowenergy models. 

Zone 1: Miami, Florida (hot, humid) 

Zone 2A: Houston, Texas (hot, humid) 

Zone 2B: Phoenix, Arizona (hot, dry) 

Zone 3A: Memphis, Tennessee (hot, humid) 

Zone 3B: El Paso, Texas (hot, dry) 

Zone 3C: San Francisco, California (marine) 

Zone 4A: Baltimore, Maryland (mild, humid) 

Zone 4B: Albuquerque, New Mexico (mild, dry) 

Zone 4C: Seattle, Washington (marine) 

Zone 5A: Chicago, Illinois (cold, humid) 

Zone 5B: Boise, Idaho (cold, dry) 

Zone 6A: Burlington, Vermont (cold, humid) 

Zone 6B: Helena, Montana (cold, dry) 

Zone 7: Duluth, Minnesota (very cold) 

Zone 8: Fairbanks, Alaska (extremely cold) 

 13 
3.2 Prototype Model Development and Assumptions 

Unlike some of the other principal commercial building types, there are many data sets of K-12 school 

characteristics and performance data. The currently available data sources represent existing K-12 school 

stock as well as annual updates for new school construction. We surveyed these data sets to develop 

“typical” school characteristics and energy performance. Typical school characteristics helped to inform 

our development of realistic models for the 30% AEDG analysis. Data sets that we evaluated include: 

• The 2003 CBECS (EIA 2005) 

• The SPM (2007) and ASU (2006) annual construction survey and report 

• Additional data sets from the project committee, including plug load surveys, actual floor plates, 

and space programming requirements from North Carolina. 

Section 3.2.4 summarizes the inputs from each of these data sources and how we used them as inputs in 

the K-12 AEDG model development. 

3.2.1 2003 CBECS 

This section summarizes the data available in the 2003 CBECS for elementary/middle schools and high 

schools (EIA 2005). The CBECS is a survey of U.S. buildings that the EIA conducts every four years. 

The 2003 CBECS includes data from 5,215 commercial buildings and provides weighting factors to 

indicate how many buildings are represented by each building type in the survey. For each building, the 

CBECS presents data about numerous characteristics and performance data, including floor area, number 

of floors, census division, basic climatic design criteria, principal building activity, number of employees, 

energy use, and energy expenditures. 

The 2003 CBECS includes 126 high schools and 330 elementary/middle schools. The high school more 

specific principal building activity and elementary/middle school more specific principal building activity 

are part of the Educational Buildings principal building activity . Each school has a weighting factor that 

indicates how many buildings are represented in CBECS. When the weighting factor is combined with 

the area of each school, we can determine area weighted multipliers for each school in CBECS. Our 

results used area weighted multipliers for each characteristic and performance data histogram. Section 

3.2.4 shows how we used this CBECS analysis as inputs to our K-12 AEDG model development. 

We used the CBECS Analysis capabilities in the OptEPlus platform (V0.1.0.93) to analyze 2003 CBECS 

for an understanding of “typical” parameters for schools. Floor-area-weighted histograms of CBECS 

public use data were generated for HVAC system type, percent cooled, operational characteristics such as 

percent daylit, total weekly operating hours, number of computers, and number of months of use. Area 

weighted average form and fabric characteristics such as percent exterior glass, number of floors, area, 

building shape, and wall and roof constructions are also graphed and shown. All of these analyses were 

done based on a floor area weighting rather than a number of buildings weighting. 

We also calculated the national area weighted average site EUI for high schools and for 

elementary/middle schools. To investigate the regional variation in EUI, we mapped each school in 

CBECS to the approximate ASHRAE climate zone based on the available CBECS information related to 

location. The CBECS region, HDDs, and CDDs were used to determine the AEDG climate zone for each 

school in CBECS. Understanding the “typical” energy use characteristics increases our confidence in our 

energy use predictions for our prototype models. 

3.2.1.1 2003 CBECS K-12 Trends 

By analyzing trends of the 456 schools and their weighting factors in the 2003 CBECS, we can help to 

inform the model development of “typical” schools. This section provides histograms to show the most 

typical characteristics and how we used this information to develop model input for the K-12 AEDG 

analysis. 

 14 
The area weighted percent of all the K-12 schools floor area that is daylit in CBECS is shown in 

Figure 3-2. This trend suggests that schools are not typically daylit. According to ASHRAE 90.1, 

daylighting is not required, and our K-12 AEDG baseline models do not use daylighting. Some of our 

low-energy models used daylighting in the classrooms and gyms. 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

05

101520253035404550556065707580859095

100

Percent of Floor Area Daylit

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

Figure 3-2 Area Weighted Average Daylit Floor Area 

 15 
The area weighted percent of all the K-12 schools floor area that is cooled in CBECS is shown in 

Figure 3-3. This trend suggests that schools are typically fully cooled, but some (10% of the total floor 

area) do not have cooling. The K-12 AEDG prototype models are mostly cooled, with some setup only 

cooling in the mechanical and bathrooms. 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

05

101520253035404550556065707580859095

100

Percent of Floor Area Cooled

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

Figure 3-3 Area Weighted Average Cooled Floor Area 

The area weighted percent of all the K-12 schools floor area that is heated in CBECS is shown in 

Figure 3-4. This trend suggests that schools are typically fully heated (90% of all K-12 school floor area 

is fully heated), but some area is not. The K-12 AEDG prototype models are mostly heated, with some 

setback only heating in the bathrooms and mechanical spaces. 

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0

102030405060708090

100

Percent of Floor Area Heated

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

Figure 3-4 Area Weighted Average Heated Floor Area 

 16 
The number of months per year of use for all the K-12 schools is shown in Figure 3-5. More than 40% of 

K-12 school floor area is used year round, 26% of K-12 school floor area is used 10 months per year, and 

18% is used 9 months per year. The K-12 AEDG prototypes have some year round use in the gym and 

community use areas, and the classrooms are used 9 months per year. 

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Number of Months per Year of Use

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

Figure 3-5 Area Weighted Average Months per Year of Use 

 17 
The number of operating hours per week for all the K-12 schools is shown in Figure 3-6. More than 25% 

of school floor area is operated 42 hours per week. However, 13% of schools are operated 48, 54, or 60 

hours per week. The weighted average operating hours is 50 hours per week. Therefore, our K-12 

AEDG prototype models are operated 50 hours per week during the school year. Operational schedules 

for spaces such as the gyms and auditoriums include after hours use. 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

06

121824303642485460667278849096

102

Total Weekly Operating Hours

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

Figure 3-6 Area Weighted Average Weekly Operating Hours

 18 
The total number of computers over all the K-12 schools is shown in Figure 3-7. There is a wide range in 

numbers of computers in K-12 schools; many schools have only one to four computers. Many schools 

have 100 to 249 computers; some have 20 to 49 and others have 50 to 99. Because of this wide range, 

additional data were needed to determine plug load density for our K-12 AEDG models. See Section 

3.2.3.1 for additional information used to determine plug loads in K-12 schools. 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

0

1 to 4

5 to 9

10 to 19

20 to 49

50 to 99

100 to 249

250 to 499

500 to 999

1 000 to 2 499

Number of Computers

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

Figure 3-7 Area Weighted Average Number of Computers

 19 
The types of wall and roof constructions over all the K-12 schools are shown in Figure 3-8. Walls with 

brick, stone, or stucco exteriors are the most common construction type, and built-up insulation above 

deck roofs is the most common roof type. Mass walls and insulation above deck roofs were used in the 

K-12 AEDG models. The construction materials are only the outer surface of the construction. 

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Brick stone or stucco

Pre-cast concrete panels

Concrete block or poured concrete

Siding shingles tiles or shakes

Sheet metal panels

Window or vision glass

Decorative or construction glass

No one major type

Other

Built-up

Slate or tile shingles

Wood shingles/shakes/other wood

Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles

Metal surfacing

Plastic/rubber/synthetic sheeting

Concrete

No one major type

Other

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

Walls Type Roofs Type

Figure 3-8 Area Weighted Average Wall and Roof Construction Type

 20 
The different types of heating and cooling systems for the 2003 CBECS schools are shown in Figure 3-9. 

The most common heating systems are furnaces, boilers, and package heating units. The most common 

cooling systems are package rooftop units, individual room air-conditioning units, heat pumps, and 

central chillers. The K-12 AEDG models use the most common of these heating and cooling units. The 

AEDG baseline models use package rooftop air-conditioning units with package heating units. The lowenergy models also include a package variable air volume (VAV) system with direct exchange (DX) 

cooling coils and a boiler, as well as a VAV with central air-cooled chillers and boilers. See Section 

3.3.4.1 for further discussion on selecting the HVAC systems in the baseline and low-energy models. 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

None

Furnaces that heat air directly

Boilers inside the building

Packaged heating units

Individual space heaters

Heat pumps for heating

District steam or hot water

Other heating equipment

none

Packaged A/C units

Residential-type central A/C

Individual room A/C

Heat pumps for cooling

District chilled water piped in

Central chillers inside the building

Swamp coolers or evaporative cooler

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

s

Heating Systems Cooling Systems

Figure 3-9 Area Weighted Average Primary Heating and Cooling System Types

 21 
The range of fenestration to gross wall area for all of the 2003 CBECS schools is shown in Figure 3-10. 

The most common range of fenestration area is 11% to 25%. For the K-12 AEDG baseline models, we 

used the fenestration to gross wall area ratio that was specified to provide the required daylighting in the 

low-energy models. Based on input from the AEDG project committee, this area was set at 35%. This is 

on the higher end for typical fenestration area, but is still within a reasonable range. 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

0

10 percent or less

11 to 25 percent

26 to 50 percent51 to 75 percent

76 to 100 percent

Window to Wall Ratio

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

Figure 3-10 Area Weighted Average Window to Wall Ratio

 22 
The number of floors for elementary/middle and high schools in the 2003 CBECS is shown in 

Figure 3-11. The K-12 AEDG elementary and middle school prototypes have one floor, and the high 

schools have two floors. 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

123456

Number of Floors

Fraction of K-12 School Floor Area

Elem/Middle

High School

Figure 3-11 Area Weighted Average Number of Floors 

The range of floor area for the elementary/middle schools in the 2003 CBECS is shown in Figure 3-12. 

The range of floor area for the high schools in the 2003 CBECS is shown in Figure 3-13. The area 

weighted average floor area over all the elementary/middle schools and high schools is shown in 

Table 3-1. The average CBECS school sizes were not used explicitly in our K-12 AEDG models; rather, 

the CBECS average school sizes were used in combination with additional data sources that provide 

further and more current schools size details. 

Table 3-1 2003 CBECS Floor Area: Weighted Mean 

National 

Averages 

Elementary/ 

Middle 

School 

High 

School 

Size (ft2) 77,174 223,964 

 23 
0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

1100

14045

26990

39935

52880

65825

78770

91715

104660

117605

130550

143495

156440

169385

182330

195275

208220

221165

234110

247055

260000

Square Footage (ft2)

Fraction of Elem/Middle Schools Floor 

Area

Floor Area Weighted Average 

Elementary/Middle School Size: 

77,174 ft2

Figure 3-12 Area Weighted Average Elementary/Middle School Size

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

1450

33420

65390

97360

129330

161300

193270

225240

257210

289180

321150

353120

385090

417060

449030

481000

Square Footage (ft2)

Fraction of Elem/Middle Schools Floor 

Area

Floor Area Weighted Average 

High School Size: 

223,964 ft2

Figure 3-13 Area Weighted Average High School Size 

3.2.1.2 CBECS K-12 Energy Use Trends 

In addition to the physical and operational characteristics of the schools in the 2003 CBECS, we 

investigated the area weighted average site EUI. The average K-12 schools site EUI by ASHRAE climate 

zone is shown in Table 3-2. 

To analyze the schools in the 2003 CBECS by ASHRAE climate zone, we used the climate zone to show 

CBECS assignment results as discussed in Griffith et al. (2007). This assignment selects an ASHRAE 

climate zone to assign each building in the 2003 CBECS data set. The location of the building determines 

several aspects, including simulation weather file, utility tariffs, emissions factors, site-to-source 

 24 
conversion factor, latitude, longitude, and elevation, that are important to the modeling. CBECS masks 

the actual locations of buildings for anonymity but does provide data for the census division and values 

for HDDs and CDDs. An assignment algorithm is used to select the location in the following manner. 

An initial set of candidate locations was assembled that was formed by a set of 232 EnergyPlus weather 

files that are based on TMY2 or TMY weather data locations. HDD and CDD data (base 65°F) from the 

weather data were also used in the location assignments. For each CBECS building, we then selected a 

subset of these candidate locations that lie within the CBECS census division. This subset of candidate 

locations is subsequently searched to find the location that most closely matches the reported HDDs and 

CDDs. A “brute force” search algorithm was used where, for each possible assignment, we calculated the 

root mean square (RMS) of the combined deviations for HDDs and CDDs. The resulting array of RMS 

error values was then searched for the minimum and the location with the lowest error selected for the 

assignment. 

Also shown in Table 3-2 is the number of K-12 schools in the 2003 CBECS in each climate zone. There 

are no CBECS elementary/middle or high schools in climate zone 8, only a few elementary schools in 

climate zone 1, and none in zone 7. There are a few high schools in climate zone 7, and none in zone 1. 

Some restraint is needed in using the energy use data from climate zones that are not well represented by 

the survey, such as in climate zones 1, 7, and 8. 

Table 3-2 Area Weighted Average Site EUI by ASHRAE Climate Zone 

ASHRAE Climate 

Zone 

Number of K-12 

Schools in CBECS 

Area Weighted Average Site EUI 

 (kBtu/ft2) 

1 2 46 

2 67 58 

3 78 57 

4 91 74 

5 152 80 

6 63 82 

7 3 86 

8 0 No data 

All 456 72 

The national area weighted average site EUI for all the K-12 2003 CBECS schools is 72 kBtu/ft2

 (818 

MJ/m2

). The national area weighted average site EUI for high schools is 80 kBtu/ft2 (909 MJ/m2) and is 

68 kBtu/ft2

 (773 MJ/m2) for elementary schools. The site EUI by climate zone for all K-12, 

elementary/middle, and high schools is shown in Figure 3-14. The climatic variation in energy use is 

evident in Figure 3-14; the highest EUI is in the coldest climates. 

 25 
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

12345678

ASHRAE Climate Zone

Energy Use Intensity (kBtu/ft2

)

High Schools

Elementary/Middle

Schools

All Schools

Figure 3-14 2003 CBECS Site EUI by Climate Zone 

3.2.2 K-12 Construction Industry Publications 

In addition to analyzing schools in the 2003 CBECS, we surveyed multiple sources of “typical” new 

school characteristics data to determine appropriate characteristics for our AEDG baseline and lowenergy models. Based on input from the K-12 AEDG PC, ASU (www.ASUmag.com) and SPM 

(http://www.peterli.com/spm/) provide accurate and up-to-date school construction data. Table 3-3 shows 

results from the most recent surveys from both ASU and SPM that document average size, cost, and 

number of students for elementary, middle, and high schools (ASU 2006, SPM 2007). Average 

elementary schools range from 73,000 ft2 to 80,000 ft2

 (6,782 m2 to 7,432 m2), with 700 to 725 students. 

This is similar to the average 2003 CBECS elementary school at 77,174 ft2

 (7,170 m2). Average middle 

schools are 104,880 ft2

 to 119,000 ft2 (9,744 m2 to 11,055 m2), with 750 to 825 students. Average high 

schools are between 148,569 ft2

 and 224,000 ft2 (13,803 m2 to 20,810 m2), with 1,055 to 1,200 students. 

The higher side of the high school size range from ASU and SPM is similar to the 2003 CBECS average 

high school. Based on the results from the 2006 ASU and the 2007 SPM survey combined with 2003 

CBECS size data, we identified up-to-date “typical” school size ranges for use in the K-12 AEDG 

prototype model development. The actual sizes of the K-12 AEDG models were determined based on the 

number of students and the space planning profiles, as documented later in Section 3.2.3.3 and 

summarized in Section 3.2.4. 

 26 
Table 3-3 National Average Schools Sizes, Costs, and Number of Students (ASU 

Construction Report, SPM Construction Report) 

National Elementary Schools Middle Schools High Schools 

Averages ASU SPM ASU SPM ASU SPM 

73,000 80,000 104,880 119,000 148,569 224,000 

Size (ft2) 

77,174 national area weighted average 2003 CBECS 

223,964 national area 

weighted average 2003 

CBECS 

Cost/ft2

$141 $148 $195 $150 $180 $152 

Number 

of pupils 725 700 750 825 1055 1200 

Size 

ft2

/pupil 100.7 122.2 139.8 143.8 140.8 166.7 

The SPM survey also documents the types of spaces that are in new elementary, middle, and high schools 

across the country. As shown in Table 3-4, the percent of new schools with each space type was 

determined. Space types that are included in more than 50% of new schools are included in our “typical” 

baseline and low-energy models. Similar data provided by the K-12 AEDG PC from Wake County, 

North Carolina, are also shown. Differences in space types over the three types of K-12 schools include: 

• Science laboratories are standard in new middle and high schools, but are included in only 6.3% 

of elementary schools. 

• New high schools typically include an auditorium; middle and elementary schools do not. 

• High schools typically have a second auxiliary gym; elementary and middle schools do not. 

• Elementary schools typically have a multipurpose room, but not a full gym with spectator seating. 

 27 
Table 3-4 Space Types Included in Schools: 

 2006 SPM National Average, Wake County, NC, and in the AEDG Prototype 

Elementary School Middle School High School 

Space Type Nation Wake 

Co. 

AEDG 

Prototype Nation Wake Co. 

AEDG 

Prototype Nation Wake Co. 

AEDG 

Prototype 

Core Facilities 

Classrooms 100.0% X X 100.0% X X 100.0% X X 

Library 91.3% X 94.4% X 92.6% X 

Media center 66.3% X X 100.0% X X 92.6% X X 

Computer 

lab 74.5% X X 96.3% X X 98.1% X X 

Science lab 6.3% 98.1% X X 100.0% X X 

Music 94.2% X X 96.3% X X 92.6% X X 

Arts/crafts 99.0% X X 98.1% X X 88.9% X X 

Gymnasium/ 

multipurpose 

room 

92.3% X X 100.0% X X 100.0% X X 

Stage 17.3% X 40.7% X 72.2% X X 

Auditorium/ 

theater 6.3% 35.2% X 63.5% X X 

Special ED/ 

Resource 72.1% X X 74.1% X X 64.8% X X 

Home arts 0.0% 7.4% X 33.3% X 

Industrial 

tech. 0.0% 1.9% X 13.0% X 

Vocational 

shops 0.0% 3.7% X 14.8% X 

Photo lab 0.0% 0.0% 3.7% 

TV/radio 

studio 0.0% 0.0% 7.4% 

Support Facilities 

Offices 100.0% X X 100.0% X X 100.0% X X 

Infirmary/ 

clinic 100.0% X X 100.0% X X 100.0% X X 

Cafeteria 98.1% X X 100.0% X X 98.1% X X 

Kitchen 97.6% X X 98.1% X X 96.3% X X 

Hall lockers 4.3% 92.6% X X 100.0% X X 

 28 
3.2.3 Additional School Characteristics 

3.2.3.1 Plug Load Audits 

Historically, the energy use and installed capacity of plug loads in commercial buildings have been a 

significant uncertainty. A project committee member, Larry Schoff from Energy Efficient Solutions, has 

attempted to quantify plug loads in schools. We obtained data from Schoff through personal 

communication on plug loads and the savings that could result if actions are taken to control the plug and 

resulting phantom loads. As part of a survey for Roanoke, Virginia, County Schools, he compiled 

detailed plug load information for five high schools, five middle schools, and 17 elementary schools in 

the Roanoke school district. For each school, a detailed plug load/phantom load survey was conducted to 

identify the plug and phantom loads in the schools. (See Table 3-8 for a list of plug loads identified, and 

the peak wattage for the plug load item.) A plug load is any electrical device that is plugged into a 120- 

or 208-volt outlet in the school and is used continuously or periodically during the school year. The plug 

loads identified in these audits do not include electrical or gas process loads such as elevators, 

transformers, cooking appliances, kitchen walk-in refrigerators, or other loads that are not associated with 

HVAC, lighting, service water heating, or plug loads. A phantom load is defined as an electrical device 

that still draws electrical energy when it is turned off. Examples of plug loads in a school are TVs, VCRs, 

computers, copiers, and any devices that have or need a wall cubic (transformer) to operate. Computers 

represented the largest single plug load type in these schools; the total number for each school is also 

shown in Table 3-5 through Table 3-7. 

From this plug load survey, we calculated the noncoincident peak plug load intensity for each school. 

Based on the size of each school, we then calculated the weighted average plug load intensity for the high, 

middle, and elementary schools. These results are shown in Table 3-5 through Table 3-7. The average 

peak plug load density in the high schools and middle schools was 1.0 W/ft2

 (10.8 W/m2), and 1.1 W/ft2

(11.8 W/m2

) in the elementary schools. The PC felt these peak plug load densities were reasonable for 

the prototype models; these were used in the K-12 AEDG baseline and low-energy energy models. The 

plug load schedules were based on PC input and modified standard educational building schedule sets 

available in ASHRAE 90.1-1989 (ASHRAE 1989). Schedules are documented in Section 3.3.6. 

Table 3-5 Roanoke District High School Plug Load Density Survey 

School Name Size (ft2) Number of 

Computers 

Plug Load Density 

(W/ft2) 

Northside High 138,871 231 1.25 

Cave Spring High 162,100 235 0.95 

Glenvar High 120,914 129 0.80 

Hidden Valley High 191,575 188 0.70 

William Byrd High 154,166 274 1.33 

Area Weighted Average 1.0 

 29 
Table 3-6 Roanoke District Middle School Plug Load Density Survey 

School Name Size (ft2) Number of 

Computers

Plug Load Density 

(W/ft2) 

Northside Middle 109,889 134 1.00 

Glenvar Middle 101,595 129 0.72 

William Byrd Middle 145,624 174 0.77 

Hidden Valley Middle 119,824 249 1.07 

Cave Spring Middle 85,130 173 1.52 

Area Weighted Average 1.0 

Table 3-7 Roanoke District Elementary School Plug Load Density Survey 

School Name Size (ft2) Number of 

Computers

Plug Load Density 

(W/ft2) 

Bonsack Elementary 57,472 167 1.49 

Fort Lewis Elementary 33,913 80 1.28 

Burlington Elementary 65,649 114 0.94 

Glenvar Elementary 52,325 108 1.01 

Glen Cove Elementary 60,010 115 0.78 

Mason Cove Elementary 38,253 77 0.94 

Herman Horn Elementary 65,145 103 1.10 

WE Cundiff Elementary 60,010 97 1.00 

Oak Grove Elementary 65,057 104 0.96 

Mt. View Elementary 63,778 112 0.91 

Clearbrook Elementary 44,020 98 1.23 

Mt. Pleasant Elementary 43,991 81 0.98 

Back Creek Elementary 48,631 83 1.16 

Bent Mt. Elementary 14,251 41 1.62 

Penn Forest Elementary 65,047 73 0.81 

Green Valley Elementary 42,111 114 1.66 

Cave Spring Elementary 48,675 118 1.23 

Area Weighted Average 1.1 

 30 
Table 3-8 Plug Load Items Included in Survey 

Plug Load Item 

Peak 

Wattage 

(W) 

Plug Load Item 

Peak 

Wattage

(W) 

Personal Items Computer/Equipment

 Microwaves 800 Computers 200

 Toaster ovens 1000 Printers 50

 1.5 ft3 refrigerator 96 Scanner 100

 Portable heaters 900 Laser printer 250

 Coffee Pots 750 PC docking station 25

 2.0 ft3 refrigerators 150 Other

 Dehumidifier 900 TV distribution 600

Electronic Items Freezer 1000

 Televisions 110 Battery charge for portables 300

 Laser disc player 100 Aquarium 100

 VCRs 25 LCD projectors 350

 DVD player/keyboards 30 File server 1500

 Boom box radio/tape 30 Humidifier 150

 Kitchen refrigerator 750 Network hub 1800

 Beverage machine 600 Ice cream box 900

 Snack machine 110 Typewriter/sewing machine 100

Instructional Equipment Stove 4000

 Overhead projectors 600 Router 1200

 Film strip projectors 500 Washer and dryer 5000

 Audio tape 30 Water cooler 300

 Sound system 500 Window AC 1500

 Electronic piano 110 Office Equipment

Fans Copiers – large 1500

 Wall 200 Laminators 2400

 Ceiling 100 Fax 200

 Box 100 Copier – small 600

 Lamps 60

3.2.3.2 Example Floor Plans 

To aid in the development of the K-12 AEDG prototype models, we requested actual school plans from 

the PC members. We received floor plans and sections for a daylit elementary school and a middle 

school, as well as some orientation specific floor plan options for a daylit high school from Mike Nicklas 

at Innovative Design. The daylit middle school floor plan is shown in Figure 3-15, the daylit elementary 

school floor plan is shown in Figure 3-16. Orientation-specific high school floor plans are shown in 

Figure 3-17 to Figure 3-19 for different street configurations. These plans provide options for a daylit 

school with the entryway always facing the street. 

Each example floor plan has most of the classrooms on an exterior wall oriented either to the south or to 

the north. Double loaded classroom wings are typically used to allow for this classroom orientation. This 

type of floor plan allows for each classroom to have a north or south window, but the exterior wall surface 

area is greater than that of a rectangular building. The exterior wall to total envelope area (all gross wall 

and roof area) is approximately 25% for the single floor schools, and 37% for the two floor schools. A 

square single floor school is approximately 18% wall to total envelope, and a two floor square school is 

 31 
approximately 21% wall to total envelope. The K-12 AEDG models use floor plates similar to these 

examples, with most of the classrooms in wings that allow for north- or south-facing classrooms. 

Figure 3-15 Middle School Floor Plan Example 

Figure 3-16 Elementary School Floor Plan Example 

 32 
Note: Entry faces the main road 

Figure 3-17 High School Floor Plan Example—East or West Entry 

Figure 3-18 High School Floor Plan Example—North Entry 

Figure 3-19 High School Floor Plan Example—South Entry 

 33 
3.2.3.3 Space Programming Profiles 

The SPM report documented the typical school space types (Table 3-4), but did not provide the space 

profile information needed to fully develop the K-12 AEDG models. We reviewed various K-12 school 

programming profiles to obtain typical space profiles, including area by space type. The North Carolina 

Schools area profiles were typical and the most detailed and complete (North Carolina 2007). They 

include specific space types and the size of the spaces based on the number of students and on the school 

type (elementary, middle, or high school). The North Carolina-suggested space profiles for elementary, 

middle, and high schools are shown in Table 3-9 to Table 3-14. 

These data help to define the area for each space type included in the K-12 AEDG elementary, middle, 

and high school models. For the K-12 AEDG elementary school model, the number of students is 650, 

which corresponds to the third column in Table 3-9. For the K-12 AEDG middle school model, the 

number of students is 800, which corresponds to the third column in Table 3-10 and Table 3-11. For the 

K-12 AEDG high school model, the number of students is 1,200, which corresponds to the third column 

in Table 3-12 through Table 3-14. Each has significant space requirements for corridors, restrooms, and 

mechanical rooms; for elementary schools, 27% of the total floor area is for these spaces. For middle and 

high schools, 28% of the total floor area is for corridors, restrooms, and mechanical rooms. 

 34 
Table 3-9 North Carolina Elementary School Typical Space Profiles 

(Extracted from North Carolina 2007) 

 35 
Table 3-10 North Carolina Middle School Typical Space Profiles 

(Extracted from North Carolina 2007) 

 36 
Table 3-11 North Carolina Middle School Typical Space Profiles (Cont.) 

 37 
Table 3-12 North Carolina High School Typical Space Profiles 

(Extracted from North Carolina 2007) 

 38 
Table 3-13 North Carolina High School Typical Space Profiles (Cont.) 

 39 
Table 3-14 North Carolina High School Typical Space Profiles (Cont.) 

 40 
3.2.4 Prototype Model Summary 

This section summarizes how we used the results of the schools characteristics data to formulate the 

prototype models for the AEDG for K-12 Schools. For school characteristics not specified by ASHRAE 

90.1-1999, ASHRAE 90.1-2004, or ASHRAE 62.1-2001 but needed to develop code compliant baseline 

and low-energy models, we attempted to document “typical” K-12 practices, characteristics, and features. 

We used CBECS 2003, the SPM Annual Construction Review, the ASU Annual Construction Review, 

and input from the K-12 AEDG PC to document the following “typical” K-12 school characteristics to 

formulate the prototype K-12 AEDG models. 

The first characteristic to determine was the K-12 school type. Based on input from the project 

committee, industry standard K-12 school type classifications, and the typical space types included in the 

different “typical” K-12 school types, we determined that there was enough physical and operational 

variation over elementary, middle, and high schools to develop different prototypes for each. To 

determine the approximate size of each K-12 school type, we combined average sizes from ASU, SPM, 

and 2003 CBECS. The final size used in our K-12 AEDG models was determined by applying the space 

type recommendations from Section 3.2.3, the typical space types from SPM (Table 3-4), and the number 

of students (from ASU and SPM). The actual K-12 AEDG model sizes are shown in relation to average 

school sizes from ASU, SPM, and 2003 CBECS in Table 3-15 and Table 3-16. Additional inputs, K-12 

AEDG characteristic, and sources that we reviewed are shown in Table 3-17. 

Table 3-15 Elementary/Middle School National Average Schools Sizes: 

ASU, SPM, AEDG, CBECS 

Elementary School Middle School 

National 

Averages ASU SPM AEDG 

Prototype ASU SPM AEDG Prototype 

73,000 80,000 73,930 104,880 119,000 116,080 Size (ft2

) 

77,174 national area weighted average 2003 CBECS 

Table 3-16 High School National Average Schools Sizes: 

ASU, SPM, AEDG, CBECS 

National High School 

Averages ASU SPM AEDG Prototype 

148,569 224,000 210,810 Size (ft2

) 

223,963 national area weighted average 2003 CBECS 

 41 
Table 3-17 K-12 AEDG Prototype Characteristics and Data Sources 

School Characteristic K-12 AEDG Prototype Source 

School Types Elementary, middle, and high school ASU, SPM, AEDG PC 

Form and Fabric 

 Size 

73,930 ft2 elementary, 116,080 ft2

 middle, 

210,810 ft2

 high 

ASU, SPM, CBECS 2003, 

AEDG PC 

 Number of floors 1 for elementary, 1 for middle, 2 for high 

h l

CBECS 2003 

 Number of students Elementary: 650, middle: 800, high: 1200 SPM, ASU, 

 Space types See Table 3-4 SPM 

 Constructions Mass walls, insulation entirely above deck CBECS 2003, AEDG PC 

 Floor plan 

North- and south-facing classrooms similar to 

example floor plans in Section 3.2.3.2 AEDG PC 

 Window Area 35% fenestration to gross wall area CBECS 2003, AEDG PC 

Operations 

 Occupancy 

Fully occupied during school hours, partially 

occupied year round and into the evening CBECS 2003, AEDG PC 

 Peak plug loads 1.1 w/ft2

 for elementary, 1.0 W/ft2 for middle 

and high 

AEDG PC 

 Percent conditioned Fully heated and cooled CBECS 2003 

HVAC 

 System types Baseline: PSZ 

Low-energy: PSZ, PVAV, and VAV 2003 CBECS, AEDG PC 

3.2.4.1 Space Type Sizes and Layout 

We used the average sizes of elementary, middle, and high schools, and the “typical” space types as 

documented in Section 3.2.2, combined with the North Carolina Schools area profiles from Section 

3.2.3.3 and the sample floor plans from Section 3.2.3.2, to develop our prototypical floor plans and space 

layouts. In general, 30 ft × 32 ft (9.1 m × 9.8 m) double loaded classrooms, 10 ft (3.0 m) wide corridors 

in the elementary schools and 15 ft (4.6 m) wide corridors and lockers in the middle and high schools 

were used to construct the prototype models. Classrooms at the end of a wing are modeled as individual 

thermal zones, and classrooms with similar configurations are modeled as a lumped thermal zone. 

Classrooms that are expected to have significantly different use or internal gain schedules, such as the 

computer classrooms or extended use/community use classrooms, are modeled as separate zones. The 

classrooms were located in a configuration similar to the example school layouts as shown in Section 

3.2.3.2. A main corridor and lobby separate the classroom wing from the support spaces, located on the 

east side of the prototype model configurations. The overall dimensions are: 

• Elementary school: 270 ft by 340 ft (82 m by 104 m) 

• Middle school: 450 ft by 300 ft (137 m by 91 m) 

• High school: 465 ft by 340 ft (142 m by 104 m) 

Total space sizes of the prototype models are shown in Table 3-18. The floor plans for the elementary, 

middle, and high school prototypes are shown in Figure 3-16 through Figure 3-23. 

 42 
Table 3-18 Total Space Sizes Included in the AEDG Prototypes 

Elementary School Middle School High School 

Space Type 

Total Size 

(ft2) 

% of 

total 

Total Size 

(ft2) 

% of 

total 

Total Size 

(ft2) 

% of 

total 

Classrooms (all types 

except computer 

classrooms) 

35,443 47.9% 47,161 40.6% 64,108 30.4%

Offices 4,745 6.4% 8,586 7.4% 11,449 5.4% 

Multipurpose room/gym 3,841 5.2% 12,008 10.3% 34,690 16.5%

Computer classrooms 1,743 2.4% 2,227 1.9% 10,265 4.9% 

Kitchen 1,808 2.4% 2,324 2.0% 2,324 1.1% 

Cafeteria 3,389 4.6% 5,229 4.5% 6,714 3.2% 

Media center 4,293 5.8% 5,810 5.0% 9,038 4.3% 

Corridors/lobby 13,913 18.8% 25,351 21.8% 49,711 23.6%

Mechanical/restrooms 4,756 6.4% 7,381 6.4% 11,879 5.6% 

Auditorium 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 10,631 5.0% 

Total 73,932 116,079 210,810 

N 

Figure 3-20 Elementary School Prototype Floor Plan 

 43 
N

Figure 3-21 Middle School Prototype Floor Plan 

N

Figure 3-22 High School Prototype First Floor Plan 

 44 
N

Figure 3-23 High School Prototype Second Floor Plan 

3.3 Baseline Model Development and Assumptions 

This section contains a topic-by-topic description of the baseline building models EnergyPlus model 

inputs, including the building form and floor plate, envelope characteristics, building internal loads and 

operating schedules, ventilation rates and schedules, HVAC equipment efficiency, operation, control and 

sizing, fan power assumptions, and service water heating. The baseline models for the elementary, 

middle, and high schools were developed by applying the criteria in ASHRAE 90.1 and ASHRAE 62 to 

the prototype characteristics. We used the criteria in ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 62-2001 for the 

baselines to calculate 30% savings for the K-12 AEDG recommendations. For the baselines needed to 

verify 30% savings for our DOE analysis, we updated the K-12 AEDG baselines to be minimally code 

compliant with ASHRAE 90.1-2004. The ASHRAE 90.1-1999 elementary school baseline inputs are 

summarized in a table format in Appendix C. The middle school ASHRAE 90.1-1999 baseline input 

tables are summarized in Appendix D, and the high school tables in Appendix E. 

3.3.1 Form and Floor Plate 

The prototype characteristics as documented in the previous section, combined with modeling 

assumptions, were used to generate the baseline models form and floor plate. The following form and 

floor plate modeling assumptions, as shown in Table 3-19, were scrutinized by the PC to verify they were 

typical characteristics for K-12 schools. The baseline fenestration to gross wall area and skylight area in 

the gym were determined based on the expected window and skylight area needed to provide full 

daylighting to the classrooms and gym. The fenestration was equally applied over all of the exterior 

walls. Per ASHRAE 90.1, Appendix G and LEED 2.2 modeling rules, the baseline fenestration and 

skylight area should be the same as the low-energy model. No overhangs were included. No plenums 

were modeled. 

 45 
Table 3-19 Selected Baseline Modeling Assumptions 

Model Parameters Value 

Ceiling height 13.1 ft 

Fraction of fenestration to gross wall area 35% 

Fraction of gym skylight to roof area 4% 

Glazing sill height 3.6 ft 

Renderings of the elementary, middle, and high school baseline models are shown in Figure 3-24, Figure 

3-25, and Figure 3-26, respectively. Each rendering shows an isometric view from the southwest. 

Figure 3-24 Elementary School Baseline Model Rendering: View from Southwest 

Figure 3-25 Middle School Baseline Model Rendering: View from Southwest 

 46 
Figure 3-26 High School Baseline Model Rendering: View from Southwest 

3.3.2 Envelope 

The PC assumed, based on experience of those in the K-12 school construction industry, that schools are 

typically constructed with mass exterior walls, built-up roofs, and slab-on-grade floors. These envelope 

constructions represent common construction practices for K-12 schools. There is some regional 

variation in construction techniques, but the PC felt that mass walls and built-up roofs were the most 

common due to their durability. This assumption is confirmed by the CBECS analysis of construction 

types, as shown in Figure 3-8. 

The baseline school envelope characteristics were developed to meet the prescriptive design option 

requirements in accordance with ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Section 5.3. For the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 

baselines, we used the prescriptive building envelope option in Section 5.5 of the Standard. Layer-bylayer descriptions of the constructions of exterior surfaces were used to model the building thermal 

envelope in EnergyPlus. 

3.3.2.1 Exterior Walls 

The baseline schools are modeled with mass wall constructions. The layers consisted of stucco, concrete 

block, rigid insulation, and gypsum board. The U-values of the insulation varied based on the respective 

standard and were adjusted to account for the standard film coefficients. R-values for most of the layers 

were derived from Appendix A of ASHRAE 90.1-1999. Insulation R-values for continuous insulations 

were selected to meet the insulation minimum R-values required in Appendix B (Building Envelope 

Requirements) of ASHRAE 90.1-1999, as defined by climate range. The baseline exterior wall U-values 

are in Appendix C through Appendix E. Similar wall insulation values were modeled in the ASHRAE 

90.1-2004 baselines, as the mass wall requirements did not change significantly from ASHRAE 90.1-

1999 to ASHRAE 90.1-2004. The mass wall was assembled assuming 8-in. medium weight concrete 

blocks with a density of 115 lb/ft3 and solid grouted cores. The mass wall includes the following layers: 

• Exterior air film (calculated by EnergyPlus) 

• 1-in exterior Stucco 

• 8-in. concrete block, 115 lb/ft3 

• 1-in. metal clips with rigid insulation (R-value various by climate) 

• 0.5-in. thick gypsum board 

 47 
• Interior air film (calculated by EnergyPlus). 

To calculate the thermal performance of the interior and exterior air films, we used the “Detailed” 

algorithm in EnergyPlus for surface heat transfer film coefficients, which is based on linearized radiation 

coefficients that are separate from the convection coefficients as determined by surface roughness, wind 

speed, and terrain of the building’s location. However, standardized combined film coefficients are used 

when targeting assembly U-factors. 

3.3.2.2 Roofs 

Built-up, rigid insulation above a structural metal deck roof was used in the elementary, middle, and high 

school baseline models. The layers consisted of the roof membrane, roof insulations, and metal decking. 

The U-values varied based on the respective standard and were adjusted to account for the standard film 

coefficients. Added insulation is continuous and uninterrupted by framing. Roof insulation R-values were 

also set to match the minimum roof insulation requirements in Appendix B (Building Envelope 

Requirements) in ASHRAE 90.1-1999, by climate. The baseline roof U-values are in Appendix C

through Appendix E. Similar roof insulation values were modeled in the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baselines, 

as the insulation above deck roof requirements did not change significantly from ASHRAE 90.1-1999 to 

ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

The Standard does not specify either absorptance or other surface assumptions. The roof exterior finish 

was assumed to be a single-ply roof membrane with gray ethylene propylene diene terpolymer membrane 

(EPDM) in the baseline models. Therefore, we assumed a solar reflectance of 0.3, a thermal absorption 

of 0.9, and a visible absorption of 0.7.

3.3.2.3 Slab on Grade Floors 

The baseline buildings were modeled with slab-on-grade floors. The layers consist of carpet pad over 8 

in. (0.2 m) of heavyweight concrete. A separate program called slab.exe, which determines the 

temperature of the ground under the slab based on the area of the slab, the location of the building, and 

the type of insulation under or around the slab, was used to model the ground coupling (DOE 2007). For 

the baseline models, slab.exe was used to run a simple building in each location with the slab insulations 

requirements in ASHRAE 90.1-1999. Slab.exe reports the perimeter ground monthly temperatures, the 

core ground monthly temperatures, and average monthly temperatures. For this analysis, the average 

monthly temperatures were used as the input for the ground temperatures under the floor slab in the 

EnergyPlus input files. 

3.3.2.4 Fenestration 

Fenestration systems in the baseline schools were modeled as single banded windows with one band per 

floor per façade, at 35% fenestration to gross wall area. Windows are collected into a single object and 

frames are neglected to reduce complexity in the EnergyPlus models and make the simulations run faster. 

The window performance is modeled as for the entire glazed area. U-factor and solar heat gain 

coefficient (SHGC) values were treated as whole-assembly. Window U-factor and SHGC were set to 

match the fenestration performance criteria outlined in Appendix B of ASHRAE 90.1-1999, by climate 

zone. If the SHGC had no recommendation in ASHRAE 90.1 (1999 or 2004), the SHGC was set to the 

previous table’s value of SHGC. Similar window U-factors and SHGCs were modeled in the ASHRAE 

90.1-2004 baselines, as the window requirements did not change significantly from ASHRAE 90.1-1999 

to ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

Window fenestration U-factors are listed in Appendix C through Appendix E. These are the target Ufactors used in an iterative process to refine the material properties in the layer-by-layer descriptions to 

just match the assembly performance level. Window SHGC values are listed in Appendix C through 

Appendix E. These target SHGC are values used in an iterative process to refine the material properties 

in the layer-by-layer descriptions to just match the assembly performance level. The multipliers from the 

visible light transmittance (VLT) tables in ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix C, Table C3.5 (ASHRAE 

2004b) were used to calculate baseline VLT values for the windows. 

 48 
The K-12 AEDG recommends daylighting in the gyms. One of the gym daylighting options includes 

skylights with an area of 4% of the floor area. The baseline models also include the skylights, but without 

daylighting controls, as recommended in Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2004. The skylights are 4 ft × 4 

ft (1.22 m × 1.22 m) and spaced equally throughout the gym and multipurpose spaces. Window U-factor 

and SHGCs are set to match the fenestration performance criteria outlined in Appendix B of ASHRAE 

90.1-1999, by climate zone. 

3.3.2.5 Infiltration 

Building air infiltration is addressed indirectly in the Standard through the requirements in building 

envelope sealing, fenestration and door air leakage, etc. ASHRAE 90.1 does not specify the air 

infiltration rate. For this analysis, the infiltration rate was assumed to be a peak of 0.5 air changes per 

hour (ACH). In addition, the infiltration schedule was also incorporated into the modeling by assuming 

0.25 ACH of infiltration when the HVAC system is enabled and the building is pressurized and 0.5 ACH 

of infiltration when the HVAC system is disabled at night and on weekends. 

3.3.3 Internal Loads 

Internal loads include heat generated from occupants, lights, and appliances (plug loads such as 

computers, printers, small beverage machines, etc.). For the occupancy loads, the load intensity refers to 

the maximum occupancy at the peak time of a typical day. Lighting and plug loads are represented by 

peak power density in watts per square foot. The equipment load intensities for the classrooms are 

assumed based on the results of the plug load audits as documented in Section 3.2.3.1. The equipment 

loads include all loads not associated with HVAC, service water heating, and lighting. In addition to all 

loads that are plugged in, equipment loads include items such as elevators, distribution transformer losses, 

cooking appliances, and kitchen walk-in refrigerators. 

The occupancy loads are based on default occupant density from ASHRAE 62.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004b). 

The baseline interior lighting power density (LPD) for each specific area is derived using the space-byspace method described in Standard 90.1-1999. The baseline ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-

2004 LPDs, peak occupancy, and peak plug loads are shown in Table 3-20 through Table 3-22. Plug load 

schedules, occupancy schedules, and lighting schedules are documented in Section 3.3.6. The location of 

each space type is shown in Figure 3-20 through Figure 3-23. 

 49 
Table 3-20 Elementary School Baseline Internal Loads by Space Type 

Space Type 

ASHRAE 

90.1-1999 LPD 

(W/ft2) 

ASHRAE 

90.1-2004 LPD 

(W/ft2) 

Peak 

Equipment 

Load (W/ft2) 

Maximum 

Occupants 

(#/1000 ft2) 

Classrooms 1.6 1.4 1.4 25 

Offices 1.5 1.1 1.0 5 

Multipurpose room 1.9 1.4 0.5 30 

Computer classrooms 1.6 1.4 1.9 30 

Kitchen 2.2 1.2 1.9 15 

Cafeteria 1.4 0.9 1.0 100 

Media center 1.8 1.2 1.4 25 

Lobby 1.8 1.3 0.4 10 

Corridors 0.7 0.5 0.4 1 

Restrooms 1.0 0.9 0.4 10 

Mechanical 1.3 1.5 0.9 1 

Elementary school weighted 

average 

1.53 1.25 1.1 20 

Table 3-21 Middle School Baseline Internal Loads by Space Type 

Space Type ASHRAE 90.1-1999 

LPD (W/ft2) 

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 

LPD (W/ft2) 

Peak Plug 

Load (W/ft2) 

Number of 

Occupants 

(#/1000 ft2) 

Classrooms 1.6 1.4 0.9 25 

Offices 1.5 1.1 1.0 5 

Gym 1.9 1.4 0.5 100 

Computer classrooms 1.6 1.4 1.9 30 

Kitchen 2.2 1.2 1.9 15 

Cafeteria 1.4 0.9 1.0 100 

Media center 1.8 1.2 1.4 25 

Lobby 1.8 1.3 0.4 10 

Corridors 0.7 0.5 0.4 1 

Restrooms 1.0 0.9 0.4 10 

Mechanical 1.3 1.5 0.9 1 

Middle school weighted 

average 

1.52 1.22 0.82 27 

 50 
Table 3-22 High School Baseline Internal Loads by Space Type 

Space Type ASHRAE 90.1-1999 

LPD (W/ft2) 

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 

LPD (W/ft2) 

Peak Plug 

Load (W/ft2) 

Number of 

Occupants 

(#/1000 ft2) 

Classrooms 1.6 1.4 0.9 25 

Offices 1.5 1.1 1.0 5 

Main gym 1.9 1.4 0.5 100 

Auxiliary gym 1.9 1.4 0.5 30 

Computer classrooms 1.6 1.4 1.9 30 

Kitchen 2.2 1.2 1.9 15 

Cafeteria 1.4 0.9 1.0 100 

Media center 1.8 1.2 1.4 25 

Lobby 1.8 1.3 0.4 10 

Corridors 0.7 0.5 0.4 1 

Restrooms 1.0 0.9 0.4 10 

Mechanical 1.3 1.5 0.4 1 

Auditorium 1.6 1.4 0.5 100 

High school weighted 

average 

1.57 1.25 0.74 30 

3.3.3.1 Exterior Lighting 

The baseline schools were modeled with 5.0 W/linear foot (16.4 W/linear m) of exterior façade lighting, 

per ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Table 9.4.5 (ASHRAE 2004a). 

3.3.4 HVAC Systems and Components 

3.3.4.1 System Type and Sizing 

The scope of this Guide covers all sizes of K-12 schools that use multiple HVAC system types. To meet 

the minimum energy-efficiency requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004 for the 

baseline models, the PC agreed on using single-zone packaged unitary heating and cooling equipment. 

The types of HVAC systems in K-12 schools are highly variable across the country. The PC felt that 

package rooftops were an acceptable baseline system based on industry experience and on the CBECS 

analysis, which showed that package rooftop units are one of the more common system types. To model 

this system type, we modeled each thermal zone with an auto-sized package single-zone system with a 

constant volume fan, DX cooling, and gas-fired furnace. To apply ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 

90.1-2004, we assumed the baseline rooftop units would be an individual classroom rooftop in the range 

of 5 tons and 2,000 cfm (0.94 m3

/s). For larger spaces, multiple 5-ton units would be used. 

We used the design-day method to autosize the cooling capacity of the DX cooling coil and the heating 

capacity of the furnace in the packaged rooftop units. The design-day data for all 15 climate locations 

were developed based on the “Weather Data” contained in the ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals

(ASHRAE 2005). In this data set, we used the annual heating design condition based on annual 

percentiles of 99.6% and the annual cooling design condition based on annual percentiles of 0.4%. The 

internal loads (occupancy, lights, and plug loads) were scheduled as zero on the heating design day, and at 

a maximum level on the cooling design day. A 1.2 sizing factor was applied to all autosized heating and 

cooling capacities and air flow rates. 

 51 
3.3.4.2 Outside Air 

Ventilation rates by space type were determined based on ASHRAE 62-2001 (ASHRAE 2001), as shown 

in Table 3-23. Demand controlled ventilation is required by ASHRAE 90.1-1999 in densely occupied 

spaces such as the auditoriums and cafeterias. The ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baselines used these same 

outdoor air rates. To model demand controlled ventilation in these spaces, we modified the OA rates to 

match the baseline occupancy schedules. 

For the spaces without demand controlled ventilation, OA was scheduled based on the HVAC system 

availability schedule. Code allows OA to be controlled with a gravity damper, which opens whenever the 

fans operate. However, we modeled an OA motorized damper based on HVAC system availability 

schedules in the baseline models. The motorized damper is closed during unoccupied hours, resulting in 

no OA when the system night cycles. Using gravity dampers in colder climates that have significant 

night cycling can result in significant heating energy use, which would inflate the baseline energy use in 

these climates. Therefore, all the baseline models include motorized OA dampers. The PC also felt that 

gravity dampers were not a common configuration for OA control. 

Table 3-23 Baseline OA Rates by Space Type 

Space Type 

Number of 

Occupants 

(#/1000 ft2) 

OA Rate 

(cfm/occupant) OA Rate (cfm/ft2

) 

Demand Controlled 

Ventilation in 

Baseline? 

Classrooms 25 15 

Offices 5 20 

Multipurpose room 30 20 

Main gym 100 20 Yes 

Auxiliary gym 30 20 

Computer classrooms 30 15 

Kitchen 15 20 

Cafeteria 100 20 Yes 

Media center 25 15 

Lobby 10 15 

Corridors 1 0.05 

Restrooms 10 0.15 

Mechanical 1 0.15 

Auditorium 100 15 Yes 

3.3.4.3 Economizers 

In accordance with ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004, an economizer is not required if the 

system is smaller than 65,000 Btu/h (19 kW) in cooling capacity, regardless of climate location. 

Therefore, the 5-ton rooftops do not include economizers in the baseline models. 

3.3.4.4 Fan Power Assumptions 

The constant volume fan energy use is determined from two primary input parameters: total supply fan 

static pressure drops and fan/motor efficiency. We have assumed that the package rooftop system 

contains only a supply fan, and there is no return fan or central exhaust fan in the system. 

 52 
The total supply fan static pressure drops were based PC members’ input on standard HVAC ductwork 

design for representative duct runs served by the packaged unitary equipment. Table 3-24 summarizes 

the breakdown of the fan total static pressure for the baseline rooftop system. A total fan static pressure 

of 2.50 in. water column (w.c.) (625 Pa) was used for the 5-ton unit. 

Table 3-24 Baseline Fan System Total Pressure Drops 

Component 

Package Rooftop, Constant 

Volume, 5-ton, 2000 cfm 

in. w.c. 

2-in. plated filters1 0.30 

Heat coil/section 0.25 

Cooling coil 0.60 

Fan outlet transition 0.10 

Diffuser 0.10 

Supply ductwork2 0.80 

Return ductwork 0.30 

Grille 0.05 

Total static pressure drop 2.50 

1. Used average difference between clean and dirty filters 

2. Used standard practice of 0.1 in. w.c./100 ft (25 Pa/30 m) friction rate for the baseline duct 

pressure drop combined with typical effective duct runs. 

The total fan efficiency is a combination of the supply fan, motor, and drive efficiency. To calculate the 

total fan efficiency, the power delivered to the airflow by the fan is divided by the maximum allowable 

motor power. For a 5-ton, 2,000-cfm (0.94 m3

/s) rooftop, the allowable fan motor nameplate power is 

determined by the fan power limitation from Table 6.3.3.1 in ASHRAE 90.1-1999. For a 2,000-cfm (0.94 

m3

/s), constant volume system, ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004 limits the fan motor to 1.2 

hp/1000 cfm (1.9 W/1000 m3

/s)of supply air. This translates to a 2.4 hp (1.8 kW) maximum allowable 

fan power for the baseline rooftops. To calculate the power delivered to the supply air, the flow and 

pressure drop are needed. The product of the airflow at 2,000 cfm (0.94 m3

/s) and the pressure drop of 

2.5 in w.c. (625 Pa) results in the power delivered to the airflow of 590 W. This equates to a 33% 

efficient fan/motor/drive combination, which was used as the baseline model input for the EnergyPlus 

package rooftop total fan efficiency. 

3.3.4.5 Minimum Efficiency 

The code minimum efficiency for cooling equipment is determined based on cooling system type and 

size. To apply ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004, we assume the baseline rooftop units 

would be individual classroom rooftop units in the range of 5 tons and 2,000 cfm (0.94 m3

/s). ASHRAE 

90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004 require that the energy efficiency of single packaged unitary air 

conditioners at this level (less than 65,000 Btu/h (19 kW)) should be rated by the seasonal energy 

efficiency ratio (SEER). Therefore, for the elementary, middle, and high school ASHRAE 90.1-1999 

baseline models, the minimum efficiency of 9.7 SEER was used for each rooftop. For the ASHRAE 

90.1-2004 baseline models, the minimum efficiency requirements were increased to a 12 SEER for this 

sized package rooftop unit. The gas-fired furnace efficiency levels were incorporated as 80% efficient 

gas furnaces in the package rooftops, to match the minimum efficiency requirements for both ASHRAE 

90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

The minimum efficiency requirements for the baseline ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004 

package rooftops includes fan power, compressors, and condenser power. To model the code minimum 

 53 
package rooftop units, the efficiency (coefficient of performance [COP]) of the compressor/condenser is 

input separately from the fan power. The following method is used to calculate the rooftop 

compressor/condenser COP from the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004 minimum efficiency 

requirements: 

1. Determine EER from ASHRAE 90.1 minimum SEER: 

For a 5-ton rooftop unit, the minimum efficiency in ASHRAE 90.1-1999 is 9.7 SEER. From Equation 

3-1, we estimated this baseline unit to have an 8.8 energy efficiency ratio (EER), which can also be 

expressed as 1.36 kW/ton. 

EER SEER = × + 0.697 2.04

Equation 3-1 Calculation of EER from SEER1

2. Determine the portion of this EER that is for the supply fan: 

For the 5-ton, 2,000-cfm rooftop, the allowable fan motor nameplate power is determined by the fan 

power limitation Table 6.3.3.1 in ASHRAE 90.1-1999, which equates to a 2.4-hp (1.8 kW) fan, or 0.36 

kW/ton. 

3. Determine the COP of the compressor/condenser: 

The compressor/condenser efficiency is the difference between the unit efficiency (expressed in kW/ton) 

and the fan power (expressed in kW/ton). For the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 baseline package rooftop with 

SEER of 9.7, the compressor/condenser efficiency was estimated to be 1.0 kW/ton, or a COP of 3.5. For 

the 5-ton ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baseline package rooftop with a SEER of 12, a compressor/condenser COP 

of 4.4 was modeled in EnergyPlus. These COP values were used for EnergyPlus input and correspond to 

nominal values for the rated point of operation; see EnergyPlus input documentation for more detail 

(DOE 2007). 

Table 3-25 summarizes the primary HVAC performance characteristics for both the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 

baseline and the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baseline. 

 

1

 The conversion from SEER to EER is an approximation based on published data from the Carrier Corporation, as 

referenced in “Deemed Savings, Installation & Efficiency Standards: Commercial and Industrial Cooling 

Equipment,” prepared for the Public Utility Commission of Texas by Nexant, Inc., May 2003, page 3. 

 54 
Table 3-25 Baseline HVAC Models Summary 

HVAC Input ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline 

PSZ DX, Furnace 

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline 

PSZ DX, Furnace 

COP of compressor/condenser 3.5 COP 

(9.7 SEER) 

4.4 COP 

(12 SEER) 

Heating efficiency 80% 80% 

Fan efficiency 33% 33% 

Fan power limitation 1.2 hp/1000 cfm 1.2 hp/1000 cfm 

Fan static pressure 2.5 in. w.c. 2.5 in. w.c. 

Economizers None None 

Energy recovery ventilator None None 

OA control 

HVAC operational schedule, 

CO2 demand controlled in 

cafeteria, gym, auditorium 

HVAC operational schedule, 

CO2 demand controlled in 

cafeteria, gym, auditorium 

3.3.5 Service Water Heating 

The PC defined the baseline service hot water system for the K-12 schools as a gas-fired storage water 

heater that meets the minimum Standards requirement for medium-sized water heaters (with rated input 

power greater than 75,000 Btu/h (22 kW) and less than 155,000 Btu/h (45 kW)) under Standard 90.1-

1999. Gas water heaters were chosen for the baseline to be consistent with the use of gas for heating in 

the baseline prototype schools. The thermal efficiency of the baseline water heaters is 80% for both 

ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

The consumption rates of hot water were determined as documented in the ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC 

Applications (ASHRAE 2007). For the baseline schools, the hot water consumption rate was modeled at 

0.8 gal/student/day (3 L/student/day), with the draw profile as shown in Section 3.3.6. The hot water was 

assumed to be used at 104oF (40oC). The set point of the water heater was 140oF (60oC). For reporting 

purposes in Section 4, the gas use for service hot water is stated as “Water Systems.” 

3.3.6 Schedules 

The schedules were developed by modifying the standard educational building schedule sets available in 

ASHRAE 90.1-1989 (ASHRAE 1989) based on input from each PC member and from the typical 

operating characteristics from CBECS. Schedules are presented as fractions of peak, unless otherwise 

noted. The following schedules were used in the baseline models. 

 55 
Each zone in the baseline models used the lighting schedule, based on the typical school schedule, as 

shown in Table 3-26. 

Table 3-26 Building Lighting Schedule 

Hour Weekday 

through 6/30

Weekday 

through 9/01 

Weekday 

through 12/31

Weekends, 

Holidays 

1 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

3 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

4 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

5 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

6 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

7 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

8 0.90 0.18 0.90 0.18 

9 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

10 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

11 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

12 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

13 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

14 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

15 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

16 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

17 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

18 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

19 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

20 0.90 0.50 0.90 0.18 

21 0.90 0.18 0.90 0.18 

22 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

23 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

24 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

 56 
Each zone in the baseline models used the heating and cooling set point schedules as shown in Table 

3-27, except for the restrooms, corridors, and mechanical spaces, which used the heating setback and the 

cooling setup schedule. The HVAC systems are controlled with dual thermostatic control based on dry 

bulb temperature in the zones. Zone thermostat set points are generally 70oF (21oC) for heating and 77oF 

(25oC) for cooling. Thermostat setup to 91oF (33oC) and setback to 61oF (16oC) were included in the 

models. Humidity is addressed indirectly by controlling supply air temperature. Set points for the supply 

air temperature in the baseline and low-energy models are set by using a outdoor air reset schedule with 

cold deck temperatures of 55oF (13oC) when outdoor air temperatures are above 70 oF (21oC) and 60oF 

(16oC) when OA temperatures are below 60oF (16oC) . 

Table 3-27 Building Heating and Cooling Set Point Schedules 

Hour 

Weekday 

through 

12/31, 

Heating 

Weekday 

through 12/31, 

Heating Setback

Weekends, 

Holidays, 

Heating 

Weekday 

through 

12/31, 

Cooling 

Weekday 

through 

12/31, 

Cooling Setup 

Weekends, 

Holidays, 

Cooling 

1 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

2 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

3 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

4 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

5 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

6 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

7 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

8 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

9 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

10 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

11 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

12 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

13 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

14 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

15 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

16 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

17 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

18 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

19 70 (21) 61 (16) 61 (16) 77 (25) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

20 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

21 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

22 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

23 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

24 61 (16) 61 (16) 61 (16) 91 (33) 91 (33) 91 (33) 

 57 
Each zone in the baseline models used the equipment schedules as shown in Table 3-28. 

Table 3-28 Building Equipment Schedule 

Hour Weekday 

through 6/30 

Weekday 

through 9/01 

Weekday 

through 12/31

Weekends, 

Holidays 

Weekends, 

Holidays, 

Summer 

1 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

2 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

3 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

4 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

5 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

6 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

7 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

8 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

9 0.95 0.5 0.95 0.35 0.25 

10 0.95 0.5 0.95 0.35 0.25 

11 0.95 0.5 0.95 0.35 0.25 

12 0.95 0.5 0.95 0.35 0.25 

13 0.95 0.5 0.95 0.35 0.25 

14 0.95 0.5 0.95 0.35 0.25 

15 0.95 0.5 0.95 0.35 0.25 

16 0.95 0.5 0.95 0.35 0.25 

17 0.95 0.5 0.95 0.35 0.25 

18 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

19 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

20 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

21 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

22 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

23 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

24 0.35 0.25 0.35 0.35 0.25 

 58 
The classrooms, lobby, mechanical, corridors, and bathrooms in the baseline models used the occupancy 

schedules as shown in Table 3-29. The computer classrooms and a single classroom wing used the 

extended occupancy schedules to account for after hours use. 

Table 3-29 General and Extended Occupancy Schedule 

Hour 

Weekday 

through 

6/30 

Weekday 

through 6/30 

Extended 

Weekday 

through 

9/01 

Weekday 

through 9/01 

Extended 

Weekday 

through 

12/31 

Weekday 

through 12/31 

Extended 

Weekends, 

Holidays 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

7 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0 

8 0.95 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.95 0.95 0 

9 0.95 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.95 0.95 0 

10 0.95 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.95 0.95 0 

11 0.95 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.95 0.95 0 

12 0.95 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.95 0.95 0 

13 0.95 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.95 0.95 0 

14 0.95 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.95 0.95 0 

15 0.95 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.95 0.95 0 

16 0.95 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.95 0.95 0 

17 0.15 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.15 0.95 0 

18 0.15 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.15 0.95 0 

19 0.15 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.15 0.95 0 

20 0.15 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.15 0.95 0 

21 0.15 0.95 0.15 0.5 0.15 0.95 0 

22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 59 
The offices and media center use the same occupancy schedules as shown in Table 3-30. The 

multipurpose room in the elementary school and the gym in the middle and high schools use the gym 

occupancy schedules as shown in Table 3-30. 

Table 3-30 Offices and Gym Occupancy Schedules 

Hour 

Weekday 

through 6/30 

Offices/Media 

Weekday 

through 6/30 

Gym 

Weekday 

through 9/01 

Offices/Media

Weekday 

through 

9/01 Gym 

Weekday 

through 12/31 

Offices/Media 

Weekday 

through 12/31 

Gym 

Weekends, 

Holidays 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

8 0.15 0 0.15 0 0.15 0 0 

9 0.95 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

10 0.95 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

11 0.95 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

12 0.95 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

13 0.95 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

14 0.95 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

15 0.95 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

16 0.95 0.35 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

17 0.95 0.95 0.5 0.35 0.95 0.95 0 

18 0.15 0.95 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.95 0 

19 0.15 0.95 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.95 0 

20 0.15 0.95 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.95 0 

21 0.15 0.95 0.15 0.35 0.15 0.95 0 

22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 60 
The auditorium and cafeteria occupancy schedules are shown in Table 3-31. 

Table 3-31 Auditorium and Cafeteria Occupancy Schedules 

Hour 

Weekday 

through 6/30 

Auditorium 

Weekday 

through 6/30 

Cafeteria 

Weekday 

through 9/01 

Auditorium 

Weekday 

through 9/01 

Cafeteria 

Weekday 

through 12/31 

Auditorium 

Weekday 

through 12/31 

Cafeteria 

Weekends, 

Holidays 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

9 0.25 0 0.15 0 0.25 0 0 

10 0.25 0.95 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.95 0 

11 0.25 0.95 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.95 0 

12 0.25 0.95 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.95 0 

13 0.25 0.95 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.95 0 

14 0.25 0.95 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.95 0 

15 0.25 0.95 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.95 0 

16 0.95 0.35 0.15 0.15 0.95 0.35 0 

17 0.95 0.35 0.15 0.15 0.95 0.35 0 

18 0.95 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

19 0.95 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.95 0.35 0 

20 0.95 0.35 0 0 0.95 0.35 0 

21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 61 
The service water heating schedules are shown in Table 3-32. 

Table 3-32 Service Water Heating Schedules 

Hour 

Weekday 

through 6/30 

SWH 

Weekday 

through 9/01 

SWH 

Weekday 

through 12/31 

SWH 

Weekends, 

Holidays SWH 

1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 

2 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 

3 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 

4 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 

5 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 

6 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 

7 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 

8 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.03 

9 0.34 0.10 0.34 0.03 

10 0.60 0.10 0.60 0.05 

11 0.63 0.10 0.63 0.05 

12 0.72 0.10 0.72 0.05 

13 0.79 0.10 0.79 0.05 

14 0.83 0.10 0.83 0.03 

15 0.61 0.10 0.61 0.03 

16 0.65 0.10 0.65 0.03 

17 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.03 

18 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.03 

19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.03 

20 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.03 

21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.03 

22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.03 

23 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.03 

24 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.03 

 62 
The infiltration schedules and HVAC operational schedules are shown in Table 3-33. The OA and fan 

schedules are the same as the HVAC operational schedules. During off hours, the HVAC system is shut 

off and only cycles “on” when the setback thermostat control calls for heating or cooling to maintain the 

setback temperature. During unoccupied hours, the outdoor air is “turned off” with motorized dampers. 

Therefore, no OA is be available when the system night cycles. A gravity damper OA system would 

bring in OA whenever the fans operate, including the night cycle operation. 

Table 3-33 Infiltration and HVAC Operation Schedules 

Hour 

Weekday 

through 12/31 

Infiltration 

Weekend/Holiday 

through 12/31 

Infiltration 

Weekday 

through 12/31 

HVAC Operation

Weekend/Holiday 

through 12/31 

HVAC Operation 

1 1 1 0 0 

2 1 1 0 0 

3 1 1 0 0 

4 1 1 0 0 

5 1 1 0 0 

6 1 1 0 0 

7 1 1 0 0 

8 0.5 1 1 0 

9 0.5 1 1 0 

10 0.5 1 1 0 

11 0.5 1 1 0 

12 0.5 1 1 0 

13 0.5 1 1 0 

14 0.5 1 1 0 

15 0.5 1 1 0 

16 0.5 1 1 0 

17 0.5 1 1 0 

18 0.5 1 1 0 

19 0.5 1 1 0 

20 0.5 1 1 0 

21 0.5 1 1 0 

22 1 1 0 0 

23 1 1 0 0 

24 1 1 0 0 

3.4 Low-Energy Model Development and Assumptions 

The final recommendations included in the Guide were determined based on an iterative process using the 

PC’s expertise and results from modeling the recommendations. To quantify the potential energy savings 

from the final recommended energy efficiency measures in the Guide, we implemented the energy 

efficiency technologies listed below to simulate the low-energy building models. This section contains a 

topic-by-topic description of the low-energy building models and how the recommended energy 

efficiency measures were implemented into the low-energy modeling. The energy efficiency measures 

included in the 30% saving calculation are: 

• Enhanced building opaque envelope insulation 

• High-performance window glazing with overhangs 

• Reduced LPD and occupancy controls 

• Classroom and gym daylighting 

 63 
• Demand controlled ventilation with automatic motorized damper control for (OA) intake 

• Energy recovery ventilator (ERV) 

• Economizers 

• Lower pressure ductwork design and higher efficiency fans 

• Higher efficiency HVAC equipment 

• High-efficiency service water heating 

Plug loads reductions are not credited to the calculated 30% energy savings, as these energy efficiency 

opportunities are not part of the prescriptive recommendations. However, they form a prominent part of 

the additional savings section in the Guide. 

3.4.1 Developing the Recommendations 

The PC used the following guiding principles to develop the final recommendation for the K-12 AEDG: 

• Provide recommendations that represent responsible, but not necessarily the best K-12 school 

design practices. If a recommendation, in general, represents good design practice, it is 

recommended for all climate zones, even if the resulting savings exceed 30%. 

• Use off-the shelf technologies that are available from multiple sources. The PC did not 

recommend technologies or techniques that are one of a kind or available from a single 

manufacturer. 

• Provide recommendations that are at least as stringent as those in the forthcoming ASHRAE 

90.1-2007, including Addenda AS and AT (ASHRAE 2004a). We did not want our 

recommendations to be less stringent than the most recent version of ASHRAE 90.1. 

• Use the recommendations from the previous SO AEDG as a starting point for fine tuning the K12 AEDG recommendations. Develop recommendations to address the focus group’s concerns 

on usability, O&M, simplicity, and flexibility. 

• Verify 30% energy savings for the recommendations that represent the most typical K-12 school 

components, or for the components that are the least likely to result in 30% savings. 

3.4.1.1 Daylighting Recommendations 

The PC considered daylighting as the most important of the recommendations in the K-12 AEDG. This 

was because daylighting has many benefits, both real and perceived, in the K-12 school industry. One 

measurable benefit from daylighting in schools is energy savings. Electrical lighting is one of the largest 

energy users in schools. Depending on climate, lighting energy use can be as high as about 35% of the 

total energy use of a basic, energy code-compliant school (see Figure 4-1 through Figure 4-6). Because 

lighting-related improvements can be inexpensive and offer rapid payback, these are at the top of the list 

of recommendations for meeting an overall target of 30% energy savings or greater. There are two 

distinctly different approaches to reducing electric lighting power: through daylighting or with highefficiency electrical lighting systems. Either can be used to meet the recommendations in this Guide: 

• Designing a daylit school. For the daylighting options, recommendations are given for 

classrooms and gyms/multipurpose rooms. There are three classroom daylighting patterns: a 

toplit pattern, a sidelit pattern, and a combined toplit and sidelit pattern. For the 

gym/multipurpose rooms, there are two toplit daylighting patterns: a roof monitor pattern and a 

skylight pattern. Recommendations for north- and south-facing versions for each pattern are 

provided in the Guide. East- and west-facing daylighting systems are not recommended. 

Recommended patterns are also provided by climate zone. 

• Using efficient and state-of-the-art products and techniques to design electric lighting. Site 

constraints or program requirements may preclude daylighting solutions. Therefore, a non-daylit 

 64 
path is provided to meet the recommendations in this Guide. These recommendations include 

lighting systems that use the most current, energy-efficient lamps, ballasts, and integrated 

controls. 

3.4.1.2 HVAC Recommendations 

Recommendations were developed based on the availability of daylighting for the school and by the type 

of HVAC system. The types of HVAC systems in K-12 schools are highly variable across the country. 

Therefore, recommendations for multiple HVAC types are provided. To verify savings over this range of 

design options, we modeled low-energy versions of the elementary, middle, and high schools, each with 

the daylit option and the non-daylit option. For each daylit and non-daylit option, we modeled three 

HVAC types. The low-energy HVAC system types included a constant volume package rooftop DX 

system, a package VAV DX system with a central boiler, and a VAV air-cooled chiller and central boiler. 

These HVAC system types were chosen based on the PC input as to the systems that were the least 

stringent as well as the most common. 

3.4.2 Form and Floor Plate 

The low-energy building models had identical conditioned floor area and identical exterior dimensions 

and orientations as the baseline buildings, except the following components. 

3.4.2.1 Overhangs 

The Guide recommends overhangs with a projection factor of 0.5 on south-, east-, and west-facing 

windows in all climate zones. Therefore, both the daylit and non-daylit low-energy models included 

fixed shading by assuming that the overhang starts 1.5 ft (0.5 m) above the window and extends out from 

the façade to provide the projection factor of 0.5. 

3.4.2.2 Form: No Daylighting 

For the non-daylighting option, the low-energy orientation, form, and floor plate are identical to the 

baseline models. The location and amount of fenestration are also the same between the non-daylit lowenergy models and the baseline models. The model rendering of the low-energy non-daylit elementary, 

middle, and high schools are shown in Figure 3-27, Figure 3-28, and Figure 3-29, respectively. 

Figure 3-27 Elementary School Low-Energy Model Rendering: No Daylighting 

 65 
Figure 3-28 Middle School Low-Energy Model Rendering: No Daylighting 

Figure 3-29 High School Low-Energy Model Rendering: No Daylighting 

3.4.2.3 Form: Daylighting 

For this Guide, four daylighting strategies are presented; three for classrooms and one for gymnasiums. 

Daylighting the classroom is most critical, since that is where the teachers and the students spend most of 

their time. In addition, the potential for savings is the greatest in the classrooms. Guidelines are also 

provided for the gymnasium/multipurpose room because this space is typically used for more hours. For 

each strategy, there are several options and variations depending on climate and orientation. These 

daylighting strategies are designed to provide the recommended illuminances for the classrooms and gym 

over most occupied daytime hours. 

These strategies are based on all classroom spaces being oriented so the windows face either north or 

south. Daylighting can be achieved for other orientations, but the recommendations in the Guide do not 

apply to those orientations. The four patterns are summarized below: 

• Classrooms with Sidelighting Only. Two variations of this are provided, one for north-facing 

and one for south-facing classrooms. South facing classrooms are assumed to have overhangs 

and light shelves to bounce the daylighting deeper into the space. 

• Classrooms with Toplighting Only. Two variations are provided for toplighting, one for northfacing roof monitors, and one for south-facing roof monitors. Both are positioned in the center of 

the space and coupled with light baffles to bounce and filter light. 

• Classrooms with a combination of Sidelighting and Toplighting. This daylighting pattern 

combines the south- or north-facing classrooms described in the first bullet with toplighting at the 

back walls of the classrooms. The toplighting may be provided by either skylights or roof 

monitors, depending on climate and other design constraints. 

 66 
• Gyms with Toplighting. Two variations of this daylighting pattern are provided, one with roof 

monitors and one with skylights. 

The classroom sidelit only option with the skylights in the gym were included in the low-energy models 

because the PC felt these daylighting patterns would be the least effective daylighting strategies of those 

recommended. If we could verify 30% energy savings with the least effective of our recommended 

daylighting strategies, the PC was confident that the more effective daylighting patterns would also 

achieve 30% savings. 

To model the classroom sidelit option, we used the recommended fenestration area as shown in Table 

3-34. These areas assume the fenestration visible transmittance (VLT) is higher than 65%. Daylighting 

fenestration with lower VLT would result in more fenestration area to provide a similar amount of 

daylighting. The sidelit daylighting option in the classrooms has view glass below 7 ft (2 m) and 

daylighting glass above 7 ft (2 m) for north- and south-facing exterior walls. More daylighting glass is 

recommended for the north classrooms as all of the daylighting is from diffuse daylight. The south 

daylighting design takes advantage of direct beam daylighting, which requires less daylighting glass for 

similar daylighting penetration. The corner classrooms do not have west-facing glass. Fenestration to 

wall area ratios of 20% were used in the offices, lobby, corridor, cafeteria, media center, and restrooms. 

No fenestration is included in the gyms, kitchen, or auditorium. The gym/multipurpose room is daylit 

with skylights, at 4% skylight area to floor area. These fenestration fractions are based on the PC’s best 

practices and experience designing daylighting systems for K-12 schools. The total fenestration for the 

daylit elementary, middle, and high school models have the same amount of fenestration as the baseline 

models (35% fenestration to gross wall area), but the daylit models have more fenestration allocated to 

the classrooms and less to the non-daylit spaces. 

The sidelighting concept is shown in Figure 3-30. The daylit elementary, middle, and high school 

EnergyPlus model renderings are shown in Figure 3-31 through Figure 3-33. 

Figure 3-30 Classroom Sidelit Pattern 

 67 
Table 3-34 Fenestration by Space Type for Daylit Models 

Daylighting Strategy Fenestration to Zone 

Exterior Wall Area Ratio

Gymnasium/Multipurpose Room 

Skylight to Floor Area Ratio 

Classroom south 

sidelighting 25% 

Classroom south view 25% 

Classroom north 

sidelighting 38% 

Classroom north view 12% 

Skylights 4% 

Gyms, auditorium, 

kitchen No vertical fenestration 

All other zones 20% 

Total School 35% <1% 

Figure 3-31 Elementary School Low-Energy Model Rendering: Daylit 

Figure 3-32 Middle School Low-Energy Model Rendering: Daylit 

 68 
Figure 3-33 High School Low-Energy Model Rendering: Daylit 

3.4.3 Envelope 

The low-energy K-12 school models had identical conditioned floor areas and identical exterior 

dimensions and orientations as the baseline buildings, except the following components: 

3.4.3.1 Exterior Walls and Roof 

To determine optimal envelope insulation levels specific to the K-12 schools, we determined the total life 

cycle costs for various roof and wall insulations levels. The most cost effective roof and wall insulation 

levels were then used for the recommendations in the Guide. The PC felt that the SO AEDG (AEDG 

2004) envelope recommendations would apply sufficiently to K-12 schools, but that fine tuning of the 

mass wall insulation and insulation above deck recommendations was needed. The recommendations in 

the K-12 AEDG are all at least as stringent as the most recent version of ASHRAE 90.1 (ASHRAE 90.1-

2007, including addenda AS and AT). Therefore, if the most cost-effective level of insulation was below 

ASHRAE 90.1-2007, the code minimum was used. All the other envelope recommendations were 

determined based on the more stringent of the recommendations from the SO AEDG, or ASHRAE 90.1-

2007, including ASHRAE 90.1-2004 addenda AS and AT. 

We used an internal NREL building energy and cost optimization research tool titled “Opt-E-Plus” to 

determine the optimal levels of roof and wall insulation for the K-12 AEDG. Opt-E-Plus is an internal 

NREL program that allows the user to sift through a database of design options and cost parameters, 

manages the parametric EnergyPlus simulations, and presents the results to determine the optimal 

combination of energy-efficient options. For our analysis, the optimal level of insulation results in the 

lowest total life cycle cost (TLCC). The TLCC is the total expected cost of the whole building (capital 

and energy costs) over the analysis period. The TLCC accounts for inflation of energy and O&M, and 

therefore, the discount rate is used as a nominal discount rate. The typical output of the optimization is an 

x-y graph; the independent axis is site energy savings and the dependent axis is TLCC. The TLCC is 

calculated for each variation of wall insulation and roof insulation and compared to the TLCC of the 

reference model to determine the percent change in TLCC. 

To calculate the TLCC, the annual cash flow is summed over the analysis period. The annual energy use 

is assumed to be constant over the whole analysis period, but the energy costs vary based on the inflation 

rate. The equation to calculate the annual cash flows are shown in Equation 3-2. 

 69 
( )( ) ( )(

( ) ( ) e

n

g e

n

g

J

j

n n

n

nnn om

n

n d

CiCi

C FOMiSCICMCi VOM

++++

⎟

⎟

⎠

⎞

⎜

⎜

⎝

⎛

∑ += ++−+ + =

1 1

1 1

0

)

Equation 3-2 Calculation of Annual Cash Flows 

Where: 

Cn = cost in year n 

J = total number of unique energy efficiency measures 

id = inflation rate (default) 

ig = gas cost inflation rate 

ie = electricity cost inflation rate 

iom = O&M cost inflation rate 

MCn = material cost 

ICn = installation cost 

SCn = salvage cost 

FOMn = fixed O&M costs 

VOMn = variable O&M costs 

Cg = annual cost of gas consumption 

Ce = annual cost of electricity consumption 

The TLCC is determined in Equation 3-3. 

( ) ∑= + =

N

n

n

n

d

C TLCC

0 1

Equation 3-3 Calculation of TLCC 

Where: 

TLCC = present value of the TLCC 

Cn = cost in year n 

N = analysis period 

d = annual discount rate 

We used our non-daylit low-energy elementary school as a reference for determining the optimal 

envelope. This reference model included all the recommendations in the Guide for low LPD for the nondaylit option, the HVAC recommendation for the package rooftop units, and started with the SO AEDG 

recommendations for the envelope. We then modeled a full range of mass walls and insulation above 

deck roofs to determine energy savings and TLCC. 

To calculate the TLCC of the roof and wall recommendations, we used the opaque wall and roof capital 

costs used in the ASHRAE 90.1 development construction cost database combined with our default 

HVAC system costs. The mass walls and roofs considered are shown in Table 3-35 and Table 3-36, 

along with the material and installation costs. 

 70 
Table 3-35 Roof Insulation Options and Costs 

Insulation above 

Deck Description Material Cost Installation Cost 

R-95.0 ci $6.35/ft2 $2.74/ft2

R-85.0 ci $6.08/ft2 $2.62/ft2

R-75.0 ci $5.81/ft2 $2.51/ft2

R-65.0 ci $5.55/ft2 $2.39/ft2

R-60.0 ci $5.29/ft2 $2.28/ft2

R-55.0 ci $5.04/ft2 $2.17/ft2

R-50.0 ci $4.77/ft2 $2.06/ft2

R-40.0 ci $4.52/ft2 $1.95/ft2

R-30.0 ci $3.91/ft2 $1.68/ft2

R-25.0 ci $3.67/ft2 $1.58/ft2

R-20.0 ci $3.43/ft2 $1.48/ft2

R-15.0 ci $3.19/ft2 $1.37/ft2

R-10.0 ci $2.95/ft2 $1.27/ft2

R-7.6 ci $2.83/ft2 $1.22/ft2

R-5.0 ci $2.62/ft2 $1.13/ft2

R-3.8 ci $2.55/ft2 $1.10/ft2

NR $2.45/ft2 $1.06/ft2

 71 
Table 3-36 Mass Wall Insulation Options and Costs 

Mass Wall 

Description Material Cost Installation Cost 

R-62.5 ci $7.98/ft2 $3.44/ft2

R-56.3 ci $7.54/ft2 $3.25/ft2

R-50.0 ci $7.08/ft2 $3.05/ft2

R-43.8 ci $6.65/ft2 $2.87/ft2

R-37.5 ci $6.20/ft2 $2.67/ft2

R-31.3 ci $5.76/ft2 $2.48/ft2

R-25.0 ci $5.32/ft2 $2.29/ft2

R-15.2 ci $4.55/ft2 $1.96/ft2

R-13.3 ci $4.41/ft2 $1.90/ft2

R-11.4 ci $4.27/ft2 $1.84/ft2

R-9.5 ci $4.12/ft2 $1.78/ft2

R-7.6 ci $4.00/ft2 $1.72/ft2

R-5.7 ci $3.84/ft2 $1.65/ft2

NR $2.70/ft2 $1.16/ft2

To account for any HVAC downsizing opportunities that result from increased roof or wall insulation, the 

absolute cost of the HVAC system was also considered in the building’s TLCC. As the HVAC is 

autosized based on peak loads, there are significant capital cost savings associated with the smaller 

HVAC systems that can be used as the envelope insulation is increased. The following package rooftop, 

single-zone system costs were used: 

• Units are $/kW of cooling capacity 

• Expected life is 15 years 

• Material cost is $450/kW 

• Installation cost is $47/kW 

• Fixed annual O&M is $4/kW 

• One time O&M is $33/kW 

• Salvage cost is $1/kW 

Opt-E-Plus has several economic measures that are used to calculate real building economics. To 

calculate the building economics, several economic variables need to be set. The basic economics we 

included in the calculation of TLCC are: 

• 8% nominal discount rate 

• 2.47% electric and gas escalation rate 

• 30-year analysis period 

• 5% interest rate 

• No income taxes were included (assuming public school districts) 

 72 
• Local utility rates for each city to determine energy cost savings 

• Regional capital cost modifier to convert national averages to regional values. The modifiers are 

available from the RS Means data sets. 

For each climate zone, we determined the roof and wall insulation levels with the lowest TLCC. If the 

insulation levels with the lowest TLCC were less than ASHRAE 90.1-2007 code requirements, we used 

the code values. The results and graphs for each climate zone are shown in Appendix F. The lowest 

TLCC insulation levels are highlighted, and the 90.1-2007, 90.1-1999, and SO AEDG insulation levels 

are noted for each climate zone. For the roof insulation, R-25 continuous insulation (ci) was the most cost 

effective in all climate zones, and was recommended level of insulation in the Guide. For the mass wall 

insulation, ASHRAE 90.1-2007 insulation values were the most cost effective for all climate zones, 

except for 1 and 2, where slightly more stringent insulation levels were cost effective. The insulation 

levels of the opaque envelope components are included in the low-energy models. 

3.4.3.2 High Albedo Roofs 

The K-12 AEDG recommends the use of high albedo roofs with a Solar Reflective Index (SRI) of 0.78 in 

climate zones 1 through 3. To model the high albedo roofs, we assumed the outer layer of the roof has a 

thermal absorption of 0.9, a solar reflectivity of 0.7, and a visible absorption of 0.3. 

3.4.3.3 Fenestration 

The vertical fenestration and skylight U-factors were modeled to meet the minimum requirements for the 

climate, as shown in the recommendations tables in Section 4. The fenestration and skylight thermal 

characteristics recommendations were developed based on the more stringent of the SO AEDG 

recommendations or those in ASHRAE 90.1-2004, Addendum AT (ASHRAE 2004a). See Table 4-1 and 

Table 4-2 for the low-energy fenestration thermal characteristics. 

To meet the SHGC recommendations for vertical fenestration in the K-12 AEDG, we used the SHGC 

multipliers for permanent projections, as provided in Table 5.5.4.4.1 in ASHRAE 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 

2004a). These multipliers allow for a higher SHGC for vertical fenestration with overhangs. For an 

overhang with a projection factor greater than 0.5, the recommended SHGC can be increased by 64%. 

For example, the recommended SHGC in climate zone 1 is 0.25. However, using the SHGC multipliers 

for an overhang with a projection factor of 0.5, a SHGC of 0.41 is allowed. We used these SHGC 

multipliers in the low-energy fenestration model inputs, as a higher SHGC makes it easier to meet the 

high visible transmittance recommendations needed for daylighting. The fenestration in the low-energy 

models includes SHGCs that are 64% higher than the K-12 AEDG recommendations. For the daylighting 

fenestration, a visible transmittance of at least 65% is recommended, and is included in the low-energy 

fenestration inputs. 

3.4.4 Lower Lighting Power Density 

The K-12 AEDG provides recommendations for LPD for the daylit options and the non-daylit option. 

The recommended LPDs represent an average LPD for the entire building, and are modeled as such. 

Individual spaces may have higher power densities if they are offset by lower power densities in other 

areas. The baseline and K-12 AEDG LPD recommendations are shown in Table 3-37. 

The recommended LPD for the non-daylit options in climate zones 1, 2, and 5 through 8 is 1.1 W/ft2

 (11.8 

W/m2

). In climate zones 3 and 4, the recommended LPD is 0.9 W/ft2 (9.7 W/m2). In these zones, the 

lighting load is a higher percentage of total energy use because of smaller heating and cooling loads. 

Therefore, more aggressive LPDs that use the most current, energy efficient lamps, ballasts, and 

integrated controls are recommended to meet the savings target of 30%. The daylit options recommend a 

slightly higher LPD of 1.2 W/ft2

 (12.9 W/m2). The higher LPD is recommended for the daylit options 

because significant lighting savings are expected from the lights dimming or turning off from the daylight 

rather than an aggressive lighting power reduction. Also, dimming can result in slightly lower efficacies 

of the lamp and ballast combination. 

 73 
Table 3-37 Baseline and Low-Energy LPDs 

Climate 

Zone 

Baseline LPD 

ASHRAE 90.1-1999 

(W/ft2) 

Baseline LPD 

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 

(W/ft2) 

No Daylighting 

Option LPD 

(W/ft2) 

Daylighting 

Option LPD 

(W/ft2) 

1 1.53 1.25 1.10 1.20 

2 1.53 1.25 1.10 1.20 

3 1.53 1.25 0.90 1.20 

4 1.53 1.25 0.90 1.20 

5 1.53 1.25 1.10 1.20 

6 1.53 1.25 1.10 1.20 

7 1.53 1.25 1.10 1.20 

8 1.53 1.25 1.10 1.20 

3.4.4.1 Lighting Controls 

The K-12 AEDG daylighting option recommends daylighting controls in the daylit classrooms and gyms. 

For the low-energy daylit models, we modeled continuous dimming daylighting controls that turn off 

when daylighting can meet the entire lighting load. Each classroom was modeled with two daylighting 

reference points, each controlling half of the lights in the classroom. The first daylighting reference point 

was located 3 ft (0.9 m) off the floor and 10 ft (3 m) from the daylighting glass. The second daylighting 

reference point was located 3 ft (0.9 m) off the floor and 20 ft (6 m) from the daylighting glass. The 

lights were controlled based on a daylighting set point of 40 ft-candles (400 lux). In the daylit gyms with 

skylights, the daylighting control point was placed in between four skylights to represent the lowest 

lighting level in the zone. Daylighting controls were not modeled in the non-daylit low-energy option. 

For both the daylit and non-daylit low-energy options, manual on, auto off occupancy sensors for all 

zones are recommended. This was modeled by adjusting the lighting schedule. See Section 3.4.7 for the 

schedules used in the low-energy models. 

3.4.5 HVAC Systems and Components 

3.4.5.1 Low-Energy System Types and Sizes 

Many types of HVAC systems could be used in K-12 schools; however, the K-12 AEDG assumes that 

one of the following six system types is to be used. 

• Single-zone, packaged rooftop DX units (or split DX systems) with indirect gas-fired heaters, 

electric resistance heat, or heat pumps. This was used for the baseline models, and is referred to 

in this report as the PSZ system. 

• Water source (or ground source) heat pumps with a dedicated outdoor air ventilation system. 

• Unit ventilators with a water chiller and a water boiler or electric resistance heat. 

• Fan coils with a water chiller and a water boiler or electric resistance heat and a dedicated OA 

ventilation system. 

• Multiple-zone, VAV packaged DX rooftop units with a hot water coil, indirect gas furnace, or 

electric resistance in the rooftop unit and a hot water coil or electric resistance in the VAV 

terminals. This is referred to in this report as the PVAV system. 

 74 
• Multiple-zone, VAV air handlers with a water chiller and a hot water coil, indirect gas furnace, or 

electric resistance in the air handler and a hot water coil or electric resistance in the VAV 

terminals. This is referred to in this report as the VAV system. 

The K-12 AEDG does not cover purchased chilled water for cooling, or solar, steam, or purchased steam 

for heating. 

Unique recommendations are included for each HVAC system type in the climate-specific 

recommendation tables in Section 4. To verify savings over this range of design options, we modeled 

three HVAC types. The low-energy HVAC system types included a constant volume package rooftop 

DX system, a package VAV DX system with a central boiler, and a VAV air cooled chiller and central 

boiler. These system types were chosen based on the PC input as to the systems that were the least 

stringent as well as the most common. 

The three low-energy HVAC systems were modeled with the following assumptions: 

• PSZ: The similar system as the baseline rooftop units, with single-zone, constant volume classroom 

rooftops in the range of 5 tons and 2,000 cfm. For larger spaces, multiple 5 ton units would be used. 

• PVAV: A multiple-zone package DX rooftop with a central hot water boiler and a VAV supply fan 

and hot water reheat. We assumed multiple PVAV units would be used, each in the range of 50 tons 

and 20,000 cfm. The zone minimum VAV air flow fraction is set to 20%.

• VAV: A multiple-zone VAV air handler with hot water reheat and an air-cooled chiller and water 

boiler. Typically, multiple air handlers would be used, but we assumed a single VAV air handler for 

modeling purposes. The zone minimum VAV air flow fraction is set to 20%.

3.4.5.2 Outside Air 

Because conditioning OA for ventilation is such a big contributor to the energy use in a K-12 school 

building, either exhaust-air energy recovery or demand controlled ventilation is recommended. The K-12 

AEDG provides multiple options beyond code minimum for reducing OA loads, including scheduled OA 

control for all zones, carbon dioxide (CO2) demand controlled ventilation in all zones, and energy 

recovery from exhaust air. The PC felt that the use of CO2 demand controlled ventilation and ERVs was 

not a practical technology combination and unneeded for 30% savings. Either demand controlled 

ventilation or ERVs can significantly reduce OA loads. However, when one of these technologies is 

applied, the energy savings potential for the other is limited. Therefore, for the PSZ, PVAV, and VAV 

HVAC system types, either CO2 demand controlled ventilation or an ERV is recommended. For all 

HVAC types, recommendations are provided for controlling the OA based on a schedule of the expected 

occupancy. 

To model these recommendations, we modeled the CO2 demand controlled ventilation in the low-energy 

PSZ system, and ERVs in the low-energy PVAV and VAV systems. The PC felt that the application of 

CO2 demand control ventilation matched the PSZ configuration better because CO2 sensors located in 

each zone could control OA for each individual zone. Likewise, the application of ERVs matched the 

single OA intake configuration of the PVAV and VAV systems. 

3.4.5.3 Demand Controlled Ventilation 

The baseline models required CO2 demand controlled ventilation in the densely occupied zones, such as 

the cafeteria, gyms, and auditorium. The recommendation of CO2 demand controlled ventilation in all the 

other all zones was modeled in the low-energy PSZ models by matching the outdoor air schedules to the 

occupancy schedules. The classrooms, lobby, mechanical, corridors, and restrooms in the low-energy 

models used the occupancy schedules as shown in Table 3-41, Section 3.4.7. The computer classrooms 

and the community-use high school classroom wing used the extended occupancy schedules to account 

for after hours use. These occupancy schedules were slightly refined to approximate the actual occupancy 

in these zones for use in controlling OA in the demand controlled ventilation recommendation. For the 

PVAV and VAV low-energy models that include the ERV and scheduled OA recommendation, but not 

 75 
the CO2 demand controlled ventilation recommendation, the OA rates match the occupancy schedules 

used in the baseline schedules. The occupancy schedules for both CO2 demand controlled and scheduled 

OA ventilation for the offices, media center, gym, auditorium, and cafeteria are the same as the baseline 

occupancy schedules. 

A motorized OA damper should be used instead of a gravity damper to prevent unwanted OA from 

entering during the unoccupied periods when the unit may recirculate air to maintain setback or setup 

temperatures. The motorized OA damper for all climate zones should be closed during the entire 

unoccupied period, except when it may open in conjunction with an unoccupied economizer or preoccupancy purge cycle. 

3.4.5.4 Energy Recovery Ventilators 

The K-12 AEDG recommends either demand controlled ventilation or exhaust-air ERVs for each HVAC 

system type. For the PVAV and VAV system types, an ERV is included in the low-energy models, as 

specified in the Section 4 recommendation tables. OA rates are modeled based on expected occupancy. 

Additional CO2 demand controlled ventilation beyond the code minimum requirements is not modeled for 

the PVAV and VAV. As detailed in the K-12 AEDG, the ERV should have a total effectiveness of 50% 

for A climate zones (humid), and a sensible effectiveness of 50% for B climate zones (dry). There is no 

recommendation for energy recovery for C climate zones (marine). This is because the PC felt that ERVs 

would be the least effective in these temperate climate zones because of the slight temperature differences 

in exhaust and OA. For the low-energy HVAC systems that were modeled with the ERVs, an additional 

0.5 in. w.c. (125 Pa) of static pressure was added to the supply fans to account for the additional pressure 

drop over the ERV. 

3.4.5.5 Economizers 

The K-12 AEDG recommends that the non-dedicated OA systems should be able to modulate the OA, 

return air, and relief air dampers to provide up to 100% of the design supply air quantity as OA for 

cooling, when OA conditions allow for free cooling. For units larger than 54,000 Btu/h (16 kW), 

economizers are recommended for all systems that do not have a dedicated OA supply in all climate 

zones except 1 and 2A. Economizers were not included the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 or ASHRAE 90.1-2004 

baseline models. The PSZ, PVAV, and VAV system types are all larger than 54,000 Btu/h (16 kW), and 

therefore all include economizers in the low-energy models for all climate zones except 1 and 2A. 

Economizers are controlled with a mix of dry bulb temperature (OA between 36oF and 66oF (2oC and 

19oC), and enthalpy limits (OA less than 14 Btu/lb [32,000 J/kg]). 

The HVAC systems in the K-12 AEDG with dedicated OA systems (such as the fan-coil and heat pump 

system) recommend either energy recovery or CO2 demand controlled ventilation, but do not extend the 

use of economizers to smaller HVAC systems or to additional climate zones. This was because dedicated 

OA systems are typically sized to provide OA only, and not to meet the full cooling load with 

economizers. 

3.4.5.6 Higher Efficiency Fans 

The K-12 AEDG provides recommendations for constant volume and VAV fan power limitations, as well 

as recommendations for pressure drop for the ductwork design. To model the recommended improved 

ductwork design, the supply fan total static pressure drops were recalculated based on a maximum 

ductwork friction rate no greater than 0.08 in. w.c. per 100 linear ft (20 Pa per of 30 linear m) duct run, as 

recommended by the K-12 AEDG. As shown in Table 3-38, the low-energy PSZ total static pressure 

drop was modeled at 2.3 in. w.c. (575 Pa), and the low-energy PVAV and VAV total static pressure drop 

was modeled at 3.6 in. w.c. (900 Pa). For the climate zones without ERVs, the total static pressure drop 

was modeled at 3.1 in. w.c. (775 PA). 

 76 
Table 3-38 Low Energy Fan System Total Pressure Drops 

Component Baseline PSZ 

(in. w.c.) 

Low-Energy PSZ 

(in. w.c.)

Low-Energy PVAV and VAV

 (in. w.c.)

2-in. plated filters1 0.30 0.30 0.30 

Heating coil/section 0.25 0.25 0.25 

Cooling coil 0.60 0.60 0.60 

Fan outlet transition 0.10 0.10 0.10 

Diffuser 0.10 0.10 0.10 

Supply ductwork2 0.80 0.64 1.20 

Return ductwork 0.30 0.30 0.50 

Grille 0.05 0.05 0.05 

ERV3 0.00 0.00 0.50 

Total static pressure drop3 2.50 2.34 3.60 (3.10) 

1. Used average difference between clean and dirty filters. 

2. Used recommendation of 0.08 in. w.c./100 ft (20 Pa /30 m) friction rate for the low-energy model duct 

pressure drop combined with typical effective duct runs.

3. ERVs not recommended in marine climate zones (C zones). Total static without ERVs shown in italics.

For the constant volume fans in the low-energy PSZ, the fan limitation was reduced from the baseline of 

1.2 hp/1000 cfm to 1.0 hp/1000 cfm (1.9 W/1000 m3

/s to 1.6 W/1000 m3/s). The fan power 

recommendation for the VAV fans in the VAV and PVAV systems is 1.3 hp/1000 cfm (2.1 W/1000 

m3

/s). Using the method for calculating fan efficiency from the fan power, flow, and total static pressure 

drop outlined in Section 3.3.4.4, we determined the fan efficiency inputs for both the low-energy PSZ 

fans and the low-energy PVAV and VAV fans. With the lowered fan power limitation and reduced total 

static pressure drop recommendations, we modeled a low-energy PSZ fan efficiency of 36% and a lowenergy PVAV and VAV fan efficiency of 44%. 

3.4.5.7 Higher HVAC System Efficiency 

The K-12 AEDG provides recommendations for higher efficiency HVAC systems based on system type 

and size. For a 5 ton PSZ system, the K-12 AEDG recommends a 13 SEER rooftop unit for all climate 

zones. We used the method for determining the compressor/condenser COP as shown in Section 3.3.4.5, 

combined with the reduced fan power limitations and total static pressure to model the COP of the lowenergy PSZ compressor/condenser at 4.5. The furnace efficiency for the PSZ was not increased, as this 

type of unit is typically located outside. Additional heating efficiency recommendations would result in 

flue gas condensation, which could cause freezing problems. 

The K-12 AEDG recommends increased efficiency for the low-energy PVAV system type of 10.6 EER in 

climate zones 1 to 4, and 10.0 EER in climate zones 5 to 8. For the 50-ton, 20,000 cfm (9.4 m3

/s) PVAV 

system, we modeled the compressor/condenser with a COP of 4.7 in climate zones 1 to 4 and a COP of 

4.3 in climate zones 5 to 8. An 85% efficient boiler is also recommended and modeled for this system 

type in climate zones 5 to 8. 

The K-12 AEDG recommends an air-cooled chiller efficiency for the low-energy VAV system of 2.93 

COP for climate zones 1-4. A COP of 2.8 is recommended in climate zones 5 to 8. The low-energy 

VAV chillers are modeled with these COPs. An 85% efficient boiler is also recommended and modeled 

for this system type in climate zones 5 to 8. 

 77 
The efficiency recommendations in the K-12 AEDG for the boiler, chiller, and package systems for the 

fan coil, unit ventilator, and heat pump system types are similar, if not more stringent, than the efficiency 

recommendations for the PSZ, PVAV, and VAV systems. 

The HVAC baseline and low-energy modeling inputs are summarized in Table 3-39. 

Table 3-39 Low-Energy HVAC Models Summary 

HVAC Input Baseline PSZ Low-Energy PSZ Low-Energy PVAV Low-Energy VAV 

COP of 

compressor/ 

condenser 

3.5 COP 

ASHRAE 90.1-

1999 (SEER 9.7) 

4.5 COP 

(SEER 13) 

CZ 1-4: 4.7 COP 

CZ 5-8: 4.3 COP 

CZ 1-4: 2.93 COP 

CZ 5-8: 2.80 COP 

COP of 

compressor/ 

condenser 

4.4 COP 

ASHRAE 90.1-

2004 (SEER 12) 

4.5 COP 

(SEER 13) 

CZ 1-4: 4.7 COP 

CZ 5-8: 4.3 COP 

CZ 1-4: 2.93 COP 

CZ 5-8: 2.80 COP 

Heating efficiency 80% 80% CZ 1-2: 80% 

CZ 3-8: 85% 

CZ 1-2: 80% 

CZ 3-8: 85% 

Fan efficiency 33% 36% 44% 44% 

Fan power 

limitation 1.2 hp/1000 cfm 1 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 HP/1000 cfm 

Total fan static 

pressure 

2.5 in. w.c. 2.3 in. w.c. 

A and B zones: 

3.6 in. w.c. 

C zones: 3.1 in. 

w.c. 

A and B zones: 3.6 

in. w.c. 

C zones: 3.1 in. 

w.c. 

Economizers None 

CZ 1, 2A: None 

CZ 2B, 3-8: 

Yes 

CZ 1, 2A: none 

CZ 2B, 3-8: yes 

CZ 1, 2A: none 

CZ 2B, 3-8: yes 

ERV None None 

A zones: 50% 

total 

effectiveness 

B zones: 50% 

sensible 

effectiveness 

C zones: none 

A zones: 50% total 

effectiveness 

B zones: 50% 

sensible 

effectiveness 

C zones: none 

Outdoor air 

control 

HVAC 

operational 

schedule, CO2

demand 

controlled in 

cafeteria, gym, 

auditorium 

CO2 demand 

controlled in all 

zones 

Expected 

occupancy 

schedule, CO2

demand 

controlled in 

cafeteria, gym, 

auditorium 

Expected 

occupancy 

schedule, CO2

demand controlled 

in cafeteria, gym, 

auditorium 

 

3.4.6 Service Water Heating 

The K-12 AEDG provides recommendations for gas storage and electric instantaneous and storage 

service water heaters. The recommendations were based on the SO AEDG and SR AEDG service water 

heating recommendations. For our analysis to verify 30% savings, the low-energy models included 90% 

efficient gas storage service water heaters. 

 78 
3.4.7 Schedules 

The schedules used in the low-energy models were the same as the baseline schedules, except when the 

schedules were modified to model a specific recommendation. The following schedules were modified 

for use in the low-energy models. 

Each zone in the low-energy models used the lighting schedule as shown in Table 3-40. The K-12 AEDG 

recommends manual on, automatic off occupancy sensor control on all lights. To model the expected 

reduction in lighting energy use caused by these occupancy sensors, the daytime lighting energy use was 

reduced by 13%, as recommended in Appendix G of ASHRAE 90.1-2004 (ASHRAE 2004a). This was 

modeled by reducing the daytime lighting energy use by 13%, as reflected in the schedules in Table 3-40. 

Table 3-40 Building Lighting Schedule with Occupancy Sensors 

Hour Weekday 

through 6/30

Weekday 

through 9/01 

Weekday 

through 12/31

Weekends, 

Holidays 

1 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

2 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

3 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

4 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

5 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

6 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

7 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

8 0.77 0.18 0.77 0.18 

9 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

10 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

11 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

12 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

13 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

14 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

15 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

16 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

17 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

18 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

19 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

20 0.77 0.43 0.77 0.18 

21 0.77 0.18 0.77 0.18 

22 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

23 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

24 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 

 79 
The classrooms, lobby, mechanical, corridors, and restrooms in the low-energy models used the 

occupancy schedules, based on typical school schedules, as shown in Table 3-41. The computer 

classrooms and the community-use high school classroom wing used the extended occupancy schedules 

to account for after hours use. These schedules were slightly refined to approximate the actual occupancy 

in these zones for use in controlling OA in the demand controlled ventilation recommendation. 

Table 3-41 General and Extended Occupancy Schedules for Demand Controlled Ventilation 

Hour 

Weekday 

through 

6/30 

Weekday 

through 6/30 

Extended 

Weekday 

through 

9/01 

Weekday 

through 9/01 

Extended 

Weekday 

through 

12/31 

Weekday 

through 12/31 

Extended 

Weekends, 

Holidays 

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

9 0.80 0.80 0.05 0.15 0.80 0.80 0 

10 0.80 0.80 0.05 0.15 0.80 0.80 0 

11 0.80 0.80 0.05 0.15 0.80 0.80 0 

12 0.30 0.30 0.05 0.15 0.30 0.30 0 

13 0.75 0.75 0.05 0.15 0.75 0.75 0 

14 0.75 0.75 0.05 0.15 0.75 0.75 0 

15 0.75 0.75 0.05 0.15 0.75 0.75 0 

16 0.75 0.75 0.05 0.15 0.75 0.75 0 

17 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15 0 

18 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.15 0 

19 0.05 0.75 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.75 0 

20 0.05 0.75 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.75 0 

21 0.05 0.75 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.75 0 

22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 

 80 
4. Evaluation Results 

This section contains the recommendations for 30% savings approved by the PC for the K-12 AEDG. In 

addition, the recommendations for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004 are discussed. The energy 

savings results that are achieved as a result of applying these recommendations are presented. Figures of 

the end use comparisons are provided; the end use data are presented in tabular format in Appendix G and 

Appendix H. This section concludes with a scoping analysis for 50% energy savings. 

The recommendations are applicable for all K-12 schools within the scope of the Guide as a means of 

demonstrating the 30% energy savings. The Guide recognizes that there are other ways of achieving the 

30% energy savings, and offers these recommendations as “some ways, but not the only way” of meeting 

the energy savings target. When a recommendation contains the designation “Comply with Standard 

90.1,” the Guide is providing no recommendation for this component or system. In these cases, the user 

must meet the more stringent of either the applicable version of Standard 90.1 or the local code 

requirements. When a recommendation contains the designation “System type not recommended,” the 

Guide is recommending that this specific system type is not be used for a given climate zone. 

4.1 Recommendation Tables for 30% Savings 

This section provides the recommendation tables that are presented in the K-12 AEDG as well as the 

recommendations for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004. The opaque envelope recommendations 

are presented for different climate zones by roof type, wall type, floor type, slab type, and door type. 

Recommendations for the thermal characteristics of the vertical fenestration and interior reflectances are 

provided. For this Guide, four daylighting strategies are presented: three for classrooms and one for 

gymnasiums. Daylighting the classroom is most critical, since that is where the teachers and the students 

spend most of their time. In addition, the potential for savings is the greatest in the classrooms. 

Guidelines are also provided for the gymnasium/multipurpose room because this space is typically used 

for more hours. For each strategy, there are several options and variations depending on climate and 

orientation. These daylighting strategies are designed to provide the recommended illuminances for the 

classrooms and gym over most occupied daytime hours. 

Site constraints or program requirements may preclude daylighting solutions. Therefore, a non-daylit 

path is provided to meet the energy savings requirements of the K-12 AEDG. The non-daylit 

recommendations provided in this Guide include lighting systems that use the most current energyefficient lamps, ballasts, and integrated controls. 

Many types of HVAC systems could be used in K-12 schools, but this Guide provides recommendations 

for one of the following six system types: 

• Single-zone, packaged DX units (or split DX systems) with indirect gas-fired heaters, electric 

resistance heat, or heat pump 

• Water source (or ground source) heat pumps with a dedicated OA ventilation system 

• Unit ventilators with a water chiller and a water boiler or electric resistance heat 

• Fan-coils with a water chiller and a water boiler or electric resistance heat and a dedicated OA 

ventilation system 

• Multiple-zone, VAV packaged DX rooftop units with a hot water coil, indirect gas furnace, or electric 

resistance in the rooftop unit and a hot water coil or electric resistance in the VAV terminals. 

• Multiple-zone, VAV air handlers with a water chiller and a hot water coil, indirect gas furnace, or 

electric resistance in the air handler and a hot water coil or electric resistance in the VAV terminals. 

Unique recommendations for cooling, heating, and fan efficiencies are included for each HVAC system 

type in the climate-specific recommendations. In addition, either demand controlled ventilation or ERVs 

are recommended, along with economizer use recommendations for each HVAC system type. Some 

 81 
 82 

system types, however, are not recommended for certain climate zones, because of the impact of humidity 

on energy use. 

Service water heating efficiency recommendations are provided based on electric or gas water heaters, as 

well as instantaneous or gas storage units. 

The recommendation tables for the K-12 AEDG are shown in Table 4-1 through Table 4-4. 

The recommendations for 30% energy savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004 are almost the same as the K-12 

AEDG recommendations. The only difference in the recommendations for 30% savings over ASHRAE 

90.1-2004 is there are no non-daylit option recommendations. The non-daylit option presented in the K12 AEDG recommendations is not available for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004, as 30% savings 

were not possible for all climate zones for the non-daylit recommendations. 
Table 4-1 K-12 AEDG Recommendations for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999: Climate Zon

Item Component Climate Zone 1 Recommendations Climate Zone 2 Recommendations Climate Zone 3 Recommen

Insulation Entirely Above Deck R-25 ci R-25 ci R-25 ci 

Attic and Other R-30 R-38 R-38 

Metal Building R-19 R-13.0 + R-13.0 R-13.0 + R-13.0 

SRI 0.78 0.78 0.78 

Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft2

) R-5.7 ci R-7.6 ci R-7.6 ci 

Steel Framed R-13 R-13 R-13 + R-3.8 ci Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 R-13 

Metal Building R-16 R-16 R-16 Below Grade Walls Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Mass R-4.2 ci R-6.3 ci R-8.3 ci 

Steel Framed R-19 R-19 R-19 Wood Framed and Other R-19 R-19 R-30 Unheated Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Heated R-7.5 for 12 in. R-7.5 for 12 in. R-10 for 24 in. 

Swinging U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.700 

Non-Swinging U-1.450 U-1.450 U-1.450 Total Fenestration to Gross Wall Area Ratio 35% Max 35% Max 35% Max 

Thermal transmittance- all types and orientations U-0.56 U-0.45 U-0.45 

Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)- all types and orientations SHGC-0.25 SHGC-0.25 SHGC-0.25 

Exterior Sun Control (S, E, W only) Projection Factor> 0.5 Projection Factor> 0.5 Projection Factor> 0.5 

Interior Finishes Interior room surface average reflectance 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%+ on walls below 7' 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%+ on walls below 7' 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 

on walls below 7' 

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-1North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3% North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3% North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, ToplNorth Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Top

Gym Toplighting (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio) South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% North Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% North Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 

Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% Only: Skylights: 2% - 4% 

Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1.2 W/ft2 maximum 1.2 W/ft2 maximum 1.2 W/ft2 maximum Light Source system efficacy (linear fluorescent and HID) 75 mean lumens/ watt minimum 75 mean lumens/ watt minimum 75 mean lumens/ watt minimum 

Light source system efficacy (all other sources) 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum Lighting Controls - general Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones 

Dimming Controls Daylight Harvesting 

Dim all fixtures in classrooms and gym, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge

Dim all fixtures in classrooms and gym, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge

Dim all fixtures in classrooms and other fixtures within 15 ft of sideligedge, and within 10 ft of toplighting 

Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1.1 W/ft2 maximum 1.1 W/ft2 maximum 0.9 W/ft2 maximum 

Light Source system efficac (linear fluorescent) 85 mean lumens/watt minimum 85 mean lumens/watt minimum 85 mean lumens/watt minimum 

Light source system efficacy (all other sources) 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum Lighting Controls - general Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones 

Dimming Controls Daylight Harvesting Dim fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge Dim fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge Dim fixtures within 15 ft of sideligh

and within 10 ft of toplighting edge 

Air Conditioner < 65 kBtu/h 13 SEER 13 SEER 13 SEER Air Conditioner >=65 and <135 kBtu/h 11.3 EER 11.3 EER 11.3 EER 

Air Conditioner >=135 and <240 kBtu/h 11 EER 11 EER 11 EER Air Conditioner >=240 kBtu/h 10.6 EER/11.2 IPLV 10.6 EER/11.2 IPLV 10.6 EER/11.2 IPLV 

Heat Pump < 65 kBtu/h 13.0 SEER/7.7 HPSF 13.0 SEER/7.7 HPSF 13.0 SEER/7.7 HPSF 

Heat Pump >=65 and <135 kBtu/h 10.6 EER/3.2 COP 10.6 EER/3.2 COP 10.6 EER/3.2 COP 

Heat Pump >=135 kBtu/h 10.1 EER/11.5 IPLV/3.1 COP 10.1 EER/11.5 IPLV/3.1 COP 10.1 EER/11.0 IPLV/3.1 COP 

Gas Furnace <225 kBtuh 80% AFUE or Et 80% AFUE or Et 80% AFUE or Et 

Gas Furnace >=225 kBtu/h 80% Ec 80% Ec 80% Ec Economizer Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* >54 kBtu/h Ventilation Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand contro

Fans constant volume: 1 hp/1000 cfm variable volume: 1.3 hp/1000 cfm constant volume: 1 hp/1000 cfm variable volume: 1.3 hp/1000 cfm constant volume: 1 hp/1000 cfm variable volume: 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 

Interior LightingDaylighted 

Option

Interior Lighting 

- NonDaylighted 

Option

Classroom Daylighting (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio)

Packaged DX 

Rooftops (or 

DX Split 

Systems)

Floors

Walls

Slabs

Vertical 

Fenestration

Doors

Roofs

 83 
Table 4-2 K-12 AEDG Recommendations for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999: Climate Zone

Item Component Climate Zone 1 Recommendations Climate Zone 2 Recommendations Climate Zone 3 Recommen

Water-Source Heat Pump >= 65 kBtu/h Cooling: 12 EER at 86F; Heating: 4.2 COP at 68F Cooling: 12 EER at 86F; Heating: 4.2 COP at 68F Cooling: 12 EER at 86F; Heating: 

at 68F 

Ground-Source Heat Pump < 65 kBtu/h Cooling: 14.1 EER at 77F and 17 EER at 

59F; Heating: 3.5 COP at 32F and 4.0 COP at 50F

Cooling: 14.1 EER at 77F and 17 EER at 59F; Heating: 3.5 COP at 32F and 4.0 COP at 50F

Cooling: 14.1 EER at 77F and 17 59F; Heating: 3.5 COP at 32F and at 50F

Ground-Source Heat Pump >= 65 kBtu/h Cooling: 13 EER at 77F and 16 EER at 59F; 

Heating: 3.1 COP at 32F and 3.5 COP at 50F

Cooling: 13 EER at 77F and 16 EER at 59F; Heating: 3.1 COP at 32F and 3.5 COP at 50F

Cooling: 13 EER at 77F and 16 EEHeating: 3.1 COP at 32F and 3.5 C50F

Gas Boiler 85% Ec 85% Ec 85% Ec 

Economizer Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Ventilation DOAS with either energy recovery or Demand control DOAS with either energy recovery or Demand control DOAS with either energy recovery 

Demand control 

WSHP Duct Pressure Drop Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" Air-Cooled Chiller Efficiency A Zones: System not recommended B Zones: 10.0 EER, 11.5 IPLV A Zones: System not recommende

C Zones: 10.0 EER, 11.5 IPLV 

Water-Cooled Chiller Efficiency A Zones: System not recommended B Zones: Comply with Standard 90.1* A Zones: System not recommende

C Zones: Comply with Standard 90

Gas Boiler A Zones: System not recommended B Zones: 80% Ec A Zones: System not recommende

C Zones: 85% Ec 

Economizer A Zones: System not recommended B Zones: Comply with Standard 90.1* A Zones: System not recommende

C Zones: >54 kBtu/h 

Ventilation

A Zones: System not recommended B Zones: Energy recovery or Demand control

A Zones: System not recommendeC Zones: Energy recovery or Demcontrol

Pressure Drop A Zones: System not recommended B Zones: Total ESP < 0.2" A Zones: System not recommende

C Zones: Total ESP < 0.2" 

Air Cooled Chiller Efficiency 10.0 EER, 11.5 IPLV 10.0 EER, 11.5 IPLV 10.0 EER, 11.5 IPLV 

Water-Cooled Chiller Efficiency Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Gas Boiler 80% Ec 80% Ec 85% Ec 

Economizer Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Ventilation DOAS with either energy recovery or Demand control DOAS with either energy recovery or Demand control DOAS with either energy recovery 

Demand control 

Pressure Drop Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" Rooftop Air Conditioner >=240 kBtu/h 10.6 EER/11.2 IPLV 10.6 EER/11.2 IPLV 10.6 EER/11.2 IPLV 

Gas Furnace >=225 kBtu/h 80% Ec 80% Ec 80% Ec 

Gas Boiler 80% Ec 80% Ec 80% Ec Economizer Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* >54 kBtu/h Ventilation Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand contro

Fans 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 hp/1000 cfm Air Cooled Chiller Efficiency 10.0 EER, 11.5 IPLV 10.0 EER, 11.5 IPLV 10.0 EER, 11.5 IPLV 

Water-Cooled Chiller Efficiency Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Gas Boiler 80% Ec 80% Ec 80% Ec 

Economizer Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* >54 kBtu/h Ventilation Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand contro

Fans 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 

Outdoor air damper motorized motorized motorized 

Friction rate 0.08 in w.c./100ft 0.08 in w.c./100ft 0.08 in w.c./100ft 

Sealing Seal Class B Seal Class B Seal Class B 

Location interior only interior only interior only Insulation level R-6 R-6 R-6 

Gas storage (>75 kBtu/h) 90%Et 90%Et 90%Et 

Gas instantaneous 0.81 EF or 81% Et 0.81 EF or 81% Et 0.81 EF or 81% Et Electric (storage or instantaneous) EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume 

Pipe insulation (d < 1.5 in. / d >= 1.5 in.) 1 in./ 1.5 in. 1 in./ 1.5 in. 1 in./ 1.5 in. 

Fancoil and 

Chiller System

Service Water 

Heating

Ducts and 

Dampers

VAV and Chiller 

System

Unit Ventilator 

and Chiller 

System

Packaged 

Rooftop VAV 

System

System type not recommended

WSHP System

 84 
Table 4-3 K-12 AEDG Recommendations for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999: Climate Zon

Item Component Climate Zone 5 Recommendations Climate Zone 6 Recommendations Climate Zone 7 Recommen

Insulation Entirely Above Deck R-25 ci R-25 ci R-25 ci 

Attic and Other R-38 R-38 R-60 

Metal Building R-13.0 + R-19.0 R-13.0 + R-19.0 R-13.0 + R-19.0 

SRI Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft2

) R-11.4 ci R-13.3 ci R-15.2 ci 

Steel Framed R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci Wood Framed and Other R-13 + R-3.8 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci 

Metal Building R-13 + R-13 R-13 + R-13 R-13 + R-13 

Below Grade Walls R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci 

Mass R-10.4 ci R-13.3 ci R-12.5 ci 

Steel Framed R-30 R-30 R-38 

Wood Framed and Other R-30 R-30 R-30 

Unheated Comply with Standard 90.1* R-10 for 24 in. R-15 for 24 in. Heated R-15 for 24 in. R-15 for 24 in. R-15 for full slab Swinging U-0.700 U-0.700 U-0.50 

Non-Swinging U-.50 U-.50 U-.50 Total Fenestration to Gross Wall Area Ratio 35% Max 35% Max 35% Max Thermal transmittance- all types and orientations U-0.42 U-0.42 U-0.33 

Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)- all types and orientations SHGC-0.40 SHGC-0.40 SHGC-0.45 

Exterior Sun Control (S, E, W only) Projection Factor> 0.5 Projection Factor> 0.5 Projection Factor> 0.5 

Interior Finishes Interior room surface average reflectance 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%+ on walls below 7' 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%+ on walls below 7' 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 

on walls below 7' 

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-1North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3% North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3% North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, ToplNorth Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Top

Gym Toplighting (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio) South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% North Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% North Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 

Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% 

Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1.2 W/ft2 maximum 1.2 W/ft2 maximum 1.2 W/ft2 maximum 

Light Source system efficacy (linear fluorescent and HID) 75 mean lumens/ watt minimum 75 mean lumens/ watt minimum 75 mean lumens/ watt minimum Light source system efficacy (all other sources) 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 

Lighting Controls - general Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones 

Dimming Controls Daylight Harvesting 

Dim all fixtures in classrooms and gym, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge

Dim all fixtures in classrooms and gym, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge

Dim all fixtures in classrooms and other fixtures within 15 ft of sideligedge, and within 10 ft of toplighting 

Lighting Power Density (LPD) 1.1 W/ft2 maximum 1.1 W/ft2 maximum 1.1 W/ft2 maximum 

Light Source system efficac (linear fluorescent) 85 mean lumens/watt minimum 85 mean lumens/watt minimum 85 mean lumens/watt minimum 

Light source system efficacy (all other sources) 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum Lighting Controls - general Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones 

Dimming Controls Daylight Harvesting Dim fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge Dim fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge Dim fixtures within 15 ft of sideligh

and within 10 ft of toplighting edge 

Air Conditioner < 65 kBtu/h 13 SEER 13 SEER 13 SEER 

Air Conditioner >=65 and <135 kBtu/h 11.0 EER Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Air Conditioner >=135 and <240 kBtu/h 10.8 EER Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Air Conditioner >=240 kBtu/h 10.0 EER/10.4 IPLV Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Heat Pump < 65 kBtu/h 13.0 SEER/7.7 HPSF 13.0 SEER/7.7 HPSF 13.0 SEER/7.7 HPSF 

Heat Pump >=65 and <135 kBtu/h 10.6 EER/3.2 COP Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Heat Pump >=135 kBtu/h 10.1 EER/11.0 IPLV/3.1 COP Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Gas Furnace <225 kBtuh 80% AFUE or Et 80% AFUE or Et 80% AFUE or Et 

Gas Furnace >=225 kBtu/h 80% Ec 80% Ec 80% Ec Economizer >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h Ventilation Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand contro

Fans constant volume: 1 hp/1000 cfm variable volume: 1.3 hp/1000 cfm constant volume: 1 hp/1000 cfm variable volume: 1.3 hp/1000 cfm constant volume: 1 hp/1000 cfm variable volume: 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 

Interior Lighting 

- NonDaylighted 

Option

Packaged DX 

Rooftops (or 

DX Split 

Systems)

Roofs

Walls

Floors

Slabs

Doors

Vertical 

Fenestration

Interior LightingDaylighted 

Option

Classroom Daylighting (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio)

 85 
Item 

Component Climate Zone 5 Recommendations Climate Zone 6 Recommendations Climate Zone 7 Recommen

Water-Source Heat Pump >= 65 kBtu/h Cooling: 12 EER at 86F; Heating: 4.2 COP at 68F Cooling: 12 EER at 86F; Heating: 4.2 COP at 68F Cooling: 12 EER at 86F; Heating: 4

at 68F 

Ground-Source Heat Pump < 65 kBtu/h Cooling: 14.1 EER at 77F and 17 EER at 

59F; Heating: 3.5 COP at 32F and 4.0 COP at 50F

Cooling: 14.1 EER at 77F and 17 EER at 59F; Heating: 3.5 COP at 32F and 4.0 COP at 50F

Cooling: 14.1 EER at 77F and 17 E59F; Heating: 3.5 COP at 32F and at 50F

Ground-Source Heat Pump >= 65 kBtu/h Cooling: 13 EER at 77F and 16 EER at 59F; 

Heating: 3.1 COP at 32F and 3.5 COP at 50F

Cooling: 13 EER at 77F and 16 EER at 59F; Heating: 3.1 COP at 32F and 3.5 COP at 50F

Cooling: 13 EER at 77F and 16 EEHeating: 3.1 COP at 32F and 3.5 C50F

Gas Boiler 85% Ec 85% Ec 85% Ec Economizer Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Ventilation DOAS with either energy recovery or Demand control DOAS with either energy recovery or Demand control DOAS with either energy recovery 

Demand control 

WSHP Duct Pressure Drop Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" 

Air-Cooled Chiller Efficiency 9.6 EER 11.5 IPLV 9.6 EER 11.5 IPLV 9.6 EER 11.5 IPLV Water-Cooled Chiller Efficiency Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Gas Boiler 85% Ec 85% Ec 85% Ec 

Economizer >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h 

Ventilation

Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand contro

Pressure Drop Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" 

Air Cooled Chiller Efficiency 9.6 EER 11.5 IPLV 9.6 EER 11.5 IPLV 9.6 EER 11.5 IPLV 

Water-Cooled Chiller Efficiency Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Gas Boiler 85% Ec 85% Ec 85% Ec 

Economizer Com

ply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Ventilation DOAS with either energy recovery or Demand control DOAS with either energy recovery or Demand control DOAS with either energy recovery 

Demand control 

Pressure Drop Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" Total ESP < 0.2" 

Rooftop Air Conditioner >=240 kBtu/h 10.0 EER/10.4 IPLV Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Gas Furnace >=225 kBtu/h 80% Ec 80% Ec 80% Ec 

Gas Boiler 85% Ec 85% Ec 85% Ec Economizer >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h Ventilation Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand contro

Fans 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 hp/1000 cfm Air Cooled Chiller Efficiency 9.6 EER 11.5 IPLV 9.6 EER 11.5 IPLV 9.6 EER 11.5 IPLV Water-Cooled Chiller Efficiency Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Gas Boiler 85% Ec 85% Ec 85% Ec 

Economizer >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h Ventilation Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand control Energy recovery or Demand contro

Fans 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 1.3 hp/1000 cfm 

Outdoor air damper motorized motorized motorized 

Friction rate 0.08 in w.c./100ft 0.08 in w.c./100ft 0.08 in w.c./100ft 

Sealin

g Seal Class B Seal Class B Seal Class B 

Location interior only interior only interior only Insulation level R-6 R-6 R-6 

Gas storage (>75 kBtu/h) 90%Et 90%Et 90%Et 

Gas instantaneous 0.81 EF or 81% Et 0.81 EF or 81% Et 0.81 EF or 81% Et 

Electric (storage or instantaneous) EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume 

Pipe insulation (d < 1.5 in. / d >= 1.5 in.) 1 in./ 1.5 in. 1 in./ 1.5 in. 1 in./ 1.5 in. 

em

d 

ater 

g

ilator 

nd 

stem

ed 

AV 

Table 4-4 K-12 AEDG Recommendations for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999: Climate Zones 

WSHP Syst

Ducts an

Dampers

Service W

Heatin

Unit Vent

and Chiller

System

Fancoil a

Chiller Sy

Packag

Rooftop V

System

VAV and C

System

hiller 

 86 
4.2 Discussion of Recommendations 

4.2.1.1 Envelope Recommendations 

The envelope recommendations cover the range of assemblies for the opaque and fenestration portions of 

the building. Opaque elements include the roof, walls, floors and slabs, as well as opaque doors. 

Fenestration elements include the vertical glazing (including doors). The Guide presents 

recommendations for a number of components of each building element. In general, the insulation 

recommendations increase as the climate becomes colder. An exception to this is the roof insulation 

entirely above deck recommendations. The R-value recommendation is constant across all climate zones. 

This recommendation was determined based on the TLCC analysis, which identified the optimal level of 

roof insulation specific to our prototype schools. Control of solar loads is more critical in the hotter, 

sunnier climates, and thus the SHGC tends to be more stringent (lower) in zone 1 and higher in zone 8. 

4.2.1.2 Lighting and Daylighting Recommendations 

The lighting and daylighting recommendations cover a range of performance characteristics, including 

LPD, lighting controls, and daylighting fenestration areas. The recommended LPD for the non-daylit 

option in climate zones 1, 2, and 5 through 8 is 1.1 W/ft2

 (11.8 W/m2). In climate zones 3 and 4, the 

recommended LPD is 0.9 W/ft2

 (9.7 W/m2). In these zones, the lighting load is a higher percentage of 

total energy use that results from smaller heating and cooling loads. Therefore, more aggressive LPDs 

that use the most current, energy-efficient lamps, ballasts, and integrated controls are recommended to 

meet the savings target of 30%. The daylit options recommend a slightly higher LPD of 1.2 W/ft2

 (12.9 

W/m2

). The higher LPD is recommended for the daylit options because significant lighting savings are 

expected from the lights dimming or turning off from the daylight rather than an aggressive lighting 

power reduction. 

An additional rationale the PC considered for allowing higher LPDs in the daylit options was that if a 

school designer put a limited amount of money into a good daylighting system, one would not need to 

spend a lot of money on a high-efficiency electric lighting system. This rationale works only if the 

energy savings goal is 30%, and the school designer is trying to achieve that cost effectively. The PC felt 

that the most stringent LPDs combined with a classroom daylighting design would result in substantially 

more savings than needed, in a less cost-effective combination of technologies. Simulation results 

confirmed this thought, as 30% savings were obtainable with both the high efficiency electrical lighting 

option without daylighting and the standard lighting option with daylit classrooms and gym. 

A primary difference between ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and ASHRAE 90.1-2004 is the more aggressive 

limits on LPD. For example, classroom LPD was reduced from 1.6 W/ft2

 to 1.4 W/ft2 (17.2 W/m2 to 15.1 

W/m2

). In comparing the results of the low-energy non-daylit option to the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 

baselines, we determined that the non-daylit option recommendations would not reach 30% savings in all 

climate zones. The climate zones that did not reach 30% savings were the temperate marine zones 3C 

and 4C, as well as the hot and humid zones 1 and 2A. All of the daylit versions were still at 30% savings 

or above for the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baseline, as the daylighting system energy savings were greater than 

the energy savings from the reduced LPD system. Therefore, the non-daylit option that is available for 

30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999 is not available for 30% savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004. 

The fenestration areas for the daylighting recommendations are provided as a range in the ratio of the 

daylighting fenestration area to floor area. The PC provided a range in the daylighting fenestration ratios 

as they felt that some level of detailed daylighting designs was necessary to fine tune the daylighting 

fenestration area for a specific school. The recommendations are constant across the climate zones, 

except for the use of skylights in the gym daylighting option. The K-12 AEDG recommends gym 

skylights in the temperate climate zones of 3C and 4C only. One benefit of a well-designed daylighting 

system is that the cooling equipment can be downsized. Often, this downsizing can pay for a significant 

portion of the daylighting system. Therefore, the PC focused on daylighting methods other than skylights 

 87 
that provided good daylighting and could result in downsizing of the cooling systems in warm climates. 

In addition, the PC felt that direct beam radiation in gyms should be avoided. This resulted in skylight 

recommendations for only the temperate climates, which have more overcast and diffuse sky conditions. 

4.2.1.3 HVAC Systems 

Unique recommendations are included for each HVAC system type in the climate-specific 

recommendation tables. The recommendations are provided based on how ASHRAE 90.1 specifies 

performance. The package rooftop cooling equipment efficiencies for small units are expressed in SEERs 

and EERs for larger rooftop products. Additionally, commercial cooling products have integrated part 

load values (IPLV) that express their performance during part load operation. Heating equipment 

efficiencies for rooftop products are expressed as annual fuel utilization efficiencies for gas furnaces and 

heating season performance factors for heat pumps. Heating efficiencies for larger commercial products 

are expressed as thermal efficiencies and combustion efficiencies or furnaces and COPs for heat pumps. 

Cooling equipment efficiencies generally are higher in the hotter climates and lower in the colder climates 

for the larger commercial products. For the smaller rooftop units, the cooling efficiencies are constant 

across the climate zones. These levels have been adopted by federal law as the minimum mandatory 

manufacturing standards. For package rooftop unitary equipment, the heating efficiencies are constant 

across climates because higher efficiency equipment is not available from multiple manufacturers. Boiler 

efficiencies generally are higher in colder climates, where higher equipment efficiencies are available 

from multiple manufacturers. 

Unique recommendations are included for each HVAC system type based on practicality of 

implementation and the goal to achieve 30% energy savings. For example, airside economizers are 

recommended for packaged DX rooftops units larger than 54,000 Btu/h (16 kW) for all climate zones 

except 1 and 2A. This is because they are easy to add to the system and they help achieve the desired 

energy savings. However, higher chiller and boiler efficiencies are recommended for fan-coil systems 

and economizers are not. This is because airside economizers are less practical for dedicated outdoor air 

systems. 

Because conditioning OA for ventilation is such a big contributor to the energy use in a K-12 school 

building, either exhaust-air energy recovery or demand controlled ventilation is recommended. The K-12 

AEDG provides multiple options beyond code minimum for reducing OA loads, including scheduled OA 

control for all zones, CO2 demand controlled ventilation in all zones, and energy recovery from exhaust 

air. The PC felt that both CO2 demand controlled ventilation and ERVs was not practical technology 

combination and unneeded for 30% savings. Therefore, for all HVAC system types, either CO2 demand 

controlled ventilation or an ERV is recommended. 

Some system types are not recommended for certain climate zones. For example, unit ventilators are not 

recommended in warm humid climates in climate zones 1, 2A, and 3A. This was due to concern from the 

PC and from peer reviewers that unit ventilators cannot efficiently condition OA in humid climates. In 

addition, ERVs are not recommended in the coastal climate zones 3C and 4C, because of their limited 

energy recovery potential. 

SWH measures include recommendations for the use of instantaneous water heaters for fuel-fired 

applications and enhanced efficiencies for storage applications. In addition, recommendations are 

provided for enhanced pipe insulation values. 

4.3 Energy Savings Results 

The whole building energy savings results for the recommendations in the K-12 AEDG are shown in 

Table 4-5. Energy savings are relative to the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 baseline energy use, and include plug 

loads in the energy use of the baseline and low-energy models. The analysis shows that the 

recommendations in the K-12 AEDG succeeded in meeting the goal of 30% or greater energy savings and 

that this goal can be met for daylit and non-daylit options with a range of HVAC system types. Energy 

 88 
savings are also shown for each elementary, middle, and high school prototype. In general, all the nondaylit models had less energy savings than the daylit equivalent. Note that the daylit models do not have 

a reduced LPD, but used less lighting energy than the non-daylit models. The non-daylit low-energy PSZ 

models were just above 30% savings, and the PVAV daylit low-energy models were significantly above 

30% energy savings. The PVAV system types performed the best, because of a combination of the higher 

VAV fan efficiency, higher compressor COP, and higher boiler efficiency. Energy savings by school 

type did not vary significantly for a given climate zone. 

The energy savings results for the recommendations in the K-12 AEDG, relative to ASHRAE 90.1-2004 

are shown in Table 4-6. The recommendations in the K-12 AEDG result in 30% or greater energy 

savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004 for just the daylit options with a range of HVAC system types. Energy 

savings are also shown for each elementary, middle, and high school prototype. 

The end uses for each ASHRAE 90.1-1999 baseline and low-energy model are shown in Figure 4-1

through Figure 4-6. The end uses for each ASHRAE 90.1-2204 baseline and low-energy model are 

shown in Figure 4-7 through Figure 4-9. 

The end use data and percent savings for the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 baseline and low-energy models are 

shown in tabular format in Appendix G. The ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baseline and low-energy model end 

uses and savings are shown in tabular format in Appendix H. 

 89 
Table 4-5 Energy Savings: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline 

Climate School Type 

30% – No 

Daylight 

PSZ 

30% – No 

Daylight 

VAV 

30% – No 

Daylight 

PVAV 

30% –

Daylit 

PSZ 

30% – 

Daylit 

VAV 

30% –

Daylit 

PVAV 

Elementary 34% 36% 41% 40% 43% 47%

Middle 35% 36% 42% 41% 42% 48% 1A 

High 36% 35% 42% 43% 42% 47% 

Elementary 36% 37% 41% 42% 43% 47% 

Middle 36% 37% 41% 42% 43% 47% 2A 

High 37% 37% 42% 44% 43% 47% 

Elementary 37% 40% 44% 44% 47% 50% 

Middle 38% 40% 44% 44% 46% 50% 2B 

High 39% 39% 44% 46% 46% 50% 

Elementary 36% 36% 40% 38% 39% 42% 

3A Middle 36% 37% 40% 38% 39% 42% 

High 36% 36% 40% 39% 39% 42% 

Elementary 36% 38% 41% 38% 40% 43% 

Middle 36% 38% 42% 39% 41% 44% 3B 

High 37% 37% 41% 40% 40% 44% 

Elementary 40% 43% 44% 43% 44% 45% 

Middle 41% 43% 44% 43% 45% 46% 3C 

High 42% 44% 45% 44% 46% 47% 

Elementary 36% 37% 40% 39% 40% 43% 

Middle 35% 38% 40% 38% 41% 43% 4A 

High 35% 35% 38% 38% 40% 42% 

Elementary 35% 37% 40% 39% 40% 43% 

Middle 35% 38% 40% 38% 41% 43% 4B 

High 36% 36% 39% 40% 40% 43% 

Elementary 33% 37% 38% 36% 39% 40% 

Middle 32% 39% 40% 34% 41% 42% 4C 

High 33% 38% 39% 36% 42% 43% 

Elementary 35% 36% 38% 40% 42% 43% 

Middle 33% 36% 39% 38% 42% 44% 5A 

High 33% 34% 36% 39% 40% 42% 

Elementary 33% 35% 36% 40% 41% 43% 

Middle 32% 35% 37% 38% 41% 43% 5B 

High 32% 33% 35% 39% 40% 42% 

Elementary 37% 38% 39% 42% 44% 44% 

Middle 34% 38% 40% 39% 43% 44% 6A 

High 34% 36% 37% 39% 42% 42% 

Elementary 36% 36% 37% 41% 42% 43% 

Middle 33% 37% 38% 39% 42% 43% 6B 

High 33% 34% 35% 40% 41% 41% 

Elementary 40% 41% 42% 45% 46% 46% 

Middle 36% 41% 42% 41% 45% 46% 7A 

High 36% 38% 39% 41% 43% 44% 

Elementary 42% 39% 39% 45% 42% 41% 

Middle 37% 38% 37% 40% 40% 39% 8A 

High 37% 35% 34% 42% 38% 37% 

 90 
Table 4-6 Energy Savings: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline 

Climate School 

Type 

30% – 

Daylit PSZ 

30% – 

Daylit VAV 

30% – 

Daylit 

PVAV 

Elementary 32% 34% 40% 

Middle 32% 33% 39% 1A 

High 33% 31% 38% 

Elementary 35% 36% 41% 

Middle 35% 35% 40% 2A 

High 36% 35% 40% 

Elementary 37% 40% 43% 

Middle 36% 39% 43% 2B 

High 38% 37% 42% 

Elementary 32% 33% 36% 

3A Middle 31% 32% 36% 

High 32% 32% 36% 

Elementary 31% 33% 37% 

Middle 31% 33% 37% 3B 

High 32% 32% 36% 

Elementary 32% 33% 34% 

Middle 31% 33% 35% 3C 

High 33% 35% 37% 

Elementary 35% 36% 39% 

Middle 33% 36% 39% 4A 

High 33% 35% 37% 

Elementary 33% 35% 38% 

Middle 32% 35% 38% 4B 

High 33% 34% 37% 

Elementary 31% 35% 36% 

Middle 30% 37% 38% 4C 

High 31% 37% 38% 

Elementary 37% 39% 41% 

Middle 34% 38% 40% 5A 

High 35% 37% 39% 

Elementary 36% 37% 39% 

Middle 33% 37% 39% 5B 

High 34% 36% 38% 

Elementary 40% 41% 42% 

Middle 36% 41% 42% 6A 

High 37% 39% 40% 

Elementary 39% 40% 41% 

Middle 36% 39% 40% 6B 

High 36% 37% 38% 

Elementary 44% 45% 45% 

Middle 39% 44% 44% 7A 

High 39% 41% 42% 

Elementary 44% 41% 40% 

Middle 39% 39% 38% 8A 

High 40% 37% 36% 

 91 
4.3.1 End Uses for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-1999 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting

Cooling Fans Pumps

Heating Water Systems

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 4-1 Elementary School End Uses: Daylit 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting

Cooling Fans Pumps

Heating Water Systems

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 4-2 Elementary School End Uses: No Daylighting 

 92 
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting

Cooling Fans Pumps

Heating Water Systems

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 4-3 Middle School End Uses: Daylit 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting

Cooling Fans Pumps

Heating Water Systems

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 4-4 Middle School End Uses: No Daylighting 

 93 
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting

Cooling Fans Pumps

Heating Water Systems

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 4-5 High School End Uses: Daylit 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAVBaseline 30% - No Daylight PSZ 30% - No Daylight VAV 30% - No Daylight PVAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting

Cooling Fans Pumps

Heating Water Systems

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 4-6 High School End Uses: No Daylighting 

 94 
4.3.2 End uses for 30% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting

Cooling Fans Pumps

Heating Water Systems

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 4-7 Elementary School End Uses: Daylit, ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline 

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting

Cooling Fans Pumps

Heating Water Systems

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 4-8 Middle School End Uses: Daylit, ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline 

 95 
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAVBaseline30% - Daylit PSZ30% - Daylit VAV30% - Daylit PVAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting

Cooling Fans Pumps

Heating Water Systems

1A 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7A 8A

Figure 4-9 High School End Uses: Daylit, ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline 

 96 
5. Beyond 30% Energy Savings 

To inform the future development of more stringent guides, we performed a scoping study to understand 

which energy efficiency technologies would be needed to achieve 50% energy savings. 

Recommendations included in the 50% scoping analysis include the most stringent of each 

recommendation included in the 30% guide, combined with plug load reductions caused by highefficiency distribution transformers and Energy Star equipment, daylighting in all zones, infiltration 

reduction, and water cooled chillers. We modeled these recommendations in a daylit middle school with 

a VAV to determine energy savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004 in each of the 15 climate zones. 

5.1 50% Energy Savings Model Inputs and Assumptions 

This section documents our modeling inputs and assumptions for the 50% low-energy VAV middle 

school. The baseline used to determine 50% energy savings was the same ASHRAE 90.1-2004 baselines 

used to determine 30% savings. We used the low-energy daylit VAV middle school as a starting point 

and modified or added the following additional efficiency characteristics: 

• Added skylights and daylighting controls to all of the core and exterior zones that did not 

previously have daylighting. See Figure 5-1 for a model rendering of the fully daylit middle 

school. 

• Reduced the peak infiltration to 0.3 ACH 

• Reduced the LPD for all climate zones to 0.9 W/ft2

 (9.7 W/m2). 

• Added CO2 demand controlled ventilation to all zones. 

• Increased the total and sensible ERV effectiveness to 65%. 

• Increased the fan efficiency to 65% and the motor efficiency to 90%, resulting in a fan/motor 

efficiency of 55%. 

• Reduced the friction rate of the duct work to 0.06 in. per 100 ft of duct work (15 Pa per 30 m), 

which reduced the total fan static pressure to 3.0 in. w.c. (750 Pa). 

• Used a water cooled centrifugal chiller with a COP of 6.0. 

• Added a condensing boiler with an increased boiler efficiency of 95%. 

• Added a condensing hot heater with an increased efficiency of 95%. 

• Applied the additional savings recommendations in the K-12 AEDG for reducing plug loads. We 

reduced the peak and nighttime plug loads through EnergyStar equipment and 98% efficiency 

CSL-3 distribution transformers. CSL-3 distribution transformers not only have higher peak 

efficiency, the part load efficiencies are significantly better than standard distribution 

transformers. The equipment schedule was modified to represent these changes as shown in 

Table 3-28. This schedule represents a daytime plug reduction of 10% over the baseline 

schedule, and a nighttime plug reduction of 30% during the school year and 40% during the 

summer over the baseline schedule. 

 97 
Figure 5-1 50% Savings Fully Daylit Middle School Model Rendering 

 98 
Table 5-1 50% Savings Building Equipment Schedule 

Hour Weekday 

through 6/30 

Weekday 

through 9/01 

Weekday 

through 12/31

Weekends, 

Holidays 

Weekends, 

Holidays, 

Summer 

1 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

2 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

3 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

4 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

5 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

6 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

7 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

8 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

9 0.85 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.15 

10 0.85 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.15 

11 0.85 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.15 

12 0.85 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.15 

13 0.85 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.15 

14 0.85 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.15 

15 0.85 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.15 

16 0.85 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.15 

17 0.85 0.45 0.85 0.25 0.15 

18 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

19 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

20 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

21 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

22 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

23 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

24 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.15 

5.2 50% Energy Savings Results 

Based on this initial scoping study, 50% savings should be possible in all climates. The energy savings 

and end uses for the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 and 50% low-energy middle school are shown in Figure 5-2. 

For the most temperate climates such as 3C and 4C, energy savings are just above 50%. Findings from 

this scoping study suggest that 50% savings are possible, but that nontraditional efficiency measures such 

as plug load reductions and infiltration reductions are required. Additional focus on “typical” plug load 

schedules in K-12 schools as well as the expected energy savings from EnergyStar equipment will be 

needed to accurately predict the plug load savings. Baseline infiltration inputs will also need to be further 

researched. For 50% energy savings, additional work will be needed to truly optimize daylighting to 

provide as much savings as possible. The 50% recommendations may limit the types of systems that can 

be used. For example, only certain types of HVAC systems, such as water cooled chillers, high efficiency 

condensing boilers, or ground source heat pumps, may be available for a 50% low-energy school. 

Standard systems such as package single zone equipment or unit ventilators may not be able that meet the 

 99 
 100 

The recommendations from this 50% savings scoping study are summarized in Table 5-2 and Table 5-3. 

high efficiency needs for a 50% savings school without additional lighting, plug load, or envelope 

measures. 

60% 58% 61% 55% 56%

50%

56%

57% 51%

57%

1A - Baseline

50% - VAV

2A - Baseline

50% - VAV

2B - Baseline

50% - VAV

3A - Baseline

50% - VAV

3B - Baseline

 50% - VAV

3C - Baseline

50% - VAV

4A - Baseline

50% - VAV

4B - Baseline

50% - VAV

4C - Baseline

50% - VAV

5A - Baseline

50% - VAV

5B - Baseline

50% - VAV

6A - Baseline

50% - VAV

57%

59%

57%

60%

56%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

6B - Baseline

50% - VAV

7A - Baseline

50% - VAV

8A - Baseline

50% - VAV

Site EUI (kBtu/ft2

)

Interior Equipment

Exterior Lighting

Interior Lighting

Cooling

Fans

Pumps

Heating

Water Systems

Savings

Figure 5-2 Middle School End Uses: 50% Savings 
Table 5-2 Recommendations for 50% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004: Climate Zones 1-4 

 101 

Item Component Climate Zone 1 Recommendations Climate Zone 2 Recommendations Climate Zone 3 Recommendations 

Insulation Entirely Above Deck R-25 ci R-25 ci R-25 ci 

Attic and Other R-30 R-38 R-38 

Metal Building R-19 R-13.0 + R-13.0 R-13.0 + R-13.0 

SRI 0.78 0.78 0.78 

Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft2

) R-5.7 ci R-7.6 ci R-7.6 ci 

Steel Framed R-13 R-13 R-13 + R-3.8 ci 

Wood Framed and Other R-13 R-13 R-13 

Metal Building R-16 R-16 R-16 

Below Grade Walls Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Unheated Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Heated R-7.5 for 12 in. R-7.5 for 12 in. R-10 for 24 in. 

Total Fenestration to Gross Wall Area Ratio 35% Max 35% Max 35% Max 

Thermal transmittance- all types and orientations U-0.56 U-0.45 U-0.45 

Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)- all types and orientations SHGC-0.25 SHGC-0.25 SHGC-0.25 

Exterior Sun Control (S, E, W only) Projection Factor> 0.5 Projection Factor> 0.5 Projection Factor> 0.5 

Interior Finishes Interior room surface average reflectance 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%+ on walls below 7' 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%+ on walls below 7' 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%

on walls below 7' 

Infiltration Peak infiltration air changes/hr 0.3 ACH 0.3 ACH 0.3 ACH 

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3% North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3% North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5

Gym Toplighting (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio)

South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% North Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% 

South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% North Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% 

South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% NoFacing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% C ZoneOnly: Skylights: 2% - 4%

Toplighting in Corridors, Offices, Media Center, Bathrooms, Cafeteria, and Kitchen (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio)

Skylights: 3%-4% Skylights: 3%-4% Skylights: 3%-4% 

Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.9 W/ft2 maximum 0.9 W/ft2 maximum 0.9 W/ft2 maximum 

Light Source system efficacy (linear fluorescent and HID) 85 mean lumens/watt minimum 85 mean lumens/watt minimum 85 mean lumens/watt minimum 

Light source system efficacy (all other sources) 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 

Lighting Controls - general Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones 

Dimming Controls Daylight Harvesting 

Dim all fixtures in daylit spaces, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge

Dim all fixtures in daylit spaces, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge

Dim all fixtures in daylit spaces, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, anwithin 10 ft of toplighting edge

Water-Cooled Chiller Efficiency 6.0 COP 6.0 COP 6.0 COP 

Gas Boiler 80% Ec 80% Ec 95% Ec 

Economizer Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* >54 kBtu/h 

Ventilation 65% effective total energy recovery AND demand control 65% effective total energy recovery AND demand control 65% effective total energy recovery AND demand control 

Fans 65% efficient fan, 90% efficient EC motor 65% efficient fan, 90% efficient EC motor 65% efficient fan, 90% efficient EC motor 

Outdoor air damper motorized motorized motorized 

Friction rate 0.06 in w.c./100ft 0.06 in w.c./100ft 0.06 in w.c./100ft 

Sealing Seal Class B Seal Class B Seal Class B 

Location interior only interior only interior only 

Insulation level R-6 R-6 R-6 

Gas storage (>75 kBtu/h) 95% Et 95% Et 95% Et 

Gas instantaneous 0.81 EF or 81% Et 0.81 EF or 81% Et 0.81 EF or 81% Et 

Electric (storage or instantaneous) EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume 

Pipe insulation (d < 1.5 in. / d >= 1.5 in.) 1 in./ 1.5 in. 1 in./ 1.5 in. 1 in./ 1.5 in. 

Office Equipment EnergyStar equipment, nighttime standby 

mode

EnergyStar equipment, nighttime standby mode

EnergyStar equipment, nighttime standby mode

Computers LCD monitors, EnergyStar equipment LCD monitors, EnergyStar equipment LCD monitors, EnergyStar equipment 

Transformers 98% efficient CL-3 rated transformers 98% efficient CL-3 rated transformers 98% efficient CL-3 rated transformers Misc. Equipment (Kitchen, Classrooms) EnergyStar equipment EnergyStar equipment EnergyStar equipment 

Service Water 

Heating

Ducts and 

Dampers

Plug Loads

Interior LightingDaylighted 

Option

Classroom Daylighting (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio)

VAV and Chiller 

System

Vertical 

Fenestration

Roofs

Walls

Slabs
Table 5-3 Recommendations for 50% Savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004: Climate Zones 5-

Item Component Climate Zone 5 Recommendations Climate Zone 6 Recommendations Climate Zone 7 Recommendations 

Insulation Entirely Above Deck R-25 ci R-25 ci R-25 ci 

Attic and Other R-38 R-38 R-60 

Metal Building R-13.0 + R-19.0 R-13.0 + R-19.0 R-13.0 + R-19.0 

SRI Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* Comply with Standard 90.1* 

Mass (HC > 7 Btu/ft2

) R-11.4 ci R-13.3 ci R-15.2 ci 

Steel Framed R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci 

Wood Framed and Other R-13 + R-3.8 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci R-13 + R-7.5 ci 

Metal Building R-13 + R-13 R-13 + R-13 R-13 + R-13 

Below Grade Walls R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci R-7.5 ci 

Unheated Comply with Standard 90.1* R-10 for 24 in. R-15 for 24 in. 

Heated R-15 for 24 in. R-15 for 24 in. R-15 for full slab 

Total Fenestration to Gross Wall Area Ratio 35% Max 35% Max 35% Max Thermal transmittance- all types and orientations U-0.42 U-0.42 U-0.33 

Solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC)- all types and orientations SHGC-0.40 SHGC-0.40 SHGC-0.45 

Exterior Sun Control (S, E, W only) Projection Factor> 0.5 Projection Factor> 0.5 Projection Factor> 0.5 

 Finishes Interior room surface average reflectance 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%+ on walls below 7' 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%+ on walls below 7' 70%+ on ceilings and walls above 7', 50%

on walls below 7' 

ration Whole Building Infiltration Air Changes/hr 0.3 ACH 0.3 ACH 0.3 ACH 

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

Toplit - South Facing Roof Monitors: 8%-11% North Facing Roof Monitors: 12%-15%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facin

Interior 

Infilt

g: 15% - 20%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

SidelitSouth Facing: 8%-11% North Facing: 15% - 20%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3% North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3% North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5%

Combined Toplit and SidelitSouth Facing Sidelit: 6%-8%, Toplit: 2%-3North Facing Sidelit: 9%-13%, Toplit: 3%-5

Gym Toplighting (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio)

South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% North Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10% 

South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% North Facing Roof Monitors 7% to 10%

South Facing Roof Monitors: 5% - 8% NoFacing Roof Monitors 7% to 10%

Toplighting in Corridors, Offices, Media Center, Bathrooms, Cafeteria, and Kitchen (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio

)

Skylights: 3%-4% Skylights: 3%-4% Skylights: 3%-4% 

Lighting Power Density (LPD) 0.9 W/ft2 maximum 0.9 W/ft2 maximum 0.9 W/ft2 maximum 

Light Source system efficacy (linear fluorescent and HID) 85 mean lumens/ watt minimum 85 mean lumens/ watt minimum 85 mean lumens/ watt minimum 

Light source system efficacy (all other sources) 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum 50 mean lumens/watt minimum Lighting Controls - general Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones Manual on, Auto-off all zones 

Dimming Controls Daylight Harvesting 

Dim all fixtures in daylit spaces, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge

Dim all fixtures in daylit spaces, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, and within 10 ft of toplighting edge

Dim all fixtures in daylit spaces, and other fixtures within 15 ft of sidelighting edge, anwithin 10 ft of toplighting edge

Water-Cooled Chiller Efficiency 6.0 COP 6.0 COP 6.0 COP 

Gas Boiler 95% Ec 95% Ec 95% Ec 

Economizer >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h >54 kBtu/h 

Ventilation 65% effective total energy recovery AND demand control 65% effective total energy recovery AND demand control 65% effective total energy recovery AND demand control 

Fans 65% efficient fan, 90% efficient EC motor 65% efficient fan, 90% efficient EC motor 65% efficient fan, 90% efficient EC motor 

Outdoor air dam

per motorized motorized motorized 

Friction rate 0.06 in w.c./100ft 0.06 in w.c./100ft 0.06 in w.c./100ft 

Sealing Seal Class B Seal Class B Seal Class B 

Location interior only interior only interior only 

Insulation level R-6 R-6 R-6 

Gas storage (>75 kBtu/h) 95% Et 95% Et 95% Et 

Gas instantaneous 0.81 EF or 81% Et 0.81 EF or 81% Et 0.81 EF or 81% Et 

Electric (storage or instantaneous) EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume EF>0.99-0.0012 x Volume 

Pipe insulation (d < 1.5 in. / d >= 1.5 in.) 1 in./ 1.5 in. 1 in./ 1.5 in. 1 in./ 1.5 in. 

Office Equipment EnergyStar equipment, nighttime standby 

mode

EnergyStar equipment, nighttime standby mode

EnergyStar equipment, nighttime standby mode

Computers LCD monitors, EnergyStar equipment LCD monitors, EnergyStar equipment LCD monitors, EnergyStar equipment Transformers 98% efficient CL-3 rated transformers 98% efficient CL-3 rated transformers 98% efficient CL-3 rated transformers 

Misc. Equipment (Kitchen, Classrooms) EnergyStar equipment EnergyStar equipment EnergyStar equipment 

Classroom Daylighting (Daylighting Fenestration to Floor Area Ratio)

Interior LightingDayl

Op

ighted 

tion

VAV an

Sy

Duc

Dam

Servic

He

Plug L

Ro

Wal

Sl

Ve

Fenes

d Chiller 

stem

ts and 

pers

e Water 

ating

oads

ofs

ls

abs

rtical 

tration

 102 
6. References 

AEDG-SO (2004). Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings: Achieving 30% Energy 

Savings Over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating 

and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, 2004. 

AEDG-SR (2006). Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Retail Buildings: Achieving 30% Energy 

Savings Over ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating 

and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta, Georgia, 2006. 

ASHRAE (1989). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1989 Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings 

Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia, 1989. 

ASHRAE (1999). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999 Energy Standard for Buildings except 

Low-Rise Residential Buildings. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning 

Engineers, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia, 1999. 

ASHRAE (2001). ASHRAE Standard 62-2001 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American 

Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia, 2001. 

ASHRAE (2004a). ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 Energy Standard for Buildings except 

Low-Rise Residential Buildings. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning 

Engineers, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia, 2004. 

ASHRAE (2004b). ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. 

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Atlanta, Georgia, 2004. 

ASHRAE (2005). ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and 

Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 2005. 

ASHRAE (2007). ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating 

and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 2007. 

ASU (2006). American School and University 32nd Annual Official Education Construction Report. 

May, 2006. http://asumag.com/ar/605asu21.pdf. 

DOE (2007). EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software. www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/. 

Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Energy. 

EIA (2005). 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. Washington, DC: EIA. 

Available from www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/cbecs2003/introduction.html. 

Griffith, B.; Long, N.; Torcellini, P.; Judkoff, R.; Crawley, D.; Ryan, J. (2007). Methodology for 

Modeling Building Energy Performance across the Commercial Sector. September 2007. In Draft. 

NREL Report No. TP-550-41956. Golden, CO: NREL. 

Jarnagin, R.E., et. al. (2006). Technical Support Document: Development of the Advanced Energy 

Design Guide for Small Office Buildings, November, 2006. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 

Report No. PNNL-16250. Richland, Washington. 

Judkoff, R.; Neymark, J. (1995). International Energy Agency Building Energy Simulation Test 

(BESTEST) and Diagnostic Method. NREL Report No. TP-472-6231. Golden, CO: NREL. 

Liu, B., et. al. (2006). Technical Support Document: Development of the Advanced Energy Design 

Guide for Small Retail Buildings, September, 2006. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Report No. 

PNNL-16031. Richland, Washington. 

 103 
North Carolina (2007). North Carolina State Suggested K-12 School Space Profiles, 

www.schoolclearinghouse.org/. Last Accessed May 2007. 

SPM (2007). School Planning and Management 2007 Construction Report. 

www.peterli.com/global/pdfs/SPMConstruction2007.pdf Last Accessed May 2007. 

Torcellini, P.; Pless, S.; Deru, M.; Griffith, B.; Long, N.; Judkoff R. (2006). Lessons Learned from Case 

Studies of Six High-Performance Buildings, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Report No. TP-550-

37542. www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/37542.pdf. 

USGBC (2006). New Construction & Major Renovation, Version 2.2. Leadership in Energy and 

Environmental Design, U.S. Green Buildings Council, Washington, DC. 

 104 
Appendix A. Project Committee Meeting Agendas 

A.1 Meeting #1 Agenda 

Agenda Meeting #1 

Advanced Energy Design Guide-K12 

Project Committee Meeting 

ASHRAE Headquarters 

1791 Tullie Circle 

Atlanta, GA 30329 

404-636-8400 

Friday, December 8, 2006, 8:30 am – 5:30 pm 

Saturday, December 9, 2006, 8:00 am – 2:00 pm 

1. Welcome – Torcellini Friday, 8:30 am 

2. Introductions: Give Name/Affiliation 

and experience in working on design of schools 

3. Review of Agenda – Torcellini 9:00 

4. AEDG Overview – Colliver 9:10 

a) Organization of AEDG Series 

b) Committee make-up structure/partnering organization 

c) Scoping Document formation 

d) Reference Case Determination 

e) Definition of Project Committee/Focus Group/Resource Group 

5. Lessons Learned on the Retail Guide – McBride 9:40 

6. Break 10:00 

7. Future Meeting Schedule (bring your calendars for next spring/summer) 10:15 

8. Review and Questions on Scoping Document – Torcellini 10:30 

a) Context of the other AEDGs 

b) Goals & Objectives of the Guide 

c) Target Audience 

d) Review of Scoping document 

e) Resolve remaining scope issues: 

• school size limit 

• 30% apply to each space type or to entire campus 

• Energy Savings Methods (plug or not plugs) 

f) Peer Review Process 

9. Lunch 12:30 

10. Outline of AEDG 1:30 

g) Review outline of previous Guides 

h) Discuss possible modifications/changes 

i) How will this guide be unique? 

i) Literature review of existing materials (Pless) 

ii) What new information will be provided? 

11. Analysis Engine – Torcellini/Pless 2:30 

12. Break 3:00 

13. Benchmark/Reference Building – How is it defined? – Torcellini/Pless 3:15 

j) CBECS background search (Pless) 

 105 
k) Elementary/High benchmarks 

l) Define parameters (or identify where to find them) 

i) Amenities provided 

ii) Number/Size of classrooms, offices, gyms, foodservice, etc. 

iii) Type of HVAC 

14. Development of AEDG-Schools Saturday, 8:00 

m) Architectural Features 

n) Lighting Criteria 

o) Envelope Criteria 

p) HVAC/Service water heating 

q) Commissioning 

r) Case Studies 

s) Bonus Savings 

t) Other? 

15. Break 10:15 

16. Development of AEDG-Schools (cont.) 10:45 

u) Architectural Features 

v) Lighting Criteria 

w) Envelope Criteria 

x) HVAC/Service water heating 

y) Commissioning 

z) Case Studies 

aa) Bonus Savings 

bb) Other? 

17. Lunch 12:00 

18. Finalize Focus Group 1:00 

cc) Roster confirmation 

dd) Review draft questions 

19. Finalize Resource Group 

ee) Roster confirmation 

ff) Technical Committees to be represented? 

gg) Other representatives? 

hh) How utilize this expertise? 

20. Additional Issues 

21. Review of Action Items 1:30 

22. Next Meeting 

23. Adjourn 2:00 

Action Items 

1. Review Scoping Document 

2. Review AEDG-Retail (should have received one in the mail) 

A.2 Conference Call #1 Agenda 

Conference Call 1/12/2007, 12:30pm to 3:30pm EST. 

Items to discuss: 

1) Review of old Action Items 

2) Comments on Meeting #1 minutes 

3) Who is coming to the focus group meeting? PC Meeting #2? 

 106 
4) Comments on updated focus group agenda/questions 

a) Items to send to focus group 

i) Agenda/questions 

ii) Examples from SO and SR guides 

iii) Scoping document 

iv) 35% concept draft? 

5) Review of concept draft input- we need some consistency in terms of detail and format for the 30% 

draft. All of the content should be in outline form. 

6) Baseline Determination: 

a) Campus vs single building? California new schools? 

b) We had an email discussion about year round vs. no summer operation, and from what I heard, 

most schools are not operated fully year round, but do have some limited use during the summer. 

Do any PC members have any survey data on this, at the national level, or at a district level? 

c) “Typical” HVAC systems- From John Murphy, all of these systems are standard, but vary by 

region and between high and elem: 

i) Packaged and split DX systems with: indirect gas-fired heater, electric resistance heat, or heat 

pump. 

ii) Water-source (or ground-source) heat pumps 

iii) Liquid water chillers and boilers with classroom unit ventilators 

iv) Liquid water chillers and boilers with central air handlers (constant-volume or VAV) 

7) Review of new Action Items 

8) Review of future meeting schedule 

A.3 Focus Group Agenda and Questions 

1. Fill in the posters on the walls answering the following questions: 

a. Much material already exists on building energy efficiency and 

 sustainability in schools. Will the information presented in this 

 guide (as outlined in the scope) be a useful addition? 11:30 am 

i. What existing guides for schools are you aware of? 

ii. Do you use any of these guides? 

iii. What audience do you think they are intended for? 

iv. What are the gaps in these guides? 

b. What would influence you to do an energy efficiency school? 

2. Welcome – Torcellini 11:40 am 

3. Introductions: Give Name/Affiliation and experience in working on 

design of schools 

4. Review of Agenda – Torcellini 11:45 am 

5. AEDG Overview – Colliver 11:50 am 

a. Organization of AEDG series 

b. Review of scoping document and background 

6. Group discussions addressing the following questions: 

7. Discuss poster results 12:00 pm 

 107 
8. For the schools you are involved with, what is the common practice 

relative to the local standard energy standard applied? 12:20 pm 

a. Energy code compliant? 

b. 10% better than code? 

c. How difficult do you think achieving this guideline’s 30% goal might be (given a 

prescriptive path to do so). 

d. Do you think the 30% goal is achievable? 

9. What would influence you to do a 30% school? 1:00 pm 

a. Or to not do it? 

b. Would you consider using a different system type than your typical HVAC system? 

c. Would you be willing to spend more money to achieve a sustainable building that could 

be used as an educational example? 

10. What energy strategies should be addressed in the guide? 1:30 pm 

a. Brainstorm energy strategies you would use 

b. Brainstorm additional energy strategies you would consider (pros and cons of each) 

c. Strategies you would not consider and why 

d. Strategies that you would need for a 30% savings school? 

11. Do you feel recommendations should be individualized to separate 

 school types and sizes (elem, middle, high)? 2:30 pm 

a. Describe what you consider to be a typical school 

(including size, types of spaces, HVAC system type) 

b. Do we need recommendations on specialty uses or space types 

 (swimming pools, sports complexes, hours of operation)? 

c. Are there energy use issues related to public vs. private schools? 

d. Middle vs. high schools? 

12. What would an appropriate format look like (show examples and discuss)? 

What would be most helpful/usable way to present recommendations and results? 3:00 pm 

a. Possible options include: 

• An entire facility approach with (2) scenarios based on size, where the 30% savings are 

calculated for the overall facility? (small = elementary and large = high) 

• A multiple space approach, where the 30% savings are calculated for each space type 

separately? (Spaces to include administrative & office, classrooms/hallways/restrooms, 

gymnasiums, assembly spaces, food preparation, library & “clean” labs, etc). 

• An integrated systems approach, where envelope & lighting issues are addressed by 

space type and mechanical systems addressed through overall integration of the entire 

facility? 

13. What makes a valuable case study? 3:15 pm 

a. What type of info would you like to see? 

 108 
b. How much detail should be provided? 

c. Are photos helpful? 

d. How many case studies are appropriate? 

e. Do you prefer whole building vs individual technology case studies? 

f. Is the level of detail in our current case study list appropriate? (our current case study 

list will be provided at meeting) 

14. Adjourn 3:30 pm 

Other questions to consider: 

• Should we consider water-cooled equipment such as water-cooled chillers? 

• Is there an issue with maintenance on water-cooled equipment that should stop us from 

considering it? 

• Would it be worthwhile or would you be able to provide absenteeism statistics? 

• What is the best way to tie-in all the goals of all the organizations together (AIA, USGBC, 

IESNA, DOE, ASHRAE)? 

A.4 Meeting #2 Agenda 

Agenda Meeting #2 

Advanced Energy Design Guide-K12 

Project Committee Meeting 

ASHRAE Headquarters 

1791 Tullie Circle 

Atlanta, GA 30329 

404-636-8400 

Friday, January 19, 2007, 8:30 am – 5:30 pm 

Saturday, January 20, 2007, 8:00 am – 2:00 pm 

Business Casual Attire 

1. Welcome – Torcellini Friday, 8:30 am 

2. Introductions: Review of Agenda – Torcellini 9:00 

3. Meeting Goals (to be done before we leave): 

f) Establish benchmark so NREL can start running simulations 

g) Develop action item list to get to 65% text completion by 2/9/07 

h) Identify holes in draft—determine appropriate scope and depth to each section 

4. Next meeting 2/23-2/24 in Atlanta. 

i) There is a conference call scheduled for 2/9? Can we move this to 2/8/07? (The chairman is not 

available on 2/9.) 

5. Old Action Items Review – Torcellini 9:10 

6. Discuss Results from yesterday’s Focus Group – Torcellini, Pratt, Hunn 9:20 

7. Break 10:00 

8. Baseline Discussion - Torcellini/Pless 10:15 

j) Review proposed baseline model characteristics 

k) Elem/middle/high model scorecards 

 109 
l) Outstanding baseline model issues: 

(a) Campus type floor plan vs a single building floor plan? Do most new schools in 

temperate climates (California) have the corridors outside? 

(b) Determine typical floor plans for elem, middle, and high schools 

(c) We had an email discussion about year round vs. no summer operation, and from 

what I heard, most schools are not operated fully year round, but do have some 

limited use during the summer. Do any PC members have any survey data on this, at 

the national level, or at a district level? 

(d) “Typical” HVAC systems- From John Murphy, all of these systems are standard, but 

vary by region and between high and elem: 

(i) Packaged and split DX systems with: indirect gas-fired heater, electric resistance 

heat, or heat pump. 

(ii) Water-source (or ground-source) heat pumps 

(iii)Liquid water chillers and boilers with classroom unit ventilators 

(iv) Liquid water chillers and boilers with central air handlers (constant-volume or 

VAV) 

9. Lunch 12:30 

10. Continue discussion on #8 

11. Begin list of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) to include in 30% advanced energy model and 

Chapter 3 2:00 

m) Required measures vs. suggested measures 

n) Cost and performance data? 

o) How do we model the measure? 

12. Break 3:00 

13. Development of AEDG-Schools by subcommittee (Break up into groups) 3:15 

o Introduction – Torcellini 

o Chapter 1 (Why, Who, How to use guide) – Nicklas, Schoff, O’Brien 

o Chapter 2 (Process for Achieving Savings) – Sharma, Brenner 

o Chapter 3 (Recommendation Tables) – Pless, Torcellini 

o Chapter 4 (Case Studies) – Schoff 

o Chapter 5 (How to recommendations) 

 QAs/Commissioning – Sharma, Brenner 

 Envelope – Nicklas (lead), McBride, O’Brien, Eley 

 Lighting – Davis (lead), Benya, Eley, Nicklas 

 HVAC – Murphy (lead), Goldman, Marriott 

 SWH – Murphy (lead), Goldman, Marriott 

 Electrical Distribution – Schoff (lead), Davis, Benya 

 Bonus Savings – all 

14. Develop agenda for TC 9.7 at ASHRAE Winter meeting (Milton/Shanti) Saturday, 8:00 

p) They can help to answer some of the HVAC issues the focus group was not able to address. 

15. Continue #13 from Friday 8:30 

16. Reconvene as group and discuss draft 10:30 

17. Discussion of Cover and other format issues 11:45 

18. Lunch 12:00 

19. Additional Issues 1:00 

20. Review of Action Items 1:30 

21. Adjourn 2:00 

 110 
A.5 Conference Call #2 Agenda 

Agenda Conference Call #2 

Advanced Energy Design Guide-K12 

Thursday, February 8, 2007, 12:30 pm – 3:30 pm 

Items to discuss: 

1) Review of old Action Items (current AI List below) 

2) Comments on Meeting #2 minutes (will be sent out before conference call) 

3) Confirm attendance for 2/23-2/24 AEDG-Schools meeting in Atlanta 

4) Review of TC 9.7 meeting at ASHRAE (meeting notes are below) 

5) Review status of the current draft 

a) Status of each section 

b) Progress towards the 65% draft 

6) Review of new Action Items 

7) Review of future meeting schedule 

 

A.6 Meeting #3 Agenda 

Agenda Meeting #3 

Advanced Energy Design Guide-K12 

Project Committee Meeting 

ASHRAE Headquarters 

1791 Tullie Circle 

Atlanta, GA 30329 

404-636-8400 

Friday, February 23, 2007, 8:30 am – 5:30 pm 

Saturday, February 24, 2007, 8:00 am – 2:00 pm 

Business Casual Attire 

1) Welcome – Torcellini Friday, 8:30 am 

2) Introductions: Review of Agenda – Torcellini 

3) Meeting Goals (to be done before we leave): 

a) Establish energy efficiency measures to include in the advanced guide tables (Finalize 

format for the tables.) 

b) Identify holes in draft—determine appropriate scope and depth to each section 

c) Develop action item list to get to 65% Draft completed by 3/5/07 to be published on web 

by 3/9/2007. 

4) Next meeting 4/12-4/13 in Golden. 

a) Atlanta or Golden- Golden it is- we will send out info on Marriott Denver West- try to 

get our rate, transportation, car rental, . 

5) Report on Steering Committee discussion – Colliver 9:00 

a) Plug loads 

b) Ventilation standard 

c) 30% and 50% 

6) Comments on Conference Call #2 minutes 9:30 

7) Old Action Items Review – Torcellini 9:35 

8) Break 

9) Moved item 13-c here- 10:00 to lunch 10:00 

10) Lunch 12:00 

 111 
11) Discuss list of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) to include in 30% 

advanced energy model and Chapter 3 12:45 

a) Required measures vs. suggested measures (bonus measures) 

b) Cost and performance data? 

c) How do we model the measure? 

d) Requirements, but no energy savings (plug loads) 

12) Review Status and Comments of each Chapter 2:00 

a) Forward 

b) Chapter 1 (intro), Chapter 2 (process)- they have been combined in Bill and Kathleen’s 

draft 

c) Chapter 3 – Recommendation table structure (without data) 

i) Review Baseline model inputs and results. Show an example of how far we can 

get with the advanced energy measures currently available in the Analysis 

Platform 

ii) Pages? New fields? 

d) Chapter 4 – Case Studies- review current list of case studies 

e) Chapter 5 – How To Tips 

i) Site Selection and Orientation 

ii) Envelope 

iii) Lighting/Daylighting 

iv) HVAC 

v) SWH 

vi) Electrical/Plug load 

vii) Bonus 

13) Break 3:00 

14) Continue discussion on #12 3:15 

15) Review status of meeting goals Saturday 8:00 am 

16) Subcommittee breakouts 8:15 am 

a) HVAC 

b) Lighting 

c) Envelope 

d) Process/Commissioning/integrated design 

e) Plug and Process Loads 

17) Break 10:00 

18) Case Study Discussion 10:15 

19) 65% Review process 11:00 

a) Review notification 

b) Collection of “Review Remarks” 

c) Assembly of “Review Remarks” 

20) Discussion of Cover and other format issues 12:00 

a) ASHRAE Pubs will have some sort of mock-up for review 

21) Lunch 12:00 

22) Additional Issues 1:00 

23) Review of Action Items 1:30 

24) Adjourn 2:00 

 112 
A.7 Meeting #4 Agenda 

Agenda Meeting #4 

Advanced Energy Design Guide-K12 

Project Committee Meeting 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

Wednesday, April 11, 2007 Afternoon Tours 

Thursday, April 12, 2007 8:00 am – 5:30 pm 

Friday, April 13, 2007 8:00 am – 1:30 pm 

Thursday 4/12/2007 

1) Continental Breakfast at NREL 7:30 am 

2) Welcome – Torcellini 8:30 am 

3) Introductions: Review of Agenda – Torcellini 

4) Meeting Goals (to be done before we leave): 

a) Review simulation results 

b) Address and document responses to remarks. 

c) Identify holes in draft 

d) Develop action item list to get to 90% Draft completed by 7/6/07 

5) Next meeting 6/4-6/5 in Golden. 

6) Update on ASRHAE/IESNA/AIA/USGBC goals – Colliver 8:45 

7) Comments on Meeting #3 minutes 9:00 

8) Old Action Items Review and update– Torcellini 9:15 

a) See AI list Appendix- this has not been updated from 3/5/2007 version 

9) Discuss simulation results – Pless and Torcellini 9:30 

a) Review advanced energy model scorecards 

b) Discuss advanced energy measures currently modeled 

10) Lunch 12:00 

11) Review general 65% draft remarks and determine responses 12:30 

a) Overall observations 

b) Problems based on first look? 

c) Major holes in 65% draft? 

12) Break 3:00 

13) Case study review 

a) Review current list of possible case studies (Schoff lead) 

b) we need to start making decisions on which case studies to include 3:15 

14) Depart for Dinner at Table Mountain Inn, Golden 5:30 

Friday, 4/13/2007 

15) Continental Breakfast at NREL 7:30 am 

16) Meeting Starts 8:00 am 

17) Break up into chapter groups to address/draft outstanding TBD sections of the 65% draft: 

Outstanding TBD sections include: 

• Duct Friction in Chapter 3 Tables 

• SHW Electric Storage and pipe insulation in Chapter 3 Tables 

• Chapter 5- EL7: General Lighting Circuiting and Switching 

• Sample Electrical Lighting Design for schools (sample designs to get to 0.9 W/ft2) 

o EL8 Classroom Lighting 

 113 
o EL9 Gym Lighting 

o EL10 Corridor Lighting 

o EL11 Office Lighting 

o EL12 Auditorium Lighting 

• DL-32 Skylights – sample gym skylight design to achieve the required DSP for gyms 

• DL35 Select compatible light fixtures 

• AS4 Exterior lighting (field and parking lot lights in additional savings) 

• AS5 Water use savings 

• AS6 Specialty space types or technologies 

• Others? 

18) Break 10:30 

19) Discuss possible cover art/photos 10:45 

20) Discuss additional work to draft 90% draft 11:15 

21) Lunch 12:30 

22) Additional Issues 1:00 

23) Review of Action Items 1:15 

24) Adjourn 1:30 

A.8 Conference Call #3 Agenda 

AEDG-K12 Conference Call 

Date: Friday - May 18, 2007 

Time: 12:30pm – 3:30pm EDT (11:30am CDT, 9:30am PDT) 

Preliminary Agenda 

1. Review Action Item list 

2. Review overall schedule 

3. Review status and unresolved items from 65% remarks 

4. Review simulation results to date. 

5. Review draft of case study for format 

6. Discussion on which case studies to include 

7. Create action items to complete 90% draft. We need to be nearly completed before the June 

AEDG Meeting in ATL. 

a. Review each chapter and look at needs for completion 

A.9 Meeting #5 Agenda 

Agenda Meeting #5 

Advanced Energy Design Guide-K12 

Project Committee Meeting 

ASHRAE Headquarters 

1791 Tullie Circle 

Atlanta, GA 30329 

404-636-8400 

Monday, June 4, 2007, 8:30 am – 5:30 pm 

Tuesday, June 5, 2007, 8:00 am – 12:30 pm 

1) Welcome – Torcellini Monday, 8:30 am 

2) Introductions: Review of Agenda – Torcellini 

3) Meeting Goals (to be done before we leave): 

a) Identify holes in draft—determine missing pieces from each section 

 114 
b) Review and complete response letter for 65% remarks. 

c) Develop action item list to get to 90% Draft completed by 7/6/07 to be published on web 

by 7/9/2007. 

d) Agree on a path forward for the lighting/daylighting sections 

4) Next meeting 8/2-8/3 in Golden. 

a) we will send out info on Marriott Denver Westb) non-US citizens 

5) Comments on Conference Call #3 minutes 9:00 

6) Action items review (see Appendix A) – Torcellini 9:35 

7) Break 10:00 

8) Review general responses to 65% Draft remarks 10:15 

9) Review simulation results 

a) Non-daylit, daylit, HVAC variations 

b) Chapter 3 recommendation tables 

10) Lunch 12:30 

11) Subcommittee breakout to address outstanding items 1:00 

a) Lighting/daylighting (complete tables in Appendix B) 

i) Eley, Benya, Nicklas, Davis, Pratt, Pless 

b) HVAC 

i) Murphy, Marriott, Goldman, Colliver 

c) Case studies/Front matter/Envelope 

i) Brenner, O’brien, Schoff, Sharma, McBride 

12) Review of subgroup progress 5:00 

13) Dinner vote and vote counting 5:30 

14) Review status of meeting goals Tuesday, 8:00 am 

15) Additional subcommittee breakouts 8:15 am 

a) Lighting/daylighting 

b) HVAC 

c) Envelope 

d) Case studies/Front matter 

i) Review partially completed case studies 

ii) Identify additional case studies? 

16) Break 10:00 

17) Continue number 15 from above 10:15 

18) 90% Review process 12:00 

a) Review notification 

b) Collection of “Review Remarks” 

c) Assembly of “Review Remarks” 

19) Discussion of Cover and other format issues 12:00 

20) Lunch 12:00 

21) Additional Issues 12:30 

22) Review of Action Items 12:35 

23) Adjourn 12:40 

 115 
A.10 Conference Call #4 Agenda 

AEDG-K12 Conference Call #4 

Date: Tuesday- June 19, 2007 

Time: 12:30pm – 2:00pm EDT (11:30am CDT, 9:30am PDT) 

Agenda: 

1. Review Action Items (page 36, 6/13 8:13 pm e-mail from Shanti Pless) 

2. Discuss Cover Design (see Lilas e-mail) 

3. Review simulation information (from earlier Shanti e-mail) 

a. Information in spreadsheet (which will get translated to the recommendation tables) 

b. Questions/comments 

c. Issues? 

4. Discuss status of 90% draft (latest draft was e-mailed out this morning) 

d. Need to identify figures for AIA to recreate 

e. Gaps in the text 

5. Next draft (schedule) 

6. Future conference call schedule (Currently scheduled for 12:30 EDT on 7/2—I will be on an 

airplane at that time) 

7. Details on August/Denver Meeting 

f. Foreign National Data Cards 

g. August 2 (8:00-5:30 pm), August 3, (8:00-12:30 pm) 

A.11 Conference Call #5 Agenda 

AEDG-K12 Conference Call #5

Date: Monday, July 2, 2007

Time: 10:30pm – 1:30pm EDT (9:30am CDT, 8:30am MDT, 7:30am PDT) 

Agenda: 

1. Review Action Items (Conference Call #4 Report, Appendix F, page 21) 

2. Discuss status of 90% draft 

a. Gaps in the text 

b. Case study update 

c. New lighting/daylighting chapter 

3. Next draft (schedule) 

4. Review simulation information (from earlier Shanti e-mail) 

d. Chapter 3 Recommendation Tables Spreadsheet (which will get translated to the 

recommendation tables) 

e. Questions/comments 

f. Issues? 

5. Details on August/Denver Meeting 

g. Foreign National Data Cards 

h. August 2 (8:00-5:30 pm), August 3, (8:00-12:30 pm) 

 116 
A.12 Meeting #6 Agenda 

Agenda Meeting #6 

Advanced Energy Design Guide-K12 

Project Committee Meeting 

National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

Thermal Test Facility (TTF) Conference Room 

303-384-7538 

Wednesday, August 1, Arrivals 

Thursday, August 2, 2007 8:00 am – 5:30 pm 

Friday, August 3, 2007 8:00 am – 1:30 pm 

Wednesday: 

1. Van pick-up at Denver International Airport 4:45 pm 

Thursday: 

Continental Breakfast at NREL Main Campus: Conference Room in the TTF 7:30 am 

2. Welcome – Torcellini 8:30 am 

3. Introductions: Review of Agenda – Torcellini 

4. Meeting Goals (to be done before we leave): 

a) Identify holes in draft—determine missing pieces from each section 

b) Draft response letter for 90% remarks. 

c) Develop action item list to get to 100% Draft completed by 8/10/07. See Appendix F for 

future due dates. 

5. Comments on Conference Call #5 report 8:35 

6. Action items review (see Appendix H) – Torcellini 8:40 

7. Update on the 90% draft development: 8:45 

o Reconfigured the daylighting section and some of the chapter 3 recommendation tables. 

Should daylighting go in its own chapter? 

o Completed case studies (no pics for the case studies without completed permission forms) 

o Additional savings for Thermal Storage, PV, School as a teaching tool 

8. Break 10:00 

9. Review of general 90% draft review remarks 10:15 

o Need to complete responses on the spreadsheet before Friday’s meeting end 

o HVAC Systems not included in the tables 

 Not available for 30% savings (unit ventilators, water cooled chillers) 

 OR-Available for 30% savings, only need to be code compliant 

10. Lunch: 

11. Subcommittee breakout to address 90% remarks 1:15 

a) Lighting/daylighting 

i) Eley, Benya, Nicklas, Davis, Pless 

b) HVAC 

i) Murphy, Marriott, Goldman, Colliver 

c) Case studies/Front matter/Envelope 

i) Brenner, O’brien, Schoff, Sharma, McBride 

12. Review of subgroup progress 5:00 

 117 
Friday: 

13. Review status of meeting goals 8:00 am 

14. Additional subcommittee breakouts 

 8:15 am 

a) Lighting/daylighting 

b) HVAC 

c) Envelope 

d) Case studies/Front matter 

15. Break 10:00 

16. Develop Action items to address incomplete sections 10:15 

o Identify sidebar bar case studies- Identify where technology side bar examples could be 

useful 

o References 

o EL-8: We currently reference CHPS to show how to design the electrical LPD of 0.9 

W/ft2- Do we want to provide our own schematics and lighting layouts to meet 0.9 

W.ft2? 

o Further develop the how to’s for the classroom sidelighting plus toplighting strategies 

o Further develop the how to’s for the gym skylights 

o Drawings- We need a list of graphics needed—make preliminary drawings that we can 

scan for later refinement. 

17. Review simulation results 10:30 

a) Non-daylit, daylit, HVAC variations 

18. Case Studies ? 11:00 

o All pics as high res tiffs 

o Measured data difficult to collect 

19. Final Approval of Cover and other format issues 11:30 

20. Lunch 12:00 

21. Additional Issues\Additional subcommittee breakouts 12:30 

a) Lighting/daylighting 

b) HVAC 

c) Envelope 

d) Case studies/Front matter 

22. Adjourn 2:00 

 118 
Appendix B. Responses to 65% Draft Review Remarks 

SUMMARY RESPONSE TO 

PEER REVIEW REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

RECEIVED ON 

65% TECHNICAL REFINEMENT DRAFT OF 

ADVANCED ENERGY DESIGN GUIDE: 

K-12 SCHOOLS 

June 20, 2007 

On March 12, 2007, the Project Committee for the Advanced Energy Design Guide for K-12 School 

Buildings issued a 65% Technical Refinement Draft of the document Advanced Energy Design Guide for 

K-12 School Buildings. Following the review period of March 12-23 the AEDG-K12 Project Committee 

met on April 12-13 and June 4-5 to review the recommendations received. 

350 remarks and review recommendations were received from 27 reviewers representing ASHRAE SSPC 

90.1, TC 9.7, AIA, IESNA, USGBC and the ASHRAE membership at large. The following documents 

the Project Committee’s summary response to those remarks and recommendations. Although many of 

the suggestions dealt with details presented in the draft, this summary includes responses only to 

significant technical recommendations, especially those in which there was disagreement with what had 

been written or omitted. The specific and detailed suggestions and remarks have been, and will continue 

to be, reviewed and digested by the Project Committee as it prepares the next draft of the guide. The 

review remarks received fall into the following six categories. 

1) General Comments 

• It was suggested that language and terminology used in the guide should be consistent with that in 

Standard 90.1. This issue applies to dozens of places in the draft. Keeping in mind that the 

intended audience for this guide includes school administrators as well as engineering and 

architectural professionals, the committee established that the first priority will be readability; and 

the second, consistency. Thus specific terminology will in some cases depend on the context and 

the intent of the discussion; although consistency throughout the guide, with previous guides, and 

with the standard will be achieved to the extent possible. 

• We emphasize that the guide presents a way, not the only way to achieve 30% energy savings so 

not all possible strategies will be included, especially specialty items. A balanced, multi-option 

approach is recommended. 

• Energy use is considered the independent variable with cost effectiveness (i.e. simple payback or 

life cycle costing) as a dependent (or resulting) variable. While some the products or 

recommendations may be considered premium; all recommended equipment, systems, and 

technology specified in the document must be available from multiple manufacturers. 

• While it is true that energy efficient construction costs can exceed standard construction costs, 

this is not a general rule. Thoughtfully designed, energy-efficient schools can actually cost less to 

build. When energy efficiency measures add to a school’s construction cost, the savings in 

annual operating costs generally ensure a quick payback, often within a few years.

• As to the message to school administrators that advanced designs, especially daylighting, improve 

student performance, it was noted that some of these claims have been challenged. Wording will 

be changed to note that these are reported improvements, not necessarily established fact. 

• Alaska and Hawaii are included in the climate zones and recommendation tables. 

 119 
• Criteria used in the advanced case will be no less stringent than Standard 90.1-2007 (including 

addenda as and at as approved and the proposed metal buildings update for roofs and walls 

effective for construction in 2007). 

• Renewable energy options, such as photovoltaics (PV), solar hot water, and wind, will be 

addressed in the Additional Savings section of the AEDG, as they are not needed to achieve the 

30% target. 

• The references will be expanded and will include the Second Edition of the ASHRAE 

GreenGuide. 

• All text that incorrectly references “retailers” or includes recommendations specifically for retail 

buildings will be removed from the document. 

2) Introduction (Chapter 1) 

• Discussion of commissioning in the Forward and Introduction is intended only to remind the 

reader that commissioning is essential to successful implementation of the design. The next draft 

will include a more comprehensive discussion of the commissioning process and requirements 

throughout the guide. 

• A note will be added to explain that items not included in the Recommendation Tables must meet 

code minimum (typically Standard 90.1). 

3) How to Use an Integrated Design Approach (Chapter 2) 

• In the Pre-design phase discussion, the terms QA and commissioning are both used because 

commissioning goes from the beginning of design through the operational stage. It has been 

clarified in the text that commissioning is only one aspect of quality assurance. 

• In the Occupancy phase discussion: 

o Commissioning will be added to the occupancy phase discussion. 

o The proposed development of a school district policy regarding plug loads will be 

added. 

o The owner and designer will be added to preparation of punch list in Table 2.4. 

o Discussion of a time limit for submission of O&M manuals will be added to Table 

2.4. 

o More detail on the integration of building systems will be given in the next draft. 

4) Recommendations by Climate (Chapter 3) 

a) Envelope 

• The roof recommendations will change from “Surface reflectance/emittance” to SRI=78, 

based on initial values listed by the Cool Roof Rating Council. 

• All fenestration properties (U-factor, SHGC, VLT, etc.) will be NFRC rated values for actual 

products. Recommend fenestration properties will represent actual window and glass 

• Recommendations for the minimum visible light transmittance will be coordinated between 

envelope and daylighting for consistency. 

• Clear, prescriptive recommendations will be provided to meet the Daylighting Saturation %, 

providing “a way but not the only way” to incorporate daylighting. 

• The lighting section will provide guidance on view glazing and daylighting glazing 

properties. The recommendations and properties may be different for these two uses of 

glazing. 

• The energy analysis by which the recommendations are compared between the base case and 

the AEDG buildings to assure that the 30% target is reached will follow the Standard 90.1, 

Appendix G, relating to the wall and fenestration areas. 

 120 
• Fenestration area exposures by orientation will be considered to achieve recommendations 

that provide good quality combined thermal and daylighting solutions

b) Lighting 

• The interior lighting section of the tables will be redesigned for clarity and accuracy. 

• Multiple daylighting strategies will be offered in the recommendation tables. 

• Daylighting options and recommendations will be addressed as a total system package. 

c) HVAC and SWH 

• Most facilities predetermine the type of fuel that is available to the site. As a result, the 

savings of 30% will be met for both electric and gas heated/hot water facilities. Efficiency 

values will be provided for gas and electric systems independently to provide a 30% savings 

allowing users to choose their source of energy. 

5) Technology Examples and Case Studies (Chapter 4) 

• Additional case studies will be added for the next revision. 

6) How to Implement Recommendations (Chapter 5) 

a) Envelope 

• The benefits of thermal mass will be discussed in the additional savings section of the next 

revision. 

• Metal building roofs will be added to EN1 cool roofs. 

• EN27, EN28, and EN29: How to tips will be defined by climate zone in the next revision. 

b) Daylighting and Lighting 

• Unfinished areas in the text will be completed and expanded incorporating the input received 

and clarifying the information as needed. 

• A number of areas were pointed out where the information as presented is misleading or 

inaccurate. These areas will be rewritten for clarity and accuracy. 

• Concern was raised about information being too general on some of the daylighting options. 

The daylighting section will be re-organized to provide specific design guidance for each of 

the daylighting options to be shown in the recommendation tables (see above). 

• Climate specific information and additional technical details will be included as needed for 

clarity and understanding. Diagrams and tables will be added or modified as needed. 

• Maintenance information will be added to address concerns about reliability and long term 

operation of controls, sensors, and other automatic lighting technology. 

• Caution information about building expansions, in-class projection systems, and exterior 

lighting issues will be included. 

• Concern was raised about the negative tone in some areas of the text. These areas will be 

rewritten to put the information and recommendations into a more positive tone. 

• Additional references will be provided as needed to back-up statements made about the 

benefits of lighting and/or daylighting options. Text will be modified to remove editorial 

comments and unsubstantiated statements. 

c) HVAC and SWH 

• A number of areas will be rewritten to better clarify the information and to appropriately 

address the intended audience of architectural firms and consulting engineers. 

• Issues were raised regarding the duct work design and construction section; this section will 

be rewritten for clarity. Acoustic concerns will be addressed in the noise control section. 

 121 
 122 

• Information on ventilation from a number of different sections will be consolidated in to the 

Ventilation section. 

• A section on Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS) will be added. 

• Unit ventilators will be removed from the document, but fancoils will be added along with a 

section that specifically addresses associated good design practices. 

• Fan power requirements will be verified and will be accounted for properly as determined by 

the results of the simulation runs. 

• The information in the section on Relief versus Return Fans will be rewritten for clarity. 

• Cautionary information on well field design will be added to a new Additional Savings 

section on ground source heat pumps. 

• A maintenance section will be added to this chapter along with additional information in the 

commissioning chapter to address concerns about the calibration, reliability, and long term 

operation of controls, sensors, and other equipment. 

• The sections on commissioning and hot water heating systems will be expanded. 

• Information on the sizing and applicability of service hot water heating systems will be 

rewritten and expanded for clarity. 

• Concern was raised about the climate applicability of recommendations for operable windows 

and humidity sensors. These recommendations will be rewritten to specify the appropriate 

conditions for use. 

• Information on thermal displacement ventilation systems and thermal storage will be added to 

Additional Savings. 

• While information from Codes, Standards, and Handbooks will not be duplicated in the 

document, additional references will be added and existing references will be clarified for 

applicability. 

• Some questions were raised on recommended values as compared to standards 62.1 and 90.1; 

these values will be checked and verified. 

• Recommendations will remain consistent with the applicable standards as the authors are not 

ready to adopt design and constructions methods for which consensus has not yet been 

reached in the industry. 

d) Additional Savings: 

• Due to the importance of the plug loads issue, wording on the need for school policy on the 

subject will be strengthened. 

• It was pointed out that information on transformers is not always available during the bidding 

process. The recommendation will be qualified to point this out. 
 123 

Appendix C. Elementary School Baseline Scorecards 

Table C-1 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 

Program

Model Number 1234

Building Name Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Miami, FL

(25.8, -80.27)

USA_FL_Miami_TMY2.epw

Houston, TX

(29.98, -95.37)

USA_TX_Houston-Intercontinental_TMY2.epw

Phoenix, AZ

(33.43, -112.02)

USA_AZ_Phoenix_TMY2.epw

Memphis, TN

(35.05, -89.98)

USA_TN_Memphis_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 

Form

Total Floor Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] Number of Floors1111

Window Fraction (Window to Wall Ratio) South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

Skylight/TDD Percent 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 

Overhang Projection Factor None None None None 

Floor to Floor Height (ft [m]) 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 

Fabric

Exterior wallsConstruction NR NR NR R-5.7 ci 

R-value (ft^2·hr·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 1.34 [0.24] 1.34 [0.24] 1.34 [0.24] 5.79 [1.02] Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

27,038.94 [2,512.00] 27,038.94 [2,512.00] 27,038.94 [2,512.00] 27,038.94 [2,512.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 

RoofConstruction R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci 

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 

WindowDimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

Glass-type and frame Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hy

U-Factor (Btu/h·ft^2·oF [W/m^2·K]) South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

SHGC South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.61

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.61

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.61

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.39

West: 0.25

Visible transmittance South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.67

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.67

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.67

West: 0.25

South: 0.24

East: 0.24

North: 0.42

West: 0.24

FoundationFoundation Type Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor 

Construction Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation CaR-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 

Interior PartitionsConstruction 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 

Internal MassConstruction 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 

Thermal Properties (lb/ft^2 [kg/m^2]) 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 

Air Barrier SystemInfiltration (ACH) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 
Table C-2 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 (Cont.) 

 124 

Program

Model Number 1 2 3 4 Building Name Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Miami, FL

(25.8, -80.27)

USA_FL_Miami_TMY2.epw

Houston, TX

(29.98, -95.37)

USA_TX_Houston-Intercontinental_TMY2.epw

Phoenix, AZ

(33.43, -112.02)

USA_AZ_Phoenix_TMY2.epw

Memphis, TN

(35.05, -89.98)

USA_TN_Memphis_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 

HVAC

System TypeASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G Table G3.1.1B System Number

3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 

Heating Type Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Cooling Type Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion 

Fan Control Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume 

Distribution and Terminal Units Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air 

HVAC SizingAir Conditioning (tons [kW]) Autosized (341.57 [1,201.29]) Autosized (329.58 [1,159.14]) Autosized (351.76 [1,237.16]) Autosized (308.97 [1,086.64]) 

Heating (kBtu/h [kW]) Autosized (180.86 [617.12]) Autosized (207.51 [708.07]) Autosized (200.09 [682.74]) Autosized (212.57 [725.33]) HVAC EfficiencyAir Conditioning (COP) 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 

Heating Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

HVAC ControlBefore Terminal Temperature Schedule (oF [oC])

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Chilled Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC])

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Hot Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Economizer No No Yes No 

Night Cycle Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Heat Recovery No No No No 

Demand Control Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Ventilation (cfm [m^3/s]) See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information 

Fan and Pump LoadsFan Schedules Always available Always available Always available Always available Supply Fan Efficiency (%) 55.00 55.00 55.00 55.00 

Supply Fan Volumetric Flow Rate (cfm [m^3/s])

150,847.09 [71.19] 144,774.38 [68.33] 157,533.22 [74.35] 131,155.07 [61.90] 

Supply Fan Pressure Drop (in H2O [Pa]) 2.49 [620.00] 2.49 [620.00] 2.49 [620.00] 2.49 [620.00] Cooling Tower Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Pump Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Service Hot WaterSWH Type Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank 

Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

Temperature Setpoint (oF [oC]) 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 

Water Consumption (gal [m^3]) 200,361.25 [758.45] 200,361.25 [758.45] 200,361.25 [758.45] 200,361.25 [758.45] 

Internal Loads & Schedules

Heating & CoolingSetpoint ScheduleHeating See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH 

Cooling See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH 

LightingAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.53 [16.47] 1.53 [16.47] 1.53 [16.47] 1.53 [16.47] 

Schedule See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH 

Plug loadsAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.06 [11.38] 1.06 [11.38] 1.06 [11.38] 1.06 [11.38] 

Schedule See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH 

OccupancyAverage People (#/1000 ft^2 [#/100 m^2]) 20.31 [21.87] 20.31 [21.87] 20.31 [21.87] 20.31 [21.87] 

Schedule See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH 
Table C-3 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 

Program

Model Number 6 7 8 9

Building Name Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

San Francisco, CA

(37.62, -122.38)

USA_CA_San.Francisco_TMY2.epw

Baltimore, MD

(39.18, -76.67)

USA_MD_Baltimore_TMY2.epw

Albuquerque, NM

(35.05, -106.62)

USA_NM_Albuquerque_TMY2.epw

Seattle, WA

(47.45, -122.3)

USA_WA_Seattle-Tacoma_TMY2.e

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 3C 4A 4B 4C 

Form

Total Floor Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 

Number of Floors 1111

Window Fraction (Window to Wall Ratio) South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

Skylight/TDD Percent 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 

Shading Geometry None None None None 

Floor to Floor Height (ft [m]) 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 

Fabric

Exterior wallsConstruction R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci 

R-value (ft^2·hr·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 5.79 [1.02] 5.79 [1.02] 5.79 [1.02] 5.79 [1.02] 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

27,038.94 [2,512.00] 27,038.94 [2,512.00] 27,038.94 [2,512.00] 27,038.94 [2,512.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 

RoofConstruction R-10 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci 

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 9.69 (1.71) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 

WindowDimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

Glass-type and frame Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-facto

SHGC shown below

U-Factor (Btu/h·ft^2·oF [W/m^2·K]) South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

SHGC South: 0.61

East: 0.61

North: 0.61

West: 0.61

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

Visible transmittance South: 0.67

East: 0.67

North: 0.67

West: 0.67

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

FoundationFoundation Type Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor 

Construction Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insuR-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 

Interior PartitionsConstruction 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum boa

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 

Internal MassConstruction 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 

Thermal Properties (lb/ft^2 [kg/m^2]) 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 

Air Barrier SystemInfiltration (ACH) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 

 125 
Table C-4 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 (Cont.) 

Program

Model Number 6 7 8 9 

Building Name Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

San Francisco, CA

(37.62, -122.38)

USA_CA_San.Francisco_TMY2.epw

Baltimore, MD

(39.18, -76.67)

USA_MD_Baltimore_TMY2.epw

Albuquerque, NM

(35.05, -106.62)

USA_NM_Albuquerque_TMY2.epw

Seattle, WA

(47.45, -122.3)

USA_WA_Seattle-Tacoma_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 3C 4A 4B 4C 

HVAC

System TypeASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G Table G3.1.1B System Number

3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 

Heating Type Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace 

Cooling Type Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion 

Fan Control Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Distribution and Terminal Units Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air 

HVAC SizingAir Conditioning (tons [kW]) Autosized (328.34 [1,154.79]) Autosized (298.39 [1,049.45]) Autosized (307.89 [1,082.86]) Autosized (280.32 [985.88]) 

Heating (kBtu/h [kW]) Autosized (194.34 [663.12]) Autosized (222.42 [758.94]) Autosized (186.07 [634.89]) Autosized (194.08 [662.21]) HVAC EfficiencyAir Conditioning (COP) 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 

Heating Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

HVAC ControlBefore Terminal Temperature Schedule (oF [oC])

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Chilled Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC])

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Hot Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Economizer Yes No Yes Yes 

Night Cycle Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Heat Recovery No No No No Demand Control Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Ventilation (cfm [m^3/s]) See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information 

Fan and Pump LoadsFan Schedules Always available Always available Always available Always available 

Supply Fan Efficiency (%) 55.00 55.00 55.00 55.00 

Supply Fan Volumetric Flow Rate (cfm [m^3/s])

147,814.13 [69.76] 131,733.52 [62.17] 138,607.59 [65.42] 126,194.56 [59.56] 

Supply Fan Pressure Drop (in H2O [Pa]) 2.49 [620.00] 2.49 [620.00] 2.49 [620.00] 2.49 [620.00] Cooling Tower Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Pump Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Service Hot WaterSWH Type Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank 

Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

Temperature Setpoint (oF [oC]) 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] Water Consumption (gal [m^3]) 200,361.25 [758.45] 200,361.25 [758.45] 200,361.25 [758.45] 200,361.25 [758.45] 

Internal Loads & Schedules

Heating & CoolingSetpoint ScheduleHeating See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH 

Cooling See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH 

LightingAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.53 [16.47] 1.53 [16.47] 1.53 [16.47] 1.53 [16.47] 

Schedule See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH 

Plug loadsAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.06 [11.38] 1.06 [11.38] 1.06 [11.38] 1.06 [11.38] 

Schedule See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH 

OccupancyAverage People (#/1000 ft^2 [#/100 m^2]) 20.31 [21.87] 20.31 [21.87] 20.31 [21.87] 20.31 [21.87] 

Schedule See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH 

 126 
Table C-5 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 

Program

Model Number 11 12 13 14 

Building Name Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Boise, ID

(43.57, -116.22)

USA_ID_Boise_TMY2.epw

Burlington, VT

(44.47, -73.15)

USA_VT_Burlington_TMY2.epw

Helena, MT(46.6, -112)

USA_MT_Helena_TMY2.epw

Duluth, MN

(46.83, -92.18)

USA_MN_Duluth_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 5B 6A 6B 7A 

Form

Total Floor Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 

Number of Floors 1111

Window Fraction (Window to Wall Ratio) South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

Skylight/TDD Percent 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 

Shading Geometry None None None None 

Floor to Floor Height (ft [m]) 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 

Fabric

Exterior wallsConstruction R-7.6 ci R-7.6 ci R-7.6 ci R-11.4 ci 

R-value (ft^2·hr·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 7.31 [1.29] 8.75 [1.54] 8.75 [1.54] 10.21 [1.80] 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

27,038.94 [2,512.00] 27,038.94 [2,512.00] 27,038.94 [2,512.00] 27,038.94 [2,512.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 17,574.02 [1,632.68] 

RoofConstruction R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci 

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 73,814.70 [6,857.61] 

WindowDimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

South: 3,496.76 [324.86]

East: 1,235.70 [114.80]

North: 3,496.55 [324.84]

West: 1,235.80 [114.81]

Total: 9,464.92 [879.32]

Glass-type and frame Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-facto

SHGC shown below

U-Factor (Btu/h·ft^2·oF [W/m^2·K]) South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.25]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

SHGC South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.49

East: 0.49

North: 0.64

West: 0.49

Visible transmittance South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.53

East: 0.53

North: 0.71

West: 0.53

FoundationFoundation Type Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor 

Construction Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insuR-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 73,958.83 [6,871.00] 

Interior PartitionsConstruction 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum boa

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 31,559.79 [2,932.00] 

Internal MassConstruction 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 147,917.66 [13,742.00] 

Thermal Properties (lb/ft^2 [kg/m^2]) 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 

Air Barrier SystemInfiltration (ACH) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 

 127 
Table C-6 Elementary Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 (Cont.) 

 128 

Program

Model Number 11 12 13 14 

Building Name Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School Elementary School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Boise, ID

(43.57, -116.22)

USA_ID_Boise_TMY2.epw

Burlington, VT

(44.47, -73.15)

USA_VT_Burlington_TMY2.epw

Helena, MT(46.6, -112)

USA_MT_Helena_TMY2.epw

Duluth, MN

(46.83, -92.18)

USA_MN_Duluth_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 5B 6A 6B 7A 

HVAC

System TypeASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G Table G3.1.1B System Number

3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 

Heating Type Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace 

Cooling Type Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion 

Fan Control Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume 

Distribution and Terminal Units Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air HVAC SizingAir Conditioning (tons [kW]) Autosized (308.69 [1,085.65]) Autosized (276.47 [972.34]) Autosized (293.83 [1,033.40]) Autosized (289.16 [1,016.99]) 

Heating (kBtu/h [kW]) Autosized (221.91 [757.19]) Autosized (249.83 [852.45]) Autosized (236.61 [807.36]) Autosized (262.34 [895.13]) HVAC EfficiencyAir Conditioning (COP) 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 

Heating Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

HVAC ControlBefore Terminal Temperature Schedule (oF [oC])

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Chilled Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC])

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Hot Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Economizer Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Night Cycle Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Heat Recovery No No No No 

Demand Control Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes Ventilation (cfm [m^3/s]) See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information 

Fan and Pump LoadsFan Schedules Always available Always available Always available Always available 

Supply Fan Efficiency (%) 55.00 55.00 55.00 55.00 

Supply Fan Volumetric Flow Rate (cfm [m^3/s])

138,965.47 [65.58] 123,687.29 [58.37] 132,276.17 [62.43] 130,175.72 [61.44] 

Supply Fan Pressure Drop (in H2O [Pa]) 2.49 [620.00] 2.49 [620.00] 2.49 [620.00] 2.49 [620.00] 

Cooling Tower Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Pump Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Service Hot WaterSWH Type Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank 

Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 Temperature Setpoint (oF [oC]) 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 

Water Consumption (gal [m^3]) 200,361.25 [758.45] 200,361.25 [758.45] 200,361.25 [758.45] 200,361.25 [758.45] 

Internal Loads & Schedules

Heating & CoolingSetpoint ScheduleHeating See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH 

Cooling See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH 

LightingAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.53 [16.47] 1.53 [16.47] 1.53 [16.47] 1.53 [16.47] 

Schedule See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH 

Plug loadsAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.06 [11.38] 1.06 [11.38] 1.06 [11.38] 1.06 [11.38] 

Schedule See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH 

OccupancyAverage People (#/1000 ft^2 [#/100 m^2]) 20.31 [21.87] 20.31 [21.87] 20.31 [21.87] 20.31 [21.87] 

Schedule See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH 
 129 

Appendix D. Middle School Baseline Scorecard 

Table D-1 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 

Program

Model Number 1234

Building Name Middle School Middle School Middle School Middle School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Miami, FL

(25.8, -80.27)

USA_FL_Miami_TMY2.epw

Houston, TX

(29.98, -95.37)

USA_TX_Houston-Intercontinental_TMY2.epw

Phoenix, AZ

(33.43, -112.02)

USA_AZ_Phoenix_TMY2.epw

Memphis, TN

(35.05, -89.98)

USA_TN_Memphis_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 

Form

Total Floor Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 

Number of Floors1111Window Fraction (Window to Wall Ratio) South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

Skylight/TDD Percent 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 Shading None None None None 

Floor to Floor Height (ft [m]) 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 

Fabric

Exterior wallsConstruction NR NR NR R-5.7 ci R-value (ft^2·hr·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 1.34 [0.24] 1.34 [0.24] 1.34 [0.24] 5.79 [1.02] 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

34,875.07 [3,240.00] 34,875.07 [3,240.00] 34,875.07 [3,240.00] 34,875.07 [3,240.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 

RoofConstruction R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci 

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 115,640.46 [10,743.35] WindowDimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

Glass-type and frame Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

H

U-Factor (Btu/h·ft^2·oF [W/m^2·K]) South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

SHGC South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.61

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.61

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.61

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.39

West: 0.25

Visible transmittance South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.67

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.67

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.67

West: 0.25

South: 0.24

East: 0.24

North: 0.42

West: 0.24

FoundationFoundation Type Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor 

Construction Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation C

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 

Interior PartitionsConstruction 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 

Internal MassConstruction 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 232,242.13 [21,576.00] Thermal Properties (lb/ft^2 [kg/m^2]) 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 

Air Barrier SystemInfiltration (ACH) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 
Table D-2 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 (Cont.) 

 130 

Program

Model Number 1 2 3 4 

Building Name Middle School Middle School Middle School Middle School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Miami, FL

(25.8, -80.27)

USA_FL_Miami_TMY2.epw

Houston, TX

(29.98, -95.37)

USA_TX_Houston-Intercontinental_TMY2.epw

Phoenix, AZ

(33.43, -112.02)

USA_AZ_Phoenix_TMY2.epw

Memphis, TN

(35.05, -89.98)

USA_TN_Memphis_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 

HVAC

System TypeASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G Table G3.1.1B System Number

3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 

Heating Type Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace 

Cooling Type Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion 

Fan Control Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume 

Distribution and Terminal Units Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air HVAC SizingAir Conditioning (tons [kW]) Autosized (511.56 [1,799.17]) Autosized (492.46 [1,731.98]) Autosized (522.62 [1,838.04]) Autosized (466.25 [1,639.79]) 

Heating (kBtu/h [kW]) Autosized (259.21 [884.46]) Autosized (290.41 [990.94]) Autosized (281.31 [959.87]) Autosized (295.01 [1,006.61]) 

HVAC EfficiencyAir Conditioning (COP) 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 

Heating Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 HVAC ControlBefore Terminal Temperature Schedule (oF [oC])

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Chilled Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC])

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Hot Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Economizer No No Yes No Night Cycle Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Heat Recovery No No No No 

Demand Control Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes Ventilation (cfm [m^3/s]) See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information Fan and Pump LoadsFan Schedules Always available Always available Always available Always available 

Supply Fan Efficiency (%) 65.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 Supply Fan Volumetric Flow Rate (cfm [m^3/s])

228,030.05 [107.62] 218,167.30 [102.96] 235,273.87 [111.04] 200,179.49 [94.47] 

Supply Fan Pressure Drop (in H2O [Pa]) 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 

Cooling Tower Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Pump Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Service Hot WaterSWH Type Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank 

Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Thermal Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

Temperature Setpoint (oF [oC]) 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 

Water Consumption (gal [m^3]) 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 

Internal Loads & Schedules

Heating & CoolingSetpoint ScheduleHeating See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH 

Cooling See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH LightingAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.52 [16.40] 1.52 [16.40] 1.52 [16.40] 1.52 [16.40] Schedule See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH Plug loadsAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 0.82 [8.84] 0.82 [8.84] 0.82 [8.84] 0.82 [8.84] 

Schedule See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH 

OccupancyAverage People (#/1000 ft^2 [#/100 m^2]) 27.05 [29.11] 27.05 [29.11] 27.05 [29.11] 27.05 [29.11] 

Schedule See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH 
Table D-3 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 

Program

Model Number 6 7 8 9 

Building Name Middle School Middle School Middle School Middle School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

San Francisco, CA

(37.62, -122.38)

USA_CA_San.Francisco_TMY2.epw

Baltimore, MD

(39.18, -76.67)

USA_MD_Baltimore_TMY2.epw

Albuquerque, NM

(35.05, -106.62)

USA_NM_Albuquerque_TMY2.epw

Seattle, WA

(47.45, -122.3)

USA_WA_Seattle-Tacoma_TMY2.

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 3C 4A 4B 4C 

Form

Total Floor Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 

Number of Floors1111

Window Fraction (Window to Wall Ratio) South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

Skylight/TDD Percent 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 Shading None None None None 

Floor to Floor Height (ft [m]) 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 

Fabric

Exterior wallsConstruction R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci 

R-value (ft^2·hr·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 5.79 [1.02] 5.79 [1.02] 5.79 [1.02] 5.79 [1.02] Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

34,875.07 [3,240.00] 34,875.07 [3,240.00] 34,875.07 [3,240.00] 34,875.07 [3,240.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 22,770.94 [2,115.49] RoofConstruction R-10 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci 

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 9.69 (1.71) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 

WindowDimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

Glass-type and frame Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-facto

SHGC shown below

U-Factor (Btu/h·ft^2·oF [W/m^2·K]) South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

SHGC South: 0.61

East: 0.61

North: 0.61

West: 0.61

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

Visible transmittance South: 0.67

East: 0.67

North: 0.67

West: 0.67

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

FoundationFoundation Type Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor 

Construction Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insu

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 

Interior PartitionsConstruction 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum boa

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 

Internal MassConstruction 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 

Thermal Properties (lb/ft^2 [kg/m^2]) 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 

Air Barrier SystemInfiltration (ACH) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 

 131 
Table D-4 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 (Cont.) 

 132 

Program

Model Number 6 7 8 9 

Building Name Middle School Middle School Middle School Middle School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

San Francisco, CA

(37.62, -122.38)

USA_CA_San.Francisco_TMY2.epw

Baltimore, MD

(39.18, -76.67)

USA_MD_Baltimore_TMY2.epw

Albuquerque, NM

(35.05, -106.62)

USA_NM_Albuquerque_TMY2.epw

Seattle, WA

(47.45, -122.3)

USA_WA_Seattle-Tacoma_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 3C 4A 4B 4C 

HVAC

System TypeASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G Table G3.1.1B System Number

3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 

Heating Type Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace 

Cooling Type Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion 

Fan Control Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume 

Distribution and Terminal Units Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air HVAC SizingAir Conditioning (tons [kW]) Autosized (497.39 [1,749.32]) Autosized (448.96 [1,579.00]) Autosized (470.10 [1,653.33]) Autosized (425.38 [1,496.06]) 

Heating (kBtu/h [kW]) Autosized (276.32 [942.84]) Autosized (306.32 [1,045.19]) Autosized (258.31 [881.39]) Autosized (270.49 [922.95]) 

HVAC EfficiencyAir Conditioning (COP) 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 

Heating Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

HVAC ControlBefore Terminal Temperature Schedule (oF [oC])

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Chilled Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC])

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Hot Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Economizer Yes No Yes Yes Night Cycle Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Heat Recovery No No No No 

Demand Control Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes Ventilation (cfm [m^3/s]) See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information Fan and Pump LoadsFan Schedules Always available Always available Always available Always available 

Supply Fan Efficiency (%) 65.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 Supply Fan Volumetric Flow Rate (cfm [m^3/s])

223,916.25 [105.68] 199,960.40 [94.37] 211,626.95 [99.88] 191,497.81 [90.38] 

Supply Fan Pressure Drop (in H2O [Pa]) 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 

Cooling Tower Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Pump Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Service Hot WaterSWH Type Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank 

Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Thermal Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

Temperature Setpoint (oF [oC]) 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 

Water Consumption (gal [m^3]) 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 

Internal Loads & Schedules

Heating & CoolingSetpoint ScheduleHeating See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH 

Cooling See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH LightingAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.52 [16.40] 1.52 [16.40] 1.52 [16.40] 1.52 [16.40] Schedule See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH Plug loadsAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 0.82 [8.84] 0.82 [8.84] 0.82 [8.84] 0.82 [8.84] 

Schedule See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH 

OccupancyAverage People (#/1000 ft^2 [#/100 m^2]) 27.05 [29.11] 27.05 [29.11] 27.05 [29.11] 27.05 [29.11] 

Schedule See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH 
Table D-5 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 

Program

Model Number 11 12 13 14 

Building Name Middle School Middle School Middle School Middle School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Boise, ID

(43.57, -116.22)

USA_ID_Boise_TMY2.epw

Burlington, VT

(44.47, -73.15)

USA_VT_Burlington_TMY2.epw

Helena, MT(46.6, -112)

USA_MT_Helena_TMY2.epw

Duluth, MN

(46.83, -92.18)

USA_MN_Duluth_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 5B 6A 6B 7A 

Form

Total Floor Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 

Number of Floors1111

Window Fraction (Window to Wall Ratio) South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.33

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

Skylight/TDD Percent 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 Shading None None None None 

Floor to Floor Height (ft [m]) 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 

Fabric

Exterior wallsConstruction R-7.6 ci R-7.6 ci R-7.6 ci R-11.4 ci 

R-value (ft^2·hr·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 7.31 [1.29] 8.75 [1.54] 8.75 [1.54] 10.21 [1.80] Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

34,875.07 [3,240.00] 34,875.07 [3,240.00] 34,875.07 [3,240.00] 34,875.07 [3,240.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 22,770.94 [2,115.49] 22,770.94 [2,115.49] RoofConstruction R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci 

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2])

116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 115,640.46 [10,743.35] 

WindowDimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

South: 4,702.00 [436.83]

East: 1,337.20 [124.23]

North: 4,663.14 [433.22]

West: 1,401.78 [130.23]

Total: 12,104.12 [1,124.51]

Glass-type and frame Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-facto

SHGC shown below

U-Factor (Btu/h·ft^2·oF [W/m^2·K]) South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.25]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

SHGC South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.49

East: 0.49

North: 0.64

West: 0.49

Visible transmittance South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.53

East: 0.53

North: 0.71

West: 0.53

FoundationFoundation Type Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor 

Construction Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insu

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 116,121.07 [10,788.00] 

Interior PartitionsConstruction 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum boa

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 41,720.92 [3,876.00] 

Internal MassConstruction 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 232,242.13 [21,576.00] 

Thermal Properties (lb/ft^2 [kg/m^2]) 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 

Air Barrier SystemInfiltration (ACH) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 

 133 
Table D-6 Middle Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 (Cont.) 

 134 

Program

Model Number 11 12 13 14 

Building Name Middle School Middle School Middle School Middle School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Boise, ID

(43.57, -116.22)

USA_ID_Boise_TMY2.epw

Burlington, VT

(44.47, -73.15)

USA_VT_Burlington_TMY2.epw

Helena, MT(46.6, -112)

USA_MT_Helena_TMY2.epw

Duluth, MN

(46.83, -92.18)

USA_MN_Duluth_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 5B 6A 6B 7A 

HVAC

System TypeASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G Table G3.1.1B System Number

3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 

Heating Type Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace 

Cooling Type Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Fan Control Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume 

Distribution and Terminal Units Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air 

HVAC SizingAir Conditioning (tons [kW]) Autosized (468.15 [1,646.48]) Autosized (417.88 [1,469.69]) Autosized (447.04 [1,572.24]) Autosized (439.27 [1,544.92]) 

Heating (kBtu/h [kW]) Autosized (303.94 [1,037.08]) Autosized (338.56 [1,155.21]) Autosized (319.34 [1,089.62]) Autosized (352.81 [1,203.83]) 

HVAC EfficiencyAir Conditioning (COP) 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 Heating Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

HVAC ControlBefore Terminal Temperature Schedule (oF [oC])

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Chilled Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC])

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Hot Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC]) N/A N/A N/A N/A Economizer Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Night Cycle Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Heat Recovery No No No No Demand Control Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Ventilation (cfm [m^3/s]) See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information 

Fan and Pump LoadsFan Schedules Always available Always available Always available Always available 

Supply Fan Efficiency (%) 65.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 

Supply Fan Volumetric Flow Rate (cfm [m^3/s])

210,752.28 [99.46] 188,121.79 [88.78] 201,249.53 [94.98] 197,750.83 [93.33] 

Supply Fan Pressure Drop (in H2O [Pa]) 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 

Cooling Tower Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A Pump Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Service Hot WaterSWH Type Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank 

Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 Temperature Setpoint (oF [oC]) 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 

Water Consumption (gal [m^3]) 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 610,884.54 [2,312.45] 

Internal Loads & Schedules

Heating & CoolingSetpoint ScheduleHeating See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH Cooling See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH 

LightingAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.52 [16.40] 1.52 [16.40] 1.52 [16.40] 1.52 [16.40] 

Schedule See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH 

Plug loadsAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 0.82 [8.84] 0.82 [8.84] 0.82 [8.84] 0.82 [8.84] Schedule See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH 

OccupancyAverage People (#/1000 ft^2 [#/100 m^2]) 27.05 [29.11] 27.05 [29.11] 27.05 [29.11] 27.05 [29.11] Schedule See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH 
 135 

Appendix E. High School Baseline Scorecard 

Table E-1 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 

Program

Model Number 1234

Building Name High School High School High School High School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Miami, FL

(25.8, -80.27)

USA_FL_Miami_TMY2.epw

Houston, TX

(29.98, -95.37)

USA_TX_Houston-Intercontinental_TMY2.epw

Phoenix, AZ

(33.43, -112.02)

USA_AZ_Phoenix_TMY2.epw

Memphis, TN

(35.05, -89.98)

USA_TN_Memphis_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 

Form

Total Floor Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 

Number of Floors 2222

Window Fraction (Window to Wall Ratio) South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

Window Locations See Picture See Picture See Picture See Picture 

Skylight/TDD Percent 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 

Shading None None None None 

Floor to Floor Height (ft [m]) 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 

Fabric

Exterior wallsConstruction NR NR NR R-5.7 ci 

R-value (ft^2·hr·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 1.34 [0.24] 1.34 [0.24] 1.34 [0.24] 5.79 [1.02] Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 44,662.69 [4,149.30] RoofConstruction R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci 

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 

WindowDimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

Glass-type and frame Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

H

U-Factor (Btu/h·ft^2·oF [W/m^2·K]) South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

SHGC South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.61

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.61

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.61

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.39

West: 0.25

Visible transmittance South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.67

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.67

West: 0.25

South: 0.25

East: 0.25

North: 0.67

West: 0.25

South: 0.24

East: 0.24

North: 0.42

West: 0.24

FoundationFoundation Type Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor 

Construction Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation CR-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] Interior PartitionsConstruction 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 

Internal MassConstruction 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 512,448.25 [47,608.00] 512,448.25 [47,608.00] 512,448.25 [47,608.00] 512,448.25 [47,608.00] Thermal Properties (lb/ft^2 [kg/m^2]) 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 

Air Barrier SystemInfiltration (ACH) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 
Table E-2 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 1-3 (Cont.) 

Program

Model Number 1234Building Name High School High School High School High School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Miami, FL

(25.8, -80.27)

USA_FL_Miami_TMY2.epw

Houston, TX

(29.98, -95.37)

USA_TX_Houston-Intercontinental_TMY2.epw

Phoenix, AZ

(33.43, -112.02)

USA_AZ_Phoenix_TMY2.epw

Memphis, TN

(35.05, -89.98)

USA_TN_Memphis_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 1A 2A 2B 3A 

HVAC

System TypeASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G Table G3.1.1B System Number

3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 

Heating Type Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace 

Cooling Type Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion 

Fan Control Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume 

Distribution and Terminal Units Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air 

HVAC SizingAir Conditioning (tons [kW]) Autosized (921.32 [3,240.29]) Autosized (911.48 [3,205.69]) Autosized (977.18 [3,436.75]) Autosized (848.87 [2,985.47]) 

Heating (kBtu/h [kW]) Autosized (455.13 [1,552.97]) Autosized (517.14 [1,764.57]) Autosized (512.13 [1,747.46]) Autosized (517.83 [1,766.92]) 

HVAC EfficiencyAir Conditioning (COP) 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 

Heating Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

HVAC ControlBefore Terminal Temperature Schedule (oF [oC])

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Chilled Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC])

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Hot Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Economizer No No Yes No Night Cycle Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Heat Recovery No No No No 

Demand Control Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Ventilation (cfm [m^3/s]) See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information Fan and Pump LoadsFan Schedules Always available Always available Always available Always available 

Supply Fan Efficiency (%) 65.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 

Supply Fan Volumetric Flow Rate (cfm [m^3/s])

396,927.67 [187.33] 391,926.78 [184.97] 432,420.16 [204.08] 357,233.59 [168.60] 

Supply Fan Pressure Drop (in H2O [Pa]) 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 

Cooling Tower Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A Pump Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Service Hot WaterSWH Type Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank 

Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas 

Thermal Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

Temperature Setpoint (oF [oC]) 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] Water Consumption (gal [m^3]) 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 

Internal Loads & Schedules

Heating & CoolingSetpoint ScheduleHeating See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH 

Cooling See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH LightingAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.57 [16.89] 1.57 [16.89] 1.57 [16.89] 1.57 [16.89] 

Schedule See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH 

Plug loadsAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 0.74 [7.96] 0.74 [7.96] 0.74 [7.96] 0.74 [7.96] 

Schedule See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH 

OccupancyAverage People (#/1000 ft^2 [#/100 m^2]) 29.57 [31.83] 29.57 [31.83] 29.57 [31.83] 29.57 [31.83] 

Schedule See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH 

 136 
Table E-3 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 

 137 

Program

Model Number 6 7 8 9

Building Name High School High School High School High School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

San Francisco, CA

(37.62, -122.38)

USA_CA_San.Francisco_TMY2.epw

Baltimore, MD

(39.18, -76.67)

USA_MD_Baltimore_TMY2.epw

Albuquerque, NM

(35.05, -106.62)

USA_NM_Albuquerque_TMY2.epw

Seattle, WA

(47.45, -122.3)

USA_WA_Seattle-Tacoma_TMY2

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 3C 4A 4B 4C 

Form

Total Floor Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 

Number of Floors 2222

Window Fraction (Window to Wall Ratio) South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

Window Locations See Picture See Picture See Picture See Picture 

Skylight/TDD Percent 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 

Shading None None None None 

Floor to Floor Height (ft [m]) 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 

Fabric

Exterior wallsConstruction R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci R-5.7 ci 

R-value (ft^2·hr·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 5.79 [1.02] 5.79 [1.02] 5.79 [1.02] 5.79 [1.02] 

Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 

RoofConstruction R-10 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci 

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 9.69 (1.71) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 126,767.11 [11,777.05] WindowDimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

Glass-type and frame Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-facto

SHGC shown below

U-Factor (Btu/h·ft^2·oF [W/m^2·K]) South: 1.21 [6.89]

East: 1.21 [6.89]

North: 1.21 [6.89]

West: 1.21 [6.89]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

SHGC South: 0.61

East: 0.61

North: 0.61

West: 0.61

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

Visible transmittance South: 0.67

East: 0.67

North: 0.67

West: 0.67

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

FoundationFoundation Type Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor 

Construction Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insuR-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 

Interior PartitionsConstruction 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum boa

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 

Internal MassConstruction 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 512,448.25 [47,608.00] 512,448.25 [47,608.00] 512,448.25 [47,608.00] 512,448.25 [47,608.00] Thermal Properties (lb/ft^2 [kg/m^2]) 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 

Air Barrier SystemInfiltration (ACH) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 
Table E-4 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 3-5 (Cont.) 

Program

Model Number 6 7 8 9

Building Name High School High School High School High School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

San Francisco, CA

(37.62, -122.38)

USA_CA_San.Francisco_TMY2.epw

Baltimore, MD

(39.18, -76.67)

USA_MD_Baltimore_TMY2.epw

Albuquerque, NM

(35.05, -106.62)

USA_NM_Albuquerque_TMY2.epw

Seattle, WA

(47.45, -122.3)

USA_WA_Seattle-Tacoma_TMY2.

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 3C 4A 4B 4C 

HVAC

System TypeASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G Table G3.1.1B System Number

3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 

Heating Type Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace 

Cooling Type Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion 

Fan Control Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume 

Distribution and Terminal Units Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air HVAC SizingAir Conditioning (tons [kW]) Autosized (853.01 [3,000.03]) Autosized (837.35 [2,944.94]) Autosized (848.31 [2,983.52]) Autosized (768.14 [2,701.56]) 

Heating (kBtu/h [kW]) Autosized (472.64 [1,612.72]) Autosized (539.99 [1,842.53]) Autosized (457.47 [1,560.95]) Autosized (475.95 [1,624.01]) 

HVAC EfficiencyAir Conditioning (COP) 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 

Heating Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

HVAC ControlBefore Terminal Temperature Schedule (oF [oC])

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Chilled Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC])

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Hot Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Economizer Yes No Yes Yes 

Night Cycle Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Heat Recovery No No No No 

Demand Control Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Ventilation (cfm [m^3/s]) See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information Fan and Pump LoadsFan Schedules Always available Always available Always available Always available 

Supply Fan Efficiency (%) 65.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 

Supply Fan Volumetric Flow Rate (cfm [m^3/s])

384,005.34 [181.23] 361,064.72 [170.40] 381,896.51 [180.24] 345,802.42 [163.20] 

Supply Fan Pressure Drop (in H2O [Pa]) 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 

Cooling Tower Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Pump Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Service Hot WaterSWH Type Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank 

Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Thermal Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

Temperature Setpoint (oF [oC]) 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] Water Consumption (gal [m^3]) 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 

Internal Loads & Schedules

Heating & CoolingSetpoint ScheduleHeating See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH 

Cooling See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH 

LightingAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.57 [16.89] 1.57 [16.89] 1.57 [16.89] 1.57 [16.89] 

Schedule See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH 

Plug loadsAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 0.74 [7.96] 0.74 [7.96] 0.74 [7.96] 0.74 [7.96] 

Schedule See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH 

OccupancyAverage People (#/1000 ft^2 [#/100 m^2]) 29.57 [31.83] 29.57 [31.83] 29.57 [31.83] 29.57 [31.83] 

Schedule See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH 

 138 
Table E-5 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 

 139 

Program

Model Number 11 12 13 14 

Building Name High School High School High School High School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Boise, ID

(43.57, -116.22)

USA_ID_Boise_TMY2.epw

Burlington, VT

(44.47, -73.15)

USA_VT_Burlington_TMY2.epw

Helena, MT(46.6, -112)

USA_MT_Helena_TMY2.epw

Duluth, MN

(46.83, -92.18)

USA_MN_Duluth_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 5B 6A 6B 7A 

Form

Total Floor Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 210,886.53 [19,592.00] 

Number of Floors 2222

Window Fraction (Window to Wall Ratio) South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

South: 0.35

East: 0.35

North: 0.35

West: 0.35

Total: 0.35

Window Locations See Picture See Picture See Picture See Picture 

Skylight/TDD Percent 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 

Shading None None None None 

Floor to Floor Height (ft [m]) 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 13.12 [4.00] 

Fabric

Exterior wallsConstruction R-7.6 ci R-7.6 ci R-7.6 ci R-11.4 ci 

R-value (ft^2·hr·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 7.31 [1.29] 8.75 [1.54] 8.75 [1.54] 10.21 [1.80] Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 68,716.80 [6,384.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 44,662.69 [4,149.30] 

RoofConstruction R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci R-15 ci 

R-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) 14.82 (2.61) Gross Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 

Net Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 126,767.11 [11,777.05] 126,767.11 [11,777.05] WindowDimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

South: 8,108.88 [753.34]

East: 3,918.06 [364.00]

North: 8,108.88 [753.34]

West: 3,918.28 [364.02]

Total: 24,054.11 [2,234.70]

Glass-type and frame Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-factor and 

SHGC shown below

Hypothetical window meeting U-facto

SHGC shown below

U-Factor (Btu/h·ft^2·oF [W/m^2·K]) South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.26]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

South: 0.57 [3.26]

East: 0.57 [3.26]

North: 0.57 [3.25]

West: 0.57 [3.26]

SHGC South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.39

East: 0.39

North: 0.49

West: 0.39

South: 0.49

East: 0.49

North: 0.64

West: 0.49

Visible transmittance South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.42

East: 0.42

North: 0.53

West: 0.42

South: 0.53

East: 0.53

North: 0.71

West: 0.53

FoundationFoundation Type Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor Mass Floor 

Construction Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insulation Carpet over heavy concrete and insuR-value (ft^2·h·oF/Btu [m^2·K/W]) 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 2.11 [0.37] 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 128,112.06 [11,902.00] 

Interior PartitionsConstruction 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum board 2x4 steel-frame with gypsum boa

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 74,141.81 [6,888.00] 

Internal MassConstruction 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 6 inch wood 

Dimensions - Total Area (ft^2 [m^2]) 512,448.25 [47,608.00] 512,448.25 [47,608.00] 512,448.25 [47,608.00] 512,448.25 [47,608.00] Thermal Properties (lb/ft^2 [kg/m^2]) 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 16.60 [81.00] 

Air Barrier SystemInfiltration (ACH) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 
Table E-6 High Baseline Scorecard: Climate Zones 5-8 (Cont.) 

ProgrHVInt

am

Model Number 11 12 13 14 

Building Name High School High School High School High School 

Location(Latitude, Longitude)Weather File

Boise, ID

(43.57, -116.22)

USA_ID_Boise_TMY2.epw

Burlington, VT

(44.47, -73.15)

USA_VT_Burlington_TMY2.epw

Helena, MT(46.6, -112)

USA_MT_Helena_TMY2.epw

Duluth, MN

(46.83, -92.18)

USA_MN_Duluth_TMY2.epw

ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Climate Zone 5B 6A 6B 7A 

AC

System TypeASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G Table G3.1.1B System Number

3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 3: PSZ-AC 

Heating Type Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace Gas Furnace 

Cooling Type Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion Direct Expansion 

Fan Control Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume Constant Volume 

Distribution and Terminal Units Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air Single Zone/Direct Air HVAC SizingAir Conditioning (tons [kW]) Autosized (849.70 [2,988.40]) Autosized (771.98 [2,715.07]) Autosized (807.87 [2,841.27]) Autosized (807.58 [2,840.27]) 

Heating (kBtu/h [kW]) Autosized (538.94 [1,838.94]) Autosized (585.55 [1,997.98]) Autosized (556.98 [1,900.51]) Autosized (616.10 [2,102.22]) 

HVAC EfficiencyAir Conditioning (COP) 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.30 

Heating Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

HVAC ControlBefore Terminal Temperature Schedule (oF [oC])

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Jan - Mar: 55.4oF [13oC]Apr - Sep: 60.8oF [16oC]Oct - Dec: 55.4oF [13oC]

Chilled Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC])

N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Hot Water Supply Temperatures (oF [oC]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Economizer Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Night Cycle Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Heat Recovery No No No No 

Demand Control Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes 

Ventilation (cfm [m^3/s]) See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information See Zone Level Information Fan and Pump LoadsFan Schedules Always available Always available Always available Always available 

Supply Fan Efficiency (%) 65.00 65.00 65.00 65.00 

Supply Fan Volumetric Flow Rate (cfm [m^3/s])

382,517.49 [180.53] 338,756.28 [159.88] 363,687.21 [171.64] 360,382.73 [170.08] 

Supply Fan Pressure Drop (in H2O [Pa]) 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 2.51 [625.00] 

Cooling Tower Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Pump Power (hp [kW]) N/A N/A N/A N/A 

Service Hot WaterSWH Type Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank Storage Tank 

Fuel Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Natural Gas Thermal Efficiency (%) 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 

Temperature Setpoint (oF [oC]) 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] 140.00 [60.00] Water Consumption (gal [m^3]) 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 1,146,023.05 [4,338.17] 

ernal Loads & Schedules

Heating & CoolingSetpoint ScheduleHeating See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH See HTGSETP_SCH 

Cooling See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH See CLGSETP_SCH 

LightingAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 1.57 [16.89] 1.57 [16.89] 1.57 [16.89] 1.57 [16.89] 

Schedule See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH See BLDG_LIGHT_SCH 

Plug loadsAverage Power Density (W/ft^2 [W/m^2]) 0.74 [7.96] 0.74 [7.96] 0.74 [7.96] 0.74 [7.96] 

Schedule See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH See BLDG_EQUIP_SCH 

OccupancyAverage People (#/1000 ft^2 [#/100 m^2]) 29.57 [31.83] 29.57 [31.83] 29.57 [31.83] 29.57 [31.83] 

Schedule See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH See BLDG_OCC_SCH 

 140 
 141 

Appendix F. Envelope Optimizations 

This appendix presents the optimization result tables and curves for the full range of roof and wall 

insulation options considered in the optimization (Appendix F.1 and F.2, respectively). For each climate 

zone (1 through 8), the lowest point on the optimization curve was selected as the lowest TLCC option. 

The options selected for the K-12 AEDG recommendations are highlighted with dark cell lines. The 

percent savings for both TLCC and energy savings use the SO AEDG insulation levels as the reference. 

The 0,0 point in the optimization curves and results tables represent this starting point. The SO AEDG, 

ASHRAE 90.1-1999, ASHRAE 90.1-2007 (with Addendum AS), and the K-12 AEDG insulation levels 

are shown in the results table. 
F.1 Insulation above Deck Optimization Results 

Climate Zone 1 1A

AEDG and Code

Insulation Above Deck

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost 3A 

NR -79.02 13.78 Small Office (S0) Guide Recommendation at 0,0, R-3.8 ci -23.37 3.86 Minimum Code (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) R-5.0 ci -16.16 2.62 Schools Recommendation at minimum life cycle cost (K-12) R-7.6 ci -8.47 1.37 R-10.0 ci -4.69 0.71 

SO, 90.1-2007, 90.1-1999 R-15.0 ci 0.00 0.00 

R-20.0 ci 3.01 -0.36 

K-12 R-25.0 ci 4.28 -0.49 

R-30.0 ci 5.56 -0.36 R-40.0 ci 6.16 0.29 R-50.0 ci 6.29 0.58 R-55.0 ci 6.46 0.88 R-60.0 ci 6.59 1.17 R-65.0 ci 6.66 1.48 R-75.0 ci 6.78 1.78 R-85.0 ci 6.89 2.10 R-95.0 ci 6.99 2.43 

Climate Zone 2 2A 2B

AEDG and Code

Insulation Above Deck

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -104.01 14.47 -120.14 15.68R-3.8 ci -30.25 4.13 -35.88 4.51R-5.0 ci -20.93 2.83 -25.10 3.14R-7.6 ci -11.07 1.50 -13.11 1.66R-10.0 ci -5.53 0.75 -7.00 0.88

SO, 90.1-1999 R-15.0 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

90.1-2007 R-20.0 ci 3.50 -0.41 3.91 -0.46

K-12 R-25.0 ci 5.66 -0.52 6.02 -0.59

R-30.0 ci 6.61 -0.39 6.92 -0.47R-40.0 ci 7.32 0.29 7.59 0.20R-50.0 ci 7.39 0.59 7.80 0.49R-55.0 ci 7.49 0.91 8.03 0.78R-60.0 ci 7.77 1.17 8.26 1.07R-65.0 ci 7.99 1.47 8.38 1.37R-75.0 ci 8.01 1.81 8.46 1.70R-85.0 ci 8.06 2.13 8.64 2.02R-95.0 ci 8.14 2.44 8.75 2.33

-1.0-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-10.00 -5.00 0.00 

Net Site Energy Savin

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

-1.0-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-10.00 -5.00 0.00 

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

 142 
3A 3B 3C

AEDG and Code

Insulation Above Deck

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -132.22 14.95 -135.58 15.57 -102.01 12.48R-3.8 ci -42.62 4.58 -41.93 4.87 -30.88 3.78R-5.0 ci -31.04 3.26 -30.24 3.52 -22.56 2.67R-7.6 ci -18.14 1.88 -17.78 2.12 -13.38 1.56R-10.0 ci -11.59 1.17 -11.53 1.36 -8.62 0.97

90.1-1999 R-15.0 ci -4.24 0.41 -4.28 0.49 -3.16 0.34

SO, 90.1-2007 R-20.0 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

K-12 R-25.0 ci 2.51 -0.12 2.27 -0.14 1.58 -0.07

R-30.0 ci 3.71 0.00 3.18 -0.02 2.29 0.08R-40.0 ci 4.68 0.67 3.82 0.69 2.73 0.80R-50.0 ci 5.12 0.97 3.85 1.00 2.84 0.95R-55.0 ci 5.29 1.27 4.07 1.30 2.93 1.11R-60.0 ci 5.51 1.56 4.22 1.63 3.14 1.75R-65.0 ci 5.84 1.87 4.40 1.93 3.22 2.06R-75.0 ci 5.84 2.17 4.60 2.24 3.36 2.38R-85.0 ci 6.04 2.48 4.68 2.56 3.36 2.70R-95.0 ci 6.23 2.80 4.77 2.88 3.42 3.03

Climate Zone 4 4A 4B 4C

AEDG and Code

Insulation Above Deck

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -146.07 13.94 -159.36 15.93 -133.01 12.28R-3.8 ci -48.32 4.27 -50.87 5.01 -41.62 3.72R-5.0 ci -35.18 3.04 -36.87 3.62 -29.79 2.63R-7.6 ci -20.18 1.79 -21.33 2.20 -16.69 1.54R-10.0 ci -12.59 1.11 -13.55 1.41 -10.25 0.95

90.1-1999 R-15.0 ci -4.51 0.39 -4.87 0.52 -3.55 0.32

SO, 90.1-2007 R-20.0 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

K-12 R-25.0 ci 2.56 -0.09 2.44 -0.15 2.09 -0.06

R-30.0 ci 3.95 0.05 3.73 -0.03 3.12 0.10R-40.0 ci 5.62 0.74 4.72 0.68 4.57 0.81R-50.0 ci 6.12 1.03 5.03 0.98 4.96 1.11R-55.0 ci 6.55 1.33 5.26 1.28 5.27 1.41R-60.0 ci 6.89 1.62 5.42 1.61 5.65 1.70R-65.0 ci 7.13 1.96 5.66 1.91 5.76 2.05R-75.0 ci 7.34 2.26 5.85 2.21 5.98 2.36R-85.0 ci 7.51 2.58 6.04 2.53 6.25 2.68R-95.0 ci 7.83 2.90 6.16 2.85 6.33 3.00

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-10.00 -5.00 0.00 

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-10.00 -5.00 0.00 

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

 143 
Climate Zone 5 5A 5B

AEDG and Code

Insulation Above Deck

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -160.62 13.81 -165.85 14.97R-3.8 ci -55.09 4.22 -55.75 4.77R-5.0 ci -40.43 3.01 -40.71 3.49R-7.6 ci -23.18 1.74 -23.25 2.08R-10.0 ci -14.44 1.09 -14.54 1.34

90.1-1999 R-15.0 ci -5.14 0.38 -5.17 0.47

SO, 90.1-2007 R-20.0 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

K-12 R-25.0 ci 3.01 -0.09 2.74 -0.12

R-30.0 ci 4.78 0.04 4.19 0.04R-40.0 ci 7.00 0.71 6.11 0.76R-50.0 ci 7.58 1.01 6.55 1.06R-55.0 ci 8.02 1.31 6.92 1.36R-60.0 ci 8.54 1.59 7.38 1.65R-65.0 ci 8.78 1.93 7.61 1.95R-75.0 ci 9.11 2.24 7.80 2.30R-85.0 ci 9.37 2.56 8.04 2.62R-95.0 ci 9.64 2.88 8.30 2.94

Climate Zone 6 6A 6B

AEDG and Code

Insulation Above Deck

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -162.52 12.66 -178.89 13.78R-3.8 ci -56.77 3.87 -61.96 4.29R-5.0 ci -41.80 2.74 -45.81 3.13R-7.6 ci -24.08 1.59 -26.43 1.88R-10.0 ci -15.08 0.99 -16.62 1.23

90.1-1999 R-15.0 ci -5.42 0.35 -5.87 0.43

SO, 90.1-2007 R-20.0 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

K-12 R-25.0 ci 3.11 -0.07 3.33 -0.10

R-30.0 ci 5.16 0.07 5.18 0.06R-40.0 ci 7.77 0.77 7.44 0.79R-50.0 ci 8.54 1.07 8.04 1.10R-55.0 ci 9.07 1.38 8.56 1.40R-60.0 ci 9.60 1.67 9.14 1.69R-65.0 ci 9.92 2.01 9.37 2.05R-75.0 ci 10.24 2.32 9.72 2.35R-85.0 ci 10.60 2.64 10.09 2.67R-95.0 ci 10.89 2.96 10.32 2.99

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.0

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.0

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

 144 
Climate Zone 7 7A

AEDG and Code

Insulation Above Deck

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -186.44 12.69R-3.8 ci -64.91 3.89R-5.0 ci -47.81 2.77R-7.6 ci -27.47 1.63R-10.0 ci -17.30 1.02

90.1-1999 R-15.0 ci -6.20 0.35

SO, 90.1-2007 R-20.0 ci 0.00 0.00

K-12 R-25.0 ci 3.76 -0.07

R-30.0 ci 5.92 0.09

R-40.0 ci 8.85 0.81R-50.0 ci 9.66 1.11R-55.0 ci 10.31 1.41R-60.0 ci 10.76 1.74R-65.0 ci 11.22 2.05R-75.0 ci 11.61 2.36R-85.0 ci 12.04 2.69R-95.0 ci 12.39 3.01

Climate Zone 8 8A

AEDG and Code

Insulation Above Deck

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -199.67 8.81R-5.0 ci -75.97 2.64R-7.6 ci -58.15 1.85R-10.0 ci -36.13 1.02R-15.0 ci -24.50 0.56

90.1-2007, 90.1-1999 R-20.0 ci -11.43 0.07

K-12 R-25.0 ci -4.12 -0.09

SO R-30.0 ci 0.00 0.00

R-40.0 ci 2.25 0.23R-50.0 ci 5.16 0.97R-55.0 ci 6.06 1.28R-60.0 ci 6.65 1.62R-65.0 ci 7.25 1.91R-75.0 ci 7.78 2.22R-85.0 ci 8.23 2.54R-95.0 ci 8.69 2.86

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.

Net Site Energy Sav

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 

Net Site Energy Sav

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

 145 
F.2 Mass Wall Insulation Optimization Results 

Climate Zone 1 1A

AEDG and Code

Mass Wall Insulation

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost Iteration 1 3A 

SO, 90.1-2007, 90.1-1999 NR 0.00 0.00 Small Office (SO) Guide Recommendation at 0,0 5.47E-05 

K-12 R-5.7 ci 2.42 -0.12 K-12 Recommendation at minimum life cycle cost, OR at mi -0.119065 

R-7.6 ci 2.72 -0.12 Minimum Code (ASHRAE 90.1-2007) -0.115982 R-9.5 ci 2.86 -0.11 -0.106282 R-11.4 ci 3.03 -0.09 -0.088282 R-13.3 ci 3.16 -0.06 -0.063671 R-15.2 ci 3.19 -0.04 -0.037318 R-25.0 ci 3.44 0.14 0.144724 R-31.3 ci 3.59 0.26 0.263786 

R-37.5 ci 3.63 0.39 0.38756 

R-43.8 ci 3.68 0.51 0.514204 R-56.3 ci 3.73 0.77 0.772244 R-50.0 ci 3.73 0.86 0.638882 R-62.5 ci 3.73 0.90 0.902005 

Climate Zone 2 2A 2B

AEDG and Code

Mass Wall Insulation

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

90.1-1999 NR -3.79 0.13 -4.86 0.25

90.1-2007 R-5.7 ci -0.42 0.00 -0.45 0.01

SO, K-12 R-7.6 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-9.5 ci 0.16 0.01 0.25 0.00R-11.4 ci 0.37 0.03 0.46 0.01R-13.3 ci 0.55 0.05 0.63 0.03R-15.2 ci 0.67 0.08 0.83 0.06R-25.0 ci 1.04 0.26 1.26 0.23R-31.3 ci 1.07 0.38 1.39 0.34R-37.5 ci 1.19 0.63 1.44 0.46R-43.8 ci 1.20 0.50 1.52 0.59R-56.3 ci 1.32 1.02 1.56 0.71R-50.0 ci 1.33 0.89 1.60 0.97R-62.5 ci 1.33 0.75 1.61 0.84

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.0

0.00 1.00 2.00 

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.0

-5.0 -4.0 -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 

Net Site Energy Sav

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

 146 
Climate Zone 3 3A 3B 3C

AEDG and Code

Mass Wall Insulation

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -6.51 0.23 -3.87 -0.04 -3.21 -0.10

90.1-1999 R-5.7 ci -1.08 -0.01 -0.62 -0.06 -0.44 -0.07

90.1-2007, K-12 R-7.6 ci -0.51 -0.02 -0.38 -0.05 -0.25 -0.05

R-9.5 ci -0.19 -0.01 -0.16 -0.03 -0.11 -0.03

SO R-11.4 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-13.3 ci 0.17 0.02 0.17 0.03 0.00 0.00

R-15.2 ci 0.43 0.04 0.27 0.06 0.18 0.06

R-25.0 ci 0.97 0.22 0.60 0.26 0.32 0.27

R-31.3 ci 1.08 0.33 0.61 0.38 0.38 0.65

R-37.5 ci 1.14 0.46 0.66 0.51 0.38 0.39

R-43.8 ci 1.21 0.58 0.68 0.64 0.41 0.52

R-56.3 ci 1.26 0.71 0.71 0.77 0.50 0.78

R-50.0 ci 1.29 0.84 0.74 1.04 0.50 0.92

R-62.5 ci 1.34 0.97 0.76 0.90 0.51 1.05

Climate Zone 4 4A 4B 4C

AEDG and Code

Mass Wall Insulation

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -11.01 0.12 -7.09 -0.03 -11.29 0.12

90.1-1999 R-5.7 ci -1.79 -0.03 -1.16 -0.06 -1.65 -0.03

R-7.6 ci -0.99 -0.03 -0.60 -0.04 -0.97 -0.03

90.1-2007, K-12 R-9.5 ci -0.48 -0.02 -0.30 -0.03 -0.42 -0.02

SO R-11.4 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-13.3 ci 0.36 0.02 0.15 0.03 0.38 0.02

R-15.2 ci 0.53 0.05 0.37 0.06 0.63 0.05

R-25.0 ci 1.42 0.23 0.86 0.25 1.29 0.24

R-31.3 ci 1.60 0.35 0.99 0.38 1.51 0.36R-37.5 ci 1.78 0.48 1.09 0.50 1.68 0.48

R-43.8 ci 1.93 0.60 1.09 0.63 1.80 0.61

R-56.3 ci 1.94 0.73 1.17 0.76 1.87 0.87

R-50.0 ci 2.01 0.86 1.21 0.89 1.88 0.74

R-62.5 ci 2.11 0.99 1.26 1.03 1.94 1.00

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.0

-10.00 -8.00 -6.00 -4.00 

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.0

-15.00 -10.00 -5.00 

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

 147 
Climate Zone 5 5A 5B

AEDG and Code

Mass Wall Insulation

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -14.85 0.14 -12.75 0.11

R-5.7 ci -2.42 -0.03 -2.16 -0.03

90.1-1999 R-7.6 ci -1.26 -0.03 -1.14 -0.03

R-9.5 ci -0.62 -0.02 -0.57 -0.02

SO, 90.1-2007, K-12 R-11.4 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

R-13.3 ci 0.45 0.02 0.35 0.02R-15.2 ci 0.81 0.05 0.62 0.05R-25.0 ci 1.97 0.23 1.55 0.24R-31.3 ci 2.26 0.35 1.82 0.36R-37.5 ci 2.52 0.47 1.96 0.48R-43.8 ci 2.59 0.60 2.11 0.61R-56.3 ci 2.70 0.73 2.21 0.73R-50.0 ci 2.85 0.86 2.33 0.87R-62.5 ci 2.92 0.99 2.39 1.00

Climate Zone 6 6A 6B

AEDG and Code

Mass Wall Insulation

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -16.42 0.06 -15.11 0.02

R-5.7 ci -2.73 -0.03 -2.52 -0.05

90.1-1999 R-7.6 ci -1.49 -0.03 -1.31 -0.04

R-9.5 ci -0.77 -0.02 -0.65 -0.02

SO R-11.4 ci 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

90.1-2007, K-12 R-13.3 ci 0.48 0.03 0.47 0.03

R-15.2 ci 0.90 0.05 0.84 0.06R-25.0 ci 2.16 0.24 2.01 0.25R-31.3 ci 2.51 0.36 2.33 0.37R-37.5 ci 2.68 0.49 2.51 0.50R-43.8 ci 2.94 0.62 2.73 0.63R-56.3 ci 3.08 0.75 2.79 0.76R-50.0 ci 3.28 0.88 2.98 0.89R-62.5 ci 3.32 1.01 3.05 1.03

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.0

-15.00 -10.00 -5.00 

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.0

Net Site Energy Savi

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

 148 
Climate Zone 7 7A

AEDG and Code

Mass Wall Insulation

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -19.97 0.00R-5.7 ci -4.41 -0.09

R-7.6 ci -2.80 -0.09R-9.5 ci -1.95 -0.08

90.1-1999 R-11.4 ci -1.12 -0.06

R-13.3 ci -0.53 -0.03

90.1-2007, SO, K-12 R-15.2 ci 0.00 0.00

R-25.0 ci 1.49 0.19R-31.3 ci 1.92 0.31R-37.5 ci 2.22 0.44R-43.8 ci 2.44 0.57R-56.3 ci 2.56 0.69R-50.0 ci 2.74 0.83R-62.5 ci 2.87 0.96

Climate Zone 8 8A

AEDG and Code

Mass Wall Insulation

% Energy Site Savings from AEDG SO 

Percent Total Life Cycle Cost

NR -19.22 -0.09R-5.7 ci -4.47 -0.10

R-7.6 ci -2.91 -0.10R-9.5 ci -2.03 -0.08R-11.4 ci -1.17 -0.06

90.1-1999 R-13.3 ci -0.55 -0.03

90.1-2007, SO, K-12 R-15.2 ci 0.00 0.00

R-25.0 ci 1.58 0.20R-31.3 ci 2.03 0.32R-37.5 ci 2.36 0.45R-43.8 ci 2.61 0.58R-56.3 ci 2.73 0.71R-50.0 ci 2.93 0.84R-62.5 ci 3.07 0.97

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.

Net Site Energy Sav

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

-0.5

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0

-20.00 -15.00 -10.00 -5.

Net Site Energy Sav

Total Life Cycle Costs (%) 

 149 
 150 

Appendix G. Energy Savings End Use Tables: ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Baseline 

Table G-1 Elementary End Uses: Climate Zones 1-4 

Elementary School End Uses Electricity (kBtu/ft2) Gas (kBtu/ft2) 

Climate Strategy Cooling Int. 

Lights 

Ext. 

Lights 

Int. 

Equip Fans Pumps Heating Water Systems 

Total End 

Uses

(kBtu/ft2)

Savings 

%

Baseline 20.9 20.0 0.8 14.9 18.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 75.7 NA

30% - No Daylight PSZ 10.4 12.7 0.6 14.9 10.4 0.0 0.2 0.8 50.0 34.0% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 13.1 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.6 0.6 0.0 0.8 48.3 36.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 9.7 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.6 0.0 0.0 0.8 44.4 41.4% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 9.6 9.3 0.6 14.9 9.7 0.0 0.2 0.7 45.1 40.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 12.1 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.2 0.6 0.0 0.7 43.5 42.5% 

1A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 9.0 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 39.9 47.4% 

Baseline 14.2 20.0 0.8 14.9 17.5 0.0 3.3 1.0 71.8 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 6.6 12.7 0.6 14.9 9.3 0.0 1.0 1.0 46.2 35.7% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 9.4 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.6 1.0 1.0 45.2 37.0% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 7.0 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.0 1.8 1.0 42.3 41.1% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 5.9 9.4 0.6 14.9 8.6 0.0 1.1 1.0 41.6 42.1% 

30% - Daylit VAV 8.7 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.6 0.5 1.1 1.0 40.8 43.2% 

2A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 6.4 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.6 0.0 1.1 1.0 38.1 46.9% 

Baseline 16.6 20.0 0.8 14.9 19.3 0.0 1.5 0.9 74.0 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 7.1 12.7 0.6 14.9 9.8 0.0 0.6 0.9 46.6 37.1% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 8.6 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 44.3 40.2% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 6.4 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.3 0.0 0.7 0.9 41.6 43.8% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 6.2 9.4 0.6 14.9 8.9 0.0 0.6 0.9 41.6 43.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 7.7 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 39.4 46.7% 

2B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.7 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.8 0.0 0.7 0.9 37.0 50.0% 

Baseline 9.7 20.0 0.8 14.9 16.0 0.0 4.9 1.2 67.4 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 4.3 10.1 0.6 14.9 9.5 0.0 2.7 1.2 43.3 35.8% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 7.3 10.1 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.6 3.0 1.2 42.8 36.4% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 5.4 10.1 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.0 3.2 1.2 40.6 39.8% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 4.0 9.5 0.6 14.9 8.9 0.0 2.8 1.2 41.9 37.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 6.9 9.5 0.6 14.9 4.8 0.6 2.9 1.2 41.3 38.7% 

3A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.1 9.5 0.6 14.9 4.8 0.0 3.0 1.2 39.2 41.9% 

Baseline 9.6 20.0 0.8 14.9 15.5 0.0 1.8 1.1 63.7 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 4.2 10.1 0.6 14.9 9.1 0.0 0.9 1.1 41.0 35.6% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 6.2 10.1 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.5 1.2 1.1 39.6 37.8% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.6 10.1 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.0 1.3 1.1 37.6 40.9% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.9 9.4 0.6 14.9 8.5 0.0 1.0 1.1 39.4 38.1% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.8 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.6 0.4 1.2 1.1 38.1 40.2% 

3B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.3 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.6 0.0 1.3 1.1 36.2 43.1% 

Baseline 3.7 20.0 0.8 14.9 17.5 0.0 2.3 1.3 60.4 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.8 10.1 0.6 14.9 7.4 0.0 0.8 1.3 36.0 40.4% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 2.5 10.1 0.6 14.9 3.4 0.3 1.6 1.3 34.7 42.6% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 1.8 10.1 0.6 14.9 3.4 0.0 1.8 1.3 33.9 43.9% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.6 9.5 0.6 14.9 6.8 0.0 0.8 1.4 34.6 42.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.4 9.5 0.6 14.9 3.6 0.3 1.5 1.3 34.1 43.6% 

3C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.8 9.5 0.6 14.9 3.6 0.0 1.6 1.3 33.3 44.9% 

Baseline 6.5 20.0 0.8 14.9 16.9 0.0 10.8 1.4 71.2 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 3.0 10.1 0.6 14.9 10.2 0.0 5.4 1.4 45.5 36.1% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 6.2 10.1 0.6 14.9 5.6 0.6 5.5 1.4 44.9 36.9% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.6 10.1 0.6 14.9 5.6 0.0 5.9 1.4 43.0 39.6% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.6 9.4 0.6 14.9 9.0 0.0 5.6 1.4 43.5 38.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.6 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.6 5.2 1.4 42.6 40.2% 

4A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.1 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.0 5.6 1.4 40.9 42.5% 

Baseline 6.8 20.0 0.8 14.9 17.1 0.0 4.7 1.3 65.6 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 2.9 10.1 0.6 14.9 10.2 0.0 2.3 1.4 42.5 35.2% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 5.5 10.1 0.6 14.9 5.7 0.5 2.7 1.3 41.4 36.9% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.1 10.1 0.6 14.9 5.7 0.0 2.9 1.3 39.7 39.5% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.6 9.2 0.6 14.9 9.1 0.0 2.4 1.4 40.2 38.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.9 9.2 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.4 2.6 1.3 39.1 40.3% 

4B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.6 9.2 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.0 2.8 1.3 37.6 42.6% 
 151 

Table G-2 Elementary School End Uses: Climate Zones 4-8 

Elementary School End Uses Electricity (kBtu/ft2) Gas (kBtu/ft2) 

Climate Strategy Cooling Int. 

Lights 

Ext. 

Lights 

Int. 

Equi

p 

Fans Pumps Heating Water 

Systems 

Total 

End 

Uses

(kBtu/ft2)

Savings 

%

Baseline 2.0 20.0 0.8 14.9 15.3 0.0 6.4 1.4 60.9 NA

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.9 10.1 0.6 14.9 9.1 0.0 3.7 1.5 40.8 33.0% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 2.2 10.1 0.6 14.9 4.2 0.2 4.4 1.4 38.0 37.5% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 1.5 10.1 0.6 14.9 4.2 0.0 4.7 1.4 37.5 38.4% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.7 9.7 0.6 14.9 8.0 0.0 3.8 1.5 39.2 35.6% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.0 9.7 0.6 14.9 4.3 0.2 3.8 1.4 37.0 39.2% 

4C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.4 9.7 0.6 14.9 4.3 0.0 4.1 1.4 36.5 40.1% 

Baseline 5.1 20.0 0.8 14.9 18.3 0.0 18.9 1.5 79.6 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 2.5 12.7 0.6 14.9 11.0 0.0 8.3 1.5 51.6 35.1% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 6.2 12.7 0.6 14.9 6.1 0.7 8.4 1.5 51.2 35.7% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.7 12.7 0.6 14.9 6.1 0.0 8.9 1.5 49.5 37.8% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.1 9.4 0.6 14.9 9.6 0.0 9.3 1.5 47.4 40.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.4 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.3 0.6 8.6 1.5 46.4 41.7% 

5A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.0 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.3 0.0 9.1 1.5 45.0 43.4% 

Baseline 4.5 20.0 0.8 14.9 18.2 0.0 11.1 1.5 71.0 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 2.1 12.7 0.6 14.9 10.7 0.0 5.0 1.5 47.5 33.2% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 4.9 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.8 0.5 4.9 1.5 45.9 35.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.9 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.9 0.0 5.9 1.5 45.5 36.0% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.6 9.3 0.6 14.9 9.3 0.0 5.7 1.5 42.9 39.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.4 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.2 0.5 5.7 1.5 42.0 40.8% 

5B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.3 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.2 0.0 6.0 1.5 40.8 42.5% 

Baseline 3.5 20.0 0.8 14.9 17.9 0.0 28.6 1.7 87.4 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 1.7 12.7 0.6 14.9 10.8 0.0 12.3 1.7 54.7 37.3% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 5.4 12.7 0.6 14.9 6.0 0.7 12.1 1.7 54.0 38.2% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.2 12.7 0.6 14.9 6.0 0.0 12.9 1.7 52.9 39.4% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.3 9.4 0.6 14.9 9.3 0.0 13.3 1.7 50.5 42.2% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.6 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.6 12.4 1.7 49.3 43.6% 

6A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.6 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.0 13.2 1.7 48.5 44.5% 

Baseline 2.9 20.0 0.8 14.9 18.4 0.0 21.1 1.7 79.8 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 1.3 12.7 0.6 14.9 10.6 0.0 9.3 1.7 51.2 35.9% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 4.5 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.9 0.5 9.9 1.7 50.8 36.4% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.5 12.7 0.6 14.9 5.9 0.0 10.6 1.7 49.9 37.4% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.0 9.3 0.6 14.9 9.1 0.0 10.1 1.7 46.7 41.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.7 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.5 10.1 1.7 46.0 42.4% 

6B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 2.9 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.0 10.8 1.7 45.4 43.1% 

Baseline 2.0 20.0 0.8 14.9 19.8 0.0 38.9 1.9 98.3 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.9 12.7 0.6 14.9 11.2 0.0 16.3 1.9 58.5 40.4% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 4.5 12.7 0.6 14.9 6.2 0.7 16.1 1.9 57.7 41.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.5 12.7 0.6 14.9 6.2 0.0 17.2 1.9 57.1 41.9% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.6 9.3 0.6 14.9 9.7 0.0 17.1 1.9 54.1 44.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.8 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.4 0.7 16.4 1.8 52.9 46.1% 

7A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 2.9 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.4 0.0 17.6 1.8 52.6 46.5% 

Baseline 0.8 20.0 0.8 14.9 17.2 0.0 79.2 2.1 135.0 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.6 12.7 0.6 14.9 14.0 0.0 33.3 2.1 78.2 42.1% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 4.6 12.7 0.6 14.9 7.6 1.0 38.2 2.1 81.7 39.5% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.6 12.7 0.6 14.9 7.6 0.0 40.9 2.1 82.4 38.9% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 10.1 0.6 14.9 13.3 0.0 32.8 2.1 74.2 45.1% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.2 10.1 0.6 14.9 7.2 0.9 38.7 2.1 78.7 41.7% 

8 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.3 10.1 0.6 14.9 7.2 0.0 41.4 2.1 79.6 41.1% 
 152 

Table G-3 Middle School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-4 

Middle School End Uses Electricity (kBtu/ft2) Gas (kBtu/ft2) 

Climate Strategy Cooling Int. 

Lights 

Ext. 

Lights 

Int. 

Equip Fans Pumps Heating Water Systems 

Total End 

Uses

(kBtu/ft2)

Savings %

Baseline 20.5 19.9 0.7 11.6 17.4 0.0 0.4 1.3 71.7 NA

30% - No Daylight PSZ 10.2 12.7 0.5 11.6 10.0 0.0 0.2 1.2 46.4 35.4% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 13.5 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.5 0.6 0.0 1.2 45.6 36.4% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 10.1 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 41.6 42.1% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 9.4 9.7 0.5 11.6 9.4 0.0 0.2 1.2 42.0 41.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 12.6 9.7 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.6 0.0 1.2 41.3 42.4% 

1A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 9.4 9.7 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 37.5 47.7% 

Baseline 13.8 19.9 0.7 11.6 16.9 0.0 3.2 1.8 67.8 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 6.3 12.7 0.5 11.6 9.0 0.0 1.5 1.6 43.2 36.3% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 9.8 12.7 0.5 11.6 4.9 0.6 1.1 1.6 42.8 36.9% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 7.3 12.7 0.5 11.6 4.9 0.0 2.0 1.6 39.8 41.3% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 5.7 9.8 0.5 11.6 8.3 0.0 1.6 1.6 39.1 42.3% 

30% - Daylit VAV 9.1 9.8 0.5 11.6 4.6 0.5 1.1 1.6 38.9 42.7% 

2A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 6.8 9.8 0.5 11.6 4.6 0.0 1.2 1.6 36.1 46.8% 

Baseline 15.8 19.9 0.7 11.6 18.3 0.0 1.4 1.6 69.2 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 6.7 12.7 0.5 11.6 9.2 0.0 0.7 1.4 42.9 38.0% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 8.7 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.5 0.8 1.4 41.4 40.2% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 6.5 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.0 0.8 1.4 38.7 44.1% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 6.1 9.7 0.5 11.6 8.5 0.0 0.8 1.4 38.7 44.1% 

30% - Daylit VAV 7.9 9.7 0.5 11.6 4.7 0.5 0.8 1.4 37.1 46.3% 

2B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.9 9.7 0.5 11.6 4.7 0.0 0.8 1.4 34.7 49.9% 

Baseline 9.4 19.9 0.7 11.6 15.7 0.0 5.1 2.1 64.4 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 4.1 10.4 0.5 11.6 9.1 0.0 3.7 1.9 41.4 35.7% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 7.6 10.4 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.6 3.1 1.9 40.8 36.7% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 5.6 10.4 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.0 3.3 1.9 38.4 40.4% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.8 9.9 0.5 11.6 8.6 0.0 3.8 1.9 40.2 37.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 7.2 9.9 0.5 11.6 4.8 0.6 2.9 1.9 39.4 38.9% 

3A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.3 9.9 0.5 11.6 4.8 0.0 3.1 1.9 37.2 42.3% 

Baseline 9.4 19.9 0.7 11.6 15.3 0.0 2.0 2.0 60.8 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 4.1 10.4 0.5 11.6 8.8 0.0 1.5 1.8 38.7 36.3% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 6.4 10.4 0.5 11.6 4.9 0.5 1.3 1.8 37.4 38.4% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.7 10.4 0.5 11.6 4.9 0.0 1.4 1.8 35.4 41.7% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.8 9.8 0.5 11.6 8.3 0.0 1.6 1.8 37.3 38.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 6.0 9.8 0.5 11.6 4.6 0.4 1.3 1.8 36.0 40.8% 

3B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.4 9.8 0.5 11.6 4.6 0.0 1.3 1.8 34.1 43.9%

Baseline 3.3 19.9 0.7 11.6 17.0 0.0 2.2 2.4 57.0 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.6 10.4 0.5 11.6 7.1 0.0 1.3 2.2 33.7 41.0% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 2.5 10.4 0.5 11.6 3.4 0.3 1.8 2.2 32.7 42.7% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 1.8 10.4 0.5 11.6 3.4 0.0 1.9 2.2 31.8 44.2% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 9.9 0.5 11.6 6.6 0.0 1.4 2.2 32.6 42.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.3 9.9 0.5 11.6 3.1 0.3 1.6 2.2 31.6 44.7% 

3C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.7 9.9 0.5 11.6 3.1 0.0 1.7 2.2 30.8 46.0% 

Baseline 6.2 19.9 0.7 11.6 16.5 0.0 11.0 2.5 68.4 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 2.8 10.4 0.5 11.6 9.6 0.0 7.3 2.3 44.5 34.9% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 6.2 10.4 0.5 11.6 5.4 0.6 5.5 2.3 42.6 37.7% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.6 10.4 0.5 11.6 5.4 0.0 5.9 2.3 40.7 40.4% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.5 9.6 0.5 11.6 8.8 0.0 7.5 2.3 42.7 37.6% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.7 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.0 0.6 5.3 2.3 40.6 40.6% 

4A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.2 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.0 0.0 5.7 2.3 38.9 43.1% 

Baseline 6.6 19.9 0.7 11.6 16.8 0.0 4.9 2.5 62.8 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 2.8 10.4 0.5 11.6 9.7 0.0 3.5 2.2 40.7 35.2% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 5.5 10.4 0.5 11.6 5.6 0.5 2.9 2.2 39.2 37.6% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.1 10.4 0.5 11.6 5.6 0.0 3.1 2.2 37.5 40.3% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.4 9.5 0.5 11.6 8.8 0.0 3.7 2.2 38.7 38.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.0 9.5 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.4 2.8 2.2 37.0 41.0% 

4B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.7 9.5 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.0 3.0 2.2 35.5 43.5% 
 153 

Table G-4 Middle School End Uses: Climate Zones 4-8 

Middle School End Uses Electricity (kBtu/ft2) Gas (kBtu/ft2) 

Climate Strategy Cooling Int. 

Lights 

Ext. 

Lights 

Int. 

Equip Fans Pumps Heating Water Systems 

Total 

End 

Uses

(kBtu/ft2)

Savings 

%

Baseline 1.8 19.9 0.7 11.6 14.9 0.0 6.9 2.6 58.4 NA

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.7 10.4 0.5 11.6 8.5 0.0 5.5 2.4 39.6 32.2% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 2.2 10.4 0.5 11.6 4.1 0.2 4.4 2.4 35.8 38.7% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 1.5 10.4 0.5 11.6 4.1 0.0 4.7 2.4 35.2 39.7% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 9.9 0.5 11.6 7.7 0.0 5.6 2.4 38.3 34.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 1.9 9.9 0.5 11.6 3.7 0.2 4.0 2.4 34.3 41.3% 

4C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.4 9.9 0.5 11.6 3.7 0.0 4.3 2.4 33.8 42.1% 

Baseline 5.0 19.9 0.7 11.6 17.9 0.0 18.4 2.8 76.2 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 2.3 12.7 0.5 11.6 10.5 0.0 10.9 2.5 51.1 33.0% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 6.3 12.7 0.5 11.6 6.0 0.7 8.3 2.5 48.5 36.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.7 12.7 0.5 11.6 6.0 0.0 8.8 2.5 46.8 38.6% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.9 9.6 0.5 11.6 9.4 0.0 11.7 2.5 47.2 38.0% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.5 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.4 0.6 8.6 2.5 44.4 41.7% 

5A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.1 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.4 0.0 9.2 2.5 42.9 43.7% 

Baseline 4.3 19.9 0.7 11.6 17.7 0.0 11.1 2.8 68.0 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 1.9 12.7 0.5 11.6 10.1 0.0 7.1 2.5 46.4 31.8% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 5.1 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.8 0.5 5.5 2.5 44.3 34.9% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.8 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.8 0.0 5.9 2.5 42.9 37.0% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.5 9.5 0.5 11.6 9.0 0.0 7.8 2.5 42.5 37.6% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.4 9.5 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.5 5.8 2.5 40.0 41.2% 

5B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.3 9.5 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.0 6.1 2.5 38.8 43.0% 

Baseline 3.3 19.9 0.7 11.6 17.6 0.0 27.1 3.1 83.2 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 1.5 12.7 0.5 11.6 10.3 0.0 15.3 2.7 54.7 34.3% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 5.4 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.9 0.7 11.9 2.7 51.4 38.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.2 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.9 0.0 12.7 2.7 50.3 39.6% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.2 9.6 0.5 11.6 9.2 0.0 16.0 2.7 50.8 39.0% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.7 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.6 12.3 2.7 47.2 43.2% 

6A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.6 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.0 13.1 2.7 46.4 44.2% 

Baseline 2.8 19.9 0.7 11.6 18.0 0.0 20.2 3.1 76.2 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 1.1 12.7 0.5 11.6 10.2 0.0 11.8 2.8 50.7 33.5% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 4.5 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.9 0.6 9.8 2.8 48.2 36.7% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.5 12.7 0.5 11.6 5.9 0.0 10.4 2.8 47.4 37.8% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.9 9.6 0.5 11.6 9.0 0.0 12.4 2.8 46.7 38.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.8 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.5 10.1 2.8 44.0 42.2% 

6B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.0 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.0 10.8 2.8 43.4 43.0% 

Baseline 1.8 19.9 0.7 11.6 19.4 0.0 36.7 3.5 93.5 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.8 12.7 0.5 11.6 10.8 0.0 20.1 3.1 59.5 36.4% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 4.5 12.7 0.5 11.6 6.1 0.7 15.9 3.1 55.1 41.1% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.5 12.7 0.5 11.6 6.1 0.0 17.0 3.1 54.5 41.8% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 9.6 0.5 11.6 9.6 0.0 20.5 3.1 55.4 40.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.8 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.5 0.7 16.3 3.1 51.0 45.5% 

7A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.0 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.5 0.0 17.5 3.1 50.6 45.9% 

Baseline 0.8 19.9 0.6 11.6 16.8 0.0 71.4 3.9 124.9 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.5 12.7 0.5 11.6 13.0 0.0 36.8 3.5 78.5 37.2% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 4.3 12.7 0.5 11.6 7.3 0.9 36.8 3.5 77.6 37.9% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.3 12.7 0.5 11.6 7.3 0.0 39.4 3.5 78.3 37.3% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.4 10.3 0.5 11.6 12.5 0.0 36.3 3.5 75.1 39.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.9 10.3 0.5 11.6 7.0 0.9 37.3 3.5 75.0 40.0% 

8 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.0 10.3 0.5 11.6 7.0 0.0 40.0 3.5 75.8 39.3% 
 154 

Table G-5 High School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-4 

High School End Uses Electricity (kBtu/ft2) Gas (kBtu/ft2) 

Climate Strategy Cooling Int. Lights Ext. 

Lights 

Int. 

Equip Fans Pumps Heating Water Systems 

Total End 

Uses

(kBtu/ft2)

Savings %

Baseline 22.1 20.5 0.4 10.4 17.4 0.0 0.3 1.3 72.4 NA

30% - No Daylight PSZ 11.4 12.7 0.3 10.4 10.2 0.0 0.2 1.2 46.4 36.0% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 15.4 12.7 0.3 10.4 6.2 0.7 0.0 1.2 46.9 35.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 11.5 12.7 0.3 10.4 6.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 42.3 41.6% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 10.3 9.9 0.3 10.4 9.1 0.0 0.2 1.2 41.4 42.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 14.1 10.1 0.3 10.4 5.5 0.6 0.0 1.2 42.3 41.6% 

1A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 10.5 10.1 0.3 10.4 5.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 38.1 47.4% 

Baseline 15.4 20.5 0.4 10.4 17.3 0.0 3.5 1.8 69.3 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 7.5 12.7 0.3 10.4 9.5 0.0 1.5 1.6 43.6 37.1% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 11.2 12.7 0.3 10.4 5.7 0.7 1.4 1.6 44.0 36.5% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 8.3 12.7 0.3 10.4 5.7 0.0 2.2 1.6 40.5 41.5% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 6.6 10.1 0.3 10.4 8.4 0.0 1.6 1.6 39.0 43.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 10.0 10.2 0.3 10.4 5.0 0.6 1.4 1.6 39.6 42.8% 

2A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 7.5 10.2 0.3 10.4 5.0 0.0 1.5 1.6 36.5 47.3% 

Baseline 18.8 20.5 0.4 10.4 19.9 0.0 1.6 1.6 73.2 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 8.6 12.7 0.3 10.4 10.4 0.0 0.7 1.4 44.6 39.1% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 11.3 12.7 0.3 10.4 6.7 0.7 0.9 1.4 44.4 39.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 8.4 12.7 0.3 10.4 6.7 0.0 1.0 1.4 40.9 44.1% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 7.5 10.1 0.3 10.4 9.2 0.0 0.7 1.4 39.6 45.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 10.0 10.2 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.6 0.9 1.4 39.7 45.7% 

2B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 7.4 10.2 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.0 1.0 1.4 36.7 49.9% 

Baseline 10.9 20.5 0.4 10.4 16.0 0.0 5.6 2.2 65.9 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 5.0 10.4 0.3 10.4 9.8 0.0 4.1 1.9 42.0 36.2% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 8.6 10.4 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.8 3.9 1.9 42.3 35.9% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 6.3 10.4 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.0 4.2 1.9 39.6 39.9% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 4.6 10.2 0.3 10.4 8.9 0.0 4.0 1.9 40.3 38.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 7.8 10.3 0.3 10.4 5.3 0.7 3.6 1.9 40.4 38.7% 

3A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.8 10.3 0.3 10.4 5.3 0.0 3.9 1.9 38.0 42.4% 

Baseline 10.9 20.5 0.4 10.4 15.4 0.0 2.2 2.1 61.8 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 5.0 10.4 0.3 10.4 9.4 0.0 1.5 1.8 38.8 37.2% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 7.5 10.4 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.6 1.7 1.8 38.8 37.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 5.6 10.4 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.0 1.9 1.8 36.4 41.1% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 4.5 10.1 0.3 10.4 8.3 0.0 1.5 1.8 36.9 40.2% 

30% - Daylit VAV 6.8 10.3 0.3 10.4 5.3 0.5 1.6 1.8 37.0 40.2% 

3B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.1 10.3 0.3 10.4 5.3 0.0 1.7 1.8 34.8 43.6%

Baseline 4.1 20.5 0.4 10.4 16.6 0.0 2.7 2.5 57.1 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.9 10.4 0.3 10.4 7.5 0.0 1.5 2.2 33.3 41.7% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 2.6 10.4 0.3 10.4 3.7 0.4 2.1 2.2 32.1 43.8% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 1.9 10.4 0.3 10.4 3.7 0.0 2.2 2.2 31.2 45.4% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.7 10.2 0.3 10.4 6.7 0.0 1.5 2.2 32.0 44.0% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.3 10.4 0.3 10.4 3.3 0.3 1.9 2.2 31.1 45.6% 

3C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.7 10.4 0.3 10.4 3.3 0.0 2.0 2.2 30.3 47.0% 

Baseline 7.3 20.5 0.4 10.4 16.7 0.0 12.4 2.6 70.3 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 3.5 10.4 0.3 10.4 10.6 0.0 8.3 2.3 45.9 34.8% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 7.1 10.4 0.3 10.4 6.8 0.9 7.3 2.3 45.5 35.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 5.3 10.4 0.3 10.4 6.8 0.0 7.8 2.3 43.3 38.4% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.0 9.8 0.3 10.4 9.0 0.0 8.5 2.3 43.3 38.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 6.2 9.9 0.3 10.4 5.6 0.8 7.0 2.3 42.5 39.5% 

4A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.5 9.9 0.3 10.4 5.6 0.0 7.6 2.3 40.7 42.2% 

Baseline 8.0 20.5 0.4 10.4 17.2 0.0 5.5 2.5 64.5 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 3.6 10.4 0.3 10.4 10.9 0.0 3.6 2.2 41.6 35.6% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 6.6 10.4 0.3 10.4 7.1 0.7 3.8 2.2 41.5 35.6% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.9 10.4 0.3 10.4 7.1 0.0 4.1 2.3 39.5 38.8% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.0 9.7 0.3 10.4 9.1 0.0 4.0 2.2 38.8 39.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.6 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.8 0.6 3.8 2.2 38.6 40.2% 

4B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.1 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.8 0.0 4.1 2.2 36.9 42.9% 
 155 

Table G-6 High School End Uses: Climate Zones 4-8 

High School End Uses Electricity (kBtu/ft2) Gas (kBtu/ft2) 

Climate Strategy Cooling Int. 

Lights 

Ext. 

Lights 

Int. 

Equip Fans Pumps Heating Water Systems 

Total 

End 

Uses

(kBtu/ft2)

Savings 

%

Baseline 2.6 20.5 0.4 10.4 15.3 0.0 8.9 2.7 60.8 NA

30% - No Daylight PSZ 1.1 10.4 0.3 10.4 9.5 0.0 6.6 2.4 40.8 32.9% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 2.4 10.4 0.3 10.4 5.2 0.4 5.9 2.4 37.5 38.3% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 1.7 10.4 0.3 10.4 5.2 0.0 6.4 2.4 36.9 39.3% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.8 10.2 0.3 10.4 8.0 0.0 6.7 2.4 38.7 36.3% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.0 10.3 0.3 10.4 4.3 0.4 5.4 2.4 35.4 41.8% 

4C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.4 10.3 0.3 10.4 4.3 0.0 5.8 2.4 34.9 42.7% 

Baseline 5.9 20.5 0.4 10.4 17.9 0.0 20.6 2.9 78.6 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 3.0 12.7 0.3 10.4 11.6 0.0 12.3 2.6 52.9 32.7% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 7.0 12.7 0.3 10.4 7.2 1.0 10.6 2.6 51.8 34.0% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 5.2 12.7 0.3 10.4 7.2 0.0 11.5 2.6 49.9 36.5% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.3 9.8 0.3 10.4 9.7 0.0 13.2 2.6 48.3 38.6% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.8 9.9 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.9 10.9 2.6 46.8 40.4% 

5A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.3 9.9 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.0 11.8 2.6 45.3 42.3% 

Baseline 5.4 20.5 0.4 10.4 18.1 0.0 12.8 2.8 70.4 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 2.5 12.7 0.3 10.4 11.5 0.0 7.8 2.5 47.8 32.2% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 6.1 12.7 0.3 10.4 7.3 0.8 7.3 2.5 47.4 32.7% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.5 12.7 0.3 10.4 7.3 0.0 7.9 2.5 45.7 35.2% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.9 9.7 0.3 10.4 9.5 0.0 8.8 2.5 43.2 38.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.8 9.8 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.7 7.6 2.5 42.1 40.2% 

5B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.6 9.8 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.0 8.2 2.5 40.8 42.0% 

Baseline 4.0 20.5 0.4 10.4 17.5 0.0 29.5 3.1 85.5 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 2.0 12.7 0.3 10.4 11.4 0.0 17.1 2.8 56.8 33.6% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 5.9 12.7 0.3 10.4 6.9 1.1 14.9 2.8 55.0 35.6% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.6 12.7 0.3 10.4 6.9 0.0 16.2 2.8 53.9 36.9% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.5 9.8 0.3 10.4 9.5 0.0 17.7 2.8 51.8 39.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.8 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.7 1.0 15.2 2.8 50.0 41.5% 

6A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.7 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.7 0.0 16.5 2.8 49.3 42.4% 

Baseline 3.6 20.5 0.4 10.4 18.1 0.0 22.2 3.2 78.3 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 1.6 12.7 0.3 10.4 11.5 0.0 13.1 2.8 52.4 33.1% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 5.1 12.7 0.3 10.4 7.3 0.9 12.3 2.8 51.8 33.9% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 4.0 12.7 0.3 10.4 7.3 0.0 13.3 2.8 50.8 35.1% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.1 9.7 0.3 10.4 9.4 0.0 13.6 2.8 47.4 39.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.0 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.8 12.5 2.8 46.6 40.5% 

6B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.1 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.0 13.6 2.8 46.0 41.3% 

Baseline 2.6 20.5 0.4 10.4 19.6 0.0 39.3 3.5 96.3 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 1.1 12.7 0.3 10.4 12.1 0.0 22.0 3.2 61.8 35.9% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 5.0 12.7 0.3 10.4 7.2 1.2 19.4 3.2 59.3 38.4% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.8 12.7 0.3 10.4 7.2 0.0 21.1 3.2 58.7 39.1% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.8 9.7 0.3 10.4 10.0 0.0 22.2 3.2 56.5 41.3% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.0 9.8 0.3 10.4 6.0 1.1 19.9 3.1 54.7 43.3% 

7A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.1 9.8 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.0 21.7 3.1 54.4 43.5% 

Baseline 1.3 20.5 0.4 10.4 18.1 0.0 74.7 4.0 129.4 NA 

30% - No Daylight PSZ 0.7 12.7 0.3 10.4 14.3 0.0 39.5 3.6 81.5 37.1% 

30% - No Daylight VAV 4.6 12.7 0.3 10.4 8.3 1.8 42.9 3.6 84.6 34.6% 

30% - No Daylight PVAV 3.6 12.7 0.3 10.4 8.3 0.0 46.7 3.6 85.6 33.9% 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 10.4 0.3 10.4 12.9 0.0 37.5 3.6 75.6 41.6% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.9 10.5 0.3 10.4 7.3 1.7 42.6 3.6 80.3 38.0% 

8 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.0 10.5 0.3 10.4 7.3 0.0 46.4 3.6 81.5 37.0% 
 156 

Appendix H. Energy Savings End Use Tables: ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Baseline 

Table H-1 Elementary School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-8 

Elementary School 

End Uses Electricity (kBtu/ft2

) Gas (kBtu/ft2) 

Climate Strategy Cooling Int. 

Lights 

Ext. 

Lights 

Int. 

Equip Fans Pumps Heating Water Systems 

Total End 

Uses

(kBtu/ft2)

Savings %

2004 Baseline 15.7 16.3 0.8 14.9 17.3 0.0 0.4 0.7 66.1 NA

30% - Daylit PSZ 9.6 9.3 0.6 14.9 9.7 0.0 0.2 0.7 45.1 31.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 12.1 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.2 0.6 0.0 0.7 43.5 34.1% 

1A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 9.0 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 39.9 39.7% 

2004 Baseline 10.5 16.3 0.8 14.9 16.9 0.0 3.7 1.0 64.1 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 5.9 9.4 0.6 14.9 8.6 0.0 1.1 1.0 41.6 35.2% 

30% - Daylit VAV 8.7 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.6 0.5 1.1 1.0 40.8 36.4% 

2A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 6.4 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.6 0.0 1.1 1.0 38.1 40.5% 

2004 Baseline 12.3 16.3 0.8 14.9 18.6 0.0 1.7 0.9 65.5 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 6.2 9.4 0.6 14.9 8.9 0.0 0.6 0.9 41.6 36.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 7.7 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 39.4 39.8% 

2B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.7 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.8 0.0 0.7 0.9 37.0 43.4% 

2004 Baseline 7.1 16.3 0.8 14.9 15.6 0.0 5.5 1.2 61.4 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 4.0 9.5 0.6 14.9 8.9 0.0 2.8 1.2 41.9 31.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 6.9 9.5 0.6 14.9 4.8 0.6 2.9 1.2 41.3 32.7% 

3A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.1 9.5 0.6 14.9 4.8 0.0 3.0 1.2 39.2 36.2% 

2004 Baseline 7.0 16.3 0.8 14.9 14.9 0.0 2.1 1.1 57.2 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.9 9.4 0.6 14.9 8.5 0.0 1.0 1.1 39.4 31.1% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.8 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.6 0.4 1.2 1.1 38.1 33.4% 

3B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.3 9.4 0.6 14.9 4.6 0.0 1.3 1.1 36.2 36.6% 

2004 Baseline 1.4 16.3 0.8 14.9 13.4 0.0 2.5 1.3 50.6 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.6 9.5 0.6 14.9 6.8 0.0 0.8 1.4 34.6 31.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.4 9.5 0.6 14.9 3.6 0.3 1.5 1.3 34.1 32.7% 

3C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.8 9.5 0.6 14.9 3.6 0.0 1.6 1.3 33.3 34.3% 

2004 Baseline 4.7 16.3 0.8 14.9 16.6 0.0 11.9 1.4 66.6 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.6 9.4 0.6 14.9 9.0 0.0 5.6 1.4 43.5 34.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.6 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.6 5.2 1.4 42.6 36.0% 

4A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.1 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.0 5.6 1.4 40.9 38.6% 

2004 Baseline 4.9 16.3 0.8 14.9 16.7 0.0 5.3 1.4 60.3 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.6 9.2 0.6 14.9 9.1 0.0 2.4 1.4 40.2 33.3% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.9 9.2 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.4 2.6 1.3 39.1 35.1% 

4B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.6 9.2 0.6 14.9 5.0 0.0 2.8 1.3 37.6 37.6% 

2004 Baseline 1.3 16.3 0.8 14.9 14.9 0.0 7.5 1.4 57.2 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.7 9.7 0.6 14.9 8.0 0.0 3.8 1.5 39.2 31.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.0 9.7 0.6 14.9 4.3 0.2 3.8 1.4 37.0 35.3% 4C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.4 9.7 0.6 14.9 4.3 0.0 4.1 1.4 36.5 36.2% 

2004 Baseline 3.7 16.3 0.8 14.9 18.0 0.0 20.5 1.5 75.7 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.1 9.4 0.6 14.9 9.6 0.0 9.3 1.5 47.4 37.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.4 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.3 0.6 8.6 1.5 46.4 38.7% 5A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.0 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.3 0.0 9.1 1.5 45.0 40.6% 

2004 Baseline 3.3 16.3 0.8 14.9 17.9 0.0 12.3 1.5 66.9 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.6 9.3 0.6 14.9 9.3 0.0 5.7 1.5 42.9 35.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.4 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.2 0.5 5.7 1.5 42.0 37.2% 5B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.3 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.2 0.0 6.0 1.5 40.8 39.0% 

2004 Baseline 2.4 16.3 0.8 14.9 17.5 0.0 30.5 1.7 84.1 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.3 9.4 0.6 14.9 9.3 0.0 13.3 1.7 50.5 40.0% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.6 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.6 12.4 1.7 49.3 41.4% 6A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.6 9.4 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.0 13.2 1.7 48.5 42.4% 

2004 Baseline 2.1 16.3 0.8 14.9 17.9 0.0 22.8 1.7 76.5 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.0 9.3 0.6 14.9 9.1 0.0 10.1 1.7 46.7 38.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.7 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.5 10.1 1.7 46.0 39.9% 6B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 2.9 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.1 0.0 10.8 1.7 45.4 40.7% 

2004 Baseline 1.3 16.3 0.8 14.9 19.3 0.0 41.4 1.9 95.9 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.6 9.3 0.6 14.9 9.7 0.0 17.1 1.9 54.1 43.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.8 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.4 0.7 16.4 1.8 52.9 44.8% 7A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 2.9 9.3 0.6 14.9 5.4 0.0 17.6 1.8 52.6 45.1% 

2004 Baseline 0.7 16.3 0.8 14.9 18.2 0.0 79.9 2.1 132.9 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 10.1 0.6 14.9 13.3 0.0 32.8 2.1 74.2 44.2% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.2 10.1 0.6 14.9 7.2 0.9 38.7 2.1 78.7 40.8% 8 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.3 10.1 0.6 14.9 7.2 0.0 41.4 2.1 79.6 40.1% 
 157 

Table H-2 Middle School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-8 

Middle School End Uses Electricity (kBtu/ft2) Gas (kBtu/ft2) 

Climate Strategy Cooling Int. 

Lights 

Ext. 

Lights 

Int. 

Equip Fans Pumps Heating Water Systems 

Total End 

Uses

(kBtu/ft2)

Savings 

%

2004 Baseline 15.3 15.9 0.7 11.6 16.7 0.0 0.4 1.3 61.8 NA

30% - Daylit PSZ 9.4 9.7 0.5 11.6 9.4 0.0 0.2 1.2 42.0 32.1% 

30% - Daylit VAV 12.6 9.7 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.6 0.0 1.2 41.3 33.2% 

1A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 9.4 9.7 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 37.5 39.3% 

2004 Baseline 10.2 15.9 0.7 11.6 16.2 0.0 3.6 1.8 59.9 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 5.7 9.8 0.5 11.6 8.3 0.0 1.6 1.6 39.1 34.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 9.1 9.8 0.5 11.6 4.6 0.5 1.1 1.6 38.9 35.1% 

2A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 6.8 9.8 0.5 11.6 4.6 0.0 1.2 1.6 36.1 39.8% 

2004 Baseline 11.7 15.9 0.7 11.6 17.6 0.0 1.6 1.6 60.6 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 6.1 9.7 0.5 11.6 8.5 0.0 0.8 1.4 38.7 36.2% 

30% - Daylit VAV 7.9 9.7 0.5 11.6 4.7 0.5 0.8 1.4 37.1 38.7% 

2B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.9 9.7 0.5 11.6 4.7 0.0 0.8 1.4 34.7 42.7% 

2004 Baseline 6.9 15.9 0.7 11.6 15.3 0.0 5.7 2.1 58.2 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.8 9.9 0.5 11.6 8.6 0.0 3.8 1.9 40.2 31.0% 

30% - Daylit VAV 7.2 9.9 0.5 11.6 4.8 0.6 2.9 1.9 39.4 32.3% 

3A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.3 9.9 0.5 11.6 4.8 0.0 3.1 1.9 37.2 36.1% 

2004 Baseline 6.8 15.9 0.7 11.6 14.7 0.0 2.3 2.0 54.0 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.8 9.8 0.5 11.6 8.3 0.0 1.6 1.8 37.3 31.0% 

30% - Daylit VAV 6.0 9.8 0.5 11.6 4.6 0.4 1.3 1.8 36.0 33.3% 

3B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.4 9.8 0.5 11.6 4.6 0.0 1.3 1.8 34.1 36.8% 

2004 Baseline 1.3 15.9 0.7 11.6 13.1 0.0 2.4 2.4 47.4 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 9.9 0.5 11.6 6.6 0.0 1.4 2.2 32.6 31.2% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.3 9.9 0.5 11.6 3.1 0.3 1.6 2.2 31.6 33.4% 

3C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.7 9.9 0.5 11.6 3.1 0.0 1.7 2.2 30.8 35.0% 

2004 Baseline 4.5 15.9 0.7 11.6 16.2 0.0 12.1 2.6 63.5 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.5 9.6 0.5 11.6 8.8 0.0 7.5 2.3 42.7 32.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.7 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.0 0.6 5.3 2.3 40.6 36.1% 

4A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.2 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.0 0.0 5.7 2.3 38.9 38.8% 

2004 Baseline 4.7 15.9 0.7 11.6 16.3 0.0 5.5 2.5 57.2 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.4 9.5 0.5 11.6 8.8 0.0 3.7 2.2 38.7 32.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.0 9.5 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.4 2.8 2.2 37.0 35.3% 

4B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.7 9.5 0.5 11.6 5.1 0.0 3.0 2.2 35.5 37.9% 

2004 Baseline 1.2 15.9 0.7 11.6 14.5 0.0 8.0 2.6 54.5 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 9.9 0.5 11.6 7.7 0.0 5.6 2.4 38.3 29.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 1.9 9.9 0.5 11.6 3.7 0.2 4.0 2.4 34.3 37.0% 4C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.4 9.9 0.5 11.6 3.7 0.0 4.3 2.4 33.8 38.0% 

2004 Baseline 3.6 15.9 0.7 11.6 17.5 0.0 20.0 2.8 72.0 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.9 9.6 0.5 11.6 9.4 0.0 11.7 2.5 47.2 34.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.5 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.4 0.6 8.6 2.5 44.4 38.4% 5A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.1 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.4 0.0 9.2 2.5 42.9 40.4% 

2004 Baseline 3.1 15.9 0.7 11.6 17.4 0.0 12.4 2.8 63.7 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.5 9.5 0.5 11.6 9.0 0.0 7.8 2.5 42.5 33.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.4 9.5 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.5 5.8 2.5 40.0 37.3% 5B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.3 9.5 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.0 6.1 2.5 38.8 39.2% 

2004 Baseline 2.3 15.9 0.7 11.6 17.2 0.0 28.9 3.1 79.7 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.2 9.6 0.5 11.6 9.2 0.0 16.0 2.7 50.8 36.3% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.7 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.6 12.3 2.7 47.2 40.7% 6A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.6 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.0 13.1 2.7 46.4 41.7% 

2004 Baseline 1.9 15.9 0.7 11.6 17.5 0.0 21.9 3.1 72.6 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.9 9.6 0.5 11.6 9.0 0.0 12.4 2.8 46.7 35.6% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.8 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.5 10.1 2.8 44.0 39.3% 6B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.0 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.2 0.0 10.8 2.8 43.4 40.2% 

2004 Baseline 1.2 15.9 0.7 11.6 18.8 0.0 38.9 3.5 90.5 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 9.6 0.5 11.6 9.6 0.0 20.5 3.1 55.4 38.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.8 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.5 0.7 16.3 3.1 51.0 43.7% 7A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.0 9.6 0.5 11.6 5.5 0.0 17.5 3.1 50.6 44.1% 

2004 Baseline 0.6 15.9 0.6 11.6 17.6 0.0 72.1 3.9 122.3 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.4 10.3 0.5 11.6 12.5 0.0 36.3 3.5 75.1 38.6% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.9 10.3 0.5 11.6 7.0 0.9 37.3 3.5 75.0 38.7% 8 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.0 10.3 0.5 11.6 7.0 0.0 40.0 3.5 75.8 38.0% 
 158 

Table H-3 High School End Uses: Climate Zones 1-8 

High School End Uses Electricity (kBtu/ft2) Gas (kBtu/ft2) 

Climate Strategy Cooling Int. 

Lights 

Ext. 

Lights 

Int. 

Equip Fans Pumps Heating Water Systems 

Total End 

Uses

(kBtu/ft2)

Savings %

2004 Baseline 16.3 16.3 0.4 10.4 16.5 0.0 0.4 1.3 61.6 NA

30% - Daylit PSZ 10.3 9.9 0.3 10.4 9.1 0.0 0.2 1.2 41.4 32.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 14.1 10.1 0.3 10.4 5.5 0.6 0.0 1.2 42.3 31.4% 

1A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 10.5 10.1 0.3 10.4 5.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 38.1 38.2% 

2004 Baseline 11.2 16.3 0.4 10.4 16.5 0.0 3.9 1.8 60.6 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 6.6 10.1 0.3 10.4 8.4 0.0 1.6 1.6 39.0 35.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 10.0 10.2 0.3 10.4 5.0 0.6 1.4 1.6 39.6 34.7% 

2A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 7.5 10.2 0.3 10.4 5.0 0.0 1.5 1.6 36.5 39.8% 

2004 Baseline 13.9 16.3 0.4 10.4 19.0 0.0 1.8 1.6 63.4 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 7.5 10.1 0.3 10.4 9.2 0.0 0.7 1.4 39.6 37.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 10.0 10.2 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.6 0.9 1.4 39.7 37.3% 

2B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 7.4 10.2 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.0 1.0 1.4 36.7 42.2% 

2004 Baseline 7.9 16.3 0.4 10.4 15.4 0.0 6.4 2.2 59.0 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 4.6 10.2 0.3 10.4 8.9 0.0 4.0 1.9 40.3 31.7% 

30% - Daylit VAV 7.8 10.3 0.3 10.4 5.3 0.7 3.6 1.9 40.4 31.5% 

3A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.8 10.3 0.3 10.4 5.3 0.0 3.9 1.9 38.0 35.7% 

2004 Baseline 7.8 16.3 0.4 10.4 14.6 0.0 2.5 2.1 54.1 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 4.5 10.1 0.3 10.4 8.3 0.0 1.5 1.8 36.9 31.8% 

30% - Daylit VAV 6.8 10.3 0.3 10.4 5.3 0.5 1.6 1.8 37.0 31.7% 

3B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 5.1 10.3 0.3 10.4 5.3 0.0 1.7 1.8 34.8 35.6% 

2004 Baseline 1.8 16.3 0.4 10.4 13.3 0.0 3.1 2.5 47.8 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.7 10.2 0.3 10.4 6.7 0.0 1.5 2.2 32.0 33.1% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.3 10.4 0.3 10.4 3.3 0.3 1.9 2.2 31.1 35.0% 

3C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.7 10.4 0.3 10.4 3.3 0.0 2.0 2.2 30.3 36.7% 

2004 Baseline 5.3 16.3 0.4 10.4 16.3 0.0 13.7 2.6 65.0 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.0 9.8 0.3 10.4 9.0 0.0 8.5 2.3 43.3 33.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 6.2 9.9 0.3 10.4 5.6 0.8 7.0 2.3 42.5 34.6% 

4A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.5 9.9 0.3 10.4 5.6 0.0 7.6 2.3 40.7 37.4% 

2004 Baseline 5.7 16.3 0.4 10.4 16.7 0.0 6.2 2.5 58.2 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 3.0 9.7 0.3 10.4 9.1 0.0 4.0 2.2 38.8 33.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.6 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.8 0.6 3.8 2.2 38.6 33.8% 

4B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.1 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.8 0.0 4.1 2.2 36.9 36.7% 

2004 Baseline 1.7 16.3 0.4 10.4 15.0 0.0 10.0 2.7 56.5 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.8 10.2 0.3 10.4 8.0 0.0 6.7 2.4 38.7 31.5% 

30% - Daylit VAV 2.0 10.3 0.3 10.4 4.3 0.4 5.4 2.4 35.4 37.4% 4C 

30% - Daylit PVAV 1.4 10.3 0.3 10.4 4.3 0.0 5.8 2.4 34.9 38.3% 

2004 Baseline 4.2 16.3 0.4 10.4 17.6 0.0 22.4 2.9 74.2 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 2.3 9.8 0.3 10.4 9.7 0.0 13.2 2.6 48.3 34.9% 

30% - Daylit VAV 5.8 9.9 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.9 10.9 2.6 46.8 36.9% 5A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 4.3 9.9 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.0 11.8 2.6 45.3 38.9% 

2004 Baseline 3.8 16.3 0.4 10.4 17.7 0.0 14.1 2.8 65.6 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.9 9.7 0.3 10.4 9.5 0.0 8.8 2.5 43.2 34.3% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.8 9.8 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.7 7.6 2.5 42.1 35.9% 5B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.6 9.8 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.0 8.2 2.5 40.8 37.8% 

2004 Baseline 2.8 16.3 0.4 10.4 17.1 0.0 31.6 3.1 81.8 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.5 9.8 0.3 10.4 9.5 0.0 17.7 2.8 51.8 36.6% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.8 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.7 1.0 15.2 2.8 50.0 38.8% 6A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.7 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.7 0.0 16.5 2.8 49.3 39.7% 

2004 Baseline 2.4 16.3 0.4 10.4 17.6 0.0 24.0 3.2 74.4 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 1.1 9.7 0.3 10.4 9.4 0.0 13.6 2.8 47.4 36.3% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.0 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.8 12.5 2.8 46.6 37.4% 6B 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.1 9.8 0.3 10.4 5.9 0.0 13.6 2.8 46.0 38.1% 

2004 Baseline 1.6 16.3 0.4 10.4 18.8 0.0 42.0 3.5 93.1 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.8 9.7 0.3 10.4 10.0 0.0 22.2 3.2 56.5 39.3% 

30% - Daylit VAV 4.0 9.8 0.3 10.4 6.0 1.1 19.9 3.1 54.7 41.3% 7A 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.1 9.8 0.3 10.4 6.0 0.0 21.7 3.1 54.4 41.6% 

2004 Baseline 0.9 16.3 0.4 10.4 18.6 0.0 76.1 4.0 126.8 NA 

30% - Daylit PSZ 0.5 10.4 0.3 10.4 12.9 0.0 37.5 3.6 75.6 40.4% 

30% - Daylit VAV 3.9 10.5 0.3 10.4 7.3 1.7 42.6 3.6 80.3 36.7% 8 

30% - Daylit PVAV 3.0 10.5 0.3 10.4 7.3 0.0 46.4 3.6 81.5 35.7% 
F1147-E(09/2007) 

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Technical Support Document: Development of the Advanced Energy 

Design Guide for K-12 Schools--30% Energy Savings 

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

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NREL/TP-550-42114 

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BEC71011 

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S. Pless, P. Torcellini, and N. Long 

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National Renewable Energy Laboratory 

1617 Cole Blvd. 

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This Technical Support Document describes the process and methodology for the development of the Advanced 

Energy Design Guide for K-12 School Buildings (K-12 AEDG), a design guidance document intended to provide 

recommendations for achieving 30% energy savings in K-12 Schools over levels contained in ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 

Standard 90.1-1999, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings. The 30% energy savings 

target is the first step toward achieving net-zero energy schools; schools that, on an annual basis, draw from outside 

sources less or equal energy than they generate on site from renewable energy sources. 

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advanced energy design guide; zero energy schools; renewable energy 

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