1 

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO 

EASTERN DIVISION 

TRACY THOMPSON, 

 Plaintiff, Case No. 2:12-cv-1087 

 JUDGE GREGORY L. FROST 

v. Magistrate Judge Deavers 

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, et al., 

 Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER

This matter is before the Court for consideration of Defendants’ motion for summary 

judgment (ECF No. 69), Plaintiff’s memorandum in opposition (ECF No. 92), and Defendant’s 

reply memorandum (ECF No. 93). For the reasons that follow, the Court GRANTS the motion. 

I. BACKGROUND 

Plaintiff Tracy Thompson is an African-American female. In her complaint, Plaintiff 

alleges that she suffered a series of injustices during the time she was pursuing a Master’s degree 

in Health Administration (the “Program”) at the Ohio State University (“OSU”). 

Defendant Sharon Schweikhart, Ph.D., is a professor in OSU’s College of Public Health. 

Dr. Schweikhart, who is a Caucasian female, has been a professor with OSU since 1990. 

Plaintiff communicated with Dr. Schweikhart prior to enrolling in the Program. 

According to Dr. Schweikhart, she helped Plaintiff get into the Program by helping her 

strengthen her candidacy and later advocating to the Dean of the Graduate School on Plaintiff’s 

behalf. According to Plaintiff, Dr. Schweikhart did not help her get into the Program, but instead 

misled Plaintiff about the prerequisites for admission to the Program. Plaintiff testified that she 

believes Dr. Schweikhart misled her about the academic requirements for admission to the 

Program because of Plaintiff’s race. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 1 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
2 

Plaintiff was accepted into the Program. She, along with approximately thirty other 

students, enrolled in the Program in the fall of 2009. Plaintiff was the only African-American 

student in her class, although it appears from the record that there were other minority students in 

the class. The Program typically takes two years to complete; accordingly, Plaintiff planned to 

graduate from the Program in the spring of 2011. 

During the fall 2009 quarter, Plaintiff took Dr. Schweikhart’s Operations Management 

for Health Services Organizations class. Plaintiff received a failing grade on the midterm. When 

she went to talk to Dr. Schweikhart about how to improve her grade, Dr. Schweikhart told her to 

“figure it out.” Plaintiff asserts that this comment reflects Dr. Schweikhart’s animosity towards 

her.1

 

Plaintiff received a B as her final grade. That grade was the lowest grade handed out in 

Dr. Schweikhart’s class that quarter. Four other students also received a B as their final grade, 

while thirty-two students received grades higher than a B. 

Notwithstanding Plaintiff’s grade, on October 6, 2010, Dr. Schweikhart wrote several 

letters of recommendation to potential employers on Plaintiff’s behalf. In those letters, Dr. 

Schweikhart indicated that the faculty had selected Plaintiff to represent the Program in a 

national competition. Dr. Schweikhart also made several positive comments about Plaintiff’s 

experience and capabilities. 

During this time (the fall quarter of 2010), Plaintiff was enrolled in a second class taught 

by Dr. Schweikhart. This class, called Health Care Information Systems, required students to 

 

1

 Plaintiff also asserts that other students picked up on Dr. Schweikhart’s negative attitude towards Plaintiff; 

however, Plaintiff did not provide any non-hearsay evidence in support of that assertion. Hearsay statements, such 

as the fact that other students told Plaintiff Dr. Schweikhart did not like her, are not properly before the Court on this 

motion for summary judgment. See Wiley v. United States, 20 F.3d 222, 226 (6th Cir. 1994) (citing Daily Press, 

Inc. v. United Press Int’l, 412 F.2d 126, 133 (6th Cir. 1969)); Fed. R. Ev. 801(c)(2). 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 2 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
3 

submit an individual paper assignment. Plaintiff submitted her assignment on November 24, 

2010. 

According to Dr. Schweikhart, Plaintiff’s submission stood out as unusual compared to 

the other students’ submissions. Dr. Schweikhart typed some of the seemingly anomalous 

phrases into Google and made the following discoveries: (1) portions of Plaintiff’s paper 

matched sources that she had not cited, (2) portions of Plaintiff’s paper contained direct quotes 

from other sources, but did not contain quotation marks around those quotes, (3) some of the 

articles Plaintiff did cite were different from the actual source, (4) portions of Plaintiff’s paper 

contained direct (or nearly direct) quotes from sources cited in the reference section, and (5) 

several sections of Plaintiff’s paper cited sources with no discernible connection to the content of 

that section. 

Plaintiff characterizes the incident as one in which she used an informal citation style. 

Plaintiff argues that she “pulled language directly from sources, but did not use quotes around 

the language, but rather, simply cited to the source in footnotes,” which was a “common 

practice” in Dr. Schweikhart’s courses. (ECF No. 92, at 4.) Plaintiff does not, however, directly 

dispute Dr. Schweikhart’s version of the facts on this issue (such as the facts that Plaintiff failed 

to cite some sources at all and cited other sources only in the reference section of her paper). 

Plaintiff similarly does not present any evidence other than her own testimony that such actions 

were “common practice” in Dr. Schweikhart’s class.2

 Finally, Plaintiff does not dispute that her 

actions constituted plagiarism within the meaning of OSU’s Code of Student Conduct. 

 

2

 Plaintiff also asserts that other (non-African-American) students admitted to her that they had similarly plagiarized 

their papers. Again, however, Plaintiff fails to offer any non-hearsay evidence to that effect. See ECF No. 70, at 

PAGEID # 549–50. The Court therefore will not consider that assertion in adjudicating this motion for summary 

judgment. See Wiley, 20 F.3d at 226. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 3 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
4 

Dr. Schweikhart reported the suspected plagiarism to the Committee on Academic 

Misconduct (“COAM”). Dr. Schweikhart’s email to the COAM stated: 

I am sending [this] to COAM because the situation surrounding this paper and 

this student[’s] situation is somewhat troubling. The student has performed quite 

well and appropriately in previous courses . . . . Further, the student has had a 

difficult and stressful quarter, with her mother being very ill and a job search in 

progress. I do not believe the student should be suspended, as it would delay 

graduation by a full year if the student cannot take courses in winter or spring 

quarter. 

(ECF No. 71-1, at PAGEID # 963.) 

The COAM, which is a neutral panel composed of faculty members and students, 

investigated Dr. Schweikhart’s referral. On January 5, 2011, the COAM formally charged 

Plaintiff with plagiarism and with failure to comply with course/program policies and/or 

guidelines. The COAM scheduled a hearing on Plaintiff’s case. 

At some point before the hearing, Plaintiff met with OSU’s human resources department 

to discuss her issues regarding Dr. Schweikhart. Plaintiff informed the human resources 

representative that she wanted to meet with Dr. Schweikhart to resolve the issues in order to 

ensure that she could graduate in the spring. 

On January 27, 2010, a COAM panel of five neutral faculty and students heard Plaintiff’s 

case. Dr. Schweikhart was not a part of the hearing panel. Defendant Ann Salimbene, the 

Associate Dean of the Graduate School, was present at the hearing but did not participate. 

Plaintiff had an opportunity at the hearing to present a written position statement and 

answer questions. Plaintiff did not mention her concerns about race discrimination during the 

hearing or in her written statement to the panel. In fact, in her written statement to the panel, 

Plaintiff stated: “I am pleased that Dr. Schweikhart did bring forth the fact that I am a good 

student” and “I also appreciate Dr. Schweikhart’s statement that I should not be suspended.” 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 4 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
5 

(ECF No. 70-3, at PAGEID # 835–36.) Plaintiff was not permitted to offer evidence during the 

hearing that other students also had committed plagiarism in Dr. Schweikhart’s class. 

The COAM panel found Plaintiff guilty of both charges. The panel informed Plaintiff of 

that fact on January 27, 2011. Notwithstanding Dr. Schweikhart’s comments, the panel 

sanctioned Plaintiff by giving her a failing grade for the course and a two-quarter suspension. 

The suspension, which was handed down during the winter quarter, would cover the spring and 

summer quarters. 

Plaintiff appealed the COAM panel’s decision to the OSU Provost on the ground that the 

suspension imposed was “grossly disproportionate to the violation committed.” (ECF No. 70-3, 

at PAGEID # 840.) In her appeal, Plaintiff did not mention any concerns that Dr. Schweikhart 

had reported the suspected plagiarism because of Plaintiff’s race. 

The Provost declined to overrule the panel’s sanction. In a letter dated February 11, 

2011, the Provost informed Plaintiff that her suspension was final. The conditions of Plaintiff’s 

suspension stated: 

A student who has been dismissed or suspended from the university shall be denied 

all privileges afforded a student and shall be required to vacate campus at a time 

determined by the hearing officer or panel. In addition, after vacating campus 

property, a suspended or dismissed student may not enter upon campus and/or other 

university property at any time, for any purpose, in the absence of express written 

permission from the vice president for student affairs or his/her designee. To seek 

such permission, a suspended or dismissed student must file a written petition to the 

vice president for student affairs for entrance to the campus for a limited, specified 

purpose or to have the terms of [t]his condition modified or reduced. 

 

(ECF No. 70-3, at PAGEID # 838.) 

On March 4, 2011, Plaintiff lodged a formal complaint against Dr. Schweikhart with 

OSU’s human resources department. Plaintiff alleged that Dr. Schweikhart discriminated against 

her on the basis of race by referring her to the COAM. OSU conducted an investigation into 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 5 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
6 

Plaintiff’s allegations but did not find evidence of race discrimination. That investigation will be 

discussed in more detail below. 

Because the COAM panel handed down its suspension during the winter quarter, Plaintiff 

was permitted to finish the courses in which she was enrolled before her suspension took effect. 

One of those courses, a “Six-Sigma” course in which Plaintiff was enrolled through OSU’s 

College of Business, spanned from winter quarter through the first half of the spring quarter. 

Plaintiff asserts that she was unsure whether she was allowed to complete the Six-Sigma course, 

given that she was permitted to complete the other classes in which she was enrolled during the 

winter quarter. Defendants’ position is that the Six-Sigma class was taught in two portions, with 

a four-credit portion taking place during the winter quarter and a two-credit portion taking place 

in the spring quarter, and that Plaintiff should have known that her suspension prevented her 

from taking the two-credit portion of the Six-Sigma course that spring. 

The parties’ versions of what happened next are very different. According to Plaintiff, 

she met with OSU’s Vice President for Student Affairs (Dr. Javaune Adams-Gaston)to discuss 

modifying her sentence to allow her to complete the Six-Sigma course. Plaintiff testified that Dr. 

Adams-Gaston gave Plaintiff permission to complete the Six-Sigma course as long as she had her 

professor’s permission (which Plaintiff obtained). Plaintiff also testified that she obtained Dr. 

Adams-Gaston’s permission to enter OSU’s campus every time she had to do so in connection with 

the Six-Sigma course. 

Defendants assert that Plaintiff met with Dr. Adams-Gaston to get general information on her 

suspension, and that Dr. Adams-Gaston has no authority to alter academic sanctions. Dr. AdamsGaston testified that she did not have the authority to allow Plaintiff to take courses in violation of 

her suspension. Defendants maintain that Plaintiff misled her Six-Sigma professor into thinking she 

could complete his class when, in fact, her suspension forbid her from doing so. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 6 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
7 

Defendants assert that, because the system would not allow her to receive a grade for the 

spring portion of the Six-Sigma class, Plaintiff then signed up for the same two-credit Six-Sigma 

course the following fall. Plaintiff informed her professor in the fall class that she already had 

completed the work for the class and should be given a grade based on that work. The professor for 

the fall Six-Sigma course found Plaintiff’s request to be bizarre. That professor informed the 

graduate school of Plaintiff’s request, and the matter came before Dr. Salimbene.

Dr. Salimbene discussed the situation with other faculty members and administrators and 

determined that Plaintiff had violated the terms of her suspension. After discussing the matter 

with COAM, Dr. Salimbene referred the matter to the Office of Student Conduct (“OSC”). 

The OSC investigated the situation. Andrea Goldblum, the OSU employee who 

conducted the investigation, determined that there was enough evidence to bring charges against 

Plaintiff. The OSC therefore brought charges against Plaintiff for dishonest conduct and failure 

to comply with sanctions in violation of the Student Code of Conduct. 

An OSC panel held a hearing on the new charges against Plaintiff. Dr. Salimbene 

attended the hearing, gave an opening statement and a closing argument in favor of discipline, 

and asked questions of the witnesses. One of the members of the hearing panel testified that it 

was unusual to have someone advocating for sanctions as Dr. Salimbene did. 

The panel ultimately found in Plaintiff’s favor on the first charge (dishonest conduct) but 

against her on the second charge (failure to comply with sanctions). The panel imposed an 

additional two-quarter suspension as a sanction. Plaintiff again unsuccessfully appealed the 

sanction on the grounds that it was disproportionate to the violation. 

Immediately after the Board reached its decision, the head of the OSC emailed Dr. 

Salimbene at 3:49 a.m. to inform her of the results. One of Plaintiff’s theories this case is that 

Dr. Salimbene and Dr. Schweikhart are friends and that Dr. Salimbene referred Plaintiff to the 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 7 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
8 

OSC in retaliation for complaining about Dr. Schweikhart. Defendants, however, dispute that 

Drs. Salimbene and Schweikhart are friends. 

Plaintiff served her two-quarter suspension without incident. When her suspension 

expired, she reenrolled in Dr. Schweikhart’s Health Care Information Systems class. Plaintiff 

received an A from Dr. Schweikhart as her final grade. Plaintiff later enrolled in another course 

taught by Dr. Schweikhart, Strategic Management and Program Development, in which she also 

received an A as her final grade. Plaintiff graduated and received her Master’s degree in Health 

Administration in the spring/summer of 2013. 

 Meanwhile, on November 12, 2012, Plaintiff filed the complaint that is the subject of 

this lawsuit. Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint names as defendants OSU, Dr. Schweikhart and Dr. 

Salimbene.3

 The claims that remain pending in this litigation are: (1) a First Amendment 

retaliation claim against Dr. Salimbene for referring Plaintiff to the OSC, (2) an Equal Protection 

Claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Dr. Schweikhart for referring Plaintiff to the COAM, and 

(3) a Title VI claim against OSU. 

The claim against OSU is based on the investigation it conducted regarding Plaintiff’s 

allegations against Dr. Schweikhart. OSU’s investigation took place between March 4, 2011 and 

June 27, 2011. During the investigation, it came to light that, in her twenty-plus years of 

teaching, Dr. Schweikhart previously had referred two African-American students (in addition to 

Plaintiff) to the COAM. Dr. Schweikhart had not referred any white students to the COAM. 

OSU concluded that those statistics did not mandate a finding of race discrimination. 

The investigator assigned to the case, Bryan Lenzo, issued a report concluding that there was 

“insufficient evidence to substantiate a violation of the Affirmative Action, Equal Employment 

 

3

 Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint also names Dr. Gretchen Metzelaars as a defendant; however, the Court previously 

dismissed all claims against her. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 8 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
9 

Opportunity & Non-Discrimination/Harassment Policy.” (ECF No. 78-1, at PAGEID# 1436.) 

Mr. Lenzo acknowledged the statistics but concluded that they, by themselves, did not constitute 

“positive evidence of racial discrimination.” (Id.) 

Plaintiff argues that the report is flawed. The specific flaws can be summarized as 

follows: 

 The report states that Plaintiff had taken two previous classes with Dr. 

Schweikhart, in which she received an A and a B+. The report contains the 

following conclusion: “[Plaintiff] received above average grades in both of her 

previous classes with Dr. Schweikhart . . . . Positive grades and recommendations 

are not consistent with actions of discriminatory animus.” (Id.) That is 

inaccurate—Plaintiff had only taken one previous class with Dr. Schweikhart, and 

the grade she received (B) was not above-average. 

 The report states that “Witness 3, who self-identified themselves as a minority, 

stated they have witnessed Dr. Schweikhart come down harder on [Plaintiff], but 

they didn’t know if it was motivated by her race. Witness 3 stated they do not 

believe Dr. Schweikhart treats minority students poorly, but she was harder on 

[Plaintiff].” (Id. at PAGEID # 1435–36.) The report concludes: “[w]itness 

testimony from those who [Plaintiff] submitted would support her allegations—

among them two minority students—unanimously stated they did not believe Dr. 

Schweikhart treated minorities poorly or differently.” (Id.) Plaintiff asserts that 

the conclusion mischaracterizes Witness 3’s testimony. 

 The report stated that Dr. Schweikhart had referred three African-American 

students to the academic misconduct process over a thirty-year period. Dr. 

Schweikhart had only been teaching at OSU for twenty years. 

 Mr. Lenzo had no basis to conclude that the statistics were not positive evidence 

of discrimination. Mr. Lenzo has no background in statistics and did not consult 

with anyone regarding the impact of the statistics in this case. 

 Mr. Lenzo did not investigate whether white students had also committed 

plagiarism in Dr. Schweikhart’s class. 

After Mr. Lenzo issued his report, his supervisor (Olga Esquivel-Gonzalez) summarized 

the human resources department’s findings an in email to another OSU employee. Ms. EsquivelGonzalez’s email inaccurately stated that Plaintiff had received “very good grades” in “2 prior 

courses with Professor Schweikhart.” (ECF No. 79-1, at PAGEID # 1528.) Ms. EsquivelCase: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 9 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
10 

Gonzalez’s email did not note the fact that Dr. Schweikhart previously had referred two AfricanAmerican students and no white students for academic misconduct. 

From these facts, Plaintiff argues that OSU was deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s right 

to be free from discriminatory treatment. Plaintiff also argues that Drs. Schweikhart and 

Salimbene are liable for violating her (Plaintiff’s) constitutional rights. 

Defendants moved for summary judgment on each of Plaintiff’s claims. That motion is 

now ripe for the Court’s consideration. 

II. ANALYSIS 

A. Standard of Review 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 provides that summary judgment is appropriate “if the 

movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled 

to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The Court therefore may grant a motion 

for summary judgment if the nonmoving party who has the burden of proof at trial fails to make 

a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element that is essential to that party’s case. 

See Muncie Power Prods., Inc. v. United Tech. Auto., Inc., 328 F.3d 870, 873 (6th Cir. 2003) 

(citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986)). 

In viewing the evidence, the Court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the 

nonmoving party, which must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue of 

material fact for trial. Id. (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 

U.S. 574, 587 (1986)); Hamad v. Woodcrest Condo. Ass’n, 328 F.3d 224, 234 (6th Cir. 2003). A 

genuine issue of material fact exists “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a 

verdict for the nonmoving party.” Muncie, 328 F.3d at 873 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 

Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). Consequently, the central issue is “ ‘whether the evidence 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 10 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
11 

presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided 

that one party must prevail as a matter of law.’ ” Hamad, 328 F.3d at 234–35 (quoting 

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251–52). 

B. § 1983 Claim Against Dr. Schweikhart 

The Court first addresses Plaintiff’s § 1983 claim against Dr. Schweikhart. As the basis 

for that claim, Plaintiff asserts that Dr. Schweikhart deprived Plaintiff of her right to equal 

protection under the Fourteenth Amendment by reporting her suspected plagiarism to the 

COAM. Plaintiff’s Amended Complaint makes several additional allegations against Dr. 

Schweikhart; however, Plaintiff clarifies in her brief that Dr. Schweikhart’s referral to the 

COAM is the sole basis of her Equal Protection claim. See ECF No. 92, at 23 n. 7. 

The Court set forth the standard for § 1983 Equal Protection claims in its January 6, 2014 

Opinion and Order. That is, Plaintiff must show that Dr. Schweikhart intentionally discriminated 

against her because of her race. See Midkiff v. Adams Cnty. Reg. Water Dist., 409 F.3d 758, 770 

(6th Cir. 2005); Purisch v. Tenn. Tech. Univ., 76 F.3d 1414, 1424 (6th Cir. 1996). 

To prove discrimination, Plaintiff must prove that Dr. Schweikhart treated Plaintiff 

differently than she treats similarly-situated non-African-American students. See Bell v. Ohio 

State Univ., No. 2:98-CV-1274, 2992 WL 193694, at *13 (S.D. Ohio Feb. 5, 2002), aff’d, 351 

F.3d 240 (6th Cir. 2003). Plaintiff therefore must prove that Dr. Schweikhart treated Plaintiff 

differently than she treated non-African-American students who engaged in similar conduct as 

Plaintiff. Because this standard also includes an intent prong, Plaintiff must prove that Dr. 

Schweikhart knew that those non-African-American students had engaged in similar conduct yet 

chose to treat them differently than she treated Plaintiff. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 11 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
12 

Against that backdrop, the Court concluded in its January 6, 2014 Opinion and Order that 

the following allegations stated a claim for race discrimination against Dr. Schweikhart: 

 Dr. Schweikhart levied charges of plagiarism against only Plaintiff even though 

white students in her class utilized the same citation format that formed the basis 

of the plagiarism accusation (Am. Compl. ¶ 21); 

 During her career, Dr. Schweikhart had referred three students for academic 

misconduct charges, all of whom were African-American, despite the fact that she 

had taught more than ten times as many white students as African-American 

students (id. ¶¶ 25-29)[.] 

(ECF No. 40, at PAGEID # 212–13.) The Court noted: “It remains to be seen whether Plaintiff 

can back up these allegations with evidence sufficient to overcome summary judgment, much 

less prove them at trial. But she has alleged enough to overcome dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6).” 

(Id. at PAGEID # 213.) 

The evidence in this case does not support the first allegation. It is undisputed that 

Plaintiff’s “citation format” constitutes plagiarism within the meaning of OSU’s Code of Student 

Conduct. Plaintiff offers no admissible evidence that non-African-American students committed 

plagiarism at any time, let alone that Dr. Schweikhart knew those students had committed 

plagiarism. Plaintiff therefore cannot prove that Dr. Schweikhart chose to refer only Plaintiff to 

the COAM even though white students in her class had engaged in similar conduct. 

Plaintiff is left with only her second allegation: that Dr. Schweikhart previously had 

referred two other African-American students, and no white students, for academic misconduct 

charges. Plaintiff argues that, although non-African-American students are just as likely to 

commit plagiarism as African-American students (and, presumably, in a way that would alert Dr. 

Schweikhart to the plagiarism), Dr. Schweikhart previously chose to only report the AfricanAmerican students. That fact (according to Plaintiff) supports the inference that Dr. Schweikhart 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 12 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
13 

previously singled out African-American students for discipline, which in turn supports the 

inference that Dr. Schweikhart impermissibly singled out Plaintiff for discipline in this case. 

Because this evidence requires inferences, it is not direct evidence of discrimination. See, 

e.g., Chandler v. Specialty Tires of Am. (Tenn.), Inc., 134 F. App’x 921, 927 (6th Cir. 2005). 

Plaintiff therefore offers her statistics as indirect evidence that Dr. Schweikhart discriminated 

against her on the basis of race. 

The parties agree that the burden-shifting framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas 

Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–03 (1973), applies to evaluate this indirect evidence. 

Although the parties do not cite any caselaw in which a court applied the McDonnell Douglas

burden-shifting framework in a § 1983 Equal Protection claim, the Court will assume arguendo

that the framework applies to claims such as Plaintiff’s. Cf. Bell v. Ohio State Univ., 351 F.3d 

240, 253 (6th Cir. 2003) (applying McDonnell Douglas in the university context to a 

discrimination claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a)). 

Under McDonnell Douglas, Plaintiff first must establish a prima facie case of 

discrimination. See, e.g., Sjostrand v. Ohio State Univ., 750 F.3d 596, 599 (6th Cir. 2014) (citing 

McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802). Such a showing typically requires evidence that: 

(1) [Plaintiff] is a member of a protected class, (2) she suffered an adverse action 

at the hands of the defendants in her pursuit of her education; (3) she was 

qualified to continue in her pursuit of her education; and (4) she was treated 

differently from similarly situated students who are not members of the protected 

class. 

 

Bell, 351 F.3d at 253. 

If Plaintiff can establish her prima facie case, then Dr. Schweikhart must offer a 

legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for referring Plaintiff (and not referring non-AfricanAmerican students) to the COAM for plagiarism. See Sjostrand, 750 F.3d at 599. The burden 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 13 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
14 

then shifts back to Plaintiff to present evidence that could support a finding that Dr. 

Schweikhart’s explanation is merely a pretext for unlawful discrimination. See id. 

 Plaintiff spends most of her brief arguing that her statistics are sufficient to make a prima 

facie case without resorting to the four factors cited above. Regardless of whether the Court 

accepts that argument, however, it is of no consequence to the outcome of this case. The Court 

therefore will assume without deciding that Plaintiff’s statistics are sufficient to establish her 

prima facie case. 

Dr. Schweikhart can rebut that prima facie case by offering a legitimate, 

nondiscriminatory reason for referring Plaintiff (and only Plaintiff) to the COAM. In her 

deposition, Dr. Schweikhart testified that she read Plaintiff’s paper and thought it did not sound 

like a student’s paper that she was accustomed to grading. See ECF No. 71, at PAGEID # 901. 

Certain phrases stood out as unusual. See id. Dr. Schweikhart therefore typed some of those 

phrases into Google, which revealed articles that very closely matched Plaintiff’s work. See id. 

Because Plaintiff had not used quotes or cited some of those materials, Dr. Schweikhart 

suspected that Plaintiff had committed plagiarism, and referred the matter to the COAM. See id. 

Dr. Schweikhart also testified that she reexamined the other, non-African-American 

students’ papers in a similar manner. See id. at PAGEID # 903. Dr. Schweikhart typed some of 

the phrases from those papers into Google but did not find anything concerning. See id. at 

PAGEID # 903. Dr. Schweikhart therefore did not refer the non-African-American students to 

the COAM for discipline. 

Dr. Schweikhart also testified as to why she previously referred two African-American 

students to the COAM. In both of those cases, which occurred in the early to mid-1990s, Dr. 

Schweikhart had reason to believe that the students had engaged in misconduct (one for cheating 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 14 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
15 

on a test and one for committing plagiarism), so she reported them to the COAM. See id. at 

PAGEID # 919. The Court finds this testimony sufficient to satisfy Dr. Schweikhart’s burden of 

production and shift the inquiry back to Plaintiff. 

Plaintiff unpersuasively suggests that Dr. Schweikhart’s proffered reasoning is flawed, 

stating, “this nondiscriminatory rationale is simply no answer to Plaintiff’s statistical proof.” 

(ECF No. 92, at PAGEID # 3545). In making that argument, however, Plaintiff misunderstands 

the use of statistics in a discrimination claim. Even if statistics can, as Plaintiff argues, support 

an inference of bias sufficient to establish a prima facie case, the prima facie case creates only a 

rebuttable presumption of discrimination. See, e.g., St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 

502, 506 (1993). The Court must still consider the other McDonnell Douglas prongs to 

determine whether Dr. Schweikhart can rebut the presumption that the statistics create. See id.; 

see also Barnes v. GenCORP Inc., 896 F.2d 1457, 1466 (6th Cir. 1990) (holding that statistical 

evidence could create an inference that a defendant discriminated against individual members of 

the class, but going on to analyze the remaining McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting prongs). 

Indeed, Dr. Schweikhart’s proffered explanation in this case does exactly what the burdenshifting framework contemplates: it “undercut[s] the importance of [Plaintiff’s] statistical 

proof.” Id. As such, “unless [Plaintiff] can show that [Dr. Schweikhart’s] explanations are 

inherently suspect or can present other direct or circumstantial evidence suggesting that the 

proffered reasons are not true, then [Dr. Schweikhart is] entitled to summary judgment.” Id. 

Plaintiff does not attempt to make such a showing in this case. As stated above, Plaintiff 

does not dispute Dr. Schweikhart’s observations about her work. She therefore does not dispute 

Dr. Schweikhart’s proffered reason for referring her to the COAM. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 15 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
16 

As for Dr. Schweikhart’s proffered reason for not referring non-African-American 

students to the COAM, Plaintiff offers only her own testimony about what other students 

allegedly told her. See ECF No. 92, at PAGEID # 3542. Such statements, offered for the truth 

of the matter asserted, are inadmissible hearsay that the Court is precluded from considering. 

See Wiley, 20 F.3d at 226. Plaintiff therefore offers no evidence suggesting that Dr. 

Schweikhart’s proffered reasons are untrue. 

Instead, Plaintiff again points to her statistics, offering the one-sentence argument that 

those statistics could prompt a jury to “readily conclude that this nondiscriminatory rationale 

offered by Dr. Schweikhart is merely pretextual.” (ECF No. 92, at PAGEID # 3545.) Plaintiff 

does not explain or articulate that argument any further. Plaintiff therefore does not explain why 

or how her statistics rebut Dr. Schweikhart’s testimony that bias did not play a role in the 

particular decision to refer Plaintiff to the COAM. Without more, the Court cannot conclude that 

there exists sufficient evidence from which a reasonable jury could find that Dr. Schweikhart’s 

reasons for reporting Plaintiff to the COAM are a pretext for unlawful discrimination. 

Having found that Plaintiff cannot satisfy the third McDonnell Douglas prong, the Court 

concludes that summary judgment in Dr. Schweikhart’s favor is warranted. The Court need not 

consider Dr. Schweikhart’s additional argument that she is entitled to qualified immunity. 

C. Deliberate Indifference Claim Against OSU 

Plaintiff’s next claim for relief is a “deliberate indifference” claim under Title VI of the 

Civil Rights Act of 1964 against OSU. In this claim, Plaintiff asserts that OSU acted with 

deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s right to be free from race discrimination by investigating her 

allegations against Dr. Schweikhart but failing to take any action as a result of that investigation. 

The Court agrees with Defendants that this claim is without merit. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 16 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
17 

As Defendants note, the Sixth Circuit has not opined whether Title VI deliberate 

indifference claims survive Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 121 (2001), in which the 

Supreme Court held that Title VI only prohibits intentional discrimination. Defendants raised 

this argument in their motion; however, Plaintiff did not respond. Given that fact and the lack of 

authority Plaintiff cites on this issue, it does not appear that Plaintiff is seriously pursuing this 

claim. Nevertheless, the Court will consider the parties’ arguments. 

 Assuming arguendo that Title VI deliberate indifference claims survived Sandoval, 

Plaintiff does not come close to producing evidence sufficient to support a finding that OSU 

acted with deliberate indifference in this case. Deliberate indifference is a “stringent standard of 

fault . . . for which even heightened negligence will not suffice.” Plinton v. Cnty. of Summit, 540 

F.3d 459, 465 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Bd. of Cnty. Commr’s of Bryan Cnty., Okl. v. Brown, 520 

U.S. 397, 410 (1997) (internal quotations omitted). “[A] plaintiff may demonstrate defendant’s 

deliberate indifference to discrimination ‘only where the recipient’s response to the harassment 

or lack thereof is clearly unreasonable in light of the known circumstances.’ ” Vance v. Spencer 

Cnty. Pub. Sch. Dist., 231 F.3d 253, 260 (6th Cir. 2000) (quoting Davis v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of 

Educ., 526 U.S. 629, 648 (1999)). 

Here, Plaintiff faults OSU for finding insufficient evidence to support Plaintiff’s 

allegations against Dr. Schweikhart. The Court, however, similarly found insufficient evidence 

of discrimination. The Court therefore cannot conclude that OSU’s findings were clearly 

unreasonable such that OSU was deliberately indifferent to Plaintiff’s rights. 

Moreover, the fact that OSU investigated Plaintiff’s allegations in the first place suggests 

that its conduct was not clearly unreasonable. See, e.g., DT v. Somers Cent. Sch. Dist., 588 F. 

Supp. 2d 485, 491 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (granting summary judgment to the defendant school district 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 17 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
18 

on a deliberate indifference claim when the school district “engaged in some forms of 

investigation . . . even though plaintiffs may have been dissatisfied with the outcome”). Plaintiff 

identifies several errors in the investigative report, such as the fact that she had taken one prior 

class with Dr. Schweikhart when the report stated that she had taken three, but these errors do 

not elevate OSU’s conduct to deliberate indifference. OSU therefore is entitled to summary 

judgment on Plaintiff’s Title VI claim. 

D. § 1983 Claim Against Dr. Salimbene 

Plaintiff’s third and final claim for relief is a § 1983 claim for First Amendment 

retaliation. The basis of this claim is that Dr. Salimbene heard Plaintiff accuse Dr. Schweikart of 

discrimination at her first hearing before the COAM. Plaintiff asserts that Drs. Salimbene and 

Schweikhart are friends and that, when Dr. Salimbene received information approximately one 

year later that Plaintiff had violated the terms of her suspension, Dr. Salimbene referred those 

allegations to the OSC in retaliation for Plaintiff’s accusation against Dr. Schweikhart. Plaintiff 

then asserts that Dr. Salimbene attended the OSC hearing, gave an opening and closing 

statement, and asked questions of witnesses in an effort to further retaliate against Plaintiff. 

 1. Elements of a First Amendment retaliation claim 

To prove her claim, Plaintiff must prove the following elements: 

(1) [she] engaged in constitutionally protected conduct; (2) an adverse action was 

taken against [her] that would deter a person of ordinary firmness from continuing 

to engage in that conduct; and (3) the adverse action was motivated at least in part 

by [her] protected conduct. 

Wurzelbacher v. Jones-Kelly, 675 F.3d 580, 583 (6th Cir. 2012). The parties agree, for purposes 

of summary judgment, that Plaintiff’s accusations against Dr. Schweikhart satisfy the first prong 

of this test. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 18 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
19 

 Regarding the second prong of this test, the Sixth Circuit has stated the following: 

The term adverse action arose in the employment context and has traditionally 

referred to actions such as discharge, demotions, refusal to [hire], nonrenewal of 

contracts, and failure to promote. Fritz v. Charter Twp. of Comstock, 592 F.3d 

718, 724 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Thaddeus–X [v. Blatter,, 175 F.3d 378, 396 (6th 

Cir. 1999]). In the First Amendment context, however, we have held that any 

action that would deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising protected 

conduct will [constitute a sufficient adverse action], which may include 

harassment or publicizing facts damaging to a person’s reputation. Id. Whether 

an alleged adverse action is sufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness is 

generally a question of fact. Bell v. Johnson, 308 F.3d 594, 603 (6th Cir. 2002). 

Nevertheless, when a plaintiff's alleged adverse action is inconsequential, 

resulting in nothing more than a de minimis injury, the claim is properly dismissed 

as a matter of law. Id. at 603, 606. Indeed, it trivialize[s] the First Amendment to 

allow plaintiffs to bring . . . claims for any adverse action[,] no matter how minor. 

Id. at 603 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (emphasis in original). 

Wurzelbacher, 675 F.3d at 583 (internal quotations omitted). The adverse action, therefore, must 

cause the plaintiff to suffer more than a de minimis injury. 

Dr. Salimbene argues that her attendance at and participation in the OSC panel hearing 

did not cause a legally cognizable injury to Plaintiff. The Court agrees. Plaintiff attempts to tie 

Dr. Salimbene’s conduct at the hearing to the suspension, but there is no evidence of a causal 

relationship between the two. The neutral panel had an obligation to hear and evaluate the 

evidence at the hearing that formed the basis of the OSC’s charges against Plaintiff. It did so, 

decided that Plaintiff was guilty of one of the two charges against her, and decided to impose a 

two-semester suspension as a sanction. There is no evidence that Dr. Salimbene’s attendance at 

the hearing, opening statement, closing statement, or questions of the witnesses caused the panel 

to make that decision. That is especially true given that the OSC panel found in Plaintiff’s favor 

on one of the two charges.4

 

4

 Plaintiff argues that Dr. Salimbene’s conduct was unusual for panel hearings and that deviations from an 

employer’s standard practice can suggest discrimination, but this argument is without merit. The case law Plaintiff 

cites is taken out of context and does not refute the Court’s conclusion that Dr. Salimbene’s attendance at and 

participation in the hearing did not cause Plaintiff’s suspension. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 19 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
20 

Plaintiff therefore is left with Dr. Salimbene’s initial referral of the alleged misconduct to 

the OSC. Dr. Salimbene concedes that this referral constitutes an adverse action; however, it is 

important to define the injury that this conduct caused. Because the OSC independently made 

the decision to charge and sanction Plaintiff, Dr. Salimbene’s referral did not cause those 

injuries. Dr. Salimbene’s referral only caused the OSC’s initial investigation. 5 Once it 

conducted that investigation, the OSC could have decided not to charge Plaintiff and no further 

injury would have resulted. The investigation, therefore, is the focus of the Court’s analysis. 

It is entirely unclear whether the fact that Plaintiff had an entity investigate her—

independent from the charges and suspension that resulted—is more than a de minimis injury. 

But the Court need not address that issue. Because Dr. Salimbene concedes that her referral 

constitutes an adverse action, the Court will assume without deciding that Plaintiff meets the 

second prong of the First Amendment retaliation test. 

At this point, the scope of Plaintiff’s claim is limited to whether Dr. Salimbene violated 

Plaintiff’s right to be free from a retaliatory investigation. The question then becomes one of 

qualified immunity. Even if Plaintiff can prove that Dr. Salimbene’s referral was motivated by 

Plaintiff’s protected speech, Dr. Salimbene will not be liable for Plaintiff’s injuries if she is 

qualifiedly immune from suit. 

 2. Qualified Immunity

As explained in the Court’s January 6, 2014 Opinion and Order, the doctrine of qualified 

immunity can shield from civil liability governmental officials who are performing official 

duties. Sinick v. Summit, 76 F. App’x 675, 679 (6th Cir. 2003). Those officials cannot be liable 

 5

 The Court notes that, in its January 6, 2014 Opinion and Order, the Court found Plaintiff’s allegation that 

Dr. Salimbene charged Plaintiff with violations of the University Student Conduct Policy sufficient to survive Dr. 

Salimbene’s motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 40, at PAGEID # 202). The evidence does not support that allegation. 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 20 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
21 

for civil damages unless their conduct violates clearly established statutory or constitutional 

rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 

(1982). 

Courts use a two-step analysis to address a government official’s qualified immunity 

defense. The Court first must decide “whether, considering the allegations in a light most 

favorable to the injured party, a constitutional right has been violated.” Campbell v. City of 

Springboro, Ohio, 700 F.3d 779, 786 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 

(2001)). The Court then must determine “whether that right was clearly established” at the time 

of the incident in question. Id. The Court need not consider these steps in order; it may consider 

either step first. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). 

The relevant inquiry in determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it 

would be clear to a reasonable official that his or her conduct was unlawful in the situation he or 

she confronted. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 202. “Officials can still be on notice that their conduct 

violated established law even in novel factual circumstances;” however, the determinative issue 

is whether the official had “fair warning that his [or her] conduct deprived [the plaintiff] of a 

constitutional right.” Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730, 741 (2002). 

“The unlawfulness of the school administrator’s action ‘can be apparent from direct 

holdings, from specific examples described as prohibited, or from the general reasoning that a 

court employs.’ ” Yoder v. Univ. of Louisville, 526 F. App’x 537, 545 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting 

Feathers v. Aey, 319 F.3d 843, 848 (6th Cir. 2003)). “When determining whether a 

constitutional right is clearly established, we look first to decisions of the Supreme Court, then to 

our own decisions and those of other courts within the circuit, and then to decisions of other 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 21 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
22 

Courts of Appeal.” Id. (quoting Andrews v. Hickman Cnty., Tenn., 700 F.3d 845, 853 (6th Cir. 

2012)).

Because Plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the right to be free from a 

retaliatory referral to a neutral investigative body was clearly established at the time Dr. 

Salimbene referred her to the OSC, Andrews, 700 F.3d at 853, the Court begins its analysis with 

the sources Plaintiff cites. None of those sources define the scope of such a right. Instead, the 

case on which Plaintiff relies deals with a public official who published embarrassing 

information about an individual in retaliation for her protected speech. See Bloch v. Ribar, 156 

F.3d 673, 683 (6th Cir. 1998). That the right to be free from retaliatory publication of 

embarrassing facts is clearly established does not mean that the right to be free from a retaliatory 

referral and/or investigation is clearly established. 

In fact, in a loosely analogous case from the Eleventh Circuit, the Court of Appeals held 

that the right to be free from retaliatory investigation was not clearly established. See Rehberg v. 

Paulk, 611 F.3d 828, 850–51 (11th Cir. 2010). That rationale makes sense: absent any injury 

from the investigation itself, it is entirely unclear whether a referral to a neutral investigative 

body could violate a constitutional right. The Court therefore cannot conclude that Dr. 

Salimbene had fair warning that a retaliatory referral to the OSC violated Plaintiff’s First 

Amendment rights. 

 For those reasons, the Court concludes that Dr. Salimbene is immune from liability on 

Plaintiff’s First Amendment retaliation claim. Dr. Salimbene is entitled to summary judgment. 

III. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary 

judgment. The Clerk is DIRECTED to enter judgment accordingly and to terminate this case 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 22 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>
23 

from the docket records of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, 

Eastern Division. 

IT IS SO ORDERED. 

 /s/ Gregory L. Frost 

GREGORY L. FROST 

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

Case: 2:12-cv-01087-GLF-EPD Doc #: 97 Filed: 02/20/15 Page: 23 of 23 PAGEID #: <pageID>