Saddle Bag Mountain

Research Natural Area

Guidebook Supplement 34 

Reid Schuller and Ronald L. Exeter

United States 

Department of 

Agriculture

Forest Service

Pacific Northwest 

Research Station

General Technical Report

PNW-GTR-731

September 2007

DE PARTMENTOFAGRICULT U RE

DE PARTMENT OF AGRICULT URE
The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of 

multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, 

water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the 

States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National 

Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service 

to a growing Nation.

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activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, 

sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic 

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program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET 

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USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 

20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal 

opportunity provider and employer.

Authors

Reid Schuller is a consulting plant ecologist living in Bend, Oregon; Ronald L. 

Exeter is a botanist, Salem District, Marys Peak Resource Area, U.S. Department 

of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1717 Fabry Road SE, Salem, OR 

97306.

The PNW Research Station is publishing this guidebook as part of a continuing 

series of guidebooks on federal research natural areas begun in 1972.

Cover

Mixed western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) (foreground) and Pacific silver fir 

(Abies amabilis) (scattered in background) forest over 350 years old at Saddle Bag 

Mountain RNA. Reproduction is patchy and mixed between western hemlock and 

Pacific silver fir. Understory in openings is characterized by Oregon oxalis (Oxalis 

oregana), cut-leaf goldthread (Coptis laciniata), mountain sweet-cicely (Osmorhiza 

berteroi), and threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata).
Abstract

Schuller, Reid; Exeter, Ronald L. 2007. Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural 

Area: guidebook supplement 34. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-731. Portland, 

OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest 

Research Station. 22 p.

This guidebook describes the Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area, a 

121-ha (300-ac) tract established to represent an old-growth remnant of Pacific 

silver fir (Abies amabilis) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forest in 

the Oregon Coast Range. Pacific silver fir and noble fir (Abies procera) occur as 

isolated remnants, and both species are approaching the southern limits of their 

natural range in the Oregon Coast Range.

Keywords: Research natural area, old-growth forest, Pacific silver fir forest, 

western hemlock forest, noble fir forest, Douglas-fir forest, Oregon Coast Range, 

remnant population.
Preface

The research natural area (RNA) described in this supplement1 is administered 

by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Department of the Interior. The 

BLM Salem District office has RNA program administrative responsibility, and 

the Marys Peak Resource Area has on-the-ground management responsibility for 

the RNA. Scientists and educators wishing to visit or use the RNA for scientific or 

educational purposes should contact the resource area field manager in advance and 

provide information about research or educational objectives, sampling procedures, 

and other prospective activities. Research projects, educational visits, and collection 

of specimens from the RNA all require prior approval. There may be limitations on 

research or educational activities. 

Saddle Bag Mountain RNA is part of a federal system of such tracts established 

for research and educational purposes. Each RNA is a site where natural features 

are protected or managed for scientific purposes and natural processes are allowed 

to dominate. Their main purposes are to provide:

• Baseline areas against which effects of human activities can be 

measured or compared.

• Sites for study of natural processes in undisturbed ecosystems.

• Gene pool preserves for all types of organisms, especially rare 

and endangered types.

The federal system is outlined in A Directory of the Research Natural Areas 

on Federal Lands of the United States of America.

2

Of the 96 federal RNAs established in Oregon and Washington, 45 are 

described in Federal Research Natural Areas in Oregon and Washington: A Guidebook for Scientists and Educators (see footnote 1). Supplements to the guidebook 

such as this publication constitute additions to the system. 

The guiding principle in management of RNAs is to prevent unnatural 

encroachments or activities that directly or indirectly modify ecological processes 

or conditions. Logging and uncontrolled grazing are not allowed, for example, 

nor is public use that might impair scientific or educational values. Management 

practices necessary to maintain or restore ecosystems may be allowed. 

1

Supplement No. 34 to Franklin, J.F.; Hall, F.C.; Dyrness, C.T.; Maser, C. 1972. Federal 

research natural areas in Oregon and Washington: a guidebook for scientists and educators. 

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest 

and Range Experiment Station. 498 p. 

2

Federal Committee on Ecological Reserves. 1977. A directory of the research natural 

areas on federal lands of the United States of America. Washington, DC: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service. [Irregular pagination]. 
Federal RNAs provide a unique system of publicly owned and protected 

examples of undisturbed ecosystems where scientists can conduct research with 

minimal interference and reasonable assurance that investments in long-term 

studies will not be lost to logging, land development, or similar activities. In 

return, a scientist wishing to use an RNA is obligated to:

• Obtain permission from the appropriate administering agency 

before using the area.3

• Abide by the administering agency’s regulations governing use, 

including specific limitations on the type of research, sampling

 methods, and other procedures.

• Inform the administering agency on progress of the research, 

published results, and disposition of collected materials.

The purpose of these limitations is to:

• Ensure that the scientific and educational values of the tract are 

not impaired.

• Accumulate a documented body of knowledge and information 

about the tract.

• Avoid conflict between studies and activities. 

Research must be essentially nondestructive; destructive analysis of vegetation 

is generally not allowed, nor are studies requiring extensive modification of 

the forest floor or extensive excavation of soil. Collection of plant and animal 

specimens should be restricted to the minimum necessary to provide voucher 

specimens and other research needs. Under no circumstances may collecting 

significantly reduce populations of species. Collecting also must be carried out in 

accordance with agency regulations. Within these broad guidelines, appropriate 

uses of RNAs are determined by the administering agency. 

3

Six federal agencies cooperate in this program in the Pacific Northwest: U.S. Department 

of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park 

Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; U.S. Department of Energy; and 

U.S. Department of Defense. 
Salem BLM management direction is to preserve, protect, or restore native species composition and ecological processes of biological communities (including terrestrial and aquatic cells4

 listed in the 2003 Oregon Natural Heritage Plan). These 

RNAs are available for short- or long-term scientific study, research, and education 

and will serve as a baseline against which human impacts on natural systems can 

be measured. The Marys Peak Resource Area does not issue special forest product 

permits within RNAs. 

Contents

1 Introduction

1 Access and Accommodations

3 Environment

5 Climate

6 Vegetation

11 Fauna

11 Disturbance History 

12 Research History

13 Site History

13 Maps and Aerial Photography

13 Acknowledgments

14 English Equivalents

14 References

17 Appendix 1: Plants 

19 Appendix 2: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals

4

Cells are the basic units that must be represented in a natural area system. A cell can be 

an ecosystem, community, habitat, or organism. Taken from: Dyrness, C.T.; Franklin, 

J.F.; Maser, C.; Cook, S.A.; Hall, J.D.; Faxon, G. 1975. Research natural area needs in the 

Pacific Northwest: a contribution to land-use planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-38. 

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest 

and Range Experiment Station. 231 p.
Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

1

As of this writing, 62-ha (153.4-ac) has been designated as the Saddle Bag Mountain 

RNA. An additional 59.4-ha (146.7-ac) parcel is currently proposed for inclusion to the 

existing RNA. The combined 121.5-ha (300.1-ac) area is treated in this report. 

Introduction

Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area (RNA) is a 122-ha (300-ac)1 tract of 

land occupying the summit and western slopes of Saddle Bag Mountain located 

in Lincoln County. Saddle Bag Mountain was established to protect one of the last 

remaining stands of Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) (see app. 1 for species names 

and authorities) in the Oregon coastal mountains (Dyrness et al. 1975, Oregon 

Natural Heritage Program 2003). This RNA is near the southern end of Pacific 

silver fir’s distribution in the Oregon Coast Range. Populations of both Pacific 

silver fir and noble fir (Abies procera) have been isolated on and near Saddle Bag 

Mountain for hundreds of years, and both species may represent genetically unique 

populations owing to their long period of isolation (Elliott et al. 1986, Federal 

Register 1984, Hines 1971, McCain and Diaz 2002). 

Saddle Bag Mountain RNA consists of many trees 250 to 400 years old that are 

distributed mainly on the upper slopes and widely scattered on the lower slopes. 

Otherwise, the majority of trees in the Saddle Bag Mountain RNA are greater than 

160 years in age.

Saddle Bag Mountain was established in 1983 as an RNA under the Salem 

Management Framework Plan (Federal Register 1984). The RNA is administered 

by the Salem District Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and managed as part of 

the Marys Peak Resource Area. 

Access and Accommodations

Vehicle access is through gated, private lumber company roads. Permission is 

required to cross these lands. Please contact the Salem BLM, Marys Peak Resource 

Area for access information and to obtain permission to use the area. 

From the town site of Grande Ronde, Oregon, travel west on Highway 18 to 

the Murphy Grade road located west of milepost 17, and turn south (locked gate). 

Murphy Grade road (also known as the “100 road”) is located just west of the green 

Murphy summit road sign and where two westbound lanes merge into one. Proceed 

on the 100 road (portions are also known as “road 6”) past the junction of the 300 

road at 7.5 mi (12 km). At 7.9 mi (12.7 km), turn right on the 200 road, then right 

onto road 210 (fig. 1). Proceed to a “T” junction with road 230 at 9.3 mi (15 km). 

Turn right onto road 230, then left onto road 235 (BLM road 7-9-3) and continue 

approximately 0.3 mi (0.5 km) to an old road junction on the right and culvert 


GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

Figure 1—Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area location and access.
Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

crossing on road 235. Park here for access into the northern portion of Saddleback 

Mountain RNA. Gates may be locked at any time. 

There are no developed trails within Saddle Bag Mountain RNA. Crosscountry foot travel can be difficult owing to steep slopes, loose soils, and downed 

trees. Lodging accommodation is available in Grande Ronde, Lincoln City, and 

Salem, Oregon. 

Environment

The summit of Saddle Bag Mountain is capped by a gabbroic sill, which is part of 

a thick and widespread intrusion forming a plateau between Fanno Ridge, Laurel 

Mountain, Saddle Bag Mountain, and Stott Mountain. This rock cap is more resistant to weathering and erosion than surrounding sedimentary rocks. Resistance to 

erosion on Saddle Bag Mountain and the other peaks in the northern Oregon Coast 

Range has resulted in peaks retaining their elevations in relation to the surrounding 

landscape (Baldwin 1947). 

Elevations range from 642 m (2,106 ft) in the southwest corner of the RNA 

to 1024 m (3,359 ft) on the Saddle Bag Mountain ridgeline located in the 

north-central portion of the tract (fig. 2). Ridges and upper slopes located in the 

northeastern portion of Saddlebag are gently inclined and provide a full range 

of slope exposures. Otherwise, the southwest and western slopes of Saddle Bag 

Mountain are very steep. 

Eighty percent of Saddle Bag Mountain RNA has been mapped as CaterlLaderly gravelly loams, with 30- to 65-percent slopes. This mapping unit contains 

soils that are deep and well drained and have formed in colluvium derived from 

volcanic material. The surface layer is dark brown to very dark brown gravelly 

loam about 46 cm thick. The subsoil is very dark brown extremely gravelly loam 

about 30 cm thick. Fractured igneous bedrock occurs at a depth of about 76 cm. The 

taxonomic classification of this complex is medial-skeletal, frigid Alic Hapludands 

(Shipman 1997, USDA NRCS 2006). 

The remaining 20 percent of Saddle Bag Mountain RNA has been mapped 

as Valsetz-Yellowstone complex with slope steepness ranging between 3 and 60 

percent. Valsetz soil is moderately deep and well drained and formed in colluvium 

derived from volcanic material. The surface layer is brown cobbly loam about 13 

cm thick. The upper part of the subsurface is reddish-brown very cobbly loam about 

23 cm thick, and the lower part is brown and strongly brown extremely cobbly loam 

about 56 cm thick. Fractured basic igneous rock is at a depth of about 91 cm. The 

Valsetz component of this complex is classified as medial-skeletal, frigid Typic 

Haplocryands (Shipman 1997, USDA-NRCS 2006). 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

Figure 2—Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area boundary and topography.


Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

Yellowstone soil is shallow and very well drained. The surface layer is dark 

reddish-brown stony cobbly loam about 25 cm thick. The subsurface is dark 

reddish-brown extremely cobbly loam about 20 cm thick. Fractured basic igneous 

rock occurs at a depth of about 45 cm (USDA NRCS 2006). The Yellowstone 

component of this complex is classified as medial-skeletal, frigid Lithic 

Haplocryands (Shipman 1997, USDA NRCS 2006). 

Although the soil complexes (Caterl-Laderly gravelly loams and ValsetzYellowstone complex) that have been mapped at Saddle Bag Mountain were 

described as occurring on up to 60- to 65-percent slopes, the western slopes on 

Saddle Bag Mountain often exceed 80 percent. 

Climate

Saddle Bag Mountain RNA lies predominantly within the Tsuga heterophylla zone 

described by Franklin and Dyrness (1988). The upper 162 to 243 m (400 to 600 

ft) lies within the Abies amabilis zone (Franklin and Dyrness 1988). The climate 

is strongly maritime, owing to its proximity to the Pacific Ocean. Summers are 

usually moderately dry and warm with the June–August period receiving about 5 

percent of the total annual precipitation. Fall, winter, and spring are typically cool 

and wet. The majority of precipitation occurs during the November-March period, 

mostly in the form of rain at lower elevations with an increasing proportion of snow 

at upper elevations. 

For the 1978–2005 period, snowfall occurred from October through May. The 

highest monthly snowfall averages were between December and March. January 

received the highest average monthly snowfall of 59 cm. Average monthly maximum snow depths of 25.4 cm occurred in January. Average monthly snow depth in 

excess of 5.1 cm occurred from November through April. Microclimatic conditions 

differ significantly with elevation, slope, and aspect. 

Meteorological data are taken from Laurel Mountain (station 354776), the 

nearest climate station of comparable elevation in the Oregon Coast Range, 

(Western Regional Climate Center 2006). The Laurel Mountain station is on 

the mountain summit at 1334 m (3,589 ft) elevation. Saddle Bag Mountain 

summit is 1322 m (3,359 ft) elevation. The climate station at Laurel Mountain is 

approximately 18.8 km (11.7 mi) southeast of the Saddle Bag Mountain summit. 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

Period of Record: 3/1/1978 to 9/30/2005—Laurel Mountain, Oregon (354776)

Average minimum January temperature -0.8 °C (30.5 °F)

Average maximum January temperature 4.4 °C (40.0 °F)

Average minimum July temperature 9.3 °C (48.7 °F)

Average maximum July temperature 18.7 °C (65.6 °F)

Average annual precipitation 3132 mm (123.30 in)

Average June–August precipitation 160 mm (6.30 in)

Average annual snowfall 2995 mm (117.9 in) 

Vegetation

Ridges and upper elevations of Saddle Bag Mountain are codominated by Pacific 

silver fir and western hemlock interspersed with pockets of Douglas-fir and noble 

fir. The majority of the western slopes are dominated by western hemlock with 

scattered old-growth Douglas-fir and Pacific silver fir. Although the BLM types the 

majority of the western slopes at Saddle Bag at 170+ years old (fig. 3), the dense 

smaller diameter western hemlocks are estimated to be less than 120 years old. This 

age-typing likely arises from the scattered remnant old-growth within these stands. 

The 12-ha (29-ac) old-growth stand located in a saddle north of the summit is 

an uneven-aged stand with patchy western hemlock and Pacific silver fir reproduction in the understory. The open nature of this stand indicates that either it was 

initially not very dense or that it has long since begun to disintegrate from the high 

winds that occur in the area. Various age classes of conifers in the forest understory 

can be correlated with the partial deterioration of the old-growth canopy over 

time (Elliott et al. 1986, McKee 1978). When individual old-growth trees die, and 

eventually fall to the ground, the resulting forest openings allow for establishment 

and growth of a new generation of young trees. This pattern repeated throughout 

the old-growth stand over a period of years could account for the varied age-class 

distribution of trees present on the site today. 

Tree age data were collected in the old-growth stand from at least two dominant 

trees within each of four permanent plots established in 2006. Tree diameters at 

core height (about 1.4 m) and ages of nine western hemlocks indicate a multiaged 

stand with tree ages ranging from 263 to 375 years. Diameters at breast height 

(d.b.h.) ranged between 92 and 155 cm (36 and 61 in). The median d.b.h. and age 

for the group was 142 cm (56 in) and 340 years,2 respectively. Age determinations 

2 Tree age was determined by counting growth rings and by estimating growth rings near 

the core center due to decay. 

Western hemlock 

dominates western 

slopes.

Old-growth stand.
Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

Figure 3—Stand age-class distribution in Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area. 
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

of overstory dominants represent approximations of actual tree ages. Ages were 

similarly estimated by Juday (1976) who found many trees to be approaching 400 

years of age. 

Tables 1 and 2 summarize the physical features, plant association, and understory composition and frequency of the four permanent plots. All four plots represent examples of the Abies amabilis/Oxalis oregana plant association (McCain and 

Diaz 2002). The plots are all located within a 12-ha (29-ac) area and differ from one 

another only slightly in elevation, slope position, and aspect. Midcanopy dominance 

Table 1—Physical features of three permanent plots in 

Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area

Plot

Physical features 103 109 110 111

Elevation (m) 949 952 965 957

Aspect (°) 69 98 52 350

Slope grade (%)/(°) 32/18 23/14 38/22 32/18

Slope position Mid Mid Mid Mid 

Table 2—Plant association, understory coverage, and frequency of four permanent plots in the Saddle Bag 

Mountain Research Natural Area

Plot and plant association

108 109 110 111

ABAM/OXORa ABAM/OXOR ABAM/OXOR ABAM/OXOR

Species Coverb Frequency Cover Frequency Cover Frequency Cover Frequency 

Percent

Shrubs:c

Vaccinium ovalifolium 11 — 4 — 4 — 3 —

Ribes lacustre tr — 3 — — 1 —

Rubus spectabilis tr — — — —

Herbs and ferns:

Oxalis oregana 8 32 26 82 11 54 21 68

Coptis laciniata 5 21 7 29 4 29 3 14 

Tiarella trifoliata 1 18 tr 11 1 7 tr 21

Osmorhiza berteroi 3 36 tr 4 3 25

Viola sempervirens tr 7 tr 7

Maianthemum dilatatum tr 4 1 11

Trillium ovatum tr 7 1 7

Viola glabella tr 11

Claytonia sibirica 1 4 tr 18

Polystichum munitum tr 18 tr 11

Mimulus dentatus tr 4 2 7

Scoliopus hallii tr 4

Note: ABAM = Abies amabilis, OXOR = Oxalis oregana, tr = trace (<0.5 percent foliar cover), - = not recorded. a

Plant association names all have a suffix, NWO Coast, that differentiates them from plant associations having similar names that occur in the Oregon 

Cascades sensu McCain and Diaz (2002). 

b

Cover is expressed as percentage of foliar cover; frequency is expressed as percentage of relative frequency. Zero values are not included. 

c

See appendix 1 for a listing of scientific and common names. 
Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

is shared between Pacific silver fir and western hemlock in two plots, and western 

hemlock predominates in two plots. Although patchy in distribution, western 

hemlock and Pacific silver fir have about equal densities of saplings and seedlings. 

The relatively open understory consists of a sparse shrub layer with early 

huckleberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium), swamp currant (Ribes lacustre), and 

salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) being locally abundant, but patchy. Herbaceous 

species and mosses dominate the ground vegetation. Conspicuous herbs include 

Oregon oxalis (Oxalis oregana), cut-leaf goldthread (Coptis laciniata), mountain 

sweet-cicely (Osmorhiza berteroi), and threeleaf foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata). 

Figure 4 shows an example of the understory conditions of the Pacific silver 

fir/Oregon oxalis (Abies amabilis/Oxalis oregana) plant association as seen from 

plot 108. Western hemlock and Pacific silver fir are major overstory dominants and 

are reproducing in the shaded understory as seedlings, saplings, and subcanopy 

individual trees. Early huckleberry ranges from 3 to 11 percent cover in the four 

Figure 4—Dense reproduction of Pacific silver fir and western hemlock within the Pacific silver fir/Oregon oxalis plant association. 

Surface cover is predominantly seedlings and saplings with a sparse herbaceous cover.

Understory vegetation.
10

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

plots. Oregon oxalis is the principal herbaceous species and ranges between 8 and 

26 percent cover. Other typical herbaceous species include cut-leaf goldthread, 

mountain sweet-cicely, threeleaf foamflower, and western trillium (Trillium ovatum) 

(table 2). 

Old-growth individuals of Douglas-fir are widely scattered as downed woody 

debris and wind-snapped snags throughout the stand. Figure 5 illustrates the size, 

position, and stage of decomposition of trees within the stand. 

The ridgetop and upper northeastern slope of Saddle Bag Mountain support 

a stand of Pacific silver fir and noble fir over 250 years old. The area has a dense 

upper canopy and limited understory development. The majority of the mid and 

upper western part of Saddle Bag Mountain has a slope of over 80 percent and 

supports a dense forest stand of mostly western hemlock. Owing to the dense 

canopy of the western hemlock, there is little understory vegetation present except 

Figure 5—Douglas-fir occurs as coarse woody debris on the forest floor. The forest canopy is dominated by western hemlock and 

Pacific silver fir amidst shade-tolerant seedlings, saplings, and midcanopy individuals of western hemlock and Pacific silver fir.
11

Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

in the few forest canopy openings. These few openings mostly occur in areas with 

high water tables. The lower western slopes support a >160-year-old mixed stand 

dominated by western hemlock with Douglas-fir occurring as a minor species 

(Elliott et al. 1986) (see fig. 3). 

Fauna

Elk frequent Saddlebag Mountain and roam over 30 mi2 of the Slick Rock-Warnick 

Creek watershed. The herd uses the RNA for thermal and escape cover. In 1986, the 

herd of 150 was determined to be increasing in size (Elliott et al. 1986). 

Reptiles, amphibians, freshwater and anadromous fish, birds, and mammals 

known or expected to occur within the RNA are listed in appendix 2. These lists 

have been compiled from a combination of field observations and published literature. Taken together, they represent an informed approximation of species expected 

to occur within or use the RNA for portions of their life cycles (Csuti et al. 1997, 

USDI BLM 2006). 

Disturbance History

The forests of Saddle Bag Mountain are geographically and topographically 

predisposed to wind damage. This has been exacerbated by the pattern of timber 

harvesting to the north, east, and southwest of the RNA (Elliott et al. 1986, McKee 

1978). Saddle Bag Mountain is 19.3 km (12 mi) inland from the Pacific Ocean, and 

its peak, rising 457 m (1,500 ft) above adjacent terrain, creates a protrusion causing 

vertical convergence of wind streamlines (Gratkowski 1956). Wind damage tends 

to be concentrated where winds are accelerated by topographic features such as 

saddles or gaps in ridgelines (Alexander 1964) and is generally highest on ridgetops 

and upper and middle slopes, especially where stands are situated on the leeward 

edge of a timber harvest unit (Ruth and Harris 1979). 

A steady progression of windthrow and salvage tree cutting along the southwest 

boundary of Saddle Bag Mountain RNA has contributed to a rapidly disintegrating 

forest edge. Recent proposed additions to the RNA along the north, east, and south 

could ameliorate these ongoing effects in the future. 

The Oregon Coast Range is characterized by a pattern of large-scale (some 

greater than 20,000 ac), infrequent (150- to 300-year mean fire-return interval) 

stand-replacement fires typical of cool moist climates where lightning is uncommon 

(Agee 1990). When lightning does occur, fire intensity is high allowing for 

extensive stand-destroying crown fires (Agee 1993). Large fires such as the 1933 

Tillamook Fire are part of recent Oregon Coast Range fire history. Almost all 

coniferous forests within the Tsuga heterophylla zone (and by extension, those 

Wind as a major 

disturbance factor.
12

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

few relict stands of Pacific silver fir in the contiguous Abies amabilis zone in the 

northern Oregon Coast Range) are first- or multigeneration stands originating from 

fire. In the absence of stand-destroying fire over hundreds of years, Douglas-fir 

will decline and western hemlock and Pacific silver fir will play an increasingly 

important role, especially in cool, mesic sites. 

Juday (1976) examined Douglas-fir growth rings on stumps in a clearcut 

adjacent to the old-growth stand within Saddle Bag Mountain RNA and concluded 

that there had been no major disturbance (in the immediate vicinity) since approximately 1300. Hines (1971) surmised that the absence of Douglas-fir fire scars and 

charcoal in soil profiles on Saddle Bag Mountain may be attributed to the high 

rainfall on Saddle Bag Mountain. However, other locations on Saddle Bag Mountain have experienced wildfire in recent history (USDI BLM 2006). 

Research History

Macnab (1958) collected historical information on Saddle Bag Mountain. He 

collected detailed information on plant composition and forest structure in a 

1.7-ha (4-ac) stand near the summit of Saddle Bag Mountain. Macnab (1958) also 

examined plant phenology and how it related to the seasonal patterns of activity 

by amphibians and insects. Hines (1971) collected data at Saddle Bag Mountain 

as part of his M.S. thesis, Plant Communities in the Old-Growth Forests of North 

Coastal Oregon. Juday (1976) collected vegetation data from the old-growth stand 

on Saddle Bag Mountain as part of his Ph.D. thesis, The Location, Composition, 

and Structure of Old-Growth Forests of the Oregon Coast Range. McKee (1978) 

prepared a report summarizing the biological merits of designating Saddle Bag 

Mountain as an RNA, which included an assessment of the ecological problems 

associated with windthrow and its current impacts and potential effects on the 

structural integrity of the old-growth stand at Saddle Bag Mountain. 

Bauer et al. (1986) prepared Monitoring and Management Proposals for 

Saddleback Mountain.

Scofield (1991) conducted biological monitoring studies on Scoliopus hallii 

(1979–1984) and Poa marcida within the Saddle Bag Mountain RNA (Greene et 

al. 1986). Elliott et al. (1986) conducted a vegetation inventory and critical analysis 

assessment of the potential effects of windthrow at Saddle Bag Mountain. 

Four permanent vegetation plots were established in 2006 to characterize and 

monitor change in forest composition and structure (the project is summarized, in 

part, in tables 1 and 2.) Data are on file at the Salem District office of the BLM, 

and the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station, USDA Forest Service (USFS), 

Corvallis, Oregon. 

Monitoring plots 

established.
13

Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

Site History

About 1900, the mail was delivered out of the Butler store in Grand Ronde. 

The mail route ran along the Salmon River and extended up onto Saddle Bag 

Mountain; but, as local residents were widely scattered, the letters were left in 

an old saddle bag that hung on a prominent snag. Mail service improved over the 

years and the saddle bag is long gone. After World War II, however, the name 

mysteriously changed to Saddleback Mountain. In 1980, William Erdmann of the 

Oregon Department of Forestry wrote to the Oregon Geographic Names Board 

(formerly Oregon Geographic Board) to provide the origin of the name of this high 

ground south of Salmon River between Otis and Grand Ronde. The U.S. Board 

on Geographic Names (formerly the U.S. Geographic Board) corrected the matter 

in Decision List 8104, and the name was changed back to Saddle Bag Mountain 

(McArthur and McArthur 2003). 

Prior to 1910 the Saddle Bag Mountain area was visited by trappers and hunters. Few, if any permanent structures were erected in the area and no clearings 

were made in the Saddle Bag Mountain RNA. About 1910 the area was opened up 

to small timber claims, and many areas were cleared and cabins and barns were 

erected. In 1912, the small timber claims were abandoned and sold to large timber 

companies who closed many of the small roads accessing the area to reduce fire 

danger (Macnab 1958). Because access to Saddle Bag Mountain RNA has been 

restricted by private timber companies, public use has been limited. Most private 

timber lands surrounding Saddle Bag Mountain have been harvested in the past 

20 years. Within Saddle Bag Mountain RNA, approximately 27 ha (67 ac) were 

harvested beginning in the early 1960s and continuing through the early 1980s. 

Maps and Aerial Photography

Maps applicable to Saddlebag Mountain RNA: 

Topographic—Stott Mountain 7.5 minute 1:24,000 scale, 1984; BLM Salem District 

Westside Recreation Map 1:10,560, 1996. 

Aerial photography—2003 color 1:12,000. 

Acknowledgments 

We thank Sarah Greene, Claire Hibler, and Hugh Snook for assistance in the field, 

and Dave Calver for assistance in the field and creating maps for this publication. 

We also thank the Salem District, BLM for funding this project and the USFS PNW 

Research Station for publishing this supplement. 
14

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

English Equivalents

1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres (ac)

1 kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles (mi)

1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft)

1 centimeter (cm) = 0.394 inch (in)

1 millimeter (mm) = 0.0394 inch

References

Agee, J.K. 1990. The historical role of fire in Pacific Northwest forests. In: 

Walstad, J., Radosevich, S.; Sandberg, D., eds. Natural and prescribed fire in 

Pacific Northwest forests. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 25–38. 

Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Washington, DC: 

Island Press. 493 p. 

Alexander, Robert. 1964. Minimizing windfall around clear cuttings in spruce-fir 

forests. Forest Science. 2(1): 130–142. 

Baldwin, E.M. 1947. Geology of the Dallas and Valsetz quadrangles, Oregon. 

Bulletin No. 35. Portland, OR. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral 

Industries. 61 p. 

Bauer, P.; Brown, W.E.; Hukari, J.; Kuust, J.; Lira, E. 1986. Monitoring and 

management proposals for Saddleback Mountain. Unpublished report on file 

with: Oregon State University, School of Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331. [No 

pagination]. 

Csuti, B.; Kimerling, A.J.; O’Neil, T.A.; Shaughnessy, M.M.; Gaines, E.P.; 

Huso, M.M.P. 1997. Atlas of Oregon wildlife. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State 

University Press. 427 p. + map. 

Dyrness, C.T.; Franklin, J.F.; Maser, C.; Cook, S.A.; Hall, J.D.; Faxon, G. 

1975. Research natural area needs in the Pacific Northwest: a contribution to 

land-use planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-38. Portland, OR: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment 

Station. 231 p. 

Elliott, L.; Keller, P.; Patton, C.; Rech, S.; Yeary, M. 1986. A plan to manage 

and monitor two areas of critical environmental concern. Unpublished report on 

file with: Bureau of Land Management, Salem District Office, 1717 Fabry Road 

SE, Salem, OR 97306. 
15

Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

Federal Register. 1984. January 3, 1984, notices. Federal Register. 49(1): 165 

Flora of North America. 2006. Partial nomenclature of vascular plants, ferns, and 

fern allies within Oregon. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1. 

(November 3, 2006). 

Franklin, J.F.; Dyrness, C.T. 1988. 2nd ed. Natural vegetation of Oregon and 

Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 452 p. 

Gratkowski, H.J. 1956. Windthrow around staggered settings in old-growth 

Douglas-fir. Forest Science. 2(1): 60–74. 

Greene, S.E.; Blinn, T.; Franklin, J.F. 1986. Research natural areas in Oregon 

and Washington: past and current research and related literature. Gen. Tech. Rep. 

PNW-GTR-197. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 

Pacific Northwest Research Station. 115 p. 

Hines, W.W. 1971. Plant communities in the old-growth forests of north coastal 

Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Corvallis. 135 p. M.S. thesis. 

Juday, G.P. 1976. The location, composition, and structure of old-growth forests of 

the Oregon Coast Range. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 206 p. Ph.D. 

dissertation. 

Macnab, J.A. 1958. Biotic aspection in the Coast Range mountains of 

northwestern Oregon. Ecological Monographs. 28(1): 21–54. 

McArthur, L.A. McArthur, L.L.; 2003. Oregon geographic names, 7th ed. 

Portland, OR: Oregon Historical Society Press. 1,074 p. 

McCain, C.; Diaz, N. 2002. Field guide to the forested plant associations of 

the northern Oregon Coast Range. Technical Paper R6-NR-ECOL-TP-02-02. 

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest 

Region. 250 p. 

McKee, A. 1978. Proposed Saddleback Mountain Research Natural Area. 

Unpublished memo. On file with: USDI BLM Salem District Office, 1717 Fabry 

Road SE, Salem, OR 97306. 

Oregon Flora Project. 2006. The Oregon plant atlas. http://www.oregonflora.org/

oregonplantatlas.html. (September 22, 2006). 

Oregon Natural Heritage Program. 2003. Oregon natural heritage plan. Salem, 

OR: Department of State Lands. 167 p. 
16

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

Ruth, R.; Harris, A.S. 1979. Management of western hemlock-Sitka spruce forests 

for timber production. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment 

Station. 197 p. 

Scofield, L.R. 1991. Biological monitoring studies on Scoliopus hallii (1979–1984) 

and Poa marcida (1987–1991). Unpublished field data and report. On file with: 

USDI BLM Salem District Office, 1717 Fabry Road SE, Salem, OR 97306. 

Shipman, J.A. 1997. Soil survey of Lincoln County area. Newport, OR: USDA 

NRCS and USFS in cooperation with the Oregon Agricultural Experiment 

Station. 158 p. 

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service 

[USDA NRCS]. 2006. Soil maps from Lincoln County, Oregon. http://

websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. (December 28, 2006).

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management [USDI BLM]. 

1996. Research natural areas in Washington and Oregon. 2nd ed. BLM/OR/WA/

PL-96/016+1792. Portland, Oregon. 74 p. 

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management [USDI BLM]. 

2006. Forest inventory database. Unpublished report. On file with: Salem District 

Office, 1717 Fabry Road SE, Salem, Oregon 97306. 

Western Region Climate Center. 2006. Oregon climate data. http://www.wrcc.dri.

edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?orfall. (December 10, 2006). 
17

Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

Appendix 1: Plants1

Scientific name Common name 

Coniferous trees:

Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes2 Pacific silver fir

Abies procera Rehder Noble fir

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. Douglas-fir

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western hemlock 

Tall shrubs 2 to 8 m (6.6 to 26.3 ft) tall:

Sambucus racemosa L. var. arborescens (T. & G.) Gray Red elderberry 

Medium shrubs 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall:

Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal

Oplopanax horridus (Smith) Miq. Devilsclub

Ribes bracteosum Dougl. Stink currant

Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poir. Swamp currant

Rubus spectabilis Pursh Salmonberry

Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. Early huckleberry

Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. Red huckleberry 

Low shrubs <0.5 m (1.6 ft) tall:

Rubus pedatus J.E. Smith Strawberry dwarf bramble

Ferns:

Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Lady fern

Blechnum spicant (L.) With. Deerfern

Dryopteris sp. Woodfern

Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl Western swordfern

Herbs:

Achlys triphylla (Smith) DC. Vanilla leaf

Anemone deltoidea Hook. Three-leaved anemone

Anemone lyallii Britt. Lyall’s anemone

Chrysosplenium glechomifolium Nutt. Western golden carpet

Claytonia sibirica (L.) Howell Siberian miner’s lettuce

Clintonia uniflora (Schult.) Kunth Queenscup beadlily

Coptis laciniata Gray Cut-leaf goldthread

Corallorrhiza mertensiana Bong. Pacific coralroot

Dicentra formosa (Andr.) Walpers Pacific bleedingheart 

Galium triflorum Michx. Sweetscented bedstraw

Hieracium albiflorum Hook. White-flowered hawkweed

Hydrophyllum tenuipes Heller Slender-stem waterleaf

Listera caurina Piper Western twayblade

Maianthemum dilatatum (Wood) Nels. & Macbr. False lily-of-the-valley

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Desf. Starry false-Solomonseal

Mimulus dentatus Nutt. ex Benth. Tooth-leaved monkeyflower

Mitella ovalis Greene Oval-leaved miterwort

Moneses uniflora Gray Woodnymph

Montia parvifolia (Moc.) Greene Streambank springbeauty

Nemophila parviflora Dougl. ex Benth. Smallflower nemophila

Orthilia secunda (L.) House Sidebells wintergreen

Osmorhiza berteroi DC. Mountain sweet-cicely

Oxalis oregana Nutt. Oregon oxalis

Prosartes smithii (Hook.) Utech, Shinwari & Kawano Smith’s fairybells
18

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

Scientific name Common name 

Pyrola picta Sm. Whitevein pyrola

Scoliopus hallii Wats. Fetid adder’s-tongue

Senecio triangularis Hook. Arrowleaf groundsel

Stachys mexicana Benth. Mexican hedge-nettle

Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlect. Crisped starwort

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Claspingleaf twistedstalk

Tiarella trifoliata L. Threeleaf foamflower

Tolmiea menziesii (Pursh) T. & G. Piggyback plant

Trautvetteria caroliniensis (Walt.) Vail False bugbane

Trillium ovatum Pursh Western trillium

Viola glabella Nutt. Stream violet; yellow wood violet

Viola sempervirens Greene Redwoods violet

Grasses and graminoids:

Bromus vulgaris (Hook.) Shear Columbia brome

Luzula parviflora (Ehrh.) Desv. Small-flowered woodrush

Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Alaska oniongrass

Poa marcida A.S. Hitchc. Withered bluegrass 

1

Compiled from numerous sources.

2

Nomenclature for vascular plants, ferns, and fern-allies follows the Flora of North America

Web site (2006) and the Oregon Flora Project Web site (2006). 
19

Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

Appendix 2: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals1

Order Scientific name Common name

Amphibians

Caudata Ambystoma gracile Northwestern salamander

Ambystoma macrodactylum Long-toed salamander

Aneides ferreus Clouded salamander

Dicamptodon tenebrosus Pacific giant salamander

Ensatina eschscholtzi Ensatina

Plethodon dunni Dunn’s salamander

Plethodon vehiculum Western redback salamander

Rhyacotriton variegatus Southern torrent salamander

Taricha granulosa Rough-skinned newt

Anura Ascaphus truei Tailed frog

Bufo boreas Western toad

Pseudacris regilla Pacific chorus frog

Rana aurora Red-legged frog

Reptiles

Squamata Elgaria coerulea Northern alligator lizard

Charina bottae Rubber boa

Coluber constrictor Racer

Contia tenuis Sharptail snake

Eumeces skiltonianus Western skink

Sceloporus occidentalis Western fence lizard

Thamnophis elegans Western terrestrial garter snake

Thamnophis ordinoides Northwestern garter snake

Thamnophis sirtalis Common garter snake

Birds

Falconiformes Accipiter cooperii Cooper’s hawk

Accipiter gentilis Northern goshawk

Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned hawk

Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed hawk

Cathartes aura Turkey vulture

Circus cyaneus Northern harrier

Falco sparverius American kestrel

Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald eagle

Galliformes Bonasa umbellus Ruffed grouse

Callipepla californica California quail

Dendragapus obscurus Blue grouse

Oreortyx pictus Mountain quail

Phasianus colchicus Ring-necked pheasant

Charadriiformes Actitis macularia Spotted sandpiper

Brachyramphus marmoratus Marbled murrelet

Charadrius vociferus Killdeer

Columbiformes Columba fasciata Band-tailed pigeon

Zenaida macroura Mourning dove

Strigiformes Aegolius acadicus Northern saw-whet owl

Bubo virginianus Great-horned owl
20

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

Order Scientific name Common name

Glaucidium gnoma Northern pygmy owl

Otus kennicottii Western screech-owl

Strix occidentalis Spotted owl

Strix varia Barred owl

Caprimulgiformes Chordeiles minor Common nighthawk

Apodiformes Chaetura vauxi Vaux’s swift

Selasphorus rufus Rufous hummingbird

Coraciiformes Ceryle alcyon Belted kingfisher

Piciformes Colaptes auratus Northern flicker

Dryocopus pileatus Pileated woodpecker

Picoides pubescens Downy woodpecker

Picoides villosus Hairy woodpecker

Sphyrapicus ruber Red-breasted sapsucker

Passeriformes Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing

Carduelis pinus Pine siskin

Carduelis tristis American goldfinch

Carpodacus purpureus Purple finch

Catharus ustulatus Swainson’s thrush

Certhia americana Brown creeper

Chamaea fasciata Wrentit

Cinclus mexicanus American dipper

Coccothraustes vespertinus Evening grosbeak

Contopus borealis Olive-sided flycatcher

Contopus sordidulus Western wood peewee

Corvus brachyrhynchos American crow

Corvus corax Common raven

Cyanocitta stelleri Steller’s jay

Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped warbler

Dendroica nigrescens Black-throated gray warbler

Dendroica occidentalis Hermit warbler

Dendroica petechia Yellow warbler

Empidonax difficilis Pacific-slope flycatcher

Empidonax hammondii Hammond’s flycatcher

Empidonax traillii Willow flycatcher

Geothlypis trichas Common yellowthroat

Ixoreus naevius Varied thrush

Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed junco

Loxia curvirostra Red crossbill

Melospiza melodia Song sparrow

Molothrus ater Brown-headed cowbird

Myadestes townsendi Townsend’s solitaire

Oporornis tolmiei MacGillivray’s warbler

Parus atricapillus Black-capped chickadee

Parus rufescens Chestnut-backed chickadee

Perisoreus canadensis Gray jay

Pheucticus melanocephalus Black-headed grosbeak

Pipilo maculatus Spotted towhee

Piranga rubra Western tanager

Progne subis Purple martin
21

Saddle Bag Mountain Research Natural Area: Guidebook Supplement 34

Order Scientific name Common name

Psaltriparus minimus Bushtit

Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned kinglet

Sialia mexicana Western bluebird

Sitta canadensis Red-breasted nuthatch

Spizella passerina Chipping sparrow

Stelgidopteryx serripennis Northern rough-winged swallow

Tachycineta bicolor Tree swallow

Tachycineta thalassina Violet-green swallow

Thryomanes bewickii Bewick’s wren

Troglodytes aedon House wren

Troglodytes troglodytes Winter wren

Turdus migratorius American robin

Vermivora celata Orange-crowned warbler

Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville warbler

Vireo gilvus Warbling vireo

Vireo huttoni Hutton’s vireo

Vireo solitarius Solitary vireo

Wilsonia pusilla Wilson’s warbler

Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned sparrow

Mammals

Didelphimorphia Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum

Insectivora Neurotrichus gibbsii Shrew-mole

Scapanus orarius Coast mole

Scapanus townsendii Townsend’s mole

Sorex bairdi Baird’s shrew

Sorex bendirii Pacific marsh shrew

Sorex pacificus Pacific shrew

Sorex sonomae Fog shrew

Sorex trowbridgii Trowbridge’s shrew

Sorex vagrans Vagrant shrew

Chiroptera Corynorhinus townsendii Townsend’s big-eared bat

Eptesicus fuscus Big brown bat

Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired bat

Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat

Myotis californicus California myotis

Myotis evotis Long-eared myotis

Myotis lucifugus Little brown myotis

Myotis thysanodes Fringed myotis

Myotis volans Long-legged myotis

Myotis yumanensis Yuma myotis

Lagomorpha Lepus americanus Snowshoe hare

Sylvilagus bachmani Brush rabbit

Rodentia Aplodontia rufa Mountain beaver

Castor canadensis American beaver

Clethrionomys californicus Western red-backed vole

Erethizon dorsatum Common porcupine

Glaucomys sabrinus Northern flying squirrel

Microtus longicaudus Long-tailed vole

Microtus oregoni Creeping vole
22

GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-731

Order Scientific name Common name

Microtus townsendii Townsend’ vole

Neotoma cinerea Bushy-tailed woodrat

Neotoma fuscipes Dusky-footed woodrat

Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse

Phenacomys albipes White-footed vole

Phenacomys longicaudus Red tree vole

Spermophilus beecheyi California ground squirrel

Tamias townsendii Townsend’s chipmunk

Tamiasciurus douglasii Douglas’ squirrel

Thomomys mazama Western pocket gopher

Zapus trinotatus Pacific jumping mouse

Carnivora Canis latrans Coyote

Felis concolor Mountain lion

Lutra canadensis Northern river otter

Lynx rufus Bobcat

Martes americana American marten

Mephitis mephitis Striped skunk

Mustela erminea Ermine

Mustela frenata Long-tailed weasel

Mustela vison Mink

Odocoileus hemionus ssp. columbianus Black-tailed deer

Procyon lotor Common raccoon

Spilogale gracilis Western spotted skunk

Urocyon cinereoargenteus Common gray fox

Ursus americanus Black bear

Vulpes vulpes Red fox

Artiodactyla Cervus elaphus Elk

1

Nomenclature, distribution and habitat characteristics taken from Csuti et al. 1997.
Pacific Northwest Research Station

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