# Best Manage m ent Practices for Mosquito Control on California S tate Pro p ertiesBest Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

### to download an ele c troni c version, visit the California D e part m ent of Publi c H ealth website at htt p ://www. c d p h. c a.gov (see Progra m s/ V e c tor- B orne D isease S e c tion). For more information, please contact: Vector-Borne Disease Section California Department of Public Health (916) 552-9730 http://www.cdph.ca.gov http://westnile.ca.gov

# Best Manage m ent Practices for Mosquito Control on California S tate Pro p erties

Recommendations of the **California Department of P**  **ubli c**  **Healt h**  June 2008

Ar nold S chwa r zenegge r G ove r no r S tate of C alifo r nia

Kimbe r ly B elsh É S ec r eta r y C alifo r nia H ealth and H uman S e r vices A gency M a rk B H o r ton, MD , MS P H D i r ecto r C alifo r nia D e pa r tment of Public H ealthBest Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

## E ditor in Chief C arrie N ielsen, PhD, C alifornia Department of Public Health ( C DPH)


## Co mm ittee Chair Vicki Kramer, PhD, C DPH


## S teering Co mm ittee Me m bers **California Department of Fish and Game (DFG)** Dean Kwasny **California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA)** Duane S chnabel **California Department of General Services (DGS)** Phil Henderson; Joe Mugartegui; Joe White **California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR)** Patricia Matteson, PhD **California Department of Public Health (CDPH)** C laudia E rickson, M S ; Tim Howard, M S ; R enjie Hu, PhD; S tan Husted, MPH; Jonathan Kwan, M S ; Marco Metzger, PhD; Mark N ovak, PhD **California Department of Transportation (Caltrans)** Karl Dreher, P E ; S heree E dwards; Bala N anjundaiah **California State Parks (CSP)** S tephen Bakken **Mosquito and Vector Control Association of California (MVCAC)** David Brown, S acramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector C ontrol District; S teve West, Kenn F ujioka, PhD, S an G abriel Valley Mosquito and Vector C ontrol District; John S troh, S an Joaquin Mosquito and Vector C ontrol District **University of California, Davis (UCD), Center for Vectorborne Diseases (CVEC)** William R eisen, PhD **University of California, Riverside (UCR)** William Walton, PhD 

# A CK NO W LEDGE M ENTSUse this plan to identify and implement appropriate Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control mosquitoes. It is the responsibility of all agencies to protect public health by controlling mosquitoes on their property. Please refer to the section of this plan that pertains to your agency or property type and review the background information on mosquitoes and mosquito management.

Eliminate unnecessary standing water, reduce stagnation by providing water flow, and manage vegetation in ponds or other water bodies.

Collaborate with local vector control agencies to develop and implement appropriate integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that are most suitable for specific land-use type(s).

Ensure employees use personal protective measures when potentially exposed to adult mosquitoes.Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties executive summa r y and r ecommendations

...................................................................................... 1

I nt r oduction

............................................................................................................................... .................. 3 W est N ile V irus and M osquito C ontrol in C alifornia: A n O verview

......................................................... 3

G ene r al B iology of C alifo r nia M osquitoes

....................................................................................... 5 M osquito L ife C ycle

............................................................................................................................... ...... 5 M osquitoes as D isease V ectors

................................................................................................................. 6 M osquito H abitats of C alifornia

.................................................................................................................. 7

M onito r ing M osquito Po p ulations and M osquito- B o r ne D iseases

........................................ 9 M osquito S urveillance Techniques

............................................................................................................ 9 L arval S urveillance

............................................................................................................................... 10 A dult S urveillance

............................................................................................................................... . 10 V irus S urveillance

............................................................................................................................... . 10

B est M anagement P r actices fo r M osquito C ont r ol

................................................................... 11 I ntegrated Pest M anagement

................................................................................................................... 11 M osquito C ontrol Practices

...................................................................................................................... 11 L arval C ontrol

............................................................................................................................... ......... 12 A dult C ontrol

............................................................................................................................... .......... 14 E valuation of the E fficacy of BM Ps

.......................................................................................................... 16 Personal Protective M easures

................................................................................................................. 16

C oo r dination between S tate A gencies and L ocal mosquito and vecto r cont r ol agencies

.......................................................................................... 17 L ocal V ector C ontrol S ervice A reas

......................................................................................................... 18 

# T

able of ContentsRecommendations fo r S tate- O wned P r o p e r ties

............................................................................ 19 G eneral Recommendations for M anagers of S tate- O wned Properties

................................................ 20 B uildings and G rounds

.............................................................................................................................. 21 D epartment of F ish and G ame

.................................................................................................................. 24 W etlands

............................................................................................................................... ................ 24 D epartment of Transportation

................................................................................................................... 29 S tormwater I nfrastructure

................................................................................................................... 31 S tate Parks

............................................................................................................................... .................. 34 D eveloped A reas

............................................................................................................................... ... 35 W ildlands– U ndeveloped A reas

........................................................................................................... 36 C onservancies

............................................................................................................................... ............. 37

Refe r ence

............................................................................................................................... ....................... 39 S ources C ited in the D ocument

................................................................................................................ 39 L ist of A cronyms

............................................................................................................................... ......... 41 Resources for A dditional I nformation

...................................................................................................... 42

App endices

............................................................................................................................... ..................... 43 A ppendix A : G overnor’s W est N ile V irus E mergency Proclamation of A ugust 2, 2007

........................ 43 A ppendix B : S ummary of S tate- O wned Properties by A gency

.............................................................. 46 A ppendix C : Key S tate A gency Responsibilities: WNV S urveillance and C ontrol

............................... 51 A ppendix D : M osquitoes of C alifornia

..................................................................................................... 53 A ppendix E : T ypical L arval H abitats of C alifornia M osquitoes

.............................................................. 57 A ppendix F : C ompounds A pproved for M osquito C ontrol in C alifornia

................................................. 58 A ppendix G : H ealth and S afety C odes Pertinent to M osquito C ontrol

.................................................. 62 A ppendix H : A dditional Resources for M osquito C ontrol and A rbovirus S urveillance

....................... 64

### 1 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties T he C alifornia Department of Public Health ( C DPH), in collaboration with S teering C ommittee members, developed this Best Management Practices (BMPs) plan to enhance early detection of West N ile virus (W N V) and promote mosquito control on state-owned properties in response to the G overnor’s E mergency Proclamation on A ugust 2, 2007 (A ppendix A ). O rder number 3 states:

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the Department of Public Health shall coordinate with the S tate and C onsumer S ervices A gency, the R esources A gency and the Department of F ood and A griculture to develop a plan using best management practices for implementation by the appropriate state agencies for the early detection of West N ile virus on state-owned properties and appropriate mitigation and abatement measures.

T his plan describes mosquito control BMPs to be implemented by the appropriate state agency. T hese recommended practices, when properly implemented, can reduce mosquito populations through a variety of means including: 1) reducing or eliminating breeding sites, 2) increasing the efficacy of biological control, and 3) increasing the efficacy of chemical control measures. I t is critical that state agencies communicate regularly with local vector control agencies regarding control practices on state-owned properties that are located within or near a local agency’s jurisdiction. L ocal vector control agencies may have more specific policies regarding the implementation of BMPs and other control operations on state lands, which may include use of enforcement powers authorized by the C alifornia Health and S afety C ode.

T his BMP plan for mosquito control on state-owned properties reflects input from the BMP steering committee members, and suggestions and comments from many additional stakeholders and representatives of state agencies that manage state-owned properties. T here are many different BMPs included in this document and they are intended to provide overall guidance to reduce mosquito production on state-owned properties throughout C alifornia, though not all mosquito sources and land uses will be addressed in this document. I f it is deemed necessary, site-specific BMP plans may be developed in collaboration with C DPH and the respective local mosquito and vector control agency. 

# exe c utive su mm ary and re c o mm endations

### 2 executi v e su mm ary an d reco mm en d ations**sectio n 1:** executive summary and recommendations



## R e c o mm endations for Managers of S tate-o w ned Pro p erties

Use this plan to identify and implement appropriate Best Management Practices (BMPs) • to control mosquitoes.

Eliminate unnecessary standing water, reduce stagnation by providing water flow, and • manage vegetation in ponds or other water bodies.

Collaborate with local vector control agencies to develop and implement • appropriate integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that are most suitable for

specific land-use type(s). Ensure employees use personal protective measures when potentially exposed • to adult mosquitoes. E ffective mosquito-borne disease surveillance and mosquito control to protect public health are dependent upon factors that may fluctuate temporally and regionally. S uch factors include mosquito and pathogen biology, environmental factors, land-use patterns, resource availability, available mosquito control services, and institutional and legal constraints. Management strategies that incorporate BMPs are the most effective means by which mosquito control can be conducted and individualized to specific situations. Best management practices included in this plan emphasize the fundamentals of integrated pest management ( I PM), which include:

1. Knowledge of mosquito species composition and corresponding mosquito behavior and habitat, for both immature and adult stages.

2. Detecting and monitoring W N V activity by testing mosquitoes, birds, sentinel chickens, horses, and humans. I dentifying the mosquito species present, locations, densities, and disease potential.

3. Managing mosquito populations by source reduction, habitat modification, and biological control (e.g., introduced predators and parasites). Pesticides are used to target immature and, when indicated, adult stages of the mosquito. Mosquito control products are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and non-target organisms, and the environment.

4. E ducating the general population about reducing mosquito production and minimizing their risk of exposure to W N V.

### 3 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties O n A ugust 2, 2007, the G overnor of C alifornia issued a Proclamation of E mergency in response to rapidly escalating West N ile virus (W N V) activity and the commensurate threat to public health ( A ppendix A ). U nder the E mergency Proclamation the C alifornia Department of Public Health ( C DPH), in coordination with the S tate and C onsumer S ervices A gency, the R esources A gency and the Department of F ood and A griculture, developed this plan to be implemented by state agencies to enhance early detection and control of W N V on state-owned properties using Best Management Practices (BMPs).
BMPs describe land management practices intended to reduce mosquito populations by eliminating standing water, modifying habitat, enhancing natural predation on mosquito larvae, and using highly specific mosquito control products. BMPs are a fundamental attribute of an I ntegrated Pest Management ( I PM) program, which combines chemical and non-chemical control measures to reduce populations of mosquitoes while minimizing the potential impacts to people, other organisms, and the environment. Most mosquito control programs in C alifornia adhere to I PM principles. R aising both community and land managers’ awareness of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases may increase the effectiveness of an I PM program. A lso emphasized in I PM programs is the need to raise community awareness about the importance of using personal protective measures to reduce the risk of disease transmission. 

# I ntrodu c tion

The recommended BMPs in this plan should be implemented by the appropriate state agency, in conjunction with local mosquito control programs, to reduce mosquito production on state-owned properties throughout California. The various land use categories of state-owned properties in this plan include: 1) buildings and grounds, 2) managed and natural wetlands, 3) stormwater devices, 4) transportation infrastructure, 5) state parks, and 6) conservancies. CDPH provides consultation for selecting the best means for reducing mosquito production and can assist in coordinating activities with local vector control agencies. This assistance by CDPH may be especially necessary for state agencies that manage lands that are not within the jurisdiction of an established mosquito control program. Appendix B provides a summary of state-owned properties and management agencies.



## West N ile V irus and Mosquito Control in California: A n Overview W N V is a potentially serious illness. T he vast majority of human infections (approximately 80%) go unnoticed due to mild or nonexistent symptoms; however approximately 20% of infected individuals will develop West N ile fever. S ymptoms of West N ile fever may include fever, head and body aches, nausea, vomiting, swollen lymph glands, and skin rash on the chest, stomach, and back. Within this group, about one in 150 people will develop a more serious form of illness with symptoms such as high fever, headache, neck stiffness, stupor,

### 4 I ntro d uction**sectio n 2:** introduction disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness, and paralysis. T his severe form of infection with W N V may result in long-lasting, debilitating physical disorders and can be fatal in certain people, particularly the elderly.

W N V is an avian pathogen that is maintained in nature in a bird-mosquito-bird transmission cycle. O ccasionally, the virus is carried outside this natural cycle and causes disease in humans and other animals. T he primary agents (i.e. vectors) responsible for spreading the virus between animals are mosquitoes. F emale mosquitoes become infected with virus after taking a blood meal from a bird with high “viremia” defined as the presence of large quantities of virus in the blood. T he virus replicates quickly over a period of days and spreads throughout the body of the mosquito. T hese infected mosquitoes inject contaminated saliva into the skin of animals each time they attempt to take more blood.

CDPH, local health departments, and mosquito and vector control agencies have the important responsibility of protecting the public from mosquito-borne diseases. These agencies work collaboratively to minimize the risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission through comprehensive mosquito surveillance and control efforts, by providing technical guidance and information to the medical and veterinary communities, and by educating the public about mosquitoes, the diseases they carry, and personal protective measures.

C alifornia has a long history of mosquito-borne disease occurrence, including outbreaks of malaria, western equine encephalomyelitis (W EE ), and S t. L ouis encephalitis ( SLE ). Mosquito control programs were first developed in the early 1900s to combat these diseases and reduce populations of nuisance mosquitoes. T oday there are more than 70 local agencies throughout C alifornia that provide mosquito and vector control services. T ogether, these agencies serve more than 85% of C alifornia’s residents over an area of approximately 60,000 square miles, representing one of the most comprehensive public health programs in the world.

A mosquito-borne disease surveillance program has been ongoing in C alifornia since 1969. T o prepare for the introduction of W N V into C alifornia, C DPH, in conjunction with state and local partners, modified and expanded the program in 2000. T he newly developed surveillance and response plan for W N V in C alifornia includes procedures to monitor for and reduce the risk of disease due to W N V. I n 2003, W N V was detected for the first time in southern C alifornia, and by 2004 W N V was detected in all 58 C alifornia counties. T hrough 2007, a total of 2,318 human W N V cases were reported of which 55 were fatal. U p-to-date information on W N V in C alifornia can be found on the C DPH W N V website: http://westnile.ca.go v.

### 5 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

## Mosquito L ife Cy c le Mosquitoes are found throughout most of C alifornia and can be a public health and veterinary health threat. F emale mosquitoes take a blood meal by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into the skin, injecting saliva, and drawing out blood. Mosquito bites frequently cause skin irritation in humans. T hus in the absence of disease, mosquitoes can also be a significant nuisance. E ach mosquito species has a L atin or G reek-based scientific name and the more well-known species also have common names that describe their habits, biology, or appearance (e.g., pasture mosquito, tree-hole mosquito).

T he life cycle of a mosquito consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. T he immature stages are completed in standing water. Depending on species, females will lay their eggs either singly or in clusters. S ome species will deposit their eggs on the surface of calm water, whereas others deposit their eggs on land in areas subject to flooding. F ree-swimming larvae hatch in water and feed on organic matter and microorganisms such as bacteria. During growth, the larva molts (casts its skin) four times; the stages between successive molts are known as instars. T he pupa is a non-feeding stage of several days duration, undergoing morphological and physiological changes required to transform from larva to adult. S easonal and environmental conditions determine the length of time it takes for larval mosquitoes to complete their development; some species develop faster than others under the same conditions. Depending on average temperatures, it may take from four days to a month for the mosquito to mature from egg to adult; with warmer temperatures development accelerates. O nly female mosquitoes require meals of blood and most live for about two weeks, although some 

# G eneral B iology of c alifornia Mosquitoes

T he life c y c le of all m osquito s p e c ies c onsists of four stages: egg, larva, p u pa and adult. F igure fro m : www .u cm r p .u c davis.edu/

### 6 G eneral Biolog y of C alifornia Mosquitoes**sectio n 3:** GeneralBiology of California Mosquitoes

O f 12 mosquito-borne viruses currently recognized in C alifornia, only W N V, W EE , and SLE are significant threats to public health. However, increasing global trade and travel provides an avenue for introducing and/or re-introducing other mosquito-borne pathogens and their vectors into C alifornia and the U nited S tates. T he diseases of greatest concern include Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, R ift Valley fever, chikungunya, Venezuelan encephalitis, and malaria.



### E n c e p halitis S everal mosquito-borne viruses that occur in C alifornia can cause encephalitis. T he majority of humans infected with these viruses have no symptoms. T hose individuals with so-called mild symptoms can still have significant illness and face prolonged recovery, and severe cases can be fatal or cause permanent neurological damage. T here are several species of mosquitoes in C alifornia that can transmit W N V, SLE , and W EE viruses to people and animals. The most important species belong to the group Culex

. S pecifically Cx. tarsalis , Cx. pipiens , and Cx. quinquefasciatus are significant public health concerns because of their widespread distribution throughout the state, their proximity to humans, and their capacity as very efficient vectors.



### Malaria Malaria is caused by four species of protozoa. T he parasites destroy red blood cells causing severe fever and anemia. L eft untreated, malaria can cause kidney failure, coma, and death. may survive two to three months. A dult females that emerge late in the season may hibernate through the winter to begin laying eggs in the spring. A dult male mosquitoes feed on nectar or plant juices and are very short lived by comparison.

O ver 160 mosquito species in 13 genera are found in N orth A merica. C alifornia encompasses a diverse range of habitats and ecology; at least 52 species of mosquitoes are known to occur. T he majority of these species fall within four major groups or genera: Aedes, Anopheles, Culiseta, and Culex . Please see A ppendix D for more information on the biology of these genera and key mosquito species.


## Mosquitoes as D isease V e c tors

Mosquitoes are the most important insect vectors of disease worldwide, causing millions of human deaths every year. Mosquito-borne pathogens are transmitted when a female mosquito pierces the skin of an animal to feed on blood; however, not all mosquito species are ‘competent’ vectors (i.e., capable of becoming infected, replicating the virus, and transmitting the virus); however, each species’ capacity as a vector varies.

### 7 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties Malaria was once a common public health threat in C alifornia and much of the southern U nited S tates, but it was eradicated by intensive mosquito control efforts and the discovery of antimalarial drugs. However, the disease still occurs in many other countries worldwide, creating a perpetual risk of re-introduction, especially from infected travelers and immigrants. T he Anopheles mosquitoes capable of transmitting malaria still occur in many areas of C alifornia.



### Canine H eart w or m C anine heartworm occurs worldwide. I t is caused by a filarial nematode transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes that can infect domestic dogs, wild canines (e.g., foxes, coyotes, wolves), and cats. T he tiny worms migrate through the body to the heart and cause thickening and inflammation of the heart, which can lead to difficulty in breathing, chronic cough, and vomiting, and can sometimes be fatal.



### N uisan c e Pests Many species of mosquitoes are not important as vectors of disease, but can cause serious injury and discomfort to humans and animals. E ach time a female mosquito pierces the skin to take blood, she contaminates the wound with her saliva, creating the potential for a mild allergic reaction. T he common symptom of mosquito bites is irritated and swollen skin surrounding the bite with persistent itching for several days. S cratching these bites to alleviate the itching can result in secondary bacterial infections. I n addition, when mosquito populations explode, the sheer number of mosquitoes attempting to bite can make life miserable.


## Mosquito H abitats of California

Mosquitoes thrive in a wide variety of ecosystems and habitat types, from the subarctic to the tropics and from alpine to desert regions. California’s diverse habitats support over 50 species of mosquitoes, each with specific requirements for larval development.

E nvironmental factors that mosquitoes use when selecting a site to lay eggs include shade or sun exposure, standing or flowing water, salt content, presence of vegetation, and organic content. E xamples of natural mosquito breeding sites include fresh and saltwater marshes, lakes, ponds, intermittent creeks and streams, flooded riparian corridors, sloughs and seasonal wetlands, snow-melt pools, and treeholes. E xamples of artificial sites include stormwater detention basins, wastewater ponds, flood control basins and channels, spreading grounds, street drains and gutters, wash drains, roadside ditches, animal troughs, tires, fountains, artificial containers, ornamental fish ponds, swimming pools, and various areas that surround residential or commercial buildings. A dditional information on the larval habitats of C alifornia mosquitoes is provided in A ppendix E

.


### Per m anent and S e m i- p er m anent Waters A variety of habitats with permanent, semi-permanent, or seasonal sources of standing water are suitable for mosquito larvae, particularly those in the Anopheles , Culex , and Culiseta

### 8 G eneral Biolog y of C alifornia Mosquitoes**sectio n 3:** GeneralBiology of California Mosquitoes genera. E xamples include artificial containers, treeholes, catch basins, open ditches, retention/ detention ponds, ponds and wetlands, still waters along the borders of flowing streams, irrigation ditches with vegetation, tree holes, semi-permanent ponds and wetlands

. T hese sources of water can be found in highly urban areas or undeveloped land and often support multiple generations of mosquitoes each season. I n warmer climates, urban sources can produce some species of mosquitoes year round.



### I nter m ittent Waters A reas that are intermittently or seasonally flooded are the preferred habitat for Aedes mosquitoes. S ome Aedes can develop from egg to adult in four days. Water that stands for more than 96 hours can support Culex mosquitoes as well. I rrigated pastures, rice fields, seasonally flooded duck clubs, tidal wetlands, and snowmelt pools are some examples of intermittent or seasonally flooded habitats. T hese sources of water can be among the most productive sources of mosquitoes because they are often free of natural predators.

### 9 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties I n 2000, C DPH collaborated with the U niversity of C alifornia, Davis, the C alifornia Department of F ood and A griculture, local mosquito and vector control agencies, and other state and local agencies to develop a comprehensive statewide surveillance program to monitor W N V activity. More than 70 local mosquito and vector control districts and agencies, environmental health agencies, and county public health departments throughout C alifornia routinely contribute to the program. S urveillance includes testing for W N V infections in humans, horses, mosquitoes, wild birds, and “sentinel” chicken flocks located throughout C alifornia. T he program also includes testing dead birds reported by the public for infections with W N V. A special website ( http://www.westnile.ca.go v ) and toll-free hotline (877-W N V-B IR D) were created and maintained by C DPH to support this surveillance program. T he information from the program allows C DPH to identify conditions conducive to W N V transmission and areas with elevated risk. T his information is provided to local mosquito control agencies so the threat to public health is mitigated to the best of their ability. 

# Monitoring Mosquito Po p ulations and Mosquito- B orne D iseases

Monitoring mosquito populations and mosquito-borne disease levels provides the necessary data to make informed management decisions at the state and local level. IPM programs rely on surveillance data to direct control operations including the use of BMPs.



## Mosquito S urveillan c e T e c hniques C ollecting baseline data on mosquito populations and mosquito-borne disease helps target educational efforts and is essential to evaluate control efforts. T hresholds established through a collaborative effort between local mosquito and vector control agencies, C DPH, and other state agencies determine when mosquito populations are controlled. T he likelihood of reducing mosquito breeding sites, the level of control desired by those in the area, public safety, land use type, and funding are used to establish treatment thresholds. T hese thresholds minimize the risk of disease and public nuisance.

### 10 Monitoring Mosquito Po p ulations an d Diseases**sectio n 4:** Monitoring Mosquito Populations andmosquito-borneDiseases 

### L arval S urveillan c e L arval surveillance involves routine sampling of aquatic habitats for developing mosquitoes. T he primary tool is the “dip count” which indicates whether a habitat is suitable and also estimates larval density. A one-pint cup attached to a long handle is used to collect a standard volume of water (“dip sample”). T he “dip count” may be expressed as the number of immature (larvae and pupae) mosquitoes per dip, per unit volume, or per unit surface area of the site.



### A dult S urveillan c e S everal types of traps are used for adult surveillance since mosquitoes are attracted to different traps depending on their species, sex, and physiological condition. T he most common traps use light, carbon dioxide, water for egg laying, and a resting area. T rapped adults provide information about local distribution, density, and identity. T he size of an adult mosquito population can also be assessed by the number and distribution of service requests from the public. Data are used to help locate new sources of mosquitoes or known sources with a recurrent problem.



### V irus S urveillan c e Detecting antibodies to W N V in “sentinel” chicken flocks, equine cases, and testing dead birds and adult mosquitoes for infections are all used to determine whether W N V is being transmitted in an area. S everal species of mosquitoes are routinely tested for the presence of W N V; testing of Culex is emphasized. T rapped females are identified and separated into pools of 50 females each by local vector control agencies. T he “pools“ are tested at the U niversity of C alifornia at Davis, C enter for Vectorborne Diseases ( C V EC ) with the polymerase chain reaction (P CR ), to detect the presence of W N V, SLE , and/or W EE

. S ome local mosquito and vector control agencies also test mosquitoes for virus in their laboratories. A lthough generally less sensitive than sentinel chickens, mosquito infections may be detected earlier in the season than chicken seroconversions and therefore provide an early warning of virus activity. I nformation on the status of mosquito-borne encephalitis virus is disseminated to all mosquito control agencies in the state in a weekly summary sent out by C DPH.

### 11 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

# B est Manage m ent Pra c ti c es for Mosquito Control

BMPs for mosquito control refer to the implementation of appropriately-chosen mosquito control practices as part of multi-disciplinary programs designed to ensure effective and efficient control of mosquitoes with the least possible environmental cost. Cost, personnel constraints, access to mosquito sources, potential impacts on non-target species or habitat, and adverse effects on wildlife, including threatened and endangered species and permitting requirements, may limit whether mosquito management practices are implemented.



## I ntegrated Pest Manage m ent I PM is a comprehensive approach for managing populations of pests with an array of complimentary methods which include biological control, preventive cultural practices, and strategically using pesticides. I PM of mosquitoes focuses on controlling larvae to suppress adult populations. T he core components of mosquito I PM are 1) surveillance for mosquito larvae and adults, 2) establishing action thresholds, 3) selecting appropriate control strategies such as habitat modification, using natural predators, and applying pesticides, and 4) providing education programs. I mplementing an I PM program is determined by factors such as habitat type, existing animals and plants, permitting requirements, and the target species of mosquitoes. When properly executed, I PM is an effective, environmentally sensitive, and costeffective approach to managing mosquito populations. 

## Mosquito Control Pra c ti c es More than 70 local agencies including mosquito and vector control districts, environmental health departments, and county health departments actively engage in mosquito control and/or surveillance in C alifornia. Personnel from these agencies are certified by C DPH and are trained to control mosquitoes safely and effectively using I PM. S ource reduction (i.e., minimizing mosquito breeding areas) is the most effective preventive action because it reduces the habitat available for larval development; however, other modifications of habitat and/ or water management can be equally successful. Biological control agents, including native or introduced predators, are often combined with water management practices. Pesticides specific for controlling larvae or adults are used when preventive methods are not possible or unsuccessful.

C ompounds currently approved for larval and adult mosquito control in C alifornia are listed in A ppendix F . Health and S afety (H& S ) C odes [ S ections 2060-2067, 100170, and 100175] regulate mosquito control practices in C alifornia, and are briefly summarized in A ppendix G

.

### 12 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol**sectio n 5:** Best Mangement Practices for Mosquito Control Larval control is the foundation of most mosquito control programs. Whereas adult mosqui

toes are widespread in the environment, larvae must have water to develop; control efforts therefore can be focused on aquatic habitats. Minimizing the number of adults that emerge is crucial to reducing the incidence and risk of disease. The three key components of larval control are environmental management, biological control, and chemical control. 

## L arval Control

E nviron m ental Manage m ent Manipulating or eliminating potential mosquito breeding sources can provide dramatic reductions in mosquito populations. T here are three levels of environmental management.



### 1. S our c e eli m ination T his approach completely eliminates potential habitats for mosquitoes. T his strategy is generally limited to artificial habitats created by urbanization. E xamples of source elimination include emptying or over-turning containers holding water, filling in holes containing water with sand or gravel, cleaning drainage ditches of debris, and covering structures and vessels that could hold water.



### 2.S our c e redu c tion T his strategy aims to alter and sometimes eliminate available habitat for larvae which substantially reduces mosquito breeding and the need for repeatedly applying pesticides. U nlike source elimination, standing water may exist but the total amount of water, or the time the water is left standing, is greatly reduced. S ource reduction may require some maintenance (see below) to prevent further mosquito breeding. E xamples of source reduction include limiting the growth of emergent vegetation in wetlands and ponds, constructing drainage ditches to remove water from areas prone to flooding, and clearing stormwater channels of silt and debris. R outine larval monitoring can indicate whether these efforts are effective or need further action.


### 3. S our c e m aintenan c e When eliminating or significantly altering mosquito breeding sources is prohibited and/or inappropriate, reducing the number of sheltered, predator-free habitats while having minimal impact on the surrounding environment can make an area unsuitable for mosquitoes. S ource maintenance can include water management, vegetation management, wetland infrastructure maintenance, and wetland restoration. S trategic, focused plans must be developed for each site.

### 13 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

## B iologi c al Control Biological control uses predators, parasites, or pathogens to reduce populations of mosquito larvae and is often combined with environmental management to enhance results. A lthough many animals will opportunistically consume mosquito larvae, they rarely occur in populations that are significant. A s a result, mosquito control agencies stock select predators and/or modify habitats, where appropriate, to create situations that favor predators over mosquito larvae. S everal biological control agents can decrease mosquito larvae populations (e.g., mosquitoeating fish, parasitic nematodes, crustaceans such as “tadpole shrimp” and copepods, and dragonfly nymphs). E ach can control mosquitoes in certain conditions and/or environments, but fish are the most widely used and successful.

T he mosquitofish Gambusia affinis has been used to control mosquitoes in C alifornia since 1921 and is the most widely used biological control agent in the world. T hese small fish are effective against mosquito larvae because they grow and reproduce rapidly, feed at the water surface where mosquito larvae are found, and tolerate a wide range of temperature and water quality. O ther fish that are used with mixed success include guppies, sticklebacks, river perch, and chubs. F ish are most effective in permanent ponds and wetlands, but are also used in rice fields and stormwater canals with permanent water. Many local mosquito control agencies propagate mosquito-eating fish; however, cost, habitat type, and regulatory exclusion from sensitive habitats limits where they may be distributed. 

## Che m i c al Control Pesticides that control mosquito larvae are called larvicides. F our types of larvicides (biorational, surface oil, growth regulating, and chemical products) encompassing seven active ingredients are registered for use in C alifornia. L arvicides are applied by hand, from hand-held or vehicle-mounted engine-driven blowers, or by aircraft, depending on the product, the formulation, and the target habitat. A pplicators of any of these products must be certified by the C DPH.



### 1.B io-rational Produ c ts Bio-rational products exploit insecticidal toxins found in certain naturally occurring bacteria. T hese bacteria are cultured in mass and packaged in various formulations. T he bacteria must be ingested by mosquito larvae so the toxin is released. T herefore biorational products are only effective against larvae since pupae do not feed. T he bacteria used to control mosquito larvae have no significant effects on non-target organisms.

T

wo products that are used against mosquito larvae singly or in combination are Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs). Manufactured Bti contains dead bacteria and remains effective in the water for 24 to 48 hours; some slow release formulations provide longer control. I n contrast, Bs products contain live bacteria that in favorable conditions remain effective for more than 30 days. Both products are safe enough to be used in water that is consumed by humans.

### 14 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol**sectio n 5:** Best Mangement Practices for Mosquito Control 

### 2.S urfa c e A gents Mosquito larvae and pupae breathe through siphons that extend above the water surface. S urface agents such as highly refined mineral oils or monomolecular films (alcohol derivatives) can spread across the entire surface of the water and prevent mosquitoes from breathing. Depending on the product, the film may remain on the water’s surface from a few hours to a few days. S urface films are the only available products that are effective against fully developed larvae and pupae. U sing surface agents may be restricted in sensitive habitats or where runoff may enter sensitive habitats.



### 3. I nse c t G ro w th R egulators I nsect growth regulators ( IGR s) disrupt the physiological development of larvae thus preventing adults from emerging. T he two products currently used for controlling mosquito larvae are methoprene and diflubenzuron.

T he effective life of these products varies with the formulation. Methoprene can be applied in granular, liquid, pellet, or briquette formulation. Diflubenzuron is used selectively because it may be toxic to non-target aquatic invertebrates. T here are no such restrictions to using methoprene. IGR s for mosquito control can be used in sources of water that are consumed by humans.



### 4. Che m i c al L arvi c ides C hemical pesticides are rarely used to control mosquito larvae. O rganophosphate larvicides are used infrequently because of their negative impacts on non-target organisms and the environment. T emephos is currently the only organophosphate registered for use as a larvicide in C alifornia. T his product can be safely and effectively used to treat temporary water or highly polluted water where there are few non-target organisms and/or livestock are not allowed access. T he efficacy of temephos may be up to 30 days depending on the formulation. 

## A dult Control A dult mosquitoes can only be controlled with pesticides, known as adulticides. Many mosquito control programs in C alifornia include adulticiding as an integral component of their I PM program. A dulticiding falls into two categories—barrier applications and ultra-low volume ( UL V) applications. Barrier applications target resting mosquitoes by applying pesticides to vegetation and structures. Barrier applications are typically applied on small properties.

UL V applications are used to control adult mosquitoes over large areas. Tiny oil or water droplets carrying an “ultra-low volume” of insecticide (usually not exceeding two ounces per acre) are emitted from specialized equipment mounted to trucks or aircraft. T he droplets kill adult mosquitoes on contact. UL V applications are made after sunset or before sunrise to

### 15 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties Adult mosquitoes are controlled when action levels or thresholds are reached or exceeded. Thresholds are based on local sampling of the adult mosquito population and/or when the risk of mosquito-borne disease increases above levels established by the statewide WNV Surveillance and Response Plan. Thresholds are an integral component of mosquito control because they provide a range of predetermined actions based on quantified data. Thresholds also establish expectations and boundaries for responses that ensure appropriate mosquito control activities are implemented timely. The threshold for adult mosquito control depends on several factors including: How local citizens tolerate nuisance mosquitoes by evaluating public service requests. • Overall mosquito abundance. • Presence of mosquito-borne disease in the region. • Abundance of mosquito species that are vectors of disease. • Local acceptance of adult mosquito control activities. • Climate data. •

coincide with the time that mosquitoes are most active, when non-target insects are least active, and when temperature inversions are most likely to occur. T hese applications are considered when mosquito populations must be reduced immediately to halt disease transmission. Multiple applications are usually required for successful reduction of mosquito numbers.

A dverse effects from UL V applications are rare; however, people with health problems should be aware when and where the applications are being conducted. T his information can be obtained by contacting the local vector control agency. C hemicals currently registered for UL V applications against mosquitoes in C alifornia (as of December 2007) include organophosphates (e.g., malathion and naled), pyrethrins (e.g., pyrethrum), and pyrethroids (e.g., resmethrin, sumithrin, and permethrin). F ormulations of both pyrethrins and pyrethroids include the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PB O ), which increases their activity against mosquitoes.



### 1.O rgano p hos p hates Malathion and naled are neurotoxins. Malathion is typically used early and late in the

season.


### 2. Pyrethrins Pyrethrins are natural insecticides derived from chrysanthemum flowers. A dult mosquitoes are rapidly paralyzed and killed on contact. Pyrethrins are degraded rapidly by sunlight and chemical processes. R esidual pyrethrins from UL V applications typically remains less than one day on plants, soil, and water.

### 16 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol**sectio n 5:** Best Mangement Practices for Mosquito Control
Individuals can help protect themselves from mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases by following some basic guidelines. The fundamental protective measures include: 1) applying mosquito repellents when outdoors, especially between dusk and dawn when mosquitoes are most active, 2) wearing protective clothing, and 3) maintaining fine mesh screens on windows and doors to prevent adult mosquito entry into homes. 

### 3. Pyrethroids Pyrethroids are manufactured pyrethrins. T hey have very low toxicity to birds and mammals but are toxic to fish if misapplied. 

## E valuation of the E ffi c a c y of B MPs T he efficacy of particular BMP strategies can be determined by sampling local populations of mosquitoes and assessing the risk of mosquito-borne disease transmission. T he information can also be used to better characterize the most effective and efficient strategies for an individual location or land-use type. When existing data or current sampling methods are not sufficient, a specific plan should be developed with the local mosquito and vector control agency. F actors such as treatment costs, proximity to densely populated areas, mosquito-borne disease activity, species present, treatment options, and ability to collaborate with local vector control agencies should be considered when evaluating the best approach for a particular location. A fter BMPs have been implemented, they should be continuously evaluated. S urveillance for potential sources of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne virus transmission should be ongoing.



## Personal Prote c tive Measures T he most commonly used mosquito repellents contain the active ingredient D EET( N , N

diethyl-meta-toluamide), which has been formulated and sold under a variety of trade names. R epellents are available in a variety of concentrations and are formulated as aerosol sprays (most commonly at 15%), lotions, and solids (up to 100%). S pray repellents can be used on outer clothing as well as sparingly on the skin to ensure complete coverage. R epellents should not be used under clothing. T he percentage of D EETin the repellent reflects the approximate length of time the product will repel mosquitoes (e.g., 23.8% D EET= about five hours of protection, 20% = about four hours, and 6.6% D EET= about two hours). Products must be used according to their labels. R epellents that contain oil of lemon eucalyptus and picaridin are similar in efficacy to those with D EET , but require more frequent application. I mpregnated clothing and others materials (which contain permethrin rather than D EET) are also available.

### 17 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties More than 70 mosquito and vector control agencies have been established in C alifornia since 1915. T ogether, these agencies cover approximately 60,000 square miles and protect more than 85% of C alifornia residents. T hese agencies control mosquito larvae and adults, monitor mosquito-borne diseases, and provide information to the communities they serve. T he scope and range of agency activities is determined by location, climate, and available resources.

A reas in C alifornia that are not within the jurisdiction of an established mosquito control program should coordinate with the closest mosquito and vector control agency or health department. A gencies with land holdings that are not in the jurisdiction of an established mosquito and vector control agency should consult the C DPH’s West N ile Virus Preparedness C hecklist for R egions without O rganized Mosquito C ontrol. T his can be found at: http://www. westnile.ca.gov/resources.ph p

E ach state agency should develop a cooperative agreement with a local mosquito and vector control agency that includes identifying areas that produce mosquitoes, coordinating control activities, and developing and monitoring the most effective BMPs. T he state agency is responsible for providing reasonable access for mosquito control, monitoring, and implementing BMPs. S horelines must be accessible for regular control of emergent vegetation and populations of mosquitoes. 

# Coordination bet w een S tate A gen c ies and L o c al Mosquito and V e c tor Control A gen c ies

### 18 C oor d ination**sectio n 6:** Coordination 

# L o c al V e c tor Control servi c es in California

Inyo

Kern

San Bernardin o Fresno Siskiyou

Tulare

Riversid e Lassen Modoc

Shast a

Mono Trinity

Imperia l Humboldt

San Dieg o Teham a Plumas

Monterey Butte Mendocino

Madera Lake

Merced

Kings Placer

Yolo

Tuolumne Glenn

Ventura San Luis Obispo Sonom a

Santa Barbara Colus a Sierra

Maripos a Napa

Stanislaus Nevada Yuba

San Benito Solano Alpine

San Joaquin Del Norte

Santa Clara Calaveras Sutter

Orang e Marin Sacramento

Alameda Amador

Contra Costa

San Mateo

Santa Cruz San Francisco 

# Local Vector Control Services In California

Existing Vector Service Areas El Dorado

Los Angele s Inyo

Kern

San Bernardin o Fresno Siskiyou

Tulare

Riversid e Lassen Modoc

Shast a

Mono Trinity

Imperia l Humboldt

San Dieg o Teham a Plumas

Monterey Butte Mendocino

Madera Lake

Merced

Kings Placer

Yolo

Tuolumne Glenn

Ventura San Luis Obispo Sonom a

Santa Barbara Colus a Sierra

Maripos a Napa

Stanislaus Nevada Yuba

San Benit o Solano Alpine

San Joaquin Del Norte

Santa Clara Calaveras Sutter

Orang e Marin Sacramento

Alameda Amador

Contra Costa

San Mateo

Santa Cruz San Francisco 

# Local Vector Control Services In California

Existing Vector Service Areas El Dorado

Los Angele s

### 19 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties C alifornia state law requires the Department of G eneral S ervices (D GS ) to maintain a complete and accurate inventory of all state-owned property. A ll state land-holding entities must report their land inventory as well as new land and property acquisitions to the R eal E state S ervices Division of D GS , as required by C alifornia G overnment C ode S ection 11011, where the information is entered and maintained in the S tatewide Property I nventory ( S P I ) database ( http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/calaw.htm l ). T he S P I database is used as a centralized property management tool for the S tate’s property.

T he 44 state entities identified as agencies managing state-owned properties are listed in A ppendix B. A gencies within the S tate of C alifornia with major land holdings include: C alifornia S tate Parks, Department of Water R esources, C alifornia S tate U niversity, U niversity of C alifornia, Department of F orestry and F ire Protection, S tate L ands C ommission, Department of C orrections and R ehabilitation, Department of T ransportation, and the Department of F ish and G ame. T he responsibilities of individual state agencies are further explained in Key A gency R esponsibilities ( A ppendix C ). 

# R e c o mm endations for S tate- Ow ned Pro p erties

### 20 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** recommendations for state-ownedproperties 

## G eneral R e c o mm endations for Managers of S tate- Ow ned Pro p erties

Coordinate with local mosquito control agencies to monitor mosquito populations • and WNV.

Collaborate with mosquito control professionals to establish the treatment threshold of • mosquito populations based on facts related to local health, public safety, and economics.

Identify and implement BMPs most appropriate for the land-use type, resource availability, • WNV risk, and mosquito populations.

Coordinate any BMP implementation with the local mosquito and vector control agency. • Ensure mosquito control staff has permanent access and permission to survey standing • water for mosquito production and apply control measures.

Use IPM (biological, mechanical, cultural, microbial, biochemical, and chemical control) • to actively control mosquitoes while considering human health, ecological impact,

feasibility, and cost effectiveness. Eliminate artificial mosquito breeding sites. • Ensure that all surface water is gone within four days (96 hours) to prevent • mosquito breeding.

Control plant growth in ponds, ditches, and shallow wetlands. • Design facilities and water conveyance and/or holding structures to minimize the potential • for producing mosquitoes.

Use appropriate bio-rational control measures to control mosquito larvae. • Use personal protective measures to prevent mosquito bites. • Evaluate the effects and efficacy of treatments for mosquito control. • BMPs that are included in this plan are for general guidance that when implemented can reduce mosquito production. S ince resources, land use, and land management strategies vary among state agencies and among specific sites, the selection and implementation of specific BMPs will vary accordingly. T he local health department, vector control agency, and/or C DPH can provide more information about mosquitoes, W N V, or other mosquito-borne diseases to help select appropriate BMPs for specific problem areas.

### 21 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties Many state agencies manage buildings and grounds such as prisons and correctional institutions, military properties, university campuses and education department facilities, fairgrounds, hospitals, office buildings, residences, and museums. Water that can produce mosquitoes may be associated with irrigation breaks and/or runoff, clogged gutters, artificial containers, agricultural plantings, stormwater management structures, ornamental ponds, swimming pools, and miscellaneous landscape features. 

# B uildings and G rounds

Mosquito breeding can be minimized by taking precautions such as inspecting and maintaining the property and regularly removing standing water.



## G eneral Mosquito Manage m ent G uidelines 1. Basic information about mosquitoes and simple measures that minimize mosquito breeding habitats should be provided to managers of buildings and grounds. T his information should include guidance on eliminating artificially created mosquito breeding sites, properly managing water features, taking personal protection measures, and contacting local and state agencies responsible for mosquito control. A variety of educational brochures are available from C DPH (see http://westnile.ca.go v ). L ocal mosquito and vector control agencies can also provide technical guidance or assistance. 2. Measures to reduce mosquito breeding near buildings and grounds begin with evaluating places where water is present or may accumulate. Minimizing sources of standing water is most effective if begun in the early spring and continued through fall as needed. I nspections should be performed at least weekly or more frequently after rain, particularly during warm weather. Water should not stand for more than 96 hours. E mergent vegetation and debris that can clog gutters and accumulate in the water should be removed. 3. When sources of standing water are too large to be managed properly, the local mosquito and vector control agency should be consulted.



## Sp e c ifi c Mosquito R edu c tion B MPs E li m inate A rtifi c ial Mosquito B reeding S ites E xamine all outdoor grounds and drain unnecessary water that may stand longer than 96 • hours. Dispose of unwanted or unused artificial containers. • Properly dispose of old tires. • I f possible, drill drainage holes, cover, or invert any container or object that holds standing • water that must remain outdoors. Be sure to check for containers or trash in places that may

### 22 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** Recommendations–Buildings and grounds be hard to see, such as under bushes or under the facility. C lean clogged rain gutters and storm drains. Keep outdoor drains flowing freely and clear of • leaves, vegetation, and other debris. A erate ornamental ponds to avoid letting water stagnate. • C hange water in birdbaths, fountains, buckets, flower pots, and animal troughs at least once • per week. C lean and chlorinate swimming pools. Keep unused pools empty and dry. • Minimize sites mosquitoes can use for refuge by thinning branches, trimming and pruning • ornamental shrubs and bushes, and keeping grass mowed short. 

## Manage Sp rin k lers and I rrigation S yste m s O verwatering, broken components, and poorly designed irrigation systems in landscaping, parks, and irrigated pastures and fields commonly create standing water that can produce mosquitoes. Avoid over-irrigating to prevent excess pooling and runoff. • Back-fill low-lying areas that hold water for more than 96 hours. • I mprove drainage channels and grading to minimize potential for standing water. • Design new irrigation systems to increase water efficiency. • Keep drainage ditches free of excessive vegetation and debris to provide rapid drainage, but • retain ground cover to prevent soil loss. R educe seepage as much as possible by repairing ditches and drains. • C heck outdoor faucets and sprinklers and repair any leaks or broken components. • R eport any evidence of standing water to responsible maintenance personnel. •


### I rrigated Pastures and A gri c ultural F ields F lood irrigation is always a risk for producing mosquitoes. T he following recommendations have been adapted from L awler and L anzaro 2005. E liminate standing water from pastures and fields. F ields may need to be graded to allow for • proper drainage, efficient water flow, and to reduce low-lying areas where standing water may accumulate. L ow-lying areas should be filled or leveled accordingly. R euse wastewater through return flow systems to effectively minimize mosquito production • and conserve water. E liminate and reuse excess water that may typically stagnate and collect at lower levels of irrigated fields. I rrigate pastures and fields only enough to wet the soil to the depth of rooting and only as • frequently as needed to maintain proper soil moisture. Drain water within 24 hours following irrigation. Proper drainage is achieved with good • slopes to encourage runoff to collect in properly flowing drainage ditches. I nstall surface drains to remove excess water that collects at lower levels of irrigated fields. • I nspect fields for drainage and broken checks to see whether re-leveling or reconstruction of •

### 23 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties levees is needed. Broken checks create cross-leakage that provide habitat for mosquitoes. I f possible, use closed conduits instead of open canals for water conveyance. • Do not over fertilize. E xcess fertilizers can leach into irrigation run-off, making mosquito • production more likely in ditches or further downstream. When possible, use sprinklers to apply water rather than flood irrigation. •


## B iologi c al Control O rnamental ponds and other water features may be stocked with mosquitofish available from • local mosquito control agencies. However, their use is restricted in natural bodies of water or in water features that drain into natural bodies of water. L and managers must consult with the local mosquito control agencies regarding proper use of mosquitofish or other available biological control agents. 

## Personal Prote c tive Measures Provide visitors and guests with information regarding the risk of mosquito-borne disease • transmission and personal protective measures. I nstall and maintain tight-fitting window and door screens on buildings. • I f possible, minimize outdoor activities at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most • active. Wear protective clothing such as long sleeved shirts and long pants when going into • mosquito-infested areas. U se mosquito repellent when necessary, carefully following the directions on the label. •

### 24 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** Recommendations–Fish andGame O ver 1,000,000 acres of C alifornia lands are managed by the C alifornia Department of F ish and G ame (D FG) and assisted by the L ands Program. I n total, D FGmanages 711 properties throughout C alifornia. O ver two-thirds of the total acreage is classified as wildlife areas; these properties provide habitat for a rich diversity of fish, wildlife, and plant species and represent every major ecosystem in the state. 

## Wetlands Wetlands are the primary source of mosquito production on D FG -managed lands. U nder the C alifornia Wildlife Protection A ct, the term “wetlands” is defined as any lands which may be covered periodically or permanently with shallow water, which include saltwater marshes, freshwater marshes, open or closed brackish water marshes, swamps, mudflats, fens, and vernal pools ( F ish & G ame C ode S ection 2785). T here are five major classifications of wetlands: marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, and palustrine. Marine and estuarine wetlands are associated with marine waters and include coastal wetlands, such as tidal marshes. L acustrine wetlands are associated with lakes, while riverine wetlands are found alongside rivers and streams. Palustrine wetlands may be isolated or connected wet areas and include marshes, swamps, and bogs.
Historically, wetlands were considered only as breeding grounds for mosquitoes and as impediments to development. A s a result, an estimated 85-90% of C alifornia’s wetlands were converted to agricultural and urban uses, and water that flooded these wetlands was diverted for other purposes and needs. Wetlands are now known to provide many critical functions in the environment including protecting and improving water quality (sediment accretion, filtration, or nutrient uptake), flood control and groundwater recharge, erosion control, wildlife habitat, biological diversity, and outdoor recreation. Many wetlands provide vital habitats for wildlife and plants and are protected under various laws.

C ertain D FG -managed wetlands (e.g., in the C entral Valley of C alifornia) are classified as either seasonal, semi-permanent, or permanent, depending on the timing and duration of surface
waters. S easonally flooded wetlands can produce formidable numbers of mosquitoes, whereas semi-permanent and permanent wetlands usually produce far fewer mosquitoes because of their limited acreage, stable water levels, and abundance of predators of mosquito larvae. 

# D e part m ent of F ish and G a m e

Due to the delicate and sometimes protected ecosystems managed by DFG, the sites’ natural resources biologists, managers, and staff from the relevant vector control agency must collaborate to control mosquitoes. Source reduction and source maintenance can be combined with using specific larvicides judiciously to minimize mosquito production from these habitats.

### 25 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

## G eneral Mosquito Manage m ent G uidelines 1. L and managers should be provided with basic information about mosquitoes and simple measures to minimize mosquito breeding. T his includes information for managing mosquitoes in wetland habitats, personal protection measures, and the contact information of local and state agencies responsible for mosquito control. A variety of educational brochures are available from C DPH ( S ee http://westnile.ca.go v ). L ocal mosquito and vector control agencies can also provide technical guidance or assistance. 2. When potential sources of mosquitoes are too large to be managed properly, the local mosquito and vector control agency should be consulted. 3. Vegetation must be managed routinely; activities such as annually thinning rushes and cattails and removing excess vegetative debris enables natural predators to hunt mosquito larvae more effectively in permanent wetlands. Vegetation in shallow, temporary wetlands can be mowed when dry. 4. I mproving water flow through the wetland system minimizes stagnant water and facilitates movement of fish and other natural predators. F or example, mosquitoes in coastal tidal wetlands can be managed by constructing and maintaining ditches that drain off the water when the tide falls. 5. T he time when seasonal wetlands are flooded can be altered to reduce the overlap with peak mosquito activity. 6. T he amount of fertilizer and/or manure flowing into wetlands should be minimized using proper irrigation drainage; fertilizers should be used conservatively. Buffers between agriculture fields and wetlands should be established.



## Sp e c ifi c Mosquito R edu c tion B MPs I nformation within this section has been partially adapted from Kwasny et. al. 2004. Based on the site activities and potential for mosquito production, the existing BMPs may need to be modified or supplemented to address public health risk, goals and management strategy issues, and requirements of D FG , the local mosquito and vector control agency, and C DPH.


## Water Manage m ent Pra c ti c es for S easonal Wetlands 1. T i m ing of flooding Delay or “phase” fall flooding of wetlands known to produce large numbers of mosquitoes and/ • or those in close proximity to urban areas to minimize late season mosquito production. S trategically locate wetlands identified for early flooding. Wetlands that are flooded in early • fall should not be close to urban areas or historically produce great numbers of mosquitoes.



### 2. Sp eed of flooding F lood wetlands as quickly as possible to reduce the potential for large numbers of mosquitoes. • C oordinate flooding with neighbors and/or the water district to maximize flood-up rate.

### 26 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** Recommendations–Fish andGame 

### 3. Water c ontrol Maintain stable water levels in wetlands that are flooded during summer and early spring to • prevent intermittent flooding of shoreline areas favorable to mosquito production. Water level fluctuation can be minimized by continuing a constant flow of water into the wetland. C irculate water to avoid stagnation (e.g., provide a constant influx of water equal to the net • loss or discharge of water).Maintain water depths as deep as possible (18-24 inches or more) during the initial flood• up to minimize shallow habitats preferred by mosquito larvae. S hallow water levels can be maintained outside of the mosquito breeding season. F lood wetlands with water from permanent water sources containing mosquito predators (i.e., • mosquito-eating fish or invertebrate predators) to passively introduce mosquito predators.Permanent wetlands and brood ponds used as flooding sources can be stocked with mosquitoeating fish or maintained to encourage natural predator populations. U se a flood-drain-flood regime to control • Aedes mosquitoes; flood to trigger hatching of dormant mosquito eggs, drain water and larvae into an area where they can be easily treated, drowned in moving water, or consumed by predators, and immediately reflood wetland. This water management regime should be used only when it does not conflict with water quality regulations.



### 4. F requen c y and duration of irrigation* When possible, reduce the number and duration of irrigations to minimize standing water. • T he need to irrigate should be evaluated based on spring habitat conditions and plant growth. E xtended duration irrigations (generally 14-21 days) may be considered for weed control (e.g., cocklebur). A dditional measures to offset the potential for increased mosquito production may be needed. When possible, managed wetlands should be drawn-down in late March or early A pril and • irrigated in late A pril or early May when the weather is cooler and mosquitoes are less of a problem. I rrigate managed wetlands before soil completely dries after spring draw-down to discourage • floodwater mosquitoes from laying eggs in the dry, cracked substrate. Drain irrigation water into ditches or other water sources with mosquito predators instead of • nearby dry fields. Maintain high ground water levels by keeping channels or deep swales permanently • flooded for subsurface irrigation to reduce the amount of irrigation water needed during the mosquito season. *Note: Spring and summer irrigation is a common wetland management practice used to increase seed production and biomass of moist-soil plants, and reduce competition from undesirable plants in seasonal wetlands.



### 5. Em ergen c y Pre paredness Whenever feasible, have an emergency plan that provides for immediate drainage into • acceptable areas if a public health emergency occurs.

### 27 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

## V egetation Manage m ent Pra c ti c es Manage vegetation based on local land management objectives and associated habitat uses to • minimize mosquito production. Methods of vegetation control for managed wetlands include mowing, burning, disking, and grazing. Manage the spread and density of invasive, non-native emergent wetland vegetation to • increase native plant diversity, increase the mobility of larval mosquito predators, and allow for more efficient penetration of chemical control agents. Manage the spread and density of floating and submerged vegetation that encourages • mosquito production (i.e., water hyacinth, water primrose, parrot’s feather, duckweed, and filamentous algal mats).


## Wetland I nfrastru c ture Maintenan c e 1. I nspect levees at least annually and repair as needed. 2. Periodically inspect, repair, and clean water control structures. R emove all debris, including silt and vegetation, which can impede drainage and water • flow. E nsure water control structures are watertight to prevent unnecessary water flow or • seepage. 3. R egularly remove trash, silt and vegetation from water delivery ditches to allow efficient water delivery and drainage. R emove problem vegetation that inhibits water flow using herbicides or periodic dredging. • I f possible, use closed conduits instead of open canals for water conveyance. • 4. Periodically test and repair pumps used for wetland flooding to maximize pump output.


## Wetland R estoration and E nhan c e m ent F eatures Design wetlands with features that minimize the potential for producing mosquitoes. I nclude, when possible, independent inlets and outlets in the design of each wetland unit. • Provide adequate water control structures for complete draw-down and rapid flooding. • Design swales with adequate slopes so the majority of the wetland can be drawn down. • I nstall cross-levees where appropriate to improve the ability to rapidly flood and irrigate. •

“ U nderwater” levees that isolate irrigation water during the spring but can be overtopped during fall and winter flooding can also be built. C onstruct or improve ditches with at minimum slope of 2:1 and four-foot depth to prevent • unwanted vegetation growth and/or unnecessary seepage. C onsider a 3:1 slope or greater to discourage damage from burrowing animals and minimize potential seepage problems. C onstruct, improve, or maintain levees to quality standard (minimum >3:1 slopes and • >80% compaction) to ensure stability and prevent unwanted seepage. C onsider slopes 5:1 or greater in areas prone to overland flooding and levee erosion. E xcavate deep channels or basins to maintain permanent water greater than 2.5 feet •

### 28 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** Recommendations–Fish andGame deep within a portion of seasonal managed wetlands. T his provides year-round habitat for mosquito predators, which can inoculate seasonal wetlands when they are irrigated or flooded. Maintain separate permanent water reservoirs used to convey water to seasonal wetlands. • T hese provide year-round habitat for mosquito predators, which inoculate seasonal wetlands when they are irrigated or flooded.


## B iologi c al Control F lood managed wetlands from permanent-water sources containing mosquito predators (e.g., • mosquito-eating fish or invertebrate predators) to passively introduce mosquito predators. Permanent wetlands and brood ponds can be stocked with mosquitofish or native predatory species. Maintain permanent or semi-permanent waters where larval mosquito predators can develop • and thrive. Discourage the use of broad spectrum pesticides. 

## Personal Prote c tive Measures Provide visitors and guests with information regarding the risk of mosquito-borne disease • transmission and personal protective measures. I nstall and maintain tight-fitting window and door screens on buildings. • I f possible, minimize outdoor activities at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most • active. Wear protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts and long pants when going into • mosquito-infested areas. U se mosquito repellent when necessary, carefully following the directions on the label. •

### 29 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

## R ight of Ways T he Division of R ight-of-Way ( RW) oversees right-of-way acquisitions required for transportation purposes and comprehensively manages the C altrans R eal Property Program, reducing the costs of operations and disposing of property no longer needed for transportation purposes. I n addition, RW acquires, maintains, and leases suitable residential, non-residential, and airspace properties to public and private third parties. A irspace property is defined as “any property within operating S tate highway right-of-way limits that is capable of other development and can safely accommodate a secondary use without interference with the operation and foreseeable future expansion of the highway without endangering the traveling public.” E xamples of such secondary uses include parking lots, self-storage units, commercial businesses, light industry, and cellular telephone towers. Many of these land-use types have the potential to produce significant mosquito populations if not properly designed and maintained.


## S tor mwater I nfrastru c ture T he C altrans S torm Water Program oversees the development of stormwater management infrastructure associated with roadways and facilities that provide both flood protection and non-point pollution mitigation as required by federal and state clean water laws. R apid dewatering from roadways is prioritized to protect motorists. T ypical components of stormwater infrastructure include drain inlets, catch basins, conveyance pipes, and structural treatment devices to remove suspended pollutants. S tructural treatment devices are the most variable infrastructure components. E xamples include vegetated swales, dry detention basins, ponds and constructed wetlands, media filtration devices, and trash capturing devices. Because of their function in runoff water management, structural treatment devices often provide habitats suitable for mosquito production. 

## G eneral Mosquito Manage m ent G uidelines 1. Basic information should be provided to district managers and supervisors on mosquitoes and on simple measures to minimize mosquito breeding habitats on state property. A t a minimum, managers and supervisors should be provided with information on eliminating artificially created mosquito breeding sites around buildings and facilities, proper management of water features and stormwater infrastructure, personal protection measures, and the contact information of the local and state agencies responsible for mosquito control. Avariety of 

# D e part m ent of T rans p ortation

The California Department of Transportation’s (Caltrans) land holdings include: the California state highway system, highway right-of-way, right-of-way acquisitions, stormwater conveyance and treatment devices, operational facilities, rock quarries, gravel pits, sand and earth borrow pits, offices, shops, storage yards, replacement housing, parks adjoining or near any state highways, and environmental mitigation sites.

### 30 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** Recommendations–Transportation educational brochures are available from C DPH ( S ee http://westnile.ca.gov). I n addition, the local mosquito and vector control agency can provide technical guidance or assistance. 2. R educing mosquitoes around buildings and other facilities should begin with evaluating places where water is present or may accumulate. E ven small amounts of water may produce mosquitoes. Minimizing actions are most effective in the early spring and should be continued as needed through fall. F acilities should be evaluated at least weekly or more frequently after rain, particularly during warm weather. Water should not stand for more than 96 hours. E mergent vegetation and debris that can clog gutters and accumulate in the water should be minimized. 3. T he design, construction, and maintenance of stormwater infrastructure must be considered carefully due its strong potential for producing mosquitoes. T he two key components for minimizing mosquitoes in the majority of these systems are to fully discharge captured water in 96 hours or less and provide routine maintenance to maintain this function. Permanent sources including wetlands, ponds, sumps, and basins require control measures that minimize habitat suitable for mosquitoes and may require routine mosquito control with insecticides. Mosquito control agencies can help develop plans to minimize or eliminate mosquito production. 4. Mosquito and vector control agencies should be contacted to provide expert evaluation, consultation, and control. 

## Sp e c ifi c Mosquito R edu c tion B MPs E li m inate A rtifi c ial Mosquito B reeding S ites E xamine all outdoor grounds and drain unnecessary water that may stand longer than 96 hours. • Dispose of unwanted or unused artificial containers. • Properly dispose of old tires. • I f possible, drill drainage holes, cover, or invert any container or object that holds standing • water that must remain outdoors. Be sure to check for containers or trash in places that may be hard to see, such as under bushes or under the facility. C lean clogged rain gutters and storm drains. Keep outdoor drains flowing freely and clear of • leaves, vegetation, and other debris. A erate ornamental ponds to avoid letting water stagnate. • C hange water in birdbaths, fountains, buckets, flower pots, and animal troughs at least once • per week. C lean and chlorinate swimming pools. Keep unused pools empty and dry. • Minimize sites mosquitoes can use for refuge by thinning branches, trimming and pruning • ornamental shrubs and bushes, and keeping grass mowed short.



### Manage Sp rin k lers and I rrigation S yste m s O verwatering, broken components, and poorly designed irrigation systems in landscaping, parks, and irrigated pastures and fields commonly create standing water that can produce mosquitoes. Avoid over-irrigating to prevent excess pooling and runoff. • Back-fill low-lying areas that hold water for more than 96 hours. •

### 31 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties I mprove drainage channels and grading to minimize potential for standing water. • Design new irrigation systems to increase water efficiency. • Keep drainage ditches free of excessive vegetation and debris to provide rapid drainage, but • retain ground cover to prevent soil loss. R educe seepage as much as possible by repairing ditches and drains. • C heck outdoor faucets and sprinklers and repair any leaks or broken components. • R eport any evidence of standing water to responsible maintenance personnel. •



### B iologi c al Control O rnamental ponds and other water features may be stocked with mosquitofish available from • local mosquito control agencies. However, their use is restricted in natural bodies of water or in water features that drain into natural bodies of water. L and managers must consult with the local mosquito control agencies regarding proper use of mosquitofish or other available biological control agents. 

## Personal Prote c tive Measures Provide visitors and guests with information regarding the risk of mosquito-borne disease • transmission and personal protective measures. I nstall and maintain tight-fitting window and door screens on buildings. • I f possible, minimize outdoor activities at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most • active. Wear protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts and long pants when going into • mosquito-infested areas. U se mosquito repellent when necessary, carefully following the directions on the label. • 

## S tor mwater I nfrastru c ture

Based on the site activities and potential for mosquito production, the existing BMPs may need to be modified or supplemented to address public health risk, water quality goals, stormwater management issues, and requirements of the local mosquito and vector control agency, Caltrans, and CDPH. Information within this section has been partially adapted from Metzger et al. 2003 and Metzger 2004.



### S tor mwater Conveyan c e 1. Provide a uniform grade between the inlets and outlets to ensure that all water is discharged in 96 hours or less. R outine inspection and maintenance are crucial to ensuring the grade remains as designed and to remove blockages of trash and debris. 2. Keep inlets free of trash and debris to prevent standing water from backing up on roadways and gutters. 3. Design outlets to prevent scour depressions that can hold standing water.

### 32 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** Recommendations–Transportation 

### D ry T reat m ent S yste m s 1. Design structures such that they do not hold standing water for more than 96 hours to prevent mosquito development. F eatures to prevent or reduce the possibility of clogged discharge orifices (e.g., debris screens) should be incorporated into the design. T he use of weep holes is not recommended due to rapid clogging. 2. Provide a uniform grade between the inlets and outlets to ensure that all water is discharged in 96 hours or less. R outine inspection and maintenance are crucial to ensuring the grade remains as designed. 3. Avoid the use of electric pumps. T hey are subject to failure and often require permanentwater sumps. S tructures that do not require pumping should be favored over those that have this requirement. 4. Avoid the use of loose rock rip-rap that may hold standing water. 5. Design distribution pumping and containment basins with adequate slopes to drain fully. T he design slope should take into consideration buildup of sediment between maintenance periods.



### T reat m ent S yste m s w ith S u mp s or B asins 1. Where possible, completely seal belowground structures that retain water permanently or semi-permanently in sumps or basins (e.g., C D S TM, S tormfilterTM, Delaware-type sand media filters) to prevent entry of adult mosquitoes. I f using covers or screens, maximum allowable gaps of 1/16th inch (2 mm) will exclude entry of adult mosquitoes. I nspect barriers frequently and replace when needed. 2. I f the sump or basin is completely sealed against mosquitoes, with the exception of the inlet and outlet, the inlet and outlet should be completely submerged to reduce the available surface area of water for mosquitoes to lay eggs (female mosquitoes can fly through pipes). 3. Where possible, design belowground sumps with the equipment necessary to allow for easy dewatering of the unit.



### Per m anent T reat m ent Ponds and Constru c ted T reat m ent Wetlands 1. Whenever possible, stock permanent ponds and constructed wetlands with mosquito-eating fish available from local mosquito control agencies. 2. Design and maintain accessible permanent pond shorelines to allow for periodic maintenance and/or control of emergent and pond-edge vegetation, and routine monitoring and control of mosquitoes. E mergent plant density should be routinely maintained so mosquito predators can move throughout the vegetated areas or are not excluded from pond edges. 3. Whenever possible, design and maintain permanent ponds with deep zones in excess of four feet to limit the spread of invasive emergent vegetation such as cattails. T he pond edges below the water surface should be as steep as practicable and uniform to discourage dense plant growth that may provide immature mosquitoes with refuge from predators and increased nutrient availability. 4. U se concrete or liners in shallow areas to discourage plant growth where vegetation is not necessary.

### 33 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 5. Whenever possible, provide a means for easy dewatering when/if needed. 6. Manage the spread and density of floating and submerged vegetation that encourages mosquito production (i.e., water hyacinth, water primrose, parrot’s feather, duckweed, and filamentous algal mats). 7. I f possible, compartmentalize managed treatment wetlands so the maximum width of ponds does not exceed two times the effective distance (40 feet) of land-based application technologies for mosquito control agents.



### G eneral Acc ess R equire m ents for S tor mwater T reat m ent S tru c tures 1. A ll structures should be easily and safely accessible, without the need for special requirements (e.g., O ccupational S afety and Health A dministration requirements for “confined space”). T his will allow vector control personnel to effectively monitor and, if necessary, abate vectors. 2. I f utilizing covers, the design should include spring-loaded or lightweight access hatches that can be easily opened. 3. Provide all-weather road access (with provisions for turning a full-size work vehicle) along at least one side of large aboveground structures that are less than 21 feet, or both sides if shore-to-shore distance is greater than 21 feet. N ote: Mosquito larvicides are applied with hand held equipment at small sites and with backpack or truck mounted high-pressure sprayers at large sites. T he effective swath width of most backpack or truck-mounted larvicide sprayers is approximately 18–21 feet on a windless day. 4. Build access roads as close to the shoreline as possible to allow for maintenance and vector control crews to periodically maintain, control and remove emergent vegetation and conduct routine mosquito monitoring and abatement. R emove vegetation and/or other obstacles between the access road and the structure that might obstruct the path of larvicides to the water. 5. C ontrol vegetation (by removal, thinning, or mowing) periodically to prevent barriers to access.

### 34 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** Recommendations–State Parks T he C alifornia S tate Park ( CS P) S ystem supports the most diverse assemblage of natural resources of any land management agency in C alifornia. CS P is the most ecologically diverse system in C alifornia; of all C alifornia’s 202 major habitat types (alliance level), 65% exist within CS P. O f the 1,552,328 acres in the CS P, 94% are managed specifically for their value as natural resources and 78% is classified as S tate Park or S tate R eserve, where habitat preservation is the highest objective. O f all CS P acreage, 94% remains as native habitat; the remaining 6% has been converted for use as facilities ( http://www.parks. ca.gov/?page_id=2350 9 ). S tate parks protect and preserve a diverse collection of culturally and environmentally sensitive structures and habitats, threatened plant and animal species, ancient N ative A merican sites, historic structures, and artifacts. S tate park resources include underwater preserves, reserves, and parks; redwood, rhododendron, and wildlife reserves; state beaches, recreation areas, wilderness areas, and reservoirs (e.g., dunes, marshes, lakes, streams, rivers, deserts, forests, meadows, and grasslands); state historic parks, historic homes, S panish era adobe buildings (e.g., museums, visitor centers, cultural reserves, and preserves); lighthouses, ghost towns, waterslides, conference centers, and off-highway vehicle parks. 

# S tate Par k s

More than 85 million people visited California State Parks during the 2005-06 fiscal year. Almost half of California’s state parks are adjacent to urban or residential development. Mosquito surveillance and control measures must be considered to protect the large number of people that visit the lands or live nearby.



## G eneral Mosquito Manage m ent G uidelines 1. Basic information should be provided to district managers and supervisors on mosquitoes and on simple measures to minimize mosquito breeding habitats on state property. A t a minimum, managers and supervisors should be provided with guidance on eliminating artificially created mosquito breeding sites around buildings and facilities, proper management of water features and stormwater infrastructure, taking personal protection measures, and contacting local and state agencies responsible for mosquito control. A variety of educational brochures are available from C DPH ( S ee http://westnile.ca.gov). I n addition, the local mosquito and vector control agency can provide technical guidance or assistance. 2. When potential sources of mosquitoes are too large to be managed properly, the local mosquito and vector control agency should be consulted. 

## Sp e c ifi c Mosquito R edu c tion B MPs for D evelo p ed and U ndevelo p ed A reas Based on the site activities and potential for producing mosquitoes, the existing BMPs may need to be modified or supplemented to address public health risk, goals, and land-use strategies. T he requirements of CS P, the local mosquito and vector control agency, and C DPH must also be considered.

### 35 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

### E li m inate A rtifi c ial Mosquito B reeding S ites E xamine all outdoor grounds and drain unnecessary water that may stand longer than 96 hours. • Dispose of unwanted or unused artificial containers. • Properly dispose of old tires. • I f possible, drill drainage holes, cover, or invert any container or object that holds standing • water that must remain outdoors. Be sure to check for containers or trash in places that may be hard to see, such as under bushes or under the facility. C lean clogged rain gutters and storm drains. Keep outdoor drains flowing freely and clear of • leaves, vegetation, and other debris. A erate ornamental ponds to avoid letting water stagnate. • C hange water in birdbaths, fountains, buckets, flower pots, and animal troughs at least once • per week. C lean and chlorinate swimming pools. Keep unused pools empty and dry. • Minimize sites mosquitoes can use for refuge by thinning branches, trimming and pruning • ornamental shrubs and bushes, and keeping grass mowed short.



### Manage Sp rin k lers and I rrigation S yste m s O verwatering, broken components, and poorly designed irrigation systems in landscaping, parks, and irrigated pastures and fields commonly create standing water that can produce mosquitoes. Avoid over-irrigating to prevent excess pooling and runoff. • Back-fill low-lying areas that hold water for more than 96 hours. • I mprove drainage channels and grading to minimize potential for standing water. • Design new irrigation systems to increase water efficiency. • Keep drainage ditches free of excessive vegetation and debris to provide rapid drainage, but • retain ground cover to prevent soil loss. R educe seepage as much as possible by repairing ditches and drains. • C heck outdoor faucets and sprinklers and repair any leaks or broken components. • R eport any evidence of standing water to responsible maintenance personnel. • 

## D evelo p ed A reas

### 36 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** Recommendations–State Parks 

## Wildlands– U ndevelo p ed A reas

C alifornia encompasses about 100 million acres of land. A pproximately 75 million acres are classified as wildlands, which include all undeveloped and non-cultivated property in the state. A pproximately 2.3 million acres in actual property and easements are owned by the state, primarily under the control of the Departments of F ish and G ame, CS P, and the Department of F orestry and F ire Protection. Mosquito surveillance and monitoring for public health issues and targeted areas for mosquito control should be identified, especially if resources are limited and wildlands cannot be modified. C ollaboration with local vector control agencies is essential for limiting resource expenditure.



### Monitoring and S urveillan c e C onduct ongoing mosquito larvae surveillance and evaluation of larval populations on • wildlands that produce mosquitoes capable of migrating into populated areas. C ollect and monitor data from mosquito traps, complaints, and reports from the public. • C orrelate seasonal records with weather data to evaluate trends. Monitor larval and adult • mosquito distribution. A ccurately identify, map, and monitor areas that may produce mosquitoes. T ailor control • measures for each site, contingent on the species of mosquitoes that are present.



### B iologi c al Control O rnamental ponds and other water features may be stocked with mosquitofish available from • local mosquito control agencies. However, their use is restricted in natural bodies of water or in water features that drain into natural bodies of water. L and managers must consult with the local mosquito control agencies regarding proper use of mosquitofish or other available biological control agents. S tabilize water levels to encourage colonization by natural predators of mosquito larvae. • 

## Personal Prote c tive Measures Provide visitors and guests with information regarding the risk of mosquito-borne disease • transmission and personal protective measures. I nstall and maintain tight-fitting window and door screens on buildings. • I f possible, minimize outdoor activities at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most active. • Wear protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts and long pants when going into • mosquito-infested areas. U se mosquito repellent when necessary, carefully following the directions on the label. •

### 37 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties I n order to promote the conservation of its land resources, the state has created nine state “conservancies” that acquire and protect undeveloped lands in specific regions of the state. T he conservancies are departments of the R esources A gency charged with acquiring land in specified geographical areas in order to advance specific goals. C alifornia’s conservancies are diverse with a range of organizational structures, functions, and statutory objectives. While the statutory goals of each conservancy differ, the conservancies were created because it was perceived that vital land resources were endangered by development or other threats.

T hese conservancies include: Baldwin Hills C onservancy • C alifornia T ahoe C onservancy • C oachella Valley Mountains C onservancy • S an Diego R iver C onservancy • S an G abriel & L ower L os A ngeles R ivers & Mountains C onservancy • S an Joaquin R iver C onservancy • S anta Monica Mountains C onservancy • S ierra N evada C onservancy • S tate C oastal C onservancy • 

# Conservan c ies

### 38 reco mm en d ations for state-o w ne d p ro p erties**sectio n 7:** Recommendations–Conservancies 

## Mosquito R edu c tion B MPs Based on site activities and potential for producing mosquitoes, the existing BMPs may need to be modified to address public health risk, goals and land-use issues, and requirements of the respective conservancies, the local mosquito and vector control agency, and C DPH.



### Monitoring and S urveillan c e C onduct ongoing mosquito larvae surveillance and evaluation of larval populations on • conservancies that produce mosquitoes capable of migrating into populated areas. C ollect and monitor data from mosquito traps, complaints, and reports from the public. • C orrelate seasonal records with weather data to evaluate trends. Monitor larval and adult • mosquito distribution. A ccurately identify, map, and monitor areas that may produce mosquitoes. T ailor control • measures for each site, contingent on the species of mosquitoes that are present.



### B iologi c al Control O rnamental ponds and other water features may be stocked with mosquitofish available from • local mosquito control agencies. However, their use is restricted in natural bodies of water or in water features that drain into natural bodies of water. L and managers must consult with the local mosquito control agencies regarding proper use of mosquitofish or other available biological control agents

. 

## Personal Prote c tive Measures Provide visitors and guests with information regarding the risk of mosquito-borne disease • transmission and personal protective measures. I nstall and maintain tight-fitting window and door screens on buildings. • I f possible, minimize outdoor activities at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are the most • active. Wear protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts and long pants when going into • mosquito-infested areas. U se mosquito repellent when necessary, carefully following the directions on the label. •

### 39 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

## S our c es Cited in the D o c u m ent A lameda C ounty Mosquito A batement District. http://www.mosquitoes.org/index.htm A merican Mosquito C ontrol A ssociation. TG F loore (ed). 2007. Biorational C ontrol of Mosquitoes. Bulletin 7. S upplement 23(7). 330 pp. A ssociation of S tate and T erritorial Health O fficers. 2005. Public Health C onfronts the Mosquito: Developing S ustainable S tate and L ocal Mosquito C ontrol Programs. 62 pp. Boyce, K. W. and D. A . Brown. 2003. I ntegrated vector management guidelines for adult mosquitoes. J. A m. Mosq. C ontrol A ssoc. 19: 448-451. C alifornia Department of Public Health. 2008. O verview of Mosquito C ontrol Practices in C alifornia. http://www.westnile.ca.gov/resources.php C alifornia Department of Public Health, Mosquito and Vector C ontrol A ssociation of C alifornia, and U niversity of C alifornia. 2007. C alifornia Mosquito-Borne Virus S urveillance and R esponse Plan. http://www.westnile.ca.gov/resources.php C alifornia Department of Public Health. 2007. West N ile Virus I nfection Prevention and C ontrol R ecommendations, C alifornia L ong-term C are F acilities. http://www.westnile. ca.gov/resources.php C alifornia Department of T ransportation. 2006 R ight-of-Way Property Management and A irspace S torm Water G uidance Manual. http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/row/rwstormwater/index. htm C alifornia E nvironmental R esources E valuation S ystem and the C alifornia Wetlands I nformation S ystem. http://ceres.ca.gov/wetlands/ C enters for Disease C ontrol and Prevention. 2003. E pidemic/E pizootic West N ile Virus in the U nited S tates: G uidelines for S urveillance, Prevention, and C ontrol. http://www.cdc.gov/ ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnvguidelines2003.pdf C ontra C osta C lean Water Program. 2004. Vector C ontrol Plan. http://www.cccleanwater.org/ Publications/ CCC WP%20Vector%20 C ontrol%20Plan%20 F inal.pdf Darsie, RFJr., and RA Ward. 2005. I dentification and G eographical Distribution of the Mosquitoes of N orth A merica, N orth of Mexico. U niv. Press of F lorida, G ainesville ,383pp. E ldridge B F . 1998. Mosquitoes: I ntegrated Pest Management A round the Home. Pest N otes. U niversity of C alifornia, ANRPublication: 7451. Jouganatos, GA , and RA H G oodfellow. 2001. A n I nventory S tudy of the S tate of C alifornia’s L and Holdings. C alifornia S tate U niversity, S acramento. Kwasny, D C , M Wolder, and CR I sola. 2004. T echnical G uide to Best Management Practices for Mosquito C ontrol in Managed Wetlands. C entral Valley Joint Venture’s Mosquito Working G roup, U

. S . Bureau of R eclamation. L awler S P. 2004. Managing Mosquitoes in an A gricultural S ituation. U niversity of C alifornia, Pest Management G uidelines: R ice. U niversity of C alifornia, ANRPublication: 3465. 

# R eferen c e

### 40 reference**sectio n 8:** reference L awler S P, and GC L anzaro. 2005. Managing Mosquitoes on the F arm. U niversity of C alifornia, ANRPublication: 8158. Metzger M E , D FMesser, CLBeitia, C M Myers, and V LKramer. 2002. T he Dark S ide of S tormwater R unoff Management: Disease Vectors A ssociated with S tructural BMPs. S tormwater 3(2):24-39. Metzger M E , C M Myers and V LKramer. 2003. T he “Dark S ide” of S tormwater runoff management: Vectors associated with BMPs. Proceedings of the C alifornia Mosquito and Vector C ontrol A ssociation. 70:2-10. Metzger M E . 2004. Managing Mosquitoes in S tormwater T reatment Devices. U niversity of C alifornia, ANRPublication: 8125. Meyer R P, R eisen WK, Vector and Vector-borne Disease C ommittee. 2003. I ntegrated Mosquito S urveillance G uidelines. S acramento, C alifornia: Mosq. Vector C ontrol A ssoc. C alif. O ’Malley C M. 1989. G uidelines for L arval S urveillance. Proceedings of the 76th N ew Jersey Mosquito C ontrol A ssociation A nnual Meeting: 45-55. R eeves W C , A sman S M, Hardy J L , Milby MM, and R eisen WK. 1990. E pidemiology and control of mosquito-borne arboviruses in C alifornia, 1943-1987. S acramento, C alif: C alif. Mosq.Vector C ontrol A ssoc. R eisen WK and L othrop HD. 1999. E ffects of sampling design on the estimation of adult mosquito abundance. J A m Mosq C ontrol A ssoc. 15:104-114. S acramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector C ontrol District. 2007. Mosquito R eduction Best Management Practices I mplementation Program Policies. E lk G rove, CA : S acramento-Yolo MV C D. S acramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector C ontrol District. 2005. Mosquito and Mosquito-Borne Disease Management Plan. E lk G rove, CA : S acramento-Yolo MV C D. S tockwell PJ, Wessell N , R eed D R , Kronenwetter-Koepel TA , R eed KD, T urchi TR , and Meece JK. 2006. A F ield E valuation of F our L arval Mosquito C ontrol Methods in U rban C atch Basins. J A m Mosq C ontrol A ssoc. 22(4): 666-671. U nited S tates E nvironmental Protection A gency. 2004. T he U se of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in U rban Water S heds. N ational R isk Management R esearch L aboratory. Walton W E . 2003. Managing Mosquitoes in S urface- F low C onstructed Wetlands. U niversity of C alifornia, ANRPublication: 8117. Walton W E . 2005. Protocol for Mosquito S ampling for Mosquito Best Management Practices on S tate of C alifornia-Managed Wildlife A reas. U niversity of C alifornia, R iverside. Washington S tate Department of E cology, Water Q uality Program. 2004. Best Management Practices for Mosquito C ontrol. World Health O rganization. 1982. Manual on E nvironmental Management for Mosquito C ontrol with S pecial E mphasis on Malaria Vectors. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/1982/9241700661_eng.pdf

### 41 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties **AMCA**A merican Mosquito C ontrol A ssociation
**BMP** Best Management Practices **Bs** Bacillus sphaericus
**Bti** Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis **Caltrans** C alifornia Department of T ransportation **CDC** C enters for Disease C ontrol and Prevention **CDFA** C alifornia Department of F ood and A griculture **CDPH** C alifornia Department of Public Health **CSP** C alifornia S tate Parks **CVEC** C enter for Vectorborne Diseases ( UC Davis) **DFG** C alifornia Department of F ish and G ame **DGS** C alifornia Department of G eneral S ervices **DPR** C alifornia Department of Pesticide R egulation
**EPA** F ederal E nvironmental Protection A gency **H&S Codes** Health and S afety C odes
**IPM** I ntegrated Pest Management **MVCAC** Mosquito and Vector C ontrol A ssociation of C alifornia **PCR** Polymerase C hain R eaction **SGVMVCD** S an G abriel Valley Mosquito and Vector C ontrol District **SLE** S t. L ouis encephalitis virus **SYMVCD** S acramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector C ontrol District **UCD** U niversity of C alifornia, Davis **UCR** U niversity of C alifornia, R iverside
**VRDL** C DPH Viral and R ickettsial Disease L aboratory
**WEE** Western equine encephalomyelitis virus
**W N**  **V** West N ile virus 

## L ist of Ac rony m s

### 42 reference**sectio n 8:** reference 

## Mosquito B iology A dditional information on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases is obtainable from a variety of reputable sources. More information on mosquito biology and ecology is available on the A merican Mosquito C ontrol A ssociation ( A M CA ) and the Mosquito and Vector C ontrol A ssociation of C alifornia (MV CAC ) websites. L ocal mosquito and vector control agencies and their respective websites can provide detailed information about local mosquito species. I nformation on mosquito-borne diseases is available from the U

. S

. C enters for Disease C ontrol and Prevention ( C D C ) and the C DPH websites. C ontact information for local mosquito and vector control agencies can be found through the C DPH website by entering the zip code of the location of interest under “ L o c ate Y our L o c al Mosquito and V e c tor Control A gen c y” at http:// westnile.ca.go v ; more information is available on the MV CAC website.

1. A M CA website: http://www.mosquito.org 2. MV CAC website: http://www.mvcac.org 3. C DPH West N ile virus website: http://westnile.ca.go v 4. C D C website: http://www.cdc.go v 

## Monitoring Mosquitoes and D iseases More information about reporting dead birds and W N V surveillance in C alifornia can be • found at http://www.westnile.ca.go v. Methods for sampling adult mosquitoes and guidelines for designing, operating, and • processing of traps are discussed in G uidelines for I ntegrated Mosquito S urveillance (Meyer et al. 2003) and are summarized in A ppendix B of the C alifornia Mosquito-Borne Virus S urveillance and R esponse Plan which can be found at: http://westnile.ca.gov/resources.ph p F or federal W N V guidelines see the C enters for Disease C ontrol and Prevention, E pidemic/ • E pizootic West N ile Virus in the U nited S tates: G uidelines for S urveillance, Prevention and C ontrol http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pd f F or information specific for wildlife areas see Walton W E . 2005. Protocol for Mosquito • S ampling for Mosquito Best Management Practices on S tate of C alifornia-Managed Wildlife A reas. U niversity of C alifornia.


## B est Manage m ent Pra c ti c es A list of products commonly used to control adult mosquitoes in C alifornia is included in • A ppendix F

. A list of Health and S afety C odes that are pertinent to mosquito control is included in A ppendix G

. F or additional information on personal protective measures and the use of chemical • repellents, go to the C D C web site at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/insect_ repellent.ht m . F or more information on evaluating the efficacy of BMPs on state of C alifornia-managed • Wildlife A reas, see Walton 2005. 

## R esour c es for A dditional I nfor m ation

### 43 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

### A P RO C LA M ATION OF A STATE OF E M ERGEN C Y
**WHEREAS** when compared to the same time last year, there has been a three-fold increase in the number of people infected by West N ile virus; and

**WHEREAS** since 2002, West N ile virus has infected hundreds of people and caused multiple deaths in C alifornia, including four deaths this year; and

**WHEREAS** the recent upturn in foreclosures this year has increased the number of vacant homes this summer with unattended and untreated pools, which has exacerbated the spread of West N ile virus; and

**WHEREAS** local governments have made sustained efforts to minimize the spread of the virus, and the state has supplemented these efforts by dedicating over $15 million over the last three years to mitigate the virus’s effects; and

**WHEREAS** despite those efforts to eradicate West N ile virus, the virus remains a threat, and further efforts to control the spread of the virus and to reduce and minimize the risk of infection are needed; and

**WHEREAS** the Mosquito Vector C ontrol A ssociation of C alifornia, which is composed of 61 local vector control districts, is seeking state assistance in addressing the potential for a West N ile virus epidemic in C alifornia; including a request for funding for surveillance activity and abatement efforts; and

**WHEREAS** control of West N ile virus may require immediate actions to limit the population of adult mosquitoes and mosquito larvae, and those actions may include the ground and aerial application of pesticides in urban, suburban and rural areas; and

**WHEREAS** there are also numerous and significant incidents of Valley F ever, especially in Kern C ounty; and

**WHEREAS** due to the magnitude of the threat, the size of the affected areas and the need to control the spread of the virus across jurisdictional boundaries, the conditions are beyond the control of the services, personnel, equipment and facilities of any single county, city and county, or city, and require the combined forces of a mutual aid region or regions; and 

# App endix A Governor’s West Nile Virus Emergency Proclamation of August 2, 2007 

# App endiC ES

### 44**sectio n 8:** appendixA

App en d ix A **WHEREAS** under section 8558(b) of the C alifornia G overnment C ode, I find that conditions of extreme peril to the safety of persons and property exist within the C ounties of Kern, C olusa and S an Joaquin caused by the threat of West N ile virus.

**N OW, THEREFORE, I, AR**  **N OLD SCHWARZE**  **N EGGER,**  G overnor of the S tate of C alifornia, in accordance with the authority vested in me by the C alifornia C onstitution and the C alifornia E mergency S ervices A ct and, in particular, sections 8625, 8567 and 8571 of the C alifornia G overnment C ode, H ERE BY P ROCLAI M A STATE OF E M ERGENC Y to exist within Kern, C olusa and S an Joaquin C ounties, and hereby issue the following orders:

**IT IS ORDERED** that the Department of Public Health shall allocate up to $1 million dollars as needed, to local vector control agencies to identify potential mosquito habitat and to treat those areas to prevent the spread of West N ile virus in the three above-listed counties and other counties identified by the Department of Public Health.

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the Department of Public Health shall allocate up to $350,000 to local vector control agencies for surveillance purposes to provide an early warning of the incidence of West N ile Virus so that proper control measures can be taken by the local vector control agencies to prevent the spread of West N ile virus in the three above-listed counties and other counties identified by the Department of Public Health.

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the Department of Public Health shall coordinate with the S tate and C onsumer S ervices A gency, the R esources A gency and the Department of F ood and A griculture to develop a plan using best management practices for implementation by the appropriate state agencies for the early detection of West N ile virus on state-owned properties and appropriate mitigation and abatement measures. F unds in the amount up to $150,000 shall be allocated for the purpose of developing this plan.

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the Department of Public Health and the Department of F ood and A griculture shall work with the Mosquito R esearch Program at the U niversity of C alifornia, Davis, to determine what resources are needed to further advance the research on the ecology and the epidemiology of West N ile virus.

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the Department of Public Health shall work with (1) local vector control districts to utilize their existing power pursuant to Health and S afety code section 2053 to inspect and abate vector or public nuisances, with special emphasis on the removal of standing water in untended pools and containers on vacant property; and (2) the Business, T ransportation and Housing A gency and local public health departments to notify lenders, realtors, mortgage brokers and others whose responsibilities include managing vacant homes to ensure that pools and other containers that can hold water are drained and maintained empty to prevent the spread of West N ile virus.

### 45 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties **IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the Department of Public Heath shall implement a supplemental program of mosquito control, including health advisories and technical assistance, in the above-listed counties to assist those counties and the mosquito and vector control agencies within those regions to minimize the proliferation of mosquitoes and to reduce the transmission of West N ile virus.

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that all agencies and departments of state government utilize and employ state personnel, equipment and facilities for the performance of any and all activities consistent with the direction of the Department of Public Health in an effort to address and mitigate this emergency, and consistent with the S tate E mergency Plan as coordinated by the O ffice of E mergency S ervices.

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the Department of Public Health enter into such contracts as it deems appropriate, in consultation with the above-listed counties and the mosquito and vector control agencies within those regions, to provide services, material, personnel and equipment to supplement the West N ile virus mitigation efforts in those jurisdictions.

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the provisions of the G overnment C ode, the Public C ontract C ode, the S tate C ontracting Manual and Management Memo 03-10, along with all Department of Public Health policies, applicable to state contracts, including, but not limited to, advertising and competitive bidding requirements and approvals for non-competitively bid contracts, are hereby temporarily suspended with respect to contracts to provide services, material, personnel and equipment to supplement the West N ile virus mitigation and abatement efforts in the above-listed counties to the extent that such laws would prevent, hinder or delay prompt mitigation of the effects of this emergency.

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the Department of Public Health shall consult with the county agricultural commissioner prior to the application of “prohibited materials,” as defined in subdivision (p) of section 110815 of the Health and S afety C ode, to agricultural land used for the production of certified organic foods.

**IT IS FURTHER ORDERED** that the Department of Public Health work with local public health departments to take appropriate actions to minimize the incidents of Valley F ever in the above-listed counties.

**I FURTHER DIRECT**that as soon as hereafter possible, this proclamation be filed in the O ffice of the S ecretary of S tate and that widespread publicity and notice be given to this proclamation.

**I N**  **WIT N**  **ESS WHEREOF** I have hereunto set my hand and caused the G reat S eal of the S tate of C alifornia to be affixed this 2nd day of A ugust 2007.

### 46**sectio n 8:** appendixB

App en d ix B DE PA R TMENT NAME TOTAL FEE SITE/ FACILITIES TOTAL FEE AC R ES TOTAL ST R UCTU R ES TOTAL SQUA R E FEET AIR RESOURCES BOARD, STATE 1 2.25 1 54,000 BOATING & WATERWAYS, DEPT OF 3 22.34 0 0 CAL STATE UNIVERSITY 35 23,159.88 1,641 62,197,552 COACHELLA VALLEY MOUNTAINS CONSERVANCY 6 2,788.55 0 0 COASTAL CONSERVANCY, STATE 26 3,179.32 0 0 CONSERVATION CORPS, CALIFORNIA 4 173.90 59 84,302 CONSERVATION, DEPT OF 2 0.26 1 2,000 CONSUMER AFFAIRS, DEPT OF 1 2.51 1 30,893 CONTROLLER, STATE 1 1.13 0 0 CORRECTION AND REHABILITATION 49 25,945.38 3,760 40,814,744 DEVELOPMENTAL SERVICES 6 2,415.62 539 5,186,281 DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS 45 3,200.31 1,312 7,689,816 EDUCATION 4 167.29 128 1,047,068 EMPLOYMENT DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 27 42.52 27 527,860 EXPOSITION & STATE FAIR, CALIF 1 854.64 45 1,058,336 FISH AND GAME, DEPT OF 362 581,057.10 755 1,120,191 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, DEPT OF 13 113.46 110 452,978 FORESTRY & FIRE PROTECTION, DEPT OF 269 74,968.74 2,221 3,879,733 GENERAL SERVICES, DEPT OF 79 1,954.12 128 18,083,988 HEALTH CARE SERVICES, DEPT OF 1 1.11 1 30,500 HEALTH PLANNING & DEVEL, OFC STATEWIDE 1 2.43 0 0 HIGHWAY PATROL, DEPT OF THE CALIF 108 624.94 173 1,109,804 JUDICIAL COUNCIL OF CALIFORNIA 4 6.40 0 0 JUSTICE, DEPT OF 6 10.51 7 150,857 LANDS COMMISSION, STATE 79 4,492,020.90 1 3,325 LEGISLATURE 1 1.55 1 237,000 LOTTERY COMMISSION, CALIFORNIA STATE 1 12.50 2 267,280 MENTAL HEALTH 5 2,692.22 436 6,358,728 MILITARY, DEPT OF 78 5,924.49 487 3,386,540 MOTOR VEHICLES, DEPT OF 96 241.75 97 1,846,285 PARKS & RECREATION, DEPT OF 276 1,236,074.10 5,316 6,349,874 PUBLIC HEALTH, CA DEPARTMENT OF 1 28.96 6 697,153 REHABILITATION, DEPT OF 1 3.20 4 42,278 SAN JOAQUIN RIVER CONSERVANCY 2 1,100.60 1 3,000 SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS CONSERVANCY 83 8,678.18 51 50,423 SCIENCE CENTER, CALIF 1 152.49 8 485,877 TAHOE CONSERVANCY, CALIF 2 6,274.54 0 0 TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL, DEPT OF 1 52.32 0 0 TRANSPORTATION, DEPT OF 535 6,196.68 1,285 6,212,326 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 15 85,296.08 4,027 39,257,723 VETERANS AFFAIRS 13 2,498.21 99 1,598,209 WATER RESOURCES CONTROL BOARD, STATE 1 465.00 0 0 WATER RESOURCES RECLAMATION BOARD 25 19,245.69 0 0 WATER RESOURCES, DEPT OF 48 111,047.00 1 0 **TOTAL 2,318**  **6,698,701.17 22,731**  **210,316,924** * Provided by the Department of General Services, Real Estate Division 

# App endix B Summary of State-Owned Properties by Agency*

### 47 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties Below is a description of the land holdings with the primary functions of each for the various S tate of C alifornia agencies.


### B oating and Waterw ays T his department’s land holdings are used for recreational boating.


### California Ex p osition and S tate F air T he land holdings are for the provision of fairgrounds and all of the associated parking areas.


### California S tate U niversity T he land holdings, in the broad sense, are used for educational programs. T hese include, but are not limited to, classroom buildings, faculty offices, student housing, athletic facilities, plant operations, libraries, performing arts, parking facilities, agricultural land and facilities, and natural habitat.


### California T ahoe Conservan c y T he land holdings, according to section 66907 of the C alifornia Public R esources C ode, are for the protection of natural environment, provision of public access or public recreational facilities, and the preservation of wildlife habitat areas.


### Coa c hella V alley Mountains Conservan c y T his conservancy’s land holdings are discussed in C alifornia Public R esources C ode section 33500 et seq. I n sum, the L egislature finds that the C oachella Valley contains “unique and important open-space, wildlife, scenic, environmental, anthropological, cultural, scientific, educational and recreational resources” that should be protected.


### Coastal Conservan c y T his conservancy’s land holdings are similar to those for the agency discussed above. T his includes the protection and ecological improvements of environmentally sensitive lands, particularly wetlands and other wildlife habitats. T he conservancy provides public access, and protection of scenic open-space and agricultural lands.


### Conservation Cor p s T his state entity owns only one property (69.97 acres) consisting of approximately 20 buildings in A uburn, C alifornia. T his property is used to operate one of its residential programs which provides education, training, disaster response, field administration, and community service for up to one hundred corps members.


### Conservation T his department has only two land holdings: a division office and lot in C oalinga, and a parcel of land that has two producing wells in the L os A ngeles area.

### 48**sectio n 8:** appendixB

App en d ix B 

### Consu m er A ffairs T his agency manages one office building.


### Corre ctions and R ehabilitation T his department’s land holdings are used for prisons, future prisons, spraying fields for distribution of wastewater, agricultural crops and pasture, and buffer space. T he 25 rehabilitation centers provide various forms of care for the blind, newly blind, and for those losing their eyesight.


### D elta Prote ction Co mm ission T he commission has only one property, S taten I sland in S an Joaquin C ounty.


### D evelo pm ental S ervi c es T his department maintains five properties (buildings). T hese properties are developmental services centers located across the state.


### E du cation T his department maintains six properties providing special educational services and housing for students in the special programs.


### Emp loy m ent D evelo pm ent T his department manages property that is used to house staff that administer various programs.


### F ish and G a m e T he Mission of the Department of F ish and G ame is to manage C alifornia’s diverse fish, wildlife, and plant resources, and the habitats upon which they depend, for their ecological values and for their use and enjoyment by the public. T he department has 629 properties totaling nearly 900 thousand acres. T he main purposes are preserving wildlife habitats, wetlands, and other species habitats. T he department is also responsible for the diversified use of fish and wildlife including recreational, commercial, scientific and educational uses.


### F ood and A gri c ulture T he land holdings are used for agricultural inspections stations, veterinary laboratories, and a laboratory and greenhouse complex.


### F orestry and F ire Prote ction T his department’s land holdings include fire stations, helitack bases, administrative offices, communication sites, conservation camps, access, and utility easements.


### G eneral S ervi c es T his department’s properties are largely state office buildings and some surplus properties for disposition.

### 49 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

### H igh w ay Patrol T his department’s land holdings are used as headquarters offices, area offices, and communication centers.


### Justi c e T his department’s properties are office buildings and courthouses.


### L ands Co mm ission T he purpose of the commission’s “ S chool L ands”, originally granted to C alifornia in 1853 to benefit public education, is to make the properties financially productive for retirees, beneficiaries, and disabled membership of the S tate T eacher’s R etirement S ystem ( STRS ). T he purposes of the commission’s “ S overeign L ands” are water dependent commerce, fishing, navigation, recreational activities, ecological preservation, and scientific research.


### Mental H ealth T his department’s land holdings, which consist of five hospitals and two correctional programs, are used to provide long-term mental health care for those with serious mental illnesses.


### Motor V ehi c les T his department’s land holdings include buildings and facilities that provide services to motorists.


### S tate Par k s T his department’s land holdings are for the preservation of C alifornia’s biological diversity, protection of the highly valued natural and cultural resources, and creation of high-quality outdoor recreation. R esponsible for almost one-third of C alifornia’s scenic coastline, C alifornia S tate Parks manages coastal wetlands, estuaries, beaches, and dune systems. S tate parks consist of nearly 1.4 million acres, with over 280 miles of coastline; 625 miles of lake and river frontage; nearly 15,000 campsites; and 3,000 miles of hiking, biking, and equestrian trails.


### S anta Moni ca Mountains Conservan c y T he purpose of this conservancy’s property is the formation of an interlinking system of urban, rural, and river parks, open space, trails, and wildlife habitats accessible to the general public.


### S tate L ottery T he S tate L ottery owns one property, its headquarters office building.


### S tatew ide H ealth Planning and D evelo pm ent T he properties are acquired, through the C al-Mortgage I nsurance Program, by foreclosure caused by debt default. T he purpose of acquiring the properties is for their sale in order to satisfy the debt owed to the C al-Mortgage I nsurance F und.

### 50**sectio n 8:** appendixB

App en d ix B 

### T rans p ortation T his department’s land holdings include: highway right-of-way, existing right of-way, operational facilities, rock quarries, gravel pits, sand and earth borrow pits, offices, shops, storage yards, replacement housing, parks adjoining or near any S tate Highways, environmental mitigation sites, and sundry other uses. C altrans manages more than 45,000 miles of C alifornia’s highway and freeway lanes.


### U niversity of California R egents T he land holdings, in the broad sense, are used for educational programs. T hese include, but are not limited to, classroom buildings, faculty offices, student housing, athletic facilities, plant operations, libraries, performing arts, parking facilities, agricultural land and facilities, and natural habitat.


### V eteran’s A ffairs T he department, through the F arm and Home L oan Division, owns the S acramento headquarters building and parking lot, the building and surrounding land at the S anta C lara district office, and approximately 33,000 homes held as collateral for contracts of purchase by veterans. T he Veteran’s Home Division owns the land and various buildings that comprise the Veteran’s Homes in Yountville, Barstow, and C hula Vista. I n addition, Yountville Veteran’s Home owns the land under and surrounding a reservoir and water treatment plant, a waste treatment plant, golf course (leased to a private firm) and a cemetery.


### Water R esour c es Control B oard T his board owns one property in A lpine C ounty (resulting from a resolved lawsuit).


### Water R esour c es T he land holdings of T he Division of L and and R ight-of-Way are for the S tate Water Project and F lood C ontrol (of the R eclamation Board).

### 51 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

# App endix C Key State Agency Responsibilities: WNV Surveillance and Control



## Key A gen c y R es p onsibilities I n the S tate of E mergency Proclamation of A ugust 2, 2007, it was ordered that the C alifornia Department of Public Health coordinate with the S tate and C onsumer S ervices A gency, the R esources A gency and the Department of F ood and A griculture to develop a plan using BMPs for implementation by the appropriate state agency for the early detection of W N V on stateowned properties and appropriate mitigation and abatement measures. I n accordance with this plan, all state agencies are given key responsibilities regarding their managed properties as follows: 1) to coordinate with local vector control agencies to ensure that effective surveillance and abatement procedures are conducted, 2) to disseminate information regarding BMPs and mosquito control procedures, and 3) to disseminate information regarding the risks and prevention of W N V.


### California D e part m ent of Publi c H ealth C ollate adult mosquito abundance data submitted by local agencies; provide summary of • data to local agencies. Provide contact information for local mosquito and vector control agencies by zip code. • Available on website: www.westnile.ca.go v Maintain a W N V information and dead bird reporting hotline, 1-877-W N V-B IR D, and a • W N V website: www.westnile.ca.go v C oordinate submission of specimens for virus testing. • Provide supplies for processing mosquito pool and sentinel chicken diagnostic specimens. • T est sentinel chicken sera for viral antibodies. • Maintain data including registration of collection sites, entry of mosquito abundance and • pool data, and sentinel chicken sera data through the C alifornia Vectorborne Disease S urveillance G ateway http://gateway.calsurv.org T

est human specimens for virus. • Distribute a weekly bulletin summarizing surveillance test results. • S end weekly surveillance results to the U niversity of C alifornia, Davis ( UC D) interactive website. • Provide statewide, daily DY CASThuman risk maps, available through the C alifornia • Vectorborne Disease S urveillance G ateway ( http://gateway.calsurv.org). Provide analysis of DY CASTrisk data and notification to local agencies when appropriate. • I mmediately notify local vector control agency and public health officials when evidence of • viral activity is found. C onduct epidemiological investigations of human vector-borne disease cases. • C oordinate and participate in a regional emergency response in conjunction with C alifornia • O ffice of E mergency S ervices. C onduct active surveillance for human vector-borne disease cases. • Provide oversight to local jurisdictions without defined vector-borne disease control program. • Maintain inventory of antigens and antisera to detect exotic viruses. •

### 52**sectio n 8:** appendix C

App en d ix C 

### Center for V e c torborne D iseases, U niversity of California, D avis (C VE C) C onduct research on arbovirus surveillance, transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, and • mosquito ecology and control. T

est mosquito pools and dead birds for endemic and introduced viruses. • Provide a proficiency panel of tests for identification of viruses from human, equine, bird, or • arthropod vectors. Maintain an interactive website ( • http://gateway.calsurv.org) for dissemination of mosquitoborne virus information and data. Maintain inventory of antigens, antisera, and viruses to detect the introduction of exotic viruses. • Provide confirmation of tests done by local or state agencies. •


### California D e part m ent of F ood and A gri c ulture (C DFA ) N otify veterinarians and veterinary diagnostic laboratories about W EE and W N V and testing • facilities available at UC D C V EC

. Provide outreach to general public and livestock and poultry producers on the monitoring • and reporting of equine and ratite encephalitides. F acilitate equine and ratite sample submission from the field. • C onduct epidemiological investigations of equine cases. •


### California A ni m al H ealth and F ood S afety L aboratory I dentify dead birds for W N V testing. • C onduct necropsies and testing on dead birds. • S ubmit bird tissues to UC D for testing. • T est equine specimens for W N V. •


### L o c al Mosquito and V e c tor Control A gen c ies G ather, collate, and interpret regional climate and weather data. • Monitor abundance of immature and adult mosquitoes. • C ollect and submit mosquito pools to C V EC for virus detection. • Maintain sentinel chicken flocks, obtain blood samples, and send samples to C DPH for testing. • Pick-up and ship dead birds for necropsy and W N V testing, or test oral swabs from • A merican crows locally via rapid antigen screening assays. U pdate C DPH weekly of all birds that are independently reported and/or tested by Vec T est, • RA MP, or immunohistochemistry. C onduct routine control of immature mosquitoes. • C onduct control of adult mosquitoes when needed. • E ducate public on mosquito avoidance and reduction of mosquito breeding sites. • C oordinate with local O ffice of E mergency S ervices personnel. • C ommunicate regularly with neighboring agencies. • U tilize enforcement processes as appropriate pursuant to the C alifornia Health and S afety C ode. •


### G overnor’s O ffi c e of Em ergen c y S ervi c es C oordinate the local, regional, or statewide emergency response under epidemic conditions • in conjunction with C DPH via the S tandardized E mergency Management S ystem ( SE M S ). S erve as liaison with the F ederal E mergency Management A gency ( FE M A ) in the event that • a federal disaster is declared.

### 53 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

# App endix D Mosquitoes of California T he biology and key characteristics of the four major mosquito genera are described below.

Aedes M osquitoes T here are about 80 species of Aedes mosquitoes in the continental U nited S tates; 24 species occur in C alifornia. C ertain species are widespread, may occur in very large numbers, and are among the worst biting pests. Aedes mosquitoes do not lay their eggs directly on the surface of standing water. I nstead, they lay single eggs on intermittently flooded surfaces such as the damp soil around irrigated pastures and fields, along the edges of coastal tidal marshes, and inside dry treeholes and containers. E ggs are extremely resistant to drying and will lie dormant on dry surfaces until flooding occurs (eggs of Ae. vexans have been documented to lie dormant for up to three years). T his can lead to many generations of eggs in a given habitat if female mosquitoes lay successive batches of eggs before the area is flooded. When flooding occurs, large numbers of eggs hatch spontaneously and develop rapidly to adults. A lthough larval developmental sites vary greatly, the most productive include transient ground pools, flooded areas along overflowing streams, flood and stormwater control basins, intermittently flooded agricultural lands, and container habitats such as tree holes, wheel ruts, and discarded tires.

Aedes are primarily summer-breeding mosquitoes. Because of their rapid larval development in newly-flooded habitats, adults often emerge before predators can colonize the water source. Most Aedes complete two to several generations per year depending on the frequency of habitat flooding from natural and artificial events. A dults cannot survive in colder weather and therefore the majority of Aedes overwinter as eggs.

T

ypically, Aedes mosquitoes found in C alifornia will not enter buildings and homes; however, they are strong fliers and are known to travel many miles from their aquatic developmental sites to search for hosts. Aedes mosquitoes are diurnal (i.e., active during the day) during mild weather, especially around shaded areas, but will also bite at dusk. Most Aedes females feed on large mammals like cattle and horses, but will readily feed on humans. Aedes mosquitoes are aggressive and persistent biters causing people and animals to avoid areas where their numbers are great. F or example, Ae. nigromaculis are currently not known to vector disease, but are considered a serious pest because they will seek out human hosts and bite during the day when people are most likely to be outdoors and active.

### 54**sectio n 8:** appendixD

App en d ix D Anopheles M osquitoes A pproximately 22 species of Anopheles are found in the continental U nited S tates and of these, 5 occur in C alifornia. When feeding, Anopheles adults rest with their abdomens positioned at a distinct angle to the surface of the skin, whereas other species orient their bodies parallel. F emales lay single floating eggs directly on the surface of permanent or semipermanent standing water. A female can lay successive batches of up to 300 eggs during the breeding season. E ggs are not resistant to drying and typically hatch within two-three days, although hatching may take up to two-three weeks in colder climates. L arvae develop in 12 to 20 days, but can take longer in cooler weather. Preferred larval habitats include clear, fresh seepage water in sunlit or partly shaded pools, wetlands, roadside ditches, rice fields, and poorly maintained water troughs.

A dult females bite at dusk and dawn and prefer to feed on mammals. Many Anopheles mosquitoes prefer to feed on rabbits, but will also feed on large mammals such as livestock and humans. I n C alifornia, Anopheles species may undergo two or more generations per year. Most species overwinter in protected areas as mated females, resuming activity the following spring. T hese are among the first mosquitoes to emerge and bite humans each year.
Historically, Anopheles freeborni , the western malaria mosquito, was a vector of malaria in C alifornia. C urrently, with the disease eradicated from C alifornia and the U nited S tates, it is considered a nuisance mosquito. T his species is widespread throughout C alifornia and females will lay their eggs in any standing fresh water, although it is most abundant in rice fields or other wetlands during late summer. While most adult mosquitoes stay within a few miles of their breeding source, they will migrate further when seeking hibernation sites in fall. T his can lead to a large influx of mosquitoes from uncontrolled areas to residential areas during S eptember and O ctober.

Culiset a M osquitoes O nly eight species of Culiseta mosquitoes occur in the continental U nited S tates, of which four are found in C alifornia. F emales lay clusters of floating eggs (rafts) on the surface of standing
water. Culiseta mosquitoes are moderately aggressive biters, attacking in the evening hours or in shade during the day. Peak populations occur during the cooler months. T hese mosquitoes prefer to feed on larger domestic animals such as cattle and horses, but will also feed on humans. Culiseta mosquitoes are currently not considered to be an important public health
concern or vector. T he distribution of Cs. inornata , an unusually large mosquito, is widespread and can be found at elevations of up to 10,000 feet. L arvae of Cs. inornata develop in permanent water habitats, including shallow marshes, peat bogs, roadside ditches, abandoned gravel pits, and in standing water in soil cavities left by fallen trees. Mated females of Cs. inornata overwinter and are among the earliest mosquitoes to appear the following year.

### 55 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties Culex M osquitoes Culex , with 11 species found throughout the state, is the second-largest genus of mosquitoes in C alifornia, second only to Aedes

. F emales can lay up to six to seven rafts of eggs over a two month life span (although most do not survive this long); each raft contains from 100-300 eggs which are laid on the surface of standing water. Culex larvae occur in a broad range of aquatic sites ranging from containers such as discarded tires, water barrels, and flower pots to clogged gutters, catch basins, and water for irrigation and urban wastewater. During summer and periods of drought, areas without regularly flowing water, street drainage systems, and contaminated streams, ponds and pools become productive larval habitats. Culex larvae are known for thriving in polluted sources of water with a high organic content.

Culex mosquitoes prefer to take blood meals at dusk or after dark and can be painful and persistent biters. Culex preferably feed on birds but also feed on mammals including humans and horses. T hey readily enter houses and buildings in search of a suitable host. T wo or more generations of Culex can occur per year. F emales that emerge in late summer will mate and overwinter until the following spring or mid-summer.

S everal species of Culex can transmit viruses that can cause encephalitis (i.e., inflammation of the brain), including W N V, SLE , and W EE

. T hese mosquitoes are efficient and effective vectors of these diseases among birds, humans, horses and many other wild and domestic animals.

Culex t a rs a lis Culex tarsalis , the western encephalitis mosquito, is one of C alifornia’s most important and efficient vectors of W N V, SLE , and W EE

. T his species is widespread in C alifornia. Cx. tarsalis prefer to lay their eggs on fresh or lightly polluted standing water such as rice fields, ditches, pastures, waste water ponds, and seasonal wetlands. O ther more urban freshwater sources include ornamental ponds, storm drains, and flood control channels. L arvae usually develop into adults in approximately 8-14 days; warmer water can shorten the developmental period. Cx. tarsalis are active from spring through fall; however the population in the C entral Valley peaks in June to July with a secondary, smaller peak in S eptember coinciding with flooding of seasonal wetlands. Cx. tarsalis survive through the winter as adults in barns, culverts, caves, and similar dark, protected places.

A dult Cx. tarsalis can disperse a great distance up to 10-15 miles in search of blood meals, generally traveling along riparian corridors, but most stay close to the site where they emerged. A dults rest by day in shaded areas such as animal burrows and treeholes. F emales prefer feeding between dusk and dawn but may bite during the day in deep shade. F emales obtain blood meals from birds or mammals and can transmit diseases between these groups.

### 56**sectio n 8:** appendixD

App en d ix D Culex and Culex s p ecies Anopheles s p ecies Aedes s p ecies Culex pipiens and Culex quinquef a sci a tus Culex pipiens (the northern house mosquito) and Culex quinquefasciatus (the southern house mosquito) appear to be identical. Cx. quinquefasciatus occurs in southern C alifornia, whereas Cx. pipiens is found along the coastal regions and in northern C alifornia and is the most widely distributed mosquito species in the world. Both species can transmit encephalitis viruses. T hey are common in and around households and prefer to lay eggs in polluted water that is high in organic content such as dairy runoff, wastewater catchment basins, stormwater ponds, dirty flower pots, bird baths, or any drainage systems where standing water exists.

I n C alifornia, Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus typically do not disperse from where they emerged. F emales feed at dusk or after dark, readily enter homes and prefer avian hosts but will also feed on large mammals including humans. Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus are vectors of W N V and SLE virus, and have also been implicated in transmitting canine heartworm.



## Mosquito eggs

### 57 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

# App endix E Typical Larval Habitats of California Mosquitoes*

Ri pa r ian V e r nal Pools F oul Wate r S alt M a r sh Tr eehole Aedes atropalpus Aedes bicristatus Culex pipiens Aedes dorsalis Aedes deserticola Aedes washinoi Aedes campestris Culex restuans Aedes squamiger Aedes sierrensis Aedes pullatus Aedes hemiteleus Culex stigmatosoma Aedes taeniorhynchus Orthopodomyia signifera Aedes sticticus Aedes niphadopsis Culex tarsalis Culex tarsalis Aedes purpureipes Aedes vexans Aedes ventrovittus Culiseta impatiens Culiseta incidens Culex apicalis Culex tarsalis Culiseta incidens Culiseta inornata Culex boharti Culiseta incidens Culiseta inornata Culex reevesi Culiseta inornata Culex tarsalis P sorophora columbiae Culex territans P sorophora signipennis Culex thriambus Culiseta incidens Culiseta particeps Culiseta inornata

S mall C ontaine r Fr eshwate r M a r sh Roc kPools B ac kwate r F ish p onds S now M elt Aedes sierrensis Anopheles freeborni Aedes sierrensis Aedes sierrensis Aedes cataphylla Aedes albopictus Anopheles occidentalis Anopheles punctipennis Culex tarsalis Aedes clivis Culex pipiens Culex erythrothorax Culex tarsalis Culex pipiens Aedes communis Culiseta incidens Culex tarsalis Culiseta incidens Culex stigmatosoma Aedes fitchii Culiseta incidens Aedes hexodontus Culiseta inornata Aedes pullatus Aedes sticticus Aedes tahoensis Culiseta incidens

W oodland Pools Irr igated Pastu r es Pe r manent Ponds Aedes bicristatus Aedes melanimon Aedes schizopinax Aedes increpitus Aedes nigromaculis Culex erythrothorax Aedes washinoi Aedes vexans Culex reevesi Anopheles punctipennis Culex tarsalis Culex tarsalis Culex apicalis Culiseta inornata Culiseta impatiens Culex tarsalis P sorophora columbiae Culiseta incidens Culiseta incidens Culiseta particeps Culiseta inornata Culiseta inornata Culiseta particeps Coquillettidia perturbans Uranotaenia anhydo

*From the Alameda Mosquito Abatement District website: http://www.mosquitoes.org/Larhabitat.html

### 58**sectio n 8:** appendixEandF

App en d ix E an d F 

## Co mp ounds App roved for Mosquito Control in California Pesticides used for mosquito control have been evaluated for this purpose by the U

. S

. E nvironmental Protection A gency ( E P A ) and found to pose minimal risks to human health and the environment when used according to label directions. F or updated information on specific products approved for use in C alifornia, please refer to the C alifornia Department of Pesticide R egulation website: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/label/labelque.ht m

T he components of this appendix have been adapted from the C alifornia Mosquito-Borne Virus S urveillance and R esponse Plan; C alifornia Department of Public Health, Mosquito and Vector C ontrol A ssociation of C alifornia, and U niversity of C alifornia, please refer to the following website for more information: www.westnile.ca.go v.
L abel rates and usage vary from year to year and geographically. C onsult your C ounty A gricultural C ommissioner and the C alifornia Department of F ish and G ame before application. E xamples of products containing specific active ingredients are provided below, but this is not an inclusive list nor constitutes product endorsement. F or more information on pesticides and mosquito control, please refer to the U

. S

. E P A website: www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/ skeeters.ht m 

## Larvi c ides: 1.

B a c illus thuringiensis israelensis ( B ti)

Product E xamples: A quabac 200 G , VectoBac ®12 AS , T eknar HP-D U se: A pproved for most permanent and temporary bodies of water. L imitations: O nly works on actively feeding stages. Does not persist well in the water column.


### 2.

B a c illus s p haeri c us ( B s)

Product E xample: Vecto L ex ® CG U se: A pproved for most permanent and temporary bodies of water. L imitations: O nly works on actively feeding stages. Does not work well on all species. May persist and have residual activity in some sites.


### 3.

I nse ct G ro wth R egulators ( IGR s)

a. ( S )-Methoprene Product E xample: A ltosid ®Pellets U se: A pproved for most permanent and temporary bodies of water. L imitations: Works best on older instars. S ome populations of mosquitoes may show some resistance. b. Diflurobenzamide Product E xample: Dimilin ®25W U se: I mpounded tail water, sewage effluent, urban drains and catch basins. L imitations: C annot be applied to wetlands, crops, or near estuaries. 

# App endix F

### 59 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties 

### 4.

Larvi c iding oils

Product E xample: Mosquito L arvicide G B-1111 U se: Ditches, dairy lagoons, floodwater. E ffective against all stages, including pupae. L imitations: C onsult with the C alifornia Department of F ish and G ame for local restrictions.


### 5. Mono m ole c ular fil m s Product E xample: A gnique ®MM F U se: Most standing water including certain crops. L imitations: Does not work well in areas with unidirectional winds in excess of 10 mph.


### 6.

O rgano p hos p hate c o mp ound (T e m e p hos)

Product E xample: A bate ®2-B G U se: N on-potable water; marshes; polluted water sites L imitations: C annot be applied to crops for food, forage, or pasture. T his material may not be effective on some Culex tarsalis populations in the C entral Valley. 

## A dulti c ides: 1.

O rgano p hos p hate c o mp ounds

a. Malathion Product E xample: F yfanon ® UL V U se: May be applied by air or ground equipment over urban areas, some crops including rice, wetlands. L imitations: Paint damage to cars; toxic to fish, wildlife and bees; crop residue limitations restrict application before harvest. b. N aled Product E xample: Dibrom ® C oncentrate, T rumpet ® EC U se: A ir or ground application on fodder crops, swamps, floodwater, residential areas. L imitations: S imilar to malathion.

c. C hlorpyrifos Product E xample: Mosquitomaster 412 U se: A ir or ground application in urban or recreational areas L imitations: N ot registered for use over agricultural commodities, or grazing lands and may be toxic to bees, fish, an some wildlife.


### 2. Pyrethrins ( natural pyrethrin products ) Product E xamples: Pyrenone ®2-B G C rop S pray, Pyrenone ®25-5, E vergreen ® U se: Wetlands, floodwater, residential areas, some crops. L imitations: Do not apply to drinking water, milking areas; may be toxic to bees, fish, and some wildlife. S ome formulations with synergists have greater limitations.


### 3. Pyrethroids (synthetic pyrethrin products containing deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, permethrin, resmethrin or sumithrin) Product E xamples: S uspend ® S c, T empo U ltra S c, A qua- R eslin ® , S courge ® , A nvil ®10+10 UL V, and Duet U se: A ll non-crop areas including wetlands and floodwater. L imitations: May be toxic to bees, fish, and some wildlife; avoid treating food crops, drinking water or milk production.

### 60**sectio n 8:** appendixF

App en d ix F L a r vicides A ctive I ng r edient Tr ade N ame E PAReg # MFG F o r mulation App lication Pesticide classification Bacillus sphaericus, (Bs) V ecto L ex CG 275-77 V alent B io S ciences G ranule L arvae B iorational

Bacillus sphaericus, (Bs) V ecto L ex WDG 73049-57 V alent B io S ciences W ater dispersible granule L arvae B iorational

Bacillus sphaericus, (Bs) V ecto L ex WS P 73049-20 V alent B io S ciences W ater soluble packet L arvae B iorational

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) V ecto B ac 12 AS 73049-38 V alent B io S ciences L iquid L arvae B iorational

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) V ecto B ac G 275-50 or 73049-10 V alent B io S ciences G ranule L arvae B iorational

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) V ecto B ac Tech. Powder 73049-13 V alent B io S ciences Technical poweder L arvae B iorational

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) A quabac 200 G 62637-3 B ecker M icrobial G ranule L arvae B iorational

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) B actimos B riquets 6218-47 S ummit D onut-stylebriquets L arvae B iorational

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) Teknar H P- D 73049-404 V alent B io S ciences L iquid L arvae B iorational

Monomolecular film A gnique MMF 2302-14 H enkel C orp. L iquid L arvae and pupae S urface film

P

etroleum oil GB 1111 8329-72 C larke L iquid L arvae and pupae S urface film

D iflubenzuron D imilin 25 W 400-465 U niroyal C hemical W ettable powder L arvae IG R

S-methoprene A ltosid ALL 2724-446 W ellmarkZ oecon L iquid C oncentrate L arvae IG R

S-methoprene A ltosid B riquets 2724-375 W ellmarkZ oecon B riquet L arvae IG R

S-methoprene A ltosid Pellets 2724-448 W ellmarkZ oecon Pellet-type granules L arvae IG R

S-methoprene A ltosid SBG 2724-489 W ellmarkZ oecon G ranule L arvae IG R

S-methoprene A ltosid X R- G 2724-451 W ellmarkZ oecon B riquet L arvae IG R

T emephos A bate 2- BG 8329-71 C larke G ranule L arvae O P

T emephos 5% S keeter A bate 8329-70 C larke G ranule L arvae O P 

# P ESTI C IDES USED FOR LARVAL M OSQUITO C ONTROL IN C ALIFORNIA For updated information on specific products approved for use in California, please refer to the California Department of Pesticide Regulation website: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/label/labelque.htm

### 61 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties A dulticides A ctive I ng r edient Tr ade N ame E PAReg # MFG F o r mulation App lication Pesticide classification Chlorpyrifos M osquitomaster 412 8329-36 C larke L iquid A dults O P

Malathion Fyfanon ® ULV 4787-8 C heminova L iquid A dults O P

Naled D ibrom ® C oncentrate 5481-480 AMVAC L iquid A dults O P

Naled TrumpetTM EC 5481-481 AMVAC L iquid A dults O P

Cyfluthrin Tempo U ltra SC 432-1363 B ayer L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

D eltamethrin S uspend ® SC 432-763 Aventis L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

L ambda-cyhalothrin D emand CS 100-1066 S yngenta L iquid A dults Pryethroid

P

ermethrin A qua-Reslin ® 432-796 Aventis L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

P

ermethrin B iomist ®4+12 ULV 8329-34 C larke L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

P

ermethrin Permanone ® Ready- To- U se 432-1182 Aventis L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

Pyrethrins Pyranone ®25-5 432-1050 Aventis L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

Pyrethrins Pyrenone ® C rop S pray 432-1033 Aventis L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

Pyrethrins Pyrocide ®7396 1021-1569 MG K L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

Resmethrin S courge ® I nsecticide (4%) 432-716 Aventis L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

Resmethrin S courge ® I nsecticide (18%) 432-667 Aventis L iquid A dults Pyrethroid

Sumithrin A nvil® 10+10 ULV 1021-1688- 8329 C larke L iquid A dults Pyrethroid 

# P ESTI C IDES USED FOR ADULT M OSQUITO C ONTROL IN C ALIFORNIA For updated information on specific products approved for use in California, please refer to the California Department of Pesticide Regulation website: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/label/labelque.htm

### 62**sectio n 8:** appendixG

App en d ix G 

## H ealth and S afety Codes Pertinent to Mosquito Control I n C alifornia, mosquito and vector control agencies are regulated by sections of the C alifornia Health and S afety (H& S ) C ode, F ood and A griculture C ode, C alifornia C ode of R egulations, and others. T he following components of this appendix have been adapted from the O verview of Mosquito C ontrol Practices in C alifornia, C alifornia Department of Public Health http:// www.westnile.ca.gov/resources.ph p . 

## G overning la w s and regulations Many federal and state laws govern the activities of vector control agencies, including the C lean Water A ct ( C W A ), the E ndangered S pecies A ct ( ESA ), and the F ederal I nsecticide F ungicide and R odenticide A ct ( FIFRA ). Pesticide application by vector control agencies in C alifornia is regulated under FIFRA

. FIFRA is administered through the U

. S

. E nvironmental Protection A gency, and regulates the registration, labeling, and sales of pesticides in the U nited S tates.

U nder the H& S C ode, local vector control agencies have the authority to conduct surveillance for vectors, prevent the occurrence of vectors, and legally abate production of vectors or public nuisance defined as “ A ny water that is a breeding place for vectors” and “ A ny activity that supports the development, attraction, or harborage of vectors, or that facilitates the introduction or spread of vectors.”(H& S C ode S ection 2002(j) and 2040). Vector control agencies also have authority to participate in review, comment, and make recommendations regarding local, state, or federal land use planning and environmental quality processes, documents, permits, licenses, and entitlements for projects and their potential effects with respect to vector production. (H& S C ode S ection 2041) Website link: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw. com/cacodes/hsc/2040-2055.htm l

A dditionally, agencies have broad authority to influence landowners to reduce or “abate” the source of a vector problem. A ctions may include imposing civil penalties of up to $1000 per day plus costs associated with controlling the vector. A gencies have authority to “abate” vector sources on private and publicly owned properties. (H& S C ode S ections 2060-2065). Website link: http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/hsc/2060-2067.htm l
Mosquito and vector control programs that enter into a cooperative agreement with the C alifornia Department of Public Health are exempted from some pesticide related laws under Title 3 of the C alifornia C ode of R egulations S ection 6620. S pecifically, these agencies are exempted from “ C onsent to A pply” (Title 3, C alifornia C ode of R egulations, S ection 6616), “ N otice” ( Title 3, C alifornia C ode of R egulations, S ection 6618), and the “Protection of Persons, A nimals, and Property” ( Title 3, C alifornia C ode of R egulations, S ection 6614). E ssentially, these provisions obviate the vector control agency from having to 

# App endix G

### 63 Best Mange m ent Practices for Mosquito C ontrol on C alifornia S tate Pro p erties notify or get permission from landowners prior to applying a pesticide to their property in the interest of preserving the public health. Website link: http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/legbills/ calcode/030201.htm l

A vector control technician working at a vector control agency must be a “certified technician” or work under the direct supervision of a “certified technician” to apply pesticides. Vector control technicians achieve certification through an examination process administered by the C alifornia Department of Public Health.
Vector control agencies cannot use any pesticide not registered for use in C alifornia, and are required to keep detailed records of each pesticide application, including date, location, and amount applied. A ll pesticides must be applied in accordance with the labeling of the product as registered with the U

. S

. E P A

.

### 64**section 8:**appendixH

App endix H 

# App endix H Additional Resources for Mosquito Control and Arbovirus Surveillance

Website URL Ava i la b l e info r m a tion California West N ile V irus Website http://westnile.ca.gov Up-to-date information on the spread of West N ile virus throughout California, personal protection measures, online dead bird report

ing, bird identification charts, mosquito control information and links, clinician information, local agency information, public edu

cation materials.
UC Davis Center for V ectorborne Diseases http://cvec.ucdavis.edu/ F requently updated reports and interactive maps on arbovirus sur

veillance and mosquito occurrence in California.
M osquito and V ector Control Association of California http://www.mvcac.org N ews, membership information, event calendars, and other topics of interest to California’s mosquito control agencies.
American M osquito Control Association http://www.mosquito.org/ N ews and other topics of interest to national mosquito control and mosquito-borne disease information.
California V ectorborne Disease S urveillance Gateway http://surv.mvcac.org Data management system for California’s mosquito control agencies.

California Data E xchange Center http://cdec.water.ca.gov Water-related data from the California Department of Water Re

sources, including historical and current stream flow, snow pack, and precipitation information.
UC I P M O nline http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu Precipitation and temperature data for stations throughout Califor

nia; also allows calculation of degree-days based on user-defined data and parameters.
N ational Weather S ervice– Climate Prediction Center http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/ products/predictions/ S hort-range (daily) to long-range (seasonal) temperature and pre

cipitation forecasts. Also provides E l N iño-related forecasts. California Agricultural S tatistics S ervice http://www.nass.usda.gov/ca/ Crop acreage, yield, and production estimates for past years and the current year’s projections. Reports for particular crops are published at specific times during the year–see the calendar on the website.
U S E nvironmental Protection Agency – M osquito Control http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ health/mosquitoes/ Describes the role of mosquito control agencies and products used for mosquito control.
U S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–West N ile V irus http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ dvbid/westnile/index.htm I nformation on the transmission of West N ile virus across the United S tates, viral ecology and background on W NV , and personal protection measures in various languages.
N ational Pesticide Telecommunications N etwork http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ D EET gen.pdf I nformation regarding the use of D EET

N ational Pesticide I nformation Center http://npic.orst.edu/ M ore information about using repellents

## California Department **of P**  **ubli c**  **Healt h**