USA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 1 of 11 NOMINATING PARTY: The United States of America

FILE NAME: USA CUN11 SOIL STRAWBERRY NURSERY Open Field

BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE TITLE OF NOMINATION: Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Preplant Soil Use for Strawberry Nursery in Open Fields (Submitted in 2009 for 2011 Use Season)

CROP NAME (OPEN FIELD OR PROTECTED): Strawberry Nursery Open Field

QUANTITY OF METHYL BROMIDE REQUESTED:

T ABLE 1: Q UANTITY OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE R EQUESTED IN E ACH Y EAR OF N OMINATION

Year N OMINATION A MOUNT

2011 7,381 kilograms

NOMINATING PARTY CONTACT DETAILS: Contact Person: Hodayah Finman Title: Foreign Affairs Officer Address: Office of Environmental Policy U.S. Department of State 2201 C Street, N.W. Room 2658 Washington, D.C. 20520

U.S.A. Telephone: (202) 647-1123 Fax: (202) 647-5947

E-mail: finmanhh@state.gov

Following the requirements of Decision IX/6 paragra ph (a)(1) The United States of America has determin ed that the specific use detailed in this Critical Use Nominati on is critical because the lack of availability of methyl bromide for

this use would result in a significant market disru ption. 

### ■ Yes  No

Signature Name Date

Title:

(Details on this page are requested under Decision Ex. I/4(7), for posting on the Ozone Secretariat we bsite under Decision Ex. I/4(8).)

In assessing nominations submitted in this format, TEAP and MBTOC will also refer to the original nomi nation on which the Party’s first-year exemption was approved , as well as any supplementary information provided by the Party in relation to that original nomination. As this earlier information is retained by MBTOC, a Pa rty need not re-submit that earlier information.USA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 2 of 11 CONTACT OR EXPERT(S) FOR FURTHER TECHNICAL DETAILS:
Contact/Expert Person: Jack Housenger Title: Director (Acting) Address: Biological and Economic Analysis Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Mailcode 7503P Washington, D.C. 20460

U.S.A. Telephone: (703) 308-8200 Fax: (703) 308-7042

E-mail: Housenger.Jack@epa.gov

LIST OF DOCUMENTS SENT TO THE OZONE SECRETARIAT IN OFFICIAL NOMINATION PACKAGE:

1. PAPER DOCUMENTS: Title of paper documents and appendices No. of pages Date sent to Ozone

Secretariat

USA CUN11 SOIL STRAWBERRY NURSERY Open Field 11

2. ELECTRONIC COPIES OF ALL PAPER DOCUMENTS: *Title of each electronic file (for naming conventi on see notes above) No. of kilobytes Date sent to Ozone

Secretariat

USA CUN11 SOIL STRAWBERRY NURSERY Open Field

* Identical to paper documentsUSA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 3 of 11 

### METHYL BROMIDE CRITICAL USE RENOMINATION FOR PREPLANT SOIL USE (OPEN FIELD OR PROTECTED ENVIRONM ENT)

STRAWBERRY NURSERY

1. SUMMARY OF THE NEED FOR METHYL BROMIDE AS A CRITICA L USE

Methyl bromide has been the long-time standard in n urseries for the treatment of soils to achieve pest-free certification of nursery stock. Currentl y in California, only methyl bromide and 1,3-D are accepted treatments for nursery stock certifica tion (e.g., CDFA, 2003—NIPM #7). The use of 1,3-D is limited to soils where soil moisture an d texture are amenable to nematicidal activity. In North Carolina and Tennessee specific fumigants that are accepted for certification are not identified in the regulations (NCDA, 1985; TDA, 199 9). However, the long-time experience with methyl bromide as the only fumigant used has r esulted in a lag in the identification of effective alternatives, and protocols for their use , that can be relied on the ensure stock

certification.

Research has indicated that iodomethane/chloropicri n, 1,3-D/chloropicrin followed by dazomet, and chloropicrin followed by dazomet provided simil ar pest control in runner nurseries when compared to methyl bromide/chloropicrin (e.g., Fenn imore et al., 2008a; Kabir et al., 2005). In addition, use of high barrier films has improved ef ficacy of alternatives. However, to attain certification of transplants, commercially feasible protocols must be developed and tested and sanctioned by state regulators. These alternatives will require further study to show their consistency in providing control of yellow and purp le nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus

, C.

rotundus ) and a number of other critical weed pests in Cali fornia. In addition, regulatory restrictions in California on the use of 1,3-D and chloropicrin make their use as alternatives uncertain. Therefore, until commercial trials supp ort research study findings, the nursery industry has a critical need for methyl bromide.

California runner nurseries produce the largest num ber of strawberry plants in the world. Transplants produced in California are distributed widely throughout the U.S. and other countries. Transplants are grown over a five-year cycle. Screenhouses are used during the first two years and open field plantings are used during the last three years. Methyl bromide is used on soils in production Year-2 though Year-5. Indiv idual planting sites are planted to strawberries once every three years. The fourth an d fifth production years account for 22% and 77%, respectively, of the current methyl bromide nu rsery usage in California. Several pathogens cause significant disease problems for nursery plan ts in California including, Phytophthora crown and root rots (

Phytophthora spp.), red stele ( Phytophthora fragariae ), Verticillium wilt ( Verticillium dahliae ), and anthracnose ( Colletotrechum acutatum ). In addition, numerous nematode and weed species can cause severe problem s.

Southeastern U.S. nurseries in North Carolina and T ennessee produce transplants in open fields. An individual field is planted to strawberries once every three years. Approximately 85% of transplants produced are sent to Florida. Currentl y, all nurseries in this region use methyl bromide + chloropicrin, which is shank injected 30- 45 cm below the soil surface. It is broadcastUSA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 4 of 11 (50%) or strip fumigated (on 55% of a total acre). In the southeastern region, yellow nutsedge ( Cyperus esculentus ) and purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus ) infest approximately 50% of nursery land, while all nurseries are affected by b lack root rot ( Rhizoctonia and Pythium spp.) and root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.).

2. SUMMARIZE WHY KEY ALTERNATIVES ARE NOT FEASIBLE

Nurseries currently use methyl bromide on all of th eir land for transplants designated as quarantine pre-shipment (QPS), which makes up 99% o f methyl bromide use by nurseries. Last year, for the 2010 use season, a critical use for m ethyl bromide was nominated for 18 ha of nurseries in California and 11 ha (total) for nurse ries in North Carolina and Tennessee. For the 2011 season, methyl bromide continues to be critica l for strawberry nurseries to produce pestfree plants to meet state and foreign certification standards, as well as the expectations of strawberry fruit producers. The regulatory restric tions in California on 1,3-D and chloropicrin make their feasibility as alternatives uncertain.

Protocols for the commercial use of effective alter natives have not been sufficiently developed to provide confidence for effective control of the key pests that would ensure certification. There are no markets for plants that do not meet the cert ification standards, which mean that losses up to 100% are possible when inadequate pest control o ccurs. Failure to adequately manage pests in transplants will jeopardize certification process a nd adversely affect fruit production industries in the U.S., as well as the in countries purchasing U. S. plants (e.g., Canada, Mexico, Spain, countries in South America, and others).

3. IS THE USE COVERED BY A CERTIFICATION STANDARD?

The certification requirements for strawberry nurse ries (e.g., CDFA, 2003; TDA, 1999; NCDA, 1985) located in the states requesting critical use exemptions for methyl bromide are strict (zero tolerance for any damaging diseases and plant-paras itic nematodes) in order to minimize the prospect of spreading these pests to other states a nd countries where these plants are shipped. Methyl bromide has been the long-time standard for these nurseries to attain certification. State authorities may determine appropriate measures to a chieve pest-free designation. California describes methods to prepare field soils using meth yl bromide or 1,3-D (CDFA, 2003—NIPM #7).

The southeastern nursery consortium requested criti cal use of methyl bromide for strawberry

nurseries in North Carolina and Tennessee. As in C alifornia, state regulatory authorities in North

Carolina and Tennessee determine if nurseries have met appropriate standards for stock certification (see cited regulations below). Regula tions specify that plants must be “essentially free of insect pests and plant diseases”. Accordi ng to a previous SE strawberry nursery request for methyl bromide use in 2010, “ it will likely take 3 to 5 years for this industry to adopt methyl iodide:chloropicrin as an effective nursery fumigan t for control of diseases, nematodes and weeds (e.g. nutsedge) .”USA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 5 of 11 A summary of some certification standards are provi ded below:

CALIFORNIA (CDFA, 2003)

California regulations (e.g., CDFA, 2003—NIPM #3) f or nursery standards (reg. 3060.2-a)

include:

“All nursery stock shall be kept ‘commercially’ cle an with respect to established pests of general distribution. Commercially clean shall mean that p ests are under effective control, are present only to a light degree, and that only a few of the plants in any lot or block of nursery stock or on the premises show any infestation or infection, and of these none show more than a few individuals of any insect, animal or weed pests, or more than a few individual infestations of any plant disease.”

TENNESSEE (TDA, 1999)

“No strawberry plants shall be sold, offered, store d, or held for sale, or transported within or

into the State of Tennessee unless they shall have been cert ified as being essentially free of insect pests and plant diseases by the Director of Entomology and Pl ant Pathology of the Tennessee Department of Agriculture or by a legally constituted agency desi gnated for such purpose in
other states, territories, or counties.”

“Soil in Foundation planting sites shall be fumigated or otherwise sterilized using materials and methods prescribed or accepted by the Director of E ntomology and Plant Pathology of the Tennessee Department of Agriculture.”

NORTH CAROLINA (NCDA, 1985)

02 NCAC 48A .1207 NURSERY INSPECTION AND RECORD-KEE PING (a) A plant inspection certificate shall be issued after the nursery has been inspected by an inspector of the North Carolina Department of Agric ulture, found apparently free of injurious plant pests, and the proper fee paid. An inspectio n shall be conducted at least once annually prior to September 30 of each year. The certificat e shall be valid until September 30 of the following year, but may be revoked or suspended for cause in accordance with the provisions of G.S. Chapter 150B. (b) A nursery registration cert ificate shall be issued after the nursery has been inspected by an inspector of the North Carolin a Department of Agriculture, found apparently free of injurious plant pests, less than one acre in size, and the proper fee paid. An inspection shall be conducted at least once every t hree years. Registration may be revoked or suspended for cause in accordance with the provisio ns of G.S. Chapter 150B. A person who holds a nursery registration certificate shall imme diately report to the Plant Industry Division any changes in acreage or shipping procedures when such changes result in their being placed in a different nursery classification, (i.e. an inc rease in business size to one acre or more or outof-state sales). (c) All nurserymen may be require d to keep accurate records of plant acquisitions and sales when such records are deemed necessary by the Plant Pest Administrator in order to trace the spread of plant pests. The r ecords shall be presented upon request to any authorized inspector.
Authority G.S. 106-65.45; 106-65.46; 106-284.18; 10 6-420; Eff. January 1, 1985.USA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 6 of 11 02 NCAC 48A .1210 INFESTED STOCK IN NURSERY When nursery stock in the nursery is found by the i nspector to be infested with any plant pest, the certificate may not be issued until the infested st ock has been treated or destroyed to the extent that the salable stock to be covered by the certifi cate shall be apparently free of plant pests. The authorized inspector making the inspection may pres cribe such treatment as may be necessary and shall require full compliance before issuing a certificate. Should it be necessary for the inspector to make additional visits to the nursery to check compliance with recommended procedure, charges may be assessed for each subsequ ent visit on the same basis as for the initial
inspection.
Authority G.S. 106-65.45; 106-65.46; 106-284.18; 10 6-420; Eff. January 1, 1985.

4. IF PART OF THE CROP AREA IS TREATED WITH METHYL BROMIDE,

INDICATE THE REASON WHY METHYL BROMIDE IS NOT USED IN THE OTHER AREA, AND IDENTIFY W HAT ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES ARE USED TO

CONTROL THE TARGET PATHOGENS AND WEEDS W ITHOUT METHYL

BROMIDE THERE.

All nurseries currently treat soils with methyl bro mide. This nomination is only for a portion of nursery soils that produce transplant requiring met hyl bromide but not designated QPS.

5. WOULD IT BE FEASIBLE TO EXPAND THE USE OF THESE METHODS TO COVER AT LEAST PART OF THE CROP THAT HAS REQUESTED USE OF

METHYL BROMIDE? WHAT CHANGES WOULD BE NECESSARY TO ENABLE

THIS?

As previously stated, until commercial use of alter natives has been proven to provide acceptable pest-free status, methyl bromide is critical. Rese arch has indicated that several alternatives have comparable efficacy to methyl bromide, but transfer of research technology to commercial application will not be finalized by 2011.

6. SUMMARY OF RECENT RESEARCH

Research for the strawberry runner nurseries in Cal ifornia and North Carolina and Tennessee in

the southeastern U.S. has indicated that in researc h plots some alternatives appear to provide pest management levels comparable to traditional methyl bromide treatments. However, the time and expense necessary to transfer new technology from t he research stage to commercial application

continues to result in the need for a critical use of methyl bromide for a small portion of strawberry nursery land.

Iodomethane may offer a feasible alternative to nur series in states where it is registered (it is not currently registered in California). However, the newly registered product will require testing to confirm efficacy in commercial settings and for acc eptability by state inspectors for certification. Following commercial-scale testing, a period of tra nsition from methyl bromide also will beUSA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 7 of 11 required. Transition will include optimization of use rates and application techniques, and product formulation decisions.

Previous research (e.g., Larson and Shaw, 2007) sug gested that inconsistent efficacy of alternatives remains the greatest problem for trans ition to alternatives by this industry (this was also the case for nurseries in Spain; see, Garcia-M endez et al., 2007). Alternatives that have been evaluated in research trials over the past sev eral years are 1,3-D + chloropicrin, 1,3-D + chloropicrin + metam-sodium, 1,3-D + metam-sodium, and dazomet as a follow-up application to 1,3-D + chloropicrin or chloropicrin (Fennimore et al., 2008b). Iodomethane is a newly registered product (not registered for use in Calif ornia) and a likely long-term alternative for North Carolina and Tennessee nurseries. However, a ccording to the registrant Arysta, data submissions still must be completed to address cert ification issues with this fumigant.

For the effective production of runner plants, weed s must be kept to a minimum. Recently a report on weed control was published (Fennimore et al., 2008a). Results indicated that iodomethane/chloropicrin, 1,3-D/chloropicrin follow ed by dazomet, chloropicrin followed by dazomet, and methyl bromide/chloropicrin all provid ed comparable weed control with similar hand-weeding costs. Costs of iodomethane for Calif ornia nurseries were considered uncertain since it is not currently on the market for commerc ial use in California. Cost analyses for

alternatives for California and the southeastern nu rseries is presented in this document.

The industry continues to refine protocols for effe ctive alternatives, but this requires several seasons of data gathering. For example, the use of 1,3-D/chloropicrin followed by dazomet or chloropicrin followed by dazomet appeared more effe ctive in nursery trials in California (Kabir et al., 2005) than previous nursery trials where ch loropicrin was applied alone (Larson and Shaw, 2000). By optimizing methods identified through re search alternative strategies are being

identified.

7. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVES

Please note that in this study net revenue is calcu lated as gross revenue minus operating costs. This is a good measure as to the direct losses of i ncome that may be suffered by the users. It should be noted that net revenue does not represent net income to the users. Net income, which indicates profitability of an operation for an ente rprise, is gross revenue minus the sum of operating and fixed costs. Net income is smaller t han the net revenue measured in this study, often substantially so. We did not include fixed c osts because they are difficult to measure and verify.

The economic analysis of the strawberry nursery app lications compared data on yields, crop prices, revenues and costs using methyl bromide and using alternative pest control regimens in order to estimate the loss of methyl bromide availa bility. The alternatives identified as technically feasible - in cases of low pest infesta tion 1 – for different regions by the U.S. are: (a)

1 It should be noted that the USG does not request m ethyl bromide for use in areas of low to moderate pest pressure. Only cases where key pests are present at moderate to high levels require methyl bromide for pest pressure.USA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 8 of 11 Iodomethane and (b) 1,3-Dichloropropene and Chlorop icrin followed by Metam sodium (otherwise referred to as the Georgia 3-Way).

The economic factors that really drives the feasibi lity analysis for nursery stock production uses of methyl bromide are: (1) yield losses, referring to reductions in the quantity produced, (2) increased production costs, which may be due to the higher-cost of using an alternative, additional pest control requirements, and/or result ing shifts in other production or harvesting practices (3) quality losses, which generally affec t the quantity and price received for the goods, and (4) missed market windows due to plant back tim e restrictions, which also affect the quantity and price received for the goods.

The economic reviewers then analyzed crop budgets f or pre-plant sectors to determine the likely economic impact if methyl bromide were unavailable. Various measures were used to quantify the impacts, including the following:

(1) Loss per Hectare. For crops, this measure is closely tied to income . It is relatively easy to measure, but may be difficult to interpret in isola tion.

(2) Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide . This measure indicates the value of methyl bromide to crop production.

(3) Loss as a Percentage of Gross Revenue. This measure has the advantage that gross revenues are usually easy to measure, at least over some unit, e.g. , a hectare of land or a storage operation. However, high value commodities or crop s may provide high revenues but may also entail high costs. Losses of even a small percenta ge of gross revenues could have important impacts on the profitability of the activity.

(4) Loss as a Percentage of Net Operating Revenue . We define net cash revenues as gross revenues minus operating costs. This is a very goo d indicator as to the direct losses of income that may be suffered by the owners or operators of an enterprise. However, operating costs can often be difficult to measure and verify.

(5) Operating Profit Margin . We define operating profit margin to be net oper ating revenue divided by gross revenue per hectare. This measure would provide the best indication of the total impact of the loss of methyl bromide to an en terprise. Again, operating costs may be

difficult to measure and fixed costs even more diff icult, therefore fixed costs were not included in the analysis.

These measures represent different ways to assess t he economic feasibility of methyl bromide alternatives for methyl bromide users, who are stra wberry nursery producers in this case. Because producers (suppliers) represent an integral part of any definition of a market, we interpret the threshold of significant market disru ption to be met if there is a significant impact on commodity suppliers using methyl bromide. The e conomic measures provide the basis for making that determination.

In the case of strawberry fruit production, for Cal ifornia strawberry producers, there is a slight change in impacts from previous years estimates. I odomethane is under registration review,USA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 9 of 11 however registration is expected to be at least one year in the future. There is also the use of 1,3- D + chloropicrin followed by an application of meta m sodium. The loss to gross revenue for growers using 1,3-D + chloropicrin followed by an application of metam sodium at a rate of up to 250 lb ai. as an alternative to methyl bromide i s estimated to be about 11% as compared to the use of methyl bromide. California strawberry nurse ry growers are not expected to see any yield or quality impacts with 1,3-D + chloropicrin plus m etam sodium. See Table 2 below for further

details.

For the Eastern growers that have access to iodomet hane, an loss 13% in gross revenue is expected in the first year of use due to increased costs to retrofit application equipment (hoses, nozzles, flow meters) that will allow the use of io domethane. This cost is estimated to be approximately $600-$700 per treatment based on BEAD estimates. Southeastern Strawberry nursery producers that use iodomethane in place of methyl bromide are expected to experience no change in yield or quality. See Table 3 below.

T ABLE 2. C ALIFORNIA S TRAWBERRY G ROWERS A SSOCIATION : E CONOMIC I MPACTS OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE
A LTERNATIVES

.

CALIFORNIA SGA M ETHYL B ROMIDE I ODOMETHANE ( UNREGISTERED ) 1,3 D + PIC +

M ETAM

P RODUCTION L OSS (%) 0% 0% 0%

P RODUCTION PER H ECTARE 372 372 372

* P RICE PER U NIT ( US $) $ 110.23 $ 110.23 $ 110.23

= G ROSS R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 41,019 $ 41,019 $ 41,019

- O PERATING C OSTS PER H ECTARE ( US $)** $ 28,585 $ 31,491 $ 32,944

= N ET R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 12,434 $ 9,528 $ 8,075

L OSS M EASURES *

1. L OSS PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 0 $ 2,906 $ 4,359

2. L OSS PER K ILOGRAM OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE ( US $) $ 0 $ 11.03 $ 16.55

3. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF G ROSS R EVENUE (%) 0% 7% 11%

4. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF N ET O PERATING

R EVENUE (%) 0% 23% 35%

5. O PERATING P ROFIT M ARGIN (%) 30% 23% 20%

**Note that the measures in the tables below must b e interpreted carefully. Operating costs do not in clude fixed costs and net revenue equals gross revenue minus op erating costs.USA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 10 of 11 T ABLE 3. S OUTH E ASTERN S TRAWBERRY N URSERY C ONSORTIUM : E CONOMIC I MPACTS OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE
A LTERNATIVES
South Eastern Strawberry Nursery Consortium M ETHYL B ROMIDE I ODOMETHANE 1,3 D + PIC

P RODUCTION L OSS (%) 0% 0% 10%

P RODUCTION PER H ECTARE 211,715 211,715 190,543

* P RICE PER U NIT ( US $) $ .20 $ .20 $ .20

= G ROSS R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 42,008 $ 42,008 $ 37,807

- O PERATING C OSTS PER H ECTARE ( US $)** $ 29,244 $ 34,523 $ 31,513

= N ET R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 12,764 $ 7,485 $6,294

L OSS M EASURES *

1. L OSS PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 0 $ 5,279 $ 6,470

2. L OSS PER K ILOGRAM OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE ( US $) $ 0 $ 12.80 $ 15.69

3. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF G ROSS R EVENUE (%) 0% 13% 15%

4. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF N ET O PERATING

R EVENUE (%) 0% 41% 51%

5. O PERATING P ROFIT M ARGIN (%) 30% 18% 17%

**Note that the measures in the tables below must b e interpreted carefully. Operating costs do not in clude fixed costs and net revenue equals gross revenue minus op erating costs.

8. RESULTANT CHANGES TO REQUESTED EXEMPTION QUANTI TIES

T ABLE 4: N OMINATION A MOUNT

California Strawberry Nursery Assoc. Southeastern

Strawberry

Consortium Sector Total /

Average

Quantity Requested for 2010: Amount (kgs) 4,690 2,691

7,381

Quantity Recommended by

MBTOC/TEAP for 2010 : Amount (kgs) 4,690 -

4,690

Amount (kgs) 4,690

-

4,690

Area (ha) 23

-

23

Rate 200 200

Transition from 2010 Baseline Adjusted Value Percentage (%) 0% 0% 0%

Amount (kgs) 

### 4,690

2,691

7,381

Area (ha) 23

13

37

Rate 200 200

200 STRAWBERRY NURSERY 

### 2011 Methyl Bromide Usage Newer Numerical Index (BU NNI)

Transition Use Reduction Description Spreadsheet

Quantity Required for

2011 Nomination:

SECTOR

Quantity Approved by Parties

for 2010:USA CUN11 SOIL Strawberry Nursery Open Field Page 11 of 11 CITATIONS

California Strawberry Commission. 2008. Request f or a critical use exemption the use of methyl bromide on strawberries.

CDFA (California Department of Food and Agriculture ). 2003. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/NIPM.html Regulation for nursery and seed inspection (NIPM # 3), http://www.cdfa.ca.gov//phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/nipm_ 3_regs_nsy_sees_insp.pdf ; Approved treatment and handling procedures to ensu re against nematode pest infestation of nursery stock (NIPM #7), http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/NIPM_7 .pdf ; CDFA Strawberry Registration and Certification Prog ram, http://fpms.ucdavis.edu/Strawberry/CDFAStrawRegs.ht ml

Fennimore, S. A., Haar, M. J., Goodhue, R. E., and Winterbottom, C. Q. 2008a. Weed control in strawberry runner plant nurseries with methyl br omide alternative fumigants. HortScience 43(5):1495-1500.

Fennimore, S. A., Duniway, J. M., Browne, G. T., Ma rtin, F. N., Ajwa, H. A., Westerdahl, B.B., Goodhue, R. E., Haar, M., and Winterbottom, C. 200 8b. Methyl bromide alternatives evaluated for California strawberry nurseries. Cali fornia Agriculture 62(2):62-67. http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?a rticle=3194&context=anrcs/californiaagric

ulture

Kabir, Z., Fennimore, S. A., Duniway, J. M., Martin , F. N., Browne, G. T., Winterbottom, C. Q., Ajwa, H. A., Westerdahl, B. B., Goodhue, R. E., and Haar, M. J. 2005. Alternatives to methyl bromide for strawberry runner plant producti on. HortScience 40(6):1709-1715.

NCDA (North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services), 1985. Nursery Regulations, Nursery Certification. http://www.ncagr.com/plantind/Regs/48a1200.htm ; http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac/title%2002%20- %20agriculture%20and%20consumer%20services/chapter% 2048%20- %20plant%20industry/subchapter%20a/02%20ncac%2048a% 20.1210.html

TDA (Tennessee Department of Agriculture and Plant Industries). 1999. Rules of Tennessee Department of Agriculture and Plant Industries. Reg ulations Governing Strawberry Plant Growers and Dealers. Chapter 0080-6-2. http://state .tn.us/sos/rules/0080/0080-06/0080-06- 02.pdf