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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION – SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37 

IN THE INTEREST OF: G.K., A MINOR : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

: PENNSYLVANIA

:

:

:

:

APPEAL OF: A.S. :

:

: No. 1489 MDA 2015

Appeal from the Order Entered August 11, 2015

in the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County,

Juvenile Division, No(s): CP-36-DP-0000099-2015 

BEFORE: BOWES, OTT, and FITZGERALD,*JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.: FILED MARCH 17, 2016

A.S. (“Mother”) appeals from the order dated August 10, 2015, and 

entered on August 11, 2015, granting the petition filed by the Lancaster 

County Children and Youth Social Service Agency (“CYS” or the “Agency”) to 

adjudicate G.K. (“Child”), born in August of 2010, dependent, remove him 

from the custody of Mother, and to place him in foster care, pursuant to 

sections 6302 and 6351 of the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6302 and 6351. 

We affirm.

The trial court set forth the following factual history:

[Child] was born [in August of 2010]. He is autistic and 

non-verbal. (N.T. 75, 7/23/2015) He has also been 

diagnosed with IBD [(“inflammatory bowel disease”)] and 

colitis, and suffers serious symptoms connected with those 

illnesses. (Id at 77) After receiving a report on January 

 

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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29, 2014, the Agency investigated and learned that 

domestic violence was ongoing between the parents, which 

gave them concern for [Child]’s safety. The family was 

accepted for services and family service plans were 

developed for both Mother and [P.K. (“Father”)]. . . . The 

parties separated in March of 2014. [Child] lives with 

Mother. [Father] lives with a friend in Red Lion[.] (Id at 

117)

Trial Ct. Op., 10/1/15, at 2 (footnote omitted).

The trial court stated:

The family, A.S. (Mother), P.K. (Father) and [Child,] 

age 5, first came to the attention of the Lancaster County 

Court on May 13, 2015 when a Petition for Protective 

Custody was filed, alleging that [Child] was in imminent 

risk of foster care placement absent protective services. A 

hearing was scheduled for June 4, 2015, but that hearing 

was then continued to July 23, 2015 at Father’s request.1 

A CASA [Court Appointed Special Advocate,] [Kara Good,] 

was appointed on June 11, 2015.

_______________________________________________

1 The June 4 hearing was before another Judge who heard 

no testimony and the CASA was also appointed by the 

other judge.

Id. at 1.1 

On July 23, 2015, the trial court held a hearing on the dependency 

petition. At the hearing, the Agency’s counsel, Attorney David Natan, Esq., 

Mother’s counsel, Attorney Justin Gearty, Esq., Father’s counsel, Attorney 

Daniel Shertzer, Jr., Esq., and the guardian ad litem (“GAL”), Attorney 

Jeffrey Shank, Esq., were present. The CASA, Kara Good, was also present, 

 

1 The trial court stated that Mother also has a teenage son who lives 

elsewhere and is not part of this matter. Id. at 2 n.2.
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as were both parents. The Agency presented the testimony of Patrick 

McBrearty, a behavioral specialist employed by the Chester County 

Intermediate Unit who works with Child. N.T., 7/23/15, at 7-8. Next, the 

Agency presented the testimony of Mary Woomer, the director of the 

daycare where Child attends. Id. at 25. The Agency then presented the 

testimony of Mother as on cross-examination.

Next, the Agency presented the testimony of Teresa Nichtman, the 

Therapeutic Support Staff worker for Home and Community Services 

assigned to Child. Id. at 101-02. She interacts with Child every school day, 

either at daycare or in the school. Id. at 102. Ms. Nichtman also testified 

that she has seen Child in his home with Mother and, at times, with his 

behavioral specialist. Id. The Agency then presented the testimony of 

Father as on cross-examination. Finally, the Agency presented the 

testimony of Kelley Zipp, the Director of the Family Support Department of 

the Agency, who has been involved with Child’s family. Id. at 135. 

The trial court explained the subsequent procedural history as follows:

The July 23rd adjudication/disposition hearing was 

continued to August 3, 2015, because of insufficient time 

to complete testimony. On July 24th, 2015, the [c]ourt 

ordered that the parents could not reside together, could 

not engage in abusive behavior, had to cooperate with the 

Lancaster County Children and Youth Social Service 

Agency (Agency) caseworker in assessment of child safety 

and permit access to [Child] to the caseworker, the GAL 

and the CASA[,] which information was given orally at the 

hearing. A Petition for temporary custody was filed by the 

Agency on July 31, 2015. The August 3rd hearing was 

continued to August 10, 2015 because of insufficient time 
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to complete testimony. On August 4th, [Child] was moved 

from his emergency placement to a more permanent 

facility. 

* * *

After the July 23rd hearing, the [c]ourt ordered Mother 

and Father to make [Child] accessible to the Agency so 

that his safety could be assessed. Despite that order, 

[Child] remained inaccessible to the Agency. He was not 

taken to daycare/school even though Mother assured he 

would be[,] and Mother refused to respond to numerous 

telephone calls or speak to the caseworkers. The final 

event which led to [Child]’s being removed from Mother’s 

house took place on July 30, 2015[,] when the caseworker 

saw [Child] at daycare/school. [Child] had marks on his 

neck and scratches on his chest. The caseworker 

[Kareema Hernandez] went to Mother’s home and, despite 

clear signs that someone, probably Mother, was at home, 

no one would answer the door. Faced with a non-verbal 

child with unexplained bruises and an uncooperative 

parent, the worker called the police, who took [Child] into 

protective custody. (N.T. 10-11, 8/3/2015)

Trial Ct. Op. at 1-3. 

At the hearing on the dependency petition on August 3, 2015, the 

Agency presented the testimony of Kareema Hernandez, the Agency ongoing 

caseworker assigned to Child’s case. N.T., 8/3/15, at 4-5. Father’s counsel 

presented Father’s testimony. He then presented the Agency’s Family 

Support Department Director, Ms. Zipp, as on cross-examination. Mother’s 

counsel questioned the Agency Family Support Supervisor, Susan Murray, as 

on cross-examination. Id. at 107. 

At the hearing on the dependency petition on August 10, 2015, 

counsel for the Agency, Attorney Natan, noted on the record that Mother 
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was not present. N.T., 8/10/15, at 3. Mother’s counsel, Attorney Gearty, 

explained that Mother had come to the courthouse and had become sick, but 

she had left and did not wish to have the hearing continued. Id. at 3-4. 

Mother’s counsel and Father’s counsel, Attorney Caprice Hicks Bunting, 

conducted cross-examination of Ms. Murray, and the Agency counsel 

conducted re-direct examination. Mother’s counsel also presented the 

testimony of the Agency family support caseworker who became involved 

with the family on July 23, 2015, Natalie Krak. Id. at 42-43. Father’s 

counsel and the Agency counsel conducted cross-examination of Ms. Krak. 

On August 11, 2015, the trial court entered the adjudication order, 

dated August 10, 2015, finding Child dependent under section 6302 of the 

Juvenile Act, as without proper care or control, subsistence, education as 

required by law, or other care or control necessary for his physical, mental, 

or emotional health, or morals. The trial court also found that it was in 

Child’s best interest to be removed from Mother’s home and placed in the 

legal and physical custody of the Agency in his foster care placement.

On September 2, 2015, Mother filed a notice of appeal, along with a 

concise statement of matters errors complained of on appeal pursuant to 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). In her brief on appeal, Mother raises the 

following issues: 

1. Whether the trial court erred and abused its discretion 

by finding the child dependent based off of 1. a prior 

history of domestic violence and 2. Hearsay allegations of 
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improper medical care with no evidence of any medical 

provider reporting medical negligence?

2. Whether the court erred and abused its discretion by 

awarding the Agency physical custody of the child? 

Mother’s Brief at 2.

Initially, we note that Mother waived the second portion of her first 

issue by failing to preserve it in her brief with discussion supporting the 

argument and citation to case law. “Appellate arguments which fail to 

adhere to these rules may be considered waived, and arguments which are 

not appropriately developed are waived. Arguments not appropriately 

developed include those where the party has failed to cite any authority in 

support of a contention.” Lackner v. Glosser, 892 A.2d 21, 29-30 (Pa. 

Super. 2006) (citations omitted); see also Chapman-Rolle v. Rolle, 893 

A.2d 770, 774 (Pa. Super. 2006) (stating, “[i]t is well settled that a failure to 

argue and to cite any authority supporting any argument constitutes a 

waiver of issues on appeal”).

Our Supreme Court set forth our standard of review for dependency 

cases as follows.

[T]he standard of review in dependency cases requires 

an appellate court to accept the findings of fact and 

credibility determinations of the trial court if they are 

supported by the record, but does not require the 

appellate court to accept the lower court’s inferences or 

conclusions of law. Accordingly, we review for an abuse of 

discretion.
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In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (Pa. 2010); see also In re A.B., 19 A.3d 

1084, 1093-1094 (Pa. Super. 2011) (stating that this Court will not infringe 

upon the juvenile court’s credibility determinations).

An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment; 

if, in reaching a conclusion, the court overrides or 

misapplies the law, or the judgment exercised is shown by 

the record to be either manifestly unreasonable or the 

product of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, discretion 

has been abused.

Bulgarelli v. Bulgarelli, 934 A.2d 107, 111 (Pa. Super. 2007). 

Additionally, “[t]he burden of proof in a dependency proceeding is on the 

petitioner to demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that a child 

meets that statutory definition of dependency.” In re G., T., 845 A.2d 870, 

872 (Pa. Super. 2004).

Section 6302 of the Juvenile Act defines a “dependent child” as a child 

who:

(1) is without proper parental care or control, subsistence, 

education as required by law, or other care or control 

necessary for his physical, mental, or emotional health, or 

morals. A determination that there is a lack of proper 

parental care or control may be based upon evidence 

of conduct by the parent, guardian or other 

custodian that places the health, safety or welfare of 

the child at risk, including evidence of the parent’s, 

guardian’s or other custodian’s use of alcohol or a 

controlled substance that places the health, safety or 

welfare of the child at risk[.] 

42 Pa.C.S. § 6302(1) (emphasis added).

Section 6341(a) and (c) of the Juvenile Act provides in pertinent part:
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(a) General rule.—After hearing the evidence on the 

petition the court shall make and file its findings as to 

whether the child is a dependent child. . . .

* * *

(c) Finding of Dependency.— If the court finds from 

clear and convincing evidence that the child is dependent, 

the court shall proceed immediately or at a postponed 

hearing, which shall occur not later than 20 days after 

adjudication if the child has been removed from his home, 

to make a proper disposition of the case.

42 Pa.C.S. § 6341(a) and (c).

In In re D.A., 801 A.2d 614 (Pa. Super. 2002), a panel of this Court 

stated:

[A] court is empowered by 42 Pa.C.S. § 6341(a) and (c) to 

make a finding that a child is dependent if the child meets 

the statutory definition by clear and convincing evidence. 

If the court finds that the child is dependent, then the 

court may make an appropriate disposition of the child to 

protect the child’s physical, mental and moral welfare, 

including allowing the child to remain with the parents 

subject to supervision, transferring temporary legal 

custody to a relative or public agency, or transferring 

custody to the juvenile court of another state. 42 Pa.C.S. 

§ 6351(a).

Id. at 617. “The question of whether a child is lacking proper parental care 

and control so as to be a dependent child encompasses two discrete 

questions: whether the child presently is without proper care or control, and 

if so, whether such care and control are immediately available.” Id. at 619 

(citation omitted). 

Mother argues that the trial court erred and abused its discretion in 

finding Child dependent, and awarding the Agency legal and physical custody 
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of Child. Mother asserts that there was a history of domestic violence in the 

parental home, but that she had sought a PFA order against Father in 

September of 2014, and had obtained a one-year PFA order against Father 

in December of 2014. She states that Ms. Nichtman, Child’s TSS worker, 

testified that there was an instance in February of 2015 at Child’s school in 

which Child was having behavioral issues that Ms. Nichtman attributed to 

Child having witnessed domestic violence. Mother asserts that Ms. Nichtman 

was not qualified to render such an opinion, and, in fact, agreed that Child 

had behavioral issues that would make it difficult to determine the cause of 

any particular behavioral issues.

Mother did not preserve any objection to Ms. Nichtman’s testimony as 

improper opinion testimony on the record at the hearing on July 23, 2015. 

In fact, the following exchange took place when Mother’s counsel, Attorney 

Gearty, questioned Ms. Nichtman on cross-examination.

Mr. GEARTY:

* * *

Q All right. And the issues on February 27, would they be 

much different than what any other child would be 

expressing that was experiencing his parents divorcing?

MR. NATAN: Objection. That calls for speculation.

MR. GEARTY: She offered an opinion as to the reason why 

these –

THE COURT: I’m going to sustain because you haven’t laid 

a foundation that that – this is the first I’ve heard of it, 
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and whether anything was given to the child and whether 

the child could understand, so I’m going to sustain.

N.T., 7/23/15, at 112-13. 

Mother’s counsel attempted to question Ms. Nichtman for an opinion as 

to whether Child’s reaction at school was different from the reactions of 

children at school whose parents were divorcing. Mother’s counsel did not 

object to Ms. Nichtman offering an opinion; rather, he sought an opinion 

from the witness, and the court sustained the objection raised by the 

Agency’s counsel. Thus, Mother has waived her argument that Ms. 

Nichtman was not qualified to give her opinion as to the cause of Child’s 

behavior. See Pa.R.A.P. 302 (stating, “Issues not raised in the lower court 

are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal”). Moreover, 

Mother has failed to support this contention with any argument or citation to 

caselaw, and, therefore, has waived the issue for that reason, as well. See 

Chapman-Rolle, 893 A.2d at 774; Lackner, 892 A.2d at 29-30.

Further, Mother claims that, in May of 2015, when Father appeared at 

her home where Child resided, she enforced the PFA order by contacting the 

police. Mother states that all of the Agency witnesses agreed that she has 

provided excellent care for Child, and the behavioral specialist testified that 

Child was making good progress. Mother claims that she was meeting 

Child’s particular needs, and that there was no testimony that she placed 

Child’s safety at risk. She argues that the Agency was asking the court to 

find Child dependent because of future contact Mother might have with 
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Father that could result in domestic violence and possibly have a negative 

effect on Child. She contends that the Agency’s evidence was too 

speculative to satisfy the Agency’s burden of proof that Child lacked proper 

parental care and control by clear and convincing evidence. In support of 

her argument, Mother cites In the Interest of T.M., 689 A.2d 954 (Pa. 

Super. 1997).

In In the Interest of T.M., the agency presented testimony 

regarding two episodes of domestic violence in the parental home. The 

evidence showed that there had been initial concerns about the infant child’s 

health, but the hospital had returned the child to the mother after medical 

testing did not reveal any medical evidence of abuse of the child. The trial 

court granted the parents’ joint demurrer. 

On appeal by the agency, this Court found that, although there was 

testimony regarding the two incidents of domestic violence, there was 

nothing medically wrong with the child based on the medical testimony, and 

there was no evidence that the mother was abusive or neglectful toward the 

child. The panel stated that there was a lack of clear and convincing 

evidence that the child was without proper parental care or control as 

defined in the Juvenile Act. Accordingly, the panel affirmed the trial court 

order. Id. at 957. 

Instantly, we incorporate the trial court’s factual findings set forth in 

the trial court opinion, filed pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a), regarding 
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domestic violence in the parental home and the risk it posed to Child’s safety 

from the testimonial evidence at the hearings on the dependency petition. 

Trial Ct. Op. at 3-11. We find In the Interest of T.M. inapposite to the 

present case, as the facts of that case were quite different. Here, Mother 

and Father have a lengthy history of domestic violence and PFA orders, yet 

Mother continues to allow Father to interact with her in the presence of 

Child, who is autistic and non-verbal. The Agency has had problems with 

accessing Child, especially after an Agency witness noticed unexplained 

bruises on his body.

Mother asserts that as she took action to enforce the PFA order against 

Father, it is contrary to public policy to use the May 2015 incident as a factor 

in the dependency proceedings. Mother’s Brief at 9-10. Mother contends, 

without any case support, that a parent is not under any obligation to 

provide access to the home to the government, and to allow the government 

to interfere with their ability to parent. Id. at 11. She nevertheless asserts 

that there were no concerns with the home during earlier visits and no 

unexplained bruises or other concerns with Child noticed during any visit. 

Id. Mother argues that Ms. Zipp’s testimony regarding the concern of what 

might happen in the future is inappropriate, as the standard is whether the 

child is currently without proper parental care and control. Id. Mother 

posits, “[i]f the standard was based off of what may or may not happen in 

the future, then nearly every child in this Commonwealth could end up being 
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considered to be a dependent child.” Id. Accordingly, Mother argues that 

the Agency failed to establish that Child was presently without proper 

parental care and control by clear and convincing evidence. Id. at 7-12.

The trial court rejected Mother’s argument, explaining as follows:

The [c]ourt finds that [Child] is a dependent child. He 

is autistic, with severe deficits in his understanding of his 

world and his interaction with the people around him. His 

behavior and his emotions can be abnormally volatile if he 

finds his surroundings disturbing. The testimony 

establishes that his parents’ violent behavior qualifies as 

one of these disturbing triggers and that his parents have 

been involved in such behavior for a number of years. In 

fact, the TSS’s testimony drew a solid connection between 

a fight between Mother and Father and abnormal and 

disruptive behavior on [Child]’s part.

If the parents are separated and one of them is 

appropriate to care for [Child], then the child cannot be 

found to be dependent. The court must therefore look at 

them separately in order to determine which, if either, is 

capable of providing the proper parental care as 

contemplated by the statute above. The [c]ourt does not 

consider Father to be available as an appropriate parent, 

finding him to be a non-credible witness in relation to his 

denials of his violent behavior, his drinking, and his lack of 

contact with the Agency. To accept Father’s testimony, 

the [c]ourt would have to believe that only Father is telling 

the truth and all other witnesses describing his behavior 

are lying. That is not a logical or acceptable conclusion.

The [c]ourt does not find Mother to be an appropriate 

parent under the statutory definition of dependency. 

[Child] is clearly a very difficult child to parent. He is 

easily emotionally distressed, has frequent “melt-downs”, 

cannot communicate verbally, needs a TSS with him in 

school constantly. Both Mother and Mr. McBreaty told the 

court that [Child] needs a well[-]structured, calm, familiar 

environment to keep his behavior on an even keel. This is 

one of the arguments Mother used against putting [Child] 

in foster care – that moving him around would put him in a 
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confusing, unstable, unfamiliar setting. Despite this 

knowledge, for years Mother has allowed herself to be the 

victim of Father’s violence, sometimes in [Child]’s 

presence, which would disturb [Child] painfully and initiate 

violent and aberrant behavior in him. For years she has 

filed and withdrawn multiple Protection From Abuse 

petitions against Father, thereby allowing Father to initiate 

situations disturbing to [Child]. She allowed her last PFA 

order to be modified without court involvement, so that 

she and Father could be in [Child]’s hospital room alone, 

despite a history that establishes their being together as 

fostering a hostile and risky situation for the child. She 

was complicit in Father’s violations of the PFA Order. This 

is a mother who places her own desire for contact with her 

husband above her child’s vital need to calm and quiet. 

This is a mother who did what she wanted to such an 

extent that [Child] was placed in threatening situations. 

This is a mother who, knowing her son could remain in 

foster care without her cooperation, with the Agency, 

decided not to cooperate. Mother cannot be trusted to do 

the right thing for [Child]’s physical and emotional health. 

Her behavior puts [Child] in the position of a child without 

the proper parental care necessary for his physical, mental 

or emotional health. Mother needs to take action to place 

herself in the position of being able to care for [Child]. 

Without that action, [Child] is at risk while living with her.

The requirements of the definition of “dependent” have 

been met. [Child] has been without appropriate parenting 

from both parents defined in the statute. [Child] is a 

dependent child.

* * *

For the reasons set out above, [the trial court] affirms 

its decision that [Child] is a dependent child, and that the 

evidence appropriately indicates that it was in his best 

interest to remove him from his parent’s [sic] home.

Trial Ct. Op. at 12-14, 17.

After careful review, we find no merit to Mother’s argument, as Child’s

physical, mental, and emotional health or morals is the concern of the court 
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in the dependency proceedings. We find that there was sufficient, clear and 

convincing evidence to support the trial court’s determination, in its August 

10, 2015 adjudication, that Child was without proper parental care and 

control, that such proper parental care and control was not immediately 

available from his parents, and that he should be adjudicated a dependent 

child. The trial court’s findings of fact and credibility determinations are 

supported by the record, as are the trial court’s inferences and conclusions 

of law regarding the need to adjudicate Child dependent and remove him 

from the care and custody of his parents for his safety. See In re R.J.T., 9 

A.3d at 1190.

In her second issue, Mother argues that even if Child was properly 

adjudicated dependent, Child’s best interests would be served by ordering 

the physical custody of Child be with her because of his special needs. 

Mother states that she had been Child’s caregiver for Child’s entire life. She 

asserts that the Agency did not seek physical custody until after a 

caseworker noted a brush burn on his neck. Mother states that the Agency 

did not take Child to a physician, and Father explained the injury. Mother 

complains that Child needs consistency and that removing Child from her—

Child’s primary caregiver, who has ensured his safety—would be contrary to 

Child’s best interests. Mother’s Brief at 4. Mother cites In the Interest of 

Pernishek, 408 A.2d 872 (Pa. Super. 1979), in support of her contention 
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that a dependent child shall not be removed from his parents unless such 

separation is “clearly necessary.” Mother’s Brief at 13. 

Regarding the placement of a child, a panel of this Court stated:

When a child is adjudicated dependent, the child’s 

proper placement turns on what is in the child’s best 

interest, not on what the parent wants or which goals the 

parent has achieved. See In re Sweeney, 393 Pa. Super. 

437, 574 A.2d 690, 691 (1990) (noting that “[o]nce a child 

is adjudicated dependent. . . the issues of custody and 

continuation of foster care are determined by the child’s 

best interests”). Moreover, although preserving the unity 

of the family is a purpose of the Act, another purpose is to 

“provide for the care, protection, safety, and wholesome 

mental and physical development of children coming within 

the provisions of this chapter.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 6301(b)(1.1). 

Indeed, “[t]he relationship of parent and child is a status 

and not a property right, and one in which the state has an 

interest to protect the best interest of the child.” In re

E.F.V., 315 Pa. Super. 246, 461 A.2d 1263, 1267 (1983). 

In re K.C., 903 A.2d 12, 14-15 (Pa. Super. 2006).

Here, the trial court addressed Mother’s argument with evidence 

supporting its conclusion that Mother “cannot be trusted to do the right thing 

for [Child]’s physical and emotional health.” Trial Ct. Op. at 13-14. The 

record supports the trial court’s conclusions and inferences. Thus, in view of 

our standard of review as set forth in In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d at 1190, we 

cannot disturb the findings and credibility assessments of the trial court. We 

find no abuse of discretion in adjudicating Child dependent, and removing 

him from the care and custody of Mother, maintaining him in foster care 

placement. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court order.

Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 3/17/2016
I 

- 

1The 

June 4 hearing was before another Judge who heard no testimony and the CASA was also appointed 

by the other Judge. 

given orally at the hearing. A Petition for temporary custody was filed by the Agency 

on July 31, 2015. The August 3rd hearing was continued to August 10, 2015 because of 

permit access to G. to the caseworker, the GAL and the CASA which information was 

Youth Social Service Agency (Agency) caseworker in assessment of child safety and 

engage in abusive behavior, had to cooperate with the Lancaster County Children and 

July 24th, 2015, the Court ordered that the parents could not reside together, could not 

continued to August 3, 2015, because of insufficient time to complete testimony. On 

appointed on June 11, 2015. The July 23rd adjudication/disposition hearing was 

that hearing was then continued to July 23, 2015 at Father's request.1 A CASA was 

placement absent protective services. A hearing was scheduled for June 4, 2015, but 

Protective Custody was filed, alleging that G. was in imminent risk of foster care 

PROCEDURAL HISTORY g ~ 

c: 

...,,,. 

.... _ - 

--i •• 

-< N The K. family, A S. (Mother), P. K. (Father) and G. K. (G.) age 5, first cawe OC)) 

> 

the attention of the Lancaster County Court on May 13, 2015 when a Petition for 

OPINION SUR APPEAL 

BY: GORBEY, J. 

SUPER. CT. NO: 1489 MDA 2015 

G. K., a minor 

Docket No: CP- 36-DP-0000099-2015 

IN RE: 

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 

JUVENILE DIVISION 

Circulated 03/03/2016 02:02 PM
2 

2Mother also has a teenage son, who lives elsewhere and is not part of this matter. 

FACTUAL HISTORY 

G. K. was born on August 30, 2010.2 He is autistic and non-verbal. (N.T. 75, 

7/23/2015) He has also been diagnosed with IBD and colitis, and suffers serious 

symptoms connected with those illnesses. (Id at 77) After receiving a report on January 

29, 2014, the Agency investigated and learned that domestic violence was ongoing 

between the parents, which gave them concern for G.'s safety. The family was 

accepted for services and family service plans were developed for both Mother and 

Father. The parties separated in March of 2014. G. lives with Mother. Mr. K. lives with 

a friend in Red Lion (Id at 117) After the July 23rd hearing, the Court ordered Mother 

and Father to make G. accessible to the Agency so that his safety could be assessed. 

Despite that order, G. remained inaccessible to the Agency. He was not taken to 

daycare/school even though Mother assured he would be and Mother refused to 

insufficient time to complete testimony." On August 41\ G. was moved from his 

emergenqy placement to a more permanent facility. 

The continued adjudication/disposition hearing was held on August 10, 2015, 

after which this Court found the child to be dependent and ordered that it was in the 

best interest of the child to be removed from Mother's home. Mother did not attend the 

hearing on August 10, 2015. On September 2, 2015, Mother filed an appeal of the 

August 101h Order to the Pennsylvania Superior Court, pursuant to which this opinion is 

being prepared. 
3 

3Father and Mother both testified as if on cross examination during the July 23'd hearing, despite Mother's 

attorney's objection which was overruled by the Court. 

She also included that the weekend prior to the petition, Father had grabbed her by the 

support of that petition, Mother alleged that Father threatens to kill her on a daily basis 

and that on December 20th, 2013, he specifically threatened to put a bullet in her head. 

completion. Id at 49. She filed another PFA action in December of 2013. (Id at 50). In 

at 46-47) In March of 2010, Mother again chose not to pursue the PFA action to 

head into the wall. He then grabbed a gun and said that he was going to shoot her. (Id 

hit her on her stomach so that she fell down a few stairs, after which he slammed her 

and threw her on the floor so that she hit her head on a coffee table or a wall. He then 

allegations of violence in that petition were that Father, in a rage, spit in Mother's face, 

Id. At 44). Mother filed another petition for a PFA in December of 2009. ( Id at 45) The 

That matter was resolved by the parties and the order was dismissed later in that year. ( 

When she testified on July 23, 2015, Mother presented a long list of violent events that 

had taken place. 3 She had received a Protection from Abuse Order in 2007. (Id at 41) 

The domestic violence in the K. house was not a new development starting in 2014. 

worker called the police, who took G. into protective custody. (N.T. 10-11, 8/3/2015) 

with a non-verbal child with unexplained bruises and an uncooperative parent, the 

that someone, probably Mother, was at home, no one would answer the door. Faced 

scratches on his chest. The caseworker went to Mother's home and, despite clear signs 

the caseworker saw G. at daycare/school. The child had marks on his neck and 

which led to G.'s being removed from Mother's house took place on July 30, 2015 when 

respond to numerous telephone calls or speak to the caseworkers. The final event 
arms, leaving bruises. She described Father as abusive and lacking in self-control. (Id 

at 51-53) The Court entered a temporary order, but eleven days later she asked to 

have the action dismissed. In February of 2014, the police removed Father from the 

home after seeing marks on Mother's face and neck from his attempt to choke her. On 

September 13, 2014, Father had punched her in the face while she held G. in her arms; 

the punch also grazed G.'s eye, causing swelling. Father violated the PFA order again 

on the Monday after Mother's Day in 2014 when he came to the house to obtain 

personal items. Mother and G. were both there. She refused to let him in, they argued 

and she called the police. He retaliated by putting a dent in her garage door. He pied 

guilty to violation of the order and received four months of probation, during which he 

was not to be within 100 feet of Mother. (Id at 70-72.) In June of 2014, Father 

restrained her against the wall and floor, causing injuries to her neck which required 

medical attention. In December of 2014, Mother filed for another PFA, alleging that 

Father had been carrying G. in a way that threatened to bang G.'s head against the 

doorway trim. A similar incident had occurred on another occasion and when she had 

tried to comfort a crying G., Father had pushed and hit her, grabbed the back of her 

neck, and shoved her against the wall, all the while holding G. over his shoulder. ( Id at 

56) When Mother managed to take hold of G., she noticed a bump on his head. In 

August of 2014 G. had vomited after his head hit a chair as a result of rough play with 

Father. Mother also alleged that two months previously, Father had punched her in the 

face, causing her head to hit the door frame and bleed. Mother attempted to minimize 

the effect of her testimony by saying that Father had not intentionally hit G. and by 

insisting that she only filed the last PFA at the insistence of the Agency caseworker, 

4 
who threatened her with the loss of her son if she did not do so. However, she also 

agreed under questioning at hearing that there were other violent incidents which had 

not been memorialized in PFA petitions. This last filing resulted in a final protection 

order, under which G. was a protected person. Father was excluded from Mother's 

residence, and she was given custody of G., with provisions for visitation for Father. 

That order was in place until June of 2015, when it expired. (Id at 55~62) 

Despite the foregoing history, Mother testified that she has no concerns about 

Father being around G .. (Id at 64) She had agreed to a modification of the PFA Order 

in effect in the summer of 2015 that removed the requirement of third party supervision 

between Father and G .. (Id. At 65) Mother explained to the Court that she had agreed 

to the modification because of G.'s serious health issues. He has been inpatient at 

Hershey Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Lancaster General 

Hospital during his short life. Mother and Father could not be in the same hospital room 

together, because their hostile behavior was unsettling for him. But then Mother 

decided that the seriousness of his illnesses required that he needed both parents, and 

it wasn't fair for one to have to leave when the other one arrived. She denied that the 

real reason for the modification was to obviate the threat made in court that G. would be 

placed if Father was found at her home. Additionally, although Father had violated the 

order by being at her home at her request on July 8, 2015, she explained that she had 

invited him there to be involved in a meeting to discuss G. 's kindergarten placement 

and to sign the necessary papers. (Id at 69) 

Theresa Nitchman, G.'s therapeutic support staff (TSS) person, testified that on 

February 27, 2015, she found G. quite agitated at daycare. She called the Agency in 

5 
response to advice from both G.'s behavioral specialist and her own agency. She 

reported that "G. was agitated and aggressive in daycare. He tried to bite the teacher, 

pushed and kicked the TSS, threw objects across the room." She added that he was 

not normally that aggressive and she believed that his behavior was related to 

something disturbing he had experienced. This perception was validated by Mother, 

who at pick up time showed the TSS a fist-sized bruise on her chest resulting from an 

altercation with Father; G. had been present, and had been negatively affected by the 

event. Mother told her that G. had acted "skittish" with her that morning, flinching when 

she went to bring him to daycare. ( Id at 107-108, 113-115) 

When Father testified, he denied the physical violence described by Mother, 

admitting only to the kind of arguments that any other couple would have. (Id at 118) 

He denied any incident in which he left marks or bruises on his wife or that necessitated 

medical help and he did not even recall being in the house on February 27, 2015. He 

told the Court that he and Mother met "a couple of times" at his boat so he could take 

G. swimming, in violation of the PFA order. (Id. At 122-123) He asserted that he was 

taking domestic violence counseling on his own accord. He admitted to drinking in the 

past, and added that it had influenced his behavior in that "things that maybe might not 

normally bother you, somebody would bother me or whatever, it might have culminated 

into, you know, may have bothered me, I guess, or whatever you can say. I mean, not 

really seeing the reality of the situation." He admitted to having two deer rifles and 

three shotguns in his possession. Father blamed Mother's friends, who didn't like him, 

for calling the police. (Id at 127) And he emphasized that the police calls, though 

numerous, were for "alleged" domestic violence, which never really happened. (Id at 

6 
129) He accused the Agency for never calling him back so that he's been kept out of 

the loop, and asserted that his work schedule made it difficult to go to the Agency. 

Father said he had called the Agency approximately 36 times; the Agency testified they 

had not received any messages. ( Id at 128) An Agency worker also testified to the 

number of times someone had spoken with Father on the phone, contradicting Father's 

testimony. (Id at 22 et seq) 

The Agency Family Support Supervisor testified about the Family Service Plans 

prepared for the parents. Mother was asked to cooperate with all Agency services, to 

communicate with the Agency concerning changes affecting G., to provide a safe and 

stable environment for G., to provide financial information, to address any substance 

abuse, mental health or concerns for the violence issues and to demonstrate effective 

parenting skills and complete a parenting program approved by the Agency. She 

informed the Court that there had been a previous referral for a personalized parent 

training program for Mother from which Mother had been unsuccessfully discharged. 

Mother had also blocked the Agency's access to her home or to G. through not 

answering her door, not being home for scheduled visits, and keeping G. inaccessible. 

(Id at 143, N.T. 5-1 O, 8/3/15) Father's plan goals are to cooperate with Agency 

services, to provide financial information, have an assessment of any substance abuse, 

mental health concerns or violence issues, participate in counseling and a parenting 

program, and follow any other recommendations. (N.T.140-143, 8/3/15)) 

Patrick McBrearty. a behavior specialist with the Chester County Intermediate 

Unit has been working with G. since August of 2013. He. describes G. as being autistic 

"somewhere in the moderate range, so [that] his inability to communicate effectively 

7 
8 

4This procedure was actually performed a week later, because of the death of Mother's brother. 

scheduled for the day after the hearing. (Id at 77)4 Management of his illnesses 

testified that he is bleeding internally and a procedure to ascertain the reason was 

problematic with the presence of IBD and colitis. At the July 23rc1. 2015 hearing, Mother 

22) His TSS must always be with him at daycare. (Id at 32) G.'s physical health is 

method of communication, and anyone dealing with him has to learn his signs. (Id at 

Communication with G. is clearly difficult. Non-verbal, he is learning signs as a 

Mother described his behavior in terms of his having meltdowns. (Id at 75) 

"G. is a difficult child. I mean, he's - his overall lack of awareness, you know, he, 

not purposely runs, but wanders away. He's always hungry, or seems to be, and so he, 

you know, part of his frustration and tantrum is he can't ask for the things he wants .... " 

(Id at 17) 

"He has autism. He sometimes becomes overexcited. Sometimes when he's at 

daycare and it's time for a nap, he's not ready, so he'll do everything he can to avoid a 

nap and he'll jump on the furniture or rip a book or things like that. But nothing unusual 

for, I think, a child of his level and functioning". (Id at 16) 

(Id at 15) In response to a question about the child's behavior, McBrearty said: 

"I think sometimes when I go there, he thinks I'm his dad, so he runs up and 

does the same thing that he does with his dad that I've seen him do in the past, you 

know he puts his arms up because people pick him up and then spin him around and 

do a little thing with him lt's hard to determine if G. is close to anybody. You know, 

he's - he pairs people with things, you know, so when he sees his dad, he does that. 

You know, when he sees his mom, he has certain ritualistic behaviors with the people 

he knows. 

concerning G.'s relationship with his father, McBrearty said : 

know, he needs a constant one-to-one supervision. In answering a question 

has a lack of awareness of the environment and safety issues, so he will wander - you 

presents a lot of behavioral issues, aggression, tantrums ...... Also, due to the autism, he 
9 

surrounding her brother's funeral and the use of his death to keep caseworkers away 

former was Mother's lack of cooperation. Despite the scheduling difficulties 

and Domestic Violence Services, but was terminated by both; the reason given by the 

inheritance. Mother had been involved with a Personalized Parent Training program 

38, 8/10/15) She lives on money from Mr. K., Social Security Disability for G. and an 

2015, she asked the Agency for $1, 100 to pay her electric bilL (N.T. 114, 8/3/15; N.T. 

belongs to Father, is in foreclosure. Her utility payments are behind. On August 7, 

filed its petition, she revoked the releases. (N. T. 80. 7/23/2015) Her home, which 

domestic violence counselor and some of G.'s providers, and then, when the Agency 

signed releases to allow her caseworker from the Agency to communicate with her 

Scheduling time with her for updates or for home visits has been very difficult. She 

reunification. Mother has not appropriately maintained contact with the Agency. 

The parents' actions since G.'s placement has not been helpful to the goal of 

[Transitional issues with kids with autism are huge. You know, they like 

predictable things and structured routine and predictable environments, and when that 

changes, there's a risk of increase in behavior, because I can't communicate ... what's 

going on here, why the change. (Id at 23) 

[G.'s moods change. You know, J'II get reports from the TSS that he's had a 

rough day. You know, and that could be due to lack of sleep, he doesn't like certain 

foods, but then he'll grab foods from other kids' plates that eventually he doesn't like . 

.. . . [We need to get him and in a consistent setting where the responses to his behavior 

are consistent and therapeutic. 

predictable environments. McBrearty explained: 

Everyone seems to be in agreement that G. needs structured routine and 

78) He must wear leg braces because of a problem with his walk. (Id at 75) 

appears to be difficult because he cannot communicate his pain and/or distress. (Id at 
10 

from G., it turned out that Mother has strained relations with her siblings and was not 

permitted to attend the funeral. (Id at 70-71) During interviews, the caseworker found 

Mother's conversation and information to be inconsistent and confusing. 

Hershey Medical Center has reported that they are concerned about Mother's 

lack of follow-through with their medical guidelines necessary for G.'s health. G. 

missed an appointment on April 17, 2015 without notice. Despite instructions to have 

lab work done monthly, the last time such work was done was in May of 2015. A stool 

sample which was to have been submitted in June of 2015, was not returned. (Id at 55) 

Mother had changed the dosage of one of G.'s medications without consulting his 

physician. (Id at 58) On August 6, 2015, Father and the caseworker took G. to see Dr. 

Alexander, G.'s gastroenterologist. (Id at 55) Despite having been notified of the 

appointment, Mother did not attend. Dr. Alexander was concerned about 

inconsistencies between his prescriptions and the medications G. was actually taking. 

(Id at 56-58) The child was supposed to be on two medications, but Mother was giving 

him only one. (Id at 59) The Agency also learned on that day that G. only has one 

diagnosis - IBD - of which colitis is a subset, but not Crohn's. (Id at 60) There was also 

some question as to whether G. had had bleeding from his rectum, since the results of 

the procedure to determine the source of the bleeding were normal. Dr. Alexander had 

requested that Mother bring in pictures of all of G.'s diapers, but she did not appear for 

the appointment. No one other than Mother and Father had seen blood on the diapers. 

(Id at 58) Prior to the G.'s hospital procedure, Mother told the caseworker that G. may 

have to go to surgery directly after his examination and remain in the hospital for a 
11 

Father, who is forbidden custody because of the PFA Order has not complied 

with any aspects of his plan in a manner verifiable to the Agency. 

ISSUES 

1. Whether the Court erred in finding a five year old child dependent when the 

child is severely autistic, non-verbal, easily emotionally disturbed by events surrounding 

him, and the parents have a long history of domestic physical violence, the child has 

been physically injured by that violence on at least one occasion, and emotionally 

affected on another, and the parents continue to have contact despite the existence of 

a Protection from Abuse order, Mother has difficulty in staying separated from Father, 

the abuser, and has refused to follow all of the child's doctor's instructions concerning 

care of the child who also suffers from a severe intestinal disease. 

2. Whether the Court erred in allowing Mother and Father to be called to testify 

by the Agency as the Agency's witness on cross-examination. 

3. Whether the Court erred in considering hearsay testimony regarding missed 

medical appointments. 

week. A physician later told the worker that was never part of the medical plan. Id at 

69-70. She appeared in an agitated state the day of G.'s procedure, taking multiple 

pictures of the child. She made calls to her attorney. She made vituperative 

statements to the caseworker and had to be told to calm down a number of times. (Id at 

67-68) 
ANALYSIS 

Issue 1 

A "dependent child" is defined, in relevant part, as one who is "without proper 

parental care or control, subsistence, education as required by law, or other care or 

control necessary for his physical, mental or emotional health, or morals. A 

determination that there is a lack of proper parental care or control may be based upon 

evidence of conduct by the parent, guardian, or other custodian that places the health, 

safety or welfare of the child at risk." 42 Pa.C.S.A. §6302. "The question of whether a 

child is lacking proper parental care and control so as to be a dependent child 

encompasses two discrete questions: whether the child presently is without proper care 

and control, and if so, whether such care and control are immediately available." In re 

M. W 842 A.2d 425, 428 (2004). 

The Court finds that G. K. is a dependent child. He is autistic, with severe 

deficits in his understanding of his world and his interaction with the people around him. 

His behavior and his emotions can be abnormally volatile if he finds his surroundings 

disturbing. The testimony establishes that his parents' violent behavior qualifies as one 

of these disturbing triggers and that his parents have been involved in such behavior for 

a number of years. In fact, the TSS's testimony drew a solid connection between a 

fight between Mother and Father and abnormal and disruptive behavior on G.'s part. 

If the parents are separated and one of them is appropriate to care for G., then 

the child cannot be found to be dependent. The court must therefore look at them 

separately in order to determine which, if either, is capable of providing the proper 

parental care as contemplated by the statute above. The Court does not consider 

12 
Father to be available as an appropriate parent, finding him to be a non-credible 

witness in relation to his denials of his violent behavior, his drinking, and his lack of 

contact with the Agency. To accept Father's testimony, the Court would have to believe 

that only Father is telling the truth and all other witnesses describing his behavior are 

lying. That is not a logical or acceptable conclusion. 

The Court does not find Mother to be an appropriate parent under the statutory 

definition of dependency. G. is clearly a very difficult child to parent. He is easily 

emotionally distressed, has frequent "melt-downs", cannot communicate verbally, needs 

a TSS with him in school constantly. Both Mother and Mr. McBrearty told the court that 

G. needs a well structured, calm, familiar environment to keep his behavior on an even 

keel. This is one of the arguments Mother used against putting G. in foster care - that 

moving him around would put him in a confusing, unstable, unfamiliar setting. Despite 

this knowledge, for years Mother has allowed herself to be the victim of Father's 

violence, sometimes in G.'s presence, which would disturb G. painfully and initiate 

violent and aberrant behavior in him. For years she has filed and withdrawn multiple 

Protection from Abuse petitions against Father, thereby allowing Father to initiate 

situations disturbing to G .. She allowed her last PFA order to be modified without court 

involvement, so that she and Father could be in G.'s hospital room alone, despite a 

history that establishes their being together as fostering a hostile and risky situation for 

the child. She was complicit in Father's violations of the PFA Order. This is a mother 

who places her own desire for contact with her husband above her child's vital need for 

calm and quiet. This is a mother who did what she wanted to such an extent that G. 

was placed in threatening situations. This is a mother who, knowing her son could 

13 
14 

Issue 2 

Appellant contends that the Court erred in allowing Mother to be called as a 

witness by the Agency as if she were on cross-examination, thereby compelling her to 

testify against her interest. The Court is unaware of any applicable rules or statutory 

sections which direct that a party in a dependency matter cannot be called on crossexamination when the expected testimony is negative to that party's case. The 

procedure of calling a party as if on cross examination is governed by Pennsylvania 

Rule of Evidence 611. The applicable section of Rule 611 reads, in relevant part: 

(b) A party witness in a civil case may be cross-examined by an adverse 

party on any matter relevant to any issue in the case, including credibility, unless the 

court, in the interests of justice, limits the cross-examination with respect to matters not 

testified to on direct examination. 

remain in foster care without her cooperation with the Agency, decided not to 

cooperate. Mother cannot be trusted to do the right thing for G.'s physical and 

emotional health. Her behavior puts G. in the position of a child without the proper 

parental care necessary for his physical, mental or emotional health. Mother needs to 

take action to place herself in the position of being able to care for G.. Without that 

action, G. is at risk while living with her. 

The requirements of the definition of "dependent" have been met. G. has been 

without appropriate parenting from both parents defined in the statute. G. is a 

dependent child. 
(c). Leading Questions. Leading questions should not be used on direct or 

redirect examination except as necessary to develop the witness's testimony. 

Ordinarily, the court should allow leading questions: 

(1) on cross-examination; and 

(2) when a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified 

with an adverse party. A witness so examined should usually be interrogated by all 

other parties as to whom the witness is not hostile or adverse as if under redirect 

examination. As can be seen, there is no restriction on asking a hostile witness for 

testimony which might be against his or her interest. The comment to section 611©) 

similarly does not address such an issue. A review of the rules governing the juvenile 

matters produces no such restriction. In fact, the phrase "testimony against interest" is 

the name of an exception to the hearsay rule which holds that hearsay testimony 

against a witness's interest has an earmark of validity. 

This is not a criminal matter, in which the scope of the defendant's testimony is 

governed by the 5th and141h amendments of the United States constitution and his right 

not to testify against him or herself. The portion of the Juvenile Rules dealing with 

Juvenile Delinquency specifically states that "unless otherwise specifically provided, 

these rules shall not apply to domestic relations proceedings and dependency 

proceedings." The Superior Court has also made a distinction between criminal matters 

and dependency matters, saying that "in a dependency case, the liberty interest of [a 

parent] is not at stake and the risk of erroneous adjudication is so substantially 

mitigated by safeguards, reviews, and procedures directed toward uniting the family, 

that due process requires a less didactic approach than in criminal procedures ...... And, 

15 
16 

attorneys for the other parties asked similar questions, without objection. The Court 

questions that called for hearsay answers without objection. On cross examination, 

Ms. Krak was Appellant's witness. In his direct examination, Ms. Krak was asked 

medical status and history. 

issue as to Ms. Krak's right to testify as to missed medical appointments and G.'s 

Having failed to object at trial, Appellant has waived her right to raise the hearsay 

Rule 302. Requisites for Reviewable Issue 

(A) General rule. Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and 

cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. 

provides, in relevant part: 

to Ms. Krak's testimony. Rule 302 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure 

An examination of the transcript fails to find any objection made by Appellant's attorney 

gastroenterologist. This is all found beginning on Page 42 of the hearing of August 10. 

also included information obtained in a meeting with Dr. Alexander, G.'s 

appointments was presented by Natalie Krak, an Agency caseworker. Her testimony 

Appellant is mistaken in this complaint. The testimony about G.'s missed medical 

Hershey Medical Center's concerns about G. 's missed medical appointments. 

Appellant also complains that a caseworker was permitted to testify as to 

Issue 3 

1057 Pa.Super, 1990). 

criminal action." In re M.B., 869 A.2d 542, (Pa.Super, 2005) citing In re J.P., 573 A.2d 

the liberty interests of the parent or the child as would be the case of a defendant in a 

opposition to the parent with respect to the custody of the child ... it does not implicate 

while a dependency proceeding is adversarial in the sense that it places the stat e in 
17 

Copies to: 

Justin C. Gearty, Jr., Esquire 

David J. Natan, Esquire 

Daniel H. Shertzer, Jr., Esquire 

Jeffrey S. Shank, Esquire 

Attest: 

DATED: October 1, 2015 

BY THE COURT: 

interest to remove him from his parent's home. 

dependent child, and that the evidence appropriately indicates that it was in his best 

For the reasons set out above, the Court affirms its decision that G. is a 

CONCLUSION 

raised by Appellant in her Concise Statement is therefore waived for this appeal. 

never had an opportunity to rule on any aspect of Ms. Krak's testimony. The issue