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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO 

EASTERN DIVISION 

IN RE: PORSCHE CARS NORTH Case No. 2:11-md-2233 

AMERICA, INC. PLASTIC COOLANT 

TUBES PRODUCTS LIABILITY 

LITIGATION JUDGE GREGORY L. FROST 

 Magistrate Judge E.A. Preston Deavers 

 

This document relates to: ALL CASES. 

OPINION AND ORDER 

This matter is before the Court for consideration of the joint motion for appeal bond to secure 

costs incurred during pendency of appeal (ECF No. 188), objector Mary Ellen Kalange’s 

response in opposition (ECF No. 192), and the joint reply memorandum (ECF No. 193). For the 

reasons that follow, the Court GRANTS the motion, but declines to order a bond in the amount 

the movants seek. 

I. BACKGROUND 

This case is a multidistrict class action brought by purchasers of the Porsche Cayenne 

sport utility vehicle. Plaintiffs claim, on behalf of themselves and other similarly-situated 

individuals, that Defendants manufactured the Cayenne with a defective cooling system. 

On August 26, 2013, the Court preliminarily approved a settlement agreement between 

the parties. (ECF No. 147.) Cayenne purchaser Mary Ellen Kalange elected to remain in the 

class and be bound by all determinations and judgments concerning the settlement. 

Ms. Kalange objected to the proposed settlement agreement and appeared at the March 

10, 2014 Final Fairness Hearing to orally argue her objections. The basis of Ms. Kalange’s 

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objections is that her particular Cayenne experienced engine failure as a result of the alleged 

defect, such that the amount she would receive in the settlement agreement is not adequate 

compensation. Ms. Kalange also argued that Defendants acted unethically by not informing 

Cayenne owners of the alleged defect, in addition to suggesting various other points that are 

unrelated to the merits of this litigation and the settlement. 

After finding that the settlement was fair, reasonable and adequate to the class, the Court 

rejected Ms. Kalange’s arguments and approved the settlement. Ms. Kalange filed a notice of 

appeal shortly thereafter. 

The movants now request an appeal bond under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 7. 

In their motion, the movants request a bond in the amount of $176,474.50, the bulk of which is 

$139,000 in attorney’s fees that they expect to incur in defending against Ms. Kalange’s appeal. 

Despite filing a memorandum in opposition to the joint motion, Ms. Kalange did not 

substantively respond to any of the movants’ legal arguments. Ms. Kalange’s position in this 

dispute appears to be that she is acting in good faith because she is an attorney who wishes to 

protect the class from what she perceives to be an unfair settlement. Meanwhile, however, the 

remaining class members—approximately 5,800 of whom have already filed claims for payment 

under the settlement agreement and none of whom have consented to have Ms. Kalange 

represent them—cannot receive payment under the settlement agreement until Ms. Kalange’s 

appeal concludes. 

II. ANALYSIS 

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 7, “the district court may require an 

appellant to file a bond or provide other security in any form and amount necessary to ensure 

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payment of costs on appeal.” The issue before this Court is two-fold: (1) is a bond appropriate in 

this case, and (2) if so, in what amount? 

A. Standard for Ordering an Appeal Bond 

Courts in this Circuit have considered the following factors in analyzing whether to 

impose a bond under Rule 7: “(1) the appellant’s financial ability to post a bond; (2) the risk that 

the appellant would not pay appellee’s costs if the appeal is unsuccessful, (3) the merits of the 

appeal, and (4) whether the appellant has shown any bad faith or vexatious conduct.” Gemelas v. 

Dannon Co., Inc., No. 1:08 CV 236, 2010 WL 3703811, at *1 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 31, 2010) (citing 

Tri–Star Pictures, Inc. v. Unger, 32 F. Supp. 2d 144, 147–50 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)). The Court 

agrees with the movants that these factors support the imposition of a bond in this case. 

Regarding the first factor, Ms. Kalange does not dispute the movants’ assertion that she 

has the financial ability to post a bond. It is Ms. Kalange’s burden to demonstrate that the bond 

would constitute a barrier to her appeal, see In re: Cardizem CD Antitrust Lit., 391 F.3d 812, 818 

(6th Cir. 2004), and Ms. Kalange does not make any such showing in her brief. 

Regarding the second factor, the Court agrees with the movants that Ms. Kalange’s 

conduct up to this point suggests a pattern of noncooperation and noncompliance with court 

orders. Following the March 10, 2014 Final Fairness Hearing, Ms. Kalange attempted to file an 

unauthorized “Addendum to Fairness Hearing,” which was nothing more than an attempt to 

argue untimely objections. (ECF No. 177; struck by ECF No. 178.) Ms. Kalange then failed to 

timely file her memorandum in opposition to the motion for bond. Finally, rather than taking 

Plaintiffs’ counsel’s calls and discussing the substance of the present motion before it was filed, 

Ms. Kalange elected to ignore those calls and “wait and see the basis for the motion.” (ECF No. 

192, at 5 n.2.) The fact that Ms. Kalange resides in Idaho—outside the jurisdiction of the Sixth 

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Circuit and this Court—is further support for the conclusion that Ms. Kalange may not pay the 

appeal costs if her appeal is unsuccessful. 

The third and fourth factors are related in this case because, in the Court’s opinion, the 

lack of merit in Ms. Kalange’s appeal (and her willingness to prevent other class members from 

receiving compensation while pursuing that appeal) suggests a lack of good faith. During the 

Final Fairness Hearing, the Court gave Ms. Kalange unlimited time to present all legal arguments 

in support of her objections. But Ms. Kalange failed to make any persuasive arguments, instead 

claiming that her unique circumstances should invalidate a settlement of which the 

overwhelming majority of the class approves. Ms. Kalange’s brief on the bond issue actually 

highlights the problem with her objections: she argues that it “did not make sense for me to ‘opt 

out’ to pursue an independent action against PCNA and [her local Porsche dealership], let alone 

the foreign manufacturer, Porsche AG, a party certain to challenge the exercise of jurisdiction,” 

(ECF No. 192, at 2)—thereby acknowledging the hurdles that litigants pursuing this issue would 

have faced—but then rejects as “inadequate” the compromised amount of compensation she 

would receive under the settlement agreement. Now, after failing to convince this Court that the 

settlement is unfair, inadequate, or unreasonable, Ms. Kalange asserts that the issues she raises 

on appeal “will be fully supported by Supreme Court and Sixth Circuit precedents,” (ECF No. 

192, at 4), but sheds no light on how she now plans to argue that this Court abused its discretion 

in approving the settlement agreement. 

The fact that Ms. Kalange’s brief does not discuss the merits of her appeal, but instead 

discusses at length her personal frustration with her local Porsche dealership, speaks volumes. It 

appears that Ms. Kalange’s desire to pursue this appeal is based solely on a personal vendetta 

against her local Porsche dealership for disregarding concerns she raised after her vehicle broke 

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down. See id. at 2. Unfortunately, the remaining class members now must wait to receive their 

payments under the settlement agreement while Ms. Kalange pursues that personal vendetta. 

For those reasons, the Court concludes that a bond is appropriate. The question now 

becomes what costs should be included in the bond amount. 

B. Bond Amount 

It is undisputed that the costs referenced in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 39(e) 

and 28 U.S.C. § 1920 can be assessed on appeal and included in a bond under Rule 7. The 

question is whether additional costs (such as attorney’s fees and administrative costs) can be 

included in the bond amount. 

The Sixth Circuit has held that Rule 7’s reference to “costs” encompasses more than just 

the specific costs referenced in Rule 39(e) and § 1920. Cardizem, 391 F.3d at 817–18. The 

“costs” that can be assessed on appeal, and therefore included in a Rule 7 bond, include those 

sums that are “properly awardable under the relevant statute or other authority.” Id. at 818 

(quoting Marekv. Chesny, 473 U.S. 1, 9 (1985)). As such, courts must analyze the underlying 

statute to determine whether additional costs (such as attorney’s fees) can be assessed on appeal 

and therefore included in the bond. 

The movants suggest that the analysis ends whenever an underlying statute contains a 

fee-shifting provision; however, that is not accurate. The Court must analyze the fee-shifting 

provision at issue to determine whether attorney’s fees are “properly awardable” under that 

provision in each case. Id. (concluding that attorney’s fees were awardable against a class action 

objector when the underlying statute authorized attorney’s fees against a plaintiff pursuing a 

frivolous action). If, for example, the underlying statute is “asymmetrical,” meaning that fee 

awards are only available to one party but not the other, then the court must ask whether the 

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party requesting the fee award (or requesting that the fee award be included in a bond) would be 

entitled to that award under the relevant statute. See Azizian v. Federated Dep’t Stores, Inc., 499 

F.3d 950, 959 (9th Cir. 2007) (rejecting the parties’ argument that a class action objector should 

post a bond that included expected attorney’s fees because the underlying statute authorized 

attorney’s fees against losing defendants only, and the objector could not be considered a losing 

defendant). 

Applying those principles to the facts of this case, the Court begins by identifying the 

“relevant statute” to which it must look to define costs. Cardizem, 391 F.3d at 817. The 

movants assert that the Court can consider any statute in the underlying class action—

specifically in this case, Ohio’s Consumer Protection Statute, Ohio Revised Code § 

1345.09(F)—but that argument is unavailing. It would make no logical sense to permit the 

movants to recover their appellate attorney’s fees under an Ohio statute (which the Ohio 

plaintiffs raised on behalf of an Ohio subclass) against an objector who is neither an Ohio 

plaintiff nor a member of the Ohio subclass. Indeed, the Sixth Circuit rejected a similar 

argument in Cardizem when it refused to look to the various substantive laws raised in the class 

action and instead focused exclusively on the Tennessee statute that the objector had raised in the 

litigation. See 391 F.3d at 817. 

The movants’ argument also makes no sense in light of the Ohio statute’s language. As 

stated above, the question is not whether the underlying statute contains a fee-shifting provision, 

but whether attorney’s fees are “properly awardable” under that provision. The Ohio statute 

authorizes attorney’s fees against suppliers who violate the statute and against consumers 

“complaining of the act or practice that violated this chapter” in certain circumstances. Ohio 

Rev. Code § 1345.09(F). Because Ms. Kalange is neither a supplier nor a consumer who 

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invoked the Ohio statute, the plain language of the fee-shifting provision does not apply, and 

attorney’s fees are not properly awardable under § 1345.09(F) in this case. Cf. Azizian, 499 F.3d 

at 959.1

 In this case, because there is no Idaho subclass, Ms. Kalange is only a part of the 

nationwide class. The Complaint contains one claim for relief on behalf of the nationwide class, 

which arises under the Magnuson-Moss Federal Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2301 et seq. 

(“Warranty Act”). The Court therefore must examine the Warranty Act to determine what fees 

and costs could be assessed against Ms. Kalange in the event her appeal is unsuccessful. 

The Warranty Act authorizes attorney’s fees in certain circumstances. It states: 

If a consumer finally prevails in any action brought under paragraph (1) of this 

subsection, he may be allowed by the court to recover as part of the judgment a 

sum equal to the aggregate amount of cost and expenses (including attorneys' fees 

based on actual time expended) determined by the court to have been reasonably 

incurred by the plaintiff for or in connection with the commencement and 

prosecution of such action, unless the court in its discretion shall determine that 

such an award of attorneys’ fees would be inappropriate. 

15 U.S.C. § 2310(d)(2). Because this provision only allows consumers who prevail in their 

Warranty Act claims to recover attorney’s fees, it parallels the asymmetrical attorney’s fee 

provision in Azizan. See 499 F.3d at 960. 

Here, as in Azizian, both the objector (Ms. Kalange) and the settlement class constitute 

consumers alleging wrongdoing under the Warranty Act. The nationwide class (of which Ms. 

Kalange is a part) never “prevailed” in its Warranty Act claim. Accordingly, it would contradict 

the plain language and obvious purpose of § 2310(d)(2) to permit the class to recover their 

attorneys’ fees against Ms. Kalange in the event her appeal is unsuccessful. Cf. id. at 960 

(explaining why asymmetrical statutes do not authorize attorney’s fee awards against losing 

 

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 The movants cite Gemelas v. Dannon Co., Inc., in which a judicial officer from the Northern District of Ohio relied 

on an Ohio statute to include attorney’s fees in a bond amount against a class action objector, but that decision 

provides no discernible analysis on this issue on which the Court can rely. See 2010 WL 3703811, at *1–2. 

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objectors in class actions and stating, “[w]hile the interests of [a settlement] class member who 

challenges the settlement on appeal may well be adverse to the interests of a class member who 

supports it, both remain the alleged victims, rather than perpetrators, of the claimed . . . injury”); 

see also In re Magsafe Apple Power Adapter Lit., Nos. 12-15757 & 12-15782, 2014 WL 

1624493, at *1 (9th Cir. Apr. 24, 2014) (noting that the Warranty Act contains an asymmetrical 

fee-shifting provision, which cannot be used to shift attorneys’ fees from losing objectors to 

prevailing plaintiffs in a class action). It also would contradict the plain language of § 

2310(d)(2) to assess Defendants’ attorneys’ fees against Ms. Kalange. See 15 U.S.C. § 

2310(d)(2). 

In short, there is no statutory authority that defines additional expenses such as attorney’s 

fees as “costs” that the Court can include in Rule 7 bond. The movants make the additional 

argument that courts can include attorney’s fees and costs in a Rule 7 bond if the appeal is taken 

in bad faith, but that decision lies within the appellate court’s discretion. See Fed. R. App. P. 38 

(stating that a court of appeals may award damages if it determines that an appeal is frivolous). 

Nothing in this Opinion and Order would prevent the movants from seeking their attorney’s fees 

as damages under Rule 38. The Court, however, declines to include prospective attorney’s fees 

in a bond amount simply because the Sixth Circuit might decide to assess those damages against 

Ms. Kalange for filing a frivolous appeal. 

Having found no statutory authority that authorizes additional costs, the Court is 

constrained by the costs referenced in Rule 39(e) and 28 U.S.C. § 1920 in setting the bond 

amount in this case. The movants request that the bond amount include $474.50 for costs 

associated with “preparation and transmission of the record,” which Rule 39(e) references as a 

recoverable cost on appeal. That amount therefore will be included in the bond. 

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The movants also request that the bond amount include $2,000 for expected expenses 

related to preparing and filing their appellate briefs, including charges for printing and copying. 

Because § 1920 lists fees for printing and copying as recoverable costs, the Court will include 

the requested $2,000 in the bond amount. 

 The movants then make the curious argument that Rule 39(e)(3) encompasses the 

additional costs they will incur during the pendency of the appeal, including $25,000 in 

administrative costs paid to the Settlement Administrator and $10,000 in “travel, mediation, 

briefing, oral argument, research, and file administration” costs. (ECF No. 188, at 13–14.) But 

those costs fall outside the plain language of Rule 39(e)(3), which applies to costs for “premiums 

paid for a supersedeas bond or other bond to preserve rights pending appeal.” The movants do 

not provide any authority interpreting Rule 39(e)(3) to mean anything other than what its plain 

language suggests. Nor do they explain how administrative costs and travel expenses are 

examples of premiums they paid for a bond. Accordingly, the Court declines to include the 

requested $35,000 in the bond amount. 

The Court is left with $2,474.50 in recoverable costs that can be included in the Rule 7 

bond. The movants suggest that courts have authority to impose $25,000 bonds without 

requiring a delineated showing of costs but, as the above analysis shows, fail to persuade the 

Court that their recoverable costs will approach $25,000. The Court therefore declines to order a 

bond in that amount. 

III. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the joint motion for appeal bond (ECF 

No. 188) and ORDERS Mary Ellen Kalange to post a bond in the amount of $2,474.50 within 

fourteen days of the date of this Opinion and Order. 

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IT IS SO ORDERED. 

 /s/ Gregory L. Frost 

 GREGORY L. FROST 

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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