Overview of EIA Cooling System DataThermoelectric Power Water Use Sector Partners MeetingVlad Dorjets, Form EIA-860 Project LeaderMarch 22, 2012 | Washington, DCwww.eia.govU.S. Energy Information AdministrationIndependent Statistics & AnalysisOverview• Review of Applicable Industry Surveys and RecentImprovements• Summary and Analysis of 2010 Data• Preview of 2011 Data• Survey Clearance2Electric Industry SurveysElectricIndustrySurveysEIA-860“Electric Generator Report”Discontinued in 2006(last data year 2005)EIA-767“Steam-Electric PlantOperations and Design Report”Re-introduced in 2008 (for 2007 data) butSplit Between Two Existing SurveysEIA-923“Power Plant OperationsReport”3EIA-860“Electric Generator Report”,ElectricGeneratorReport• Annual survey conducted Jan – Feb of each year for data asat December 31 of preceding year (available Aug / Sep)atDecember31ofprecedingyear(availableAug/Sep)• Surveys all plants that are (1) connected to the grid, and (2)have a combined nameplate capacityof at least 1 MWpy• Captures data on static characteristics of operating andproposedplants at agenerator levelp p g– Location, operator and owner details– Capacity (MW), operating status, prime movers–Possible energy source co-firing and energy switching capabilityPossibleenergysource,cofiringandenergyswitchingcapability– Environmental equipment characteristicsNot collected for all plants• Sets the “frame” for form EIA-9234Key Cooling System Data on Form EIA-860KeyCoolingSystemDataonFormEIA• Cooling system design type–Once through (cooling pond fresh water saline water)Oncethrough(coolingpond,freshwater,salinewater)– Recirculating (cooling pond, forceddraft, induced draft, natural draft)– Dry cooling–Hybrid (dry with pond dry with forced draft dry with induced draft)Hybrid(drywithpond,drywithforceddraft,drywithinduceddraft)• Capacity (Flow Rate at 100 percent Load)• Relationshipwith boilers andgenerators atplantgp• Cooling water source (e.g. surface, ground, plant discharge)• Coolingwater type(e.gfresh,brackish,wastewater,saline)yp (, ,)• Details on cooling ponds and towers5EIA-923“Power Plant Operations Report”,PowerPlantOperationsReport• Composed of three inter-related surveysEIA-923M:Monthly survey of sample based on location energy source and–Monthlysurveyofsamplebasedonlocation,energysourceandsize (includes some of the country’s largest plants but not their cooling systemoperating data)–EIA-923:Annual survey of those plants not included in EIA-923 sample.–EIA-923S:Annual survey of same sample as EIA-923M but requestingadditional data (includes cooling system operating data)•Captures plant operating dataCapturesplantoperatingdata– Generation (MWh)– Fuel cost, quality, inventories, and consumption– Byproducts disposition– Environmental equipment operating data– Water use at qualifying plants6Key Cooling System Data on Form EIA-923KeyCoolingSystemDataonFormEIA• Hours in serviceChl i•orne use• Average monthlyflowrates–Diversion– Withdrawal– Discharge–Consumption• Cooling water temperatures– Average monthly at intake–Monthly maximum at intake– Average monthly at discharge– Monthly maximum at discharge7Recent Improvements to Cooling SystemData Collected on SurveysDataCollectedonSurveys• Inclusion of nuclear units and non-fired HRSGs (includingconcentrated solar facilities)concentratedsolarfacilities)• Inclusion of new system design types (e.g. dry, hybrid) andnewquestions on water typeyp• Average cooling system flow rates and temperatures requiredper month rather thanperyear andper seasonpy p• Diversion data added to withdrawal, discharge, andconsumption data previously collected on form EIA-9238Recent Improvements to Operating CoolingSystem Data Collected on SurveysDry Cooling2009 (Traditional Fossil Fuel-Burning Units)SystemDataCollectedonSurveys12Wet Cooling - OpenWet Cooling - ClosedD /W t H b id7807401,533Dry/WetHybridDry Cooling12010 (Fossil Fuel Burning Units +Nuclear + Gas w/o Duct Firing )39Wet Cooling - OpenWet Cooling - Closed1,7057878770 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Dry/Wet HybridNew System Classifications Added in 201029Source: EIA, Form EIA-860Cooling Systems at Nuclear GeneratorsCoolingSystemsatNuclearGenerators• EIA has data on cooling systems at nuclear generators from1999.• Data collected in 2010 was predominantly the same as datacollected in 1999allows for time series analysis• 2010 data show the following:– 61 plants use only surface water, 1uses ground, 1 uses discharge and 1usesboth surface and groundbothsurfaceandground– 50 plants use fresh water, 4 use brackish, 9 use saline and 1 uses reclaimed– 105 total systems including both individual systems and systems “types” withmany plants have multiple systemsmanyplantshavemultiplesystems– 50 one through systems at 35 plants, 37 cooling towers at 27 plants, 12 coolingponds at 8 plants, and 6 “other” systems at 5 plants10Cooling Systems at Nuclear GeneratorsPLANT NAME OPENLOOPCOOLINGPONDSCOOLINGTOWERSOTHERSYSTEMSWATERSOURCEWATERTYPELOOPPONDSTOWERSSYSTEMSSOURCEArkansas Nuclear One 1 1 Surface FreshBeaver Valley 2 Surface FreshBraidwood Generation Station 2 Surface FreshBrowns Ferry 1 1 Surface FreshS fSBrunswick 2uracealineByron Generating Station 2 Surface FreshCallaway 1 Surface FreshCalvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant 1 Surface BrackishCatawba 2 Surface FreshCli t P St ti1S fF hClintonPowerStationuracereshColumbia Generating Station 1 Surface FreshComanche Peak 1 Surface FreshCooper 1 Surface FreshCrystal River 1 Surface SalineDavisBesse1SurfaceFreshSurfaceDiablo Canyon 2 Surface SalineDonald C Cook 2 Surface FreshDresden Generating Station 2 2 2 Surface FreshDuane Arnold Energy Center 1 1Surface &GroundFreshEdwin I Hatch 2 Surface FreshFermi 1 Surface FreshFort Calhoun 1 Surface FreshGrand Gulf 2 Ground Fresh11Cooling Systems at Nuclear GeneratorsPLANT NAME OPENLOOPCOOLINGPONDSCOOLINGTOWERSOTHERSYSTEMSWATERSOURCEWATERTYPELOOPPONDSTOWERSSYSTEMSSOURCEH B Robinson 2 Surface FreshHarris 1 Surface FreshIndian Point 2 Surface BrackishJames A Fitzpatrick 1 Surface FreshS fJoseph M Farley 2urace FreshKewaunee 1 Surface BrackishLaSalle Generating Station 2 Surface FreshLimerick 2 Surface FreshMcGuire 2 Surface FreshMill t2S fS lisoneuraceaneMonticello 1 Surface FreshNine Mile Point Nuclear Station 1 1 Surface FreshNorth Anna 2 Surface FreshOconee 3 Surface FreshOyster Creek1SurfaceSalineOysterCreekSurfacePalisades 1 Surface FreshPalo Verde 1 Discharge ReclaimedPeach Bottom 2 2 Surface FreshPerry 1 Surface FreshPilgrim Nuclear Power Station1SurfaceSalinePilgrimNuclearPowerStationSurfacePoint Beach Nuclear Plant 1 Surface FreshPPL Susquehanna 2 Surface FreshPrairie Island 1 1 Surface FreshPSEG Hope Creek 1 Surface Fresh12Cooling Systems at Nuclear GeneratorsPLANT NAME OPENLOOPCOOLINGPONDSCOOLINGTOWERSOTHERSYSTEMSWATERSOURCEWATERTYPELOOPPONDSTOWERSSYSTEMSSOURCEPSEG Salem Generating Station 2 Surface FreshQuad Cities GeneratingStation 2 Surface FreshR E Ginna Nuclear Power Plant 1 Surface FreshRiver Bend 1 Surface FreshSO fS fSannore 2uracealineSeabrook 1 Surface SalineSequoyah 1 1 Surface FreshSouth Texas Project 1 Surface FreshSt Lucie 1 Surface SalineS2S fB ki hurryuracerackishThree Mile Island 1 Surface FreshV C Summer 1 Surface FreshVermont Yankee 1 1 Surface FreshVogtle 2 Surface FreshWaterford 31SurfaceFreshWaterford3SurfaceWatts Bar Nuclear Plant 1 1 Surface FreshWolf Creek Generating Station 1 Surface Fresh13Operating Years of Existing Cooling Systems6070In 2002 and 2003, 118 towers - associatedwith 22.8 GW – were installed4050In 1958, 49 once throughsystems were installed butassociated with only 8.2 GWBetween 1972 and 1975, 87 once throughsystems – associated with 51.8 GW - werei t ll d3040installed102001920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Once ThroughRecirculating (Pond)Recirculating (Tower)14Source: EIA, Form EIA-8602010 Summer Capacity (MW) by Cooling System Type2008 Capacity by Cooling DesignHybrid2010 Capacity By Cooling DeisgnOther1%Dry Cooling1%ySystem0%Other0%Once Through49%Recirculating(Tower)41%Once Through44%Recirculating (Tower)47%Note: Due to cooling systems being associated with multipleRecirculating(Pond)9%Recirculating (Pond)8%15Source: EIA, Annual Energy Outlook 2011Note:Duetocoolingsystemsbeingassociatedwithmultiplegenerators, capacity may be included in more than one categoryAverage (Non-Weighted) Flow Rates byCooling System TypeCoolingSystemTypeCooling System Type(data in cubic ft / sec)Plants Diversion Withdrawal Discharge ConsumptionOnce Through (Saline Water) 88 75.54 421.55 439.73 0.93Once Through (Cooling Ponds) 37 96.80 474.80 443.49 6.33Once Through (Fresh Water) 257 50.54 336.37 334.34 2.57Recirculating (Cooling Ponds)60164.42 367.39 235.20 14.73Recirculating (Forced Draft Tower)19310.30 18.17 11.69 5.26Recirculating (Induced Draft Tower)2223 1811 938 944 02Recirculating(InducedDraftTower)....Recirculating (Natural Draft Tower)5242.88 47.61 36.85 16.00Hybrid System1 N/A 3.40 1.08 2.3516Preview of 2011 DataPreviewof2011Data• 16 operating cooling systems were added in 2011 (4 new, 12previously unreported)previouslyunreported)• 2011 will include 12 planned or under construction systemsassociated with concentrated solar facilities17OMB Survey Clearance OverviewOMBSurveyClearanceOverview• All EIA surveys must be periodically reviewed and approvedby U.S. Office of Management and BudgetbyU.S.OfficeofManagementandBudget– Clearance process results in EIA being able to compel compliance– Authority granted pursuant to Section 13(b), 15 U.S.C. §772(b), of the FederalEnergy Administration Act of 1974 and Public Law 93-275EnergyAdministrationActof1974andPublicLaw93• Electric industry surveys are typically reviewed every threeyears– Electricity surveys currently expire December 31, 2013• EIA currently soliciting comments on electric industry formsincluding forms EIA-860 and EIA-92318Stakeholder Feedback on ClearanceStakeholderFeedbackonClearance• Addition of new questionsNeed to reflect development and evolution of industry–Needtoreflectdevelopmentandevolutionofindustry• Modifications to existing questions–Clarification of ambiguous language in surveysClarificationofambiguouslanguageinsurveys– Inclusion of additional options available to respondents (e.g. cooling systemtypes, energy sources, etc.)• Deletion of obsolete questions19Qualities of Good Survey QuestionsQualitiesofGoodSurveyQuestions• Clearly definableNeed to avoid ambiguity and to ensure that all respondents provide same data–Needtoavoidambiguityandtoensurethatallrespondentsprovidesamedata• Readily available–EIA cannot require respondents to collect or measure new data they do notEIAcannotrequirerespondentstocollectormeasurenewdatatheydonotalready have• Justifiable– All new questions entail additional burden on the respondent as well as burdenon EIA to collect and review incoming data so the need for the new elementmust justify the cost20For more information (electricity data)Formoreinformation(electricitydata)General Data-Related Inquiries |infoelectric@eia.govEIA-860 Data |www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia860.htmlProject Leader: Vlad Dorjets |vlad.dorjets@eia.govEIA923 Data |www eia gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia906 920 html-923Data|www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/eia906_920.htmlProject Leader: Channele Wirman |channele.wirman@eia.govEIA Surveyswww.eia.gov/survey/|yElectric Power Annual Report |www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/|/ //Electric Power Monthly Reportwww.eia.govelectricity/monthly/21For more information (general)Formoreinformation(general)U.S. Energy Information Administration home page |www.eia.govShort-Term Energy Outlook |www.eia.gov/steoAnnual Energy Outlook |www.eia.gov/aeoInternational Energy Outlook |www.eia.gov/ieoMonthly Energy Review |www eia gov/merMonthlyEnergyReview|www.eia.gov/merEIA Information CenterInfoCtr@eia.govOur average response time is within threebusiness days.(202) 586-880024-hour automated information line about EIAand frequently asked questions.22