NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

File Name: 17a0481n.06 

Case No. 16-2535 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

AMERICAN BIOCARE INC.; JIRA 

HOLDINGS LLC; KJJ HOLDINGS, LLC; 

HEALTH CARE PARTNERS, INC.; 

SOUTHWEST HOME HEALTH CARE 

HOLDINGS, LLC; SWHHC 

MANAGEMENT-CENTRAL TEXAS, LLC; 

SOUTHWEST HOME HEALTH CARE 

CENTRAL TEXAS LP; SOUTHWEST 

HOME HEALTH CARE OF HARRIS, LLC; 

SOUTHWEST HOME HEALTH CARE OF 

EAST TEXAS; SOUTHWEST HOME 

HEALTH CARE OF DALLAS, LLC, 

 Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

v. 

HOWARD & HOWARD ATTORNEYS 

PLLC; JIRA LLC; JIRA III, LLC; 

REDEMPTION HEALTH CARE LLC; 

SHHC SERVICES TX, LLC, 

 Defendants-Appellees. 

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN 

 BEFORE: MOORE, GILMAN, and COOK, Circuit Judges. 

 COOK, Circuit Judge. The plaintiff companies allege that the defendants and other nonparties to the suit engaged in a Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (“RICO”) Act 

enterprise that “looted” the plaintiffs’ assets and value. The district court disagreed, dismissing 
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several plaintiffs under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and then dismissing the 

complaint in its entirety under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Plaintiffs appeal both 

decisions. We AFFIRM. 

I. Background Facts 

A. The Original Acquisition 

American BioCare, Inc. (“ABI”), is a holding company that specializes in purchasing and 

managing home healthcare companies (“HHCs”). In December 2011, three of ABI’s 

subsidiaries—JIRA Holdings, LLC; KJJ Holdings, LLC; and Healthcare Partners, Inc.—

acquired a set of HHCs from businessman Kevin Ruark, his son Jamin Ruark, and their business 

partner Jason Laing (collectively, the “Ruark Individuals”). The subsidiaries partially financed 

the acquisition with a $3.9 million loan from FirstMerit Bank (“FirstMerit”).1

 Although not a 

named borrower, ABI pledged as collateral its ownership stakes in its subsidiaries and the 

acquired HHCs (collectively, “ABI Entities” or “Entities”), along with the assets of those 

Entities, to guarantee the loan. 

As part of the deal, the Ruark Individuals agreed not to work for or own any competing 

HHCs. But ABI alleges that the Ruark Individuals immediately violated the non-compete 

agreement by forming companies to acquire or partner with other HHCs. In April 2013, ABI 

sued the Ruark Individuals in Oakland County Circuit Court, which issued a stipulated status quo 

order requiring the Ruark Individuals to abstain from purchasing or managing HHCs in certain 

states. 

 1

 The bank was originally Citizens Bank until FirstMerit acquired it in 2013. We use 

“FirstMerit” to refer to both Citizens Bank and FirstMerit. 
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B. Loan Default and Foreclosure Sale 

In October 2013, the ABI subsidiaries defaulted on their FirstMerit loan. ABI blames the 

default on the machinations of Vicki Welty and Tina Griffith (collectively, the “Back Office 

Managers”), alleging that the pair caused the default by “delaying and/or failing to produce 

timely and accurate financial reporting that was required by Plaintiffs’ investors and lenders.” 

As a result of the default, FirstMerit initiated foreclosure proceedings to sell off the 

collateral (i.e., the ABI Entities’ assets and ABI’s ownership interest in the Entities). Two 

bidders stepped forward: Peachtree Equity Partners and the Ruark Individuals. FirstMerit 

accepted the latter’s bid and then conducted a private foreclosure sale that transferred the 

collateral to three companies (JIRA LLC; JIRA III, LLC; and SHHC Services TX, LLC) owned 

by the Ruark Individuals. Shortly after the sale, all three entities assigned the assets and 

membership interests to Redemption Health Care, LLC (“Redemption”), a company owned by 

Jason Laing. 

ABI alleges that during the collateral-sale negotiations, the Ruark Individuals’ lawyer, 

Brandon Booth of the firm Howard & Howard Attorneys PLLC (“H&H”), misrepresented to 

FirstMerit that selling to the Ruark Individuals would not violate any existing court order. 

According to ABI, the foreclosure sale directly contravened the status quo order requiring the 

Ruark Individuals to refrain from owning or operating HHCs. The Oakland County Circuit 

Court agreed, holding the Ruark Individuals in contempt for disobeying the order. 

C. The Alleged CHC Fraud 

 Knowing that it would have to prove a second predicate act (as required under RICO, see 

infra Section III, A), ABI alleges that the Ruark Individuals and H&H also perpetrated a second 

fraud, this one against Contemporary Health Care Fund I, L.P. (“CHC”). Specifically, ABI 
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claims that the Ruark Individuals misrepresented their ownership of certain assets in order to 

forestall foreclosure of a $4 million loan they received from CHC. ABI concedes that the 

alleged CHC fraud did not directly affect or otherwise injure ABI. 

D. Procedural History 

ABI sued JIRA LLC; JIRA III, LLC; SHHC Services TX, LLC; Redemption 

(collectively, the “JIRA Defendants”); and H&H in federal district court, arguing that the 

defendants violated and conspired to violate RICO (specifically, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1962(c), 1962(d), 

and 1964(c)), as well as other state laws. In an amended complaint, it later added the ABI 

Entities as plaintiffs. 

The JIRA Defendants moved to dismiss the ABI Entities under Federal Rules of Civil 

Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), alleging that ABI lacked standing to sue on behalf of the 

Entities and had not alleged sufficient facts to state a RICO claim. H&H also moved for 

dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6). 

The district court dismissed the ABI Entities from the suit, determining that because ABI 

no longer owned an interest in the Entities after the FirstMerit foreclosure, ABI lacked standing 

to sue on the Entities’ behalf. The court also dismissed the suit against the JIRA Defendants 

because ABI failed to allege facts with particularity—as required under Federal Rule of Civil 

Procedure 9(b)—to demonstrate that the JIRA Defendants were involved in any act of fraud 

underlying the RICO claim. As for H&H’s motion to dismiss, the court found that ABI failed to 

show (i) any harm from the alleged CHC fraud or (ii) that the misrepresentations to FirstMerit 

proximately caused ABI to lose its assets. It therefore dismissed the RICO, RICO-conspiracy, 

and state-law claims against H&H. ABI timely appeals only the dismissal of its RICO and 

RICO-conspiracy claims. 
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II. ABI’s Standing to Sue on the ABI Entities’ Behalf 

“We normally review de novo the district court’s decision to dismiss for lack of subject 

matter jurisdiction under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1).” Howard v. Whitbeck, 382 

F.3d 633, 636 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Cob Clearinghouse Corp. v. Aetna U.S. Healthcare, Inc., 

362 F.3d 877, 880 (6th Cir. 2004)). But when a defendant challenges subject matter jurisdiction 

by attacking the underlying jurisdictional facts, this court reviews the district court’s factual 

findings for clear error and its application of the law to the facts de novo. Lovely v. United 

States, 570 F.3d 778, 781–82 (6th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). “Under the clear-error 

standard, we abide by the court’s findings of fact unless the record leaves us with the definite and 

firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. Yancy, 725 F.3d 596, 598 

(6th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Gardner, 649 F.3d 437, 442 (6th Cir. 2011)) (internal 

quotation marks and alterations omitted). 

Although the ABI Entities’ current owners—the JIRA Defendants—did not authorize the 

ABI Entities to sue (and in fact sought to dismiss the Entities from the suit), ABI listed the 

Entities as plaintiffs in its amended complaint. ABI makes two arguments to justify its ability to 

sue on behalf of the ABI Entities. First, it asserts that the district court should have decided the 

standing issue under Rule 12(b)(6)—a more favorable standard to ABI—rather than under Rule 

12(b)(1). Second, ABI contends that even under Rule 12(b)(1), it retained a possessory interest 

in the ABI Entities—and accordingly, its standing to sue on their behalf—because JIRA, JIRA 

III, and SHHC Services-Texas purchased the ABI Entities in bad faith. 

A. Whether the district court properly decided the issue of standing under Rule 12(b)(1) 

rather than Rule 12(b)(6) 

Article III standing is a question of subject matter jurisdiction properly decided under 

12(b)(1). See Allstate Ins. Co. v. Glob. Med. Billing, Inc., 520 F. App’x 409, 410–11 (6th Cir. 
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2013) (citations omitted). Because the JIRA Defendants challenge subject matter jurisdiction, 

ABI has the burden of proof to show that subject matter jurisdiction exists. Giesse v. Sec’y of 

Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 522 F.3d 697, 702 (6th Cir. 2008). 

ABI rests its entire argument for Rule 12(b)(6) review on one unpublished district court 

opinion: Block v. BAC Home Loans Servicing LP, No. 11-11181, 2012 WL 2031640 (E.D. Mich. 

June 6, 2012). In Block, the plaintiffs sued to regain possession of their foreclosed home. Id. at 

*1–2. The defendants moved to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction, arguing that the plaintiffs did not have standing to sue because they failed to 

repurchase the house during the statutory redemption period. Id. at *2. The district court held 

that the term “standing” was “a misnomer” because the “plaintiff[s’] failure to assert a claim 

during the redemption period is an issue that goes to the claim’s merits.” Id. The court therefore 

rejected addressing the “standing” issue under Rule 12(b)(1) in favor of addressing it under Rule 

12(b)(6). Id. at *2–3. 

ABI analogizes this case to Block, arguing that “whether . . . ABI had standing to pursue 

claims on behalf of the [ABI Entities] is a legal issue that went directly to the merits of Plaintiffs’ 

claim for declaratory judgment regarding the ownership interests in the [ABI Entities].” 

ABI misreads Block. The Block court’s statement that “standing” was “a misnomer” 

refers to a conflation of two different usages of the term “standing”: standing under Article III of 

the U.S. Constitution and statutory “standing” under Michigan’s mortgage-foreclosure laws. See 

El-Seblani v. IndyMac Mortg. Servs., 510 F. App’x 425, 427–30 (6th Cir. 2013); Block, 2012 

WL 2031640, at *2. The former, of course, involves whether a plaintiff has satisfied the 

requirements of “concrete, particularized, and actual injury that is fairly traceable to the 

challenged action of the defendant[] and capable of being redressed by a favorable decision,” as 
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well as any applicable principles of prudential standing. El-Seblani, 510 F. App’x at 427–30 

(quoting Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180–81 

(2000)). The latter deals with whether a plaintiff who fails to repurchase her home during the 

redemption period set out in Michigan Comp. Laws § 600.3240(8) can bring suit—a merits issue 

governed by Michigan’s foreclosure laws. Id. at 428–29; see Carmack v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, 

534 F. App’x 508, 510 & n.2 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Conlin v. Mortg. Elec. Registration Sys., 

Inc., 714 F.3d 355, 359 (6th Cir. 2013)). The “standing” discussed in Block is the Michiganforeclosure-law variety, see 2012 WL 2031640, at *2–3, which is not germane to whether ABI 

has Article III standing to sue on the ABI Entities’ behalf. 

B. Whether the district court properly dismissed the ABI Entities under Rule 12(b)(1) 

ABI argues that even under Rule 12(b)(1), it has standing to sue in the name of the ABI 

Entities. Its argument relies on two assertions: it retains ownership rights over the ABI Entities 

and those rights suffice to confer standing to sue on the Entities’ behalf. 

To start, the district court made multiple findings of fact about ABI’s ownership rights. 

First, it found that ABI no longer holds a possessory interest in the ABI Entities because 

FirstMerit foreclosed on ABI’s ownership stake. Second, the court found that the JIRA 

Defendants who participated in the sale did not act in bad faith—i.e., the JIRA Defendants did 

not collude with FirstMerit or have knowledge of defects in the foreclosure sale when obtaining 

the ABI Entities and assets. Third, the court credited Jason Laing’s affidavit, which stated that 

the JIRA Defendants not only refused to authorize the suit but also sought dismissal of the 

Entities. 

ABI acknowledges that a foreclosure sale occurred, but replies that it nevertheless retains 

a possessory interest in the Entities because the Ruark Individuals violated the good-faith 
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requirement when they lied to FirstMerit about the existence of a court order barring the 

Individuals from owning any HHCs. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 440.9617(2)–(3). Michigan law 

holds that where a party to a foreclosure sale acts in bad faith, the purchaser (i.e., the JIRA 

Defendants) takes the “collateral subject to . . . [t]he debtor’s [(i.e., ABI’s)] rights in the 

collateral.” Id. § 440.9617(3). 

The commentary to § 440.9617 explains that collusion and notice of defects are two 

nonexclusive examples of acting in bad faith. See id. § 440.9617 n.3 (noting knowledge of 

defects or buying in collusion “as specific examples of the absence of good faith”). Arguably 

then, lying about the court order could constitute an act of bad faith—especially given 

FirstMerit’s alleged statement that it would not have sold the ownership interests and the ABI 

Entities’ assets to the JIRA Defendants had it known that the sale would violate such an order. 

 But we need not address the issue because, even assuming that ABI retains ownership in 

the ABI Entities, it still lacked standing to sue in their names. “As a general rule, two separate 

corporations are regarded as distinct legal entities even if the stock of one is owned wholly or 

partly by the other.” 1 William Meade Fletcher et al., Fletcher Cyclopedia of the Law of 

Corporations § 43 (perm. ed., rev. vol. 2016); see also Dole Food Co. v. Patrickson, 538 U.S. 

468, 475 (2003) (“The properties of two corporations are distinct, though the same shareholders 

own or control both. A holding corporation does not own the subsidiary’s property.”) (quoting 1 

Fletcher § 31). As a company distinct from the Entities, ABI “generally must assert [its] own 

legal rights and interests, and cannot rest [its] claim to relief on the legal rights or interests of 

third parties.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 499 (1975); see also Sec. Indus. & Fin. Mkts. 

Ass’n v. U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n, 67 F. Supp. 3d 373, 406 (D.D.C. 2014) 

(“[T]he shareholder standing rule generally precludes a parent corporation—indeed, any sole 
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shareholder—from having standing to bring an action on behalf of its subsidiary.”) (citations 

omitted). ABI therefore cannot enforce the rights of the ABI Entities merely by owning the ABI 

Entities. Nor does ABI present any legal theory in its complaint suggesting that it has a 

particular relationship with the ABI Entities allowing it to act on the Entities’ behalf. Finally, 

dismissing the ABI Entities does not preclude ABI from pursuing claims based on harms—

including loss of its ownership interests—that it might have suffered from the alleged RICO 

enterprise. We therefore affirm the district court on this issue. 

III. RICO and RICO-conspiracy claims

“We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a plaintiff’s complaint for failure to 

state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6).” Kottmyer v. Maas, 436 F.3d 684, 688 (6th Cir. 2006) (citing 

Marks v. Newcourt Credit Grp., Inc., 342 F.3d 444, 451 (6th Cir. 2003)). 

A. RICO: The Predicate Offenses 

ABI brings a civil RICO claim for a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) and seeks recovery 

for injury to its business under 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). A plaintiff seeking to recover under 

§ 1964(c) must meet two requirements. First, he must prove the elements of an underlying RICO 

violation: “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.” In 

re ClassicStar Mare Lease Litig., 727 F.3d 473, 483 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Moon v. Harrison 

Piping Supply, 465 F.3d 719, 723 (6th Cir. 2006)); see 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c). Second, the 

“plaintiff[] must show that the RICO violation was the proximate cause of the injury to [his] 

business or property.” In re ClassicStar, 727 F.3d at 484. (citing Holmes v. Sec. Investor Prot. 

Corp., 503 U.S. 258, 268 (1992)). 

To establish a “pattern of racketeering activity,” ABI must show that the defendants 

committed at least two predicate offenses. 18 U.S.C. § 1961(5); Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co., 
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473 U.S. 479, 496 n.14 (1985). Because ABI claims that the two racketeering activities alleged 

here—the CHC loan fraud and the FirstMerit foreclosure-sale fraud—both resulted from wire, 

mail, or bank fraud (18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1341, and 1344, respectively), ABI “must state with 

particularity the circumstances constituting [such] fraud.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). At a 

minimum, ABI must “allege the time, place, and content of the alleged misrepresentation on 

which [it] relied; the fraudulent scheme; the fraudulent intent of the defendants; and the injury 

resulting from the fraud.” Heinrich v. Waiting Angels Adoption Servs. Inc., 668 F.3d 393, 403 

(6th Cir. 2012) (quoting United States ex rel. Bledsoe v. Cmty. Healthy Sys., Inc., 342 F.3d 634, 

643 (6th Cir. 2003)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Vicom, Inc. v. Harbridge 

Merch. Servs., Inc., 20 F.3d 771, 777 (7th Cir. 1994) (“[T]he plaintiff [must] state the identity of 

the person who made the misrepresentation, the time, place and content of the misrepresentation, 

and the method by which the misrepresentation was communicated to the plaintiff.” (internal 

quotation marks and citation omitted)). 

Despite its 76 pages, ABI’s complaint lacks sufficient facts to meet this standard. We 

focus first on the alleged FirstMerit foreclosure-sale fraud. The only paragraphs describing the 

alleged misrepresentations to FirstMerit state that: 

144. Prior to November 7, 2013, to induce First Merit [sic] to enter into the sale, 

the Ruark Individuals (most specifically, Jason Laing) and Howard & Howard (by 

its partner, attorney Brandon Booth) expressly represented to First Merit [sic] that 

the transaction would not violate any agreements or court orders bound or applied 

to the purchasers. 

145. On Thursday, September 4, 2014 via telephone, counsel for First Merit [sic] 

Bank, Donald F. Baty (“Baty”) told ABI’s counsel that Howard & Howard 

attorney Brandon Booth expressly represented to him that the asset foreclosure 

sale would not violate any court orders. Baty further stated that Booth’s 

representation to Baty was the reason that a warranty and representation to that 

effect was expressly included in the sale agreements. Howard & Howard 

communicated its representations via telephone calls and emails. 
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 Although the two paragraphs cobble together a few details, they fail to give even one date 

on which an alleged misrepresentation occurred. That alone dooms ABI’s ability to allege fraud 

with particularity. See Heinrich, 668 F.3d at 393 (finding that a plaintiff failed to allege fraud 

with sufficient particularity because she “d[id] not include [in her affidavit] the date she received 

the allegedly fraudulent email from the defendants.”); see also United States ex rel. Bledsoe v. 

Cmty. Health Sys., Inc., 501 F.3d 493, 504–05 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that pleading was 

insufficient where the plaintiff failed to, among other things, set forth the dates of any fraudulent 

statements); United States ex rel. Hirt v. Walgreen Co., 846 F.3d 879, 881 (6th Cir. 2017) 

(same). 

The two dates provided in paragraphs 144 and 145 simply highlight the lack of 

specificity. The first—“[p]rior to November 7, 2013”—implies a general time frame, but does 

not pinpoint a particular day or time when a misrepresentation occurred. The second—

September 4, 2014—is the date that FirstMerit’s counsel spoke to ABI about the 

misrepresentations, not the date of the misrepresentations themselves; those allegedly happened 

at least ten months earlier, i.e., sometime before November 7, 2013. 

Moreover, even when examining the jumble of details that ABI actually sets forth, we 

cannot discern a single, discrete instance of fraud related to the FirstMerit foreclosure. For 

example, despite claiming that emails and the sales agreement documented the 

misrepresentations, ABI fails to identify misleading language from or ascribe a date to either 

source. Additionally, ABI notes that H&H “expressly represented” to FirstMerit that “the asset 

foreclosure sale would not violate any court orders.” Similarly, the complaint names Laing as 

one of the defrauders. But those two allegations bring us no closer to the particularity required 

under Rule 9(b), as neither ties an alleged misrepresentation, a medium of communication, a 
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time, and a perpetrator (whether that be the JIRA Defendants, Laing, or H&H) to a single 

occurrence of fraud.2

The complaint alleges only one other RICO predicate: the CHC fraud. Even assuming 

that ABI sufficiently pled this fraud, ABI’s RICO claim fails for want of a second predicate act. 

See § 1961(5); Sedima, 473 U.S. at 496 n.14. We thus need not address ABI’s remaining 

arguments regarding the RICO elements of proximate cause, conduct or participation, pattern of 

racketeering, and injury. 

B. RICO Conspiracy 

To prove a conspiracy to violate RICO, a plaintiff must allege all the elements of a RICO 

action plus one additional element: “an illicit agreement to violate the substantive RICO 

provision.” Grubbs v. Sheakley Grp., Inc., 807 F.3d 785, 806 (6th Cir. 2015) (quoting Heinrich, 

668 F.3d at 411) (internal quotation mark omitted). Given that ABI cannot prove the underlying 

RICO violation, it follows that ABI cannot prove a RICO conspiracy. 

IV. Conclusion

 For all of the above reasons, we AFFIRM. 

 2

 The district court dismissed the RICO claim against the JIRA Defendants under Rule 

9(b), but dismissed the claim against H&H based on lack of proximate cause. Because we find 

the lack of particularity in alleging fraud applicable to H&H as well, we dismiss the RICO claim 

against H&H under Rule 9(b) rather than for lack of proximate cause. Harris v. Nationwide Mut. 

Fire Ins. Co, 832 F.3d 593, 596 (6th Cir. 2016) (“We may affirm dismissal ‘on any supportable 

ground, even if the district court invoked other grounds for its ruling.’”) (quoting Ind. State Dist. 

Council of Laborers v. Omnicare, Inc., 583 F.3d 935, 942 (6th Cir. 2009)).