[Cite as State v. Hess, 2024-Ohio-2842.]

COURT OF APPEALS

KNOX COUNTY, OHIO

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO

Plaintiff-Appellee

-vsTERRY HESS

Defendant-Appellant

JUDGES:

: Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.

: Hon. John W. Wise, J.

: Hon. Andrew J. King, J.

:

:

: Case No. 23-CA-000018

: 23-CA-000019

: 23-CA-000020

: OPINION

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Knox County Court of 

Common Pleas, Case Nos. 23CR05-0112,

23CR06-0140 & 23CR07-0175

JUDGMENT: Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: July 23, 2024

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant

CHARLES T. MCCONVILLE TODD W. BARSTOW

Knox County Prosecutor 261 W. Johnstown Road, Ste. 204

By: NICOLE E. DEER Columbus, OH 43230

117 East High Street, Ste. 234

Mount Vernon, OH 43050
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 2

Gwin, P.J.

{¶1} Defendant-Appellant Terry Hess [“Hess”] pled guilty in three separate cases 

to felony drug charges. The trial judge imposed consecutive sentences. On appeal, Hess 

argues that his sentence violates the general assembly’s intent to minimize the 

unnecessary burden on state and local government resources. He further contends that 

the imposition of consecutive sentences is contrary to law. Because we find the record 

demonstrates that the sentences were not imposed based on impermissible 

considerations, the trial judge made the necessary findings for imposing consecutive 

prison sentences, and Hess has not demonstrated that those findings are clearly and 

convincingly not supported by the record, which included Hess’s history of a prior prison 

term, committing offenses while on bond or awaiting trial, and previous violations of 

community control sanctions, we affirm the judgment of the Knox County Court of 

Common Pleas.

Facts and Procedural History

{¶2} On May 8, 2023, in Knox County Court of Common Pleas, Case Number 

23CR05-01121 Hess was indicted on one count of Aggravated Possession of Drugs, 

Methamphetamine, in an amount greater than or equal to five times bulk amount but less 

than fifty times bulk amount (24.46 grams), a second-degree felony.

{¶3} On June 5, 2023, in Knox County Court of Common Pleas, Case Number 

23CR06-01402 Hess was indicted on one count of Aggravated Possession of Drugs, 

Methamphetamine, a felony of the fifth degree, and one count of Aggravated Possession 

1 5th Dist. No. 23CA000018

2 5th Dist. No. 23CA000019
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 3

of Drugs, Methamphetamine, in an amount equal to bulk amount but less than five times 

bulk amount (4.8 grams), a felony of the third degree. 

{¶4} On July 31, 2023, in Knox County Court of Common Pleas, Case Number 

23CR07-01753, Hess was indicted on one count of Driving While Under the Influence of 

Alcohol or Drugs [OVI], a misdemeanor of the first degree, and one count of Aggravated 

Possession of Drugs, Methamphetamine, a felony of the fifth degree.

{¶5} On October 19, 2023, Hess entered guilty pleas to the following: in Case 

Number 23CR05-0112 to the amended charge of Aggravated Possession of Drugs, 

Methamphetamine, a felony of the third degree; in Case Number 23CR06-0140 the state 

dismissed Count One, in exchange for Hess pleading guilty to Count Two, Aggravated 

Possession of Drugs, Methamphetamine, in an amount equal to bulk amount but less 

than five times bulk amount, a felony of the third degree; and, in Case Number 23CR07-

0175, Hess pled guilty as charged to OVI and Aggravated Possession of Drugs, 

Methamphetamine, a felony of the fifth degree. The trial judge deferred sentencing an 

ordered a pre-sentence investigation report.

{¶6} On November 17, 2023, the trial judge sentenced Hess in Case Number 

23CR05-0112 to a definite term of imprisonment of thirty months consecutive to the 

sentences in Case Number 23CR06-0140 and Case Number 23CR07-0175. The trial 

judge sentenced Hess in Case Number 23CR06-0140 to a definite term of imprisonment 

of thirty months consecutive to the sentences in Case Number 23CR05-0112 and Case 

Number 23CR07-0175. The trial judge sentenced Hess in Case Number 23CR07-0175 

to a definite term of imprisonment of eleven months on Count Two and three days on 

3 5th Dist. No. 23CA000020
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 4

Count One. The eleven month and the three-day sentence were ordered to be served 

concurrently to each other but consecutively to the sentences in Case Number 23CR05-

0112 and Case Number 23CR06-0140.

Assignments of Error

{¶7} Hess raises two Assignments of Error:

{¶8} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY 

SENTENCING HIM IN CONTRAVENTION OF OHIO'S SENTENCING STATUTES.

{¶9} “II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF APPELLANT BY 

IMPROPERLY SENTENCING HIM TO CONSECUTIVE TERMS OF INCARCERATION 

IN CONTRAVENTION OF OHIO'S SENTENCING STATUTES.”

I.

{¶10} In his First Assignment of Error, Hess argues that his sentence violates the 

general assembly’s intent to minimize the unnecessary burden on state and local 

government resources. R.C. 2929.11.

Purposes and Principles of Felony Sentencing - R.C. 2929.11

{¶11} R.C. 2929.11(A) governs the purposes and principles of felony sentencing 

and provides that a sentence imposed for a felony shall be reasonably calculated to 

achieve the two overriding purposes of felony sentencing, which are (1) to protect the 

public from future crime by the offender and others, and (2) to punish the offender using 

the minimum sanctions that the court determines will accomplish those purposes. In order 

to achieve these purposes and principles, the trial court must consider the need for 

incapacitating the offender, deterring the offender and others from future crime, 

rehabilitating the offender, and making restitution to the victim of the offense, the public, 
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 5

or both. R.C. 2929.11(A). Additionally, the sentence “must be commensurate with, and 

not demeaning to, the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and its impact on the victims 

and consistent with sentences imposed for similar crimes by similar offenders.” R.C. 

2929.11(B).

Seriousness and Recidivism - R.C. 2929.12

{¶12} R.C. 2929.12 is a guidance statute that sets forth the seriousness and 

recidivism criteria that a trial court “shall consider” in fashioning a felony sentence. 

Subsections (B) and (C) establish the factors indicating whether the offender’s conduct is 

more serious or less serious than conduct normally constituting the offense. These factors 

include the physical or mental injury suffered by the victim due to the age of the victim; 

the physical, psychological, or economic harm suffered by the victim; whether the 

offender’s relationship with the victim facilitated the offense; the defendant’s prior criminal 

record; whether the defendant was under a court sanction at the time of the offense; 

whether the defendant shows any remorse; and any other relevant factors. R.C. 

2929.12(B). The court must also consider any factors indicating the offender’s conduct is 

less serious than conduct normally constituting the offense, including any mitigating 

factors. R.C. 2929.12(C). Subsections (D) and (E) contain the factors bearing on whether 

the offender is likely or not likely to commit future crimes. 

Standard of Appellate Review

{¶13} We review felony sentences using the standard of review set forth in R.C. 

2953.08. State v. Marcum, 2016-Ohio-1002, ¶22; State v. Howell, 2015-Ohio-4049, ¶31 

(5th Dist.). R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) provides we may either increase, reduce, modify, or vacate 

a sentence and remand for resentencing where we clearly and convincingly find that 
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 6

either the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings under R.C. 2929.13(B) 

or (D), 2929.14(B)(2)(e) or (C)(4), or 2929.20(I), or the sentence is otherwise contrary to 

law. See, also, State v. Bonnell, 2014-Ohio-3177, ¶28.

{¶14} Clear and convincing evidence is that evidence “which will provide in the 

mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” 

Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus. See also, In 

re Adoption of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361 (1985). “Where the degree of proof required 

to sustain an issue must be clear and convincing, a reviewing court will examine the 

record to determine whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy 

the requisite degree of proof.” Cross, 161 Ohio St. at 477.

{¶15} The Ohio Supreme Court reviewed the issue of whether a sentence is 

“contrary to law” under R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b) when an appellate court finds that the 

record does not support a sentence with respect to R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12. State v. 

Jones, 2020-Ohio-6729. The Jones court found that R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b) does not 

provide a basis for an appellate court to modify or vacate a sentence based on its view 

that the sentence is not supported by the record under R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12. State 

v. Jones at ¶39. Stated another way, “R.C. 2953.08, as amended, precludes secondguessing a sentence imposed by the trial court based on its weighing of the 

considerations in R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12.” State v. Toles, 2021-Ohio-3531, ¶10. 

{¶16} Although a court imposing a felony sentence must consider the purposes of 

felony sentencing under R.C. 2929.11 and the sentencing factors under R.C. 2929.12, 

“neither R.C. 2929.11 nor 2929.12 requires [the] court to make any specific factual 
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 7

findings on the record.” Id. at ¶ 20, citing State v. Wilson, 2011-Ohio-2669, ¶ 31, and 

State v. Arnett, 88 Ohio St.3d 208, 215 (2000).

{¶17} “‘Otherwise contrary to law’ means ‘in violation of statute or legal regulations 

at a given time.’” Jones at ¶ 34 quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (6th Ed. 1990). 

Accordingly, when a trial court imposes a sentence based on factors or considerations 

that are extraneous to those that are permitted by R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, that 

sentence is contrary to law. Claims that raise these types of issues are therefore 

reviewable. State v. Bryant, 2022-Ohio-1878, ¶22.

Issue for Appellate Review: Whether Hess’s sentence was imposed based on 

impermissible considerations—i.e., considerations that fall outside those that are 

contained in R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12.

{¶18} In the instant case, the trial court reviewed Hess’s PSI and listened to the 

statements from the prosecutor and defense counsel, and Hess. In open court and in its 

sentencing entry, the trial court indicated it considered the seriousness and recidivism 

factors under R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12.

{¶19} Hess’s argument that his sentence violates the general assembly’s intent to 

minimize the unnecessary burden on state and local government resources is not well 

taken. In State v. Ober, 1997 WL 624811 (2nd Dist. Oct. 10, 1997), the Court considered 

this same issue. The Ober court concluded, “[a]lthough resource burdens may be a 

relevant sentencing criterion, R.C. 2929.13(D) does not require trial courts to elevate 

resource conservation above the seriousness and recidivism factors.” Id.

{¶20} Several other appellate courts, including our own, considering these issues 

have reached the same conclusion. See, e.g., State v. Rappuhn, 2024-Ohio-1200 (5th
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 8

Dist.); State v. Hyland, 2006–Ohio–339, ¶ 32 (12th Dist.); State v. Brooks, 1998 WL 

514111 (10th Dist. Aug. 18, 1998); State v. Stewart, 1999 WL 126940 ( 8th Dist. Mar. 4, 

1999); State v. Fox, 2001 WL 218433 (3rd Dist. Mar. 6, 2001); State v. Banks, 2013-Ohio2847, ¶27 (5th Dist.); State v. Miller, 2004-Ohio-4636 (5th Dist.). We agree with the 

reasoning of the Ober court and other courts considering this issue and find no merit to 

Hess’s argument.

{¶21} Likewise, Hess’s appeal to this Court to adopt Justice Donnelly’s dissenting 

opinion in State v. Jones, 2020-Ohio-6729 is unconvincing. See also, Rappuhn, 2024-

Ohio-1200 at ¶18 (5th Dist.) Article IV of the Ohio Constitution designates a system of 

“superior” and “inferior” courts, each possessing a distinct function. The Constitution does 

not grant to a court of common pleas or to a court of appeals jurisdiction to reverse or 

vacate a decision made by a superior court. See, State ex rel. Cordray v. Marshall, 2009-

Ohio-4986, ¶32; State, ex rel. Potain v. Mathews, 59 Ohio St.2d 29, 32, (1979); R.C. 

2305.01. Unless “anarchy [is] to prevail within [our] judicial system, a precedent of [a 

higher court] must be followed by the lower [] courts no matter how misguided the judges 

of those courts may think it to be.” Hutto v. Davis, 454 U.S. 370, 375(1982).

{¶22} Upon review, we find that the trial court’s sentencing complies with 

applicable rules and sentencing statutes. While Hess may disagree with the weight given 

to these factors by the trial judge, his sentence was within the applicable statutory range 

and not based on impermissible considerations—i.e., considerations that fall outside 

those that are contained in R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12. Therefore, we have no basis for 

concluding that it is contrary to law. State v. Elkins, 2023-Ohio-1358, ¶ 22 (5th Dist.).

{¶23} Hess’s First Assignment of Error is overruled.
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 9

II.

{¶24} In his Second Assignment of Error, Hess contends that the trial judge’s 

imposition of consecutive sentences is contrary to law.

Standard of Appellate Review

{¶25} Under Ohio’s statutory sentencing scheme, there is a presumption that a 

defendant’s multiple prison sentences will be served concurrently, R.C. 2929.41(A), 

unless certain circumstances not applicable in this case apply, see, e.g., R.C. 

2929.14(C)(1) through (3), or the trial court makes findings supporting the imposition of 

consecutive sentences under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4), which provides:

If multiple prison terms are imposed on an offender for convictions of 

multiple offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison 

terms consecutively if the court finds that the consecutive service is 

necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender 

and that consecutive sentences are not disproportionate to the seriousness 

of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses to the public, 

and if the court also finds any of the following:

(a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses 

while the offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction 

imposed pursuant to [R.C. 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18], or was under 

post-release control for a prior offense.

(b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of 

one or more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of 

the multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single 
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 10

prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses 

of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

(c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that 

consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime 

by the offender.

{¶26} R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) provides an appellate court may either increase, 

reduce, modify, or vacate a sentence and remand for resentencing where we clearly and 

convincingly find that either the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings 

under R.C. 2929.13(B) or (D), 2929.14(B)(2)(e) or (C)(4), or 2929.20(I), or the sentence 

is otherwise contrary to law. See, also, State v. Bonnell, 2014-Ohio-3177, ¶ 28; State v. 

Jones, 2024-Ohio-1083, ¶ 13.

{¶27} Conformity with R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) requires the trial court to make the 

statutory findings at the sentencing hearing, which means that “‘the [trial] court must note 

that it engaged in the analysis’ and that it ‘has considered the statutory criteria and 

specifie[d] which of the given bases warrants its decision.’” State v. Bonnell, 2014-Ohio3177, ¶ 26, quoting State v. Edmonson, 86 Ohio St.3d 324, 326 (1999). To this end, a 

reviewing court must be able to ascertain from the record evidence to support the trial 

court’s findings. Bonnell at ¶ 29. R.C. 2953.08(F) requires an appellate court to review 

the entire trial-court record, including any oral or written statements made to or by the trial 

court at the sentencing hearing, and any presentence, psychiatric, or other investigative 

report that was submitted to the court in writing before the sentence was imposed. R.C. 

2953.08(F)(1) through (4); Jones, at ¶12.
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 11

{¶28} “A trial court is not, however, required to state its reasons to support its 

findings, nor is it required to [recite verbatim] the statutory language, ‘provided that the 

necessary findings can be found in the record and are incorporated in the sentencing 

entry.’” State v. Sheline, 2019-Ohio-528, ¶ 176 (8th Dist.), quoting Bonnell at ¶ 37; Jones, 

2024-Ohio-1083, ¶14.

Issue for Appellate Review: Whether the consecutive-sentence findings under 

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) have been made—i.e., the first and second findings regarding 

necessity and proportionality, as well as the third required finding under R.C. 

2929.14(C)(4)(a), (b), or (c)

{¶29} In the case at bar, the trial judge specifically stated that consecutive 

sentences were not disproportionate to the seriousness of Hess’s conduct and the danger 

he poses to the public. Sent. T. Nov. 16, 2023 at 12. The trial judge further found that 

Hess committed one or more of the offenses while he was awaiting trial or sentencing 

and that his history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive sentences were 

necessary to protect the public from future crime. Id.

Issue for Appellate Review: Whether the trial court’s decision to impose 

consecutive sentences in Hess’s case is supported by the record

{¶30} At sentencing, the judge heard from Hess and his counsel, as well as the 

assistant prosecuting attorney. The trial judge further considered the pre-sentence 

investigation report. Sent. T. at 6. 

{¶31} Hess’s past includes a conviction and prison sentence for aggravated 

robbery in 1981. Id. at 6. Hess was denied admission to the community-based correction 

facility for medical reasons and the number of prescriptions that Hess is required to take 
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 12

to treat his medical conditions, which include a gunshot wound to the stomach and 

cellulitis. Id. at 10-11; Bond Hearing / Arraignment, May 9, 2023 at 28- 31. Hess was 

further involved in a fatal traffic accident while on bond in the present case. Bond Hearing/ 

Arraignment at 19-20; 29; 36-38.

{¶32} The record supports the finding by the trial judge that “consecutive service 

is necessary to protect the public from future crime * * * and that consecutive sentences 

are not disproportionate to the seriousness of [Hess’s] conduct and to the danger [he] 

poses to the public,” R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). Moreover, the trial judge’s statements about 

Hess’s criminal history and commission of crimes while on bond or awaiting sentencing 

in these cases is supported by the record and supports the trial judge’s finding that Hess’s

“history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive sentences are necessary to 

protect the public from future crime by [him],” R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(c).

{¶33} We cannot clearly and convincingly conclude that the record does not 

support the trial judge’s R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) findings. Upon review, we find that the trial 

judge's sentencing on the charges complies with applicable rules and sentencing 

statutes. The sentence was within the statutory sentencing range. Further, the record 

contains evidence supporting the trial judge’s findings under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). 

Therefore, we have no basis for concluding that it is contrary to law.

{¶34} Hess’s Second Assignment of Error is overruled.
Knox County, Case Nos. 23-CA-000018,23-CA-000019 &23-CA-000020 13

{¶35} The judgment of the Knox County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.

By Gwin, P.J,

Wise, J., and

King, J., concur