[Cite as State v. Pari, 2017-Ohio-4165.]

STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

 )ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT 

COUNTY OF SUMMIT ) 

STATE OF OHIO 

 Appellee 

 v. 

ROBERT G. PARI 

 Appellant 

C.A. No. 28098 

APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT 

ENTERED IN THE 

COURT OF COMMON PLEAS 

COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO 

CASE No. CR 2015 05 1626(A) 

DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY 

Dated: June 7, 2017 

 

CALLAHAN, Judge. 

{¶1} Appellant, Robert Pari, appeals his conviction and sentence from the Summit 

County Court of Common Pleas. This Court affirms in part and reverses in part. 

I. 

{¶2} Mr. Pari was arrested and charged with aggravated possession of drugs and 

possessing drug abuse instruments. The case proceeded to trial and a jury found Mr. Pari guilty of 

both offenses. The trial court sentenced Mr. Pari to a twenty-four-month period of community 

control and verbally advised him he could be sentenced to up to twelve months in prison if he 

violated his community control. Mr. Pari now appeals, raising four assignments of error, which 

have been reordered for discussion. 
2 

 

II. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR ONE 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING RULE 29(A) ACQUITTAL AS 

THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE 

VERDICTS[.] 

{¶3} In his first assignment of error, Mr. Pari argues the trial court erred when it 

overruled his Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal and submitted the case to the jury for deliberations 

when there was insufficient evidence to do so. This Court disagrees. 

{¶4} Whether the evidence in a case is legally sufficient to sustain a conviction is a 

question of law. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). “In essence, sufficiency is a 

test of adequacy.” Id. This Court reviews questions of law under a de novo standard. State v. 

Trifari, 9th Dist. Medina No. 08CA0043–M, 2009-Ohio-667, ¶ 12. 

{¶5} “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to 

support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether 

such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a 

reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. “The 

relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the 

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven 

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. 

{¶6} Mr. Pari contends, even viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the 

prosecution, no rational trier of fact could have found the essential element of possession as to 

either offense. Mr. Pari does not challenge the other elements of the offenses. Mr. Pari argues the 

officer had no personal knowledge that the contraband belonged to him and points out the 

difference between the arresting officer’s police report and his trial testimony. As to the latter 
3 

 

argument, this Court notes that the credibility of a witness is properly addressed under a manifest 

weight of the evidence analysis, and is done so below. 

{¶7} The offense of aggravated possession of drugs is committed when a defendant 

knowingly obtains, possesses, or uses a Schedule I or II controlled substance. R.C. 2925.11(A) 

and (C)(1). 

{¶8} The offense of possessing drug abuse instruments is committed when a defendant 

“knowingly * * * possess[es], or use[s] any instrument, article, or thing the customary and 

primary purpose of which is for the administration or use of a dangerous drug, * * *, when the 

instrument involved is a hypodermic or syringe, * * *, and the instrument, * * * involved has been 

used by the offender to unlawfully administer or use a dangerous drug, * * *, or to prepare a 

dangerous drug, * * *, for unlawful administration or use.” R.C. 2925.12(A). 

{¶9} Possession or possess “means having control over a thing or substance, but may 

not be inferred solely from mere access to the thing or substance through ownership or occupation 

of the premises upon which the thing or substance is found.” R.C. 2925.01(K). “A person acts 

knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware that the person’s conduct will 

probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge of 

circumstances when the person is aware that such circumstances probably exist.” R.C. 

2901.22(B). 

{¶10} It is well settled that “‘a person may knowingly possess a substance or object 

through either actual or constructive possession.’” State v. See, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 08CA009511, 

2009-Ohio-2787, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Hilton, 9th Dist. Summit No. 21624, 2004-Ohio-1418, ¶ 

16. “‘Constructive possession exists when an individual knowingly exercises dominion and 

control over an object, even though that object may not be within his immediate physical 
4 

 

possession.’” State v. Reis, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26237, 2012-Ohio-2482, ¶ 7, quoting State v. 

Kendall, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25721, 2012-Ohio-1172, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Hankerson, 70 

Ohio St.2d 87 (1982), syllabus. As this Court recognizes, “‘[t]he crucial issue is not whether the 

accused had actual physical contact with the article concerned, but whether the accused was 

capable of exercising dominion [and] control over it.’” Reis at ¶ 7, quoting State v. Graves, 9th 

Dist. Lorain No. 08CA009397, 2011-Ohio-5997, ¶ 15, quoting State v. Ruby, 149 Ohio App.3d 

541, 2002-Ohio-5381, ¶ 30 (2d Dist.). Nevertheless, “constructive possession may be inferred 

from the drugs’ presence in a usable form and in close proximity to the defendant.” State v. 

Figueroa, 9th Dist. Summit No. 22208, 2005-Ohio-1132, ¶ 8, citing State v. Thomas, 9th Dist. 

Summit No. 21251, 2003-Ohio-1479, ¶ 11. “Circumstantial evidence is itself sufficient to 

establish dominion and control over the controlled substance.” Hilton at ¶ 16. 

{¶11} On May 18, 2015, Trooper Neil Laughlin effected a traffic stop on a pickup truck 

in which Mr. Pari was the front seat passenger. Mr. Pari and the driver were both nervous and 

acting fidgety. According to the trooper, Mr. Pari’s nervousness was extreme and, in his 

experience, consistent with people who have something to hide or are engaged in some type of 

criminal activity. A subsequent search of the interior of the vehicle revealed a purse in the center 

of the bench seat which contained female items as well as hydromorphone pills and two loaded 

syringes. In the bed of the truck, directly behind the passenger seat, was a black leather fanny 

pack containing motorcycle goggles, a cell phone charger, a Trojan condom, rolling papers, a 

syringe, a finger of a latex glove which contained 24 hydromorphone pills and another piece of 

rubber which contained cathinone (bath salts). The truck was registered to Mr. Pari. The female 

driver took ownership of the purse and its contents and told Trooper Laughlin the fanny pack and 

its contents belonged to Mr. Pari. 
5 

 

{¶12} Trooper Laughlin compared the lot number and expiration date of the condom in 

the fanny pack to two condoms that were found in Mr. Pari’s pocket during a pat down search and 

found them to be identical. He later researched the Trojan web site and learned that each box of 

condoms has its own lot number, and concluded that the three condoms came from the same box. 

According to the trooper, Mr. Pari did not want the driver to know he had condoms. The trooper 

plugged the phone charger that was in the fanny pack into Mr. Pari’s flip phone and found that it 

fit the phone. Mr. Pari told the trooper he had driven a motorcycle earlier that day but he did not 

take ownership of the goggles. 

{¶13} Mr. Pari’s charges were based solely on the items found in the fanny pack and not 

on any of the contraband found in the purse. 

{¶14} Based upon the statement of the driver, Mr. Pari’s nervous demeanor, the 

location of the fanny pack in proximity to Mr. Pari, the fact that the truck was registered to Mr. 

Pari, the nature of the items contained within the fanny pack, the trooper’s subsequent follow-up 

regarding the condoms and the phone charger, and Mr. Pari’s admission that he rode a motorcycle 

earlier that day, applying the definitions set forth above and viewing the evidence in a light most 

favorable to the prosecution, any rational finder of fact could have found beyond a reasonable 

doubt that the fanny pack and its contents belonged to Mr. Pari, and that Mr. Pari knew the fanny 

pack was behind him in the bed of the truck and was aware of its contents. Furthermore, although 

the fanny pack was not on Mr. Pari’s person or immediately near him, any rational finder of fact 

could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Mr. Pari constructively possessed the fanny 

pack and its contents and that he exercised dominion and control over the items. Accordingly, this 

Court concludes that Mr. Pari’s convictions are supported by sufficient evidence. 
6 

 

{¶15} Mr. Pari’s reliance on State v. Delrossi, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26943, 2014-Ohio4457, is misplaced. In that case, this Court focused on the date in the indictment and found that 

the evidence put forth by the State did not sufficiently point to defendant’s involvement during 

that time period. Id. at ¶ 24-26. No such issue exists here. Accordingly, Mr. Pari’s first 

assignment of error is overruled. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR THREE 

THE VERDICTS ARE AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE 

EVIDENCE[.] 

{¶16} In his third assignment of error, Mr. Pari argues the manifest weight of the 

evidence does not support his convictions. This Court disagrees. Again, Mr. Pari only challenges 

the element of possession. 

{¶17} This Court has explained that 

[i]n determining whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the 

evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence 

and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and 

determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact 

clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the 

conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered. 

 

State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986). Weight of the evidence concerns 

whether a greater amount of credible evidence supports one side of the issue more than it supports 

the other. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387. Further, when reversing a conviction on the basis 

that the conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence, “the appellate court sits as a 

‘thirteenth juror’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.” Id., 

quoting Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42 (1982). An appellate court should only exercise its 

power to reverse a judgment as against the manifest weight of the evidence in exceptional cases in 

which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction. Otten at 340. 
7 

 

{¶18} A thorough review of the record indicates that this is not the exceptional case 

where the evidence weighs heavily in favor of Mr. Pari. Based upon the testimony recounted 

above, there were significant indicia of his ownership of the fanny pack and the items within. The 

trooper was the sole witness presented during the trial. During cross-examination trial counsel 

attempted to discredit the State’s theory by challenging the trooper’s failure to check if the phone 

charger fit into the driver’s phone, and by pointing out that the size of the waist strap on the fanny 

pack was more consistent with being worn by a female. Counsel also elicited that most persons 

stopped by the trooper display some level of nervousness and that Mr. Pari did not identify the 

goggles as belonging to him, but merely said they looked like a pair he owns. Counsel challenged 

the credibility of the trooper by pointing out facts to which he testified that were not contained in 

his report, most importantly, the exact words used by the driver to incriminate Mr. Pari. Counsel 

offered the theory that the contraband in the fanny pack belonged to the driver. 

{¶19} This Court recognizes that “the trier of fact is in the best position to determine the 

credibility of witnesses and evaluate their testimony accordingly,” State v. Johnson, 9th Dist. 

Summit No. 25161, 2010-Ohio-3296, ¶ 15, and will not overturn a conviction as being against the 

manifest weight of the evidence simply because the trier of fact chose to believe the State’s 

version of events over another version. State v. Tabassum, 9th Dist. Summit No. 25568, 2011-

Ohio-6790, ¶ 27. 

{¶20} Having reviewed the record, this Court cannot say the jury clearly lost its way and 

created a manifest miscarriage of justice in choosing the State’s version of the events. The weight 

of the evidence supports the conclusion that Mr. Pari knowingly, constructively possessed the 

drugs and the syringe contained within the fanny pack. 
8 

 

{¶21} Accordingly, Mr. Pari’s convictions for aggravated possession of drugs and 

possessing drug abuse instruments are not against the manifest weight of the evidence. The third 

assignment of error is overruled. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR TWO 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GIVING A MISLEADING AND 

PREJUDICIAL JURY INSTRUCTION ON CONSTRUCTIVE 

POSSESSION[.] 

{¶22} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Pari contends the trial court erred in giving 

a misleading, prejudicial jury instruction on constructive possession. Although a timely objection 

to the constructive possession jury instruction was made, trial counsel offered no alternative 

instruction. Mr. Pari contends the constructive possession instruction should not have been given 

and that the instruction that was given was misleading. 

{¶23} Mr. Pari advances several arguments in support of his position. First, he argues 

the instruction should not have been given “in the narrow facts of this case.” (Emphasis deleted.) 

Next, Mr. Pari argues the instruction was confusing and prejudicial because the concept of 

authority over the object was not addressed in the charge. Finally, Mr. Pari argues the 

constructive possession instruction “is dangerous from a policy perspective” in that a defendant 

who is near drugs, but not aware of the drugs’ presence, could be found guilty. This Court 

disagrees. 

{¶24} “A trial court has broad discretion to decide how to fashion jury instructions, but 

it must ‘fully and completely give the jury all instructions which are relevant and necessary for 

the jury to weigh the evidence and discharge its duty as the fact finder.’” State v. White, 142 Ohio 

St.3d 277, 2015-Ohio-492, ¶ 46, quoting State v. Comen, 50 Ohio St.3d 206 (1990), paragraph 

two of the syllabus. In line with this requirement, jury instructions must “present a correct, 
9 

 

pertinent statement of the law that is appropriate to the facts.” White at ¶ 46, citing State v. 

Griffin, 141 Ohio St.3d 392, 2014-Ohio-4767, ¶ 5 and State v. Lessin, 67 Ohio St.3d 487, 493 

(1993). When, as here, a timely objection to the inclusion of the jury instruction was made, this 

Court reviews whether the challenged jury instruction complied with this requirement by applying 

an abuse of discretion standard. See State v. Norris, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 14CA010699, 2015-

Ohio-5180, ¶ 25. An abuse of discretion is more than an error of judgment; it implies that the trial 

court’s decision was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio 

St.3d 217, 219 (1983). When applying the abuse of discretion standard, this Court may not simply 

substitute its own judgment for that of the trial court. Pons v. Ohio State Med. Bd., 66 Ohio St.3d 

619, 621 (1993). 

{¶25} As to Mr. Pari’s first argument, he does not identify the “narrow facts” to which 

he refers, but seems to suggest the fact that the State presented only one witness. However, the 

jury was clearly instructed that they were not required to believe any witness simply because he 

was under oath and that they could believe all or part or none of the testimony of a witness. As 

previously stated, this Court recognizes that “the trier of fact is in the best position to determine 

the credibility of witnesses and evaluate their testimony accordingly.” Johnson, 2010-Ohio-3296, 

¶ 15. 

{¶26} Mr. Pari relies on R.C. 2925.01(K) in support of his assertion that inherent in the 

notions of dominion and control is some authority over the objects, not merely the ability to 

access it. Therefore, the instruction should have included the concept of authority. 

{¶27} In its entirety, R.C. 2925.01(K) states: “‘Possess’ or ‘possession’ means having 

control over a thing or substance, but may not be inferred solely from mere access to the thing or 
10 

 

substance through ownership or occupation of the premises upon which the thing or substance is 

found.” The word “authority” does not appear in this section. 

{¶28} The trial court gave the following instruction on constructive possession: 

A person may knowingly possess a substance or object through either actual or 

constructive possession. Constructive possession exists when an individual 

exercises dominion and control over an object, even though that object may not be 

within his immediate possession. Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to support 

the elements of constructive possession. Some facts standing alone, such as 

access to drugs, are insufficient to establish constructive possession on their own, 

but when viewed together, these factors may constitute circumstantial evidence 

that demonstrates constructive possession. The crucial issue is not whether the 

accused had actual physical contact with the article concerned, but whether the 

accused was capable of exercising dominion and control over it. 

(Emphasis added.) 

{¶29} A review of the record and the instruction given by the trial court shows that the 

constructive possession instruction was a correct statement of the law and applicable to the facts 

of this case. Further, Mr. Pari’s argument ignores the necessary element of knowingly and the 

court’s instruction as to that term. “It is presumed that the jury will follow the court’s 

instructions.” State v. Manor, 9th Dist. Summit No. 14376, 1990 WL 73651, *1 (May 30, 1990). 

{¶30} As to Mr. Pari’s policy argument, he provides no appellate rule or case law 

suggesting that this Court is permitted to conduct a such review. “If an argument exists that can 

support this assignment of error, it is not this court’s duty to root it out.” Cardone v. Cardone, 9th 

Dist. Summit No. 18349, 1998 WL 224934, *8 (May 6, 1998). 

{¶31} Mr. Pari’s second assignment of error is overruled. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR FOUR 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY IMPOSING ONE SENTENCE OF 

COMMUNITY CONTROL FOR MULTIPLE CONVICTIONS; THE 

SENTENCE IS CONTRARY TO LAW. 
11 

 

{¶32} In his fourth assignment of error, Mr. Pari contends the trial court’s sentence is 

contrary to law. This Court agrees. 

{¶33} Initially, this Court notes that the State filed a Motion to Dismiss or for Remand 

early in the appeal process based upon the absence of a misdemeanor sentence in the sentencing 

journal entry. This Court denied the State’s motion, citing State v. Saxon, 109 Ohio St.3d 176, 

2006-Ohio-1245, ¶ 14, but left open the possibility that the issue may be revisited upon the final 

disposition of the appeal. 

{¶34} This Court has consistently held that “‘a Journal Entry must dispose of all charges 

brought in a single case against a defendant in order to be final.’” State v. Abel, 9th Dist. Lorain 

No. 08CA009310, 2008-Ohio-4938, ¶ 8, quoting State v. Goodwin, 9th Dist. Summit No. 23337, 

2007-Ohio-2343, ¶ 13. The facts of this case suggest that during the sentencing hearing the trial 

judge actually imposed a sentencing-package of a single community control sentence for both the 

felony and the misdemeanor charges. Although the trial judge did not impose a jail sentence for 

the misdemeanor conviction, when asked by the prosecutor if any time was going to be 

suspended, the trial judge said, “I sentenced him to community control so if he screws up he 

comes back and gets sentenced.” Because there is technically a sentence for each count, the 

judgment entry is a final, appealable order. 

{¶35} Nonetheless, the Ohio Supreme Court has held it is error to impose a sentencingpackage on multiple counts. State v. Saxon, 109 Ohio St.3d 176, 2006-Ohio-1245, ¶ 9-10; see 

State v. Hopson, 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 28207, 28208, 28209, 28210, 28211, 2017-Ohio-2637, ¶ 

10. Under Ohio law, a “judge lacks the authority to consider the offenses as a group and to 

impose only an omnibus sentence for the group of offenses.” Saxon at ¶ 9. Instead, the judge 

“must consider each offense individually and impose a separate sentence for each offense.” Id. 
12 

 

{¶36} In reviewing a felony sentence, “[t]he appellate court’s standard for review is not 

whether the sentencing court abused its discretion.” R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). “[A]n appellate court 

may vacate or modify a felony sentence on appeal only if it determines by clear and convincing 

evidence” that: (1) “the record does not support the trial court’s findings under relevant statutes” 

or (2) “the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.” State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-

Ohio-1002, ¶ 1. Clear and convincing evidence is that “which will produce in the mind of the 

trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.” Cross v. Ledford, 

161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus. 

{¶37} During the sentencing hearing the trial judge said “the court is going to sentence 

Mr. Pari to a term of two years of community control * * *.” After discussing several other 

matters the trial judge went on to state, “If you violate probation, the court could impose a more 

serious sanction including sending you to prison for up to 12 months on your felony of the fifth 

degree, aggravated possession of drug charge.” (Emphasis added.) 

{¶38} The sentencing journal entry filed on December 31, 2015 orders “that the 

Defendant be sentenced to twelve (12) months of incarceration, suspended, upon the condition 

that the Defendant complete 2 years of community control.” The only reference to the 

misdemeanor offense of possessing drug abuse instruments is the guilty plea.1

 

{¶39} Pursuant to R.C. 2929.19(B)(4) a trial court sentencing an offender to a 

community control sanction “shall indicate the specific prison term that may be imposed as a 

sanction for the violation” at the time of the sentencing. Pursuant to R.C. 2929.15(B)(3) if a court 

imposes a prison term after an offender violates community control the prison term “shall not 

 

1

 The sentencing journal entry also states Mr. Pari’s “plea was accepted.” While Mr. Pari did not 

raise this issue and this Court finds any error harmless, the entry should be corrected to reflect 

language consistent with a jury trial. 
13 

 

exceed the prison term specified in the notice provided * * * at the sentencing hearing.” The fact 

that the journal entry stated Mr. Pari would be sentenced to “twelve (12) months of incarceration, 

suspended” was not adequate to put him on notice for the purposes of R.C. 2929.19(B)(4). The 

requirement of a statutorily defined notification upon sentencing of an offender to a community 

control sanction is not satisfied by notification given in the trial court’s journal entry issued after 

sentencing. State v. Brooks, 103 Ohio St.3d 134, 2004-Ohio-4746, ¶ 15, 18. 

{¶40} The felony sentence in this matter is clearly and convincingly contrary to law. 

Additionally, the imposition of the sentencing-package on the felony and misdemeanor is error. 

For both of these reasons, the matter must be remanded for resentencing. Because this decision is 

dispositive, this Court need not address Mr. Pari’s R.C. 2929.12 argument. Mr. Pari’s fourth 

assignment of error is sustained. 

III. 

{¶41} Mr. Pari’s first, second, and third assignments of error are overruled. Mr. Pari’s 

fourth assignment of error is sustained. The judgment of the Summit County Court of Common 

Pleas is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and the cause is remanded for the limited purpose of 

resentencing. 

Judgment affirmed in part, 

reversed in part, 

 and cause remanded. 

 

 There were reasonable grounds for this appeal. 

 We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common 

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy 

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27. 
14 

 

 Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of 

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the 

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is 

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the 

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30. 

 Costs taxed equally to both parties. 

 

 LYNNE S. CALLAHAN 

 FOR THE COURT 

HENSAL, P. J. 

CARR, J. 

CONCUR. 

APPEARANCES: 

MARK H. LUDWIG, Attorney at Law, for Appellant. 

SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and HEAVEN DIMARTINO, Assistant 

Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.