United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Forest Service 

Pacific Northwest 

Research Station 

United States 

Interior 

Bureau of Land 

Manoagement 

Evaluation of EIS 

Alternatives 

by,, the Science 

Integ ration team 

ume " 
United States 

Department of 

Agriculture 

Forest Service 

United States 

Department 

of the Interior 

Bureau of Land 

Management 

Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project 

This is not a NEPA decision document 
Evaluation of EIS Alternatives 

by the 

Science Integration Team 

Volume I 

This volume contains pages 1-536 

Thomas M. Quigley, Kristine M. Lee, 

and Sylvia J. Arbelbide 

Technical Editors 

Thomas M. Quigley is a range scientist/economist with the USDA Forest Service, 

Pacific Northwest Research Station, Walla Walla, WA 99362 

Kristine M. Lee is a biologist with the USDA Forest Service, 

Intermountain Region, Ogden, UT 84401 

Sylvia J. Arbelbide is a geologist with the USDA Forest Service, 

Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA 94111 

May 1997 

United States Department of Agriculture 

Forest Service 

Pacific Northwest Research Station 

Portland, Oregon 
Abstract

Quigley, Thomas M.; Lee, Kristine M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., tech. eds. 1997. Evaluation of the

Environmental Impact Statement Alternatives by the Science Integration Team. 2 Vols. Gen. Tech. Rep.

PNW-GTR-406. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Research Station. 1094 p.

The Evaluation of EIS Alternatives by the Science Integration Team describes the outcomes, interactions, effects, and consequences likely to result from implementing seven different management strategies on Forest Service (FS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administered lands within the

Interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins. Two environmental impact

statement teams developed seven alternative approaches to the management of forest, rangeland, aquatic, and watershed systems of FS- and BLM- administered lands. The alternatives varied from continuation of current management, to managing biodiversity within a network of large reserves, to actively

managing to restore ecosystem health and integrity. Continuing with current management direction, in

the absence of interim protection measures, results in continued declining trends in ecological integrity

and increasing risk to species. No single alternative was found to result in improved outcomes for all

species, reduced risk to ecological integrity, and improved resiliency for social and economic systems.

Alternatives that prioritize activities to restore and/or maintain ecological integrity and simultaneously

provide desired goods and services within the capability of the ecosystem appear to have favorable

trends in most species outcomes, landscape functions, and resiliency in social and economic systems.

The Draft and Final Environmental Impact Statements are expected to differ to some extent from the

preliminary Draft Environmental Impact Statement analyzed for this evaluation.

Keywords: Ecosystem management; ecological integrity; socioeconomic resiliency; management and

goals; risk management
Preface

This document is one of three primary products from the Science Integration Team (SIT) of the Interior

Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP). The first is a Framework for Ecosystem

Management (Haynes and others 1996); the second is the compilation of detailed reports from each science team staff, referred to as the Assessment of Ecosystem Components (Quigley and Arbelbide, in press). In

addition to the products from the SIT, the Upper Columbia River Basin Environmental Impact Statement

and the Eastside Environmental Impact Statement comprise the other primary products of the ICBEMP.

Jointly they represent the information gathered for the purpose of adopting a scientifically sound, ecosystem-based management strategy for Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management lands within the interior Columbia River Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins.

The Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) were developed under the leadership of Jeff Blackwood,

Steve Mealey, Pat Geehan, Linda Colville, Jim May, Jeff Walter, Cathy Humphrey and George Pozzuto. A

complete listing of all EIS team members would include several dozen individuals. Critical to the content

of the alternatives was the involvement of the Executive Steering Committee and other Regional

Executives including: Elaine Zielinski, Martha Hahn, Larry Hamilton, Robert Williams, Hal Salwasser,

Dale Bosworth, Thomas Mills, Denver Burns, William Stelle, Michael Spear and Chuck Clarke.

All members of the Science Integration Team participated in discussions and contributed to analysis or

writing early versions of this report. This document has evolved from a rough draft in late 1995. Charles

Philpot and Thomas Mills have been particularly influential in helping define and protect the role of science within this science and management partnership. Integral to this work was the development of concepts related to and estimates of integrity, resiliency, and risk. James Sedell, Danny Lee, Paul Hessburg,

Bruce Rieman, Mark Jensen, Brad Smith, Jeff Jones, and Wendel Hann developed the ecological integrity

elements and the forest and range clusters. The material related to composite ecological integrity was

developed by James Sedell, Danny Lee, Richard Holthausen, Bruce Marcot, Wendel Hann, Jeff Jones, and

Thomas Quigley. Richard Haynes, Amy Home, and Jim Burchfield developed measures of socioeconomic

resiliency. Richard Haynes, Wendel Hann and Thomas Quigley developed the risk ratings for ecological

integrity and risk to human assets from wildlands.

The chapters include individual acknowledgments of contributions to the completion of this document.

Literally hundreds of individuals have made specific contributions. We are certain to have failed in recognizing everyone's contribution. We apologize for any oversights.

Mi
SCIENCE TEAM 

MEMBERS 

Team Leaders 

Thomas M. Quigley, Range Scientist, Science Integration Team Leader. 

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Walla Walla, WA. 

Sylvia J. Arbelbide, Geologist, Deputy Science Integration Team Leader. 

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA. 

Russell T. Graham, Research Forester, Deputy Science Team Leader. 

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Moscow, ID. 

Aquatics 

James Clayton, Soil Scientist. 

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Boise, ID. 

Lynn Decker, Biologist, Aquatic Team Co-Leader. 

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco, CA. 

Robert Gresswell, Fisheries Biologist. 

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, detailed to Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR. 

Robert House, Fisheries Biologist. 

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID. 

Danny C. Lee, Research Biologist, Aquatic Team Co-Leader. 

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Boise, ID. 

Kristine M. Lee, Biologist, Aquatic Team Co-Leader. 

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden, UT. 

Shaun McKinney, Fisheries Biologist. 

USDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Pendleton, OR. 

Tracy Noel, Biological Technician. 

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR. 

C. Kerry Overton, Technology Transfer Specialist. 

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Boise, ID. 
Bruce E. Rieman, Research Fisheries Biologist.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Boise, ID.

James R. Sedell, Research Biologist, Aquatic Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR.

Russell F. Thurow, Fisheries Research Scientist.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Boise, ID.

Ken Tu, Forester.

USDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Walla Walla, WA.

Jack E. Williams, Aquatic Scientist, Aquatic Team Co-Leader.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID.

Economics

Richard W. Haynes, Research Forester, Economics Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.

Amy L. Home, Research Forester, Economics Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.

Wendy McGinnis, Economist.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.

Nicholas Reyna, Forest Economist.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station,Walla Walla, WA.

Landscape Ecology

Ann L. Acheson, Air Program Manager.

USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT.

Carl Almquist, Geologist.

USDI Bureau of Mines, Western Field Operations Center, Spokane, WA.

Kenneth Brewer, Landscape Ecologist.

USDA Forest Service, Flathead National Forest, Kalispell, MT.

Sue Ferguson, Research Climatologist.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, WA.

Gary L. Ford, Soil Scientist.

USDA Forest Service, Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Coeur d'Alene, ID.

Thomas P. Frost, Research Geologist.

USDI Geological Survey, Western Mineral Resources Branch, Spokane, WA.

Iris Goodman, Research/Landscape Hydrologist.

Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Landscape Characterization Research and Development,

Las Vegas, NV.

V
Wendel J. Hann, Landscape Ecologist, Landscape Ecology Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT.

Colin Hardy, Supervisory Research Forester.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Missoula, MT.

Paul F. Hessburg, Research Plant Pathologist/Entomologist, Landscape Ecology Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Wenatchee, WA.

Mark E. Jensen, Landscape Ecologist/ Landscape Ecology Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT.

Jeffrey L. Jones, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service, Beaverhead National Forest, Dillon, MT.

Lynn Kaney, Silviculturist.

USDA Forest Service, Colville National Forest, Newport, WA.

Michael G. (Sherm) Karl, Rangeland Management Specialist/Ecologist.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Walla Walla, WA.

Robert E. Keane, System Dynamics/Research Ecologist.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Missoula, MT.

Steve Leonard, Range Conservationist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State Office, Reno, NV.

Don Long, Forester.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Missoula, MT.

Mary E. Manning, Ecologist.

USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT.

Cecilia McNicoll, Ecological Analyst/Inventory.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Missoula, MT.

James P. Menakis, Forester.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Missoula, MT.

John Nesser, Soil Scientist.

USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT.

Roger Ottmar, Research Forester.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle, WA.

David Powell, Forest Silviculturist.

USDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Pendleton, OR.

Bradley G. Smith, Quantitative Community Ecologist.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Bend, OR.

Mike Stimak, Forester.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Upper Columbia-Salmon and Clearwater Districts,

Coeur d'Alene, ID.
Social

Stewart D. Allen, Sociologist.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Walla Walla, WA.

Jon S. Bumstead, Social Scientist, Social Science Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Walla Walla, WA.

James A. Burchfield, Sociologist, Social Science Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Walla Walla, WA.

Steven J. Galliano, Landscape Architect.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Walla Walla, WA.

Richard C. Hanes, Anthropologist/Native American Topics Specialist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Oregon/Washington State, Eugene, OR.

Gary Loeffler, Landscape Architect.

USDA Forest Service, Mt. Hood National Forest, Zigzag, OR.

Steven F. McCool, Social Scientist, Social Science Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Walla Walla, WA.

Joan Trent, Attitudes/Values/Beliefs Specialist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Montana State Office, Billings, MT.

Spatial

Becky Gravenmier, Natural Resource Specialist/GIS, Spatial Team Leader.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Oregon/Washington State Office, Portland, OR.

John Steffenson, GIS Specialist.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR.

Andrew Wilson, GIS Specialist.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR.

Terrestrial

Katie Boula, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Pendleton, OR.

Michael A. Castellano, Research Forester.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR.

Lisa Croft, Botanist, Vascular and Non-Vascular Plants Group Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Ochoco National Forest, Prineville, OR.

Michelle Eames, Wildlife Biologist.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service, Spokane, WA.

Christina Hargis, Wildlife Ecologist.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Logan, UT.

vii
Randal J. Hickenbottom, Wildlife Biologist, Terrestrial Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR.

Richard S. Holthausen, Wildlife Ecologist, Terrestrial Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Washington Office, Corvallis, OR.

John F. Lehmkuhl, Wildlife Ecologist, Terrestrial Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Wenatchee, WA.

Bruce G. Marcot, Wildlife Ecologist, Terrestrial Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.

Wally Murphy, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Pendleton, OR.

Robert H. Naney, Wildlife Biologist, Vertebrates Group Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Okanogan National Forest, Okanogan, WA.

Kurt Nelson, Wildlife Biologist, Terrestrial Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Payette National Forest, McCall, ID.

Dave Newhouse, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ogden, UT.

Christine G. Niwa, Research Entomologist, Invertebrates Group Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR.

Wayne Owen, Botanist.

USDA Forest Service, Boise National Forest, Boise, ID.

Mike Pellant, Ecologist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID.

Martin G. Raphael, Research Wildlife Biologist, Terrestrial Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA.

Terry Rich, Wildlife Biologist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID.

Roger Rosentreter, Botanist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, Boise, ID.

Vicki Saab, Wildlife Research Biologist.

USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Boise, ID.

Fred Samson, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT.

Roger £. Sandquist, Forester.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR.

J. Stephen Shelly, Regional Botanist.

USDA Forest Service, Northern Region, Missoula, MT.

viH
Karl Urban, Forest Botanist.

USDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Pendleton, OR.

Barbara Wales, Wildlife Biologist/Data Base Manager.

USDA Forest Service, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, La Grande, OR.

Nancy Warren, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service, Flathead National Forest, Kalispell, MT.

Michael Wisdom, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, La Grande, OR.

Elaine Zieroth, Wildlife Biologist, Terrestrial Team Co-Leader.

USDA Forest Service, Okanogan National Forest, Tonasket, WA.
ENVIRONMENTAL 

IMPACT STATEMENT 

TEAM MEMBERS 

Jeff Blackwood, Project Manager. 

USDA Forest Service, Walla Walla, WA. 

Linda Colville, Project Manager. 

USDI Bureau of" Land Management, Boise, ID. 

James May, Acting Project Manager. 

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Boise, ID. 

Andy Brunelle, Intergovernmental Coordination Team Leader/Public Affairs Team Leader. 

USDA Forest Service, Boise, ID. 

Mary Carr, Technical Writer-Editor. 

USDA Forest Service, Olympia, WA. 

Patricia Carroll, Hydrologist and Soil Scientist. 

USDA Forest Service, Boise, ID. 

Cathy Humphrey, Deputy EIS Team Leader (Geologist). 

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Walla W:alla, WA. 

Michael (Sherm) Karl, Rangeland Management Ecologist. 

USDA Forest Service, Walla Walla, WA. 

Steven Kozel, Fish Ecologist. 

USDA Forest Service, Boise, ID. 

Thomas Miles, Rangeland Management Specialist. 

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Boise, ID. 

Melanie Miller, Fire Ecologist. 

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Boise, ID. 

Ralph Perkins, Forester, Tribal Liaison Team Leader. 

USDA Forest Service, Walla Walla, WA. 

Nick Reyna, Economist. 

USDA Forest Service, Walla Walla, WA. 

John Sloan, Forest Ecologist. 

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Boise, ID. 
Joan Suther, Wildlife Biologist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Boise, ID.

Jeffrey Walter, EIS Team Leader (Forest Ecologist).

USDA Forest Service, Boise, ID.

Shari Whitwell, Technical Editor/Computer Specialist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Walla Walla, WA.

Gary Wyke, UCRB EIS Team Co-Leader.

USDI Bureau of Land Management, Boise, ID.

Former EIS Team Members

Stewart Allen, Social Scientist.

USDA Forest Service.

Keith Bennett, Economic Geographer.

USDI Bureau of Land Management.

Paul Boehne, Fish Biologist, National Marine Fisheries Service Representative.

USDA Forest Service.

James Burchfield, Social Scientist.

USDA Forest Service.

Ismael Caballero, Forester, Tribal Liaison group.

USDA Forest Service.

Kathleen Cushman, Ecologist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management.

Cindy Deacon-Williams, UCRB EIS Team Co-Leader (Biologist).

USDA Forest Service.

Marty Durnpis, Natural Resource Specialist.

USDA Forest Service.

Leslie Frewing-Runyon, Economist.

USDI Bureau of Land Management.

Patrick Geehan, Deputy Project Manager.

USDI Bureau of Land Management.

Ralph Heft, BLM Field Management Representative.

USDI Bureau of Land Management.

Les Holsapple, Fire Ecologist.

USDA Forest Service.

Howard Hudak, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service.

Lyle Jensen, Forest Planner.

USDA Forest Service.

XI
Lynn Kaney, Silviculturist.

USDA Forest Service.

Mary Keith, Archeologist, Tribal Liaison group.

USDA Forest Service.

Don Lyon, Deputy Eastside EIS Team Leader (Forester).

USDA Forest Service.

Kenneth MacDonald, Fisheries Biologist.

USDA Forest Service.

Greg Macheack, Writer-Editor.

USDA Forest Service.

Stephen Mealey, Project Manager.

USDA Forest Service.

Ed McHugh, Geologist.

USDI Bureau of Mines.

Wally Murphy, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service.

Jim O'Connor, Hydrologist.

USDA Forest Service.

William Peterson, Operations Research Analyst.

USDA Forest Service.

George Pozzuto, Eastside EIS Team Leader (Forester).

USDA Forest Service.

Dan Robison, Environmental Protection Agency Representative.

Environmental Protection Agency.

Heidi Sandeno, Writer-Editor.

USDA Forest Service.

Leslie Sekavec, Silviculturist.

USDA Forest Service.

Ayn Shlisky, Ecologist.

USDA Forest Service.

Karen (Kaz) Thea, Wildlife Biologist.

USDI Fish and Wildlife Service.

Richard Thompson, Economic Geologist.

USDI Bureau of Mines.

Elaine Zieroth, Wildlife Biologist.

USDA Forest Service.
TABLE OF 

CONTENTS 

VOLUME I 

Chapter 1. Introduction 

Chapter 2. Landscape Ecology Evaluation of Alternatives 

Chapter 3. Effects of Proposed Alternatives on Aquatic Habitats 

and Native Fishes 

VOLUME TT 

Chapter 4. Historical and Current Status of Terrestrial Species 

and the Effects of Proposed Alternatives 537 

Chapter 5. Economic Evaluation of the Preliminary Draft EIS Alternatives 731 

Chapter 6. An Estimate of the Social Consequences of Alternatives 

in the Eastside and Upper Columbia River Basin Preliminary Draft 

Environmental Impact Statements 759 

Chapter 7. Ecological Integrity, Socioeconomic Resiliency, and Trends in Risk 835 

Chapter 8. The February 1996 and February 1997 EIS Versions: 

Changes in Effects 897 

Appendix I 935 

Appendix H 1083 

29 

435