Page 1 of 14
**Subpart AA —**  **Pulp and Paper Manufacturing**
(a) The pulp and paper manufacturing source category consists of facilities that produce market pulp ( § 98.270 Definition of source category.

i.e. , stand

alone pulp facilities), manufacture pulp and paper ( i.e. , integrated facilities), produce paper products from purchased pulp, produce secondary fiber from recycled paper, convert paper into paperboard products ( e.g.

(b) The emission units for which GHG emissions must be reported are listed in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(5) of this section: , containers), or operate coating

a nd laminating processes.

(1) Chemical recovery furnaces at kraft and soda mills (including recovery furnaces that burn spent pul ping liquor produced by both the kraft and semichemical process). (2) Chemical recovery combustion units at sulfite facilities. (3) Chemical recovery combustion units at stand

- alone semichemical facilities. (4) Pulp mill lime kilns at kraft and soda facili ties. (5) Systems for adding makeup chemicals (CaCO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 ) in the chemical recovery areas of chemical pulp mills. § 98.271 Reporting threshold.Page 2 of 14 You must report GHG emissions under this subpart if your facility contains a pulp and paper manufacturing pro cess and the facility meets the requirements of either §98.2(a)(1) or (a)(2).

You must report the emissions listed in paragraphs (a) through (f) of this section: § 98.272 GHGs to report.

(a) CO 2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2

(b) CO O emissions from each kraft or soda chemical recovery furnace.

2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2

(c) CO O emissions from each sulfite chemical recovery combustion unit.

2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2

(d) CO O emissions from each stand

- alone semichemical chemical recovery combustion unit.

2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2

(e) CO O emissions from each kraft or soda pulp mill lime kiln.

2 emission s from addition of makeup chemicals (CaCO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 (f) CO

) in the chemical recovery areas of chemical pulp mills.

2 , CH 4 , andN 2 O combustion emissions from each stationary combustion unit. You must calculate and report these emissions under subpart C of this part (General Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources) by following the requirements of subpart C.

(a) For each chemical recov ery furnace located at a kraft or soda facility, you must determine CO § 98.273 Calculating GHG emissions.

2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions using the procedures in paragraphs (a)(1) throughPage 3 of 14 (a)(3) of this section. CH 4 and N 2

(1) Calculate fossil fuel

- based CO O emissions must be calculated as the sum of emissions from co mbustion of fossil fuels and combustion of biomass in spent liquor solids.

2 emission s from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default emissions factors according to the Tier 1 methodology for stationary combu stion sources in §98.33(a)(1). A higher tier from §98.33(a) may be used to calculate fossil fuel

- based CO 2

(2) Calculate fossil fuel

- based CH emission s if the respective monitoring and QA/QC requirements described in §98.34 are met.

4 and N 2 O emissions from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed, default or site

specific HHV, and default emissions factors and convert to metric tons of CO 2
(3) Calculate biogenic CO equivalent according to the methodology for stationary combustion sources in §98.33(c).

2 emission s and emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O from biomass using measured quantities of spent liquor solids fired, site

- specific HHV, and default or site

- specific emissions factors, according to Equation AA

– 1 of this section:

Where: CO 2 , CH 4 , or N 2 O, from Biom ass = Biogenic CO 2 emission s or emissions of CH 4 or N 2 O from spent liquor solids combustion (metric tons per year).Page 4 of 14
Solids = Mass of spent liquor solids combusted (short tons per year) determined according to §98.274(b). HHV = Annual high heat value of the spent liquor solids (mmBtu per kilogram) determined according to §98.274(b). (EF) = Default or site

- specific emission factor for CO 2 , CH 4 , or N 2 O, from Table AA

– 1 of this subpart (kg CO 2 , CH 4 , or N 2 0.90718 = Conversion factor from short tons to metric tons. O per mmBtu).

(b) For each chemical recovery combustion unit located at a sulfite or stand

- alone semichemical facility, you must determine CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2

(1) Calculat e fossil CO O emissions using the procedures in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(4) of this section:

2 emission s from fossil fuels from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default emissions factors according to the Tier 1 Calculation Methodology for stationary combustion sources in §98.33(a)(1). A higher tier from §98.33(a) may be u sed to calculate fossil fuel

based CO 2

(2) Calculate CH emission s if the respective monitoring and QA/QC requirements described in §98.34 are met.

4 and N 2 O emissions from fossil fuels from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed, default or site

specif ic HHV, and default emissions factors and convert to metric tons of CO 2 equivalent according to the methodology for stationary combustion sources in §98.33(c).Page 5 of 14 (3) Calculate biogenic CO 2 emission s using measured quantities of spent liquor solids fired and the carbon content of the spent liquor solids, according to Equation AA

– 2 of this section:

Where: Biogenic CO 2 = Annual CO 2 Solids = Mass of the spent liquor solids combusted (short tons per year) determined according to §98.274(b). mass emissions for spent liquor solids combustion (metric tons per year).

CC = Annual carbon content of the spent liquor solids, determined according to §98.274(b) (percent by weight, expressed as a decimal fraction, e.g. 44/12 = Ratio of molecular weights, CO , 95% = 0.95).
2 0.90718 = Conversion from short tons to metric tons. to carbon.
(4) Calculate CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from biomass using Equation AA

– 1 of this section and the default CH 4 and N 2 O emissions factors for kraft facilities in Table AA

– 1 of this subpart and co nvert the CH 4 or N 2 O emissions to metric tons of CO 2 equivalent by multiplying each annual CH 4 and N 2

(c) For each pulp mill lime kiln locat ed at a kraft or soda facility, you must determine CO O emissions total by the appropriate global warming potential (GWP) factor from Table A

– 1 of subpart A of this part.

2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions usingPage 6 of 14 the procedures in paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(3) of this section: (1) Calculate CO 2 emission s from fossil fuel from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed and default HHV and default emissions factors, according to the Tier 1 Calculation Methodology for stationary combustion sources in §98.33(a)(1). A higher tier from §98.33(a) may be used t o calculate fossil fuel

based CO 2

(2) Calculate CH emission s if the respective monitoring and QA/QC requirements described in §98.34 are met.

4 and N 2 O emissions from fossil fuel from direct measurement of fossil fuels consumed, default or site

specific HHV , and default emissions factors and convert to metric tons of CO 2 equivalent according to the methodology for stationary combustion sources in §98.33(c); use the default HHV listed in Table C

– 1 of subpart C and the default CH 4 and N 2
(3) Biogenic CO O emissions factors lis ted in Table AA

– 2 of this subpart.

2 emission s from conversion of CaCO 3 to CaO are included in the biogenic CO 2
(d) For makeup chemical use, you must calculate CO estimates calculated for the chemical recovery furnace in paragraph (a)(3) of this section.

2 emission s by using direct or indirect measurement of the quantity of chemicals added and ratios of the molecular weights of CO 2 and the makeup chemicals, according to Equation AA

– 3 of this section:Page 7 of 14

Where:
CO 2 = CO 2 M (CaCO mass emissions from makeup chemicals (kilograms/yr).
3 ) = Make

- up quantity of CaCO 3 M (NaCO used for the reporting year (metric tons per year).
3 ) = Make

- up quantity of Na 2 CO 3 44 = Molecular weight of CO used for the reporting year (metric tons per year).

2 100 = Molecular weight of CaCO . 3 105.99 = Molecular weight of Na . 2 CO 3 .
(a) Each facility subject to this subpart must quality assure the GHG emissions data according to the applicable requirements in §98.34. All QA/QC data must be available for inspection upon request. § 98.274 Monitoring and QA/QC requirements.

(b) Fuel properties needed to perform the calculations in Equations AA

– 1 and AA

– 2 of this subpart must be determined according to paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(3) of this section. (1) High heat val ues of black liquor must be determined no less than annually using T684 om

– 06 Gross Heating Value of Black Liquor, TAPPI (incorporated by reference, see §98.7). If measurements are performed more frequently than annually, then the high heat value used in E quation AA

– 1 of this subpart must be based on the average of the representative measurements made during the year.Page 8 of 14 (2) The annual mass of spent liquor solids must be determined using either of the methods specified in paragraph (b)(2)(i) or (b)(2)(ii) of t his section. (i) Measure the mass of spent liquor solids annually (or more frequently) using T

– 650 om

– 05 Solids Content of Black Liquor, TAPPI (incorporated by reference in §98.7). If measurements are performed more frequently than annually, then the mass of spent liquor solids used in Equation AA

– 1 of this subpart must be based on the average of the representative measurements made during the year. (ii) Determine the annual mass of spent liquor solids based on records of measurements made with an online me asurement system that determines the mass of spent liquor solids fired in a chemical recovery furnace or chemical recovery combustion unit. (3) Carbon analyses for spent pulping liquor must be determined no less than annually using ASTM D5373

– 08 Standard T est Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Laboratory Samples of Coal (incorporated by reference, see §98.7). If measurements using ASTM D5373

– 08 are performed more frequently than annually, then the spent pulping liquo r carbon content used in Equation AA

– 2 of this subpart must be based on the average of the representative measurements made during the year.Page 9 of 14 (c) Each facility must keep records that include a detailed explanation of how company records of measurements are used to estimate GHG emissions. The owner or operator must also document the procedures used to ensure the accuracy of the measurements of fuel, spent liquor solids, and makeup chemical usage, including, but not limited to calibration of weighing equipment , fuel flow meters, and other measurement devices. The estimated accuracy of measurements made with these devices must be recorded and the technical basis for these estimates must be provided. The procedures used to convert spent pulping liquor flow rates to units of mass ( i.e.

(d) Records must be made available upon request for verification of the calculations and measurements. , spent liquor solids firing rates) also must be documented.

A complete record of all measured parameters used in the GHG emissions calculations is required. Therefore, whenever a quality

- assured value of a required parameter is unavailable ( § 98.275 Procedures for estimating missing data.

e.g. , if a meter malfunctions during unit operation or if a required sample is not taken), a sub stitute data value for the missing parameter shall be used in the calculations, according to the requirements of paragraphs (a) through (c) of this section:Page 10 of 14 (a) There are no missing data procedures for measurements of heat content and carbon content of spe nt pulping liquor. A

re - test must be performed if the data from any annual measurements are determined to be invalid. (b) For missing measurements of the mass of spent liquor solids or spent pulping liquor flow rates, use the lesser value of either the max imum mass or fuel flow rate for the combustion unit, or the maximum mass or flow rate that the fuel meter can

measure. (c) For the use of makeup chemicals (carbonates), the substitute data value shall be the best available estimate of makeup chemical consu mption, based on available data ( e.g. , past accounting records, production rates). The owner or operator shall document and keep records of the procedures used for all such estimates.

In addition to the information required by §98.3(c) and the applicable information required by §98.36, each annual report must contain the information in paragraphs (a) through (k) of this section as applicable: § 98.276 Data reporting requirements.

(a) Annual emissions of CO 2 , biogenic CO 2 , CH 4 , biogenic CH 4 N 2 O, and bioge nic N 2 (b) Annual quantities fossil fuels by type used in chemical recovery furnaces and chemical recovery combustion units in O (metric tons per year).Page 11 of 14 short tons for solid fuels, gallons for liquid fuels and scf for gaseous fuels. (c) Annual mass of the s pent liquor solids combusted (short tons per year), and basis for determining the annual mass of the spent liquor solids combusted (whether based on T650 om

- 05 Solids Content of Black Liquor, TAPPI (incorporated by reference, see (d) The high heat value (HHV) of the spent liquor solids used in Equation AA

– 1 of this subpart (mmBtu per kilogram). §98.7) or an online measur ement system).

(e) The default or site

- specific emission factor for CO 2 , CH 4 , or N 2 O, used in Equation AA

– 1 of this subpart (kg CO 2 , CH 4 , or N 2 (f) The carbon content (CC) of the spent liquor solids, used in Equation AA

– 2 of this subpart (percent by weight, expressed as a decimal fraction, O per mmBtu).

e.g. (g) Annual quantities of fossil fuels by type used in pulp mill lime k ilns in short tons for solid fuels, gallons for liquid fuels and scf for gaseous fuels. , 95% = 0.95).

(h) Make

- up quantity of CaCO 3

(i) Make

- up quantity of Na used for the reporting year (metric tons per year) used in Equation AA

– 3 of this subpart.

2 CO 3
(j) Annual steam purchases (pounds of steam per year). used for the repo rting year (metric tons per year) used in Equation AA

– 3 of this subpart.Page 12 of 14 (k) Annual production of pulp and/or paper products produced (metric tons ). ) as follows: (1) Report the total annual production of unbleached virgin pulp produced onsite during the reporting year in air

- dried metric tons per year. This total annual production value is the sum of all kraft, semichemical, soda, and sulfite pulp produced onsite, prior to bleaching, through all virgin pulping lines. (i) Do not include secondary fiber repulped for paper production in the virgin pulp production total. (ii) You must report a positive (non

- zero) value for pulp production unless your pulp mill did not operate during the reporting year. (2) Report the total annual production of paper products exiting the paper machine(s), prior to application of any off

machine coatings, in air

- dried metric tons per year. If you operate multiple paper machines, report t he sum (total) of the air

- dried metric tons of paper produced during the reporting year for all paper machines at the mill.

In addition to the information required by §98.3(g), you must retain the records in paragrap hs (a) through (f) of this section. § 98.277 Records that must be retained.

(a) GHG emission estimates (including separate estimates of biogenic CO 2 ) for each emissions source listed under §98.270(b).Page 13 of 14 (b) Annual analyses of spent pulping liquor HHV for each chemical recovery furnace at kraft and soda facilities. (c) Annual analyses of spent pulping liquor carbon content for each chemical recovery combustion unit at a sulfite or semichemical pulp facility. (d) Annual quantity of spent liquor solids combusted in each chemical recovery furnace and c hemical recovery combustion unit, and the basis for detemining the annual quantity of the spent liquor solids combusted (whether based on T650 om

– 05 Solids Content of Black Liquor, TAPPI (incorporated by reference, see

(e) Annual steam purchases. §98.7) or an online measurement syste m). If an online measurement system is used, you must retain records of the calculations used to determine the annual quantity of spent liquor solids combusted from the continuous measurements.

(f) Annual quantities of makeup ch emicals used.

All terms used in this subpart have the same meaning given in the Clean Air Act and subpart A of this part. § 98.278 Definitions.

**Table AA –**  **1 to Subpart AA of Part 98 —**  **Kraft Pulping Liquor Emissions Factors for Biomass**  **- Based**  **CO 2**  **, CH**  **4 ,**  **and N 2** 

**W ood furnish**  **O Biomass**  **- based emissions factors**  **(kg/mmBtu HHV)** CO 2 **a** CH 4 **N 2**  **O** North American Softwood 94.4 0.030 0.0019 0.005 0 .00042Page 14 of 14

**W ood furnish**  **Biomass -**  **based emissions factors (kg/mmBtu HHV)**  CO 2 **a** CH 4 **N 2**  **O** North American Hardwood 93.7 0.0019 0.00042 Bagasse 95.5 0.0019 0.00042 Bamboo 93.7 0.0019 0.00042 Straw 95.1 0.0019 0.00042

a **Table AA –**  **2 to Subpart AA of Part 98 —**  **Kraft Lime Kiln and Calciner Emissions Factors for**  **Fossil Fuel -**  **Based CH&ihel4;**  **CH**

Includes emissions from both the recovery furnace and pulp mill lime kiln.

**4 and**  **N&ihel2;O N**  **2**

**Fuel O**  **Fossil fuel -**  **based emissions factors (kg/mmBtu HHV)**  **Kraft lime kilns Kraft calciners**  **CH&ihel4; CH**  **4 N&ihel2;O**  **N 2**  **O CH&ihel4;**  **CH 4**  **N&ihel2;O N**  **2 O**  Residual Oil (any type) 0.0027 0 0.0027 0.0003
Distillate Oil (any type) 0.0027 0 0.0027 0.0004
Natural Gas 0.0027 0 0.0027 0.0001 Biogas 0.0027 0 0.0027 0.0001 Petroleum coke 0.0027 0 NA s a NA a Other Fuels See Table C

- 2 0 See Table C

- 2 See Table C

- 2

a Emission factors for kraft calciners are not available.