Record of Decision for California High‐Speed Train Fresno to Bakersfield Section

APPENDICES: 

Appendix A: Memorandum of Agreement for the Treatment of Adverse Effects on 

Historic Properties under Section 106 of the National Historic 

Preservation Act 

Appendix B: USFWS Biological Opinion 

Appendix C: Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan (MMEP) 

Appendix D: Corrections to the Final EIS (Errata Sheet) 

 
Record of Decision for California High‐Speed Train Fresno to Bakersfield Section

Appendix A: 

Memorandum of Agreement 

For the Treatment of Adverse Effects on 

Historic Properties under Section 106 

of the National Historic Preservation Act






























Record of Decision for California High‐Speed Train Fresno to Bakersfield Section

Appendix B: 

USFWS Biological Opinion 

and Amendment 
United States Department of the Interior 

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE 

Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office 

2800 Cottage Way. Room W-2605 

Sacramento, California 95825-1846 

In Reply Refer To: 

08ESMFOO-20 12-F-024 7 

FEB 28 2013 

David Valenstein 

Chief, Environmental and Systems Planning Division 

U.S. Department ofTransportation 

Federal Railroad Administration 

1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE 

Washington, D.C. 20590 

Subject: 	 Biological Opinion on the California High-Speed Train System: Fresno to 

Bakersfield Section Project, Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern Counties 

Dear Mr. Valenstein: 

This is in response to the Department ofTransportation, Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), 

July 6,2012, letter requesting formal consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

(Service) on the California High-Speed Train System: Fresno to Bakersfield Section (CHST-FB) 

Project, located in Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern Counties, California. Your request was 

received in our office on December 1,2011. The Authority determined that the proposed CHSTFB Project may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect the Fresno kangaroo rat, and requested 

the Service's concurrence with their determination. This document represents the Service's 

biological opinion on the effects ofthe action on the San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis 

mutica), Fresno kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides exi/is), the Tipton kangaroo rat (Dipodomys 

nitratoides nitratoides), the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, the vernal pool tadpole shrimp and its 

critical habitat (Lepidurus packardi), the Californiajewelflower (Caulanthus californicus), the 

Kern mallow (Eremalche kernensis), the San Joaquin woolly threads (Monolopia congdonii), 

Federally listed as endangered; the central California Distinct Population Segment ofthe 

California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) (central California tiger salamander), the 

vernal pool fairy shrimp and its critical habitat (Branchinecta lynchi), the Valley elderberry 

longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus), the Hoover's spurge (Chamaesyce 

hooveri), Federally listed as threatened. in accordance with section 7 ofthe Endangered Species 

Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq) (Act). Critical habitat for the vernal pool fairy 

shrimp and the vernal pool tadpole shrimp has been designated and occurs within the project 
Mr. David Valenstein 2 

action area. Critical habitat for the Fresno kangaroo rat, the central California tiger salamander, 

the Valley elderberry longhorn beetle, and the Hoover's spurge has been designated but does not 

occur within the proposed CHST·FB Project action area. Critical habitat has not been designated 

for the San Joaquin kit fox, the Tipton kangaroo rat, the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, the 

California jewelflower, the Kern mallow, and the San Joaquin woolly threads. 

The Service has determined that the CHST-FB Project, as proposed, may affect but is not likely 

to adversely affect the designated critical habitat for the vernal pool fairy shrimp and the vernal 

pool tadpole shrimp. This determination is based on the on the following: 

1. 	 The portion ofdesignated critical habitat for these species that occurs within the project 

action area is located outside ofthe project footprint and the 250-foot area on both sides 

ofthe project footprint, where permanent effects to the hydrology ofvernal pool habitat 

could occur. Therefore, we do not anticipate permanent effects to the Principle 

Constituent Elements ofthe designated critical habitat. 

2. 	 Permanent destruction or alteration ofthe critical habitat is not expected to occur as a 

result ofthe CHST·FB Project, as proposed. 

The Service agrees with the Authority's determination that the CHST-FB Project, as proposed, 

may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect the Fresno kangaroo rat. This biological opinion 

serves as our written concurrence with this finding. This determination is based on the on the 

following: 

1. 	 Existing populations ofthe Fresno kangaroo rat have not been identified within this 

portion ofits historic range. 

2. 	 Potential habitat for this species is located outside ofthe recovery zones identified in the 

Recovery Plan for Upland Species ofthe San Joaquin Valley, California (Service 1998). 

3. 	 The Authority has proposed conservation measures the Fresno kangaroo to avoid take of 

this species. 

This biological opinion is based on: (1) California High-Speed Train: Fresno to Bakersfield, 

Potential Wetlands and Waters ofthe U.S., dated February 8,2010; (2)Fresno to Bakersfield 

Preliminary Jurisdictional Waters and Wetlands Delineation Report, Volumes 1, 2, 3, and 4, 

dated June 2011; (3) Draft Fresno Bakersfield Section Biological Resources, July 2011; (4) Draft 

Fresno to Bakersfield Draft EIRIEIS, Volumes L IL and III, dated August 2011; (5) Draft Fresno 

to Bakersfield Section Compensatory Mitigation Plan, dated September 2011; (6) Draft Fresno 

to Bakersfield Biological Assessment, dated September 2011; (7) Draft Fresno to Bakersfield 

Biological Assessment, dated June 2012; (8) Revised Draft Fresno to Bakersfield Draft EIRIEIS, 

Volumes L IL and III, dated July 2012; (9) Revised Draft Fresno to Bakersfield Draft EIRIEIS, 

Executive Summary, dated July 2012; (10) Assessment ofthe Use ofAgricultural Lands by San 

Joaquin Kit Foxes memo, dated February 7,2013; (11) GIS data files; (12) Assessment of 

Adequacy ofProposed Crossing Structures for San Joaquin Kit Foxes in the Biological 
Mr. David Valenstein 3 

Assessmentfor the Fresno-Bakersfield Segment ofthe California High-Speed Train memo, dated 

February 9,2013; and (13) other infonnation available to the Service. 

Consultation History 

July 6, 2012 

July, 17,2012 

July 19,2012 

September 26,2012 

September 27,2012 

September 28,2012 

October 1, 2012 

October 16, 2012 

November 8 to 9, 2012 

November 14,2012 

The Service received the biological assessment and request for 

fonnal consultation for the CHST -FB Project from the FRA. 

The Service participated in a meeting with URS at the Sacramento 

Fish and Wildlife Office. 

The Service requested review of a draft project description 

proposed for inclusion in the biological opinion for the CHST-FB 

Project and requested for further infonnation via electronic mail. 

The Service requested infonnation and submitted an Information 

Checklist template to the Authority and URS via electronic maiL 

The Service received infonnation requested on September 26,2012 

and a completed Information Checklist for the CHST-FB Project 

from the Authority and URS via electronic maiL 

The Service requested the current Draft Compensatory Mitigation 

Plan and GIS files for the CHST -FB Project via electronic mail. 

The Service received the Draft Compensatory Mitigation Plan and 

prospectuses for proposed properties for the CHST -FB Project via 

electronic maiL 

The Service requested review and consideration of consistency for 

conservation measures that will be implemented for species that 

occur among multiple sections ofthe California High-Speed Train 

Project via electronic maiL 

The Service participated in a site visit with the FRA, the Authority, 

California Department ofFish and Wildlife (CDFW), and URS. 

The Service requested supplemental infonnation, including a 

review ofthe project description submitted to the Authority and 

URS on July 19,2012 via electronic mail. 
Mr. David Valenstein 4 

December 3, 2012 

December 10, 2012 

December 14, 2012 

January 3,2013 

January 15,2013 

January 17,2013 

January 28,2013 

January 29,2013 

January 30,2013 

February 5, 2013 

February 8, 2013 

February 11, 2013 

The Service notified the FRA, the Authority, CDFW, and URS via 

electronic mail that Kern mallow may be present in Tulare County 

based on new information, and requested revised estimates of 

habitat loss for plant species that will be affected by the CHST-FB 

Project. 

The Service received updated prospectuses for proposed properties 

for the CHST-FB Project via electronic mail. 

The Service attended a meeting with the FRA, the Authority, 

CDFW, URS, ABCOM, and Dr. Brian Cypher, to discuss planning 

for a report to be drafted by Dr. Brian Cypher regarding the status 

of San Joaquin kit fox throughout its range. 

The Service provided a summary ofpending information action 

items necessary for completing the biological opinion to the 

Authority via electronic mail. 

The Service received supplemental information regarding botanical 

resources from the Authority via electronic maiL 

The Service received an electronic mail memo drafted by Dr. Brian 

Cypher to the Authority regarding his review ofproposed locations 

of dedicated wildlife crossings for the San Joaquin kit fox, and a 

revised project description from the Authority via electronic mail. 

The Service participated in a meeting with the Authority at the 

Sacramento Field Office. 

The Service received the requested GIS files from URS, and 

submitted revisions and comments to Authority regarding the 

proposed conservation measures via electronic mail. 

The Authority submitted the 2010 memos from Dr. Brian Cypher 

to the Service via electronic mail. 

The Service participated in a meeting with the Authority at their 

office to discuss revisions to proposed conservation measures. 

The Service received revised conservation measures from the 

Authority via electronic mail. 

The Service received the Assessment ofthe use ofagricultural 

lands by San Joaquin kitfoxes memo, dated February 7,2013, 

from Dr. Brian Cypher to the Authority via electronic mail. 
Mr. David Valenstein 5 

February 13, 2013 The Service received the Assessment ofAdequacy ofProposed 

Crossing Structures for San Joaquin Kit Foxes in the Biological 

Assessmentfor the Fresno-Bakersfield Segment ofthe California 

High-Speed Train memo, dated February 9,2013, from Dr. Brian 

Cypher to the Authority via electronic mail. The Service 

corresponded with Authority and URS regarding estimates ofthe 

project action area via electronic mail. 

February 15,2013 The Service received requested information regarding plant 

surveys conducted in 2010 from the Authority via electronic mail. 

The Service requested further information regarding wildlife 

crossing opportunities for the San Joaquin kit fox from Dr. Brian 

Cypher 

February 15,2013 to 

February, 20, 2013 

The Service participated in email correspondence regarding 

wildlife crossings with Dr. Brian Cypher and the Authority. 

February 22,2013 The Service received proposed revisions to the conservation 

measures from the Authority via electronic mail. 

February 25,2013 The Service received additional proposed revisions to the 

conservation measures from the Authority via electronic mail. 

July 2012 to 

February 2013 

The Service participated in weekly conference calls 

with the FRA, CHSRA, CDFW, and URSfHMMlArup Joint 

Venture (URS). 

PROJECT DESCRIPTION 

Description of the Proposed Action 

The proposed project is described as the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) 

Alternative Alignment, and consists of a single alignment for the entire length of the rail line, 

that will ultimately be determined from a combination of alternatives under consideration within 

the length ofthe primary alignment. These alternatives include two west of Hanford alternatives, 

each with two variations, at-grade and below-grade; one alternative alignment within the city of 

Corcoran; three separate alternative alignments around the cities Corcoran, Allensworth, and 

Wasco; and three alternatives within urban Bakersfield. 

The Authority may begin construction activities at any point along the initial operating segmentfirst construction (lOS-first construction) of the statewide HST alignment. The lOS-first 

construction is approximately 130 miles long and mostly overlaps with the Fresno to Bakersfield 

section. A 25-mile portion ofthe lOS-first construction is in the Merced to Fresno Section. 

Currently, the lOS-first construction is divided into four separate construction packages. Ground 
Mr. David Valenstein 6 

disturbance may occur concurrently within any ofthe construction packages and in more than 

one location at a time. A description of general project components, project alignment, and 

construction methods are included below. Additional project details are located in the biological 

assessment. 

The proposed project includes construction, operation, and maintenance of an approximately 

117 -mile long rai1line to support an intercity High-Speed Train (HST) from Fresno to 

Bakersfield in the Central Valley ofCalifornia. The Fresno to Bakersfield section is one ofnine 

sections ofthe overall HST system. The HST system will be a state-of-the-art electrically 

powered, high-speed, steel-wheel-on-steel-rail system. Trains will be capable ofoperating at 

speeds ofup to 220 miles per hour on a fully grade-separated, dedicated track alignment. The 

entire rail alignment will be fenced or walled in order to control access for safety and security. 

General Project Elements 

Trainsets 

The HST system will be designed to accommodate a typical train 9 to 11 feet in width with a 

total length of 660 feet and consisting of eight cars. A typical train consisting oftwo trainsets 

will seat up to 1,000 passengers and be approximately 1,320 feet long. Trains will operate up to 

220 miles per hour. 

Rail Line 

The proposed project will consist of a fully dedicated rai1line, constructed from continuous 

welded steel rail. The rail line will be in a double-track formation, with one track. In some 

areas, such as near regional passenger stations, at least four tracks will be constructed to allow 

trains to pass one another. The following four general rail line profiles will be constructed: 1) 

At-grade tracks will be constructed at existing ground levels; 2) elevated tracks will be placed on 

retained fill; 3) aerial tracks will be placed on bridge structures; and 4) below-grade tracks will be 

constructed within retained cuts. The general rail profiles are discussed in further detail below. 

1. 	 At-grade rail line will be fixed to concrete cross ties that will be bedded in either crushed 

rock or a concrete slab. The top ofthe rail will be constructed at a minimum 4.5 feet 

above the 100-year floodplain. The height ofthe at-grade profile will vary based on 

topography and necessary clearance for culverts and other water conveyance structures. 

Drainage will be accomplished by constructing a 3-foot-wide drainage swale on either 

side ofthe rail line, which will be intercepted at regular intervals by culverts. Additional 

paired 30-inch-wide culverts will be used to prevent ponding along the alignment. Ducts 

will be constructed alongside the tracks to convey low voltage power cables and fiber 

optic lines to power trackside signaling and serve communications systems. Duct covers 

will serve as safety walkways for detraining passengers in the case of emergencies. An 

8-foot high security fence will be installed on the outer edge ofthe HST right-of-way. 

The overall width ofthe right-of-way will be approximately 120 feet where the rail line is 

at grade. The proposed project will include between 79 and 91 miles of at-grade rai11ine 
Mr. David Valenstein 7 

(1,149 to 1,324 acres). 

2. 	 Rail line elevated on retained fill will be used when necessary to narrow the right-of-way 

within a constrained corridor. Retaining walls will be built above existing ground level 

and backfilled. 

3. 	 Aerial tracks will be used in urban areas where extensive road networks need to be 

maintained. Aerial tracks will have a minimum clearance of approximately 16.5 feet over 

roadways and 24 feet over railroads. Pier supports will be approximately 10 feet in 

diameter at ground level. This type ofrail line may also be used to cross riparian areas 

and other water features. The proposed project will include 22-33 miles of elevated and 

aerial rail1ine combined (160 to 240 acres). 

4. 	 Below-grade tracks will be used when the rail alignment crosses under existing rail 

tracks, roads, or highways that are at-grade. This rail type will be used only for short 

distances in highly constrained situations. Retaining walls will typically be needed to 

protect adjacent properties. Below-grade crossings will also be used for roadways when 

it is preferable for them to go below the rail track. The proposed project will include up to 

3 miles ofbelow-grade tracks (47 acres). 

Road Crossings 

To maintain local traffic and agricultural access while maintaining grade separation with the HST 

tracks, the proposed project will include between 172 and 197 road crossings, depending on the 

selected alignment. Most road crossings will be constructed as overpasses, and each structure 

will have a footprint ranging 0.62 acres to 137.42 acres, with a median of approximately 24.5 

acres, including the footprint ofthe HST track profiles. 

Wildlife Crossings 

To maintain permeability and connectivity for wildlife along the rail line where it is at-grade, a 

variety ofwildlife crossings will be constructed. Wildlife crossings will typically consist of 

modified culverts, and will be approximately 73 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 3 feet high. To 

accommodate variations in topography, the height ofthe at-grade profile may require wildlife 

crossing structures be depressed up to 1.5 feet below-grade. These crossings will yield a 

calculated "openness factor" (Bremner-Harrison et al. 2007) of 0.41, which is a calculation ofthe 

function ofheight, width, and crossing distance. At locations where storm water swales parallel 

the embankment, or localized flooding may occur, the approach to wildlife crossing structures 

will be designed to avoid ponding within the structures. 

Additional wildlife crossing structure designs may include circular or elliptical pipe culverts, and 

longer culverts with crossing distances ofup to 100 feet. These culverts will be at least 3 feet 

high, depressed no more than 1.5 feet below-grade, and meet or exceed a minimum 0.41 

openness factor. 
Mr. David Valenstein 8 

Additional wildlife crossing opportunities will be available along elevated portions ofthe 

alignment, at bridges over riparian corridors, road crossings, and drainage structures (Le. large 

culverts). Dedicated wildlife crossings will be located approximately every 0.3 miles along the 

rail line between Cross Creek in Kings County and Poso Creek in Kern County. This section of 

the alignment is located adjacent to the Allensworth Ecological Reserve and the Pixley National 

Wildlife Refuge which are important areas for wildlife dispersal, particularly the San Joaquin kit 

fox. Dedicated wildlife crossings will be located on both the north and south sides ofmajor river 

and creek crossings. There will be between 73 and 98 dedicated wildlife crossings constructed, 

depending on which rail alignment alternatives are selected. 

Stations 

Stations will be sited and designed to allow for connection to local transit, airports, and 

highways. All stations will include the following elements: 

1. 	 Station buildings of40,000 to 100,000 square feet (0.92 to 3.30 acres) that are two to 

three stories high and contain passenger boarding platforms, ticketing, waiting areas, 

passenger amenities, employee areas, and baggage and freight areas. 

2. 	 Parking facilities from 1.5 to 9 acres in Fresno and Bakersfield and 3.5 to 17.25 acres at 

the potential KingslTulare Regional Station. 

3. 	 Waiting areas and queuing space for taxis and buses. 

4. 	 Pedestrian connections. 

The proposed project will include the construction ofup to three train stations, one each in 

Fresno and Bakersfield, and a potential third KingsfTulare Regional Station (Regional station) 

located either east or west ofHanford. One location is being considered for the Fresno station, 

three potential locations for the Regional station, and three locations are being considered for the 

Bakersfield station. Station locations will be based according to which rail alignments are 

selected. The stations will range in size from 18.5 to 20.5 acres for the Fresno Station, 25 to 48 

acres for the Regional Station, and 19 to 24 acres for the Bakersfield station. Details ofeach 

Station alternative are discussed below. 

Fresno Station 

The location for the Fresno station is: 

1. 	 The Fresno Station~Mariposa Alternative: This station will be located in downtown 

Fresno, less than 0.5 mile east ofState Route (SR) 99 along the BNSF Alternative. This 

station will be centered on Mariposa Street and bordered by Fresno Street to the north, 

Tulare Street on the south, H Street on the east, and G Street on the west, and occupy 

approximately 20.5 acres. 
Mr. David Valenstein 9 

KingslTulare Regional Station 

The three potential locations for the Regional station include: 

1. 	 The Regional Station-East Alternative: This station will be located east ofSR 43 and 

north ofthe San Joaquin Valley Railroad on the BNSF Alternative, and occupy 

approximately 27 acres. 

2. 	 The Regional Station-West Alternative: This station will be located east of 13th Avenue 

and north ofthe San Joaquin Valley Railroad on the Hanford West Bypass 1 and 2 

Alternatives, and occupy approximately 48 acres. 

3. 	 The Regional Station-West Alternative Below-Grade: This station will be in the same 

location and similar to the Regional Station West Alternative, except that the platform 

will be located below-grade. This proposed station will occupy approximately 48 acres. 

Bakersfield Station 

The three potential locations for the Bakersfield station include: 

1. 	 The Bakersfield Station-North Alternative: This station will be located in downtown 

Bakersfield, at the comer ofTruxtun A venue and Union A venue, east of an existing 

Amtrak station and corresponds with the BNSF Alternative Alignment, and occupy 

approximately 19 acres. 

2. 	 The Bakersfield Station-South Alternative: This station will be situated in the same 

general area as the Bakersfield-North Alternative, but will be located south ofthe BNSF 

right-of-way. This station will occupy approximately 20 acres. 

3. 	 The Bakersfield Station-Hybrid Alternative: This station will be located in the same 

general area as the Bakersfield-North and Bakersfield-South Alternatives, at the comer of 

Truxtun A venue and Union Avenue, and occupy approximately 24 acres. 

Electrical System 

The components ofthe electrical system include the following: 

The overhead contact system (OCS), which is the wiring above the track that electrifies the train. 

OCS poles will be spaced approximately every 200 feet along straight portions ofrail and every 

70 feet in tight-tum areas. 

1. 	 Traction power substations, which provide power to the OCS, will be located 

approximately every 30 miles and will occupy 0.73 acres each within a 2-acre parcel 

(total occupied area = 3.65 acres). Five substations are planned. Each station will 
Mr. David Valenstein 10 

include a 20 foot-wide access road from the nearest street access, and a protective 

perimeter fence will be installed. 

2. 	 Switching stations will be located approximately every 15 miles between traction power 

substations, and will occupy 0.22 acre each. Five switching stations are planned (total 

occupied area = 1.1 acres). Switching stations allow adjacent power sections to maintain 

power in the event of an outage. 

3. 	 Paralleling stations will be located approximately every five miles between the traction 

power substations and switching stations, and serve to stabilize current flow. Seventeen 

stations are planned, and each will occupy 0.18 acre for a total of 94 acres. 

Additional elements ofthe electrical system will include backup and emergency power sources, 

which will consist of generators or batteries located at passenger stations. Also, signaling and 

train control huts will be located within the rail line right-of-way. 

Heavy Maintenance Facility 

One Heavy Maintenance Facility (HMF) will be constructed between the cities ofMerced and 

Bakersfield in order to support the start-up and maintenance ofthe trainsets and overall system 

operation. The HMF will occupy at least 154 acres, and it is not known at this time ifit will be 

located within the footprint ofthe proposed project or within the Merced to Fresno HST section. 

Five potential HMF sites are being considered within the Fresno Bakersfield section. The HMF 

will operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, with up to 1,500 employees working at a given time. 

An Operations Control Center will be co-located with the HMF. 

Maintenance-ol-Way Facility 

A Maintenance-of-Way (MOW) facility will be constructed within the footprint ofthe proposed 

project. The MOW will be used for housing equipment and vehicles necessary for accessing the 

rail alignment and right-of-way for repairs and upgrades. Ifthe HMF is constructed as part ofthe 

proposed project, the MOW will be co-located adjacent to the HMF. If the HMF is not 

constructed in the proposed project, the MOW will be located within the project footprint. The 

MOW will occupy approximately 26 acres. 

Project Alignment 

The BNSF Alternative Alignment will extend from Fresno to Bakersfield and will be sited 

adjacent to the existing BNSF right-of-way to the extent feasible. Several minor deviations from 

the existing BNSF right-of-way are necessary to accommodate engineering constraints for highspeed trains. The BNSF Alternative Alignment will not follow the BNSF right-of-way within the 

city ofFresno; rather, the BNSF Alternative will run east of and adjacent to the Union Pacific 

Railroad (UPRR) right-of-way. The alignment will also veer from the BNSF right-of-way near 
Mr. David Valenstein 11 

the cities ofLaton and Hanford, and rejoin the BNSF right-of-way near the city ofCorcoran. The 

alignment will generally follow the BNSF corridor through Bakersfield to the project terminus at 

Oswell Street. 

Fresno County 

The BNSF Alternative Alignment will begin at the north end ofthe Fresno station tracks adjacent 

to the western side ofthe UPRR right-of-way in the vicinity ofAmador Street. The alignment 

will be below grade for approximately 140 yards as it crosses the Fresno Bee railroad spur. The 

alignment will return to grade and continue southeast through Fresno on the western side ofthe 

UPRR until reaching East Jensen Avenue. A temporary rerouting of existing railroad tracks 

(known as a shoofly track in railroad parlance) will be required between Fresno Street and SR41. 

The temporary track from the shoofly will be removed after the new track is installed and service 

is restored to the existing track. An intrusion protection barrier approximately 1 mile in length 

will be required within the project footprint from approximately Stanislaus Street to Ventura 

Avenue due to the proximity ofthe UPRR and HST rights-of-way. An intrusion barrier is a 

safety wall erected between two rail lines to prevent a derailed train from entering the adjacent 

rail line. The alignment will again be below grade in a shallow trench as it travels underneath 

East Jensen Avenue, then curve to the south and be elevated over Golden State Boulevard and 

State Route (SR) 99. The elevated structure will span just over 1 mile and will reach a maximum 

height of approximately 55 feet. The alignment will return to grade and join the BNSF corridor 

on its western side at East Malaga Avenue south ofFresno. The BNSF Alternative will continue 

through Fresno County along the BNSF right-of-way in an area composed mostly of agricultural 

land. 

Approximately 24 miles oftrack will be located in Fresno County. Nearly all ofthe alignment, 

roughly 22 ofthe 24 miles, will be at-grade. The HST alignment will be elevated where it 

crosses from the western side to the eastern side ofthe BNSF tracks near East Conejo Avenue. 

The elevated structure will span approximately 1 mile and will reach a maximum height of 

approximately 42 feet as it crosses over the BNSF tracks. A total of approximately 5.5 miles of 

BNSF tracks will be realigned from approximately East Sumner Avenue to East Huntsman 

Avenue and approximately East Rose Avenue to East Kamm Avenue to accommodate the HST 

alignment. Another 0.5 miles ofBNSF tracks will be realigned in the vicinity of South Peach 

Avenue. The alignment will be at-grade with bridges where it crosses Cole Slough and the Kings 

River into Kings County. These bridges will clear the Cole Slough and Kings River levees by 

approximately 3 feet. Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will be placed between 100 and 500 

feet to the north and south ofCole Slough and the Kings River. There will be approximately 2 to 

4 wildlife crossing structures in Fresno County, depending on the rail alignment alternative 

selected. 

Kings County 

Approximately 28 miles ofthe BNSF Alternative will be in Kings County. The rail line will pass 

east ofthe city ofHanford, parallel to and approximately 0.5 mile east of SR 43 (Avenue 8). 

South ofHanford in the vicinity ofIdaho Avenue, the BNSF Alternative will curve to the west 
Mr. David Valenstein 12 

and then south toward the BNSF right-of way. The alignment was refined in this area to avoid 

aquatic features north of Corcoran and east ofthe BNSF tracks. The alignment will rejoin the 

BNSF right-of-way on its western side just north of Corcoran and travel through the eastern edge 

of the city of Corcoran. The majority ofthis part ofthe alignment will pass through agricultural 

land except where it travels through the city of Corcoran. The alignment in Corcoran 

encompasses a number of land uses, including residential, commercial, and industrial. A total of 

approximately 8 miles of track within Kings County will be elevated. The first elevated portion 

will be located just east ofthe city of Hanford, and will span a length of 2.5 miles, beginning just 

south ofFargo Avenue and ending just north of Hanford Armona Road. This portion ofthe 

alignment will pass over the San Joaquin Valley Railroad and SR 198. The structure will reach a 

height of approximately 50 feet aboveground. The potential Kings/Tulare Regional Station will 

be located along this structure near the SR 43 and SR 198 interchange. 

The alignment will continue at-grade south of Hanford Armona Road for approximately 10 

miles, and then ascend onto an elevated structure over Cross Creek and the BNSF right-of-way. 

The structure will span a length of approximately 2.5 miles, beginning just before Cross Creek 

and returning to grade just before N evada Avenue. The elevated structure will reach a maximum 

height above ground of 40 feet. The alignment will then continue at-grade and require an 

intrusion protection barrier within the project footprint from approximately Nevada Avenue to 

approximately North Avenue. The barrier will be approximately 2 miles in length. At Patterson 

Avenue, the alignment will again ascend onto an elevated structure over Brokaw Avenue, 

Whitley Avenue, a BNSF Railway spur, and agricultural facilities at the southern end ofthe city 

of Corcoran. The elevated structure will span approximately 1.7 miles. The alignment will be 

constructed on a retained embankment as it crosses into Tulare County, from north of 4th Avenue 

to Avenue 136. Approximately 0.3 miles ofBNSF tracks will be realigned at Oregon Avenue, 

south of Corcoran. 

Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will be provided from approximately Cross Creek south to 

the Tulare County line in at-grade portions ofthe railroad embankment at intervals of 

approximately 0.3 miles. The BNSF Alternative will also include dedicated wildlife crossing 

structures placed between 100 and 500 feet to the north and south of each ofthe following 

river/creek crossings: Dutch John Cut (Slough), Kings River, and Cross Creek. There will be 

approximately 10 to 18 wildlife crossing structures in Kings County, depending on the rail 

alignment alternative selected. 

Tulare County 

The BNSF Alternative will cross approximately 22 miles of Tulare County. The alignment will 

travel through the county adjacent to the western side ofthe BNSF right-of-way. The majority of 

the alignment will be at-grade, with only a combined total of4 miles elevated where the 

alignment crosses the Tule River, and then both Deer Creek and the Stoil railroad spur from the 

BNSF Railway. The elevated structure will reach a height of approximately 50 feet. This 

alignment will cross over Lakeland Canal. 
Mr. David Valenstein 13 

Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will be provided throughout at-grade portions ofthe 

railroad embankment at intervals of approximately 0.3 miles. The BNSF Alternative will also 

include dedicated wildlife crossing structures placed between 100 and 500 feet to the north and 

south of each ofthe following river/creek crossings: Tule River and Deer Creek. There will be 

approximately 68 to 72 wildlife crossing structures in Tulare County, depending on the rail 

alignment alternative selected. 

Kern County 

The Kern County portion ofthe BNSF Alternative is approximately 44 miles long and will pass 

through the cities ofWasco and Shafter on its way to Bakersfield. The alignment will closely 

follow the western side of the BNSF corridor until just south ofWasco, where it will cross over 

to the eastern side ofthe BNSF tracks. Approximately 4 miles of BNSF tracks will be realigned 

in the vicinity of 4th Street, from 8th Street to Poso Avenue, and from Jackson Avenue to Merced 

Avenue to accommodate the HST alignment. The alignment will continue on the eastern side of 

the BNSF right-of-way through Shafter and then cross over once more to the western side of the 

BNSF right-of-way. Approximately 8 miles of Santa Fe Way will be shifted west ofthe 

proposed alignment to accommodate the HST right-of-way, from north of Riverside Street to 

south ofRenfro Road. Approximately 1.5 miles ofthe BNSF's Lone Star Rail Spur will be 

realigned from Riverside Street to south of Burbank Street. The alignment will generally follow 

the BNSF corridor through Bakersfield to the project tenninus at Oswell Street. Approximately 

2.5 miles ofBNSF tracks will be realigned in Bakersfield from Jomani Drive to Glenn Street and 

from Oak Street to C Street to accommodate the alignment. Within this portion ofthe alignment, 

approximately 27 miles will be at-grade, and the remainder ofthe alignment will be elevated. 

Specifically, three elevated sections will occur along this section ofthe BNSF Alternative in the 

cities ofWasco, Shafter, and Bakersfield. The alignment will be at-grade with a bridge where it 

crosses Po so Creek. 

The first elevated structure will begin at 1st Street, pass through Wasco for about 3 miles and 

return to grade north of Kimberlina Road. This structure will reach a height of approximately 45 

feet to the top of the rail. From approximately Kimberlina Road, the alignment will continue atgrade for approximately 5 miles to just north of Shafter A venue where it will again ascend onto 

an elevated structure. 

The second elevated structure will run through Shafter for a distance of about 3.5 miles, between 

Shafter Avenue and Cherry Avenue. This structure will pass over a BNSF Railway yard within 

the city, and reach a maximum height of approximately 45 feet to the top ofthe rail. After 

returning to grade just south ofCherry Avenue, the alignment will travel approximately 10 miles 

to Country Breeze Place where it will ascend onto another elevated structure through Bakersfield. 

The third elevated structure will run from Country Breeze Place through the Bakersfield Station 

to the terminus ofthe BNSF Alternative at Oswell Street. The elevated structure through 

Bakersfield will pass over the transportation corridor improvement projects, SR 99, the Kern 

River, and a BNSF Railway yard. The structure will range in height from 50 to 90 feet to the top 

ofthe rail. The highest elevations in the city ofBakersfield will be reached between Rosedale 
Mr. David Valenstein 14 

Highway and SR 99. From SR 99 to the tenninus ofthe BNSF Alternative, the structure will 

range in height from 50 to 70 feet to the top ofthe rail. 

Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will be provided in at-grade portions ofthe railroad 

embankment at intervals ofapproximately 0.3 miles. The BNSF Alternative will also include 

dedicated wildlife crossing structures placed between 100 and 500 feet to the north and south of 

the Poso Creek crossing. There will be approximately 12 to 16 wildlife crossing structures in 

Kern County, depending on the rail alignment alternative selected. Dedicated wildlife crossing 

structures will not be installed between 100 and 500 feet to the north and south ofthe Kern 

River, because the BNSF Alternative will be elevated. 

Alternative Alignments and Bypasses 

In addition to the BNSF Alternative, the Authority and FRA are considering seven other 

alternative alignments for portions ofthe Fresno to Bakersfield Section. The Authority developed 

these alternatives to avoid environmental, land use, or community impacts identified for portions 

ofthe BNSF Alternative. 

Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative 

The Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative Alignment will parallel the BNSF Alternative from East 

Kamm A venue to approximately East Elkhorn A venue in Fresno County. At East Conejo 

Avenue where the BNSF Alternative crosses to the eastern side ofthe BNSF tracks to pass the 

city ofHanford to the east, the Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative continues south on the 

western side ofthe BNSF tracks. The Hanford West Bypass 1 will diverge from the BNSF 

corridor just south ofEast Elkhorn Avenue and ascend onto an elevated structure just south of 

East Harlan A venue, cross over the Kings River complex and Murphy Slough, and passing the 

community ofLaton to the west. The elevated structure will be approximately 0.8 miles in 

length and reach a maximum height ofapproximately 40 feet to the top ofthe rail. The Hanford 

West Bypass 1 Alternative will return to grade just north ofDover A venue. The alignment will 

continue at-grade, curve gently to the east, and travel between the community ofAnnona to the 

west and the city ofHanford to the east. The Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative rejoins the 

BNSF corridor on its western side at about Lansing Avenue. The alignment will then ascend 

onto another elevated structure, and travel over Cross Creek and the special aquatic features that 

exist north ofthe city of Corcoran. The elevated structure will span approximately 3 miles and 

reach a maximum height of approximately 20 feet to the top ofthe raiL This alignment will 

return to grade just north ofNevada Avenue and will connect to the BNSF Alternative traveling 

through Corcoran at-grade, on the western side ofthe BNSF corridor. The total length ofthe 

Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative will be approximately 28 miles. 

The Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative includes a design option where the alignment will be 

below-grade between Grangeville Boulevard and Houston A venue. The alignment will travel 

below-grade in an open cut with side slopes as it transitions to a retained-cut profile, 

approximately 40 feet below ground leveL As the alignment transitions back to grade just north 

ofHouston Avenue, the open cut profile will be used once more. The alignment will cross SR 
Mr. David Valenstein 15 

198 and several local roads. South Peach Avenue, East Clarkson Avenue, East Barrett Avenue, 

Elder A venue, and South Tenth A venue will be closed at the HST right-of-way, while the other 

roads will be realigned and/or grade-separated from the HST with overcrossings or 

undercrossings. Grade separations at Grangeville Boulevard, 13th Avenue, and West Lacy 

Boulevard will be determined based on the alignment design option selected (at-grade or belowgrade). 

The potential Kings/Tulare Regional Station-West Alternative will be sited along this alignment 

east of 13th Avenue, between Lacey Boulevard and the San Joaquin Valley Railroad spur. This 

potential station includes at-grade and below-grade design options as well. 

Hanford West Bypass 2 Alternative 

The Hanford West Bypass 2 Alternative Alignment will be the same as the Hanford West Bypass 

1 Alternative from East Kamm Avenue to just north ofJackson Avenue, but at this point the 

Hanford West Bypass 2 Alternative will curve away to the east from the Hanford West Bypass 1 

alignment. The Hanford West Bypass 2 Alternative will then travel over Kent A venue, the 

BNSF right-of-way, and Kansas Avenue on an elevated structure approximately 1.5 miles in 

length. The structure will reach a maximum height of55 feet to the top ofthe rail before 

returning to grade north ofLansing Avenue and continuing along the BNSF corridor. Similar to 

the Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative, the Hanford West Bypass 2 Alternative will travel over 

Cross Creek and the special aquatic features north ofCorcoran and return to grade north of 

Nevada Avenue; however, the Hanford West Bypass 2 Alternative will be on the eastern side of 

the BNSF tracks to connect to either the Corcoran Elevated Alternative or the Corcoran Bypass 

Alternative. Like the Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative, the Hanford West Bypass 2 

Alternative will have a total length of approximately 28 miles. 

The Hanford West Bypass 2 Alternative includes the same below-grade design option as the 

Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative between Grangeville Boulevard and Houston A venue as well 

as both at-grade and below-grade options at the potential KingslTulare Regional Station-West 

Alternative. Similar to the Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative, the Hanford West Bypass 2 

Alternative will cross SR 198 and several local roads. Road closures will be the same as those for 

the Hanford West Bypass 1 Alternative, and roadway modifications at Grangeville Boulevard, 

13th A venue, and West Lacey Boulevard will depend on the alignment design option selected. 

Corcoran Elevated Alternative 

The Corcoran Elevated Alternative Alignment will be the same as the corresponding section of 

the BNSF Alternative from approximately Nevada Avenue south ofHanford to Avenue 136, 

except that it will pass through the city ofCorcoran on the eastern side ofthe BNSF right-of-way 

on an aerial structure. The aerial structure begins at Niles Avenue and returns to grade south of 

4th Avenue. It will reach a maximum height of approximately 51 feet to the top ofthe rail. The 

total length ofthe Corcoran Elevated Alternative will be approximately 10 miles. An intrusion 

protection barrier will be required in the at-grade portion ofthe alignment from north ofNevada 
Mr. David Valenstein 16 

Avenue to just north ofNiles Avenue due to the proximity ofthe BNSF and HST rights-of-way. 

This barrier will be approximately 2 miles in length. Approximately 0.2 miles ofBNSF tracks 

will be realigned at Patterson Avenue. 

Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will be provided from approximately Cross Creek south to 

Avenue 136 in at-grade portions ofthe railroad embankment at intervals of approximately 0.3 

mile. Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will also be placed between 100 and 500 feet to the 

north and south of each of the Cross Creek and Tule River crossings. 

This alternative alignment will cross SR 43 and pass over several local roads on an elevated 

aerial structure. Santa Fe Avenue will be closed at the HST right-of-way. 

Corcoran Bypass Alternative 

The Corcoran Bypass Alternative Alignment will diverge from the BNSF Alternative at Nevada 

Avenue and swing east of Corcoran, rejoining the BNSF Railway route at Avenue 136. The total 

length of the Corcoran Bypass will be approximately 10 miles. An intrusion protection barrier 

will be required in the vicinity ofNevada Avenue due to the proximity ofBNSF and HST rightsof-way. Similar to the corresponding section ofthe BNSF Alternative, the majority of the 

Corcoran Bypass Alternative will be at-grade. However, one elevated structure will carry the 

HST over SR 43, the BNSF tracks, and the Tule River. The structure will reach a maximum 

height of approximately 45 feet to the top of the rail. 

Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will be provided from approximately Cross Creek south to 

Avenue 136 in the at-grade portions of the railroad embankment at intervals of approximately 

0.3 mile. Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will also be placed between 100 and 500 feet to 

the north and south of each ofthe Cross Creek and Tule River crossings. 

This alternative alignment will cross SR 43, Whitley Avenue/SR 137, and several local roads. 

SR 43, Waukena Avenue, and Whitley Avenue will be grade-separated from the HST with an 

overcrossing or undercrossing; other roads, including Niles Avenue, Orange Avenue, and 

Avenue 152, will be closed at the HST right-of-way. 

Allensworth Bypass Alternative 

The Allensworth Bypass Alternative Alignment will pass west ofthe BNSF Alternative to avoid 

the Allensworth ER and the Colonel Allensworth State Historic Park. The total length of the 

Allensworth Bypass Alternative Alignment will be approximately 21 miles; the alternative will 

begin at Avenue 84 and rejoin the BNSF Alternative at Elmo Highway. The Allensworth Bypass 

Alternative will be constructed on an elevated structure only where the alignment crosses Deer 

Creek and the Stoil railroad spur. The majority of the alignment will pass through Tulare County 

at-grade. 
Mr. David Valenstein 17 

Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will be provided from approximately Avenue 84 to Poso 

Creek at intervals of approximately 0.3 mile. Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will also be 

placed between 100 and 500 feet to the north and south ofboth the Deer Creek and the Poso 

Creek crossings. 

The Allensworth Bypass will cross several roads, including County Road 122, Avenue 24, Garces 

Highway, Woollomes Avenue, Magnolia Avenue, Pond Road, and Elmo Highway. Avenue 24, 

Woollomes Avenue, and Elmo Highway will be closed at the HST right-of-way, and the other 

roads will be realigned and/or grade-separated from the HST with overcrossings. 

Wasco-Shafter Bypass Alternative 

The Wasco-Shafter Bypass Alternative Alignment will diverge from the BNSF Alternative 

between Taussig A venue and Zachary A venue, cross over to the eastern side ofthe BNSF tracks 

and bypassing Wasco and Shafter to the east. The Wasco-Shafter Bypass Alternative will be atgrade except where it travels over 7th Standard Road and the BNSF tracks to rejoin the BNSF 

Alternative. This aerial structure will reach a maximum height of75 feet to the top ofthe rail. 

Approximately 4 miles of Santa Fe Way will be shifted to the west ofthe proposed alignment 

from approximately Galpin Street to south ofRenfro Road to accommodate the HST right-ofway. The total length ofthe alternative alignment will be 21 miles. 

The Wasco-Shafter Bypass will cross SR 43, SR 46, East Lerdo Highway and several local roads. 

Some roads, such as SR 46, Kimberlina Road, Shafter A venue, Beech A venue, Cherry Avenue, 

and Kratzmeyer Road will be grade-separated from the HST with overcrossings/undercrossings; 

other roads will be closed at the HST right-of-way. 

Bakersfield South Alternative 

From the Rosedale Highway (SR 58) in Bakersfield, the Bakersfield South Alternative alignment 

parallels the BNSF Alternative at varying distances to the north. At Chester A venue, the 

Bakersfield South Alternative curves south and parallels California A venue. As with the BNSF 

Alternative, the Bakersfield South Alternative will begin at-grade and become elevated starting at 

Country Breeze Place through Bakersfield to its terminus at Oswell Street. The elevated section 

will range in height from 50 to 90 feet to the top ofthe rail. The realignment ofthe BNSF tracks 

from Jomani Drive to Glenn Street in Bakersfield will be required, as it is for the BNSF 

Alternative. Dedicated wildlife crossing structures will not be installed between 100 and 500 

feet to the north and south ofthe Kern River, because the Bakersfield South Alternative will be 

elevated. 

The Bakersfield South Alternative will be approximately 12 miles and will cross the same roads 

as the corresponding portion ofthe BNSF Alternative. This alternative includes the Bakersfield 

Station-South Alternative. 

Bakersfield Hybrid Alternative 

From Rosedale Highway (SR 58) in Bakersfield, the Bakersfield Hybrid Alternative follows the 

Bakersfield South Alternative as it parallels the BNSF Alternative at varying distances to the 
Mr. David Valenstein 18 

north. At approximately A Street, the Bakersfield Hybrid Alternative diverges from the 

Bakersfield South Alternative, crosses over Chester Avenue and the BNSF right-of-way in a 

southeasterly direction, and then curves back to the northeast to parallel the BNSF tracks toward 

Kern Junction. After crossing Truxtun A venue, the alignment curves to the southeast to parallel 

the UPRR tracks and Edison Highway to its terminus at Oswell Street. As with the BNSF and 

Bakersfield South alternatives, the Bakersfield Hybrid Alternative will begin at-grade and 

become elevated starting at Country Breeze Place through Bakersfield to Oswell Street. The 

elevated section will range in height from 30 to 90 feet to the top ofthe rail. The realignment of 

the BNSF tracks from Jomani Drive to Glenn Street in Bakersfield will be required, as it is for 

both the BNSF and the Bakersfield South alternatives. Dedicated wildlife crossing structures 

will not be installed between 100 and 500 feet to the north and south ofthe Kern River, because 

the Bakersfield Hybrid Alternative will be elevated. 

The Bakersfield Hybrid Alternative will be approximately 12 miles long and will cross many of 

the same roads as the BNSF and Bakersfield South alternatives. This alternative includes the 

Bakersfield Station-Hybrid Alternative. 

Construction Methods 

Pre-Construction Activities 

During final design, the Authority and its contractor will conduct a number ofpre-construction 

activities to determine how best to stage and manage the actual construction. These activities will 

include the following: 

1. 	 Conducting geotechnical investigations which will focus on defining precise geology, 

groundwater, seismic, and environmental conditions along the alignment. The results of 

this work will guide final design and construction methods for foundations, underground 

structures, tunnels, stations, grade crossings, aerial structures, systems, and substations. 

2. 	 Identifying staging areas and precasting yards which will be needed for the casting, 

storage, and preparation ofprecast concrete segments, temporary spoil storage, 

workshops, and the temporary storage ofdelivered construction materials. Field offices 

and/or temporary jobsite trailers will also be set up at the staging areas. 

3. 	 Initiating site preparation and demolition, such as clearing, grubbing, and grading, 

followed by the mobilization of equipment and materials. Demolition will require strict 

controls to ensure that adjacent buildings or infrastructure are not damaged or otherwise 

affected by the demolition efforts. 

4. 	 Relocating utilities, where the contractor will work with the utility companies to relocate 

or protect in place such high-risk utilities as overhead tension wires, pressurized 

transmission mains, oil lines, fiber optics, and communications prior to construction. 
Mr. David Valenstein 19 

5. 	 Implementing temporary, long-term, and permanent road closures to re-route or detour 

traffic away from construction activities. Handrails, fences, and walkways will be 

provided for the safety ofpedestrians and bicyclists. 

6. 	 Siting the temporary batch plants that will be required to produce the Portland cement 

concrete or asphaltic concrete needed for roads, bridges, elevated structures, retaining 

walls, and other large structures. These plants generally consist of silos containing fly ash, 

lime, and cement; heated tanks ofliquid asphalt; sand and gravel material storage areas; 

mixing equipment; aboveground storage tanks; and designated areas for sand gravel truck 

unloading, concrete truck loading, and concrete truck washout. The contractor will be 

responsible for implementing procedures for reducing air emissions, mitigating noise 

impacts, and reducing the discharge ofpotential pollutants into storage drains or 

watercourses from the use of equipment, materials, and waste products. 

7. 	 Conducting other studies and investigations, as needed, such as local business surveys to 

identify business usage, delivery, shipping patterns, and critical times ofthe day or year 

for business activities. This information will help develop construction requirements and 

worksite traffic control plans, and will identify potential alternative routes, cultural 

resource investigations, and historic property surveys. 

Major Construction Activities 

Four major types of construction activities (earthwork; construction ofbridges, aerial structures, 

and road crossings; construction ofrailroad systems; and construction ofstations) are briefly 

described below. 

Earthwork 

Earth support is an important factor in constructing the deep excavations that will be encountered 

on several alignment sections. It is anticipated that the following excavation support systems may 

be used along the route. The three general excavation support categories are described below. 

1. 	 Open Cut Slope: Open cut slope is used in areas where sufficient room is available to 

open-cut the area and slope the sides back to meet the adjacent existing ground. The 

slopes are designed similar to any cut slope (i.e., the natural repose angle of adjacent 

ground material and global stability are taken into account). 

2. 	 Temporary: Temporary excavation support structures are designed and installed to 

support vertical or near vertical excavation faces in areas where room to open-cut does 

not exist. These structures do not contribute to the final load carrying capacity ofthe 

trench structure and they are either abandoned in place or dismantled as the excavation is 

being backfilled. Generally, a temporary excavation support structure consists ofsoldier 

piles and lagging, sheet pile walls, slurry walls, secant piles, or tangent piles. 
Mr. David Valenstein 20 

3. 	 Pennanent: Pennanent structures are designed and installed to support vertical or near 

vertical excavation faces in areas where room to open-cut does not exist. These structures 

fonn part ofthe pennanent final structure. Generally pennanent structures consist of 

slurry walls, secant piles, or tangent pile walls. 

Construction ofBridge, Aerial Structure and Road Crossing 

Each bridge or aerial structure will contain two tracks (one in each direction). There will be four 

tracks (two for local trains that stop at the station and two for express trains that pass through) at 

the elevated station alternatives in Fresno and Bakersfield (the potential KingslTulare Regional 

Station will at-grade or below grade). Station tracks will be 6,000 feet long with the station at the 

center. Dfthe four tracks passing through the station, the two express tracks (for trains that do 

not stop at the station) will be separated from those that stop at the station and platfonns. In 

constructing the station tracks, more than one dual track aerial structure may be necessary. 

Similar to existing high-speed rail systems around the world, it is anticipated that the bridges and 

aerial structures will be designed and built as single box segmental girder. Where needed, other 

structural types will be considered and used, including steel girders, steel truss, and cablesupported structures. Basic construction elements ofbridges, aerial structures, and road crossings 

are listed below: 

1. 	 Foundations: A typical aerial structure foundation pile cap is supported by an average of4 

large diameter bored piles with diameters ranging from 5 to 9 feet. The depth ofthe piles 

depends on geotechnical site conditions. Pile construction can be achieved by using rotary 

drilling rigs, and either bentonite slurry or temporary casings may be used to stabilize pile 

shaft excavation. The estimated pile production rate is 4 days per pile installation. 

Additional pile installation methods available to the contractor include bored piles, rotary 

drilling cast-in-place piles, driven piles, and a combination of pile jetting and driving. On 

completing the piles, pile caps can be constructed using conventional methods. For pile 

caps constructed near existing structures (e.g., the railway, bridges, underground drainage 

culverts), temporary sheet piling can be used to minimize disturbances to adjacent 

structures. It is anticipated that sheet piling installation and extraction is achieved using 

hydraulic sheet piling machines. 

2. 	 Substructure: Aerial structures with pier heights ranging from 20 to 90 feet may be 

constructed using conventional jump fonn and scaffolding methods. A self-climbing 

fonnwork system may be used to construct piers and portal beams over 90 feet high. The 

self-climbing fonnwork system is equipped with a winched lifting device, which is raised 

up along the column by hydraulic means with a structural frame mounted on top ofthe 

previous pour. In general, a 3-day cycle for each 12-foot pour height can be achieved. The 

final size and spacing ofthe piers depends on the type of superstructure and spans they 

are supporting. 

3. 	 Superstructure: It will be necessary to consider the loadings, stresses, and deflections 

encountered during the various intennediate construction stages, including changes in 

static scheme, sequence oftendon installation, maturity of concrete at loading, and load 
Mr. David Valenstein 21 

effects from erection equipment. As a result, the final design will depend on the 

contractor's means and methods of construction and can include several different 

methods, such as a span-by-span, incrementally launched, progressive cantilever, and 

balanced cantilever. 

Construction 0/Railroad Systems 

The railroad systems are to include trackwork, traction electrification, signaling, and 

communications. After completion of earthwork and structures, trackwork is the first rail system 

to be constructed, and it must be in place to start traction electrification and railroad signalizing 

installation. 

Trackwork construction generally requires the welding oftransportable lengths ofsteel running 

onto longer lengths (approximately 0.25 mile), which are placed in position on crossties or track 

slabs and field-welded into continuous lengths. Both tie and ballast as well as slab track 

construction will be used. Tie and ballast construction, which will be used for at-grade and minor 

structures, typically uses cross ties and ballasts that are distributed along the trackbed by truck or 

tractor. In sensitive areas, such as where the HST is parallel to or near streams, rivers, or 

wetlands, and in areas oflimited accessibility, this operation may be accomplished by using the 

established right-of-way with material delivery via the constructed rai1line. For major civil 

structures, slab track construction will be used. Slab track construction is a non-ballasted track 

form employing precast track supports. 

The traction electrification equipment to be installed will include traction power substations and 

the OCS. Traction power substations are typically fabricated and tested in a factory, then 

delivered by tractor-trailer to a prepared site adjacent to the alignment. It is assumed that 

substations are to be sited every 30 miles along the alignment. The OCS will be assembled in 

place over each track and will include poles, brackets, insulators, conductors, and other 

hardware. 

The signaling equipment to be installed includes wayside cabinets and bungalows, wayside 

signals (at interlocking), switch machines, insulated joints, impedance bounds, and connecting 

cables. The equipment will support automatic train protection, automatic train control, and 

positive train control to control train separation, routing at interlocking, and speed. 

Construction o/Stations 

The typical construction sequence will be: 

1. 	 Demolition and Site Preparation: The contractor will be required to construct detour 

roadways, new station entrances, construction fences and barriers, and other elements 

required because the existing facilities on the worksite are taken out of service. The 

contractor will be required to perform street improvement work, site clearing and 
Mr. David Valenstein 22 

earthwork, drainage work, and utility relocations. Substations and maintenance facilities 

are assumed to be newly constructed structures. For platform improvements or additional 

platform construction, the contractor may be required to realign existing track. 

2. 	 Structural Shell and Mechanical/Electrical Rough-Ins: For these activities, the contractor 

will construct foundations and erect the structural frame for the new station, enclose the 

new building, and/or construct new platforms and connect the structure to site utilities. 

The contractor will also rough-in electrical and mechanical systems and install specialty 

items such as elevators, escalators, and ticketing equipment. 

3. 	 Finishes and Tenant Improvements: The contractor will install electrical and mechanical 

equipment, communications and security equipment, finishes, and signage. The 

contractor may also install other tenant improvements, ifrequested. 

Construction Materials and Equipment 

The materials required for construction will include steel rails, building materials for the 

maintenance facilities, control buildings, and power supply facilities; concrete; reinforcing steel; 

ballast; cement; aggregates; specialized train system components; fuel; and water. The materials 

will be delivered and stored at the project site for use. 

Fill material will be excavated from local borrow sites and hauled by truck to the rail alignment. 

Railroad ballast will be drawn from existing, permitted quarries in various locations, from the 

Bay Area to Southern California. Ballast will be delivered by a combination ofrail and trucks. 

All materials will be suitable for construction purposes and free from toxic pollutants in toxic 

amounts in accordance with Section 307 ofthe Clean Water Act. 

Various types of construction equipment will be used in the different phases ofthe project. The 

types of equipment associated with the different construction phases are listed in Appendix A of 

the biological assessment. 

Construction Staging 

To the extent practical, construction staging will utilize the same areas that will ultimately be 

occupied by permanent HST facilities. For example, staging areas will be placed at the future 

locations ofthe HST maintenance yards in Fresno and Bakersfield. Five additional staging areas 

will be set up at various points along the HST right-of-way. These staging areas will be spaced 

roughly evenly between Fresno and Bakersfield, and will be chosen for their easy access to the 

local road network and highways. All proposed construction staging areas are contained within 

the limits ofthe project footprint. 

Construction Schedule 

Project construction will generally occur in 8-hour shifts between 7 a.m. and 7 p.m., 6 days per 

week. Occasionally, double shifts may also be required and will be subject to local regulations 
23 

regarding construction hours. The proposed CHST -FB Project, including construction ofthe 

various components may extend up to 7 years (Table 1). 

Mr. David Valenstein 

Table 1. Proposed construction schedule for the CHST-FB Project. 

Phase Tasks Duration 

Right-ot:Way 

Acquisition 

Per Assembly Bill 3034, proceed with right-ot:way acquisitions once 

State Legislature appropriates funds in amual budget 'IBD 

Survey and 

Preconstruction 

Locate utilit:ies, establish right-ot:way and project control points and 

centerlines, and establish or relocate survey momunents 

'IBD 

Mobilimtion Mobili2e saiety devices and special construction eq . April 20 14-July 2014 

Site Preparation Relocate utilities; clear/grub right-ot:way; establish detours and haul 

routes; prepare construction equipment yards, stockpile materia1l, and 

establish precast concrete segment casting yard 

July 20 14-0ctober 2014 

Earth Moving Prepare excavations and earth support structures November 20 14-November 2016 

Construction of 

Road Crossings Prepare surface street modifications and grade separations November 20 14-N ovember 2016 

Construction of 

Aerial Structures Construct aerial structures and bridge roundations, substructures, and 

superstructures 

November 2014-January 2017 

Track Laying Lay tracks, including backfilling operations and drainage facilities November 2016-August 2017 

Systems Prepare train control systems; paralleling, switching, and traction 

power systems; overhead contact system; corrnnunication system; 

signaling equipment 

June 2017-May 2019 

Demobilization Demobfu, including site cleanup October 2016-April 2017 

HMFPhase 1 a Assemble test track and prepare storage May 20 17-November 2018 

Maintenance-ot: 

Way Facility Potentially co-located with HMp'I May 2017-November 2018 

iHMF Phase 2 a Assemble test track May 2017-November 2018 

HMF Phase3 a Assemble HMF June 2018-November 2018 

HST Stations 

Prepare/conduct demolition, site preparation, roundations, structural 

frame, eIectrical and mechanical systems, :fin:isbes 

Fresno: 

June 2017-April2020 

Kings/Tu1are Regional: 'IBDb 

Bakersfield: 

June 2018-April2021 

Notes: 

"HMF would be sited in either the Merced to Fresno Section or the Fresno to Bakersfield Section. 

b Right-of-way would be acquired fur the Kings/Tulare Regional Station once it is decided that it will be constructed; however, the station itself 

HMF =heavy maintenance facility 

HST high-speed train 

TBD =to be determined 
Mr. David Valenstein 24 

Operations and Maintenance 

This section describes the train schedule, lighting, and maintenance and inspection activities. 

Train Service 

Three categories of trains will be operated: express, limited-stop, and all-stop trains. Express 

trains will run between major stations (e.g., San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego). An express 

train could make the trip between San Francisco and Los Angeles in 2 hours and 40 minutes. 

Limited-stop trains will skip selected stops along the route to provide faster service between 

stations. All-stop trains will focus on regional service. 

Lighting 

In general, the right-of-way will not be lighted except at stations and associated maintenance and 

electrical facilities. Station lighting will be designed to provide safety for arriving and departing 

passengers within urban areas. Maintenance and electrical facilities will have permanent lighting 

for both interior and exterior areas, as needed to support operations, including those operations 

that require lighting 24 hours per day. Typically, exterior lights will be mounted on tall masts, 

towers, or poles and illuminate the area with sodium- or mercury-vapor light. The lights will be 

angled toward the ground to limit reflectance on the surrounding community. 

Maintenance and Inspection Activities 

During operation of the HST system, programmed inspection and maintenance will be performed 

to verify that the project components are functioning as required. The Authority will regularly 

perform maintenance along the track and railroad right-of-way as well as the power systems, 

train control, signalizing, communications, and other vital systems required for the safe operation 

ofthe HST system. Maintenance for the HST will include the following activities: 

1. 	 Inspection and repair of the rail Hne, the power supply system, structures (including 

dedicated wildlife crossings), signaling/control components, stations and the maintenance 

facilities. 

2. 	 Drain cleaning, vegetation control, and litter removal along the right-of-way, aerial 

structures, and bridge sections. 

3. 	 Long-term maintenance may include intermittent activities, such as replacing short 

lengths ofrail or ballast. A maintenance-of-way program will be instituted to schedule 

inspection and maintenance activities. 
Mr. David Valenstein 25 

Conservation measures 

The project proponent proposes to avoid or minimize effects to listed species and their respective 

habitats through the following conservation measures: 

General Conservation Measures 

I. 	 Qualified Project Biologists and Biological Monitors: At least IS days prior to the 

onset of activities, the Authority will submit the name(s) and resumes ofbiologists and 

other qualified staff (e.g. biological monitors) who will conduct activities specified in the 

following measures. No project ground-disturbance activities will begin until proponents 

have received written approval from the Service that the biologists are approved to 

conduct the work, which approval shall be provided in 15 (calendar) days except under 

unusual or extraordinary cases. Qualified restoration ecologists, landscape architects, and 

special-status species experts may also be contracted, after Service approval, for 

assistance with implementation ofproposed conservation measures. 

2. 	 Regulatory Agency Access: The contractor will allow access by the Service or other 

resource agency staff to the construction site. Due to safety concerns, all visitors will 

check in with the resident engineer prior to accessing the construction site. 

3. 	 Prepare and Implement a Worker Environmental Awareness Program: Construction 

contractor personnel who work onsite will attend a Worker Environmental Awareness 

Program (WEAP) training session. The environmental training will cover general and 

specific biological and legal information on federally listed species and their respective 

habitats. The training sessions will be given prior to the initiation of construction 

activities and repeated, as needed. Upon completion ofthe WEAP training, construction 

crews will sign a form stating that they attended the training and understand and will 

comply with the information presented. Updates and synopsis ofthe training will be 

provided during the daily safety ("tailgate") meeting. Construction crews will be 

informed during the WEAP training that, to the extent possible, travel within the marked 

project site will be restricted to established roadbeds. A fact sheet prepared by the 

Service-approved project biologist conveying this information will be prepared for 

distribution to the construction crews. Maintenance crews will be required to attend a 

contractor education and environmental training class annually. 

4. 	 Prepare and Implement a Restoration and Revegetation Plan. During final design, the 

Service-approved project biologist will prepare a restoration and revegetation plan (RRP) 

for upland communities. The RRP will be submitted to the Service for review and 

approval. This will be a complement for site restoration in addition to the temporary 

effects for riparian plant communities and for jurisdictional waters. The RRP will 

address impacts to habitat subject to temporary ground disturbances, such as decompaction or regrading. The Service-approved project biologist will approve the seed 

mix for revegetation. 
Mr. David Valenstein 26 

During construction activities, the contractor will implement the RRP in temporarily 

disturbed areas. The Service-approved project biologist will prepare and submit 

compliance reports to document implementation ofthis measure to the Service. 

5. 	 Prepare and Implement a Biological Resources Management Plan. Prior to 

construction activities, the Service-approved project biologist will prepare the Biological 

Resources Management Plan (BRMP) and assemble the biological resources conservation 

and mitigation measures. 

6. 	 Prepare and Implement a Weed Control Plan: Prior to construction activities, the 

contractor will prepare and implement a Weed Control Plan (WCP) to minimize or avoid 

the spread ofweeds during construction activities. The contractor will implement the 

guidelines in the WCP during the project period and require that maintenance crews 

follow the guidelines in the WCP during the project period. The Authority or its designee 

will appoint the responsible party for implementing the WCP during the operations 

period. The WCP will include the following: 

a. 	 Schedule for conducting noxious weed surveys to be conducted in coordination 

with the BRMP. 

b. 	 Success criteria for noxious and invasive weed control as established by a 

qualified biologist. 

c. 	 Based on monitoring results, additional or revised measures may be needed to 

ensure the introduction and spread ofnoxious weeds is not promoted by the 

construction ofthe HST. 

d. 	 Provisions to ensure that the development ofthe WCP will be coordinated with 

development ofthe RRP so that measures to reduce the spread and establishment 

ofnoxious weeds and incorporates percent cover ofnoxious weeds into 

revegetation performance standards may be incorporated in the RRP. 

7. 	 Pre-Construction Surveys. The Service-approved project biologist will conduct 

preconstruction surveys for all properties not previously surveyed due to lack ofaccess. 

All survey data will be provided to the Service prior to the initiation ofground disturbing 

activities. These surveys will determine the amount of direct and indirect effects to each 

species. Compensatory mitigation is proposed based on actual acres ofdirect effects and 

associated required compensatory mitigation. 

8. 	 Biological Monitoring during Construction Activities. The Service-approved project 

biologist will direct the work of Service-approved biological monitors who will be 

present onsite during key construction activities, including during ground disturbance 

activities and for all construction activities conducted within or adjacent to identified 

Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs), wildlife exclusion fence zones (WEF), or non­
Mr. David Valenstein 27 

disturbance zones to oversee pennit compliance and monitoring efforts. The Serviceapproved biological monitor(s), as hired by the DesignlBuild Contractor, will advise the 

contractor on methods that may minimize or avoid impacts on federally-listed species. 

9. 	 "Take" Notification and Reporting. The Service and the California Department ofFish 

and Wildlife (CDFW) will be notified within 24 hours, via telephone and email, after 

discovery of a project-related accidental death or injury to a federally or state-listed 

species during project-related activities. The BRMP will determine all Service-approved 

individuals responsible for take notification and reporting .. 

10. Environmentally Sensitive Areas, Wildlife Exclusion Fencing and Non-Disturbance 

Zones. Fencing will be used to establish non-disturbance exclusion zones to restrict 

construction equipment and personnel from ESAs or restrict federally-listed wildlife 

species from entering the construction areas. The non-disturbance zones will be 

determined through consultation and permitting with the various natural resources 

regulatory agencies. 

Two types offencing, high visibility ESA fence and WEF, will be used for these 

purposes. ESA fencing will be identified and depicted on the project plans and delineated 

in the field by the Service-approved project biologist or Service-approved biological 

monitor (s). The contractor will ensure that all ESA areas are off-limits to construction 

personnel and equipment. 

11. Monofilament Restrictions. During construction activities, the Service-approved 

biological monitor(s) will verify that the Contractor is not using plastic mono-filament 

netting (erosion-control matting) or similar material in erosion control materials. Non 

mono-filament substitutes including coconut coir matting, tackified hydro seeding 

compounds, rice straw wattles (e.g., Earthsaver wattles: biodegradable, photodegradable, 

burlap), reusable erosion, sediment, and wildlife control systems that may be approved by 

the regulatory agencies (e.g., ERTEC Environmental Systems products) may be used. 

12. Avoidance of Entrapment. At the end of each work day, all excavated, steep-walled 

holes or trenches that are more than 8 inches deep will be covered at the close of each day 

with plywood or similar materials or provided a minimum ofone escape ramp per 10 feet 

oftrenching constructed offill earth. Before such holes or trenches are filled, they will be 

thoroughly inspected for trapped wildlife by the Service-approved biological monitor(s). 

All culverts or similar enclosed structures with a diameter of4 inches or greater that are 

stored at a construction site will be inspected for wildlife before the pipe is subsequently 

used or moved. 
Mr. David Valenstein 28 

13. Artificial Dens Along the Wildlife Exclusion Fencing and Non-Disturbance Zones. 

To mitigate the temporary impacts ofESA and WEF fencing on federally-listed species 

and their movement/migration corridors during construction, artificial dens will be 

installed along the outer perimeter ofthe ESA and WEF fencing. Artificial dens will also 

be installed at dedicated wildlife crossing structures to prevent predation by larger 

predators at wildlife undercrossings and to provide escape cover for wildlife, particularly 

the San Joaquin kit. 

14. Equipment Staging Areas. Construction staging areas for storage of equipment and 

materials would be set up in areas that would ultimately be occupied by permanent HST 

facilities, such as the station sites or the HMF site. Additional staging areas may be sited 

based on the contractor's needs, access to local road networks, and highway access. 

Prior to construction activities, the contractor under the supervision ofthe Serviceapproved project biologist, will locate staging areas for construction equipment that are 

outside of areas ofsensitive biological resources, including habitat for federally listed 

species, habitats of concern, and wildlife movement corridors, to the maximum extent 

possible. The Service-approved project biologist will prepare a memorandum 

documenting compliance with this measure. 

15. Construction Utility Requirements and Waste Disposal. Contractors would 

temporarily store excavated materials produced by construction activities in designated 

areas at or near the construction site. Wherever possible, they would return excavated 

soil to its original location to be used as backfill and would dispose ofwaste materials 

associated with construction in local landfills permitted to take those types ofmaterials. 

Material unsuitable for reuse would be hauled offsite to a permitted location in 

conformance with the Act. 

16. Cleaning Of Con~truction Equipment. During construction, all equipment will be 

washed to remove mud and plant materials to avoid introduction ofinvasive species when 

working in areas that could support federally-listed species. 

17. Dewatering and Water Diversion. If construction occurs where open or flowing water is 

present, a strategy approved by the resource agencies (e.g., Service, U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers (Corps), State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) and CDFW) will be 

used to dewater or divert water from the work area. 

18. Construction Site Speed Limits. To minimize dust levels and the potential for 

construction equipment to strike federally listed species, the Service-approved project 

biologist will restrict project vehicle traffic within the project footprint to established 

roads, construction areas, and other designated areas during ground-disturbing activities. 

The Service-approved project biologist will establish vehicle traffic in locations disturbed 
Mr. David Valenstein 29 

by previous activities to prevent further adverse effects, require observance of a 15-mph 

speed limit for construction areas with potential special-status species habitat, clearly flag 

and mark access routes, and prohibit off-road traffic. 

19. Work Stoppage. During construction activities, the Service-approved project biologist or 

Service-approved biological monitors shall have stop work authority to protect any 

federally listed wildlife species within the project footprint. This work stoppage will be 

coordinated with the Authority or its designee. The contractor will suspend grounddisturbing activities in the immediate construction area where the potential construction 

activity could result in "take" oflisted species; work may continue in other areas. The 

contractor will continue the suspension until the individual leaves voluntarily, is relocated 

to an approved release area using Service- and/or DFW -approved handling techniques 

and relocation methods, or as required by the Service and the CDFW. 

20. Post-Construction Compliance Reports. A post-construction compliance report, 

consistent with Service protocols and in compliance with the Act, will be submitted to the 

Service upon completion of each construction package, construction phase, permitting 

phase, or other portion ofthe HST section as defined by Authority-contractor 

designlbuild contracts. The BRMP will determine the individual responsible for postconstruction compliance reporting. 

21. Restoration of Temporarily Disturbed Areas. Temporarily disturbed biological 

communities or habitats that could support federally-listed species or wetlands and other 

waters ofthe U.S. will be restored to pre-project conditions. 

22. Compensatory Mitigation. Habitat compensation for impacts to federally-listed species 

may include the creation, restoration, enhancement, and/or preservation ofhabitat. 

Habitat compensation may be accomplished by: 1) purchasing "credits" from a Serviceapproved conservation bank with a service area covering the impact area; 2) by acquiring 

appropriate properties in fee-title; or 3) by establishing a conservation easement over a 

property. Ifoptions 2 or 3 are selected, an endowment fund or comparable funding 

instrument will be established in order to manage the property for the benefit offederallylisted species in perpetuity. Success criteria will be developed with the Service if 

compensatory mitigation is done through the creation, restoration or enhancement of 

suitable habitats. Additionally, a long-term management plan will be developed for the 

property. This plan will identify the monitoring, maintenance, management, and reporting 

requirements for the compensation site. All proposed habitat compensation sites, bank 

purchases, long-term management plans, conservation easements, and endowments will 

be submitted to the Service for review and approval before the plans are finalized and 

implemented. The proposed habitat compensation ratios for each species are discussed in 

the Species Specific Conservation Measures section below. 
Mr. David Valenstein 30 

San Joaquin kit fox 

1. 	 The Authority will follow the Service's Standard Measures for Protection ofthe San 

Joaquin Kit Fox Prior to or During Ground Disturbance (Kit Fox Guidance) (Service 

1999). Minimization measures included in that document are summarized below. 

a. 	 Prior to the start of construction activities, the Service-approved project biologist 

will conduct pre-construction surveys in accordance with the San Joaquin Kit Fox 

Survey Protocolfor the Northern Range (Service 1999c). Pre-construction 

surveys for the kit fox will be conducted between May 1 and September 30 within 

the project in suitable habitat areas (alkali desert scrub, annual grassland, pasture, 

barren, and compatible-use agricultural lands) to identify known or potential San 

Joaquin kit fox dens. Pre-construction surveys will be conducted by a Serviceapproved project biologist within 30 days prior to the start of construction or 

ground disturbing activities and will be phased with project build-out. Reports for 

each survey will be submitted to the Service and the CDFW within 30 days of 

completion. 

b. 	 Disturbance to all kit fox dens will be avoided to the maximum extent possible . 

. c. 	 During the breeding season (December 1 through July 31), all construction 

activities will be prohibited within the following limits: 

1. 	 Non-natal den exclusion zone of 100 feet surrounding occupied/nonoccupied non-natal dens. 

ii. 	 Natal den exclusion zone of 200 feet for surrounding occupied/nonoccupied natal dens. 

d. 	 All construction activities near any occupied dens will cease one-half hour before 

sunset and will not begin earlier than one-half hour after sunrise, when feasible. 

e. 	 A minimum of 5 days ofden-monitoring is required to allow animals to vacate, 

during which time passive harassment measures (Le., partially blocking den 

entrances with soil) may be pursued to encourage movement out ofthe den. 

f. 	 After a non-natal den is determined to be unoccupied, it may be excavated under 

the direction of a Service-approved biological monitor at any time ofyear. 

g. 	 Vacant natal dens may be excavated only between August 15 and November 1. If 

a kit fox is observed at the den during this period and construction activities 

within the non-disturbance exclusion zone of active San Joaquin kit fox burrows 

cannot be avoided, a Service-approved project biologist may initiate passive 

harassment measures in accordance with the Service's Kit Fox Guidance. Prior to 
Mr. David Valenstein 31 

passive harassment efforts, the project biologist will contact the Service and 

CDFW for approvaL 

h. 	 If construction activities within the non-disturbance exclusion zone of active San 

Joaquin kit fox burrows cannot be avoided during the breeding and pupping 

season, the Service-approved project biologist will implement measures in 

accordance with the Standardized Recommendations for Protection ofthe San 

Joaquin kit fox Prior to or During Ground Disturbance following approval from 

the Service (Service 1999). Destruction of any known natal or pupping den will 

not occur without approval from the Service. A minimum offive days ofdenmonitoring is required to allow animals to relocate, during which time passive 

harassment measures (i.e., partially blocking den entrances with soil) may be 

pursued to encourage relocation. After a non-natal den is determined to be 

unoccupied, it may be excavated under the direction of a Service-approved project 

biologist following Service approval. 

i. 	 All construction pipes, culverts, or similar structures with a diameter of4 inches 

or greater that are stored at a construction site for one or more overnight periods 

will be thoroughly inspected for kit foxes before the pipe is subsequently buried, 

capped, or otherwise used or moved in any way. If a kit fox is discovered inside a 

pipe, that section ofpipe will not be moved until the Service has been contacted 

for guidance. If necessary, and under the direct supervision ofthe Serviceapproved biological monitor, the pipe may be moved once to remove it from the 

path of construction activity, until the fox has escaped. 

2. 	 If a San Joaquin kit fox is detected within the project footprint during construction, a 

Service-approved biologist, in accordance with agency guidance, will request approval 

from the Service and CDFW to capture and relocate the kit fox. 

3. 	 The Authority, in collaboration with the Service and CDFW, will develop and implement 

a monitoring program for use ofthe dedicated wildlife crossings by San Joaquin kit fox. 

The final monitoring plan will be reviewed and approved by the Service prior to 

implementation. The goal ofthe monitoring program will be to collect data on use of 

dedicated wildlife crossings by the San Joaquin kit fox, and other wildlife species. The 

data will also be used to determine the efficacy ofthe wildlife crossing in facilitating 

movement of San Joaquin kit fox under the HST and inform future wildlife crossing 

design alternatives that could be installed in other segments. The monitoring plan will be 

implemented for five years and may be continued by mutual agreement between the 

Authority, the Service, and the CDFW. 

4. 	 A Summary ofthe proposed habitat compensation, per conservation measures # 22, for 

the kit fox is provided below in Table 2. 
Mr. David Valenstein 32 

Table 2. Proposed San Joaquin kit fox habitat compensation ratios. 

San Joaquin kit fox Area Habitat Mitigation 

Ratio 

Southwestern TuJare COlmty Satellite Areas 

Natural 3:01 

Developed 0.5:1 

Metropolitan Bakersfield Satellite Area 

Natural 3:01 

Developed 0.1:1 

In Ly Plan-Linkage 

Natural 3:01 

Developed 0.5:1 

Other Areas (outside ofRecovery Areas) 

Natural 2:01 

Developed 0.1:1 

Note: 

Natural includes: alkali desert scrub, annual grasslands, pasture, barren, and valley oak woodland habitats. 

Developed includes: agricultural lands (croplands, dryland grain fields, inigated grain fields, inigated row 

crops, orchards, hayfields, and vineyards) and urban areas. 

Fresno Kangaroo rat 

1. 	 Implement Avoidance Measures for Fresno Kangaroo Rat. Prior to the start of 

ground-disturbing activities, the Service-approved project biologist will conduct a habitat 

assessment on the identified parcels within the project footprint that may support the 

Fresno kangaroo rat to determine presence ofkangaroo rat burrows or their sign. 

2. 	 Ifno burrows or signs of kangaroo rats are detected and kangaroo rats are confirmed to be 

absent from the project footprint, the following actions will be implemented: 

a. 	 The Service-approved project biologist will install, maintain, and monitor 

exclusion fencing along the perimeter ofthe project footprint to ensure that no 

take of Fresno kangaroo rat or destruction oftheir potential habitat outside ofthe 

project footprint occurs. 

b. 	 The Contractor will trim and clear vegetation to the ground by hand, using handoperated equipment, or grazing animals (sheep, goats) to discourage smallmammal presence in the project footprint. The cleared vegetation will remain 

undisturbed by project construction equipment for 14 days to allow other smallmammal species to passively relocate through the one-way exit/escape points 

along the wildlife exclusion fencing. 
Mr. David Valenstein 33 

3. 	 In the unlikely event that kangaroo rat individuals, their burrows, or signs of them are 

found within the project footprint during the habitat assessment, the Service and CDFW 

will be notified immediately and the FRA will reinitiate consultation to identify 

appropriate conservation measures to be implemented for this species. 

Tipton Kangaroo rat 

1. 	 Prior to construction, a habitat assessment will be conducted in potentially suitable 

habitat (alkali desert scrub, annual grassland, pasture, barren) within the project footprint 

by the Service-approved project biologist to determine presence ofkangaroo rat burrows 

or sign. The habitat assessment surveys will be conducted within 2 years, and again no 

more than 14 days prior to the start of construction or ground disturbing activities, and 

may be phased with project build-out. Ifno burrows or sign ofkangaroo rats are detected, 

no further measures will be required. Protocol-level surveys for the Tipton kangaroo rats 

will be conducted by Service-approved biologists with a valid 10(a)(1)(a) permit, in 

potentially suitable habitat areas where any burrows or sign are observed. The Service 

and the CDFW will be immediately notified if any Tipton kangaroo rats are discovered. A 

report for each protocol level survey for Tipton kangaroo rats will be submitted to the 

Service and the CDFW within 30 days of completion ofthe survey. 

2. 	 In areas where kangaroo rat burrows or sign are present, non-disturbance exclusion zones 

will be established at least 14 days prior to construction or ground disturbing activities. 

The fencing will be installed under the supervision of the Service-approved project 

biologist along the project footprint in potentially suitable habitat (alkali desert scrub, 

pasture, annual grassland, barren). Fencing will be composed of a combination ofboth 

ESA fencing and WEF with one way exit/escape points. 

3. 	 The following additional measures may be implemented after the exclusion fencing is 

installed: 

a. 	 In areas where kangaroo rat burrows or sign are present, vegetation will be 

trimmed and cleared to the ground by hand, hand operated equipment, or grazing 

animals (sheep, goats) to discourage Tipton kangaroo rat presence in the project 

footprint. The cleared vegetation will remain undisturbed by project construction 

equipment for 14 days to allow the species to passively relocate through the one 

way exit/escape points along the wildlife exclusion fencing, OR; 

b. 	 A small mammal trapping and relocation plan in general accordance with the 

survey protocols in the California Valley Solar Ranch Project: Plan for Relocation 

of Giant Kangaroo Rats (Dipodomys ingens) (H.T. Harvey & Associates, 2011) 

will be prepared for Service review and approval and will incorporate agency 

recommended species specific measures as applicable. The small mammal 

trapping surveys would occur within the project footprint in potentially suitable 

habitat (alkali desert scrub, pasture, annual grassland, and barren) that contain 

kangaroo rat burrows or sign. Trapping, with Service approval, will be conducted 
Mr. David Valenstein 34 

prior to construction and phased with project build-out; trapping would be limited 

to the dry, summer months on evenings when the nightly low temperature is 

forecast to exceed 50 OF. Small mammal trapping and relocation will be 

performed by a Service-approved biologist(s) with a valid 10(a)(1)(a) permit. 

4. 	 Impacts to suitable habitat for the Tipton kangaroo rat will be compensated for, per 

conservation measure # 22, at a 3: 1 ratio through the purchase of Service-approved bank 

credits or through preservation ofoccupied habitat in perpetuity. 

Central California tiger salamander 

1. 	 Prior to construction activities, the Service-approved project biologist will conduct a preconstruction survey ofpotential breeding and suitable upland habitat in the Cross Creek 

grassland region to determine the presence or absence of central California tiger 

salamanders within the project footprint. Surveys will be conducted no more than 30 days 

before the start ofground-disturbing activities and will be phased with project build-out. 

If any central California tiger salamanders are found, the Service-approved project 

biologist will immediately notify the Service. 

2. 	 The measures listed below will be implemented in the Cross Creek grassland region to 

avoid and minimize potential adverse effects to this species: 

a. 	 The Service-approved project biologist will work in coordination with the Service 

to install, maintain, and monitor exclusion fencing along the perimeter of the 

project footprint to ensure that no take of central California tiger salamander or 

destruction oftheir potential habitat outside ofthe project footprint occurs. 

b. 	 The Service-approved project biologist will install exclusion barriers (e.g. silt 

fences) to exclude central California tiger salamanders from construction areas. 

Exclusion fencing will be maintained by the contractor throughout the central 

California tiger salamander's entire active period (November to April) or until all 

construction activities are completed, whichever occurs first. Exclusion fencing 

must be trenched into the soil at least four inches in depth, with the soil 

compacted against both sides ofthe fence for its entire length to prevent central 

California tiger salamanders from passing under the fence. Barriers must be 

inspected by the Service-approved project biologist at least twice weekly on nonconsecutive days outside ofthe breeding season. Barriers will be inspected daily 

following any rain event, and during months when juvenile central California tiger 

salamanders are most likely emigrating from their breeding ponds in search of 

burrows in surrounding upland habitat. Barriers will be installed by the contractor 

with turn-arounds at any access openings needed in the fencing, to redirect central 

California tiger salamanders away from openings. 
Mr. David Valenstein 35 

3. 	 Non-disturbance exclusion zones will be established, maintained, and monitored by the 

Service-approved biological monitor(s) to ensure that take of central California tiger 

salamanders or destruction their potential habitat does not occur outside ofthe project 

footprint; fencing will be composed of a combination ofhigh-visibility ESA fence andlor 

WEF. 

Impacts to suitable upland habitat for the central California tiger salamander will be compensated 

for, per conservation measure # 22, at a 3: 1 ratio through the purchase of Service-approved bank 

credits or through preservation ofoccupied habitat in perpetuity. 

Blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

1. 	 Protocol-level surveys will be conducted by a Service-approved project biologist(s) in all 

suitable habitats (alkali desert scrub, annual grassland, barren, valley foothill riparian) 

within the project alignment one year prior to the start of construction following the 

California Department ofFish and Game's Approved Survey Methodology for the BluntNosed Leopard Lizard (CDFG 2004). 

2. 	 The Service-approved biological monitor(s) will conduct visual preconstruction surveys 

within the project footprint in areas of potential blunt-nosed leopard lizard habitat no 

more than 30 days prior to ground disturbing activities. The Service-approved biological 

monitor(s) will conduct daily surveys prior to construction activities to ensure bluntnosed leopard lizards are not within the project footprint. Reports for each survey will be 

submitted to the Service and the CDFW within 30 days of completion. 

3. 	 During the active season (April 15 through October 15), in areas where blunt-nosed 

leopard lizards or blunt-nosed leopard lizard signs are present, the following measures 

will be implemented: 

a. 	 Following the preconstruction survey for blunt-nosed leopard lizard within the 

project footprint, if active burrows or egg clutch sites are identified within the 

project footprint, the Service-approved Project Biologist will establish, maintain, 

and monitor 50-foot buffers around active burrows and egg clutch sites. The 50­

foot buffers will be established around the active burrow and clutch sites in a 

manner that allows for a connection between the burrow site and the suitable 

natural habitat adjacent to the footprint so that blunt-nosed leopard lizard may 

leave the project footprint after the young have hatched. Project activities within 

the 50-foot buffers, including vegetation clearing and grubbing (as described 

below), will be prohibited until the eggs have hatched and blunt-nosed leopard 

lizard have been allowed to leave the project footprint, as detennined by the 

Project Biologist. 

b. 	 Following the preconstruction survey for blunt-nosed leopard lizard within the 

project footprint, if no active burrows or egg clutch sites are identified within the 

project footprint, the Service-approved Project Biologist will conduct vegetation 
Mr. David Valenstein 36 

clearing and grubbing activities with hand tools. Cleared vegetation will be cut to 

4 inches above the ground level, and all trimmings will be removed from the 

project footprint. The vegetation-free work area will be allowed to sit undisturbed 

for a minimum of 72 hours to allow blunt-nosed leopard lizards to passively 

vacate the site. A follow-up preconstruction survey will be conducted in the 

vegetation-free work area to look for blunt-nosed leopard lizards or their sign. 

Any blunt-nosed leopard lizards observed during the follow-up survey will be 

allowed to leave the work site on their own accord. Immediately after the followup preconstruction survey ofthe vegetation-free work area, the project footprint 

will be delineated with high-visibility ESA fence and wildlife exclusion fence. 

The vegetation-free work area within the wildlife exclusion fence will be 

maintained and monitored daily by the Project Biologist. 

c. 	 The Contractor will conduct ground-disturbing activities when air temperatures 

are between 75 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature range corresponds to 

the period when this species is moving around and can avoid danger. 

4. 	 During the non-active season (October 16 through April 14), suitable blunt-nosed leopard 

lizard burrows identified during protocol-level and preconstruction surveys will be 

avoided by the Contractor. A 50-foot no-work buffer will be established around burrows 

to prevent impacts until the active season, when blunt-nosed leopard lizards will be able 

to leave the vegetation-free work area on their own accord. The no-work buffer will be 

established by routing the high-visibility ESA fence and wildlife exclusion fence around 

the suitable burrow sites in a manner that allows for a connection between the burrow site 

and the suitable natural habitat adjacent to the footprint so that blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

can leave the project footprint during the active season. If construction activities are 

required during this period, the appropriate measures will be established through 

consultation with the USFWS and CDFW. 

5. 	 Ifblunt-nosed leopard lizards are observed at any time during protocol-level surveys, 

preconstruction surveys, or the construction period, USFWS and CDFW will be 

contacted. Appropriate measures to avoid take ofthe species will be established through 

consultation with the USFWS and CDFW. 

6. 	 Non-disturbance exclusion zones will be established along the project footprint in 

potentially suitable areas (alkali desert scrub, annual grassland, barren, valley foothill 

riparian); fencing will be composed of a combination ofboth ESA high-visibility ESA 

fencing and wildlife exclusion fencing. 

7. 	 Non-disturbance exclusion zones will be maintained and monitored by the Serviceapproved biological monitor(s) to avoid the possibility for take oflizards, their 

burrows/nests, or the species' habitat outside ofthe project footprint. 
Mr. David Valenstein 37 

8. 	 Impacts to suitable upland habitat for the lizard will be compensated for at a 3: 1 ratio 

through the purchase ofService-approved bank credits or through preservation of 

occupied habitat in perpetuity. Where possible, habitat preservation, per conservation 

measure # 22, will occur adjacent to the Pixley NWR and the Allensworth ER in order to 

ensure that large, contiguous blocks ofblunt-nosed leopard lizard habitat are conserved. 

Vernal poolfairy shrimp and vernalpool tadpole shrimp 

To avoid and minimize potential adverse effects to the vernal pool crustaceans, the measures 

listed below will be implemented in the project footprint plus a 250-foot buffer where suitable 

habitat (e.g., vernal pools, seasonal wetlands) occurs and the species have potential to occur. 

1. 	 Non-disturbance exclusion zones will be maintained and monitored by a Serviceapproved biological monitor to ensure that take ofvernal pool crustaceans or destruction 

their habitat does not occur outside ofthe project footprint and the 250-foot buffer where 

suitable habitat (e.g., vernal pools, seasonal wetlands) occurs and the species have 

potential to occur. 

2. 	 Initial construction activities in wetlands and other waters ofthe U.S. (e.g., vernal pools, 

seasonal wetlands, seasonal riverine areas, and riparian areas) will be restricted during the 

rainy season (October 15 to June 1). Construction may occur in these areas when there is 

no inundation, or the resource is dry or lacks flowing or standing water. In the event that 

construction work window restrictions cannot be conducted, dewatering, water 

diversions, or additional BMPs will be employed as determined through consultation with 

the Service, the Corps, CDFW, and the SWRCB, as applicable by regulating authority. 

3. 	 If construction activities must occur during the October 15 - June 1 period, initial ground 

disturbance activities will be scheduled to begin during the dry season, June 2 - October 

14, to minimize the effects to vernal pool crustaceans and their habitat. If any work 

remains to be completed after October 15, exclusion fencing and erosion control 

materials will be installed to reduce sedimentation into vernal pool habitat. 

4. 	 Compensatory mitigation, per conservation measure # 22, will be provided for direct and 

indirect effects to vernal pool crustacean habitat. The ratios for these species will be 

based on whether the proposed mitigation is preservation or creation and on whether it 

occurs at an approved conservation bank or at a non-bank location. The compensatory 

mitigation ratios may range from 1.1: 1 to 2: 1 based on the guidance proposed in the 1996 

U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Programmatic Formal Endangered Species Act 

Consultation on Issuance of404 Permits for Projects with Relatively Small Effects on 

Listed Vernal Pool Crustaceans Within the Jurisdiction ofthe Sacramento Field Office, 

California (USFWS 1996a). 
Mr. David Valenstein 38 

Valley elderberry longhorn beetle 

1. 	 Protocol level presence/absence surveys for elderberry shrubs and signs ofvalley 

elderberry longhorn beetle exit holes, per the Service's Conservation Guidelinesfor the 

Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (USFWS 1999b), will be conducted prior to 

construction activities within the project footprint and a surrounding 100-foot buffer. 

2. 	 Ifprotocol-Ievel surveys detennine that elderberry shrubs occur within the project 

footprint plus a 1 OO-foot buffer, then the contractor will install non-disturbance exclusion 

zone fences consisting ofhigh-visibility ESA fence in compliance with the Service's 

1999 Conservation Guidelines for the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle. The Serviceapproved project biologist ensure that the protective measures set-forth in the 

Conservation Guidelines for the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle will be implemented 

within the 100-ft buffer. 

3. 	 The compensatory mitigation ratios, per conservation measure # 22, for this species may 

vary from 1: 1 to 8: 1, depending on the presence of exit holes, and may include the 

planting of additional associated native plants and the transplanting ofdirectly affected 

elderberry shrubs during the dormancy period, as described within the Conservation 

Guidelinesfor the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (USFWS 1999). 

Californiajewelflower, Hoover's spurge, Kern mallow, and San Joaquin woolly threads 

1. 	 The Service-approved Project Biologist will prepare a plan before the start of grounddisturbing activities to address monitoring, salvage, relocation, and propagation of 

federally listed plant species. The plan will include provisions that address the techniques, 

locations, and procedures required for the successful establishment ofthe plant 

popUlations. The plan will include provisions for performance that address survivability 

requirements, maintenance, monitoring, implementation, and the annual reporting 

requirements. The plan will be submitted to the Service for concurrence. 

2. 	 Protocol level, pre-construction botanical surveys for federally listed plants species will 

be conducted prior to any ground disturbing activities in areas where pennission to enter 

was not available or where full protocol level botanical surveys were not conducted. 

Botanical surveys will be conducted in areas of suitable habitat. 

3. 	 Portions ofthe project footprint that support federally listed plants that will be 

temporarily disturbed will be restored on-site to pre-construction conditions. Prior to 

disturbance, pre-construction conditions will be documented detailing species 

composition, species richness, percent cover ofkey species, and photo points will be 

established. 
Mr. David Valenstein 39 

4. 	 All populations offederally listed plants species that will be directly affected will be 

documented. Documentation will include the density and percent cover of the species and 

key habitat characteristics including soil type, associated species, hydrology, topography, 

and photo documentation of pre-construction conditions. 

5. 	 If a federally listed plant species is observed during protocol level, pre-construction 

surveys, compensatory mitigation will be provided at a 1:1 ratio based on actual acres of 

direct effects within the project footprint. Compensation would be accomplished by: 

a. 	 Identification ofsuitable sites to receive the listed plants. 

1. 	 Pixley National Wildlife Refuge, Allensworth Ecological Reserve/State 

Historic Park, Kern National Wildlife Refuge, Atwell Island, Alkali Sink 

Ecological Reserve, Semitropic Ecological Reserve, and Kern Water 

Bank; 

11. 	 Authority proposed Permittee-Responsible Mitigation Sites; 

iii. Or other locations approved by the Service. 

b. 	 Collection ofseeds, plant materials, and top soil from the project footprint prior to 

construction impacts. 

Analytical Framework for the Jeopardy Analysis 

In accordance with policy and regulation, the jeopardy analysis in this biological opinion relies 

on four components: (1) the Status ofthe Species, which evaluates the range-wide condition of 

the species included in this biological opinion, the factors responsible for that condition, and 

their survival and recovery needs ofthese species; (2) the Environmental Baseline, which 

evaluates the condition ofthe these species in the action area, the factors responsible for that 

condition, and the relationship ofthe action area to the survival and recovery ofthe species; (3) 

the Effects ofthe Action, which determines the direct and indirect impacts ofthe proposed 

Federal action and the effects of any interrelated or interdependent activities on the species; and 

(4) the Cumulative Effects, which evaluates the effects offuture, non-Federal activities in the 

action area on the species. 

In accordance with policy and regulation, the jeopardy determination is made by evaluating the 

effects ofthe proposed Federal action in the context ofspecies current status, taking into account 

any cumulative effects, to determine if implementation ofthe proposed action is likely to cause 

an appreciable reduction in the likelihood ofboth the survival and recovery of the species in the 

wild. The jeopardy analysis in this biological opinion places an emphasis on consideration ofthe 

range-wide survival and recovery needs ofthe species and the role ofthe action area in the 

survival and recovery ofthe species as the context for evaluating the significance ofthe effects of 

the proposed Federal action, taken together with cumulative effects, for purposes ofmaking the 

jeopardy determination. 
Mr. David Valenstein 40 

Action Area 

The action area is defined in 50 CFR § 402.02, as "all areas to be affected directly or indirectly 

by the Federal action and not merely the immediate area involved in the action." For the 

purposes ofthe effects assessment, the action area includes the CHS T -FB area footprint and 

lands surrounding it. 

Several potential alignments have been identified in the Revised Draft Environmental Impact 

Report/Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed project. These 

alternatives include varying siting for not only rail alignments, but also other project 

infrastructure, including passenger stations, power delivery structures, maintenance-of-way 

facilities, operations control centers, and a HMF. Since an alternative has not been selected to 

date, this biological opinion includes a project description and effects analysis for all alternative 

alignments, and assesses effects to federally-listed species based on a range ofimpacts from 

minimum to maximum (expressed in acreages). Regardless ofthe final alignment selected, 

project impacts will be similar geogr~phically as well as in general nature and magnitude. 

The project footprint extends to the physical limits ofthe construction activities associated with 

the proposed action. The project footprint includes all areas that will be permanently or 

temporarily affected by the proposed action. The footprint consists ofthe limits of cut and fill 

plus all access roads and areas required for operating, storing, and refueling construction 

equipment. The estimated project footprint for the CHST -FB Project is expected to be no greater 

than approximately 4,700 acres. 

The estimated length ofthe Fresno to Bakersfield alignment will extend up to 117 miles. The 

area affected by disturbance from noise and vibrations, dust, and lighting during project 

construction is expected to extend up to 1,000 feet from both sides ofthe track. Associated 

project structures, such as roadway improvements, overcrossings, related ancillary facilities, and 

other permanent project elements, are included in the estimated project action area for the CHSTFB Project. Therefore, the maximum acreage for the Fresno to Bakersfield alignment project 

action area, including the project footprint, is estimated to be a total of48,451 acres, which will 

be considered for the purposes ofthis opinion. 

Status of the Species 

San Joaquin kit fox 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Year Review published in 2010 

(Service 201 Oa). 

Tipton kangaroo rat 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Year Review published in 2010 

(Service 2010b). 
Mr. David Valenstein 41 

Blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Year Review published in 2010 

(Service 201Oc). 

Central California tiger salamander 

Listing Status: On May 23, 2003, we proposed to list the Central California Distinct Population 

Segment (DPS) ofthe central California tiger salamander as threatened (Service 2003a). At that 

time we also proposed reclassification ofthe Santa Barbara County DPS and Sonoma County 

DPS from endangered to threatened (Service 2003a). In the same notice we also proposed a 

special rule under section 4(d) ofthe Act to exempt take for routine ranching operations for the 

central California DPS and, ifreclassified to threatened, for the Santa Barbara and Sonoma 

County DPSs (Service 2003b). On August 4, 2004, we determined that the central California 

DPS ofthe central California tiger salamander was threatened (Service 2004) and that the Santa 

Barbara and Sonoma County populations were threatened as well, and reclassified the central 

California tiger salamander as threatened throughout its range (Service 2004), removing the 

Santa Barbara and Sonoma County populations as separately listed DPSs (Service 2009a). In the 

2004 final rule, we also finalized the special rule to exempt take for routine ranching operations 

for the central California tiger salamander throughout its range (Service 2004). 

On August 18, 2005, as a result oflitigation ofthe August 4, 2004, final rule on the 

reclassification of the central California tiger salamander DPSs (Center for Biological Diversity 

et at. v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service et al., C 04-04324 WHA (N.D. Cal. 2005), the 

District Court ofNorthern California sustained the portion ofthe 2004 rule pertaining to listing 

the central California tiger salamander as threatened with a special rule, but vacated the portion 

ofthe 2004 rule that re-classified the Santa Barbara and Sonoma DPSs to threatened status 

thereby reinstating their status as endangered. On August 31, 2011, the List ofEndangered and 

Threatened Wildlife in part 17, subchapter B ofChapter I, title 50 ofthe Code ofFederal 

Regulations (CFR) was amended to reflect the vacatures contained in the 2005 court order, 

classifying the Santa Barbara DPS and the Sonoma DPS ofthe central California tiger 

salamander as endangered, and the Central DPS ofthe central California tiger salamander as 

threatened with a special rule to exempt routine ranching operations from take (Service 2005a 

and 2011 a). 

Description: The central California tiger salamander is a large, stocky, terrestrial salamander 

with a broad, rounded snout. Adults may reach a total length of 8.2 inches (Petranka 1998). 

Tiger salamanders exhibit sexual dimorphism; males tend to be larger than females. The 

coloration ofthe central California tiger salamander is white or yellowish markings against black. 

As adults, central California tiger salamanders tend to have the creamy yellow to white spotting 

on the sides with much less on the dorsal surface ofthe animal, whereas other tiger salamander 

species have brighter yellow spotting that is heaviest on the dorsal surface. The larvae have 

yellowish gray bodies, broad fat heads, large feathery external gills, and broad dorsal fins 

extending well up their back and range in length from approximately 0.45 to 0.56 inches (1.14 to 

1.42 centimeters) (Petranka 1998). 
Mr. David Valenstein 42 

Distribution: Historically, the central California tiger salamander inhabited low elevation 

grassland and oak savanna plant communities ofthe Central Valley, and adjacent foothills, and 

the inner coast ranges in California (Jennings and Hayes 1994; Storer 1925; Shaffer et al. 1993). 

The species has been recorded from near sea level to approximately 3,900 feet (1188.7 meters) in 

the coast ranges and to approximately 1,600 feet (487.7 meters) in the Sierra Nevada foothills 

(Shaffer et al. 2004). Along the coast ranges, the species occurred from the Santa Rosa area of 

Sonoma County, south to the vicinity of Buellton in Santa Barbara County. The historic 

distribution in the Central Valley and surrounding foothills included northern Yolo County 

southward to northwestern Kern County and northern Tulare County. 

The central California tiger salamander occupies the Bay Area (central and southern Alameda, 

Santa Clara, western Stanislaus, western Merced, and the majority of San Benito counties), 

Central Valley (Yolo, Sacramento, Solano, eastern Contra Costa, northeastern Alameda, San 

Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced, and northwestern Madera counties), southern San Joaquin Valley 

(portions of Madera, central Fresno, and northern Tulare and Kings Counties), and the Central 

Coast Range (southern Santa Cruz, Monterey, northern San Luis Obispo, and portions of western 

San Benito, Fresno, and Kern counties). 

Status and Natural History: The central California tiger salamander has an obligate biphasic 

life cycle (Shaffer et al. 2004). Although the larvae salamanders develop in the vernal pools and 

ponds in which they were born, they are otherwise terrestrial salamanders and spend most oftheir 

postmetamorphic lives in widely dispersed underground retreats (Shaffer et al. 2004; Trenham et 

al.2001). Subadult and adult central California tiger salamanders spend the dry summer and fall 

months ofthe year in the burrows of small mammals, such as California ground squirrels 

(Spermophilus beecheyi) and Botta's pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae) (Storer 1925; Loredo and 

Van Vuren 1996; Petranka 1998; Trenham 1998a). Because they spend most of their lives 

underground, central California tiger salamanders are rarely encountered, even in areas where 

they are abundant. 

Central California tiger salamanders may also use landscape features such as leaf litter or 

desiccation cracks in the soil for upland refugia. Burrows often harbor camel crickets and other 

invertebrates that provide likely prey for central California tiger salamanders. Underground 

refugia also provide protection from the sun and wind associated with the dry California climate 

that can cause excessive drying of amphibian skin. Although central California tiger salamanders 

are members ofa family of''burrowing'' salamanders, they are not known to create their own 

burrows. This may be due to the hardness of soils in the California ecosystems in which they are 

found. Tiger salamanders typically use the burrows of ground squirrels and gophers (Loredo et 

al. 1996; Trenham 1998a). However, pocket gopher burrows are most often used by Sonoma 

central California tiger salamanders in Sonoma County (D. Cook, pers. comm., 2001). Central 

California tiger salamanders depend on persistent small mammal activity to create, maintain, and 

sustain sufficient underground refugia. Burrows are short lived without continued small mammal 

activity and typically collapse within approximately 18 months (Loredo et al. 1996). 
Mr. David Valenstein 43 

Upland burrows inhabited by central California tiger salamanders have often been referred to as 

"estivation" sites. However, "estivation" implies a state of inactivity, while most evidence 

suggests that central California tiger salamanders remain active in their underground dwellings. 

A recent study has found that central California tiger salamanders move, feed, and remain active 

in their burrows (Van Hattem 2004). Because central California tiger salamanders arrive at 

breeding ponds in good condition and are heavier when entering the pond than when leaving, 

researchers have long inferred that central California tiger salamanders are feeding while 

underground. Recent direct observations have confirmed this (Trenham 2001; van Hattem 

2004). Thus, ''upland habitat" is a more accurate description of the terrestrial areas used by 

central California tiger salamanders. 

Once fall or winter rains begin, the salamanders emerge from the upland sites on rainy nights to 

feed and to migrate to the breeding ponds (Shaffer et al. 1993; Stebbins 1989,2003). Adult 

salamanders mate in the breeding ponds, after which the females lay their eggs in the water 

(Twitty 1941; Shaffer et ai. 1993; Petranka 1998). Historically, the central California tiger 

salamander utilized vernal pools, but the animals also currently breed in livestock stockponds. 

Females attach their eggs singly, or in rare circumstances, in groups oftwo to four, to twigs, 

grass stems, vegetation, or debris (Storer 1925; Twitty 1941). In ponds with no or limited 

vegetation, they may be attached to objects, such as rocks and boards on the bottom (Jennings 

and Hayes 1994). After breeding, adults leave the pool and return to the small mammal burrows 

(Loredo et al. 1996; Trenham 1998a), although they may continue to come out nightly for 

approximately the next two weeks to feed (Shaffer et al. 1993). In drought years, the seasonal 

pools may not form and the adults cannot breed (Barry and Shaffer 1994). 

Central California tiger salamander larvae typically hatch within 10 to 24 days after eggs are laid 

(Storer 1925). The peak: emergence ofthese metamorphs is typically between mid-June to midJuly (Loredo and Van Vuren 1996; Trenham et al. 2000) but in some areas as early as late 

February or early March. The larvae are totally aquatic. The larvae feed on zooplankton, small 

crustaceans, and aquatic insects for about six weeks after hatching, after which they switch to 

larger prey (J. Anderson 1968). Larger larvae have been known to consume the pool tadpoles of 

Pacific treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla), Western spadefoot toads (Spea hammondii), and California 

red-legged frogs (Rana draytonii) 0. Anderson 1968; P. Anderson 1968). Central California 

tiger salamander larvae are among the top aquatic predators in seasonal pool ecosystems. When 

not feeding, they often rest on the bottom in shallow water but are also found throughout the 

water column in deeper water. Young salamanders are wary and typically escape into vegetation 

at the bottom ofthe pool when approached by potential predators (Storer 1925). 

The larval stage ofthe central California tiger salamander usually last three to six months, as 

most seasonal ponds and pools dry up during the summer (Petranka 1998). Amphibian larvae 

must grow to a critical minimum body size before they can metamorphose (change into a 

different physical form) to the terrestrial stage (Wilbur and Collins 1973). Individuals collected 

near Stockton in the Central Valley during April varied from 1.88 to 2.32 inches in length (Storer 

1925). Feaver (1971) found that larvae metamorphosed and left the breeding pools 60 to 94 days 

after the eggs had been laid, with larvae developing faster in smaller, more rapidly drying pools. 

The longer the ponding duration, the larger the larvae and metamorphosed juveniles are able to 
Mr. David Valenstein 44 

grow, and the more likely they are to survive and reproduce (Pechmann et al. 1989; Semlitsch et 

al. 1988; Morey 1998; Trenham 1998b). The larvae will perish if a site dries before 

metamorphosis is complete (p. Anderson 1968; Feaver 1971). Pechmann et al. (1989) found a 

strong positive correlation with ponding duration and total number ofmetamorphosing juveniles 

in five salamander species. In Madera County, Feaver (1971) found that only 11 of 30 pools 

sampled supported larval central California tiger salamanders, and 5 ofthese dried before 

metamorphosis could occur. Therefore, out ofthe original 30 pools, only six (20 percent) 

provided suitable conditions for successful reproduction that year. 

Size at metamorphosis is positively correlated with stored body fat and survival ofjuvenile 

amphibians, and negatively correlated with age at first reproduction (Semlitsch et al. 1988; Scott 

1994; Morey 1998). In the late spring or early summer, before the ponds dry completely, 

metamorphosed juveniles leave them and enter upland habitat. This emigration occurs in both 

wet and dry conditions (Loredo and Van Vuren 1996; Loredo et al. 1996). Unlike during their 

winter migration, the wet conditions that central California tiger salamanders prefer do not 

generally occur during the months when their breeding ponds begin to dry. As a result, juveniles 

may be forced to leave their ponds on rainless nights. Under these conditions, they may move 

only short distances to find temporary upland sites for the dry summer months, waiting until the 

next winter's rains to move further into suitable upland refugia. Once juvenile central California 

tiger salamanders leave their birth ponds for upland refugia, they typically do not return to ponds 

to breed for an average of4 to 5 years. However, they remain active in the uplands, coming to 

the surface during rainfall events to disperse or forage (Trenham and Shaffer, 2005). 

Threats: Documented or potential central California tiger salamanders predators include 

coyotes, raccoons, striped skunks, opossums, egrets, great blue herons, crows, ravens, garter 

snakes, bullfrogs, California red-legged frogs, mosquito fish, and crayfish. 

The central California tiger salamander is imperiled throughout its range due to a variety of 

human activities (Service 2004). Current factors associated with declining central California 

tiger salamander populations include continued habitat loss and degradation due to agriculture 

and urbanization; hybridization with the non-native eastern salamander (Fitzpatrick and Shaffer 

2004; Riley et al. 2003); and predation by introduced species. Central California tiger 

salamander populations are likely threatened by multiple factors but continued habitat 

fragmentation and colonization of non-native salamanders may represent the most significant 

current threats. Habitat isolation and fragmentation within many watersheds have precluded 

dispersal between sub-populations. Other threats include predation and competition from 

introduced exotic species; possible commercial over-utilization; diseases; various chemical 

contaminants; road kill; and certain mosquito and rodent control operations. Currently, these 

various primary and secondary threats are largely not being offset by existing Federal, State, or 

local regulatory mechanisms. The central California tiger salamander is also prone to chance 

environmental or demographic events to which small populations are particularly vulnerable. 

The Bay Area is located within the Central Coast and Livermore vernal pool regions (KeelerWolf et al. 1998). Vernal pools within the Coast Range are more sporadically distributed than 

vernal pools in the Central Valley (Holland 2003). This rate ofloss suggests that vernal pools in 

these counties are disappearing faster than previously reported (Holland 2003). Most ofthe 
Mr. David Valenstein 45 

vernal pools in the Livennore Region in Alameda County have been destroyed or degraded by 

urban development, agriculture, water diversions, poor water quality, and long-tenn overgrazing 

(Keeler-Wolf et al. 1998). During the 1980s and 1990s, vernal pools were lost at a 1.1 percent 

annual rate in Alameda County (Holland 1998). 

Due to the extensive losses ofvernal pool complexes and their limited distribution in the Bay 

Area region, many central California tiger salamander breeding sites consist of artificial water 

bodies. Overall, 89 percent (124) ofthe identified water bodies are stock, farm, or benn ponds 

used by cattle grazing andlor as a temporary water source for small farm irrigation (CDFW 

2011). This places the central California tiger salamander at great risk ofhybridization with nonnative tiger salamanders, especially in Santa Clara and San Benito counties. Without long-tenn 

maintenance, the longevity of artificial breeding habitats is uncertain relative to naturally 

occurring vernal pools that are dependent on the continuation of seasonal weather patterns 

(Shaffer in litt. 2003). 

Shaffer et al. (1993) found that the East Bay counties ofAlameda and Contra Costa supported 

the greatest concentrations of central California tiger salamander. Central California tiger 

salamander populations in the Livennore Valley are severely threatened by the ongoing 

conversion ofgrazing land to subdivisions and vineyards (Stebbins 2003). Central California 

tiger salamanders are under increasing pressure from habitat conversion and urbanization, 

development (i.e. Dublin Ranch, Fallon Village, Fallon Sports Park, Staples Ranch, and Shea 

Center Livennore), and infrastructure, utility and safety improvement projects (i.e. 1-580 

Eastbound HOV, 1-580/1sabel Avenue Interchange, and 1-580/Charro Avenue Interchange). The 

species' low recruitment and high juvenile mortality makes it particularly susceptible to habitat 

loss, fragmentation, urbanization, and construction related harm and mortality. Most ofthe 

central California tiger salamander natural historic habitat (vernal pool grasslands) available in 

this region has been lost due to urbanization and conversion to intensive agriculture (KeelerWolf et al. 1998). Central California tiger salamanders are now primarily restricted to artificial 

breeding ponds, such as bermed ponds or stock ponds, which are typically located at higher 

elevations (CDFW 2011). 

Vernal poolfairy shrimp 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Year Review published in 2007 

(Service 2007b). 

Vernal pool tadpole shrimp 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Y ear Review published in 2007 

(Service 2007c). 

Valley elderberry longhorn beetle 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Year Review published in 2006 

(Service 2006a). 
Mr. David Valenstein 46 

California jewelflower 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Year Review published in 2013 

(Service 2013). 

Hoover's spurge 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Year Review published in 2009 

(Service 2009b). 

Kern Mallow 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Year Review published in 2013 

(Service 2013). 

San Joaquin woolly-threads 

For the most recent status ofthis species please refer to the 5-Year Review published in 2010 

(Service 2010d). 

Environmental Baseline 

Geography, topography, and climate 

The topography ofthe project area is relatively flat, with elevations in the project action area 

ranging from 203 to 430 feet above mean sea level. The elevation gradually decreases from 

approximately 300 feet from Fresno to 200 feet near Allensworth. From the vicinity of 

Allensworth, the elevation rises gradually to Wasco and Shafter, where it plateaus briefly (~350 

feet) and then slightly rises into Bakersfield (~ 430 feet). 

The San Joaquin Valley has an arid to semi-arid climate. Summers are generally hot and dry; the 

majority ofthe rainfall occurs during the mild winter months. Over 80 percent of annual 

precipitation occurs between November and April. Precipitation in the San Joaquin Valley and 

the eastern flanks ofthe interior Coast Range is limited due to the rain shadow effect ofthe Coast 

Range. Generally, annual rainfall amounts decrease from north to south across the valley floor. 

The mean annual precipitation records for the San Joaquin Valley range from nearly 16 inches in 

the north to less than 5 inches in the southern reaches ofthe valley (U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) 1998). 

During the spring and summer, snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada provides the majority ofthe 

water for the San Joaquin Valley. Warm, moisture-laden air masses generated over the Pacific 

Ocean condense and cool as they are pushed upward over the Sierra Nevada, resulting in heavy 

precipitation on the western slopes. The resulting snow pack ranges from 20 to 80 inches as 

elevation increases from the lower foothills to the Sierran crest. 
Mr. David Valenstein 47 

The northern and southern portions ofthe San Joaquin Valley are similar with respect to daily 

temperatures throughout the year. Northern and southern valley temperatures were collected at 

the National Climate Data Center stations in Fresno and Bakersfield. The average daily 

temperature in the project area (as measured in the coolest and hottest months) varies annuallyby 

about 36° degrees Fahrenheit eF) between December (average air temperature of 46°F) and July 

(average air temperature of 83 OF). Temperature extremes in the project action area have been 

recorded as high as 115°F and as low as 18°F (Western Region Climate Center 2010). 

The San Joaquin Valley has a drainage area of approximately 34,100 square miles and is roughly 

divided into a northern San Joaquin River Basin and a southern Tulare Lake Basin. The project 

action area is located entirely within the Tulare Lake Basin. The Tulare Lake Basin is generally 

flat and used extensively for agriculture. The contributing rivers are normally diverted and 

dewatered before reaching the southern San Joaquin Valley floor (U.S. Department of 

Agriculture (USDA) 1982). 

Most ofthe Tulare Lake Basin floor is underlain by several thousand feet of sediments, including 

coarse-grained, water-bearing zones. Groundwater exists under both unconfined and semiconfined conditions. Groundwater levels vary with seasonal rainfall, withdrawal, and recharge. 

Depth to groundwater in the valley ranges from a few inches to more than 100 feet. Recharge of 

the groundwater occurs through percolation of applied irrigation water and leaking water from 

agricultural ditches and through infiltration of stream flow. 

All of the streams and rivers in the project action area have been dredged, culverted, diverted, 

dewatered, or channelized, or have had their active floodplains severely reduced by the 

construction of levees or the development of agricultural lands. Pumping ofgroundwater for 

large agricultural and urban demands has resulted in groundwater subsidence in many areas of 

the southern San Joaquin Valley, especially the western side and southern end. 

Regular flooding is now largely controlled by dams, diversions, levees, and dredging. The 

previous floodplain and riparian habitat have been largely replaced by agriculture or urban 

development (USDA 1982; Vileisis 1997). Evaporation of the historic Tulare, Buena Vista, and 

Kern lakes through water diversions and climate change has resulted in a wide area of salinesodic soils on the southern San Joaquin Valley floor. Currently, this area continues to support 

the majority of wetlands in the project area. 

Alterations to both surface water and groundwater in the region have resulted in a significant 

decline in the historical wetland area. This decline is reflected in the high proportion of drained 

or partially drained hydric soils mapped in the area. Most of the water is diverted into the 

irrigation canals that are found throughout the south San Joaquin Valley. Therefore, most of the 

water present in the project area is found in irrigation canals, water detention basins, 

precipitation-fed wetlands, and vernal pools; water is only occasionally found in river channels. 

The remaining wetlands are primarily unrelated to the historical floodplains or regional aquifers. 
Mr. David Valenstein 48 

Vernal pools and seasonal wetlands within the project action area primarily occur in isolated 

depressions that receive water from precipitation and local surface and shallow subsurface flow 

or sheet flow. Water is retained in these depressions by a shallow perching layer (largely clay 

pans), and this water is unconnected or only partially connected to deeper groundwater layers. 

Land use 

There are an estimated 26,382 to 30,624 acres of agricultural lands within the project action area 

(Table 3). Agricultural croplands are the largest recorded habitat type within the project action 

area. Seven types of agricultural lands are present in the project action area: dry land grain crops, 

irrigated grain crops, irrigated hayfield, irrigated row and field crops, deciduous orchard, 

evergreen orchard, and vineyard. Agricultural lands with undetermined uses identified during 

surveys were generally classified as cropland. Some agricultural lands may support federally 

listed species such as San Joaquin lit fox, Fresno kangaroo rat, Tipton kangaroo rat, California 

tiger salamander, blunt-nosed leopard lizard, and some vernal pool branchiopods, and plant 

species. 

Urban areas include municipalities, industrial, residential, and agricultural structures (e.g., 

feedlots and poultry farms), and adjacent dedicated areas (e.g., yards, roads, highways, parking 

lots, stockpiles). Fresno, Bakersfield, and multiple smaller cities in between, constitute the 

second greatest land use within the project action area (9,626 to 12,012 acres; Table 3). The 

majority ofland in these urban areas is covered by impervious materials and surfaces. Native 

vegetation is absent or highly disturbed within urban areas, where typical vegetation consists of a 

variety of planted trees, such as eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) and mulberry (Morus spp.), and 

other nonnative or ornamental vegetation. 

Annual grasslands are the third most abundant habitat (2,514 to 2,960 acres; Table 3) present 

within the project action area, and are typically characterized by nonnative annual grass species. 

Dominant species include several species ofbrome (Bromus spp.), annual fescues (Vulpia spp.), 

oats (Avena spp.), and barleys (Hordeum spp.). Native species may be present but in lower 

densities, including goldfields (Lasthenia spp.), owl's clover (Castilleja spp.), tarweed (Madia 

spp.), pepperweed (Lepidium spp.), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), fiddleneck (Amsinckia spp.), 

and popcorn flower (Plagiobothrys spp.). On occasion, shrub species, including saltbush 

(Atriplex spp.) may occur. Most annual grasslands in the project action area have experienced 

some level ofdisturbance in the past that was associated with the various agricultural practices, 

such as row cropping, or grazing. Although these grasslands typically have a history of 

disturbance, they continue to provide suitable habitat for a number of federally listed plant and 

wildlife species. Annual grasslands that have experienced lower levels ofdisturbance more often 

contain vernal pool habitat. 
Mr. David Valenstein 49 

Table 3. Acreage of agricultural lands, urban areas, and vegetation communities within the 

project action area. 

Habitat Type by Vegetation Conununity 

(California Wildlife Habitat Relationship System) 

Acre age II. 

Percent Range b 

Mininmm Maximum 

Al!>'·f. 1lfcroplandc 26,382.12 30,624.09 63.2 - 64.9 

Urban 9,626.77 12,012.08 23.7 - 24.8 

Annual grassland 2,514.80 2,960.45 6.1 - 6.2 

Lacustrine 576.08 703.77 1.4 - 1.5 

Pasture 468.81 570.85 1.2 - 1.2 

.AlkaH desert scrub 304.94 563.28 0.8 - 1.2 

Barren 331.53 484.93 0.8 - 1 

Riverine 322.37 368.74 0.8 - 0.8 

Valley fuothill riparian 102.24 132.84 0.3 - 0.3 

Fresh emergent wetland 16.54 22.19 <0.1 - 0.1 

Valley oak: woodland 8.35 8.35 <0.1 

Total 40,654.55 48,451.57 -

a Minirnum and maximumdetennined acreages based on the smallest and largest atrount ofacreage covered by any 

continuous combination ofalternatives. 

b Percent range based on minirnumand maximum values compared with sum ofall minirnum and maximum values. The total 

acres do not match the total size ofthe RSA because they are based on a continuous alignment as opposed to all 

alternatives considered. 

C "AgriculturaVcropland" includes dtyland grain crop, deciduous orchard, evergreen orchard, irrigated grain crop, irrigated 

lrow,mti jiplti eron. irrilzated havfield. ..... and anv other und, • . .1 eronland. 

Lacustrine habitat (576 to 704 acres; Table 3) in the project action area is limited to human-made 

basins used for water storage and groundwater recharge. These basins typically have earthen 

berms, little or no emergent vegetation, and range in size from less than 1,000 square feet to 

hundreds of acres. No natural, permanent lakes occur in the project action area. Some basins 

may be partially bordered by willows (Salix spp.) and other riparian vegetation and support large 

colohies of nesting birds, such as cormorants (Phalacrocorax spp.) and great white egrets. Many 

ofthe smaller basins are surrounded by fences, which limit wildlife access. Although lacustrine 

habitats in the project action area are human-made and controlled, they provide important habitat 

for many wildlife species. The larger detention basins are used by a variety ofwater birds, 

swallows, and several species of duck. 

The 468 to 571 acres of pasture land in the project action area consist primarily of un-irrigated 

fields actively grazed by cattle and horses within private property (Table 3). Generally, these 

areas can be characterized by a mix of annual grasses and other herbaceous species. Pastures may 

provide habitat to support federally listed wildlife species. Federally listed species potentially 

supported by pasture habitats include the San Joaquin kit fox, Fresno kangaroo rat, Tipton 

kangaroo rat, and some vernal pool branchiopods, and plant species. 
Mr. David Valenstein 50 

Approximately 304 to 563 acres of alkali desert scrub occurs within the project action area, 

which is dominated by shrub lands with understory cover ofherbs and forbs and by vernal pools 

(seasonally inundated or saturated areas lacking a shrub layer). Primary plant species present in 

these communities include saltbush, iodine bush (Allenrolfea occidentalis), California joint-fir 

(Ephedra cali/ornica) goldenbush (Isocoma acradenia), and bush seepweed (Suaeda moquinii). 

Typical herbaceous species include alkali heath (Frankenia salina), goldfields, Menzie's 

fiddleneck (Amsinckia menziesii), common tarweed (Hemizonia pungens), and saltgrass. This 

habitat is concentrated in the vicinity of Allensworth in relatively undisturbed areas. Alkali desert 

scrub provides the best example of native habitat for federally listed species in the in the project 

action area, such as the San Joaquin kit fox, the Fresno kangaroo rat, the Tipton kangaroo rat, and 

the blunt-nosed leopard lizard. Vernal pool features within alkali desert scrub may also support 

the California tiger salamander, the vernal pool fairy shrimp, and the vernal pool tadpole shrimp. 

Any area within the project action area with less than 2 percent total vegetation cover and less 

than 10 percent cover by tree or shrub species was characterized as a barren area. These areas 

were characterized as bare earth resulting from industrial activities (e.g., gravel extraction). 

Barren areas may support limited native wildlife or plant species. Approximately 331 to 485 

acres were classified as barren areas within the project action area (Table 3). Brewer's blackbird 

(Euphagus cyanocephalus), killdeer, and western fence lizard may be present in barren areas. 

Federally listed species that may use barren habitat include San Joaquin kit fox, Fresno kangaroo 

rat, Tipton kangaroo rat, and blunt-nosed leopard lizard. 

Riverine habitat in the project action area (-332 to 369 acres) is characterized by open water 

areas in canals and irrigation ditches and open water areas in the flow channel ofrivers (e.g., the 

Kings and Kern rivers) and creeks (e.g., Tule, Cross, and Poso creeks) (Table 3). Due to 

extensive water diversion for agricultural purposes, riverine habitats within the project action 

area do not exhibit natural flow regimes and may be dry throughout a given year. Vegetation is 

either absent or sparse along sandy bottoms due to water-level fluctuations, vehicle disturbance, 

or maintenance activities in an irrigation canal or ditch. Typical vegetation, when present, is 

dominated by weedy species, such as mustards (Brassicaceae), and grasses. 

Valley foothill riparian vegetation occupies about 102 to 133 acres ofriparian corridors and 

associated floodplains or terraces ofthe Kings River, Cross Creek, Tule River, Poso Creek, and 

Kern River and along their associated sloughs and side channels within the project action area 

(Table 3). These riparian areas are characterized by a dominance oftall trees, including Fremont 

cottonwood (Populusfremontii), western sycamore (Platanus racemosa), and valley oak 

(Quercus lobata). Sub canopy trees include white alder (Alnus rhombi/olia) and ash (Fraxinus 

spp.). Understory shrub and herbaceous species typically include California blackberry (Rubus 

ursinus), elderberry (Sambucus spp.), and willows. In the project action area, the transition from 

the riparian corridor to valley foothill riparian vegetation, such as cropland or orchard is 

generally abrupt, resulting in narrow bands of vegetation restricted by the bordering agricultural 

land. Valley foothill riparian habitat provides food, water, migration and dispersal corridors, 

escape, nesting, and thermal cover for an abundance ofwildlife. 
Mr. David Valenstein 51 

Over 16 to 22 acres of fresh emergent wetland is present within the project action area as small 

patches associated with man-made structures, including detention basins, groundwater recharge 

reservoirs, and irrigation and drainage ditches (Table 3). Typical species in these areas include 

willows, rushes, bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), cattails (Typha spp.), and docks (Rumex spp.). A large 

complex offresh emergent wetland exists in the vicinity ofCross Creek. Otherwise, fresh 

emergent wetland habitats outside ofthe Cross Creek area are typically small vegetated areas that 

experience year-round ponding from irrigation water or, less frequently, seasonally during winter 

rain events. 

Approximately 8.35 acres ofValley oak woodland occurs along the floodplain ofthe Kings River 

and associated sloughs and side channels ofthe Hanford West Bypass 1 and 2 Alternatives 

(Table 3). This habitat is characterized by well-spaced stands ofmature valley oak (Quercus 

lobata) with little or no sub-canopy and a well-developed herbaceous layer. Dominant 

herbaceous species include brome, annual fescues, oats, and barleys. Other herbaceous plants, 

including soap root (Chlorogalum pomeridianum), filaree, miner's lettuce, prickly ox-tongue 

(Picris echioides), and spiny sow thistle (Sonchus asper), may be present. In the project action 

area, valley oak woodland may intergrade with valley foothill riparian vegetation or abruptly 

transition to developed areas, such as cropland or orchard. Valley oak woodland provides food, 

cover, nesting sites, and dispersal habitat for a wide variety ofwildlife. Federally listed species 

potentially supported by valley oak woodland habitat include San Joaquin kit fox, Fresno 

kangaroo rat, Tipton kangaroo rat, and central California tiger salamander. 

Noise environment 

The following discussion regarding the baseline noise levels within the project action area is 

based on information acquired through noise level studies presented in the California High-Speed 

Train Project Revised DElRiSupplemental DElS, Fresno to Bakersfield Section (Authority and 

FRA 2012a, pp. 3.4-17 to 3.4-25). Fresno and Bakersfield are the most densely populated cities 

within the proposed FB alignment, with several highways, busy local roads, UPRR, and aircraft 

noise contributing to the noise environment. Highway 99, Highway 180, and Highway 41 are all 

near the proposed HST station site in Fresno. Aircraft noise from three local airports adds to the 

existing noise environment in the Fresno area. 

The area around the proposed station in Fresno is developed primarily with commercial and 

industrial land uses along with some residential land uses. The noise environment in this area is 

dominated by traffic on the local streets, traffic on the freeways that surround the downtown area, 

and noise from train operations along the Union Pacific Railroad mainline. Noise levels were 

measured at the noise-sensitive land uses throughout the area and the measured noise levels 

ranged from 61 dBA along one ofthe quieter streets to 72 dBA near the railroad. These noise 

levels are typical for urban settings dominated by vehicular traffic and railroad operations. The 

alternative alignment will proceed southeast from the Fresno station, pass State Route (SR) 41 

and approach the BNSF rail yard. The sensitive land uses in this area are subject to more 

roadway and railroad noise; the noise levels measured here range from 68 to 75 dBA. A 

residence located adjacent to the existing railroad line experienced a noise level of79 dBA. This 

site was dominated by train noise, with a total of44 trains passing this location in a 24-hour 
Mr. David Valenstein 52 

period. Another residence farther south located approximately 900 feet from the existing railroad 

experienced a noise level of 58 dBA, which was significantly quieter. 

The measured ambient noise levels of agricultural lands located near train operations ranged 

from 64 to 77 dBA. These noise levels are to be expected in areas near freight and passenger 

train operations. Noise levels in rural areas with road traffic ranged from 47 to 77 dBA. The 

median measured noise level for agricultural lands without train operations ranged from 36 to 44 

dBA, which is comparable to the inside of a house during a quiet evening. Noise levels within 

agricultural areas where irregular farming activities may occur ranged from 48 to 77 dBA. 

Noise measurements made along the alignment through the City ofCorcoran ranged from 64 to 

81 dBA. These noise levels are consistent with homes adjacent to commercial and industrial 

sites that are exposed to highway traffic and railroad operations. Around the eastern side of 

Corcoran, noise levels measured at homes away from SR 43 and other major roads ranged from 

48 to 61 dBA. 

The noise levels measured along the Pixley Alignment ranged from 59 to 70 dBA Ldn. These 

noise levels are consistent with expectations for homes along a two-lane highway and an active 

rai11ine. In the vicinity ofAllensworth, the measured noise levels for residential areas near the 

BNSF right-of-way ranged from 62 to 76 dBA. The noise levels measured along the BNSF 

Alternative through the cities ofWasco and Shafter generally ranged from 70 to 79 dBA. 

The land uses within the City of Bakersfield are primarily urban with roadways, freeways, and 

rail lines dominating the noise environment. The noise measurements conducted near the 

alternative alignments and the proposed downtown Bakersfield station alternatives in this area 

ranged from 59 to 70 dBA, which are consistent with an urban environment. 

Surveys 

Parcels within the project footprint that the Authority was granted permission to enter were 

initially surveyed by biologists in 2010, with follow up surveys in 2011 and 2012. The purpose 

ofthe surveys was to determine which habitat types were present and identify potential project 

effects to federally-listed species. In accordance with the Central Valley Biological Resource and 

Wetland Survey Plan (Authority and FRA 2009 and 2011) physical botanical and wildlife habitat 

assessment surveys and jurisdictional wetland delineation were conducted within the project 

footprint. The surveys were conducted within 60 to 120 feet of the HST footprint, depending on 

whether the track profile would be atRgrade or elevated, and also within a 250-foot buffer around 

the project footprint where vernal pool habitat would be affected. Aerial photographic 

interpretation and windshield surveys were also conducted within a 1000Rfoot buffer around the 

project footprint to evaluate project effects to wide ranging wildlife and wildlife movement 

corridors. 
Mr. David Valenstein 53 

In accordance with Service or California Department ofFish and Wildlife species-specific 

protocols, the study area was extended laterally from the project footprint up to 1.24 miles. 

Depending on target species, the extended study area identifies species-specific habitats based on 

aerial photographic interpretation, documented occurrences ofthe species, and field observations 

of federally listed species and their habitats. 

Approximately 38 percent ofthe proposed project alignment has been surveyed to date. In areas 

that were not accessible, biologists conducted, to the extent possible, visual surveys of habitat 

types. Within unsurveyed areas, aerial photography was used to assess habitat types which were 

used to calculate the anticipated range of effects to federally-listed species habitat. The entire 

project alignment will be surveyed prior to construction to detennine the effects ofthe project on 

federally-listed species, as described in further detail in the conservation measures above. 

San Joaquin kitfox 

The entire project action area occurs within the known geographic and historic range ofthe San 

Joaquin kit fox (Grinnell et al. 1937; Service 1998 and 2010; CNDDB 2012). Grinnell et al. 

(1937) identified three subspecies of San Joaquin kit fox based on morphological characteristics: 

Vulpes macrotis mutica, Vulpes macrotis arsipus, and Vulpes macrotis macrotis. Grinnell et al. 

(1937) included Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern counties within the historic range ofthe San 

Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica). 

The San Joaquin kit fox in Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern counties currently exists among 

several core populations: (1) Panoche Valley; (2) Carrizo Plain; (3) Pixley National Wildlife 

Refuge and Allensworth Ecological Reserve; and (4) Bakersfield (Service 2010a; B. Cypher, 

pers. comm., 2012; CNDDB 2012, Wilbert and Maldonado, pers. comm., 2012). Outside of 

these core populations within these counties, smaller populations of San Joaquin kit fox may 

exist among patches of suitable and sub-marginal habitat fragmented by highways, roads, 

urbanization, and compatible-use agricultural lands (Cypher pers. comm., 2012). 

There are 663 occurrences of San Joaquin kit fox documented within Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and 

Kern counties (CNDDB 2013). The majority ofthese documented occurrences cluster within 

areas of natural habitat, such as Lokern, Carrizo Plain, Pixley National Wildlife Refuge, and 

Allensworth Ecological Reserve, and within and around metropolitan Bakersfield (CNDDB 

~013; Cypher pers. comm., 2013). ..jA (: '-1~, -k IN. 1•. 7, 1 :.1 _ 

..-_. .rt:\ .(---'tv_ ro ) '{/10 {,it.~ '{ '~'---} ~[(,J 

Genetic studies can offer tnsigJ:it regarding the genetic status of populations and rates of 

genetically effective migration among populations within a given landscape (Schwartz et al. 

2007). Population genetic studies can also provide valuable infonnation, often unattainable 

through other approaches, for monitoring the baseline and status of species and contribute to 

conservation planning (Schwartz et al. 2007). Recent genetic studies of San Joaquin kit fox 

sampled from Bakersfield, Carrizo Plain, Lokern, Panoche, and Camp Roberts (archived samples 

from this location used) revealed high levels of genetic diversity in every sampling location 

(allelic richness, heterozygosity, and private alleles) (Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). Three unique 

genetic signatures were identified: northern type predominant in Panoche Valley, a western type 
Mr. David Valenstein 54 

common in Camp Roberts, Carrizo Plain, and Lokem, and an eastern type mostly in Bakersfield 

(Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). San Joaquin kit fox samples collected from the Panoche Valley 

were also distinct in that approximately half of that population has a unique mitochondrial DNA 

(mtDNA) haplotype with a 16-basepair (bp) deletion (Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). Previous 

research showed little sequence variation in the control region of the mtDNA, which led the 

researchers to use the length ofthis fragment (determined by number ofbase pairs in the 

amplified sequence) of the mtDNA to indicate that scat samples submitted to their study were 

actually collected from San Joaquin kit foxes. However, the Panoche individuals detected from 

samples collected during 2009 to 2011 were split between the 235 and 251 bp haplotypes 

(Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). Only one individual outside of the Panoche Valley (in the Carrizo 

Plain) has been detected with this haplotype (Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). 

The F-statistic (Fst) is a measure of genetic differentiation that ranges along a continuum of 0 to 

1, with a value of 0 indicating that populations are genetically identical and a value of 1 

indicating that they are 100 percent genetically distinct from each other. The Fst value (Fst = 

0.06,) and estimated number of genetically effective migrants per generation (Nm = 11; estimated 

from the Fst value) between Bakersfield and the other two populations from their study suggests 

that while these populations exhibit genetic distinction from each other, moderate levels of gene 

flow among them do exist (Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). 

This genetic distinction observed among San Joaquin kit fox sampled in Bakersfield and the 

other sites is also supported by previous research on the behavior and ecology of San Joaquin kit 

foxes in the urban habitat (Wilbert pers. comm., 2012; Cypher pers. comm., 2012 and 2013). 

Not only are these San Joaquin kit foxes living in an altered habitat, but they developed 

alternative behaviors, which have allowed them to adapt existence within the city (Wilbert pers. 

comm., 2012; Cypher pers. comm., 2012 and 2013). 

The genetic data suggests that there is little effective current migration between the north group 

(Panoche) and other populations (Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). This is most likely due to the 

decreased population sizes, loss of intervening habitat, and loss of connecting populations 

between the north populations and the other groups sampled (Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). The 

remaining habitat between the western and eastern groups, although fragmented, has allowed for 

reduced but continued migration ofindividuals (Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). The highest 

observed rate ofgene flow exists between the Bakersfield and the Lokem and Carrizo Plain 

populations (Wilbert pers. comm., 2012). 
Mr. David Valenstein 55 

Table 4. Range of potential habitat for Tipton kangaroo rat, California tiger salamander, 

blunt-nosed leopard lizard, vernal pool fairy shrimp, vernal pool tadpole shrimp, valley 

elderberry longhorn beetle, California jewelflower, Hoover's spurge, Kern mallow, and 

San Joaquin woolly-threads. 

Species Habitat Type Impact Type Areas of Effect 

MIN MAX 

Tipton kangaroo rat 

Alkali desert scrub, amrual grassland, 

barren and pasture 

Direct 367.18 453.85 

California tiger salamander 

AQUATIC: Vernal pools/seasonal 

wetlands 

Direct -

UPLAND: alkali desert scrub, armual 

grasslands, pasture surrounding vernal 

pools/seasonal wetlands 

Direct 0.01 5.5 

Blunt-nosed leopard lizard Alkali desert scrub, amrual grassland, 

barren and valley foothill riparian 

Direct 26.57 98.06 

Vemal pool fairy shrimp Vernal pools / seasonal wetlands Direct 2.33 29.77 

Vemal pool tadpole shrimp 

Vernal pools / seasonal wetlands 

delineated within the geographic range of 

the species 

Direct 0.0041 0.0041 

Valley elderberry longhorn 

beetle Ekierbeny shrubs (Sambucus spp.) Direct and 

Indirect 12 shrubs 36 shrubs 

California jewelflower Unsurveyed alkali desert scrub, amrual 

grassland, and pasture in Fresno County 

Direct 0 15 

Hoover's spurge 

Vernal pools / seasonal wetlands in 

Tulare County 

Direct 0 6.35 

Kern mallow 

Unsurveyed alkali desert scrub, amrual 

grassland, and pasture in Tulare and 

Kem Counties 

Direct 0 214.36 

San Joaquin 'OOoUy threads 

Unsurveyed alkali desert scrub, amrual 

grassland, and pasture in Fresno, Kings, 

and Kem Counties 

Direct 0 489.34 

Tipton kangaroo rat 

Over 454 acres ofpotentially suitable habitat, such as alkali desert scrub, annual grassland, 

barren and pasture land, for the Tipton kangaroo rat have been identified within the project action 

area (Table 4). According to the Upland Species Recovery Plan (USFWS 1998a), current 

populations occur in various communities along the 1-99 corridor from Tipton to Pixley, and in 

the Allensworth Ecological Reserve (AER) and Pixley National Wildlife Refuge (PNWR), which 

''provides some ofthe best remaining habitat for Tipk>nkangaroo rat." Tipton kangaroo rat was 

not observed during spring 2010 field surveys on properties where permission to enter was 

granted. Kangaroo rat sign, including active kangaroo rat-sized burrows with freshly excavated 
Mr. David Valenstein 56 

soils, fresh scat, and fresh tracks, were observed within the project action area south ofthe town 

ofAllensworth. Protocol-level surveys for this species have not been conducted within the entire 

project action area because oflimited access to properties where suitable habitat may exist. 

Therefore, the status ofthis species within the project action area is not known at this time. 

Seven occurrences ofTipton kangaroo rat have been documented within the project action area 

(occurrence #'s 9, 21, 24, 28, 29, 32, and 36; CNDDB 2013). A total of41 occurrences ofthis 

species have been reported to the CNDDB within a 10-mile distance ofthe proposed project 

footprint (CNDDB 2013). Nine ofthese occurrences ofTipton kangaroo rat are documented 

within 1 to 2 miles ofthe project action area (occurrence #'s 20,22,23,31,35, 82, 83, 84, and 

86; CNDDB 2013). Two ofthese 9 occurrences, documented in 1929 and 1976, are considered 

extirpated; however, the remaining 7 occurrences are presumed extant (CNDDB 2013). These 7 

extant occurrences were reported from 1985 through 2003, and consist ofobservations of adults, 

including males and females, burrows, and breeding, wintering, and foraging sites (CNDDB 

2013). All occurrences were observed in either alkali scrub or grassland habitat. 

It is reasonably likely that the Tipton kangaroo rat may be present within the project action area 

because suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence ofthis species 

within and around the project action area. 

Central California tiger salamander 

Upland (5.5 acres) habitat for the Central California tiger salamander occurs within the project 

action area (Table 4). There is no vernal pool habitat to support breeding for the Central 

California tiger salamander within the portion ofthe action area where this species is likely to 

occur (Table 4). Protocol-level surveys for this species have not been conducted within the entire 

project action area because oflimited access to properties where suitable habitat may exist. 

Therefore, the status ofthis species within the project action area is not known at this time. 

Four Central California tiger salamander occurrences have been reported to the CNDDB within a 

10-mile radius ofthe project footprint; ofthese, three have been reported within a 5-mile radius 

(CNDDB 2013). Occurrence # 583 includes two records reported together, and is northeast of 

the city ofFresno. Occurrence # 612 is located south ofthe city ofKingsburg and west ofthe city 

ofHanford, between Cole Slough and the Kings River. These historical records (occurrence #'s 

583 and 612; CNDDB 2013) date back to the period between 1879 and 1936 and the occurrences 

are now considered extirpated. The third occurrence, # 522, was reported in 1999, in vernal 

pools associated with Cross Creek, located approximately about 3 miles east of the project action 

area (CNDDB 2013). This occurrence consisted ofCalifornia tiger salamander egg masses 

observed in a complex ofvernal pools surrounded by nonnative annual grasslands (CNDDB 

2013). Designated critical habitat the Central California tiger salamander (Southern San Joaquin 

Region - Unit 5A) occurs within this same area, outside ofthe project action area. 

It is reasonably likely that the Central California tiger salamander may be present within the 

project action area because suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence 

ofthis species within close proximity to the project action area. 
Mr. David Valenstein 57 

Blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

An estimated 98 acres ofpotentially suitable habitat for the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, such as 

alkali desert scrub, annual grassland, barren lands, and valley foothill riparian have been 

identified within the project action area (Table 4). Although this species was not observed 

during the spring 2010 field reconnaissance surveys, extensive small mammal burrows, which 

provide suitable refugia habitat for the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, were observed in the project 

action area in the vicinity ofthe AER. Suitable habitat for the bluntnosed leopard lizard also occurs in the project action area between Deer Creek and Poso Creek, 

where suitable burrows for refugia have been observed. Protocol-level surveys for this species 

have not been conducted within the entire project action area because oflimited access to 

properties where suitable habitat may exist. Therefore, the status ofthis species within the 

project action area is not known at this time. 

Over 50 occurrences ofthe blunt-nosed leopard lizard have been reported within a 10-mile 

distance ofthe project footprint. Seven of these occurrences are located within the project action 

area and presumed to be extant (occurrence #'s 12, 129, 194,203,204,206, and 375; CNDDB 

2013). These occurrences were reported between 1974 and 2005 in alkali desert scrub and 

annual grassland habitats (CDFW 2012). Blunt-nosed leopard lizards have also been reported in 

the AER (CDFW 2012) and in the Deer Creek East Unit of the PNWR (Uptain et al. 1985; 

Service 2005b;). In addition to the sightings at AER, blunt-nosed leopard lizard occurrences 

have been documented in the PNWR, near Poso Creek north ofWasco (Service 1998). 

It is reasonably likely that the blunt-nosed leopard lizard is present within the project action area 

because suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence ofthis species 

within and around the project action area. 

Vernal poolfairy shrimp 

The proposed project falls in the San Joaquin Valley Vernal Pool Region identified in the 

Recovery Planfor Vernal Pool Ecosystems ofCalifornia and Southern Oregon. Vernal pools 

were documented to occur in the project action area, in the vicinity ofthe PNWR and AER 

(Service 2005b). Wetland delineation surveys identified about 133 acres of seasonal wetland and 

vernal pool habitat that could support the vernal pool fairy shrimp (Table 4). During the spring 

2010 field surveys, unidentified fairy shrimp (and seed shrimp, or common ostracods) were 

observed near Allensworth in vernal pools and seasonal wetlands in natural habitats dominated 

by alkali desert scrub and annual grassland. Protocol-level surveys for this species have not been 

conducted within the entire project action area because oflimited access to properties where 

suitable habitat may exist. Therefore, the status ofthis species within the project action area is 

not known at this time. 

Nine vernal pool fairy shrimp occurrences have been reported to the CNDDB within 10 miles of 

the project footprint. The closest documented occurrences are located approximately 0.5 to 1 

mile east of the project action area in seasonal wetlands within the PNWR and are both 

presumed extant (occurrence #'s 112 and 177; CNDDB 2013). In 1993, vernal pool fairy shrimp 
Mr. David Valenstein 58 

were found in vernal pools on the Two Well Unit ofPNWR (Service 2005b), which is located 

approximately 3 miles east ofthe project footprint. The Recovery Plan for Vernal Pool 

Ecosystems ofCalifornia and Southern Oregon also describes the species as occurring in the 

PNWR in Tulare County, and at isolated locations in Kings Counties (Service 2005c). 

It is reasonably likely that the vernal pool fairy shrimp may be present within the project action 

area because suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence ofthis species 

within close proximity to the project action area. 

Vernal pool tadpole shrimp 

Wetland delineation surveys identified about 0.06 acre of seasonal wetland and vernal pool that 

could support this species habitat within the project action area (Table 4). This 0.06 acre of 

vernal pool habitat falls within the southernmost extent of the known range of this species. High 

quality vernal pool habitat for the vernal pool tadpole shrimp has been documented within and 

around the PNWR and AER (USFWS 2005a). Portions ofthe project action area run parallel to 

the boundary ofthese reserves. Vernal pool tadpole shrimp were not observed during the spring 

2010 field surveys for conducted for other vernal pool crustaceans (e.g., ostracods [seed shrimp] 

and fairy shrimp). Protocol-level surveys for this species have not been conducted within the 

entire project action area because of limited access to properties where suitable habitat may exist. 

Therefore, the status of this species within the project action area is not known at this time. 

Five occurrences ofvernal pool tadpole shrimp have been documented in Tulare County, two 

occurrences in Kings County, and three occurrences in Fresno County (CNDDB 2013). These 

occurrences constitute the southernmost extent ofthe vernal pool tadpole shrimp's known range. 

Three vernal pool tadpole shrimp occurrences have been reported within 4 miles east ofthe 

project action area (occurrence #'s 129, 139, and 140; CNDDB 2013). Hundreds ofvernal pool 

tadpole shrimp were observed in vernal pools in a nonnative grassland area west of Cross Creek 

within the closest occurrence (occurrence #139; CNDDB 2013). 

It is reasonably likely that the vernal pool tadpole shrimp may be present within the project 

action area because suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence ofthis 

species within close proximity to the project action area. 

Valley elderberry longhorn beetle 

Surveys conducted in 2010 identified up to 36 elderberry shrubs that could provide habitat for the 

valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Table 4). Additional shrubs are expected to be identified 

during future surveys within unsurveyed lands that contain riparian habitat within and around the 

project action area (Cole Slough, Dutch John Cut, etc.). Two ofthese elderberry shrubs were 

observed north ofLayton, near Monmouth, outside ofthe riparian corridor. Ten shrubs were 

observed along the banks ofthe Kern River. Protocol-level surveys for this species have not 

been conducted within the entire project action area because oflimited access to properties where 

suitable habitat may exist. Therefore, the status ofthis species within the project action area is 

not known at this time. 
Mr. David Valenstein 59 

There are 37 occurrences ofvalley elderberry longhorn beetle documented in Fresno, Kings, 

Tulare and Kern counties, most of which are located east Highway 99. Five ofthese occurrences 

have been documented within a 10-mile distance ofthe project footprint. The closest reported 

occurrence of valley elderberry longhorn beetle is located approximately 4 miles north of 

Bakersfield, where many elderberry shrubs with a few exit holes were observed in a riparian area 

along the banks ofthe Kern River (occurrence # 61; CNDDB 2013). There are two occurrences 

located just north ofthe City ofFresno near the San Joaquin River that are presumed extant 

(occurrence #'s 134 and 135; CNDDB 2013). Many exit holes were observed in 14 of20 

elderberry shrubs for one ofthese occurrences (occurrence # 134; CNDDB 2013). A female 

valley elderberry longhorn beetle and 8 exit holes were observed in along Highway 41 north of 

Lanes Bridge (occurrence # 135; CNDDB 2013). 

It is reasonably likely that the valley elderberry longhorn beetle may be present within the project 

action area because suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence of this 

species within close proximity to the project action area. 

California jewelflower 

There are up to 15 acres ofsuitable habitat for the California jewelflower within the portion of 

the project action area that falls within the known range ofthis species (Table 4). Most of this 

habitat consists of alkali desert scrub, non-native and native annual grasslands, barren lands, and 

pasture. Protocol-level surveys for this species have not been conducted within the entire project 

action area because oflimited access to properties where suitable habitat may exist. Therefore, 

the status ofthis species within the project action area is not known at this time. 

There are 30 occurrences of California jewelflower documented in Fresno, Kings, Tulare and 

Kern counties (CNDDB 2013). Two occurrences are located within the project footprint, but are 

considered extirpated as a result of agricultural conversion (occurrence #'s 17 and 41; CNDDB 

2013). All other CNDDB records of this species within 10 miles ofthe project action area are 

confirmed as extirpated due to agricultural conversion and urban development, except for one, 

which is considered to be possibly extirpated (CNDDB 2013). This occurrence is located about 

3.8 miles from the project action area near Bakersfield, along Caliente Creek, at the foot ofthe 

Tehachapi Grade, in Kern County (occurrence # 39; CNDDB 2013). Suitable habitat for the 

Californiajewelflower remains in the location ofthis occurrence (CNDDB 2013). 

It is reasonably likely that the California jewelflower is present within the project action area 

because suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence of this species 

within and around the project action area. 

Hoover's spurge 

Hoover's spurge occurs within only one county, Tulare County, ofthe four surrounding the 

project action area. This population ofHoover's spurge is located outside of the project area and 

consists of 6 documented occurrences (CNDDB 2013). However, Hoover's spurge may occur 

where suitable habitat is found within the project action area. Collectively, there are about 6.5 
Mr. David Valenstein 60 

acres of potentially suitable habitat, consisting of alkali desert scrub, annual grassland, vernal 

pool and pasture, for Hoover's spurge within the portion ofthe Fresno to Bakersfield alignment 

that occurs in Tulare County (Table 4). Hoover's spurge was not identified during March, April, 

May, or July surveys conducted during 2010 in areas where access was granted. However, 

protocol-level surveys for this species have not been conducted within the entire project action 

area because of limited access to other properties where suitable habitat may exist. Therefore, 

the status ofthis species within the project action area is not known at this time. 

The CNDDB contains no documented occurrences of Hoover's spurge within 10 miles ofthe 

project action area (CDFW 2012). However, historical occurrences of this species in Tulare 

County were recorded east ofthe city of Visalia (USFWS 2005b). 

It is reasonably likely that the Hoover's spurge may be present within the project action area 

because suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence of this species 

within close proximity to the project action area. 

Kern Mallow 

There are 214 acres of suitable habitat for the Kern mallow within the project action area (Table 

4). Most ofthis habitat consists of alkali desert scrub, non-native and native annual grasslands, 

barren lands, and pasture within Tulare and Kern counties. Protocol-level surveys for this 

species have not been conducted within the entire project action area because oflimited access to 

properties where suitable habitat may exist. Therefore, the status ofthis species within the 

project action area is not known at this time. 

One historical occurrence of Kern mallow was reported it within 1 mile ofthe project footprint 

(CNDDB 2013). This occurrence was found in a saline valley grassland community and is 

presumed extant, although it was last observed in 1962. Several occurrences of Kern mallow are 

reported from the Lokern area, between Buttonwillow and McKittrick, and are described as a 

single metapopulation (Service 1998). This area is approximately 30 miles west of the project 

action area. 

During the early season botanical surveys, botanists investigated the previously known 

occurrences for the species; no historically documented Kern mallow populations were found. 

A population ofmallow identified from the Jepson Manual as Eremalche parryi ssp. kernensis, 

was detected near the intersection of SR 155 and SR 43 in Kern County during the botanical 

surveys in May 2010. The species was recorded in a fallow field outside ofthe project action 

area (less than 500 feet away). The dominant cover in the field consisted of foxtail brome and 

pungent tarweed (Hemizonia pungens). The area appeared to have been heavily disturbed in the 

past. 
Mr. David Valenstein 61 

Genetic studies ofSidalcea and Eremalche (Malvaceae) did not identify sufficient genetic 

distinction to fully resolve subspecies distinctions among Eremalche (Baldwin 2005; Andreasen 

2005 and 2012). The species may be in the process ofslowly diverging; and additional studies 

that include samples collected from other areas to further resolve subspecies distinctions are 

necessary to fully resolve subspecies distinctions (Baldwin 2005; Andreasen 2005 and 2012). 

Recent morphological studies have confirmed that the only member ofthe genus Eremalche that 

is gynodioecious is Kern mallow. Therefore, any herbarium specimens ofEremalche with 

pistillate flowers in Tulare County should be identified as Kern mallow. Steven Hill determined 

in 2001 that a specimen collected near Delano in Tulare County, is indeed Kern mallow 

(occurrence #51, located within the project footprint; CNDDB 2013). 

Based on the information provided by the recent genetic and morphological studies of 

Eremalche, the Service currently considers any occurrences with pistillate flowers in Tulare and 

Kern counties to be Kern mallow until further work provides convincing evidence that suggests 

we should reconsider our determinations. 

It is reasonably likely that the Kern mallow is present within the project action area because 

suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence ofthis species within and 

around the project action area. 

San Joaquin woolly-threads 

There are 489 acres of suitable habitat for the San Joaquin woolly-threads within the project 

action area (Table 4). Most ofthis habitat consists of alkali desert scrub, non-native and native 

annual grasslands, barren lands, and pasture within Fresno, Kings, and Kern counties. Protocollevel surveys for this species have not been conducted within the entire project action area 

because oflimited access to properties where suitable habitat may exist. San Joaquin woollythreads were not observed during floristic surveys in the project action area that were conducted 

within Kern County in 2010. Therefore, the status ofthis species within the project action area is 

not known at this time. 

There are 12 documented occurrences of San Joaquin woolly-threads within 10 miles ofthe 

project action area (CDFW 2012). Two ofthese occurrences are in the project action area. Nine 

ofthe 12 recorded occurrences, including the 2 occurrences that fall within the project action 

area, are extirpated or possibly extirpated due to agricultural and urban development (CNDDB 

2013). Occurrence # 19, located about 10 miles southeast ofthe terminal end ofthe Bakersfield 

North and South segments, is presumed extant although no plants were observed at the site 

during 1986 and 1987 surveys ofthe area. Two occurrences near the Kern River, approximately 

6 miles to 7 miles southwest ofthe Rosedale segment, were confirmed in 2009 (CNDDB 2013). 

Several metapopulations of San Joaquin woolly-threads have been identified in the western San 

Joaquin Valley (USFWS 1998a). The nearest ofthese occurrences to the project action area 

include populations near Lost Hills and Bakersfield in Kern County. 
Mr. David Valenstein 62 

It is reasonably likely that the San Joaquin woolly-threads may be present within the project 

action area because suitable habitat is present and CNDDB records indicate the presence ofthis 

species within and around the project action area. 

Effects of the Proposed Action 

The CHST-FB Project will result in temporary and permanent loss ofhabitat for the San Joaquin 

kit fox, the Tipton kangaroo rat, the central California tiger salamander, the blunt-nosed leopard 

lizard, the vernal pool fairy shrimp, the vernal pool tadpole shrimp, the valley elderberry 

longhorn beetle, the Californiajewelflower, the Hoover's spurge, the Kern mallow, and the San 

Joaquin woolly-threads. 

San Joaquin kit fox 

Construction-related effects 

Direct and indirect effects are reasonably likely to occur to the San Joaquin kit fox may within 

the 48,452-acre project action area (Table 3). An estimated 4,700 acres ofsuitable habitat 

(alkali scrub, grassland, pasture, urban, and compatible-use agricultural lands) for the San 

Joaquin kit fox will be permanently lost as a result ofthe CHST-FB Project. However, these 

potentially suitable habitats occur as fragments or patches throughout the relatively narrow, linear 

project action area, primarily within Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern Counties. Approximately 

755 acres ofthe 4,700 acres (- 6 percent) of suitable habitat is considered to be highly suitable 

for use by the San Joaquin kit fox (summed from acres natural habitat summed from Table 5). 

The remaining 3,945 acres consists primarily of compatible-use agricultural lands, and urban area 

inhabited by San Joaquin kit fox in Bakersfield (Table 5). The 755 acres of highly suitable 

habitat that will be permanently lost as a result ofthe CHST-FB Project represents an extremely 

small fraction ofthe remaining highly suitable habitat within Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern 

Counties (Cypher, pers. comm., 2013). 

Habitat loss and alteration may occur through degradation and placement of hardscape over 

suitable denning or foraging habitat. It is reasonably likely that construction activities will result 

in the destruction of dens. Alteration and loss of suitable foraging and denning habitat will result 

in increased vulnerability of San Joaquin kit fox to predation and a reduction in prey availability. 

Injury or death may be manifested by a reduction in carrying capacity, which may result in fewer 

litters, increased pup mortality, reduction ofthe prey base, and a reduction in cover and denning 

habitat for the San Joaquin kit fox (White and Ralls 1993; White et al. 1995). 

The proposed construction activities have the potential to expose San Joaquin kit fox to a range 

of adverse effects. Loud noise, lighting, and vibration caused by construction vehicles, 

equipment, and operation ofthe HST may disrupt normal breeding, feeding, or sheltering 

behaviors of San Joaquin kit fox individuals. Disruption ofnormal behaviors, as described 

above, may result in a likelihood ofinjury or mortality of San Joaquin kit fox. Direct mortality of 

kit fox may occur as a result of collision with construction vehicles or equipment. Displaced 

individuals may more vulnerable to predation. However, the Authority has proposed to 
Mr. David Valenstein 63 

implement conservation measures such as minimizing the total area disturbed by project 

activities, enforcement of speed limits, and properly constructed exclusionary fencing, which will 

reduce the potential for mortality, injury, or harassment ofthe San Joaquin kit fox. 

Preconstruction surveys for San Joaquin kit fox will reduce the potential for injury or mortality as 

well. Therefore, injury or mortality from entrapment, behavioral disruption from noise and 

vibrations, or collision with construction equipment and vehicles is not expected to occur. 
Mr. David Valenstein 
 64 

Table 5. Range of potential habitat for the San Joaquin kit fox. 


CWHR Vegetation Areas of Effect 

Land Prioritization1 eomDInity or Wildlie ln1Jact (Acres)2 

Association Type MIN MAX 

Natural 86.26 154.39 

Annual Grassland Direct 86.12 111.95 

Alkali Desert Scrub Direct 0.07 37.4 

Barren Direct 0 0 

Pasture Direct 0.07 5.04 

Valley Oak Woodland Direct 0 0 

Agriculture 511.36 654.54 

Agriculture/Crop Direct 184.72 196.28 

Southwestern Tulare County Dryland Grain Crop Direct 30.17 35.92 

Satellite Area Deciduous Orchard Direct 228.81 243.09 

Evergreen Orchard Direct 0 0 

Irrigated Grain Crop Direct 10.69 75.75 

Irrigated Rowand Field Crop Direct 0 0 

Irrigated Hayfield Direct 56.97 103.51 

Vineyard Direct 0 0 

Urban/BNSF 0 0 

BNSF Direct 0 0 

Urban development Direct 0 0 

Natural 214.77 218.15 

Annual Grassland Direct 34.67 36.55 

Alkali Desert Scrub Direct 10.13 11.14 

Barren Direct 169.11 169.32 

Pasture Direct 0.86 1.15 

Valley Oak Woodland Direct 0 0 

Agriculture 0 

Agriculture/Crop Direct 0 0 

Metropolitan Bakersfield Satellite Dryland Grain Crop Direct 0 0 

Area (Urban Bakersfield) Deciduous Orchard Direct 0 0 

Evergreen Orchard Direct 0 0 

Irrigated Grain Crop Direct 0 0 

Irrigated Rowand Field Crop Direct 0 0 

Irrigated Hayfield Direct 0 0 

Vineyard Direct 0 0 

Urban/BNSF 249.62 301.56 

BNSF Direct 

1236.12 

13.67 

Urban development Direct 287.89 
Mr. David Valenstein 65 

CWHR Vegetation Areas ofEffect 

Land Prioritizationl Community or \Vlldlife Impact (Acres)2 Type Association MIN MAX 

Natural 0 20.14 

Annual Grassland Direct 0 1.27 

Alkali Desert Scrub Direct 0 a 

Barren Direct 0 18.88 

Pasture Direct 0 0 

Valley Oak Woodland Direct 0 0 

Agriculture 104.69 377.74 

Agriculture/Crop Direct 3.01 96.55 

Dryland Grain Crop Direct 0 a 

LInkage Area 

Deciduous Orchard Direct 88.81 92.49 

Evergreen Orchard Direct a 0 

IrrIgated Grain Crop Direct 7.9 25.8 

Irrigated Rowand Field Crop Direct 0 6.08 

Irrigated Hayfield Direct 4.97 29.83 

Vineyard Direct 0 126.98 

Urban/BNSF 0 0 

BNSF Direct 0 a 

Urban development Direct 0 0 

Natural Ss 

Annual Grassland Direct 111.05 183.14 

Alkali Desert Scrub Direct 2.03 6.73 

Barren Direct 28.58 134.24 

Pasture Direct 22.69 37.77 

Valley Oak Woodland Direct a 0 

Agriculture 1643.94 3262.S3 

Agriculture/Crop Direct 159.49 516.12 

Remainder Areas (Outside of Dryland Grain Crop Direct 34.85 77.8 

Recovery Areas) Deciduous Orchard Direct 1199.27 

Evergreen Orchard Direct 3.42 3.42 

Irrigated Grain Crop Direct 160.47 382.44 

Irrigated Rowand Field Crop Direct 37.62 131.24 

Irrigated Hayfield Direct 242.04 439.15 

Vineyard Direct 272.84 513.41 

Urban/BNSF 0 0 

BNSF Direct a 0 

Urban development Direct 0 0 

1. Land Prioritization categories are based on the Recovety Plan ofthe Upland Speces ofthe San Joaquin 

Vaky, califomia (USFWS 1998) and the San Joaquin kit fox S-Year Review (USFWS 2010). 

2. The MIN-MAX tables presented within the Biological Assessment are not representative of anyone 

alignment. The total acres of the table may exceed the project footprint because the sum of the 

maximum values is calculated across all Dotentlal Droject alianments. 
Mr. David Valenstein 66 

Movement and connectivity 

The number of genetically effective migrants (Nm = 11) estimated from genetic studies 

conducted by Wilbert (pers. comm., 2012) may appear to be small; however, what this value 

represents is a relative number ofgenetically-effective individuals that were able to move among 

the Bakersfield population and the western populations (Lokern and Carrizo Plains) and 

successfully breed over multiple generations. According to Mills et al. (1996) a minimum of one 

and a maximum of 10 migrants per generation would be an appropriate general rule of thumb 

for minimizing the rate ofloss ofgenetic diversity. Therefore, according to the data from 

Wilbert's genetic studies (pers. comm., 2012), these San Joaquin kit fox populations currently fit 

well within the parameters ofthese recommendations. Under a metapopulation model, 

several genetically distinct populations with moderate migration among them is nearly an 

ideal situation for maintaining overall high levels of genetic diversity and minimizing adverse 

effects of demographic stochasticity, which is fundamental to the conservation of any species 

(Allendorf and Luikart 2007; Mills 2007). Therefore, maintaining these current levels of 

connectivity is crucial for the long-term survival and recovery ofthe San Joaquin kit fox. 

The Authority has proposed construction of73 to 98 dedicated wildlife crossings to ensure 

connectivity for the San Joaquin kit fox within areas identified as movement corridors and 

linkages to core recovery areas. Elevated portions ofthe alignment, bridges over riparian 

corridors, road overcrossings and undercrossings, and large drainage structures (e.g., largediameter culverts 60 to 120 inches in diameter and 60 feet long) may also facilitate movement of 

San Joaquin kit foxes. Dedicated wildlife crossings, as proposed in the project description for 

the San Joaquin kit fox will be spaced at approximately O.3-mile intervals within the core, 

linkage, and satellite areas identified in the Recovery Plan for Upland Species ofthe San Joaquin 

Valley, California (Service 1998). 

The spacing and location of dedicated wildlife crossings for the Fresno to Bakersfield Section 

was based on (1) existing land uses; (2) existing and proposed infrastructure not associated with 

the CHST-FB Project; (3) previously identified wildlife movement corridors; (4) consistency 

with the Recovery Plan for Upland Species ofthe San Joaquin Valley, California (Service 1998); 

and (5) comments provided by Cypher (in litt. 2010, 2011, and 2013; and pers. comm., 2012 and 

2013). The highest density of dedicated wildlife crossing structures is proposed for the segment 

of the alignment between Cross Creek in Kings County and Poso Creek in Kern County. Other 

wildlife crossings in areas where adjacent land uses are relatively conducive to wildlife 

movement (e.g., grazing land, grain, orchards, hay, and idle pasture) will be constructed as large 

drainage culverts (60 inches in diameter and 60 feet long; OF = 0.33). Dedicated wildlife 

crossings are not proposed to be constructed within the 5 to 6-mile wide linkage area near Poso 

Creek that intersects with the HST. However, three of the large drainage culverts are proposed 

for the BNSF alternative and a portion ofthe Wasco-Shafter alternative will be constructed as 

elevated track within this area. These proposed culvert structures or portions of elevated track 

may provide opportunity for movement ofSan Joaquin kit fox within this linkage area (Cypher, 

in litt, 2013; and pers. comm., 2013). 
Mr. David Valenstein 67 

Crossing opportunities for the San Joaquin kit fox south ofthe Poso Creek linkage area down 

into urban Bakersfield will consist ofup to 9 road overcrossings within this 18 to 20-mile portion 

ofthe alignment. About 27 to 40 small drainage culverts (30 inches in diameter and 60 feet long) 

are also proposed to be constructed within this portion ofthe alignment. It is unlikely that San 

Joaquin kit fox will use these structures for crossing under the HST because the very small OF 

(0.08) (Cypher in litt. 2010, 2011; Cypher, pers. comm., 2012 and 2013). However, this stretch 

ofthe alignment consists of dense agricultural development and San Joaquin kit fox have not 

been documented to use this area for movement among highly suitable habitats (Cypher in litt. 

2010,2011; Cypher, pers. comm., 2012 and 2013). 

Existing highways, roads, the BNSF rail line, urban development, and incompatible agricultural 

land uses may restrict movement ofindividuals and connectivity among existing San Joaquin kit 

fox populations (Service 2010; Spencer et al. 2010). Greater than 79 percent ofthe CHST-FB 

Project ( -82 miles) will be installed at-grade. Portions of at-grade tracks will occur through 

areas that currently facilitate connectivity. Security fencing will be installed wherever the tracks 

are at-grade. Without the incorporation ofwildlife crossing structures into the project design, 

the installation oflong expanses of at-grade tracks with security fencing could potentially result 

in further loss and fragmentation of habitat and severely limit connectivity among San Joaquin 

kit fox habitats and populations, and preclude recolonization of currently unoccupied historic 

habitat. Therefore, the proposed wildlife crossings are crucial for maintaining connectivity 

among existing San Joaquin kit fox populations within and around the project action area. 

The proposed design for the wildlife crossing is based on studies of use ofhighway 

undercrossings by San Joaquin kit fox, and other medium-sized mammals, such as the swift fox. 

Studies sponsored by the California Department ofTransportation on highway undercrossings 

offered some insight into a minimum OF (as defmed in conservation measure l.a.) for San 

Joaquin kit foxes, but the results ofthese studies were not conclusive (Bremner-Harrison et al. 

2007). In one study, use of crossing structures under four-lane divided highways by San Joaquin 

kit foxes was examined at three study sites: one each along Interstate 5, SR 58, and SR 14. San 

Joaquin kit foxes were confinned to be present at all three sites (Bremner-Harrison et al. 2007). 

A total of45 undercrossing structures were monitored at the three separate sites. OFs ranged 

from 0.001 to 5.70, with most values estimated at the lower end ofthis range. Although San 

Joaquin kit foxes explored the entrances to some ofthese structures, no evidence was found of 

foxes crossing completely through any ofthe structures. However, evidence that San Joaquin kit 

foxes preferred the use ofroad overcrossings at all three study sites was incidentally discovered 

during the study. 

In another study, use of crossing structures by swift foxes (Vulpes velox) was examined along 

four-lane divided highways in Colorado and South Dakota (Clevenger et al. 2010). At the 

Colorado site, 24 structures were monitored. Swift foxes were detected completely crossing 

through several 213-foot long culverts with OFs ranging from 0.12 to 0.45. At the South Dakota 

site, 49 structures were monitored. Swift foxes were detected completely crossing through six 

structures, all ofwhich were round culvert designs with OFs ranging from 0.23 to 0.81. 
Mr. David Valenstein 68 

Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD) guidelines for crossing structures recommend a 

minimum OF of 004 for medium-sized mammals, including foxes (AGFD 2006). The AGFD 

guidelines also recommend spacing wildlife crossings every 500 to 1,000 feet in areas designated 

as movement corridors for medium-sized mammals when the expanse of a road or highway will 

exceed at least one-half mile. An opening of at least 30-square feet (3 feet x 10 feet) was 

recommended for wildlife crossings that will have a length of75 feet (AGFD 2006). 

The proposed design for all wildlife-designated crossing structures for the HST is based on the 

findings ofthe swift fox study by the Clevenger et al. (2010) study and AGFG recommendations, 

and consists ofbox culverts and short-span slab bridges (constructed for tracks to cross over 

hydraulic features), and will be located below the HST tracks. Box culverts will be installed 

where the track elevation is 9.5 feet or greater above the grade ofthe existing ground, and a 

short-span bridge will be installed when tracks are less than 9.5 feet above that grade. The 

proposed crossing structures will provide an opening that is either 3 feet or 6 feet high, 10 feet 

wide, and 73 feet long (OF = 0041 or 0.82, respectively). The invert or bottom of the structure 

opening may extend below the existing grade to accommodate variations in the topography. 

However, all wildlife crossings will have at least 50 percent ofthe vertical clearance above grade 

ofthe approaches to the opening. This will allow San Joaquin kit foxes entering the crossing to 

see through to the opening at the opposite end ofthe structure. 

Other structures that will be constructed for the Fresno to Bakersfield alignment, such as road 

overcrossings, spans, and bridges, may provide opportunities for movement of San Joaquin kit 

fox. The Fresno to Bakersfield alignment will include 172 to 197 road overcrossings to 

accommodate existing two-lane roads that will intersect with the HST. These road overcrossings 

provide opportunities for a variety ofterrestrial wildlife species to cross over the alignment, 

especially on roads with low traffic volume. San Joaquin kit fox have been documented to use 

road overcrossings to gain access across highways (Bremner-Harrison et al. 2007; Cypher in litt. 

2010 and 2011, and Cypher pers. comm., 2012). Therefore, the proposed road overcrossings will 

provide numerous opportunities for movement of San Joaquin kit fox across the HST (Cypher in 

litt. 2010 and 2011, and Cypher pers. comm., 2012). 

Several large bridges and elevated spans that will be constructed across rivers, creeks, and other 

aquatic or land features may also provide opportunities for movement of San Joaquin kit fox 

(Cypher in litt. 2010 and 2011, and Cypherpers. comm., 2012). About 18 to 24 bridge 

structures of various sizes are proposed for construction ofthe CHST-FB Project. In addition, 

approximately 22 to 33 linear miles of elevated track is proposed for the Fresno to Bakersfield 

alignment, which could allow for movement ofSan Joaquin kit fox. 

Exposure to predators and infectious diseases 

The wildlife crossings may be used by other motile species such as coyotes, bobcats, feral cats 

and stray dogs to gain access across the HST tracks. Therefore, it may be likely that San Joaquin 

kit foxes may experience increased encounters with potential predators when using the proposed 

crossing structures. There may be potential for mortality if San Joaquin kit fox encounter 

predators while traveling parallel to the rail line in search of a crossing opportunity. However, 
Mr. David Valenstein 69 

artificial escape structures will be installed within the crossing structures that will provide 

temporary escape. Four sections ofCMP, 20 feet long and 10 inches in diameter, will be 

anchored at equal intervals on the floor of each crossing structure. The openings ofboth ends of 

all CMPs will be narrowed to a 4 to 6 inch diameter. San Joaquin kit foxes may find temporary 

refuge opportunities within the CMPs in the event they encounter a larger predator. The 

Authority has proposed to construct 17 to 24 dedicated wildlife crossings at 0.3-mile intervals, 

which should provide numerous opportunities for San Joaquin kit fox to gain access across the 

HST while minimizing the risk of encountering predators. Therefore, the potential for 

encounters with predators within and around wildlife crossings will be minimized through 

installation ofthe proposed wildlife crossings and artificial denning habitat, and mortality from 

predation is not expected to occur within these structures. 

The installation ofthe proposed wildlife crossing structures and escape dens, as described above, 

will also provide refuge that will allow San Joaquin kit fox to minimize or avoid contact with 

animals carrying transmissible infectious diseases when using the crossing structures. Increased 

interface between rural areas, agricultural lands and urban development may result in higher 

densities ofwild and domestic species that benefit from human activities in these areas (Bradley 

and Altizer 2006). Raccoons, coyotes, skunks, red foxes, gray foxes, feral cats, and stray dogs 

may occur at higher densities than San Joaquin kit fox within and around the project action area 

where an interface between agricultural lands and urban development exists within and around 

the Cities ofFresno and Bakersfield (Cypher et al. 2005; Smith et al. 2006; Service 201Oa). 

These animals, especially raccoons and other small species may use the proposed crossing 

structures. For example, raccoons were detected at highway undercrossings in southern 

California more frequently than any other wild mammal species (Ng et al. 2004). Skunks, cats, 

and dogs were also detected using these undercrossings (Ng et al. 2004). These wild and 

domestic animals may carry transmissible infectious diseases, such as rabies, canine distemper 

virus, sarcoptic mange, and canine parvovirus (Cypher et al. 1998; Burton and Doblar 2004; 

Riley et al. 2004; Cummings et al. 2009). The number of crossing structures proposed and 

spacing intervals will provide sufficient opportunities for movement of San Joaquin kit foxes 

across the HST and minimize the probability of exposure to infected animals. Therefore, it is 

extremely unlikely for San Joaquin kit fox to be exposed to infected animals while using the 

proposed wildlife crossing structures. 

Exposure to increased noise levels 

San Joaquin kit fox currently experience noise disturbance from highway and road traffic. In 

addition to noise generated by highway and road traffic, San Joaquin kit fox that reside in 

metropolitan Bakersfield experience noise disturbance from a wide range ofsources such as 

construction and human disturbance. The operation ofthe CHST-FB may result in additional 

noise disturbance that may temporarily impair behavioral patterns ofthis species and their prey. 

According to the proposed schedule for train operations, northbound and southbound trains will 

travel at least two to three times per hour from 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. However, noise 

disturbance from operation ofthe HST will not occur during nocturnal activities of San Joaquin 

kit fox in areas adjacent to the alignment from 12:00 am through 5:00 a.m. (- 6 hours). ­

The FRA has established noise exposure limits for all wildlife at a sound exposure level (SEL) of 
Mr. David Valenstein 70 

100 dBA from passing trains. Construction equipment, such as bulldozers, may produce noise in 

the range of 85 dBA (Burgland and Lindvall 1995). Assuming no intervening structures and 

maximum speeds of220 mph, the Authority has estimated that 100 dBA SEL will occur within 

100 feet from the trackway centerline for at-grade crossings, and estimated 15 feet from the 

centerline for elevated sections on structures. This noise level is comparable to a helicopter 

operating at the same distance (Service 2006c). The Authority has estimated that the 100 dBA 

SEL will be exceeded consistently throughout all alternatives for an estimated 50 feet outside the 

at-grade crossings on both sides. 

All areas ofthe HST that are at-grade within suitable habitat are expected to experience increased 

noise exposure that may exceed the 100 dBA SEL threshold and potentially elicit a temporary 

startle, avoidance or negative behavior from San Joaquin kit fox and their prey. However, San 

Joaquin kit fox studied in Bakersfield, which appear to have adapted to the urban environment, 

have been observed denning near major roads (Bjurlin et al. 2005). Several San Joaquin kit fox 

were also observed using culverts and other road structures as dens in this same study (Bjurlin et 

al. 2005). Therefore, it is likely that San Joaquin kit fox will become quickly adapted to the 

increased noise disturbance generated by operation ofthe HST. 

Conservation measures for the San Joaquin kit fox 

The Authority has proposed to mitigate for the maximum estimate ofpermanent habitat loss for 

the San Joaquin kit fox. This will be accomplished through the acquisition ofpermitteeresponsible mitigation sites that will be protected in perpetuity through conservation easements. 

These lands will be protected and managed for the conservation ofthe San Joaquin kit fox in 

perpetuity. These protected lands will provide habitat for breeding, feeding, or sheltering 

commensurate with or better than habitat lost as a result ofthe proposed project. As described in 

the CMP, implementation ofthe mitigation proposal will preserve natural habitat for the San 

Joaquin kit fox within core, linkage, and satellite areas identified in the Recovery Plan for 

Upland Species ofthe San Joaquin Valley, California (Service 1998). The proposed permitteeresponsible mitigation sites identified in the 2012 Draft CMP, which support potential foraging 

and dispersal habitat for this species, are located within these core, linkage, and satellite areas. 

Tipton kangaroo rat 

Effocts associated with construction activities 

Mortality, injury, or harassment ofTipton kangaroo rats could occur from being crushed by 

project related equipment or vehicles, or construction debris within the action area during 

construction activities. The collapse of small mammal burrows could expose individuals to 

predation or adverse environmental conditions. Tipton kangaroo rats could fall into trenches, 

pits, or other excavations, and may be directly killed or unable to escape and be subjected to 

desiccation, entombment, or starvation. This disturbance and displacement may increase the 

potential for predation, desiccation, competition for food and shelter, or strike by vehicles on 

roadways. However, implementation of conservation measures proposed specifically for the 

Tipton kangaroo rat, such as minimizing the total area disturbed by project activities, conducting 
Mr. David Valenstein 71 

pre-construction surveys, and inspecting burrows to make sure individuals are not inadvertently 

crushed, providing escape ramps in trenches, and properly constructed exclusionary fencing will 

minimize mortality, injury, or harassment. 

Construction ofthe CHST-FB Project will result in the permanent loss ofup to 454 acres of 

potential habitat for the Tipton kangaroo rat (Table 4). At the time of listing, habitat loss 

associated with agricultural development was identified as the main factor contributing to the 

decline ofthe Tipton kangaroo rat (Service 1988). The Recovery Plan for Upland Species ofthe 

San Joaquin Valley, California also cited habitat loss as the main reason for the decline for the 

Tipton kangaroo rat (Service 1998). In addition, the Tipton kangaroo rat is threatened by further 

habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of infrastructure development (Service 201 Ob). 

Between 1997 and 2010, the total ofpermanent loss ofhabitat was estimated to be about 14,824 

acres (Service 2010b). 

As of2010, the total acreage oflands protected for the Tipton kangaroo rat under compensation 

agreements was estimated to be about 40,700 acres (Service 201Ob). Approximately 37 percent 

ofthese lands occur within and around the project action area. The PNWR (-10,300 acres), 

managed by the Service, has several small patches ofhigh quality habitat (alkaline plains 

sparsely covered with annual grasses and saltbush) that could support Tipton kangaroo rat 

(Service 2010b). The AER (- 4,936 acres), managed by the CDFW, contains high quality 

habitat that could support the Tipton kangaroo rat as well (Service 2010b). The CHST-FB 

Project may intersect with these areas depending on the alternative that is finally selected, which 

would result in loss ofhabitat for this species within these preserves, decreased carrying capacity 

ofhabitat patches, and potentially subdivide existing populations. 

Effocts associated with operation ofthe HST 

In the event that Tipton kangaroo rats are discovered within the project action area during preconstruction surveys or become accidently trapped within the project action area, the Authority 

will immediately contact the Service. The Authority has agreed to prepare and implement a 

Service-approved small mammal trapping and relocation plan in general accordance with the 

survey protocols in the California Valley Solar Ranch Project: Plan for Relocation ofGiant 

Kangaroo Rats. Tipton kangaroo rats may become disorientated after translocation, which can 

result in drastically increased vulnerability to mortality as a result ofpredation and competition 

with cohorts for resources (Germano 2010). However, implementation of Service-approved 

relocation plan will minimize effects of disorientation and the risk ofmortality from 

translocation. In addition, translocation ofTipton kangaroo rats under a Service-approved 

relocation plan would minimize the risk ofmortality as a result of construction activities and 

assist in expanding existing populations into unoccupied habitat. 
Mr. David Valenstein 72 

Exposure to increased noise levels 

The operation ofthe Fresno to Bakersfield Section may result in additional noise disturbance that 

may temporarily impair behavioral patterns ofthis species. According to the proposed schedule 

for train operations, northbound and southbound trains will travel at least two to three times per 

hour from 5:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m .. However, noise disturbance from operation ofthe HST will 

not occur during nocturnal activities ofFresno and Tipton kangaroo rats in areas adjacent to the 

alignment from 12:00 am through 5:00 a.m. (- 5 hours). 

The FRA has established noise exposure limits for all wildlife at a sound exposure level (SEL) of 

100 dBA from passing trains. Construction equipment, such as bulldozers, may produce noise in 

the range of 85 dBA (Burgi and and Lindvall 1995). Assuming no intervening structures and 

maximum speeds of220 mph, the Authority has estimated that 100 dBA SEL will occur within 

100 feet from the trackway centerline for at-grade crossings, and estimated 15 feet from the 

centerline for elevated sections on structures. This noise level is comparable to a helicopter 

operating at the same distance (Service 2006c). According to the Authority, it is expected that 

the 100 dBA SEL will be exceeded consistently throughout all alternatives for an estimated 50 

feet outside the at-grade crossings on both sides. 

Non-auditory communication is important for many mammalian species. Some mammals use 

vibration by drumming feet, teeth or heads or stamping feet to denote territorial advertisement, 

agonistic interactions, co-coordinate mating interactions, sub-ordinance and unwillingness to 

interact, and alert their cohorts to potential danger (Randall and Lewis 1997; Randall 1997; 

Randall, 2001.) Dipodomys species, such as the Tipton kangaroo rat, are known to use 

footdrumming as a means of communication and attracting mates (Randall and Lewis 1997; 

Randall 1997; Randall 2001). These species are also known to have highly-developed auditory 

senses capable ofdetecting low-frequency sound. The temporal bone ofthe kangaroo rat, which 

is characterized by an enlarged middle ear known as the auditory bulla, is commonly believed to 

be responsible for the improved low-frequency sensitivity (Shaffer and Long 2004). The Tipton 

kangaroo rat species are known to have enlarged auditory bulla relative to their small size. 

Conservation measures for the Tipton kangaroo rat 

Implementation ofthe proposed conservation measures will significantly reduce adverse effects 

to Tipton kangaroo rats during project construction, maintenance, and operational activities. 

However, some mortality ofTipton kangaroo rats may still occur because they may be difficult 

for operators ofmaintenance equipment and vehicles to observe. The CHST-FB Project will 

result in the permanent loss ofup to 454 acres ofhabitat for the Tipton kangaroo rat (Table 4). 

The Authority has proposed to mitigate for the maximum estimated permanent habitat loss 

though the acquisition ofpermittee-responsible mitigation sites within Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and 

Kern counties that will be protected in perpetuity through conservation easements. These lands 

will be protected and managed for the conservation ofthe Tipton kangaroo rat and provide 

habitat for breeding, feeding, or sheltering commensurate with or better than habitat lost as a 

result ofthe proposed project. Several permittee-responsible mitigation sites identified in the 

2012 Draft CMP support habitat with documented occurrences ofthis species are proposed. 
Mr. David Valenstein 73 

Central California tiger salamander 

Effects associated with construction activities 

Mortality, injury, or harassment of central California tiger salamanders may occur from being 

crushed by project related equipment or vehicles, or construction debris within the action area 

during construction activities. These small, cryptic animals are at risk from being crushed by 

project related equipment or vehicles, or construction debris within the action area. The collapse 

of small mammal burrows could expose individuals to predation or adverse environmental 

conditions. Central California tiger salamanders could fall into trenches, pits, or other 

excavations, and may be directly killed or unable to escape and be subjected to desiccation, 

entombment, or starvation. Disturbance from construction activities may increase the potential 

for predation, desiccation, competition for food and shelter, or strike by vehicles on roadways. 

However, implementation of conservation measures proposed specifically for the central 

California tiger salamander, such as minimizing the total area disturbed by project activities, 

conducting pre-construction surveys, and inspecting burrows to make sure individuals are not 

inadvertently crushed, providing escape ramps in trenches, and properly constructed exclusionary 

fencing will minimize mortality, injury, or harassment. Approximately 5.5 acres of upland 

habitat for the central California tiger salamander will be permanently lost as a result of 

construction of the CHST-FB Project. 

In the event that central California tiger salamanders are discovered during pre-construction 

surveys or become accidently trapped within the project action area, the Authority will 

immediately contact the Service. Capture and relocation of central California tiger salamanders 

is not currently proposed or authorized as a conservation measure for this project. 

Conservation measures for the central California tiger salamander 

Implementation ofthe proposed conservation measures will significantly reduce adverse effects 

to Central California tiger salamanders during project construction, maintenance, and operational 

activities. However, some mortality of central California tiger salamanders may still occur 

because they may be difficult for operators of maintenance equipment and vehicles to observe. 

The CHST-FB Project will result in the permanent loss of up to 5.5 acres of upland habitat for 

the central California tiger salamander (Table 4). The Authority has proposed to mitigate for the 

maximum estimated permanent habitat loss the acquisition of permittee-responsible mitigation 

sites within Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern counties that will be protected in perpetuity through 

conservation easements. These lands will be protected and managed for the conservation of the 

central California tiger salamander and provide habitat for breeding, feeding, or sheltering 

commensurate with or better than habitat lost as a result of the proposed project. The proposed 

permittee-responsible mitigation sites identified in the 2012 Draft CMP support suitable breeding 

and aestivation habitat with documented occurrences ofthis species in all of its life stages. 
Mr. David Valenstein 74 

Blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

Effects associated with construction activities 

Mortality, injury, or harassment ofblunt-nosed leopard lizards may occur from being crushed by 

project related equipment or vehicles, or construction debris within the action area during 

construction activities. These small animals are at risk from being crushed by project related 

equipment or vehicles, or construction debris within the action area. The collapse of small 

mammal burrows could expose individuals to predation or adverse environmental conditions. 

Blunt-nosed leopard lizards could fall into trenches, pits, or other excavations, and may be 

directly killed or unable to escape and be subjected to desiccation, entombment, or starvation. 

Disturbance and displacement may increase the potential for predation, desiccation, competition 

for food and shelter, or strike by vehicles on roadways. However, implementation of 

conservation measures proposed specifically for the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, such as 

minimizing the total area disturbed by project activities, conducting pre-construction surveys, 

daily clearance surveys, and inspecting burrows to make sure individuals are not inadvertently 

crushed, providing escape ramps in trenches, and properly constructed exclusionary fencing will 

minimize mortality, injury, or harassment. 

Access to suitable upland dispersal and refugia habitat such as alkali scrub habitat, grasslands, 

alfalfa fields, and pastures will become restricted or permanently lost due to permanent structures 

associated with the CHST-FB Project. Movement ofblunt-nosed leopard lizards within the 

project action may be altered as a result ofthese effects. 

Conservation measures for the blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

Implementation ofthe proposed conservation measures will significantly reduce adverse effects 

to blunt-nosed leopard lizards during project construction, maintenance, and operational 

activities. However, some mortality ofblunt-nosed leopard lizards may still occur because they 

may be difficult for operators ofmaintenance equipment and vehicles to observe. The CHST -FB 

Project will result in the permanent loss ofup to 98 acres of suitable habitat for the blunt-nosed 

leopard lizards (Table 4). The Authority has proposed to mitigate for the maximum estimated 

permanent habitat loss the acquisition ofpermittee-responsible mitigation sites within Fresno, 

Tulare, Kings, and Kern counties that will be protected in perpetuity through conservation 

easements. These lands will be protected and managed for the conservation ofthe blunt-nosed 

leopard lizard and provide habitat for breeding, feeding, or sheltering commensurate with or 

better than habitat lost as a result ofthe proposed project. Several permittee-responsible 

mitigation sites identified in the 2012 Draft CMP support habitat with documented occurrences 

ofthis species are proposed. 
Mr. David Valenstein 75 

Vernal pool habitatfor vernal poolfairy shrimp, vernal pool tadpole shrimp, and Hoover's 

spurge 

For the purposes ofthe impact assessment for vernal pool habitat, the AuthOri~ has considered 

that permanent effects will occur as a result of excavation or fill to vernal pool habitat within the 

footprint ofthe HST, and any vernal pool habitat within 250 feet ofthe footprint. Adverse 

effects from HST construction and operation activities will be caused by erosion, soil 

compaction, increased siltation/sedimentation, fractures in the hardpan soils, destruction of 

native vegetation, and significant alteration ofhydrology for vernal pools or seasonal wetlands 

that provide habitat for vernal pool species. The hydrology ofvernal pools may be altered from 

the loss of a watershed, up-slope destruction ofthe water restricting layer, and changes in surface 

topography. Published scientific works conducted in vernal pool landscapes have proven that 

vernal pools depend not just on rain falling into the pool basin and water flowing overland, but 

also water flowing below the soil surface (Rains et al. 2006; Rains et al. 2008; Williamson et al. 

2005). The proposed project may result in up-slope and or down-slope destruction ofthe water 

restricting soil layers and changes in surface topography. When functioning properly, this 

perched groundwater system flows from the upland landscape to vernal pools and stabilizes 

vernal pool water levels, causing them to be inundated over larger areas for longer period oftime 

than will be the case ifthey were recharged only by precipitation (Rains et al. 2006). This 

subsurface flow occurs on top ofthe claypan or hardpan that equipment has been perforated or 

excavated. Excavation of areas with higher elevation inter-mound areas or hardpan perforation 

in lower areas effectively serves to drain this water from the soil before it enters the vernal pools. 

Therefore, alteration ofthe hydrology of vernal pool habitat for the vernal pool fairy shrimp and 

the vernal pool tadpole shrimp, and the Hoover's spurge are reasonably likely to occur as a result 

ofthe proposed project. 

Further effects to vernal pool habitat include the introduction or further spread of invasive plant 

species that could potentially affect pool hydrology, and long-term degradation ofboth vernal 

pool and upland plant communities. It may be difficult to limit the spread of existing non-native 

plant species within vernal pool habitat during construction activities. Some invasive species 

may inadvertently be introduced through seeds carried on workers clothing and shoe wear. 

However, the introduction of plant species into vernal pool and wetland habitat by construction 

equipment and vehicles will be limited, to the maximum extent feasible, through implementation 

of the WCP. All disturbed areas of upland habitat will be restored and revegetated with native 

plants and seeds following construction under the guidance ofthe RRP. Construction vehicles 

and equipment will be mostly limited to existing roads and other developed areas within the 

project action area. 

The implementation ofBMPs and the SWWPP will avoid adverse effects from fuel or chemical 

spills, sedimentation, and runoff from construction areas into vernal pool and wetland habitat for 

the vernal pool species. Therefore, adverse effects to vernal pool habitat from spills, 

sedimentation, and runoff are not expected to occur. 
Mr. David Valenstein 76 

Vernal poolfairy shrimp and vernal pool tadpole shrimp 

Vernal pool habitat occurs within the project action area that may be suitable for vernal pool fairy 

shrimp and vernal pool tadpole shrimp. The Service anticipates that direct and indirect effects to 

these species will occur in areas where vernal pool habitat is identified within the project action 

area. Effects to each ofthese listed branchiopod species was calculated by summing the acreage 

ofpotentially suitable vernal pool habitats within the project action area, and linking these 

habitats to CNDDB records for each species within specific USGS 7.S-minute quadrangles as 

they occur within the Fresno to Bakersfield Section ofthe RST. The construction and operation 

ofthe Fresno to Bakersfield Section may result in direct effects on populations ofvernal pool 

fairy shrimp and vernal pool tadpole shrimp through degradation or loss ofseasonally inundated 

depressions such as vernal pools that support the reproductive cycle ofthese species. Direct 

adverse effects, such as harm or mortality from heavy equipment, may also occur during 

construction ofthe CRST-FB Project. Construction ofthe CRST-FB Project may result in 

disruption ofupland areas surrounding vernal pool branchiopod habitat that will alter water 

retention and flow within the landscape and influence the timing and intensity ofinundation 

necessary to support the life cycle ofthese species. 

Conservation measures for the vernal poolfairy shrimp and the vernal pool tadpole shrimp 

Implementation ofthe proposed conservation measures, such as pre-construction surveys, 

installation of exclusion fencing around vernal pool habitat, and use of erosion control materials, 

will reduce adverse effects to the vernal pool fairy shrimp and the vernal pool tadpole shrimp 

during project construction, maintenance, and operations. It is expected that all vernal pool and 

wetland habitat for the vernal pool fairy shrimp and the vernal pool tadpole shrimp within the 

alignment foot print and 250 feet ofthe footprint will be permanently lost as a result ofthe direct 

and indirect effects that will occur from construction ofthe RST. Up to 29.77 acres ofsuitable 

vernal pool habitat for the vernal pool fairy shrimp and .004 acre for the vernal pool tadpole 

shrimp may be permanently lost as a result ofthe proposed CRST-FB Project (Table 4). The 

Authority has proposed to mitigate for the direct effects to habitat for the vernal pool fairy shrimp 

and the vernal pool tadpole shrimp through acquisition ofpermittee-responsible mitigation sites 

within Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern counties that will be protected in perpetuity through 

conservation easements and/or through purchase of credits at a Service-approved conservation 

banks. These lands will be protected and managed for the conservation ofthe vernal pool fairy 

shrimp and the vernal pool tadpole shrimp and provide habitat for breeding, feeding, or 

sheltering commensurate with or better than habitat lost as a result ofthe proposed project. 

Valley elderberry longhorn beetle 

Approximately 132 acres ofsuitable riparian habitat that could support elderberry shrubs and the 

valley elderberry longhorn beetle will be permanently affected as a result ofthe CRST-FB 

Project (Table 4). At least 36 elderberry shrubs have been identified within the project footprint 

that may be lost and could be subject to Service transplantation guidelines (Table 4). Other 

elderberry stands that may be identified within the project action area may be subject to removal 

or damage during construction activities. Surveys for the valley elderberry longhorn beetle and 
Mr. David Valenstein 77 

suitable habitat for this species have not been completed throughout most of the project action 

area because oflimited access. Elderberry shrubs within the construction footprint will be 

permanently lost as a result ofthe CRST-FB Project. 

Negative effects to elderberry shrubs may directly affect the survival ofvalley elderberry 

longhorn beetle because they are host-specific to this plant species. Valley elderberry longhorn 

beetle populations may be temporarily affected, both directly and indirectly, by construction, 

maintenance, and operational activities within the project action area. Construction, 

maintenance, and operational activities may result in direct effects on valley elderberry longhorn 

beetle through the removal or partial destruction of elderberry shrubs within the project action 

area. Valley elderberry longhorn beetle mortality may occur from collisions or crushing by 

vehicles, equipment, human destruction or disturbance ofoccupied elderberry shrubs, or 

destruction ofnative riparian habitat. 

Conservation measures for the valley elderberry .longhorn beetle 

hnplementation ofthe proposed conservation measures will significantly reduce adverse effects 

to the valley elderberry longhorn beetle during project construction, maintenance, and operations. 

The Authority will follow compensatory mitigation measures provided within the Conservation 

Guidelines for the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (Table 5) (Service 1999a). The Authority 

has proposed to implement compensatory mitigation for this species at several permitteeresponsible mitigation sites identified in the 2012 Draft CMP. These sites, located within 

Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern counties, will be acquired, protected in perpetuity through 

conservation easements, protected and managed for the conservation ofvalley elderberry 

longhorn beetle, and provide habitat for breeding, feeding, or sheltering commensurate with or 

better than habitat lost as a result ofthe proposed project. hnplementation ofthese mitigation 

measures and proposed revegetation of disturbed areas will enhance and protect habitat that will 

support the survival and recovery of the valley elderberry longhorn beetle. 
Mr. David Valenstein 78 

Table S. Summary ofproposed compensation for permenant effects to suitable habitat for the Valley 

elderberry longhorn beetle,a 

Stem Size Class (maximum 

diameter at ground level, in inches) 

Exit Holes on 

Shrub b 

Elderberry Seedling/ 

Cutting Ratio C 

Associated Native 

Plant Ratio d 

Riparian Habitat 

Stems 1 to 3 Yes 1:01 1:01 

No 2:01 2:01 

Stems 3 to 5 Yes 2:01 1:01 

No 4:01 2:01 

Stems> 5 Yes 3:01 1:01 

No 6:01 2:01 

NonMRiparian Habitat 

Stems 1to 3 Yes 2:01 1:01 

No 4:01 2:01 

Stems 3 to 5 Yes 3:01 1:01 

No 6:01 2:01 

Stems> 5 Yes 4:01 1:01 

No 8:01 2:01 

•Compensation was determmed followmg the gwdelmes m the Conservation Guidelines for the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (Service 

1999a). 


b All stems measuring at least 1 inch in diameter at ground level on a single shrub are considered occupied Vlhen exit holes are present 


anywhere on the shrub. 


C Ratios in the Elderberry Seedling Ratio colwnn correspond to the nwnber of cuttings or seedlings to be planted per elderberry stem (at least 

1 inch in diameter at ground level) affected by the proposed project. 

d Ratios in the Associated Native Plant Ratio column correspond to the number of associated native species to be planted per elderberry 

(seedling or cutting) planted 

California jewelflower, Hoover's spurge, Kern mallow, and San Joaquin woollYMthreads 

Direct and indirect effects to Califomiajewelflower, Hoover's spurge, Kern mallow, and San 

Joaquin woolly-threads will be presumed where suitable habitat occurs within the project action 

area. Effects to each ofthese listed plant species was calculated by summing the acreage of 

potentially suitable habitats within the project action area, and linking these habitats to CNDDB 

records for each plant species within specific USGS 7.5-minute quadrangles as they occur within 

the Fresno to Bakersfield Section ofthe HST. The proposed project will result in the pennanent 

loss ofpotential habitat for Califomiajewelflower (15 acres), Hoover's spurge (6.35 acres), Kern 

mallow (214 acres), and San Joaquin woollYMthreads (489 acres) (Table 4). 

Effects associated with operation and maintenance activities 

In some areas, where the track is at-grade and drainage swales will be constructed, suitable 

habitat for Califomiajewelflower, Hoover's spurge, Kern mallow, and San Joaquin woollYM 

threads may occur within swales and portions ofthe right-of-ways, which may become 

recolonized by these species. Ifoperation and maintenance activities occur where any ofthese 
Mr. David Valenstein 79 

species have recolonized, or immediately adjacent to the right-of-way, indirect effects may occur 

where ground disturbing, clearing, or grubbing are necessary, negative effects similar to those 

described for construction activities may occur during maintenance activities. However, 

Californiajewelflower, Hoover's spurge, Kern mallow, and San Joaquin woolly-threads, and 

other native vegetation, will be allowed to reestablish after construction in some areas (primarily 

associated with temporary construction easements), from the natural soil seed bank. 

Conservation measures for California jewelflower, Hoover's spurge, Kern mallow, and San 

Joaquin woolly-threads 

Implementation ofthe proposed conservation measure, such as pre-construction surveys, 

installation of exclusion fencing around vernal pool habitat, and use of erosion control materials, 

will reduce adverse effects to Californiajewelflower, Hoover's spurge, Kern mallow, and San 

Joaquin woolly-threads during project construction, maintenance, and operations. It is expected 

that all suitable habitat quantified in Table 4 for the Californiajewelflower, Hoover's spurge, 

Kern mallow, and San Joaquin woolly-threads within the alignment footprint (and 250 feet ofthe 

footprint for vernal pool habitat for the Hoover' s spurge) will be pennanently lost as a result of 

the direct and indirect effects that will occur from construction ofthe HST. 

The Authority has proposed to mitigate for the maximum estimated permanent habitat loss for 

each ofthese species through acquisition ofpennit tee-responsible mitigation sites within Fresno, 

Kings, Tulare, and Kern counties that will be protected in perpetuity through conservation 

easements, and/or through purchase of credits at a Service-approved conservation bank. These 

lands will be protected and managed for the conservation ofthe California jewelflower, Hoover's 

spurge, Kern mallow, and San Joaquin woolly-threads and provide habitat for these species 

commensurate with or better than habitat lost as a result ofthe proposed project. 

The proposed permittee-responsible mitigation sites identified in the 2012 Draft CMP will be 

located within core areas identified in the Recovery plan for upland species ofthe San Joaquin 

Valley, California and the Recovery Planfor Vernal Pool Ecosystems ofCalifornia and Southern 

Oregon (Service 1998 and 2005). The protection ofboth occupied and suitable habitat within 

these core areas is identified as important criteria for the deli sting and/or recovery ofthese 

species. Implementing the mitigation proposal described in the 2012 Draft CMP would preserve 

and restore suitable habitat in the same recovery area affected by constructing and operating the 

CHST-FB Project. 

Cumulative Effects 

Cumulative effects include the effects of future State, Tribal, local or private actions that are 

reasonably certain to occur in the action area considered in this biological opinion. Future 

Federal actions that are unrelated to the proposed action are not considered in this section 

because they require separate consultation pursuant to section 7 ofthe Act. 

While we are not aware of any specific non-federal actions that are reasonably likely to occur in 

the 48,452-acre project action area, we believe it is reasonable to assume that land use changes 
Mr. David Valenstein 80 

will continue within the project action area that will be more detrimental than beneficial to 

habitat for the Federally listed species considered in this biological opinion. The Service does not 

have specific infonnation regarding future non-federal actions within the project action area. 

However, increased agriculture, urbanization, and human development is reasonably likely to 

result in increased loss of habitat and a reduction in available food resources to support these 

species. 

Conclusion 

San Joaquin kit fox 

Even with the implementation ofthe proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood oftake of San Joaquin kit fox from the proposed project. However, 

after reviewing the current status ofthe San Joaquin kit fox, the environmental baseline for the 

action area, the effects ofthe proposed project, and the cumulative effects, it is the Service's 

biological opinion that the CHST -FB Project, as proposed, is not likely to jeopardize the 

continued existence ofthis listed species. Based on the proposed project design and all ofthe 

conservation measures, the amount ofincidental take anticipated is small relative to the 

rangewide condition ofthe species. The project, as proposed, is not likely to restrict or preclude 

movement among San Joaquin kit fox populations. The protection ofhabitats within the 

pennittee-responsible mitigation sites as identified in the 2012 Draft CMP will minimize the 

effect on the San Joaquin kit fox from incidental take resulting from pennanent habitat loss. 

Pennanent protection ofthese lands through conservation easements will provide beneficial 

effects for this species and contribute to its survival and recovery. 

Tipton kangaroo rat 

Even with the implementation ofthe proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood oftake ofTipton kangaroo rat from the proposed project. However, 

after reviewing the current status ofthe Tipton kangaroo rat, the environmental baseline for the 

action area, the effects ofthe proposed project, and the cumulative effects, it is the Service's 

biological opinion that the CHST-FB Project, as proposed, is not likely to jeopardize the 

continued existence ofthis listed species. Based on the proposed project design and all ofthe 

conservation measures, the amount ofincidental take anticipated is small relative to the 

rangewide condition ofthe species. The protection ofhabitats within the permittee-responsible 

mitigation sites as identified in the 2012 Draft CMP will minimize the effect on the Tipton 

kangaroo rat from incidental take resulting from pennanent habitat loss. Permanent protection of 

these lands through conservation easements will provide beneficial effects for this species and 

contribute to its survival and recovery. 

Central California tiger salamander 

Even with the implementation ofthe proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood oftake of central California tiger salamander from the proposed project. 

However, after reviewing the current status ofthe central California tiger salamander, the 
Mr. David Valenstein 81 

environmental baseline for the action area, the effects ofthe proposed project, and the cumulative 

effects, it is the Service's biological opinion that the CHST -FB Project, as proposed, is not likely 

to jeopardize the continued existence of this listed species. Based on the proposed project design 

and all of the conservation measures, the amount ofincidental take anticipated is small relative to 

the rangewide condition ofthe species. The protection ofhabitats within the permitteeresponsible mitigation sites as identified in the 2012 Draft CMP will minimize the effect on the 

central California tiger salamander from incidental take resulting from permanent habitat loss. 

Permanent protection ofthese lands through conservation easements will provide beneficial 

effects for this species and contribute to its survival and recovery. 

Blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

Even with the implementation ofthe proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood oftake ofblunt-nosed leopard lizard from the proposed project. 

However, after reviewing the current status ofthe blunt-nosed leopard lizard, the environmental 

baseline for the action area, the effects ofthe proposed project, and the cumulative effects, it is 

the Service's biological opinion that the CHST -FB Project, as proposed, is not likely to 

jeopardize the continued existence ofthis listed species. Based on the proposed project design 

and all of the conservation measures, the amount of incidental take anticipated is small relative to 

the rangewide condition of the species. The protection of habitats within the permitteeresponsible mitigation sites as identified in the 2012 Draft CMP will minimize the effect on the 

blunt-nosed leopard lizard from incidental take resulting from permanent habitat loss. Permanent 

protection ofthese lands through conservation easements will provide beneficial effects for this 

species and contribute to its survival and recovery. 

Vernal poolfairy shrimp, vernal pool tadpole shrimp, 

Even with the implementation ofthe proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood oftake ofthe vernal pool fairy shrimp and the vernal pool tadpole 

shrimp from the proposed project. However, after reviewing the current status ofthe vernal pool 

fairy shrimp and the vernal pool tadpole shrimp, the environmental baseline for the action area, 

the effects ofthe proposed project, and the cumulative effects, it is the Service's biological 

opinion that the CHST-FB Project, as proposed, is not likely to jeopardize the continued 

existence ofthis listed species. Based on the proposed project design and all ofthe conservation 

measures, the amount ofincidental take anticipated is small relative to the rangewide condition 

ofthe species. The protection ofhabitats within the permittee-responsible mitigation sites as 

identified in the 2012 Draft CMP will minimize the effect on the vernal pool fairy shrimp and the 

vernal pool tadpole shrimp from incidental take resulting from permanent habitat loss. 

Permanent protection ofthese lands through conservation easements will provide beneficial 

effects for this species and contribute to its survival and recovery. 
Mr. David Valenstein 82 

Valley elderberry longhorn beetle 

Even with the implementation ofthe proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood oftake ofthe valley elderberry longhorn beetle from the proposed 

project. However, after reviewing the current status ofthe valley elderberry longhorn beetle, the 

environmental baseline for the action area, the effects ofthe proposed project, and the cumulative 

effects, it is the Service's biological opinion that the CHST-FB Project, as proposed, is not likely 

to jeopardize the continued existence ofthis listed species. Based on the proposed project design 

and all of the conservation measures, the amount ofincidental take anticipated is small relative to 

the rangewide condition ofthe species. The protection of habitats within the permitteeresponsible mitigation sites as identified in the 2012 Draft CMP will minimize the effect on the 

valley elderberry longhorn beetle from incidental take resulting from permanent habitat loss. 

Permanent protection ofthese lands through conservation easements will provide beneficial 

effects for this species and contribute to its survival and recovery. 

California j eweljlower 

Even with the implementation of the proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood of adverse effects to the California jewelflower from the proposed 

project. However, after reviewing the current status of the Californiajewelflower, the 

environmental baseline for the action area, the effects ofthe proposed project, and the cumulative 

effects, it is the Service's biological opinion that the CHST-FB Project, as proposed, is not likely 

to jeopardize the continued existence ofthis listed species. Based on the proposed project design 

and all of the conservation measures, the amount of adverse effects anticipated will be minimal. 

The protection ofhabitats within the permittee-responsible mitigation sites as identified in the 

2012 Draft CMP will minimize the effect on the Califomiajewelflower from adverse effects 

resulting from permanent habitat loss. Permanent protection ofthese lands through conservation 

easements will provide beneficial effects for this species and contribute to its survival and 

recovery. 

Hoover's spurge 

Even with the implementation of the proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood of adverse effects to the Hoover's spurge from the proposed project. 

However, after reviewing the current status ofthe Hoover's spurge, the environmental baseline 

for the action area, the effects of the proposed project, and the cumulative effects, it is the 

Service's biological opinion that the CHST-FB Project, as proposed, is not likely to jeopardize 

the continued existence ofthis listed species. Based on the proposed project design and all ofthe 

conservation measures, the amount of adverse effects anticipated will be minimal. The 

protection ofhabitats within the permittee-responsible mitigation sites as identified in the 2012 

Draft CMP will minimize the effect on the Hoover's spurge from adverse effects resulting from 

permanent habitat loss. Permanent protection ofthese lands through conservation easements will 

provide beneficial effects for this species and contribute to its survival and recovery. 
Mr. David Valenstein 83 

Kern mallow 

Even with the implementation ofthe proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood of adverse effects to the Kern mallow from the proposed project. 

However, after reviewing the current status ofthe Kern mallow, the environmental baseline for 

the action area, the effects of the proposed project, and the cumulative effects, it is the Service's 

biological opinion that the CHST -FB Project, as proposed, is not likely to jeopardize the 

continued existence ofthis listed species. Based on the proposed project design and all ofthe 

conservation measures, the amount of adverse effects anticipated will be minimaL The 

protection ofhabitats within the permittee-responsible mitigation sites as identified in the 2012 

Draft CMP will minimize the effect on the Kern mallow from adverse effects resulting from 

permanent habitat loss. Permanent protection ofthese lands through conservation easements will 

provide beneficial effects for this species and contribute to its survival and recovery. 

San Joaquin woolly-threads 

Even with the implementation ofthe proposed Conservation Measures, the Service still believes 

that there is a likelihood of adverse effects to the San Joaquin woolly-threads from the proposed 

project. However, after reviewing the current status ofthe San Joaquin woolly-threads, the 

environmental baseline for the action area, the effects ofthe proposed project, and the cumulative 

effects, it is the Service's biological opinion that the CHST-FB Project, as proposed, is not likely 

to jeopardize the continued existence ofthis listed species. Based on the proposed project design 

and all ofthe conservation measures, the amount of adverse effects anticipated will be minimal. 

The protection ofhabitats within the permittee-responsible mitigation sites as identified in the 

2012 Draft CMP will minimize the effect on the San Joaquin woolly-threads from adverse effects 

resulting from permanent habitat loss. Permanent protection ofthese lands through conservation 

easements will provide beneficial effects for this species and contribute to its survival and 

recovery. 

INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT 

Section 9(a)(l) ofthe Act and Federal regulation pursuant to section 4(d) ofthe Act prohibit the 

take of endangered and threatened fish and wildlife species without special exemption. Take is 

defined as harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture or collect, or to attempt to 

engage in any such conduct. Harass is defined by the Service as an intentional or negligent act or 

omission which creates the likelihood ofinjury to a listed species by annoying it to such an 

extent as to significantly disrupt normal behavioral patterns which include, but are not limited to, 

breeding, feeding, or sheltering. Harm is further defined by the Service to include significant 

habitat modification or degradation that results in death or injury to listed species by impairing 

behavioral patterns including breeding, feeding, or sheltering. Incidental take is defined as take 

that is incidental to, and not the purpose of, the carrying out of an otherwise lawful activity. 

Under the terms of section 7(b)(4) and section 7(0)(2), taking that is incidental to and not 

intended as part ofthe agency action is not considered to be prohibited taking under the Act 

provided that such taking is in compliance with this Incidental Take Statement. 
Mr. David Valenstein 84 

The measures described below are non-discretionary, and must be implemented by the FRA so 

that they become binding conditions of any grant or permit issued to the applicant, as 

appropriate, in order for the exemption in section 7(0)(2) to apply. The FRA has a continuing 

duty to regulate the activity covered by this incidental take statement. Ifthe FRA: (1) fails to 

assume and implement the terms and conditions or (2) fails to require the Authority, and all ofits 

contractors to adhere to the terms and conditions ofthe incidental take statement through 

enforceable terms that are added to the permit or grant document, the protective coverage of 

section 7(0)(2) may lapse. In order to monitor the impact ofthe incidental take the FRA must 

report the progress ofthe action and its impact on the species to the Service as specified in the 

incidental take statement. 

Sections 7(b)(4) and 7(0)(2) ofthe Act generally do not apply to listed plant species. However, 

limited protection oflisted plants from take is provided to the extent that the Act prohibits the 

removal and reduction to possession ofFederally listed endangered plants or the malicious 

damage of such plants on areas under Federal jurisdiction, or the destruction of endangered 

plants on non-Federal areas in violation ofState law or regulation or in the course of any 

violation of a State criminal trespass law. The California jewelf10wer is listed as endangered 

under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA) (California Fish and Game Code, section 

2080 et seq.). The Hoover's spurge, the Kern mallow, and the San Joaquin woolly-threads are 

not currently listed under the CESA. The CESA prohibits the unauthorized take of State-listed 

threatened or endangered species. The Native Plant Protection Act (Division 2, Chapter 10, 

section 1908) prohibits the unauthorized take of State-listed threatened or endangered plant 

species. The CESA requires State agencies to consult with California Department ofFish and 

Game on activities that may affect a State-listed species and mitigate for any adverse impacts to 

the species or its habitat. Pursuant to CESA, it is unlawful to import or export, take, possess, 

purchase, or sell any species or part or product of any species listed as endangered or threatened. 

The State may authorize permits for scientific, educational, or management purposes, and to 

allow take that is incidental to otherwise lawful activities. 

Amount or Extent of Take 

San Joaquin kit fox 

It is not possible to quantify the number ofindividual San Joaquin kit foxes that will be taken as 

a result ofthe proposed project because this species is relatively sparsely distributed and have 

large home ranges, and we believe that the number ofindividuals foxes impacted will be 

relatively small. Therefore, the amount ofhabitat for this species that will be impacted as a result 

ofthe CHST -FB Project will be used as a surrogate for quantifying take. The Service anticipates 

that all San Joaquin kit foxes that may be in the section ofthe action area undergoing 

construction at any given time will be harassed by project activities. In addition, the Service 

anticipates that up to 4,700 acres of suitable habitat will be directly impacted and permanently 

lost as a result ofthe CHST-FB Project resulting in harm to the species by significantly impairing 

essential behaviors, including breeding foraging, and denning. Upon implementation ofthe 
Mr. David Valenstein 85 

Reasonable and Prudent Measures, these levels ofincidental take associated with the CHST-FB 

Project in the fonn ofhann and harassment ofthe San Joaquin kit fox caused by habitat loss and 

construction activities will become exempt from the prohibitions described under section 9 ofthe 

Act. 

Tipton kangaroo rat 

It is not possible to quantify the number ofindividual Tipton kangaroo rats that will be impacted 

as a result of the CHST-FB the proposed project because the number ofindividuals within the 

project action area is unknown. The anticipated loss ofindividuals ofthis species also maybe 

difficult to quantify due to seasonal fluctuations in their numbers, random environmental events, 

changes in their habitat, or additional environmental disturbances. Therefore, the amount of 

habitat for this species that will be impacted as a result ofthe CHST-FB Project will be used as a 

surrogate for quantifying take. The Service anticipates that 454 acres of suitable habitat for the 

Tipton kangaroo rat will be pennanently lost as a result ofthe CHST -FB Project. Upon 

implementation ofthe Reasonable and Prudent Measures, these levels ofincidental take 

associated with the CHST-FB Project in the fonn ofhann, harassment, capture, injury, and death 

ofthe Tipton kangaroo rat caused by habitat loss and construction activities will become exempt 

from the prohibitions described under section 9 of the Act. 

Central California tiger salamander 

It is not possible to quantify the number of individual central California tiger salamanders that 

will be impacted as a result of the CHST-FB the proposed project because the number of 

individuals within the project action area is unknown. The anticipated loss ofindividuals ofthis 

species also may be difficult to quantify due to seasonal fluctuations in their numbers, random 

environmental events, changes in their habitat, or additional environmental disturbances. 

Therefore, the amount ofhabitat for this species that will be impacted as a result of the CHST-FB 

Project will be used as a surrogate for quantifying take. The Service anticipates that 5.5 acres of 

upland habitat for the central California tiger salamander will be permanently lost as a result of 

the CHST-FB Project. Upon implementation of the Reasonable and Prudent Measures, these 

levels ofincidental take associated with the CHST-FB Project in the fonn ofhann, harassment, 

capture, injury, and death ofthe central California tiger salamander caused by habitat loss and 

construction activities will become exempt from the prohibitions described under section 9 of the 

Act. 

Blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

It is not possible to quantify the number ofindividual blunt-nosed leopard lizards that will be 

impacted as a result of the CHST-FB the proposed project because the number ofindividuals 

within the project action area is unknown. The anticipated loss ofindividuals ofthis species also 

may be difficult to quantify due to seasonal fluctuations in their numbers, random environmental 

events, changes in their habitat, or additional environmental disturbances. Therefore, the amount 

ofhabitat for this species that will be impacted as a result ofthe CHST-FB Project will be used 

as a surrogate for quantifying take. The Service anticipates that 98 acres of suitable habitat for 
Mr. David Valenstein 86 

the blunt-nosed leopard lizard will be pennanently lost as a result ofthe CHST-FB Project. 

Upon implementation ofthe Reasonable and Prudent Measures, these levels of incidental take 

associated with the CHST-FB Project in the fonn ofhann, harassment, capture, injury, and death 

ofthe blunt-nosed leopard lizard caused by habitat loss and construction activities will become 

exempt from the prohibitions described under section 9 ofthe Act. 

Vernal pool fairy shrimp and vernal pool tadpole shrimp 

It is not possible to quantify the number ofindividual vernal pool fairy shrimp and vernal pool 

tadpole shrimp that will be taken as a result of the proposed project. The anticipated loss of 

individuals ofthis species also may be difficult to quantify due to seasonal fluctuations in their 

numbers, random environmental events, changes in water regime at their vernal pool habitat, or 

additional environmental disturbances. Therefore, the quantity ofacres ofhabitat for this species 

impacted by the project will be used as a surrogate for quantifying take. The Service anticipates 

that 29.77 acres ofvernal pool habitat suitable for vernal pool fairy shrimp and 0.004 acre of 

vernal pool habitat suitable for vernal pool tadpole shrimp will be pennanently lost as a result of 

the CHST-FB Project. Upon implementation ofthe Reasonable and Prudent Measures, these 

levels of incidental take associated with the CHST-FB Project ofthe vernal pool fairy shrimp and 

vernal pool tadpole shrimp caused by habitat loss and construction activities will become exempt 

from the prohibitions described under section 9 ofthe Act. 

Valley elderberry longhorn beetle 

It is not possible to quantify the number of individual Valley elderberry longhorn beetles will be 

taken as a result ofthe proposed project. The anticipated loss ofindividuals ofthis species also 

may be difficult to quantify due to seasonal fluctuations in their numbers, random environmental 

events, changes in their habitat, or additional environmental disturbances. Therefore, the amount 

of acres ofhabitat for this species that will be impacted will be used as a surrogate for 

quantifying take. The Service anticipates that up to 36 elderberry shrubs for the Valley 

elderberry longhorn beetle will be pennanently lost as a result ofthe CHST-FB Project. Upon 

implementation ofthe Reasonable and Prudent Measures, these levels of incidental take 

associated with the CHST-FB Project in the form ofharm and death ofthe Valley elderberry 

longhorn beetle caused by habitat loss and construction activities will become exempt from the 

prohibitions described under section 9 ofthe Act. 

Effect of the Take 

The Service has detennined this level ofanticipated take is not likely to result in jeopardy to the 

San Joaquin kit fox, the Tipton kangaroo rat, the central California tiger salamander, the bluntnosed leopard lizard, the vernal pool fairy shrimp, the vernal pool tadpole shrimp, and the valley 

elderberry longhorn beetle. 
Mr. David Valenstein 87 

Reasonable and Prudent Measure 

The Service has determined that the following reasonable and prudent measure is necessary and 

appropriate to minimize the effects ofthe CHST -FB Project on the San Joaquin kit fox, the 

Fresno kangaroo rat, the Tipton kangaroo rat, the central California tiger salamander, the bluntnosed leopard lizard, the vernal pool fairy shrimp, the vernal pool tadpole shrimp, and the valley 

elderberry longhorn beetle: 

All ofthe conservation measures as proposed by the FRA and the Authority in the biological 

assessment, and restated in the project description section ofthis biological opinion, must be 

fully implemented and adhered to. 

Terms and Conditions 

In order to be exempt from the prohibitions ofsection 9 ofthe Act, the FRA must ensure 

compliance with the following terms and conditions, which implement the reasonable and 

prudent measure described above. These terms and conditions are nondiscretionary. 

1. 	 The FRA shall ensure that the Authority and all ofits contractors fully implement and adhere 

to the proposed conservation measures. All terms and conditions that apply to contractor 

activities shall be conditioned in contracts for the work. 

2. 	 In order to monitor whether the amount or extent ofincidental take anticipated from 

implementation ofthe project is approached or exceeded, the FRA shall adhere to the 

following reporting requirements. Should this anticipated amount or extent ofincidental take 

be exceeded, the FRA must immediately reinitiate formal consultation as per 50 CFR 402.16. 

a. 	 For those components ofthe action that will result in habitat degradation or modification 

whereby incidental take in the form ofharm is anticipated, the FRA shall provide 

monthly updates to the Service with a precise accounting ofthe total acreage when the 

following habitats are impacted: (1) habitat for the San Joaquin kit fox (Table 5) (2) 

habitat for the Tipton kangaroo rat (Table 4); (3) upland habitat for the California tiger 

salamander (Table 4); (4) habitat for the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Table 4); (5) vernal 

pool habitat for vernal pool species (Table 4); and (6) actual number of elderberry shrubs 

and stems for the valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Table 4). Updates shall also include 

any information about changes in project implementation that result in habitat 

disturbance not described in the Description ofthe Proposed Action and not analyzed in 

this biological opinion. 

b. 	 For those components ofthe action that may result in direct encounters between listed 

species and project workers and their equipment whereby incidental take in the form of 

harassment, harm, injury, or death is anticipated, the FRA shall immediately contact the 

Service's SFWO at (916) 414-6600, to report the encounter. If an encounter occurs after 

normal working hours, the FRA shall contact the SFWO at the earliest possible 

opportunity the next working day. When injured or killed individuals ofthe listed 
Mr. David Valenstein 88 

species are found, the FRA shall follow the steps outlined in the Salvage and Disposition 

ofIndividuals section. 

c. 	 A post-construction report detailing compliance with the project design criteria and 

proposed conservation measures described under the Description ofthe Proposed Action 

section ofthis biological opinion shall be provided to the Service within 30 calendar 

days of completion ofthe project. The report shall include: (1) dates ofproject 

groundbreaking and completion; (2) pertinent information concerning the success ofthe 

project in meeting compensation and other conservation measures; (3) an explanation of 

failure to meet such measures, if any; (4) known project effects listed species, if any; (5) 

observed incidences ofinjury to or mortality of any listed species, if any; and, (6) any 

other pertinent information. 

3. 	 The FRA will submit a final Compensatory Mitigation Plan to the Service prior to initiation 

of construction ofthe CHST-FB Project. In addition, prior to commencement of construction 

for any phase, the FRA will provide a phase specific final mitigation plan that implements 

mitigation consistent with the CMP, and identifies long term management measures, 

appropriate conservation instruments, appropriate financial assurances (e.g., proof of credit 

purchase from Service-approved conservation banks) to the Service for each phase of 

construction. The Authority will also submit all proposed conservation easements or similar 

instruments, management plans, and financial assurances to the Service for review and 

approval prior to initiation of construction activities. 

Salvage and Disposition of Individuals 

In the case of an injured and/or dead federally listed wildlife species, the Service shall be notified 

of events within one day and the animal shall only be handled by a Service-approved biologist. 

Injured federally listed wildlife species shall be cared for by a licensed veterinarian or other 

qualified person. In the case of a dead federally listed wildlife species, the animal shall be 

preserved, as appropriate, and shall be bagged and labeled (i.e. species type; who found or 

reported the incident; when the report was made; when and where the incident occurred; and if 

possible, cause ofdeath). Carcasses shall be held in a secure location, such as a freezer or cooler, 

until instructions are received from the Service regarding the disposition ofthe specimen or until 

the Service, or another appropriate agency or qualified person, takes custody ofthe specimen. 

The FRA must report to the Service within one calendar day any information about take or 

suspected take offederally-listed species not exempted in this opinion. Notification must include 

the date, time, and location ofthe incident or ofthe finding of a dead or injured animal. The 

Service contacts are Daniel Russell, Deputy Assistant Field Supervisor, Endangered Species 

Program, Sacramento, at (916) 414-6600 and the Service's Law Enforcement Division at (916) 

414-6660. 
Mr. David Valenstein 89 

CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS 


Section 7(a)(I) ofthe, Act directs Federal agencies to utilize their authorities to further the 

purposes ofthe Act by carrying out conservation programs for the benefit of endangered and 

threatened species. Conservation recommendations are discretionary agency activities that can 

be implemented to further the purposes of the Act, such as preservation of endangered species 

habitat, implementation ofrecovery actions, or development of information and data bases. 

1. 	 The Service recommends the FRA develop and implement the appropriate restoration 

measures in areas designated in the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle Recovery Plan 

(Service 1984), Recovery plan for upland species ofthe San Joaquin Valley, California 

(Service 1998), and the Recovery Planfor Vernal Pool Ecosystems ofCalifornia and 

Southern Oregon (Service 2005c). 

2. 	 The FRA and Authority should incorporate "environmentally friendly" erosion and 

stabilization techniques whenever possible in this project, such as use ofbiodegradable 

materials constructed from natural fibers (e.g. coconut fiber). 

3. 	 Sightings of any listed or sensitive animal species should be reported to the CNDDB of 

the CDFW. A copy of the reporting form and a topographic map clearly marked with the 

location the animals were observed also should be provided to the Service. 

In order for the Service to be kept informed of actions minimizing or avoiding adverse effects or 

benefitting listed species or their habitats, the Service requests notification ofthe implementation 

of any conservation recommendations. 

REINITIATION--CLOSING STATEMENT 

This concludes formal consultation on the CHST-FB Project. As provided in 50 CFR §402.16, 

reinitiation of formal consultation is required where discretionary Federal agency involvement or 

control over the action has been retained (or is authorized by law) and if: (1) the amount or extent 

ofincidental take is exceeded; (2) new information reveals effects of the agency action that may 

affect listed species or critical habitat in a manner or to an extent not considered in this opinion; 

(3) the agency action is subsequently modified in a manner that causes an effect to the listed 

species or critical habitat that was not considered in this opinion; or (4) a new species is listed or 

critical habitat designated that may be affected by the action. 

If you have any questions, please contact Florence Gardipee, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, or 

Daniel Russell, Deputy Assistant Field Supervisor, of this office at (916) 414-6600, or by email 

(Flo _ Gardipee@fws.gov). 
Mr. David Valenstein 90 

Sincerely, 

Jan C. Knight 

Acting Field Supervisor 

cc: 

Mark McLoughlin, Sacramento, California High Speed Rail Authority 

Julie Vance, California Department ofFish and Game, Bakersfield, California 

Enrique Manzanilla, Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, California 

Jane M. Hicks, U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, San Francisco, California 
Mr. David Valenstein 91 

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for Four Vernal Pool Crustaceans and Eleven Vernal Pool Plants. Federal Register 71: 

7118. 

__ 	2006c. Transmittal of guidance: Estimating effects of auditory and visual disturbance to 

northern spotted owls and marbled murrelets in northwestern California. Arcata Fish and 

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Mr. David Valenstein 98 

__ 2007a. Vernal Pool Fairy Shrimp (Branchinecta lynchi), 5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation. September 2007. 

__ 2007b. Vernal Pool tadpole Shrimp (Lepidurus packardi), 5-Y ear Review: Summary and 

Evaluation. September 2007. 

__ 2009a. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat 

for the Sonoma County Distinct Population Segment ofCentral California tiger 

salamander (Ambystoma californiense); Proposed Rule. Federal Register 74: 41662­

41672. 

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January 2009. 

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Evaluation. February 2010. 

__ 2010b. Tipton kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides) 5-Year Review: 

Summary and Evaluation. February 2010. 

__ 2010c. Blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sUa) 5-Year Review: Summary and 

Evaluation. February 2010. 

__ 2010d. Monolopia (= Lemberta) congdonii 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. 

June 2010. 

__ 2011 a. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Revised Designation of Critical 

Habitat for the Sonoma County Distinct Population Segment of Central California tiger 

salamander; Final Rule. Federal Register 76: 54346-54672. 

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agricultural lands by San Joaquin kit fox. North American Naturalist 67: 270-277. 

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isolated population of kit foxes. Southwest Naturalist 45: 204-211. 
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changing prey availability. Journal ofWildlife Management 57:861-867. 

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three sites, Southern Sacramento Valley: Final technical report for project F 2001 IR 20, 

Developing a floristic statewide vernal pool classification, and a functional model ofpool 

hydrology and water quality. Department ofLand, Air and Water Resources, 

Hydrological Sciences Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, 89 pp. 

In Litteris 

Briden, Laurie. 2006. California Department ofFish and Game. 

Cypher, Brian. 2010. Associate Director and Research Ecologist, California State UniversityStanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Fresno, California. Memo: 

Comments and thoughts on habitat connectivity and crossing structures for San Joaquin 

kit foxes associated with the High-Speed Train Project in the San Joaquin Valley. 

__ 2011. Associate Director and Research Ecologist, California State UniversityStanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Fresno, California. Memo: 

Responses to queries forwarded by Matthew Bettelheim, URS, on February 28, 

2011. 

__ 2013. Associate Director and Research Ecologist, California State UniversityStanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Fresno, California. Memo: 

Assessment ofthe use of agricultural lands by San Joaquin kit foxes, February 7, 

2013. 

__ 2013. Associate Director and Research Ecologist, California State UniversityStanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Fresno, California. Memo: 

Assessment of adequacy of proposed crossing structures for San Joaquin kit foxes 

in the Biological Assessment for the Fresno to Bakersfield segment ofthe 

California High-speed Train, February 9, 2013. 
Mr. David Valenstein 100 

Personal communications 

Cypher, B.L. 2012. Associate Director and Research Ecologist Endangered Species Recovery 

Program, California State University-Stanislaus, Bakersfield, California. Telephone 

conversations and email correspondence with Florence Gardipee, U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, Sacramento, California, regarding status of San Joaquin kit fox populations, 

infectious disease threats for San Joaquin kit foxes, and issues related to wildlife crossing 

structures for this species. . 

__ 2013. Associate Director and Research Ecologist Endangered Species Recovery Program, 

California State University-Stanislaus, Bakersfield, California. Telephone conversations 

and email correspondence with Florence Gardipee, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Sacramento, California, regarding suitability of agricultural lands for use by San Joaquin 

kit fox populations in Fresno, Kings, Tulare and Kern Counties, and issues related to 

wildlife crossing structures for this species. 

Wilbert, T. 2012. Ph.D. Candidate, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for 

Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics, Washington D.C. Telephone conversations and 

email correspondence with Florence Gardipee, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

Sacramento, California, regarding genetic studies ofthe San Joaquin kit fox. 
























































































































Record of Decision for California High‐Speed Train Fresno to Bakersfield Section

Appendix C: 

Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan 

(MMEP)
San Diego

Escondido

Murrieta

Riverside/Corona

East

San Gabriel

Valley Ontario Airport

Palmdale 

Anaheim

Norwalk

Los Angeles

San Fernando/Burbank

Bakersfield

Kings/Tulare

Fresno

Merced

Modesto

Stockton

Sacramento

San Jose Redwood City or Palo Alto 

(Potential Station)

Transbay Transit Center

Millbrae-SFO

Gilroy

Project Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Impact Statement

Fresno to Bakersfield

Mitigation Monitoring and 

Enforcement Program

June 2014

CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table of Contents

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1

Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2

Environmental Management System (EMS).......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3

Tables

Table 1 Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1-1

Table 2 Fresno to Bakersfield Avoidance and Minimization Measures..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2-1

Attachments

MMRP Attachment A Transportation Mitigation ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-1

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Introduction

In April 2014, the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and California High-Speed Rail Authority (Authority) prepared a joint Final Project Environmental Impact Report/ Environmental Impact Statement (EIR/EIS) for the Fresno to 

Bakersfield Section of the California High-Speed Train (HST) System (Project). The Final Project EIR/EIS satisfies the requirements of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and is the basis for the FRA’s Record of Decision (ROD). As 

part of the ROD, FRA has selected the BNSF Alternative in combination with the Corcoran Bypass, Allensworth Bypass, and the Bakersfield Hybrid alternatives and the Kings/Tulare Regional Station-East Alternative and the Bakersfield 

Station-Hybrid Alternative. 

This Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan (MMEP) has been prepared for the Fresno to Bakersfield Section of the HST Project and adheres to the Council on Environmental Quality’s (CEQ) regulations (40 Code of Federal 

Regulations [CFR] Section 1505) and FRA Procedures for Considering Environmental Impacts (64 Federal Register 28545, May 26, 1999). On January 14, 2011, the CEQ finalized guidance entitled Appropriate Use of Mitigation and 

Monitoring and Clarifying the Appropriate Use of Mitigated Findings of No Significant Impact (CEQ Guidance). The CEQ Guidance is intended to assist federal agencies to develop mitigation programs that provide effective documentation, 

implementation, and monitoring of mitigation commitments. FRA considered the CEQ Guidance in the preparation of this MMEP. 

Table 1 and Attachment A of the MMEP describe mitigation measures that would mitigate the potential adverse environmental impacts to construct and operate and Table 2 describes measures that would avoid or minimize potential 

impacts to construct and operate the Project. These measures were developed by the FRA and the Authority in consultation with appropriate agencies, as well as with input from the public, to meet the requirements of NEPA and the 

California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). 

The Authority is required to comply with all mitigation measures adopted when the project was approved by the California High Speed Rail Authority Board, including any that were identified specifically to comply with CEQA as well as

those addressing federal laws and requirements. The Project incorporates project design features and best management practices (BMPs) identified in the Final Project EIR/EIS and described in detail in a series of technical reports that 

accompanied preparation of the environmental document. As a result of applying these project design features and BMPs, the HST Project will avoid potential adverse environmental impacts in several resource areas, including 

electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic fields (EMI/EMF), hydrology and water resources, geology and soils, and hazardous materials and wastes. In addition, the Project’s compliance with the regulatory requirements, including 

permitting and coordination with regulatory agencies for many project-related activities, provide additional assurance that potential adverse environmental impacts will not occur. Representative agencies include the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service (USFWS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), and Environmental Protection Agency1 with jurisdiction under the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Water Act, respectively. Like the mitigation measures listed in Table 1

and Attachment A, the project design features (see Table 2) and compliance with regulatory requirements are a condition of project approval and must be implemented by the Authority during design, construction, and operation of the 

Project.

The laws and orders the project is subject to and the design features that are part of the Project are described for the following resource areas in more detail in the corresponding chapters of the Final Project EIR/EIS:

• Transportation – Chapter 3.2, section 3.2.2, section 3.2.6

• Air Quality and Global Climate Change – Chapter 3.3, section 3.3.2, section 3.3.8

• Noise and Vibration – Chapter 3.4, section 3.4.2, section 3.4.6

• EMI/EMF – Chapter 3.5, section 3.5.2, section 3.5.6

• Public Utilities and Energy – Chapter 3.6, section 3.6.2, section 3.6.6

• Biological Resources and Wetlands – Chapter 3.7, section 3.7.2, section 3.7.6

• Hydrology and Water Resources – Chapter 3.8, section 3.8.2, section 3.8.6

• Geology and Soils – Chapter 3.9, section 3.9.2, section 3.9.6

• Hazardous Materials and Wastes – Chapter 3.10, section 3.10.2, section 3.10.6

• Safety and Security – Chapter 3.11, section 3.11.2, section 3.11.6

• Socioeconomics, Communities, and Environmental Justice – Chapter 3.12, section 3.12.2, section 3.12.6

• Station Planning, Land Use, and Development –Chapter 3.13, section 3.13.2, section 3.13.16

• Agricultural Lands – Chapter 3.14, section 3.14.2, section 3.14.6

• Parks, Recreation, and Open Space, Chapter 3.15, section 3.15.2

• Aesthetics and Visual Resources – Chapter 3.16, section 3.16.2, section 3.16.6

• Cultural and Paleontological Resources – Chapter 3.17, section 3.17.2, section 3.17.6

• Regional Growth –Chapter 3.18, section 3.18.1

• Cumulative Impacts – Chapter 3.19, section 3.19.1, section 3.19.4

1 EPA delegated authority under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act to the State of California. 

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CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

The environmental effects of the Preferred Alternative and station locations for the Fresno to Bakersfield Section of the HST Project would result in effects that would be considered significant under NEPA. Mitigation measures that would 

reduce or eliminate potential adverse environmental effects are described in Chapter 3 of Volume 1 of the Final Project EIR/EIS. The specific provisions contained in the MMEP are presented as a table and include the mitigation 

measures identified in the Final Project EIR/EIS, organized by environmental issue and topical areas addressed in the EIR/EIS. In collaboration with FRA and the appropriate agencies, the Authority may refine the means by which it will 

implement a mitigation measure, as long as the alternative means ensure compliance with the intent of the original measure during project implementation. The MMEP describes implementation and monitoring procedural guidance, 

responsibilities, and timing for each mitigation measure identified in the Final Project EIR/EIS, including:

Significant Impact: Provides a brief description of the impact expected to occur from the proposed project as identified in the Final EIR/EIS.

Mitigation Measure: Provides the mitigation measure and monitoring requirements as identified the Final EIR/EIS. 

Implementing Party/Monitoring /Reporting Party: Identifies the entity that will be responsible for directly implementing the mitigation measures, monitoring, and reporting. Implementation can be the responsibility of the 

Authority or its Design Build Contractor (Contractor). Monitoring will generally be the responsibility of the Contractor, with oversight provided by the Authority during construction. Long-term mitigation monitoring responsibilities will be 

the responsibility of the Authority. The following roles are utilized in the text of mitigation measures in the MMEP:

As the proponent of the Project, the Authority will implement the mitigation measures through its own actions, those of its contractors, and actions taken in cooperation with other agencies and entities. The Authority is accountable for 

the overall administration of the mitigation monitoring program and for assisting relevant individuals and parties in their oversight and reporting responsibilities. The responsibilities of mitigation implementation, monitoring, and reporting 

extend to several entities as discussed above; however, the Authority will bear the primary responsibility for verifying that the mitigation measures are implemented. 

The FRA and Authority define the mitigation measures required for the project. When project work is undertaken by the Authority’s contractor, the Contractor shall implement the mitigation measures that are pertinent to their scope of 

work. The Contractor shall monitor construction activities to ensure that the mitigation measures are being properly implemented and accurately report their activity and results to the Authority. The Authority will periodically check the 

Contractor’s activity, reports, and effectiveness of mitigation activities. 

Roles and Responsibilities

• Authority: Implementation and reporting on mitigation, avoidance and minimization measures as specified in the this MMEP as the responsibility of the Authority may be carried out by an Authority representative or a contractor 

hired independent of the Design Build Contractor or the Environmental Team. Authority responsible implementation and reporting may include certain measures outside of the scope of the Design Build Contractor such as future 

studies or operations-phase implementation. In addition, oversight of implementation and reporting may be provided by Authority contractor or representatives as lead agency representatives to facilitate regulatory oversight agency 

coordination and compliance during implementation and reporting.

• Contractor: Design Build Contractor or the Environmental Team provided by the Design Build Contractor responsible for implementing or monitoring and reporting mitigation, avoidance and minimization measures as specified in 

this MMEP.

• Mitigation Manager: Design Build Contractor’s representative responsible for overseeing their Environmental Team’s implementation and reporting of environmental commitments. Reports the status of each mitigation measure to 

Authority in accordance with this MMEP.

• Project Biologist: The Design Build Contractor provided Biologist, upon approval by regulatory oversight agencies, is responsible for implementing mitigation measures in compliance with the terms and conditions outlined in the 

MMEP and U.S. Fish and Wildlife (USFWS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), State Water Resource Control Board (SWRCB), and California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) permits. The Project Biologist will direct 

compliance activities carried out by the Project Biological Monitors.

• Biological Monitor(s): The Design Build Contractor provided Biological Monitor(s) will be approved by and report directly to the Contractor’s Biologist. The Project Biological Monitor(s) will be present onsite within a reasonable 

monitoring distance during all ground-disturbing activities that have the potential to affect biological resources as directed by the Project Biologist and will be the principal agent(s) in the direct implementation of the MMEP and 

compliance assurance. 

• Project Biologist, Regulatory Specialist (Waters), Project Botanist: The Project Biologist(s), Regulatory Specialist(s), and Project Botanist(s) provided by the Design-Build Contractor will represent the construction 

management team, will report directly to the Authority, will implement the mitigation reflected in the construction drawings and specifications, and will be responsible for reporting and overseeing the biological resources mitigation 

measures from the Final Fresno to Bakersfield Section EIR/EIS. The Project Biologist(s), Regulatory Specialist(s), and Project Botanist(s) will also be responsible for implementing mitigation measures in compliance with the MMEP 

and with the terms and conditions outlined in the USFWS, USACE, SWRCB, and CDFW permits. The Project Biologist(s), Regulatory Specialist(s), Project Botanist(s) will report to the overall construction management team Mitigation 

Manager (Mitigation Compliance Manager), interact with the designated Resident Engineer for the Fresno to Bakersfield Section and work to provide quality assurance of the implementation of the biological resources mitigation 

program as performed by the Contractor and the designated Project Biological Monitor(s). It is anticipated that the Project Biologist(s), Regulatory Specialist(s), and Project Botanist(s) will have specialized support from other 

biological monitors and work with the Mitigation Manager during deployment of the monitors and in performance of their respective responsibilities.

• Cultural Resources Compliance Manager/Principal Investigator: The Design Build Contractor provided Archaeologist, who meets the Secretary of the Interior (SOI) Standards of Archaeologist, is responsible for implementing 

mitigation measures in compliance with the terms and conditions outlined in the MMEP and treatment plans, and coordinating the status of archaeological mitigation with the Authority in accordance with this MMEP, PA and MOA. Per 

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CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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the Archaeological Treatment Plan (ATP) and MOA, the Cultural Resources Compliance Manager shall determine whether a Native American monitor is required to be present during ground-disturbing activities in various 

Archaeologically Sensitive Areas of the Project.

• Cultural Resources Monitor(s): The Design Build Contractor provided Cultural Resources Monitor(s) will be approved by and report directly to the Cultural Resources Compliance Manager/Principal Investigator. The Archaeological 

Monitor(s) will be present onsite within a reasonable monitoring distance during ground disturbing activities in areas indicated as culturally sensitive and will be the principal agent(s) in the direct implementation of the MMEP and 

compliance assurance as directed by the Cultural Resources Compliance Manager/Principal Investigator. 

• Paleontological Resources Specialist: The Design Build Contractor provided Paleontological Resources Specialist is responsible for implementing mitigation measures in compliance with the terms and conditions outlined in the 

MMEP including preparation of the Paleontological Resources Management Plan and approval and direction of the Paleontological Resource Monitor(s).

• Paleontological Resources Monitor(s): The Design Build Contractor provided Paleontological Resources Monitor(s) will be approved by and report directly to the Paleontological Resources Specialist. The Paleontological 

Resources Monitor(s) will be present onsite within a reasonable monitoring distance during ground disturbing activities in areas indicated as resource sensitive and will be the principal agent(s) in the direct implementation of the 

MMEP and compliance assurance as directed by the Paleontological Resources Specialist. 

• Contractor’s Biologist/Mitigation Timing (Implementation Schedule/Reporting Schedule): Not all mitigation actions will occur at the same time. Depending upon the measure, it may be undertaken prior to construction, 

during construction, or during project operations. Measures may also be undertaken in conjunction with different construction packages or at such time as project operations reach a certain level. This column of the table identifies 

the stage of the project during which the mitigation action will be taken and when reporting is to occur, if reporting is required.

• Implementation Mechanism or Tool: Identifies the actions required to implement the measures, including any required agreements and/or conditions. 

Environmental Management System (EMS)

The Authority will implement an Environmental Management System (EMS) consisting of strategic planning, policies and procedures, organizational structure, staffing and responsibilities, milestones, schedule, and resources devoted to 

achieving the Authority’s environmental commitments. The EMS will also include a component that tracks the implementation of mitigation measures (as well as environmental commitments, BMPs, and design features) and can produce 

reports on compliance. FRA will receive periodic reports on compliance and may request additional reports as necessary to ensure that the MMEP is fully implemented. This system will rely on data provided by the design-build 

contractor, regional consultants, and others to produce status reports regarding construction status, permitting activities, monitoring, inspections, and other compliance activities. 

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CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

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Table 1 

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Program

CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

Air Quality

AQ-MM#1 Reduce 

Criteria 

Exhaust 

Emissions 

from 

Construction 

Equipment

This mitigation measure will apply to heavyduty construction equipment used during the 

construction phase. All off-road construction 

diesel equipment will use the cleanest 

reasonably available equipment (including 

newer equipment and/or tailpipe retrofits), but 

in no case less clean than the average fleet mix 

for the current calendar year, as set forth in 

CARB’s OFFROAD 2011 database, and no less 

than a 40% reduction compared to a Tier 2 

engine standard for NOx emissions. The 

Contractor will document efforts undertaken to 

locate newer equipment (such as, in order of 

priority, Tier 4, Tier 3, or Tier 2 equipment) 

and/or tailpipe retrofit equivalents. The 

Contractor will provide documentation of such 

efforts, including correspondence with at least 

two construction equipment rental companies. 

A copy of each unit’s certified tier specification 

and any required CARB or SJVAPCD operating 

permit will be made available at the time of 

mobilization of each piece of equipment. The 

Contractor will keep a written record 

(supported by equipment-hour meters where 

available) of equipment usage during project 

construction for each piece of equipment.

Construction Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Daily Record 

Keeping and 

Weekly 

Reporting

A copy of each 

unit’s certified tier 

specification and 

any required 

California Air 

Resources Board 

(CARB) or San 

Joaquin Valley Air 

Pollution Control 

District (SJVAPCD) 

operating permit 

will be made 

available at the 

time of 

mobilization of 

each piece of 

equipment.

AQ#1 Construction of the HST alternatives would exceed the CEQA emissions 

thresholds for VOCs, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5. Therefore, it could potentially 

cause violations of NO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5 air quality standards or 

contribute substantially to NO2 O3, PM10, and PM2.5 existing or projected air 

quality violations.

AQ #2 Construction of the HST alternatives would exceed the CEQA emissions 

thresholds for VOC, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5. Therefore, it would conflict with 

the 1-hour Ozone Attainment Plan, the 8-hour Ozone Attainment Plan, and 

the PM10 and PM2.5 Attainment Plans.

LU Impact #1 Temporary and intermittent construction equipment emissions would 

inconvenience nearby residents on some lands along 31 miles of the 

Preferred Alternative.

AQ-MM#2 Reduce 

Criteria 

Exhaust 

Emissions 

from OnRoad 

Construction 

Equipment

This mitigation measure applies to all on-road 

trucks used to haul construction materials, 

including fill, ballast, rail ties, and steel. 

Material-hauling trucks will consist of an 

average fleet mix of equipment model year 

2010, or newer, but no less than the average 

fleet mix for the current calendar year as set 

forth in CARB’s EMFAC 2011 database. The 

Contractor will provide documentation of 

efforts to secure such a fleet mix. The 

Contractor will keep a written record of 

equipment usage during project construction 

for each piece of equipment.

Construction Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Weekly 

reporting

Contract 

Requirement/ 

Specification

AQ #1 Construction of the HST alternatives would exceed the CEQA emissions 

thresholds for VOCs, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5. Therefore, it could potentially 

cause violations of NO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5 air quality standards or 

contribute substantially to NO2 O3, PM10, and PM2.5 existing or projected 

air quality violations

AQ#2 Compliance with Air Quality Plans: Construction of the HST alternatives 

would exceed the CEQA emissions thresholds for VOC, NOx, PM10, and 

PM2.5. Therefore, it would conflict with the 1-hour Ozone Attainment Plan, 

the 8-hour Ozone Attainment Plan, and the PM10 and PM2.5 Attainment 

Plans.

AQ#3 Material hauling outside the SJVAB would exceed CEQA emission thresholds 

for NOx in the BAAQMD, Mojave Desert AQMD, Eastern Kern County APCD, 

and the South Coast AQMD, and would exceed the VOC threshold in South 

Coast AQMD for certain hauling scenarios. Therefore, it could potentially 

cause violations of NO2, and O3 air quality standards or contribute 

substantially to NO2 and O3 existing or projected air quality violations in 

those air basins.

LU Impact #1: Temporary and intermittent construction equipment emissions would 

inconvenience nearby residents on some lands along 31 miles of the 

Preferred Alternative.

Page 1-1
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

AQ-MM#3 Reduce the 

Potential 

Impact of 

Concrete 

Batch Plants

Concrete batch plants would be sited at least

1,000 feet from sensitive receptors, including 

daycare centers, hospitals, senior care 

facilities, residences, parks, and other areas 

where people may congregate The concrete 

batch plant will utilize typical control measures 

to reduce the fugitive dust, such as water 

sprays, enclosures, hoods, curtains, shrouds, 

movable and telescoping chutes, central dust 

collection systems and other suitable 

technology, to reduce emissions to be 

equivalent to the U.S. EPA AP-42 controlled 

emission factors for concrete batch plants.

PreconstructionDesign/Reporti

ng

Weekly Contractor Contractor Weekly 

Reporting

Contract 

Requirements/

Specifications

AQ #8 Construction of the alignment may expose sensitive receptors to temporary 

substantial pollutant concentrations from concrete batch plants.

LU Impact #1 Temporary and intermittent construction equipment emissions would 

inconvenience nearby residents on some lands along 31 miles of the 

Preferred Alternative.

AQ-MM#4 Offset 

Project 

Construction 

Emissions 

Through an

SJVAPCD 

VERA

This mitigation measure would address AQ 

Impact #1 (Common Regional Air Quality 

Impacts During Construction) that would 

exceed the GC applicability and CEQA 

emissions thresholds for VOC and NOx, and the 

CEQA emission thresholds for PM10 and PM2.5. 

The Authority and SJVAPCD will enter into a 

contractual agreement to mitigate (by 

offsetting) to net zero the project’s actual 

emissions from construction equipment and 

vehicle exhaust emissions of VOC, NOx, PM10, 

and PM2.5. The agreement will provide funds 

for the district’s Emission Reduction Incentive 

Program[1] (SJVAPCD 2011) to fund grants for 

projects that achieve emission reductions, with 

preference given to highly impacted 

communities, thus offsetting project-related 

impacts on air quality. To lower overall cost, 

funding for the VERA program to cover 

estimated construction emissions for any 

funded construction phase will be provided at 

the beginning of the construction phase. At a 

minimum, mitigation/offsets will occur in the 

year of impact, or as otherwise permitted by 

40 C.F.R. Part 93 Section 93.163.

PreconstructionReporting/Fund

ing

Weekly Authority Contractor Weekly 

Reporting

The Authority and 

SJVAPCD will enter 

into a contractual 

agreement to 

mitigate the 

project’s emissions 

by providing funds 

for the district’s 

Emission Reduction 

Incentive Program 

to fund grants for 

projects that 

achieve emission 

reductions, thus 

offsetting projectrelated impacts on 

air quality.

AQ #1 Construction of the HST alternatives would exceed the CEQA emissions 

thresholds for VOCs, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5. Therefore, it could potentially 

cause violations of NO2, O3, PM10, and PM2.5 air quality standards or 

contribute substantially to NO2 O3, PM10, and PM2.5 existing or projected air 

quality violations.

AQ #2 Construction of the HST alternatives would exceed the CEQA emissions 

thresholds for VOC, NOx, PM10, and PM2.5. Therefore, it would conflict with 

the 1-hour Ozone Attainment Plan, the 8-hour Ozone Attainment Plan, and 

the PM10 and PM2.5 Attainment Plans.

LU Impact #1 Temporary and intermittent construction equipment emissions would 

inconvenience nearby residents on some lands along 31 miles of the 

Preferred Alternative.

AQ-MM#5 Purchase 

Offsets and 

Offsite 

Emission 

Mitigation 

for 

Emissions 

Associated 

with Hauling 

Ballast 

Material in 

Certain Air 

Districts

This mitigation measure will apply if ballast 

material is hauled from quarries outside the 

SJVAB and the hauling activities result in the 

exceedance of the annual applicable General 

Conformity threshold(s) or local air basin CEQA 

threshold(s) for NOx. To determine whether an 

exceedance will occur based on actual hauling 

activities, the Authority shall at the beginning 

of each calendar year or as soon as practicable 

thereafter to obtain the most up-to-date 

information, based on actual or projected 

contractor-specific information about hauling in 

the Mojave AQMD, South Coast AQMD and Bay 

Area AQMD, calculate for the next calendar 

year using the same methodology used in this 

EIR/EIS the expected NOx emissions from 

hauling activities in those districts. If, based on 

that calculation, exceedance of the applicable 

NOx threshold(s) is anticipated to occur in that 

next calendar year, the Authority will secure 

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting/Fund

ing

Weekly 

reporting

Contractor 

and Authority

Contractor 

and 

Authority

Weekly 

Reporting

Authority to 

coordinate the 

purchase of offsets 

with pertinent 

AQMDs per 

contractor reports.

AQ #3 Material hauling outside the SJVAB would exceed CEQA emission thresholds 

for NOx in the BAAQMD, Mojave Desert AQMD and the South Coast AQMD.

Page 1-2
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

from the appropriate air district(s) or other 

appropriate source the production or 

generation of a sufficient quantity of NOx 

offsets for that calendar year necessary to 

achieve conformity (in the case of exceedance 

of GC thresholds) and/or to result in net NOx 

generation below the applicable CEQA 

threshold(s). At a minimum, sufficient 

mitigation/offsets will be secured so they are 

generated in the year of impact or as 

otherwise permitted by 40 C.F.R. Part 93 

Section 93.163.The Mojave Desert AQMD’s 

emission bank has 2,061 tons of NOx credits 

(Mojave Desert AQMD 2012); therefore, there 

should be enough NOx credits to offset 

approximately 6 tons per year from this project 

in the Mojave Desert AQMD. The exact number 

of NOx credits in the SCAQMD RECLAIM 

program is unknown, but 1,199 tons of NOx 

credits were traded in 2011 and 235 tons of 

NOx credits were traded in 2012 (SCAQMD 

2012). Therefore, there should be enough 

available NOx credits in the program to offset 

approximately 75 tons of NOx per year from 

this project in the SCAQMD.In the Bay Area 

AQMD, any material emissions above the 

district’s significance threshold will be mitigated 

through an offsite emission mitigation program 

to achieve emission reduction due to material 

hauling in the Bay Area AQMD. Potential offsite 

mitigation programs include the Bay Area 

AQMD’s Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality 

Standards Attainment Program (CMP) or other 

air district emission reduction incentive 

programs. Depending on the final location 

selected to obtain ballast material, this would 

amount to a maximum of 3 tons of NOx 

credits.

Noise and Vibration

N&VMM #1Construction 

Noise 

Mitigation 

Measures

During construction the Contractor will monitor 

construction noise to verify compliance with 

the noise limits (An 8-hour Leq, dBA of 80 

during the day and 70 at night for residential 

land use, 85 for both day and night for 

commercial land use, and 90 for both day and 

night for industrial land use). The Contractor 

would be given the flexibility to meet the FRA 

construction noise limits in the most efficient 

and cost-effective manner. This can be done 

by either prohibiting certain noise-generating 

activities during nighttime hours or providing 

additional noise control measures to meet the 

noise limits. A noise-monitoring program will 

be developed to meet required noise limits, the 

following noise control mitigation measures will 

be implemented as necessary, for nighttime 

and daytime:

Construction Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Weekly Contract 

Requirements/ 

Specifications

N&V#1 Construction Noise

LU Impact #1 The generation of noise would temporarily inconvenience nearby residents 

on some lands along 31 miles of the Preferred Alternative.

PK#1 Construction activities would increase noise exposure at McMurtrey Aquatic 

Center.

PK#1 Construction activities would increase noise exposure at Mill Creek Linear 

Park.

Page 1-3
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

• Install a temporary construction site sound 

barrier near a noise source.

• Avoid nighttime construction in residential 

neighborhoods.

• Locate stationary construction equipment as 

far as possible from noise-sensitive sites.

• Re-route construction truck traffic along 

roadways that will cause the least disturbance 

to residents.

• During nighttime work, use smart back-up 

alarms, which automatically adjust the alarm 

level based on the background noise level, or 

switch off back-up alarms and replace with 

spotters.

• Use low-noise emission equipment.

• Implement noise-deadening measures for 

truck loading and operations.

• Monitor and maintain equipment to meet 

noise limits.

• Line or cover storage bins, conveyors, and 

chutes with sound-deadening material.

• Use acoustic enclosures, shields, or shrouds 

for equipment and facilities.

• Use high-grade engine exhaust silencers and 

engine-casing sound insulation.

• Prohibit aboveground jackhammering and 

impact pile driving during nighttime hours.

• Minimize the use of generators to power 

equipment.

• Limit use of public address systems.

• Grade surface irregularities on construction 

sites.

• Use moveable sound barriers at the source of 

the construction activity.

• Limit or avoid certain noisy activities during 

nighttime hours.

• To mitigate noise related to pile driving, the 

use of an auger to install the piles instead of a 

pile driver would reduce noise levels 

substantially. If pile driving is necessary, limit 

the time of day that the activity can occur

• CHSRA will establish and maintain in 

operation until completion of construction a 

toll-free “hotline” regarding the Section 

construction activities. CHSRA shall arrange for 

all incoming messages to be logged (with 

summaries of the contents of each message) 

and for a designated representative of CHSRA 

to respond to hotline messages within 24 hours 

(excluding weekends and holidays). CHSRA 

shall make a reasonable good faith effort to 

address all concerns and answer all questions, 

and shall include on the log its responses to all 

callers. CHSRA shall make a log of the incoming messages and CHSRA’s responsive 

actions publicly available on its website.

• Mitigation for construction noise should 

include a requirement to adhere to the city's 

noise requirements and restrictions on 

construction activities in and around school 

Page 1-4
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

areas to weekends and near all other sensitive 

receptors to weekdays and daytime hours only 

(Vol. V, City of Bakersfield comment).

The Authority will consider the suggested 

mitigation measure for construction in 

conjunction with future decisions regarding an 

alignment through Bakersfield.

N&VMM #2Construction 

Vibration 

Mitigation 

Measures

Building damage from construction vibration is 

only anticipated from impact pile driving at 

very close distances to buildings. If pile driving 

occurs more than 25 to 50 feet from buildings, 

or if alternative methods such as push piling or 

auger piling can be used, damage from 

construction vibration is not expected to occur. 

Other sources of construction vibration do not 

generate high enough vibration levels for 

damage to occur. When a construction 

scenario has been established, pre-construction 

surveys are conducted at locations within 

50 feet of pile driving to document the existing 

condition of buildings in case damage is 

reported during or after construction. The 

contractor will arrange for the repair of 

damaged buildings or will pay compensation to 

the property owner.

Preconstruction/ 

Construction

/ Postconstruction

Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Ongoing 

monitoring 

during 

construction/

postconstruction 

monitoring 

as needed to 

assess 

damage to 

buildings.

Contract 

Requirements/Spec

ifications

N&V#2 Construction Vibration

LU Impact #1: The generation of noise would temporarily inconvenience nearby residents 

on some lands along 31 miles of the Preferred Alternative.

PK#1 Construction activities would increase noise exposure at McMurtrey Aquatic 

Center.

PK#1 Construction activities would increase noise exposure at Mill Creek Linear 

Park.

N&VMM #3Implement 

Proposed 

California 

High-Speed 

Train Project 

Noise 

Mitigation 

Guidelines

To determine the appropriate mitigation 

measure for properties experiencing severe 

noise impacts, noise mitigation guidelines 

would be applied as follows:

Prior to operation of the HST the Authority will 

install sound barriers where they can achieve 

between 5 and 15 dB of noise reduction, 

depending on their height and location relative 

to the tracks. The primary requirements for an 

effective sound barrier are that the barrier 

must (1) be high enough and long enough to 

break the line-of-sight between the sound 

source and the receiver, (2) be of an 

impervious material with a minimum surface 

density of 4 pounds per square foot, and (3) 

not have any gaps or holes between the panels 

or at the bottom. Because many materials 

meet these requirements, aesthetics, 

durability, cost, and maintenance 

considerations usually determine the selection 

of materials for sound barriers. Depending on 

the situation, sound barriers can become 

visually intrusive. Typically, the sound barriers 

style is selected with input from the local 

jurisdiction to reduce the visual effect of 

barriers on adjacent lands uses. For example, 

sound barriers could be solid or transparent, 

and made of various colors, materials, and 

surface treatments.

The minimum number of affected sites should 

be at least 10, and the length of a sound 

barrier should be at least 800 feet. The 

maximum sound barrier height would be 14 

Preconstruction/ 

Construction

/ Postconstruction

Reporting Weekly Authority Authority Ongoing 

monitoring 

during 

construction/

postconstruction 

monitoring 

as needed to 

assess 

damage to 

buildings

Contract 

Requirements/

Specifications 

Noise and 

Vibration Mitigation 

Guidelines

N&V#3 Moderate and Severe Noise Impacts from Project Operation to Sensitive 

Receivers. Project Noise Impacts Preferred Alternative: 6,601 moderate and 

3,378 severe impacts.

N&V#6 The Hanford East Station Alternative would result in increases in traffic 

volume that would result in an increase in the future peak-hour noise level.

PK#4 McMurtrey Aquatic Center. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative 

would increase noise exposure.

PK#4 Kern River Parkway. Project impacts from operation of the HST would 

increase noise exposure.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the HST would permanently impact suitable habitat 

that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate species through 

the creation of noise that would reduce the desirability of the habitat.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the HST would permanently impact suitable habitat 

that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian 

species through the creation of noise that would reduce the desirability of 

the habitat.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the HST would permanently impact suitable habitat 

that has the potential to support special-status bird species through the 

creation of noise that would reduce the desirability of the habitat.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the HST would permanently impact suitable habitat 

that has the potential to support special-status mammal species through 

the creation of noise that would reduce the desirability of the habitat.

Page 1-5
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

feet for at-grade sections; however, all sound 

barriers would be designed to be as low as 

possible to achieve a substantial noise 

reduction. Berm and berm/wall combinations 

are the preferred types of sound barriers 

where space and other environmental 

constraints permit. On aerial structures, the 

maximum sound barrier height would also be 

14 feet, but barrier material would be limited 

by engineering weight restrictions for barriers 

on the structure. Sound barriers on the aerial 

structure will still be designed to be as low as 

possible to achieve a substantial noise 

reduction. Sound barriers on both aerial 

structures and at-grade structures could 

consist of solid, semitransparent, or 

transparent materials.

The Authority will work with the communities 

to identify how the use and height of sound 

barriers would be determined using jointly 

developed performance criteria. Other 

solutions may result in higher numbers of 

residual impacts than reported herein.

Options may be to reduce the height of sound 

barriers and combine barriers with sound 

insulation or to accept higher noise thresholds 

than the FRA’s current noise thresholds.

If sound walls are not proposed or do not 

reduce sound levels to below a severe impact 

level, building sound insulation can be 

installed. Sound insulation of residences and 

institutional buildings to improve the outdoorto-indoor noise reduction is a mitigation 

measure that can be provided when the use of 

sound barriers is not feasible in providing a 

reasonable level (5 to 7 dB) of noise reduction. 

Although this approach has no effect on noise 

in exterior areas, it may be the best choice for 

sites where sound barriers are not feasible or 

desirable and for buildings where indoor 

sensitivity is of most concern. Substantial 

improvements in building sound insulation (on 

the order of 5 to 10 dB) can often be achieved 

by adding an extra layer of glazing to windows, 

by sealing holes in exterior surfaces that act as 

sound leaks, and by providing forced 

ventilation and air conditioning so that 

windows do not need to be opened. 

Performance criteria would be established to 

balance existing noise events and ambient 

roadway noise conditions as factors for 

determining mitigation measures.

If sound walls or sound installation is not 

effective, the Authority can acquire easements 

on properties severely affected by noise. 

Another option for mitigating noise impacts is 

for the authority to acquire easements on 

residences likely to be impacted by HST 

operations in which the homeowners would 

Page 1-6
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

accept the future noise conditions. This 

approach is usually taken only in isolated cases 

where other mitigation options are infeasible, 

impractical, or too costly.

N&V-MM#4 Vehicle noise 

specification

In the procurement of an HST vehicle 

technology, the Authority will require bidders 

to meet the federal regulations (40 CFR Part 

201.12/13) at the time of procurement for 

locomotives (currently a 90-dB-level standard), 

for cars operating at speeds of greater than 45 

mph). Depending on the available technology, 

this could significantly reduce the number of 

impacts throughout the corridor.

Preconstruction/ 

Construction

/ Postconstruction

Reporting Weekly Authority Authority Ongoing 

monitoring 

during 

construction/

postconstruction 

monitoring 

as needed

Contract 

Requirements/Spec

ifications Noise and 

Vibration Mitigation 

Guidelines

N&V#3 Moderate and Severe Noise Impacts from Project Operation to Sensitive 

Receivers. Project Noise Impacts Preferred Alternative: 2,564 moderate and 

1,553 severe impacts,

N&V-MM#5 Special 

trackwork at 

crossovers 

and turnouts

Because the impacts of HST wheels over rail 

gaps at turnouts increases HST noise by 

approximately 6 dB over typical operations, 

turnouts can be a major source of noise 

impact. If the turnouts cannot be moved from 

sensitive areas, the project can use special 

types of trackwork that eliminate the gap.

Preconstruction/ 

Construction

/ Postconstruction

Reporting Weekly Authority Authority Ongoing 

monitoring 

during 

construction/

postconstruction 

monitoring 

as needed

Contract 

Requirements/

Specifications 

Noise and 

Vibration Mitigation 

Guidelines

N&V#3 Moderate and Severe Noise Impacts from Project Operation to Sensitive 

Receivers. Project Noise Impacts Preferred Alternative: 2,564 moderate and 

1,553 severe impacts.

N&VMM #6Additional 

Noise 

Analysis 

Following 

Final Design

If final design or final vehicle specifications 

result in changes to the assumptions 

underlying the noise analysis, reassess noise 

impacts and recommendations for mitigation 

and provide supplemental environmental 

documentation, as required by CEQA.

Preconstruction/

Design/

Operation

Reporting Final 

design/Final 

vehicle 

specification

Contractor/A

uthority 

(vehicle)

Contractor/

Authority 

(vehicle)

Final 

design/Final 

vehicle 

specification

Submit assessment 

and supplemental 

environmental 

documentation

N&V#3 Moderate and Severe Noise Impacts from Project Operation to Sensitive 

Receivers. Project Noise Impacts Preferred Alternative: 6,601 moderate and 

3,378 severe impacts.

N&V#6 The Hanford East Station Alternative would result in increases in traffic 

volume that would result in an increase in the future peak-hour noise level.

EMI/EMF

EMF/EMIMM #1Protect 

Sensitive 

Equipment 

In 

Accordance 

with the 

EMCPP

The contractor will coordinate with Mercy 

Hospital regarding the potential impacts of 

HST–related EMF or RF interference on 

imaging equipment prior to completion of final 

design. Where necessary to avoid interference, 

the final design will include suitable design 

provisions to prevent interference. These 

design provisions may include establishing 

magnetic field shielding walls around sensitive 

equipment, or installing RF filters into sensitive 

equipment.

HST-related EMI may affect highly susceptible, 

unshielded sensitive RF equipment such as 

older magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 

systems and other measuring devices common 

to medical and research laboratories. Most of 

the devices manufactured today have adequate 

shielding from all potential EMI sources; 

however, the potential exists for older devices 

to be affected and require shielding.

In general, a shielding range between 60 and 

90 dB may be considered a high level of 

protection, while 90 to 120 dB is exceptional.

Preconstruction/ 

Design

Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor During 

construction 

report 

monthly

Reporting 

Contractor (unless 

Authority has 3rd 

party agreement 

with Mercy) to 

meet with Mercy 

West Hospital 

Representatives 

regarding potential 

impacts and 

provide shielding

EMF/EMI Impact #5: Impacts to Sensitive Equipment from EMI. Under the Preferred Alternative, 

the worst-case EMFs are 1.8 mG at the edge of Mercy Hospital closest to 

the centerline of the HST right-of-way. Therefore, EMI may occur to 

sensitive medical devices or imaging equipment in the study area if the 

equipment is unshielded.

Page 1-7
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

Public Utilities and Energy

PU&EMM #1Reconfigure 

or relocate 

substations 

and/or 

substation 

components

Reconfigure existing substation ancillary 

components located at the southwest corner of 

Grangeville Boulevard and 71⁄2 Avenue, east of 

the city of Hanford.

Preconstruction/ 

Design

Design/Reporti

ng

Monthly Contractor Contractor During 

construction 

report 

monthly

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

PU&E#8 Potential Conflicts with Fixed Electrical Facilities

Biological Resources

BIO-MM#1 Designate 

Project 

Biologist(s) 

and Project 

Biological 

Monitor(s)

A Project Biologist shall be designated by the 

Environmental Compliance Manager to oversee 

regulatory compliance requirements and 

monitor the restoration activities associated 

with ground-disturbing activities in accordance 

with the adopted mitigation measures and 

applicable laws. The Project Biologist, 

Regulatory Specialist, and Project Botanist are 

responsible for the timely implementation of 

the biological mitigation measures as outlined 

in the MMEP, construction documents, and 

pertinent resource agency permits. Resumes 

for the Designated Project Biologist(s), 

Regulatory Specialists (Waters), and Project 

Botanists, and Project Biological Monitors(s) 

must be submitted to the USFWS during final 

design. Additional duties of the Project 

Biologist, Regulatory Specialist (Waters) and 

Project Botanist include reviewing design 

documents and construction schedules, 

determining project biological monitoring 

needs, and guiding and directing the work of 

the Project Biological Monitors.The duties of 

the Project Biological Monitor include 

monitoring construction crew activities, as 

needed, to document applicable mitigation 

measures and permit conditions. The Project 

Biologist(s), Regulatory Specialist(s) (Waters), 

Project Botanist(s) and the Project Biological 

Monitor(s) report to the Mitigation Manager. 

The Project Biologist(s), Regulatory 

Specialist(s) (Waters), Project Botanist(s) 

and/or the Project Biological Monitor(s) may 

require special approval from the USFWS and 

CDFW to implement certain mitigation 

measures. In these circumstances, they are 

referred to as agency-approved biologist(s)

PreconstructionMitigation 

Manager will 

identify Project 

Biologist, 

Regulatory 

Specialist 

(Waters), 

Project 

Botanist. 

Contractor will 

identify Project 

Biological 

Monitors and 

provide 

resumes to 

regulatory 

agencies as 

required.

Final Design Contractor Contractor Final Design Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO-MM#1 Applies to all BIO Impacts

BIO-MM#2 Regulatory 

Agency 

Access

If requested, before, during, or on completion 

of ground-disturbing activities, the Contractor 

will allow access by USFWS, USACE, SWRCB, 

and CDFW staff to the construction site. 

Because of safety concerns, all visitors will be 

required to check in with the Contractor before 

accessing the construction site. If agency 

personnel access the construction site, the 

Project Biologist will prepare a memorandum 

within 1 day of the visit to document agency 

access and the issues raised during the field 

meeting. This memorandum will be submitted 

Preconstruction/

Construction

/Postconstruction

Access Granted 

to Regulatory 

Agencies

1 day following 

agency site 

visit

Contractor, 

Project 

Biologist

Contractor 1 day 

following 

agency site 

visit

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

Bio MM#2 applies to all BIO Impacts

Page 1-8
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

to the Mitigation Manager. Any non-compliance 

issues will be reported to the Contractor and 

Authority.

BIO-MM#3 Prepare and 

Implement a 

Worker 

Environment

al Awareness 

Program 

(WEAP)

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biologist, Regulatory Specialist 

(Waters) and Project Botanist will prepare and 

implement a WEAP for construction crews. 

WEAP training materials will include the 

following: discussion of the federal Endangered 

Species Act (federal ESA), the California 

Endangered Species Act (CESA), the Bald and 

Golden Eagle Protection Act (BGEPA), the 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), and the 

Clean Water Act (CWA); the consequences and 

penalties for violation or noncompliance with 

these laws and regulations and project 

permits; identification of special-status plants, 

special-status wildlife, jurisdictional waters, and 

special-status plant communities and 

explanations about their value; hazardous 

substance spill prevention and containment 

measures; the contact person in the event of 

the discovery of a dead or injured wildlife 

species; and review of mitigation measures. In 

the WEAP, construction timing in relation to 

species’ habitat and life-stage requirements will 

be detailed and discussed on project maps, 

which will show areas of planned minimization 

and avoidance measures. A fact sheet 

conveying this information will be prepared by 

the Project Biologist, Regulatory Specialist 

(Waters) and Project Botanist for distribution to 

the construction crews and to others who enter 

the construction footprint. On completion of 

the WEAP training, construction crews will sign 

a form stating that they attended the training, 

understood the information presented, and will 

comply with the WEAP requirements. The 

Project Biologist, Regulatory Specialist (Waters) 

and Project Botanist will submit the signed 

WEAP training forms to the Mitigation Manager 

on a monthly basis. Construction crews will be 

informed during the WEAP training that, except 

when necessary as determined in consultation 

with the Project Biologist, Regulatory Specialist 

(Waters) and Project Botanist travel within the 

marked project site will be restricted to 

established roadbeds. Established roadbeds 

include all pre-existing and project-constructed 

unimproved and improved roads.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Training of all 

crew/constructi

on personnel 

prior to start of 

construction. 

Provide daily 

weekly/monthl

y report as 

required by 

permit 

conditions or 

as additional 

crew/constructi

on personnel 

receive 

training.

Daily Tracking Contractor Contractor Monthly 

training 

forms 

submitted 

monthly.

Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO-MM#3 applies to all BIO Impacts

BIO-MM#4 Prepare and 

Implement a 

Weed 

Control Plan 

and Annual 

Vegetation 

Control Plan

A construction-phase Weed Control Plan and 

an operation phase Annual Vegetation Control 

Plan will be developed and implemented. 

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Botanist will prepare and oversee 

the implementation a Weed Control Plan to 

minimize or avoid the spread of weeds during 

ground-disturbing activities. The Weed Control 

Preconstruction/

Construction

/ Postconstruction/

Operation

Plan to be 

prepared prior 

to construction 

followed by 

Monthly 

memorandum 

to document 

the progress 

Monthly Contractor, 

Authority

Contractor, 

Authority

Monthly Condition of the 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO-MM#4 applies to all BIO Impacts

Page 1-9
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

Plan will address the following: ·

Schedule for noxious weed surveys to be 

conducted in coordination with the Biological 

Resources Management Plan (BRMP) (BIOMM#5).

• The success criteria for noxious and invasive 

weed control, as established by a qualified 

biologist. The success criteria will be linked to 

the Biological Resources Management Plan 

[BRMP] (BIO-MM#5) standards for onsite work 

during construction. In particular, the criteria 

will limit the introduction and spread of highly 

invasive species, as defined by the California 

Invasive Plant Council (CalIPC), to less than or 

equal to the pre-disturbance conditions in 

areas temporarily impacted by construction 

activities. If invasive species cover is found to 

exceed by 10% the pre-disturbance conditions 

during monitoring—or is 10% more compared 

with a similar, nearby reference site with 

similar vegetation communities and 

management—a control effort will be 

implemented. If the target, or other success 

criteria identified in the Comprehensive 

Mitigation and Monitoring Plan (CMMP), has 

not been met by the end of the BRMP 

monitoring and implementation period, the 

Authority or its designee will continue the 

monitoring and control efforts, and remedial 

actions would be identified and implemented 

until the success criteria are met. Depending 

on monitoring results, additional or revised 

measures may be needed to ensure that the 

introduction and spread of noxious weeds are 

not promoted by the construction and 

operation of the project.

• Provisions to ensure that the development of 

the Weed Control Plan will be coordinated with 

development of the Restoration and 

Revegetation Plan (RRP) (BIO-MM#6) so that 

the RRP incorporates measures to reduce the 

spread and establishment of noxious weeds, 

and incorporates percent cover of noxious 

weeds into revegetation performance 

standards.

• Identification of weed control treatments, 

including the use of permitted herbicides, and 

manual and mechanical removal methods. 

Herbicide application will be restricted from use 

in Environmentally Sensitive Areas and on 

compensatory mitigation sites, which are 

defined in BIO-MM#7, Delineate 

Environmentally Sensitive Area and 

Environmental Restricted Area (on plans and in 

field).

• Determination of timing of the weed control 

treatment for each plant species.

• Identification of fire prevention measures.

During operation, the Authority will generally 

follow the procedures established in Chapter 

and 

implementation 

of the Weed 

Control Plan.

Page 1-10
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

C2 of the Caltrans Maintenance Manual to 

manage vegetation on Authority property 

(Caltrans 2010). Vegetation would be 

controlled by chemical, thermal, biological, 

cultural, mechanical, structural, and manual 

methods. A separate plan, the Annual 

Vegetation Control Plan, would also be 

developed each winter for implementation no 

later than April 1 of each year. That plan would 

consist of site-specific vegetation control 

methods, as outlined below: · Chemical 

vegetation control noting planned usage.·

Mowing program.

• Other non-chemical vegetation control plans 

(manual, biological, cultural, thermal (includes 

the use of propane heat or steam and is not 

specific to controlled burning) and structural).

• List of sensitive areas.

• Other chemical pest control plans (e.g., 

insects, snail, rodent).

Only Caltrans-approved herbicides will be used 

in the vegetation control program. Pesticide 

application will be conducted in accordance 

with all requirements of the California 

Department of Pesticide Regulation and County 

Agricultural Commissioners by certified 

pesticide applicators. Noxious/invasive weeds 

will be treated where requested by County 

Agricultural Commissioners. The Authority will 

cooperate in area-wide control of 

noxious/invasive weeds if established by local 

agencies. Farmers/landowners who request 

weed control on state right-of-way that is not 

identified in the annual vegetation control plan 

will be encouraged to submit a permit request 

application for weed control that identifies the 

target weeds and control method desired.

The Contractor will implement the Weed 

Control Plan during the construction period. 

The Authority will require that HST 

maintenance crews follow the guidelines in the 

Weed Control Plan and Annual Vegetation 

Control Plan during project operation. The 

Authority or its designee will appoint the 

responsible party during the operations period 

to ensure the Annual Vegetation Control Plan is 

being carried out appropriately and effectively. 

A monthly memorandum will be prepared by 

the Project Botanist to document the progress 

of the plan and its implementation.

BIO-MM#5 Prepare and 

Implement a 

Biological 

Resources 

Management 

Plan

During final design, the Mitigation Manager, or 

its designee (Project Biologist, Regulatory 

Specialist or Project Botanist) will prepare the 

Biological Resources Management Plan (BRMP)

and assemble the biological resources 

mitigation measures. The BRMP will include 

terms and conditions from applicable permits 

and agreements and make provisions for 

monitoring assignments, scheduling, and 

Plan 

required Preconstruction, 

Implementat

ion will occur 

during 

Construction 

and Postconstruction.

Plan to be 

prepared prior 

to construction 

followed by 

reporting 

schedule s 

established by 

agency permit 

conditions.

TBD in the 

Biological 

Resource 

Management 

Plan in 

accordance 

with reporting 

schedule 

established by 

Contractor Contractor TBD in the 

Biological 

Resource 

Management 

Plan in 

accordance 

with 

reporting 

schedule 

Condition of the 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO-MM#5 applies to all BIO Impacts

Page 1-11
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

responsibility. The BRMP will also include 

habitat replacement and revegetation, 

protection during ground-disturbing activities, 

performance (growth) standards, maintenance 

criteria, and monitoring requirements for 

temporary and permanent native plant 

community impacts. The parameters for the 

BRMP will be formed with the mitigation 

measures from this project-level EIR/EIS, 

including terms and conditions as applicable 

from the USFWS, USACE, SWRCB, and CDFW 

permits. The goal of the BRMP is to provide an 

organized reporting tool to ensure that the 

mitigation measures and terms and conditions 

are implemented in a timely manner and are 

reported on. These measures, terms, and 

conditions include all avoidance, minimization, 

repair, mitigation, and compensatory actions 

stated in the mitigation measures or terms and

conditions from the permits referenced above. 

These measures, terms, and conditions are 

tracked through final design, implementation, 

and post-construction phases. The BRMP will 

help the long-term perpetuation of biological 

resources within the temporarily disturbed 

areas and protect adjacent targeted habitats. 

The BRMP will be submitted to the Contractor 

and will contain, but not be limited to, the 

following information:

a. A master schedule that shows that 

construction of the project, Pre-construction 

surveys, and establishment of buffers and 

exclusions zones to protect sensitive biological 

resources.

b. Specific measures for the protection of 

special-status species.

c. Identification (on construction plans) of the 

locations and quantity of habitats to be

avoided or removed, along with the locations 

where habitats are to be restored.

d. Procedures for vegetation analyses of 

temporarily affected habitats to approximate 

their relative composition and procedures for 

site preparation, irrigation, planting, and

maintenance. This information may be used to 

determine the requirements of the 

revegetation areas for both onsite temporary 

impacts and offsite compensatory sites.

e. Sources of plant materials and methods of 

propagation.

f. Identification of specific parameters 

consistent with mitigation ratios and permit 

conditions for determining the amount of 

replacement habitat for temporary disturbance 

areas.

g. Specification of parameters for maintenance 

and monitoring of re-established habitats, 

including weed control measures, frequency of 

field checks, and monitoring reports for 

temporary disturbance areas.

agency permit 

conditions

established 

by agency 

permit 

conditions

Page 1-12
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

h. Specification of performance standards for 

the re-established plant communities within the 

construction limits.

i. Specification of the remedial measures to be 

taken if performance standards are not met 

(e.g., a form of adaptive management).

j. Methods and requirements for monitoring 

restoration/replacement efforts, which will be a 

combination of qualitative and quantitative 

data consistent with mitigation measures and 

permit conditions.

k. Measures to preserve topsoil and control 

erosion.

l. Design of protective fencing around 

Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs), 

environmentally restricted areas (ERAs), and 

the construction staging areas.

m. Specification of the locations and quantities 

of gallinaceous guzzlers (catch basin/artificial 

watering structures) and the monitoring of 

water levels in them.

n. Locations of trees to be protected as wildlife 

habitat (roosting sites) and locations for 

planting replacement trees.

o. Specification of the purpose, type, 

frequency, and extent of chemical use for 

insect and disease control operations as part of 

vegetative maintenance within sensitive habitat 

areas.

p. Specific construction monitoring programs 

for habitats of concern and special-status 

species, as needed.

q. Specific measures for the protection of 

vernal pool habitat and riparian areas. These 

measures may include erosion and siltation 

control measures, protective fencing 

guidelines, dust control measures, grading 

techniques, construction area limits, and 

biological monitoring requirements.

r. Provisions for biological monitoring during 

ground-disturbing activities to confirm 

compliance and success of protective 

measures. The monitoring procedures will (1) 

identify specific locations of wildlife habitat and 

sensitive species to be monitored; (2) identify 

the frequency of monitoring and the 

monitoring methods (for each habitat and 

sensitive species to be monitored); (3) list 

required qualifications of biological monitor(s), 

and (4) identify the reporting requirements.

BIO-MM#6 Prepare and 

Implement a 

Restoration 

and 

Revegetation 

Plan

During final design, the Project Botanist will 

prepare a Restoration and Revegetation Plan 

(RRP) for temporarily disturbed upland 

communities. (Site restoration will also be 

conducted to restore temporary impacts on 

valley foothill riparian areas [BIO-MM#47] and 

jurisdictional waters [BIO-MM#48].) In the 

RRP, impacts on habitat subject to temporary 

ground disturbances that will require 

Prepare the 

plan Preconstruction, 

Implement 

the plan 

during 

construction, 

Monitoring 

during PostPrepare and 

Implement 

RRP.

Finalize the 

RRP Preconstruction. 

Follow 

reporting 

requirements 

as established 

by agency 

permit 

Contractor Contractor Finalize the 

RRP Preconstruction. 

Follow 

reporting 

requirements 

as 

established 

by agency 

Condition of the 

Design/Build 

Contract

Restoration and 

Revegetation Plan 

(RRP)

Compliance report 

to document 

implementation 

BIO-MM#6 applies to all BIO Impacts

Page 1-13
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

decompaction or re-grading will be addressed, 

if appropriate. The Project Biologist will 

approve the seed mix. The standards for onsite 

work during construction will limit highly 

invasive species, as defined by the California 

Invasive Plant Council, to less than 10% 

greater than the pre-disturbance condition or 

as determined through a comparison with an 

appropriate reference site with similar natural 

communities and management. During grounddisturbing activities, the Contractor will 

implement the RRP in temporarily disturbed 

areas. The Project Biologist will prepare and 

submit compliance reports to the Mitigation 

Manager to document implementation and 

performance of the RRP.

construction conditions 

during 

Construction, 

and PostConstruction

permit 

conditions 

during 

Construction, 

and PostConstruction

and performances 

standards.

BIO-MM#7 Delineate 

Environment

ally Sensitive 

Areas and 

Environment

ally 

Restricted 

Areas (on 

plans and in 

field)

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biologist, Regulatory Specialist 

(Waters), and Project Botanist will verify that 

ESAs and ERAs are delineated on final 

construction plans (including grading and 

landscape plans) and in the field and will 

update as necessary. ESAs are areas within the 

construction zone, or on compensatory 

mitigation sites, containing suitable habitat for 

special-status species and habitats of concern 

that may allow construction activities but have 

restrictions based on the presence of specialstatus species or habitats of concern at the 

time of construction. ERAs are sensitive areas 

that are typically outside the construction 

footprint that must be protected in place 

during all construction activities. Before and 

during the implementation of grounddisturbing activities, the Project Biologist, 

Regulatory Specialist (Waters), and Project 

Botanist, will mark ESAs and ERAs with highvisibility temporary fencing, flagging, or other 

agency-approved barriers to prevent 

encroachment of construction personnel and 

equipment. Sub-meter accurate Global 

Positioning System (GPS) equipment will be 

used to delineate all ESAs and ERAs. The 

Contractor will remove ESA and ERA fencing 

when construction is complete or when the 

resource has been cleared according to agency 

permit conditions in the MMEP and 

construction drawings and specifications. The 

Project Biologist, Regulatory Specialist 

(Waters), and Project Botanist, will submit a 

memorandum regarding the field delineation 

and installation of all ESAs/ERAs to the 

Mitigation Manager.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

Identify and 

Establish ESAs 

and ERAs; 

Remove 

Fencing, Memo 

to Mitigation 

Manager

Prior to 

Construction. 

Following 

reporting 

schedule 

established by 

agency permit 

requirements

Contractor Contractor Prior to 

Construction. 

Following 

reporting 

schedule 

established 

by agency 

permit 

requirements

Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO-MM#7 applies to all BIO Impacts

Page 1-14
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

BIO-MM#8 Wildlife 

Exclusion 

Fencing

The Contractor, under the supervision of the 

Project Biologist will install wildlife-specific 

exclusion barriers at the edge of the 

construction footprint. Exclusion barriers will be 

made of durable material, regularly 

maintained, and installed below-grade by the 

Contractor under the supervision of the Project 

Biologist. Wildlife exclusion fencing will be 

installed along the outer perimeter of ESAs and 

ERAs and below-grade (e.g., 6 to 10 inches 

below-grade). The design specifications of the 

exclusion fencing will be determined through 

consultation with USFWS and/or CDFW. The 

wildlife exclusion barrier will be monitored, 

maintained at regular intervals throughout 

construction, and removed after the 

completion of major construction activities. The 

Project Biologist will submit a memorandum to 

the Mitigation Manager to document 

compliance with this measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

Installation of 

wildlife-specific 

exclusion 

barriers; Memo 

to Mitigation 

Manager

Following 

reporting 

schedule 

established by 

agency permit 

requirements

Contractor Contractor Following 

reporting 

schedule 

established 

by agency 

permit 

requirements

Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO#6 Project impact from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impact from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO-MM#9 Equipment 

Staging 

Areas

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biologist, Regulatory Specialist 

(Waters), and Project Botanist will confirm that 

staging areas for construction equipment are 

outside areas of sensitive biological resources, 

including habitat for special-status species, 

habitats of concern, and wildlife movement 

corridors, to the extent feasible. The Project 

Biologist, Regulatory Specialist (Waters), and 

Project Botanist will submit a memorandum to 

the Mitigation Manager to document 

compliance with this measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

Monitoring and 

Reporting

Following 

reporting 

schedule 

established by 

agency permit 

requirements

Contractor Contractor Following 

reporting 

schedule 

established 

by agency 

permit 

requirements

Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO-MM#9 applies to all BIO Impacts

BIOMM#10MonoFilament 

Netting

Thirty days before and during the 

implementation of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biologist will verify that that the 

Contractor is not using plastic mono-filament 

netting (erosion-control matting) or similar 

material in erosion control materials; 

acceptable substitutes include coconut coir 

matting, tackified hydroseeding compounds, 

rice straw wattles (e.g., Earthsaver wattles:

biodegradable, photodegradable, burlap), and 

other reusable erosion, sediment, and wildlife 

control systems that may be approved by the 

regulatory agencies (e.g., ERTEC 

Environmental Systems products). The Project 

Biologist will submit memoranda to the 

Mitigation Manager to document compliance 

with this measure; the memoranda will be 

submitted monthly or as appropriate 

throughout project construction.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

Monitoring and 

Reporting

Monthly or in 

accordance 

with reporting 

schedule 

established by 

agency permit 

requirements

Project 

Biologist

Project 

Biologist

Monthly or in 

accordance 

with 

reporting 

schedule 

established 

by agency 

permit 

requirements

Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptile and amphibian species.

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impact from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impact from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

Page 1-15
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

BIOMM#11Vehicle 

Traffic

During ground-disturbing activities, the 

contractor will restrict project vehicle traffic 

within the construction area to established 

roads, construction areas, and other 

designated areas. The contractor will establish 

vehicle traffic in locations disturbed by previous 

activities to prevent further adverse effects, 

require observance of a 15 mile per hour 

(mph) speed limit for construction areas with 

potential special-status species habitat, clearly 

flag and mark access routes, and prohibit offroad traffic. The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum to the Mitigation Manager to 

document compliance with this measure; 

memoranda will be submitted on a weekly 

basis or as appropriate throughout project 

construction.

Construction Establish 

vehicle routes, 

clearly flag and 

mark access 

routes, and 

prohibit offroad traffic, 

monitor and 

report

Weekly Contractor Contractor Weekly Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO-MM#11 applies to all BIO Impacts

BIOMM#12Entrapment 

Prevention

To prevent inadvertent entrapment of 

protected species, the Contractor, under the 

guidance of the Project Biologist, will cover all 

excavated, steep-sided holes or trenches more 

than 8 inches deep at the close of each work 

day with plywood or similar materials or 

provide a minimum of one escape ramp per 10 

feet of trenching (with slopes no greater than a 

3:1) constructed of earth fill or wooden planks. 

The Project Biologist will thoroughly inspect 

holes and trenches for trapped animals before 

leaving the construction site each day. The 

Contractor will either screen, cover, or store 

more than 1 foot off the ground all 

construction pipe, culverts, or similar structures 

with a diameter of 3 inches or greater that are 

stored at the construction site for one or more 

overnight periods and these pipes, culverts, 

and similar structures will be inspected by the 

Project Biologist for wildlife before the material 

is moved, buried, or capped. The Project 

Biologist will clear stored material for common 

and special-status wildlife species before the 

pipe is subsequently buried, moved, or capped 

(covered). The Project Biologist will submit 

memoranda to the Mitigation Manager to 

document compliance with this measure; the 

memoranda will be submitted on a weekly 

basis or as appropriate throughout project 

construction.

Construction Cover holes 

and trenches 

and protect 

pipes >3 

inches in 

diameter

Weekly Contractor Contractor Weekly Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptile and amphibian species.

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impact from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impact from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

Page 1-16
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

BIOMM#13Work 

Stoppage

During ground-disturbing activities, the Project 

Biologist, Regulatory Specialist (Waters), and 

Project Botanist or Project Biological Monitor 

will halt work in the event that a special-status 

wildlife species gains access to the construction 

footprint. This work stoppage will be 

coordinated with the resident engineer and/or 

the Authority or its designee. The Contractor 

will suspend ground-disturbing activities in the 

immediate construction area where the 

potential construction activity could result in 

“take” of special-status wildlife species; work 

may continue in other areas. Before 

construction, the Contractor will obtain written 

permission from CDFW to capture and relocate 

any non-listed wildlife species (does not 

included domesticated animals) from within the 

project footprint..

Construction Stop Work, 

relocate 

species (if 

possible), and 

report

1 day following 

work stoppage

Contractor Contractor 1 day 

following 

work 

stoppage

Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO-MM#13 applies to all BIO Impacts

BIOMM#14“Take” 

Notification 

and 

Reporting

The Project Biologist, Regulatory Specialist 

(Water), or Project Botanist will immediately 

notify the Mitigation Manager in the event of 

an accidental death or injury to a federal- or 

state-listed species during project activities. 

The Project Biologist will then notify USFWS 

and/or CDFW within 24 hours in the event of 

an accidental death or injury to a federal- or 

state-listed species during project activities. 

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum to the Mitigation Manager to 

document compliance with this measure. The 

memorandum will also identify suggested 

revisions to the construction activities or 

additional measures that will be implemented 

to minimize or prevent future impacts.

Construction Notification of 

Mitigation 

Manager, 

USFWS and/or 

CDFW and 

recommendatio

n of additional 

measures

Immediate 

notification of 

Mitigation 

Manager; 

Notify USFWS 

and/or CDFW 

within 24 hours

Contractor Contractor Immediate 

notification 

of Mitigation 

Manager; 

Notify 

USFWS 

and/or 

CDFW within 

24 hours

Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special status reptiles and amphibians

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special status bird species

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special status mammal species

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptile and 

amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIOMM#15PostConstruction 

Compliance 

Reports

After each construction package, construction 

phase, permitting phase, or other portion of 

the HST section as defined by Authority is 

completed, the Mitigation Manager, or their 

designee, will submit post-construction 

compliance reports consistent with the 

requirements of the protocols of each 

appropriate agency (e.g., USFWS, CDFW), 

including compliance with regulatory agency 

permits. The Mitigation Manager will submit a 

memorandum to the regulatory agencies to 

document compliance with this measure. The 

frequency of the memorandum compilation 

and submission will be consistent with the 

requirements in the regulatory agency permits.

PostconstructionCompliance 

Reporting

In accordance 

with reporting 

schedule 

established by 

agency permit 

requirements

Contractor Contractor In 

accordance 

with 

reporting 

schedule 

established 

by agency 

permit 

requirements

Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract

BIO-MM#15 applies to all BIO 

Impacts

Page 1-17
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

BIOMM#16Conduct 

ProtocolLevel Preconstruction 

Surveys for 

SpecialStatus Plant 

Species and 

SpecialStatus Plant 

Communities

Prior to construction, the Project Botanist will 

conduct protocol-level, pre-construction 

botanical surveys for special-status plant species 

and special-status plant communities in all 

potentially suitable habitats where permission to 

enter was not granted prior to construction. The 

surveys will be conducted during the appropriate 

blooming period(s) for the species before the 

start of ground-disturbing activities for salvage 

and relocation activities. The Project Botanist will 

mark the locations of all special-status plant 

species and special-status plant communities 

observed for the Contractor to avoid. Before the 

start of ground-disturbing activities, all 

populations of special-status plant species and 

special-status plant communities identified 

during pre-construction surveys within 100 feet 

of the construction footprint will be protected 

and delineated by the Contractor (directed by 

the Project Botanist) as ERAs. As appropriate, 

the Project Botanist will update the mapping of 

special-status species or habitats of concern 

within the construction limits based on resource 

agency permits.

Portions of the construction footprint that 

support special-status plant species that will be 

temporarily disturbed will be restored onsite to 

pre-construction conditions. Before disturbance, 

pre-construction conditions, including species 

composition, species richness, and percent cover 

of key species will be documented, and photo 

points will be established. If special-status plant 

species cannot be avoided, mitigation for 

impacts on these species will be documented 

(density, percent cover, key habitat 

characteristics, including soil type, associated 

species, hydrology, topography, and photo 

documentation of pre-construction conditions) 

and incorporated into a relocation/compensation 

program, as defined in BIO-MM#17. The Project 

Botanist will provide verification of survey results 

and report findings through a memorandum to 

the Mitigation Manager to document compliance 

with this measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, and Postconstruction

Conduct 

protocol level 

surveys for 

special-status 

plant species; 

Report 

findings; 

Restore 

temporary 

disturbed areas

Report findings 

at least 30 

days prior to 

ground 

disturbance

Contractor Contractor Report 

findings at 

least 30 days 

prior to 

ground 

disturbance

Condition of 

Design/Build 

Contract Following 

requirements 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance permits

BIO#1 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would directly or indirectly impact 

suitable habitat that has potential to support special-status plant species.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb special-status plant 

communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#5 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant species or suitable habitat that has potential to support 

these species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#17Prepare and 

Implement 

Plan for 

Salvage, 

Relocation 

and/or 

Propagation 

of SpecialStatus Plant 

Species

The Project Botanist will prepare a plan before 

the start of ground-disturbing activities to 

address monitoring, salvage, relocation, and 

propagation of special-status plant species. 

The relocation or propagation of plants and 

seeds will be performed at a suitable mitigation 

site approved by the appropriate regulatory 

agencies, and as appropriate per species. 

Documentation will include provisions that 

address the techniques, locations, and 

procedures required for the successful 

establishment of the plant populations. The 

plan will include provisions for performance 

that address survivability requirements, 

Preconstruction 

(Plan), 

Implementat

ion during 

construction, 

Monitoring 

postconstruction

Prepare/Imple

ment Plan and 

Report 

Compliance

Follow 

reporting 

requirements 

as established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits.

Contractor Contractor Follow 

reporting 

requirements 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits.

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Salvage, 

Relocation, and 

Propagation of 

Special Status 

Plant Species 

Following 

requirements 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance permits

BIO#1 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would directly or indirectly impact 

suitable habitat that has potential to support special-status plant species.

BIO#5 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant species or suitable habitat that has potential to support 

these species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-18
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

maintenance, monitoring, implementation, and 

the annual reporting requirements. Permit 

conditions issued by the appropriate resource 

agencies (e.g., USFWS, CDFW) will guide the 

development of the plan and performance 

standards. The Project Botanist will submit a 

memorandum to the Mitigation Manager to 

document compliance with this measure.

BIOMM#18Conduct Preconstruction 

Sampling 

and 

Assessment 

for Vernal 

Pool Fauna

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biologist will conduct preconstruction aquatic assessment and sampling 

in seasonal wetlands and vernal pools in the 

construction footprint. The approved biologists 

will visit the sites after initial storm events to 

determine when seasonal wetlands and vernal 

pools have been inundated. A seasonal 

wetland/vernal pool is considered to be 

inundated when it holds greater than 3 cm of 

standing water 24 hours after a rain event. 

Approximately 2 weeks after the pools are 

inundated, the biologists will conduct general 

aquatic surveys in appropriate seasonal 

wetland and vernal pool habitats. The sampling 

is an assessment that will be useful in 

understanding the species present and will 

help guide the implementation of the 

performance standards to be consistent with 

BIO-MM#20: Implement and Monitor Vernal 

Pool Protection. The Project Biologist will 

submit a report to the Mitigation Manager and 

Authority or its designee within 30 days of 

completing the field work. The report will 

provide the documentation and the results of 

the sampling, including the results of the data 

collection and a comparison with the 

performance standards.

PreconstructionAquatic 

assessment 

and sampling; 

reporting

Report findings 

at least 30 

days prior to 

ground 

disturbance

Contractor Contractor Report 

findings at 

least 30 days 

prior to 

ground 

disturbance

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Following 

requirements 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#19Seasonal 

Vernal Pool 

Work 

Restriction

For seasonal avoidance of special-status vernal 

pool branchiopods and vernal-pool-dependent 

species (e.g., vernal pool branchiopods, 

western spadefoot toads, California tiger 

salamanders), the Contractor will not work 

within 250 feet of suitable aquatic habitats 

(e.g., vernal pools, seasonal wetlands) from 

October 15 to June 1 (corresponding to the 

rainy season) or as determined through 

informal or formal consultation with the USFWS 

or USACE. Ground-disturbing activities may 

begin once the habitat is no longer inundated 

for the season and it is after April 15. If any 

work remains to be completed after October 

15, the Contractor (under the direction of the 

Project Biologist) will install exclusion fencing 

and erosion control measures in those areas 

where construction activities need to be 

completed. The Project Biologist will document 

compliance through memoranda to the 

Mitigation Manager during the establishment of 

the fencing activities.

Construction Exclusion 

fencing, 

Reporting

Follow 

reporting 

requirements 

as established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Follow 

reporting 

requirements 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Following 

requirements 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-19
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

BIOMM#20Implement 

and Monitor 

Vernal Pool 

Protection

Although all temporary impacts on vernal pools 

are considered to be permanent and will be 

mitigated through offsite compensatory 

mitigation (see BIO-MM#63), vernal pools 

within the temporary construction footprint will 

be protected by erecting exclusion fencing, if 

they can be avoided. The Contractor will erect 

and maintain the exclusion fencing. For 

impacts on vernal pools within the temporary 

construction footprint that cannot be avoided, 

the Contractor, under the guidance of the 

Regulatory Specialist (Waters), will place rinsed 

gravel within the affected vernal pools and will 

cover the affected vernal pools with geotextile 

fabric before the start of ground-disturbing 

activities to minimize damage to the soils and 

protect the contours. The Contractor, under 

the direction of the Regulatory Specialist 

(Waters), will collect a representative sampling 

of soils from the vernal pools before initiating 

ground-disturbing activities within the vernal 

pools. The representative soil samples will 

contain viable plant seeds and vernal pool 

branchiopod cysts to be preserved from the 

vernal pools. These samples may be 

incorporated into other vernal pools, as 

applicable, with USFWS and/or CDFW 

consultation. The Contractor will implement 

these measures within temporary impact areas 

adjacent to or within the construction footprint. 

Resource agency consultations with the USFWS 

and USACE will occur as needed and based on 

permit conditions. The Regulatory Specialist 

(Waters) will submit a memorandum on a 

weekly basis or at other appropriate intervals 

to the Mitigation Manager to document 

compliance with this measure. Because 

impacts to vernal pools within the temporary 

construction footprint are considered to be 

permanent impacts, these impacts will be 

mitigated through offsite mitigation, as 

described in BIO-MM#63. The Contractor will 

obtain approval from USACE, before the 

implementation of the above-described 

mitigation measures, for any unanticipated 

temporary impacts on vernal pools. If 

unanticipated temporary impacts last more 

than one full wet-dry season cycle, offsite 

mitigation will be implemented.

Construction Exclusion 

fencing, 

collection of 

soil material, 

off-site 

compensatory 

mitigation; 

reporting

Weekly or 

reporting 

requirements 

as established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Weekly or 

reporting 

requirements 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Following 

requirements 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#21Implement 

Avoidance 

and 

Minimization 

Measures for 

the Valley 

Elderberry 

Longhorn 

Beetle

Before and during the implementation of 

ground-disturbing activities, the Project 

Biologist will direct the Contractor to implement 

the avoidance and minimization measures

detailed in the Conservation Guidelines for the 

Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (USFWS 

1999a). These measures include conducting 

protocol-level presence/absence surveys for 

this species, establishing and maintaining 

appropriate buffer areas around elderberry 

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Protocol-level 

surveys, 

implementation 

of avoidance 

and 

minimization 

measures, 

restore 

temporary 

disturbances 

Weekly or 

reporting 

requirements 

as established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Weekly or 

reporting 

requirements 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Following 

requirements 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-20
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

plants, restricting the use of chemicals that 

might harm beetles, and mowing restrictions. 

After ground-disturbing activities are 

completed, any damage to temporarily 

disturbed buffer areas surrounding elderberry 

shrubs will be restored as detailed in the 

Conservation Guidelines for the Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (USFWS 1999a). 

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

following 

construction

BIOMM#22Conduct Preconstruction 

Surveys for 

SpecialStatus 

Reptile and 

Amphibian 

Species

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biologist will conduct preconstruction surveys in suitable habitats to 

determine the presence or absence of specialstatus reptiles and amphibian species within 

the construction footprint. Surveys will be 

conducted no more than 30 days before the 

start of ground-disturbing activities and will be 

phased with project build-out. The results of 

the pre-construction survey will be used to 

guide the placement of the environmentally 

sensitive areas, ERAs, and wildlife exclusion 

fencing. The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

Preconstruction 

surveys for 

special status 

species, and 

establishment 

of ESAs and 

ERAs

Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Contractor Contractor Surveys 

conducted 

30 days prior 

to ground 

disturbance, 

During 

construction 

submit 

weekly 

reports or 

reporting 

requirements 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

Following 

requirements 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#23Conduct 

SpecialStatus 

Reptile and 

Amphibian 

Monitoring, 

Avoidance, 

and 

Relocation

During ground-disturbing activities, the Project 

Biological Monitor will observe all construction 

activities in habitat that supports special-status 

reptiles and amphibians. If suitable habitat is 

present and environmentally sensitive areas 

are deemed necessary, the Project Biological 

Monitor will conduct a clearance survey within 

the area for special-status reptiles and 

amphibians after wildlife exclusion fencing is 

installed. If a special-status reptile or 

amphibian is present during construction, the 

Contractor will avoid the special-status reptile 

or amphibian species. Otherwise, the Project 

Biological Monitor will relocate special-status 

reptiles or amphibians (other than California 

tiger salamander) found in the Environmentally 

Sensitive Area or construction footprint to an 

area outside the construction area as 

determined through consultation with USFWS 

and/or CDFW. If necessary, clearance surveys 

will be conducted daily. The Project Biologist 

will submit a memorandum, on a weekly basis 

or at other appropriate intervals, to the 

Mitigation Manager to document compliance 

with this measure.

Construction Monitoring 

during 

construction, 

reporting

Contractor Contractor Contractor Daily 

monitoring, 

weekly or 

reporting 

requirements 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Following 

requirements 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-21
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

BIOMM#24Conduct 

Protocol and 

Preconstruction 

Surveys for 

California 

Tiger 

Salamander

In the annual grassland and pasture habitats in 

the Cross Creek grassland region, protocollevel surveys will be conducted in accordance 

with the Interim Guidance on Site Assessment 

and Field Surveys for Determining Presence or 

a Negative Finding of the California Tiger 

Salamander (USFWS and CDFG 2003). The 

purpose of these surveys will be to determine 

presence or absence of the California tiger 

salamander within the study area. Before the 

start of ground-disturbing activities, a qualified, 

agency-approved biologist (designated by the 

Project Biologist) will conduct visual preconstruction surveys in suitable habitats in the 

Cross Creek grassland region. Surveys will be 

conducted no more than 30 days before the 

start of ground-disturbing activities and will be 

phased with project build-out. In the unlikely 

event that California tiger salamander 

individuals are found within the project 

footprint during protocol-level pre-construction 

surveys, the Project Biologist will contact the 

USFWS and CDFW to identify appropriate 

avoidance and minimization measures to be 

implemented for this species. The Project 

Biologist will submit a memorandum, on a 

weekly basis or at other appropriate intervals, 

to the Mitigation Manager to document 

compliance with this measure.

PreconstructionProtocol and 

Preconstruction 

level surveys

Protocol level 

surveys, Preconstruction 30 

day prior to 

construction; 

Weekly 

reporting or 

reporting 

requirements 

as established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Protocol level 

surveys (at 

least 1 year 

prior to 

ground 

disturbance), 

preconstruction 

30 day prior 

to 

construction; 

Weekly 

reporting or 

reporting 

requirements 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Following 

requirements 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#25Implement 

Avoidance 

and 

Minimization 

Measures for 

California 

Tiger 

Salamander

The measures listed below will be implemented 

in the Cross Creek grassland region to avoid 

and minimize potential adverse effects to this 

species:

• The Contractor, under the direction of the 

Project Biologist will install, and maintain 

exclusion fencing along the perimeter of the 

construction footprint. The Project Biological 

Monitor will monitor the exclusion fencing to 

ensure that no take of California tiger 

salamander or destruction of their potential 

habitat outside of the project footprint occurs. 

Exclusion fencing will be composed of a 

combination of high-visibility construction fence 

and wildlife exclusion fence. Exclusion fencing 

must be trenched into the soil at least 4 inches 

in depth, with the soil compacted against both 

sides of the fence for its entire length to 

prevent central California tiger salamanders 

from passing under the fence. Barriers must be 

inspected by an USFWS-approved Project 

Biological Monitor at least twice weekly on nonconsecutive days outside of the breeding 

season. Barriers will be inspected daily 

following any rain event and during months 

when juvenile central California tiger 

salamanders are most likely emigrating from 

their breeding ponds in search of burrows in 

surrounding upland habitat. Barriers will be 

installed by the Contractor with turn-arounds 

Construction Establish 

exclusion 

fencing

Daily or Twice 

per week 

inspections 

(nonconsecutive 

days), weekly 

reporting

Contractor Contractor Daily or 

twice per 

week 

inspections 

(nonconsecutive 

days), 

weekly 

reporting

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-22
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

at any access openings needed in the fencing, 

to redirect central California tiger salamanders 

away from openings.

• The Contractor will not conduct construction 

activities within 250 feet of potential California 

tiger salamander breeding habitat during the 

wet season (October 15 through June 1); 

however, construction activities may begin 

once the habitat is no longer inundated for the 

season and it is after April 15.

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

BIOMM#26Conduct 

ProtocolLevel 

Surveys for 

Blunt-Nosed 

Leopard 

Lizard

The Project Biologist will conduct protocol-level 

surveys in suitable habitats for the blunt-nosed 

leopard lizard within 1 year of each 

construction phase. These surveys will be 

conducted in areas of potential blunt-nosed 

leopard lizard habitat in accordance with the 

Approved Survey Methodology for the BluntNosed Leopard Lizard (CDFG 2004). The 

Project Biologist will submit a memorandum, 

on a weekly basis or at other appropriate 

intervals, to the Mitigation Manager to 

document compliance with this measure.

PreconstructionConduct 

Protocol level 

surveys; 

Reporting

Surveys within 

1 year prior to 

construction; 

Reporting 

weekly or in 

Survey 

Methodology

Contractor Contractor Within 1 year 

prior to 

construction 

or as 

required in 

Survey 

Methodology

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#27Phased Preconstruction 

Surveys for 

Blunt-Nosed 

Leopard 

Lizard

The Project Biologist will conduct visual preconstruction surveys in areas of potential 

blunt-nosed leopard lizard habitat no more 

than 30 days before ground-disturbing 

activities. The Project Biological Monitor will 

conduct daily clearance surveys before 

construction activities. The Project Biologist will 

submit a memorandum, on a weekly basis or 

at other appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

PreconstructionPreconstruction 

Surveys; Daily 

clearance 

surveys; 

reporting

Surveys within 

30 days prior 

to ground 

disturbance; 

daily clearance 

surveys; 

weekly 

reporting or 

reporting 

requirements 

as established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Surveys 

within 30 

days prior to 

ground 

disturbance; 

daily 

clearance 

surveys; 

weekly 

reporting or 

reporting 

requirements 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Permit

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#28Blunt-Nosed 

Leopard 

Lizard 

Avoidance

During the active season (April 15 through 

October 15), in areas where blunt-nosed 

leopard lizards or blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

signs are present, the following measures will 

be implemented:

• Following the phased pre-construction survey 

for blunt-nosed leopard lizard within the 

construction footprint (see BIO-MM#27), if 

active burrows or egg clutch sites are identified 

within the construction footprint, the 

Contractor and Project Biologist will establish, 

maintain, and monitor 50-foot buffers around 

Construction Establish 

buffers, 

vegetation 

removal, preconstruction 

survey, and 

passive 

relocation; 

erect barriers; 

monitoring and 

reporting

Weekly 

reporting

Contractor Contractor Weekly 

reporting

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-23
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

active burrows and egg clutch sites. The 50-

foot buffers will be established around the 

active burrow and clutch sites in a manner that 

allows for blunt-nosed leopard lizard to leave 

the construction footprint after the young have 

hatched. Project activities within the 50-foot 

buffers, including vegetation clearing and 

grubbing (as described below), will be 

prohibited until the eggs have hatched and 

blunt-nosed leopard lizard have been allowed 

to leave the construction footprint, as 

determined by the Project Biologist.

• Following the phased pre-construction survey 

for blunt-nosed leopard lizard within the 

construction footprint (see BIO-MM#27), if no 

active burrows or egg clutch sites are identified 

within the construction footprint, the 

Contractor, under the direction of the Project 

Biologist will conduct vegetation clearing and 

grubbing activities with hand tools. Cleared 

vegetation will be cut to 4 inches above the 

ground level, and all trimmings will be removed 

from the construction footprint. The 

vegetation-free work area will be allowed to sit 

undisturbed for a minimum of 72 hours to 

allow blunt-nosed leopard lizards to passively 

relocate from the site. A follow-up preconstruction survey will be conducted in the 

vegetation-free work area to look for bluntnosed leopard lizards or their sign. Any bluntnosed leopard lizards observed during the 

follow-up survey will be allowed to leave the 

work site on their own accord. Immediately 

after the follow-up pre-construction survey of 

the vegetation-free work area, the construction 

footprint will be delineated with high-visibility 

construction fence and a wildlife exclusion 

fence with “a non-gaping, non-climbable 

barrier using a rigid and non-climbable 

material.” The vegetation-free work area within 

the wildlife exclusion fence will be maintained 

by the Contractor and monitored daily by the 

Project Biologist.

• The Contractor will conduct grounddisturbing activities when air temperatures are 

between 75 and 95 degrees Fahrenheit. The 

temperature range corresponds to the period 

when this species is moving around and can 

avoid danger.

During the non-active season (October 16 

through April 14), suitable blunt-nosed leopard 

lizard burrows identified during protocol-level 

and pre-construction surveys will be avoided by 

the Contractor. A 50-foot no-work buffer will 

be established around burrows to prevent 

impacts until the active season, when bluntPage 1-24
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

nosed leopard lizards will be able to leave the 

vegetation-free work area on their own accord. 

The no-work buffer will be established by 

routing the high-visibility construction fence 

and wildlife exclusion fence around the suitable 

burrow sites in a manner that allows for a 

connection between the burrow site and the 

suitable natural habitat adjacent to the 

footprint so that blunt-nosed leopard lizard 

individuals are able to leave the construction 

footprint during the active season. If 

construction activities are required during this 

period, the appropriate measures will be 

established through consultation with USFWS 

and CDFW.

Non-disturbance exclusion zones will be 

maintained by the Contractor and monitored by 

USFWS-approved biological monitor(s) to avoid 

the possibility for take of lizards, their 

burrows/nests, or the species’ habitat outside 

of the project footprint.

If blunt-nosed leopard lizards are observed at 

any time during protocol-level surveys, phased 

pre-construction surveys, or during 

construction, USFWS and CDFW will be 

contacted. Appropriate measures to avoid take 

of the species will be established through 

consultation with the USFWS and CDFW. The 

Project Biologist will submit a memorandum, 

on a weekly basis or at other appropriate 

intervals, to the Mitigation Manager to 

document compliance with this measure.

BIOMM#29Conduct Preconstruction 

Surveys and 

Delineate 

Active Nest 

Exclusion 

Areas for 

Other 

Breeding 

Birds

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biologist will conduct visual preconstruction surveys where suitable habitats 

are present for nesting birds protected by the 

MBTA if construction and habitat removal 

activities are scheduled to occur during the bird 

breeding season (February 1 to August 15). In 

the event active bird nests are encountered 

during the pre-construction survey, the Project 

Biologist in conjunction with the Contractor will 

establish nest avoidance buffer zones as 

appropriate. The buffer distances will be 

consistent with the intent of the MBTA. The 

Project Biologist will delineate nest avoidance 

buffers established for ground-nesting birds in 

a manner that does not create predatory bird 

perch points in close proximity (150 feet) to 

the active nest site. The Project Biologist or 

Biological Monitor will periodically monitor 

active bird nests. The Project Biologist will 

maintain the nest avoidance buffer zone until 

nestlings have fledged and are no longer 

reliant on the nest or parental care for survival 

or the nest is abandoned (as determined by 

PreconstructionPreconstruction 

surveys, and 

establish nest 

buffers

Surveys 

conducted 

prior to 

disturbance; 

Report weekly 

or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Surveys 

conducted 

prior to 

disturbance; 

Report 

weekly or as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Permit

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

was potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including 

raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-25
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

the Project Biologist). The Project Biologist will 

submit a memorandum, on a weekly basis or 

at other appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

BIOMM#30Conduct Preconstruction 

Surveys and 

Monitoring 

for Raptors

No more than 14-days before the start of 

ground-disturbing activities, the Project 

Biologist will conduct visual pre-construction 

surveys where suitable habitats are present for 

nesting raptors if construction and habitat 

removal activities are scheduled to occur 

during the bird-breeding season (February 1 to 

August 15). Surveys will be conducted in areas 

within the construction footprint and, where 

permissible, within 500 feet of the construction 

footprint for raptor species (not Fully Protected 

species) and 0.5 mile of the construction 

footprint for Fully Protected raptor species. The 

required survey dates will be modified based 

on local conditions. If breeding raptors with 

active nests are found, the Project Biologist in 

conjunction with the Contractor will establish a 

500-foot buffer around the nest to be 

maintained until the young have fledged from 

the nest and are no longer reliant on the nest 

or parental care for survival or the nest fails 

(as determined by the Project Biologist). If fully 

protected raptors (e.g., white tailed-kite) with 

active nests are found, the Project Biologist in 

conjunction with Contractor will establish a 0.5-

mile buffer around the nest to be maintained 

until the young have fledged from the nest or 

the nest fails (as determined by the Project 

Biologist). Adjustments to the buffer(s) will 

require prior approval by USFWS and/or CDFW. 

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

Preconstruction 

surveys, and 

establishment 

of nest buffers

Surveys 

conducted no 

more than 14 

days prior to 

construction; 

Report weekly 

or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Surveys 

conducted 

no more 

than 14 days 

prior to 

construction; 

Report 

weekly or as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Permit

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

was potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including 

raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#31Bird 

Protection

During Final Design, the Project Biologist will 

verify that the catenary system, masts, and 

other structures such as fencing are designed 

to be bird and raptor-safe in accordance with 

the applicable recommendations presented in 

Suggested Practices for Raptor Protection on 

Power Lines: The State of the Art in 2006 

(APLIC 2006) and Reducing Avian Collisions 

with Power Lines: State of the Art in 2012 

(APLIC 2012). The Project Biologist will check 

the final design drawings and submit a 

memorandum to the Mitigation Manager to 

document compliance with this measure.

Construction Verify 

structures are 

raptor safe in 

accordance 

with APLIC 

guidance; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Prior to final 

design

Contractor Contractor Prior to final 

design

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

was potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including 

raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#32Conduct 

Protocol and 

Preconstruction 

The Project Biologist will conduct preconstruction surveys for Swainson’s hawks as 

described in the Recommended Timing and 

Methodology for Swainson’s Hawk Nesting 

PreconstructionConduct 

Protocol and 

Preconstruction 

Weekly or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

Contractor Contractor Weekly or as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

was potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including 

raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

Page 1-26
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

Surveys for 

Swainson’s 

Hawks

Surveys in California’s Central Valley (Swainson’s 

Hawk Technical Advisory Committee [SHTAC] 

2000). Surveys will be performed during the 

nesting season (March 1 through August 1) in 

the year before ground-disturbing activities 

within the construction footprint and within a 

0.5-mile buffer, where access is permitted. The 

pre-construction nest surveys following the 

Recommended Timing and Methodology for 

Swainson’s Hawk Nesting Surveys in California’s 

Central Valley (Swainson’s Hawk Technical 

Advisory Committee 2000) will be phased with 

project build-out. The pre-construction surveys 

will determine the status (i.e., active, inactive) of 

observed nests. The Project Biologist will submit 

a memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation Manager 

to document compliance with this measure.

Surveys; 

Compliance 

Reporting

permits permits permits suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#33Swainson’s 

Hawk Nest 

Avoidance 

and 

Monitoring

If active Swainson’s hawk nests (defined as a 

nest used one or more times in the last 5 years) 

are found within 0.5-mile of the construction 

footprint during the nesting season (March 1 to 

August 1), the active nests within the 0.50-mile 

buffer of the construction footprint will be 

monitored daily by the Project Biological Monitor 

to assess whether the nest is occupied. If the 

nest is occupied, the health and status of the 

nest will be monitored until the young fledge or 

for the length of construction, whichever occurs 

first. The Project Biologist in conjunction with 

the Contractor, will implement buffers restricting 

construction activities, following CDFW’s Staff 

Report Regarding Mitigation for Impacts to 

Swainson’s Hawks (Buteo swainsoni) in the 

Central Valley of California (CDFG 1994). 

Adjustments to the buffer(s) may be made in

consultation with CDFW. The Project Biologist 

will submit a memorandum, on a weekly basis 

or at other appropriate intervals, to the 

Mitigation Manager to document compliance 

with this measure.

Construction Establish active 

nest buffers; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Weekly or as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

was potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including 

raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#34Monitor 

Removal of 

Nest Trees 

for 

Swainson’s 

Hawks

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biological Monitor will monitor nest 

trees for Swainson’s hawks in the construction 

footprint following the guidelines and methods 

presented in the Recommended Timing and 

Methodology for Swainson’s Hawk Nesting 

Surveys in California’s Central Valley (SHTAC 

2000). If an occupied Swainson’s hawk nest 

must be removed, the Authority will obtain take 

authorization through a Section 2081 Incidental 

Take Permit (including compensatory mitigation 

to offset the loss of the nest tree) from CDFW. If 

ground-disturbing activities or other project 

activities may cause nest abandonment by a 

Swainson’s hawk or forced fledging within the 

specified buffer area, monitoring of the nest site 

by the Project Biological Monitor will be 

Construction Monitor 

Swainson’s 

hawk nest 

trees; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Weekly or as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

was potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including 

raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-27
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

conducted to determine if the nest is 

abandoned. Removal of nesting trees outside of 

the nesting season (generally between October 

1 and February 1) does not require authorization 

under the Section 2081 Incidental Take Permit. 

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation Manager 

to document compliance with this measure.

BIOMM#35Conduct 

Protocol 

Surveys for 

Burrowing 

Owls

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities 

a qualified, agency-approved biologist, 

designated by the Project Biologist, will 

conduct protocol-level surveys in accordance 

with CDFW’s Staff Report on Burrowing Owl 

Mitigation (CDFG 2012c). The Project Biologist

or designee will conduct these surveys at 

appropriate timeframes within suitable habitat 

located in the construction footprint. Results of 

the surveys will be used to inform BIO-MM#36. 

These surveys will be conducted within suitable 

habitat of the construction footprint and within 

a 150-meter (approximately 500-foot) buffer. 

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

PreconstructionProtocol level 

surveys; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Contractor Contractor Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

was potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including 

raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#36Burrowing 

Owl 

Avoidance 

and 

Minimization

The Project Biologist will implement burrowing 

owl avoidance and minimization measures 

following CDFW’s Staff Report on Burrowing 

Owl Mitigation (CDFG 2012). During the 

nesting season (February 1 through August 31) 

occupied burrowing owl burrows will not be 

disturbed unless it is verified that either the 

birds have not begun egg-laying and 

incubation or the juveniles from the occupied 

burrows are foraging independently and are 

capable of independent survival (as determined 

by the Project Biologist).

Unless otherwise authorized by CDFW, the 

Project Biologist in conjunction with the 

Contractor will establish buffers (as an ESA) 

between the construction work area and 

occupied burrowing owl nesting sites as 

described in Table 3.7-19. Adjustments to the 

buffer(s) will require prior approval by CDFW.

Eviction of burrowing owls outside the nesting 

season may be permitted pending evaluation 

of eviction plans and receipt of formal written 

approval from the CDFW authorizing the 

eviction. If burrowing owls must be moved 

from the project area, the Project Biologist will 

undertake passive relocation measures, 

including monitoring, in accordance with 

CDFW’s (CDFG 2012) guidelines.

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

Construction Establish 

exclusion zones 

or buffers; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Contractor Contractor Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

was potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including 

raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-28
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

Table 3.7-19

California Department of Fish and Wildlife 

recommended restricted activity dates and 

setback distances by level of disturbance for 

burrowing owls

Location Time of Year Level of Disturbance

Low Medium High

Nesting Sites April 1–Aug 15 200 m 500 m 

500 m

Nesting Sites Aug 16-Oct 15 200 m 200 m 

500 m

Nesting Sites Oct 16-March 31 50 m 100 m 

500 m

BIOMM#37Conduct Preconstruction 

Surveys for 

Nelson’s 

Antelope 

Squirrel, 

Tipton 

Kangaroo 

Rat, Dulzura 

Pocket 

Mouse, and 

Tulare 

Grasshopper 

Mouse

Before the start of construction, the Project 

Biologist will conduct a habitat assessment in 

potentially suitable habitat within the project 

footprint to determine presence of specialstatus small mammal species burrows or their 

signs. The habitat assessment surveys will be 

conducted within 2 years, and no more than 14 

days before the start of construction or 

ground-disturbing activities and may be phased 

with project build-out. If no burrows or signs of 

special-status small mammal species are 

detected, no further measures will be required. 

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

PreconstructionHabitat 

Assessment

Weekly or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Weekly or as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#38Implement 

Avoidance 

and 

Minimization 

Measures for 

Nelson’s 

Antelope 

Squirrel, 

Tipton 

Kangaroo 

Rat, Dulzura 

Pocket 

Mouse, and 

Tulare 

Grasshopper 

Mouse

If during the habitat assessment, burrows or 

signs of special-status small mammal species 

are detected, the Project Biologist will establish 

non-disturbance exclusion zones (i.e., wildlife 

exclusion fencing [e.g., a silt fence or similar 

material]) in areas where special-status small 

mammal species are believed to be present. 

Non-disturbance exclusion zones will be 

established at least 14 days before the start of 

ground-disturbing activities. The nondisturbance exclusion fence with one-way 

exit/escape points will be placed to exclude the 

special-status small mammals from the 

construction area. The wildlife exclusion fence 

will be established around burrows in a manner 

that allows state-listed species to leave the 

construction footprint.Additional measures such 

as one or both of the following will be 

implemented after the exclusion fencing is 

installed.

• The Contractor will trim and clear vegetation 

to the ground by hand or using hand-operated 

equipment to discourage the presence of 

special-status small mammal species in the 

Construction Establish 

Exclusion 

Zones, 

Vegetation 

Removal and 

Small Mammal 

Trapping; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Weekly or as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-29
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

construction footprint. The cleared vegetation 

will remain undisturbed by project construction 

equipment for 14 days to allow species to 

passively relocate through the one-way 

exit/escape points along the wildlife exclusion 

fencing.

• A qualified, agency-approved biologist, 

designated by the Project Biologist, will 

conduct small-mammal trapping and relocation 

in general accordance with the survey 

protocols in the California Valley Solar Ranch 

Project: Plan for Relocation of Giant Kangaroo 

Rats (Dipodomys ingens) (H.T. Harvey & 

Associates 2011) or as determined in 

consultation with CDFW and USFWS. The 

small-mammal trapping surveys will occur 

within the construction footprint in potentially 

suitable habitat for special-status smallmammal species. The trapping will be 

conducted before the start of construction and 

phased with project build-out; trapping will be 

limited to the dry, summer months on evenings 

when the nightly low temperature is forecast to 

exceed 50°F.The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

BIOMM#39Implement 

Avoidance 

and 

Minimization 

Measures for 

Fresno 

Kangaroo 

Rat

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

a qualified agency-approved biologist, 

designated by the Project Biologist, will 

conduct a habitat assessment on any parcels 

within the project footprint that may support 

the Fresno kangaroo rat to determine presence 

of kangaroo rat burrows or their signs. If no 

burrows or signs of kangaroo rats are detected 

and kangaroo rats are confirmed to be absent 

from the construction footprint, the following 

actions will be implemented:

• The Project Biologist will install, maintain, 

and monitor exclusion fencing along the 

perimeter of the construction footprint to 

ensure that no take of Fresno kangaroo rat or 

destruction of their potential habitat outside of 

the project footprint occurs.

• The Contractor, under the supervision of the 

Project Biologist, will trim and clear vegetation 

to the ground by hand or using hand-operated 

equipment to discourage small-mammal 

presence in the construction footprint. The 

area from which the vegetation was cleared 

will remain undisturbed by project construction 

equipment for 14 days to allow other smallmammal species to passively relocate through 

the one-way exit/escape points along the 

wildlife exclusion fencing.

In the unlikely event that kangaroo rat 

individuals, their burrows, or signs of them are 

found within the project footprint during the 

PreconstructionHabitat 

assessment; 

Agency 

Coordination; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly 

Reporting or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Contractor Contractor Weekly 

Reporting or 

at other 

appropriate 

interval

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-30
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

habitat assessment, the USFWS and CDFW will 

be notified immediately and the FRA will 

reinitiate consultation to identify appropriate 

avoidance and minimization measures to be 

implemented for this species, such as:

• With agency permission, small-mammal 

trapping may be conducted by a qualified 

biologist(s) with the necessary permits. The 

trapping surveys will be conducted in general 

accordance with California Valley Solar Ranch 

Project: Plan for Relocation of Giant Kangaroo 

Rats (Dipodomys ingens) (H.T. Harvey & 

Associates 2011) or as determined in 

consultation with either USFWS or CDFW and 

will be limited to the dry, summer months on 

evenings when the nightly low temperature is 

forecast to exceed 50°F.

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

BIOMM#40Conduct Preconstruction 

Surveys for 

SpecialStatus Bat 

Species

Thirty days before the start of grounddisturbing activities, a qualified, agencyapproved biologist, designated by the Project 

Biologist, will conduct a visual and acoustic 

pre-construction survey for roosting bats. A 

minimum of one day and one evening will be 

included in the visual pre-construction survey. 

The Project Biologist, in coordination with the 

Mitigation Manager and Authority, will contact 

CDFW if any hibernation roosts or active 

nurseries are identified within or immediately 

adjacent to the construction footprint, as 

appropriate. The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

PreconstructionPreconstruction 

Surveys, 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Contractor Contractor Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#41Bat 

Avoidance 

and 

Relocation

During ground-disturbing activities, if active or 

hibernation roosts are found, the Contractor 

will avoid them, if feasible, for the period of 

activity. If avoidance of the hibernation roost is 

not feasible, the Project Biologist will prepare a 

relocation plan and coordinate the construction 

of an alternative bat roost with CDFW. The 

Contractor, under the direction of the Project 

Biologist will implement the Bat Roost 

Relocation Plan before the commencement of 

construction activities. The Contractor, under 

the supervision of the Biological Monitors, will 

remove roosts with approval from CDFW 

before hibernation begins (October 31), or 

after young are flying (July 31), using exclusion 

and deterrence techniques described in BIOMM#42, below. The timeline to remove 

vacated roosts is between August 1 and 

October 31. All efforts to avoid disturbance to 

Construction Bat Roost 

Relocation 

Plan; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Contractor Contractor Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-31
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

maternity roosts will be made during 

construction activities. The Project Biologist will 

submit a memorandum to the Mitigation 

Manager, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to document compliance 

with this measure.

BIOMM#42Bat 

Exclusion 

and 

Deterrence

During ground-disturbing activities, if nonbreeding or non-hibernating individuals or 

groups of bats are found within the 

construction footprint, the Project Biologist will 

direct the Contractor to safely exclude the bats 

by either opening the roosting area to change 

the lighting and air-flow conditions or installing 

one-way doors or other appropriate methods 

specified by CDFW. The Contractor will leave 

the roost undisturbed by project activities for a 

minimum of 1 week after implementing 

exclusion and/or eviction activities. The 

Contractor will not implement exclusion 

measures to evict bats from established 

maternity roosts or occupied hibernation 

roosts. The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

Construction Bat exclusion 

and 

deterrence; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Contractor Contractor Weekly or at 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#43Conduct Preconstruction 

Surveys for 

American 

Badger and 

Ringtail

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biologist will conduct preconstruction surveys for den sites within 

suitable habitats in the construction footprint. 

These surveys will be conducted no more than 

30 days before the start of ground-disturbing 

activities and phased with project build-out. 

The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

PreconstructionConduct Preconstruction 

survey; 

Compliance 

Report

Weekly 

Reporting or 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Contractor Contractor Weekly 

Reporting or 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#44American 

Badger and 

Ringtail 

Avoidance

The Contractor, under the direction of the 

Project Biologist, will establish a 50-foot buffer 

around occupied dens. The Contractor and 

Project Biologist will establish a 100-foot buffer 

around maternity dens through the pup-rearing 

season (American badger: February 15 through 

July 1; Ringtail: May 1 through June 15). 

Adjustments to the buffer(s) will require prior 

approval by CDFW as coordinated by the 

Project Biologist, under the supervision of the 

Mitigation Manager. The Project Biologist will 

submit a memorandum, on a weekly basis or

at other appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

Construction Establish buffer 

around active 

dens; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly 

Reporting or 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Contractor Contractor Weekly 

Reporting or 

other 

appropriate 

interval

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#45Conduct 

ProtocolLevel PreBefore the start of ground-disturbing activities, the Project Biologist will conduct preconstruction surveys in accordance with 

PreconstructionConduct Preconstruction 

Survey for San 

Weekly 

Reporting or as 

established by 

Contractor Contractor Weekly 

Reporting or 

as 

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

Page 1-32
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

construction 

Surveys for 

San Joaquin 

Kit Fox

USFWS’ San Joaquin Kit Fox Survey Protocol 

for the Northern Range (USFWS 1999b). Preconstruction surveys for the kit fox will be 

conducted between May 1 and September 30 

within the study area in suitable habitat areas 

(alkali desert scrub, annual grassland, pasture, 

barren, and compatible-use agricultural lands) 

to identify known or potential San Joaquin kit 

fox dens. Pre-construction surveys will be 

conducted by a USFWS-approved project 

biologist within 30 days before the start of 

construction or ground-disturbing activities and 

will be phased with project build-out. The 

Project Biologist will submit a memorandum, 

on a weekly basis or at other appropriate 

intervals, to the Mitigation Manager to 

document compliance with this measure.

Joaquin kit fox; 

Compliance 

Reporting

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

of regulatory 

permits

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#46Minimize 

Impacts on 

San Joaquin 

Kit Fox

The Contractor, under direction of the Project 

Biologist, will implement USFWS’ Standardized 

Recommendations for Protection of the San 

Joaquin Kit Fox Prior to or During Ground 

Disturbance (USFWS [1999] 2011) to minimize 

ground disturbance-related impacts on this 

species. The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

Construction Implement 

Standardized 

Recommendati

ons for 

Protection of 

the San 

Joaquin Kit Fox 

Prior to or 

During Ground 

Disturbance; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly 

Reporting or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Weekly 

Reporting or 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#47Restore 

Temporary 

Riparian 

Impacts

During post-construction, the Contractor, under 

the direction of the Project Botanist, will 

revegetate all disturbed valley foothill riparian 

areas using appropriate plants and seed mixes. 

The Project Botanist will monitor restoration 

activities consistent with provisions in the RRP, 

as described in BIO-MM#6. The Project 

Botanist will submit a memorandum, on a 

weekly basis or at other appropriate intervals, 

to the Mitigation Manager documenting 

compliance and other reporting requirements 

required by the regulatory agency permits 

(e.g., 1600 Streambed Alteration Agreement).

PostconstructionRestoration of 

temporary 

disturbance 

areas; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly 

Reporting or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits (BIOMM#62)

Contractor Contractor Weekly 

Reporting or 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb special-status plant 

communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would have direct and indirect 

impacts on jurisdictional waters.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently affect 

jurisdictional waters.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#48Restore 

Temporary 

Impacts on 

Jurisdictional 

Waters

During or after the completion of construction, 

the Contractor, under direction of the 

Regulatory Specialist (Waters) and Project 

Botanist, will restore disturbed jurisdictional 

waters to original topography using stockpiled 

and segregated soils. In areas where gravel or 

geotextile fabrics have been placed to protect 

substrate and minimize impacts on 

jurisdictional waters, these materials will be 

removed and affected features will be restored. 

The Contractor, under supervision of the 

Project Botanist, will conduct revegetation 

using appropriate plants and seed mixes. The 

Authority will conduct maintenance monitoring 

consistent with the provisions in the RRP (BIOMM#6). The Project Botanist will submit a 

Construction 

or Postconstruction

Restoration of 

temporary 

disturbance 

areas; 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly 

Reporting or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor, 

Authority

Contractor Weekly 

Reporting or 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb special-status plant 

communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would have direct and indirect 

impacts on jurisdictional waters.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-33
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

BIOMM#49Monitor 

Construction 

Activities 

within 

Jurisdictional 

Waters

During ground-disturbing activities, the 

Regulatory Specialist (Waters) and Project 

Biological Monitor will conduct monitoring 

within and adjacent to jurisdictional waters, 

including monitoring of the installation of 

protective devices (silt fencing, sandbags, 

fencing, etc.), installation and/or removal of 

creek crossing fill, construction of access roads, 

vegetation removal, and other associated 

construction activities. The Project Biological 

Monitor will conduct biological monitoring to 

document adherence to habitat avoidance and 

minimization measures addressed in the 

project mitigation measures, including, but not 

limited to, the provisions outlined in BIOMM#5, BIO-MM#7, BIO-MM#8, BIO-MM#10, 

BIO-MM#12 through BIO-MM#15, BIOMM#47, and BIO-MM#48. The monitor will 

also document adherence to all relevant 

conservation measures as listed in the USFWS, 

CDFW, SWRCB, and USACE permits. The 

Regulatory Specialist (Waters) will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

Construction Compliance 

Monitoring, 

Compliance 

Reporting

Weekly 

Reporting or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Weekly 

Reporting or 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract Condition 

of regulatory 

permits

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat 

that has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb special-status plant 

communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would have direct and indirect 

impacts on jurisdictional waters.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently affect 

jurisdictional waters.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#50Mitigation 

and 

Monitoring 

of Protected 

Trees

Before, during, and after construction, the 

following methods to preserve and/or mitigate 

for impacts on protected trees will be 

implemented:

• A qualified biologist, designated by the 

Project Botanist, will conduct surveys before 

removal or disturbance to evaluate the 

condition of all protected trees found within 

areas directly and indirectly affected by the 

Fresno to Bakersfield Section.

• The Authority will compensate for impacts 

and effects to protected tree resources, 

including removal or trimming of naturally 

occurring native protected trees and landscape 

or ornamental trees (see BIO-MM#64, 

Compensate for Impacts on Protected Trees).

• The Contractor, under the direction of the 

Project Botanist, will fence protected trees that 

may be indirectly affected by construction 

activities 5 feet from their drip lines to form 

ERAs.

• The Authority will prepare and implement a 

monitoring and maintenance program that 

monitors transplanted trees for reestablishment of root systems.

The Project Botanist will submit a 

memorandum to the Mitigation Manager to 

document compliance with this measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Conduct 

Surveys prior 

to removal; 

Provide tree 

protection; 

Authority 

Compensate 

for Impacts

Monthly Contractor Contractor Monthly Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently affect 

protected trees.

Page 1-34
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

BIOMM#51Install 

Flashing or 

Slats within 

Security 

Fencing

During construction , the Contractor, under the 

direction of the Project Biologist, will install 

permanent security fencing consistent with the 

final design along portions of the project that 

are adjacent to wildlife movement corridors 

and natural habitats (e.g., alkali desert scrub, 

annual grassland). The security fencing will be 

enhanced with flashing or slats for 6 inches 

below ground surface to 12 inches above to 

prevent special-status reptiles and mammals 

from moving into the right-of-way. The fencing 

with flashing or slats will be maintained during 

operation of the HST project. The Project 

Biologist will verify that the installation is 

consistent with the designated terms and 

conditions in the applicable permits. The 

design of the reptile and mammal-proof 

fencing and the exact locations where reptile 

and mammal-proof fencing will be installed will 

be determined in consultation with USFWS and 

CDFW. The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a yearly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

Construction Install fencing 

enhanced with 

flashing or 

slats; 

Reporting

Yearly Contractor Contractor Yearly Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract 

Requirement of 

Regulatory Agency 

Permits

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#8 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently reduce 

the functionality of wildlife movement corridors and habitat linkages.

BIOMM#52Construction 

in Wildlife 

Movement 

Corridors

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities, 

the Project Biologist will submit a construction 

avoidance and minimization plan for wildlife 

movement linkages (e.g., SR 43–Garces 

Highway and Deer Creek–Sand Ridge linkages, 

Kern River linkage) to the Authority via the 

Mitigation Manager for concurrence. The plan 

will limit the use of construction and avoid 

permanent fencing in wildlife movement 

linkages where the viaducts (e.g., elevated 

platforms) or bridges are included in the final 

design. The Contractor will minimize grounddisturbing activities within the wildlife linkages 

(e.g., SR 43–Garces Highway and Deer Creek–

Sand Ridge linkages) during nighttime hours to 

the extent practicable. The Contractor will also 

keep nighttime illumination (e.g., for security) 

from spilling into the linkages or shield 

nighttime lighting to avoid illumination spilling 

into the linkages. Inspections by the Project 

Biologist will verify compliance with this 

measure. The Project Biologist will submit a 

memorandum, on a weekly basis or at other 

appropriate intervals, to the Mitigation 

Manager to document compliance with this 

measure.

PreconstructionPrepare 

Avoidance and 

Minimization 

Plan for 

Construction in 

Wildlife 

Movement 

linkages

Weekly or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Contractor Contractor Weekly or as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Condition of 

Design Build 

Contract 

Construction in 

Wildlife Movement 

Linkages Plan

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#8 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently reduce 

the functionality of wildlife movement corridors and habitat linkages.

BIOMM#53Compensate 

for Impacts 

on SpecialStatus Plant 

Species

Before final design, the Authority will mitigate 

the impacts on special-status plants in 

accordance with the USFWS Biological Opinion 

(USFWS 2013) by implementing the following 

measures:

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, PostConstruction

Compliance 

Report

Before final 

design

Authority Authority Before final 

design

Authority to 

compensatory 

based on extent of 

special-status plant 

species impacted 

BIO#1 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would directly or indirectly impact 

suitable habitat that has potential to support special-status plant species.

BIO#5 Project impacts from Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant species or suitable habitat that has potential to support 

these species.

Page 1-35
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

Compensation for federally listed plant species 

that are observed within the project footprint 

and that cannot be avoided will be 

compensated at a 1:1 ratio based on actual 

acres of direct effects by the following:

a. Identification of suitable sites to receive the 

listed plants.

i. Pixley National Wildlife Refuge, Allensworth 

Ecological Reserve/State Historic Park, Kern 

National Wildlife Refuge, Atwell Island, Alkali 

Sink Ecological Reserve, Semitropic Ecological 

Reserve, and Kern Water Bank.

ii. Authority-proposed permittee-responsible 

mitigation sites.

iii. Other locations approved by USFWS.

b. Collection of seeds, plant materials, and top 

soil from the project footprint before 

construction impacts.

The Authority or its designee will submit a 

memorandum to the USFWS and or CDFW to 

document compliance with this measure.

by the Contractor 

Regulatory agency 

permit 

requirements

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#54Compensate 

for Impacts 

on Vernal 

Pool Fairy 

Shrimp and 

Vernal Pool 

Tadpole 

Shrimp

The Authority will mitigate direct and indirect 

impacts, including temporary and permanent, 

on vernal pool branchiopod habitat through 

compensation determined in consultation with 

the USFWS and USACE. Compensation for 

vernal pool branchiopod habitat (e.g., vernal 

pools, seasonal wetlands) is addressed under 

compensation for impacts on jurisdictional 

waters (BIO-MM#63). The Authority or its 

designee will submit a memorandum to the 

USFWS to document compliance with this 

measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Compliance 

Report

Prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Prior to 

Operation

Authority to 

compensatory 

based on amount 

suitable habitat for 

vernal pool fairy 

shrimp and vernal 

pool tadpole 

shrimp impacted 

by the Contractor 

Regulatory agency 

permit 

requirements

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#8 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently reduce 

the functionality of wildlife movement corridors and habitat linkages.

BIOMM#55Compensate 

for Impacts 

on Valley 

Elderberry 

Longhorn 

Beetle

The Authority will provide compensatory 

mitigation for the valley elderberry longhorn 

beetle, including transplantation and 

replacement of elderberry shrubs and 

maintenance for replacement shrubs following 

the Conservation Guidelines for the Valley 

Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (USFWS 1999a). 

The performance criteria include a minimum 

survival rate of at least 60% of the elderberry 

plants, and 60% of the associated native 

plants must be maintained throughout the 

monitoring period. If survival drops below 

60%, failed plantings shall be replaced. The 

Authority will submit a memorandum to the 

USFWS to document compliance with this 

measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Compliance 

Report

Transplant Preconstruction; 

Compensatory 

prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Transplant 

Preconstruction; 

Compensator

y prior to 

Operation

Authority to 

compensatory 

based on number 

of host plants for 

the valley 

elderberry 

longhorn beetle 

impacted by the 

Contractor 

Regulatory agency 

permit 

requirements

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#8 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently reduce 

the functionality of wildlife movement corridors and habitat linkages.

BIOMM#56Compensate 

for Impacts 

on California 

Tiger 

Salamander

If compensatory mitigation is required to offset 

the loss of habitat for California tiger 

salamander, the Authority will determine the 

compensation through consultation with the 

USFWS. Compensatory mitigation could include 

one of the following:

• Purchase of credits from an agency-approved 

mitigation bank.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Compliance 

Report

Prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Prior to 

Operation

Authority to 

compensatory 

based on amount 

suitable habitat for 

California tiger 

salamander 

impacted by the 

Contractor 

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-36
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

• Fee-title-acquisition of natural resource 

regulatory agency-approved property.

• Purchase or establishment of a conservation 

easement with an endowment for long-term 

management of the property-specific 

conservation values.

• In-lieu fee contribution determined through 

negotiation and consultation with USFWS.

The Authority will submit a memorandum to 

the USFWS and CDFW to document compliance 

with this measure

Regulatory agency 

permit 

requirements

BIO#8 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently reduce the 

functionality of wildlife movement corridors and habitat linkages.

BIOMM#57Compensate 

for Impacts 

on BluntNosed 

Leopard 

Lizard, 

Tipton 

Kangaroo 

Rat, and 

Nelson’s 

Antelope 

Squirrel

The Authority will determine compensatory 

mitigation to offset the permanent and 

temporary loss of suitable habitat for the bluntnosed leopard lizard, Tipton kangaroo rat, and 

Nelson’s antelope squirrel through consultation 

with the USFWS and/or CDFW. Compensatory 

mitigation could include one of the following:

• Purchase of credits from an agency-approved 

mitigation bank.

• Fee-title-acquisition of natural resource 

regulatory agency-approved property.

• Purchase or establishment of a conservation 

easement with an endowment for long-term 

management of the property-specific 

conservation values.

• In-lieu fee contribution determined through 

negotiation and consultation with USFWS.

The Authority will submit a memorandum to 

the USFWS and or CDFW to document 

compliance with this measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Compliance 

Reports

Prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Prior to 

Operation

Authority to 

compensatory 

based on amount 

suitable habitat for 

Blunt-nosed 

leopard lizard, 

Tipton kangaroo 

rat and Nelson’s 

Antelope Squirrel 

impacted by the 

Contractor 

Regulatory agency 

permit 

requirements

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb the suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status reptiles and amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#8 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently reduce the 

functionality of wildlife movement corridors and habitat linkages.

BIOMM#58Compensate 

for Loss of 

Swainson’s 

Hawk 

Nesting 

Trees

To compensate for the loss of occupied 

Swainson’s hawk nesting trees or mortality to 

offspring, the Authority will provide project 

specific compensatory mitigation that replaces 

nesting trees and provides natural lands for 

foraging. Compensatory mitigation for 

Swainson’s hawk will be based on the number 

of trees with “active” nests that are removed 

by construction activities, or where 

construction activities create a significant 

habitat modification that leads to a reduction in 

reproductive success, or nest abandonment. If 

project construction occurs within 0.5 mile of a 

documented or observed active nest, the 

Authority will acquire and preserve 150 acres 

of natural habitat, per active nest tree removed 

by construction activities, or where 

construction activities create a significant 

habitat modification that leads to reduce 

reproductive success or nest abandonment. At 

a minimum, the habitat preserved will contain 

trees suitable to support nesting and natural 

foraging habitat for Swainson’s hawk. The 

Authority will submit a memorandum to the 

CDFW to document compliance with this 

measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Compliance 

Reports

Prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Prior to 

Operation

Authority to 

compensatory 

based on amount 

of habitat for 

Swainson’s hawks 

impacted by the 

Contractor 

Regulatory agency 

permit 

requirements

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that has 

potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#8 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently reduce the 

functionality of wildlife movement corridors and habitat linkages.

Page 1-37
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

BIOMM#59Compensate 

for Loss of 

Burrowing 

Owl Active 

Burrows and 

Habitat

To compensate for permanent impacts on 

nesting, occupied, and satellite burrows and/or 

burrowing owl habitat, the Authority will 

provide compensatory mitigation based on 

CDFW’s (CDFG 2012) Staff Report on 

Burrowing Owl Mitigation. The Authority will 

submit a memorandum to the CDFW to 

document compliance with this measure.

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Compliance 

Reports

Prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Prior to 

Operation

Authority to 

compensate based 

on number of 

burrowing owl 

burrows impacted 

by the Contractor 

Regulatory agency 

permit 

requirements

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support nesting special-status bird species (including 

raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#8 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently reduce the 

functionality of wildlife movement corridors and habitat linkages.

BIOMM#60Compensate 

for 

Destruction 

of San 

Joaquin Kit 

Fox Habitat

The Authority will mitigate the destruction of 

San Joaquin kit fox habitat by the purchase of 

suitable, approved habitat (USFWS and 

CDFW). Habitat will be replaced at a minimum 

ratio of 1:1 for natural lands and a ratio of 

0.1:1 for suitable urban or agricultural lands to 

provide additional protection and habitat in a 

location that is consistent with the recovery of 

the species. The Authority will mitigate the 

impacts on San Joaquin kit fox in accordance 

with the USFWS Biological Opinion (USFWS 

2013) and/or CDFW 2081(b). The Authority will 

submit a memorandum to the USFWS and 

CDFW to document compliance with this 

measure.

PostconstructionCompliance 

Memo

Prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Prior to 

Operation

Authority to 

compensate based 

on area of habitat 

for San Joaquin kit 

fox impacted by 

the Contractor 

Regulatory agency 

permit 

requirements

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has the potential to support special-status mammal species.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb areas located in 

USFWS recovery plans.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIO#8 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently reduce 

the functionality of wildlife movement corridors and habitat linkages.

BIOMM#61Compensate 

for 

Permanent 

Riparian 

Impacts

The Authority will compensate for permanent 

impacts on riparian habitats (i.e., valley foothill 

riparian), as determined in consultation with 

the appropriate agencies (e.g., CDFW), by 

restoring nearby areas to suitable habitat 

and/or by purchasing credits in a mitigation 

bank. The Comprehensive Mitigation and 

Monitoring Plan will provide the planning 

details. Compensation will be based on the 

following ratio (acres of mitigation to acres of 

impact), pending agency confirmation:• Valley 

Foothill Riparian: 2:1.The Authority will submit 

a memorandum to the SWRCB to document 

compliance with this measure.

PostconstructionCompliance 

Memo

Prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Prior to 

Operation

Authority to 

compensate based 

on area of 

permanent riparian 

habitat impacted 

by the Contractor 

Regulatory agency 

permit 

requirements

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb special-status plant 

communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would have direct and indirect 

impacts on jurisdictional waters.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently affect 

jurisdictional waters.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

BIOMM#62Prepare and 

Implement a 

Site-Specific 

Comprehensi

ve Mitigation 

and 

Monitoring 

Plan

As part of the USFWS, USACE, SWRCB, and 

CDFW permit applications and before the start 

of ground-disturbing activities, the Authority 

will prepare a CMMP to mitigate for temporary 

and permanent impacts on biological resources 

(i.e., special-status wildlife, jurisdictional 

waters, and riparian areas). In the CMMP, 

performance standards, including percent 

cover of native species, survivability, tree 

height requirements, wildlife utilization, the 

acreage basis, restoration ratios, and the 

combination of onsite and/or offsite mitigation 

will be detailed; preference will be given to 

conducting the mitigation within the same 

HUC-8 or HUC-6 watershed where the impact 

occurs. The Project Biologist will work with the 

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Authority 

responsible for 

the preparation 

of and 

implementation 

of the CMMP, 

monitoring, 

and reporting. 

Implement 

CMMP, and 

prepare 

Monitoring 

Reports and 

Compliance 

Memos

Prepare CMMP 

Preconstruction; 

Implement 

CMMP During 

Construction 

and PostConstruction

Authority Authority Prepare 

CMMP Preconstruction; 

Implement 

CMMP 

During 

Construction 

and PostConstruction

Requirement to 

acquire regulatory 

agency permits 

Authority to 

compensate based 

on area of 

temporary and 

permanent 

jurisdictional 

waters impacted 

by the Contractor

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative alternatives would disturb specialstatus plant communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would have direct and indirect 

impacts on jurisdictional waters.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant communities and riparian areas.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently affect 

jurisdictional waters.

BIO#7 Project impact from the Proffered Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-38
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

USACE, SWRCB, and CDFW to develop 

appropriate avoidance, minimization, 

mitigation, and monitoring measures to be 

incorporated into the CMMP. The CMMP will 

outline the intent to mitigate for the lost 

conditions, functions, and values of impacts on 

jurisdictional waters and state streambeds 

consistent with resource agency requirements 

and conditions presented in Sections 404 and 

401 of the CWA and Section 1600 of the CFGC. 

The CMMP will incorporate the following 

standard requirements consistent with USACE, 

SWRCB, and CDFW guidelines:

• Description of the project impact/site.

• Goal(s) (i.e., functions and values or 

conditions) of the compensatory mitigation 

project.

• Description of the proposed compensatory 

mitigation site.

• Implementation plan for the proposed 

compensatory mitigation site.

• Maintenance activities during the monitoring 

period.

• Monitoring plan for the compensatory 

mitigation site.

• Completion of compensatory mitigation.

• Financial assurances.

• Contingency measures.

Also, the following will be included at a 

minimum for the implementation plan:

• Site analysis for appropriate soils and 

hydrology.

• Site preparation specifications based on site 

analysis, including but not limited to grading 

and weeding.

• Soil and plant material salvage from impact 

areas, as appropriate to the timing of impact 

and restoration as well as the location of 

restoration sites.

• Specifications for plant and seed material 

appropriate to the locality of the mitigation 

site.

• Specifications for site maintenance to 

establish the habitats, including but not limited 

to weeding and temporary irrigation.

Habitat preservation, enhancement, and/or 

establishment or restoration activities will be 

conducted on some of the compensatory (i.e., 

selected permittee-responsible) mitigation sites 

to achieve the mitigation goals. A detailed 

design of the mitigation habitats will be created 

in coordination with the permitting agencies 

and be described in the CMMP. It is recognized 

that several CMMPs will be developed 

consistent with the selected mitigation sites 

and the resources mitigated at each. The 

primary engineering and construction 

Contractor will ensure, through coordination 

with the Project Biologist, that construction is 

implemented in a manner that minimizes 

Page 1-39
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

disturbance of such areas. Temporary fencing 

will be used during construction to avoid 

sensitive biological resources that are located 

adjacent to construction areas and can be 

avoided. Performance standards are targets for 

determining the effectiveness of the mitigation 

and assessing the need for adaptive 

management (e.g., mitigation design or 

maintenance revisions). The performance 

standards are developed so that progress 

towards meeting final success criteria can be 

assessed on an annual basis; the standard for 

each year is progressively closer to the final 

criteria (e.g. vegetation cover standards may 

increase annually until reaching the success 

criteria objective in the final year of 

monitoring). Success criteria are formal criteria 

that must be met after a specific timeframe to 

meet regulatory requirements of the permitting 

agencies. Where applicable, replacement 

planting/seeding will be implemented if 

monitoring demonstrates that performance 

standards or success criteria are not met 

during a particular monitoring interval. The 

performance standards will be used to 

determine whether the habitat improvement is 

trending toward sustainability (i.e., reduced 

human intervention) and to assess the need for 

adaptive management. These standards must 

be met for the habitat improvement to be 

declared successful, both during a particular 

monitoring year and at the end of the 

establishment period. These performance 

standards will be developed in consultation 

with the permitting agencies and described in 

the CMMP. The final success criteria will be 

developed in coordination with the regulatory 

agencies and presented in the CMMP. 

Examples of success criteria, which could be 

included in the CMMP, and would be assessed 

at the end of the monitoring period (assumed 

to be 5 years or as directed by agencies), 

include:

• Percent survival of planted trees (65–85%, 

depending on species and habitat).

• Percent absolute cover of highly invasive 

species, as defined by the California Invasive 

Plant Council (<5%).

• Percent total absolute cover of plant species 

(50-80%, depending on habitat type).

• Designed wetlands will meet U.S. Army Corps 

of Engineers criteria for hydrophytic 

vegetation, hydric soils, and hydrology as 

defined in the “Corps of Engineers wetland 

delineation manual” (Environmental Laboratory 

1987).

• Designed vernal pools and seasonal wetlands 

will meet inundation and seasonal drying 

requirements as specified in the design and 

indicated by agencies.

Page 1-40
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

• Species composition and community 

diversity, relative to reference sites, and/or as 

described in the guidelines issued by permitting 

agencies (e.g., USFWS conservation guidelines 

for valley elderberry longhorn beetle).

Performance standards and success criteria will 

be provided for each of the years of monitoring 

and will be specific to habitat types at each 

permittee-responsible mitigation site. The 

monitoring schedule will be detailed in the sitespecific CMMPs. To be deemed successful, the 

site will be required to meet the performance 

standards established for the year in which 

monitoring is being conducted (e.g., 

monitoring conducted at intervals with 

increasing performance requirements). 

However, if performance standards are not met 

in specific years, remedial measures, such as 

regrading, adjustment to modify the 

hydrological regime, and/or replacement 

planting or seeding, must be implemented and 

that year’s monitoring must be repeated the 

following year until the performance standards 

are met. The success criteria specified must be 

reached without human intervention (e.g., 

irrigation, replacement plantings) aside from 

maintenance practices described in the sitespecific CMMPs for maintenance during the 

establishment period. The Project Biologist will 

oversee the implementation of all CMMP 

elements and monitor consistent with the 

prescribed maintenance and performance 

monitoring requirements. The Authority, or its 

designee, will prepare annual monitoring 

reports for 5 years (or less if success criteria 

are met as described earlier) and/or other 

documentation prescribed in the resource 

agency permits. The Authority will submit a 

memorandum to the regulatory agencies to 

document compliance with this measure.

BIOMM#63Compensate 

for 

Permanent 

and 

Temporary 

Impacts on 

Jurisdictional 

Waters

The Authority will mitigate permanent and 

temporary wetland impacts through 

compensation determined in consultation with 

the USACE, SWRCB, USFWS, and CDFW, in 

order to be consistent with the CMMP (BIOMM#62). Regulatory compliance for 

jurisdictional waters includes relevant terms 

and conditions from the USACE 404 Permit, 

SWRCB 401 Permit, and CDFW 1600 

Streambed Alteration Agreement. 

Compensation shall include aquatic resources 

restoration, establishment, enhancement, or 

preservation through one or more of the 

following methods:

• Purchase of credits from an agency-approved 

mitigation bank.

• Fee-title-acquisition of natural resource 

regulatory agency-approved property.

• Permittee-responsible mitigation through the 

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Compliance 

Report

Prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Prior to 

Operation

Condition of 

Regulatory Agency 

Permits Authority 

to compensate 

based on area of 

permanent and 

temporary impacts 

on jurisdictional 

waters impacted 

by the Contractor

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb special-status plant 

communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would have direct and indirect 

impacts on jurisdictional waters

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptiles and 

amphibian species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plant communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently affect 

jurisdictional waters

BIO#7 Project impacts for the Preferred Alternative would permanently disturb 

portions of recovery plans.

Page 1-41
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

establishment, re-establishment, restoration, 

enhancement, or preservation of aquatic 

resources and the establishment of a 

conservation easement or other permanent site 

protection method, along with financial 

assurance for long-term management of the 

property-specific conservation values.

• In lieu fee contribution determined through 

negotiation and consultation with the various 

natural resource regulatory agencies.

The following ratios are proposed as a 

minimum for compensation for permanent 

impacts; final ratios will be determined in 

consultation with the appropriate agencies:

• Vernal pools: 2:1.

• Seasonal wetlands: between 1.1:1 and 1.5:1 

based on impact type and function and values 

lost.

- 1:1 offsite for permanent impacts.

- 1:1 onsite and 0.1:1 to 0.5:1 offsite for 

temporary impacts.

The Authority will mitigate impacts on 

jurisdictional waters by replacing, creating, 

restoring, enhancing or preserving aquatic 

resource at the ratios presented above or other 

ratios, as determined in consultation with the 

appropriate agencies, which compensates for 

functions and values lost. The Authority will 

consider modifying the vernal pool mitigation 

ratios in the final permits based on site-specific 

conditions and the specific life history 

requirements of vernal pool branchiopods, 

California tiger salamander, and western 

spadefoot toad. Where an HST alternative 

affects an existing conservation area (e.g., 

Allensworth ER), the Authority will modify the 

mitigation ratio to meet the vernal pool 

mitigation requirement. Either the affected 

portion of the conservation area will be 

relocated or compensation will be provided to 

the holder of Allensworth ER in accordance 

with the Uniform Relocation and Real Property 

Policy Act of 1970, as amended. Through the 

CMMP reporting program and the applicable 

terms and conditions from the USACE 404 

Permit, SWRCB 401 Permit, and the CDFW 

1600 Streambed Alteration Agreement, the 

Authority, or its designee, will document 

compliance and submit it to the regulatory 

agencies.

BIOMM#64Compensate 

for Impacts 

on Protected 

Trees

The Authority will compensate for impacts, 

including removal or trimming of naturally 

occurring native protected trees and landscape 

or ornamental protected trees, in accordance 

with the local regulatory body (city or county 

government). The local regulations and laws 

allow for a number of potential mitigation

opportunities. The Authority will provide 

mitigation commensurate with the regulations 

Preconstruction, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Compliance 

Report

Prior to 

Operation

Authority Authority Transplantin

g/Replaceme

nt/Compensa

tion per 

Local 

Regulations

Local Regulation 

Requirement

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb protected trees

BIO#7 Project impacts for the Preferred Alternative would permanently disturb 

portions of recovery plans.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanent affect 

protected trees.

Page 1-42
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

and laws in that jurisdiction such that the 

resulting impact on protected trees is less than 

significant and may include, but is not limited 

to, the following, depending on the local 

jurisdiction:

• Transplant directly affected protected trees 

that are judged by an arborist to be in good 

condition to a suitable site outside the zone of 

impact.

• Replace directly affected protected trees at 

an onsite or offsite location, based on the 

number of protected trees removed, at a ratio 

not to exceed 3:1 for native trees or 1:1 for 

landscape or ornamental trees.

• Contribute to a tree-planting fund

The Authority will submit a memorandum to 

the local regulatory body to document 

compliance with this measure.

BIOMM#65Offsite 

Habitat 

Restoration, 

Enhancement, and 

Preservation

Before site preparation at a mitigation site, the 

Authority will consider the offsite habitat 

restoration, enhancement, and preservation 

program and identify short-term temporary 

and/or long-term permanent effects on the 

natural landscape. A determination will be 

made on any effects from the physical 

alteration of the site to onsite biological 

resources, including plant communities, land 

cover types, and the distribution of specialstatus plant and wildlife. Appropriate seasonal 

restrictions (e.g., breeding season) on activities 

that result in physical alteration of the site may 

be applicable if suitable habitats for specialstatus species and sensitive habitats exist 

onsite. Activities resulting in the physical 

alteration of the site include 

grading/modifications to onsite topography, 

stockpiling, storage of equipment, installation 

of temporary irrigation, removal of invasive 

species, and alterations to drainage features. 

In general, the long-term improvements to 

habitat functions and values will offset 

temporary effects during restoration, 

enhancement, and preservation activities. The 

offsite habitat restoration, enhancement, and 

preservation program will be designed, 

implemented, and monitored in ways that are 

consistent with the terms and conditions of the 

USACE Section 404 Permit, CDFW 1600 

Streambed Alteration Agreement, and CESA 

and federal ESA as they apply to their 

jurisdiction and resources onsite. Potential 

effects on site-specific hydrology and the 

downstream resources will be evaluated as a 

result of implementation of the restorationrelated activity. Site-specific BMPs and a Storm 

Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) will 

be implemented as appropriate. The Authority 

will report on compliance with the permitting 

Pre to 

Construction

, 

Construction

, Postconstruction

Compliance 

Report

Prior to 

Operation or as 

established by 

regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Authority Authority Prior to 

Operation or 

as 

established 

by regulatory 

compliance 

permits

Authority to 

provide 

compensatory 

mitigation for 

impacts on 

biological 

resources impacted 

by the Contractor 

Offsite habitat 

restoration, 

enhancement, and 

preservation 

program will be 

designed, 

implementation 

and monitored 

consistent with the 

terms and 

conditions of 

regulatory permit 

requirements they 

apply to their 

jurisdiction and 

resources onsite

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special-status invertebrate species.

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special status reptiles and amphibians

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special status bird species

BIO#2 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb suitable habitat that 

has potential to support special status mammal species

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb special-status plant 

communities, and riparian areas

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would have direct and indirect 

impacts on jurisdictional waters

BIO#3 Construction of the Preferred Alternative would disturb protected trees

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status invertebrate 

species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status reptile and 

amphibian species.

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status bird species 

(including raptors).

BIO#6 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

suitable habitat that has the potential to support special-status mammal 

species.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently impact 

special-status plants communities, and riparian areas.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently affect 

jurisdictional waters.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would disturb portions of 

recovery plans.

Page 1-43
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

requirements. The Authority, or its designee, 

will be responsible for the monitoring and 

tracking of the program, will prepare a 

memorandum of compliance, and will submit it 

to the appropriate regulatory agency.

BIO#7 Project impacts from the Preferred Alternative would permanently affect 

protected trees.

Hydrology and Water Resources

By complying with design standards regarding stormwater run-off and flood protection, there will be no significant impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources. Please refer to Table 2 for a description of measures that will be implemented to avoid or minimize adverse impacts to Hydrology and 

Water resources.

Geology, Soils, and Seismicity

With implementation of standard engineering design measures and BMPs, impacts for elevated structures, retained cuts, retained fills, and at-grade segments of each alternative would be less than significant.

Hazardous Materials

HMWMM#1Limit Use of 

Extremely 

Hazardous 

Materials 

near Schools 

during 

Construction

The Contractor shall not handle or store an 

extremely hazardous substance (as defined in 

California Public Resources Code Section 

21151.4) or a mixture containing extremely 

hazardous substances in a quantity equal to or 

greater than the state threshold quantity 

specified pursuant to subdivision (j) of Section 

25532 of the Health and Safety Code within 

0.25 mile of a school. Prior to construction 

activities, signage will be installed to delimit all 

work areas within 0.25 mile of a school, 

informing the Contractor not to bring extremely 

hazardous substances into the area. The 

Contractor would be required to monitor all use 

of extremely hazardous substances. The above 

construction mitigation measure for hazardous 

materials and wastes is consistent with 

California Public Resources Code Section 

21151.4, and would be effective in reducing 

the impact to a less-than-significant level.

Construction Reporting and 

Monitoring

Weekly Contractor 

Hazardous 

Materials 

Monitor

Contractor Construction/ 

Weekly 

Reporting

Reporting Contract 

Requirements 

/Specifications

HMW#4 Temporary Hazardous Material and Waste Activities in the Proximity of 

Schools Twenty-nine schools are within 0.25 mile of the construction 

footprint of the Preferred Alternative.

Safety and Security

S&S-MM 

#1:

Monitor 

Response of 

Local Fire, 

Rescue, and 

Emergency 

Service 

Providers to 

Incidents at 

Stations and 

Provide a 

Fair Share 

Cost of 

Service

Monitor response of local fire, rescue, and 

emergency service providers to incidents at 

stations and provide a fair share of cost of 

service. Upon approval of the Fresno to 

Bakersfield Section, the Authority will monitor 

service levels in the vicinity of the Fresno, 

Kings/Tulare, and Bakersfield stations to 

determine baseline service demands. “Service 

levels” consist of the monthly volume of calls 

for fire and police protection, as well as city- or 

fire protection district-funded EMT/ambulance 

calls that occur in the station site service areas.

Prior to operation of the stations for HST 

service, the Authority will enter into an 

agreement with the public service providers of 

fire, police, and emergency services to fund 

the Authority’s fair share of services above the 

average baseline service demand level for the 

station and HMF service areas (as established 

during the monitoring period). The fair share 

will be based on projected passenger use for 

the first year of operations, with a growth 

Construction

/Postconstruction/

Operation

Monitor/ Fair 

Share 

Agreement

Annually Authority Authority Monitoring of 

service levels 

during 

construction 

in the vicinity 

of the 

Fresno, 

Kings/Tulare, 

and 

Bakersfield 

stations to 

determine 

baseline 

service 

demands. 

Prior to 

operation of 

the stations 

for HST 

service

Authority to fund 

through fair share 

of services 

agreement.

S&S #10: Need for Expansion of Existing Fire, Rescue, and Emergency Services 

Facilities.

Page 1-44
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

factor for the first 5 years of operation. This 

cost-sharing agreement will include provisions 

for ongoing monitoring and future negotiated 

amendments as the stations are expanded or 

passenger use increases. Such amendments 

will be made on a regular basis for the first 5 

years of station operation, as will be provided 

in the agreement. To make sure that services 

are made available, impact fees will not 

constitute the sole funding mechanism, 

although impact fees may be used to fund 

capital improvements or fixtures (i.e., police 

substation, additional fire vehicle, on-site 

defibrillators, etc.) necessary to service 

delivery. After the first 5 years of operation, 

the Authority will enter into a new or revised 

agreement with the public service providers of 

fire, police, and emergency services to fund 

the Authority’s fair share of services. The fair 

share will take into account the volume of 

ridership, past record and trends in service 

demand at the stations and HMF site, new local 

revenues derived from station area 

development, and any services that the 

Authority may be providing at the station.

Socioeconomics

SO-MM#1: Implement 

measures to 

reduce 

impacts 

associated 

with the 

division of 

residential 

neighborhoo

ds

The Authority will minimize impacts associated 

with the Preferred Alternative in the rural 

residential areas around Ponderosa Road/Edna 

Way east of Hanford, the Newark Avenue 

vicinity northeast of Corcoran, and Crome as 

well as in urban residential areas in Fresno, 

Wasco, Shafter and Bakersfield by conducting 

special outreach to affected homeowners and 

residents to fully understand their special 

relocation needs. The Authority will make every 

effort to locate suitable replacement properties 

that are comparable to those currently 

occupied by these residents, including 

constructing suitable replacement facilities if 

necessary.

In cases where residents wish to remain in the 

immediate vicinity, the Authority will take 

measures to purchase vacant land or buildings 

in the area, and consult with local authorities 

over matters such as zoning, permits, and 

moving of homes and replacement of services 

and utilities, as appropriate. Before land 

acquisition, the Authority will conduct 

community workshops to obtain input from 

those homeowners whose property would not 

be acquired, but whose community would be 

substantially altered by construction of HST 

facilities, including the loss of many neighbors, 

to identify measures that could be taken to 

mitigate impacts on those who remain 

(including placement of sound walls and 

landscaping, and potential uses for remnant 

Preconstruction/

Construction

/ Postconstruction

Reporting Monthly Authority Authority Monthly 

reporting

The Authority will 

meet with affected 

residents and 

property owners 

and design 

appropriate 

measures to 

minimize impacts

SO #6 Division of existing community Ponderosa Road/Edna Way east of Hanford, 

the Newark Avenue vicinity northeast of Corcoran, and Crome. Impacts 

associated with the Preferred Alternative would relocate and displace 

residents of small, rural residential communities.

SO #7 Effects to the regional agricultural community and displacement of homes 

in the unincorporated areas of the region of the four affected counties.

Page 1-45
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

parcels that could benefit the community in the 

long term).

SO-MM#2: Implement 

measures to 

reduce 

impacts 

associated 

with the 

division of 

communities

The Authority will minimize impacts associated 

with the Preferred Alternative in the existing 

mixed-use communities in the Bakersfield 

Northwest, Central, and Northeast districts 

through a program of additional outreach to 

homeowners, residents, business owners, and 

community organizations in affected 

neighborhoods.

As a part of this program, before land 

acquisition, the Authority will consult with 

officials and representatives of community 

facilities affected by significant noise impacts 

(e.g., churches, schools, and the veterinary 

hospital if the southern alignment is selected) 

to identify suitable noise abatement measures 

or to help affected businesses and 

organizations find more-suitable locations in 

the community. Similarly, the Authority will 

make every effort to locate suitable 

replacement housing for displaced residents. In 

cases where affected residents or community 

facilities wish to remain in their neighborhoods, 

the purchase and development of infill lots or 

other real estate, the relocation of existing 

buildings to vacant lots, and consultation with 

city staff regarding zoning and permit issues, 

may be required.

The Authority will also conduct community 

workshops about the future use of the area 

beneath the rail guideway. These meetings will 

provide residents the opportunity to identify 

design and use options that could strengthen 

community cohesion and be compatible with 

the character of the impacted community.

A minimum of three facilitated workshops will 

be held, one in each of the distinct 

neighborhoods, Bakersfield Northwest, Central, 

and Northeast districts. To maximize 

attendance and generate awareness of the 

workshops, the Authority will work with either 

community organizations, or community 

leaders within the neighborhoods. A location 

and time will be selected to increase 

attendance and be based on the needs of the 

community.

Information will be presented at the workshops 

that give the community options for the future 

use of the area beneath the rail guideway, as 

well as an opportunity for individuals to provide 

feedback. For example, if safety considerations 

prohibit such uses as bike paths or community 

gardens, alternatives, such as sculpture 

gardens or managed landscaping, could be 

Preconstruction/

Construction

/Postconstruction/

Operations

Reporting/Moni

toring

Monthly Authority Authority Monthly 

reporting

The Authority will 

meet with affected 

residents and 

property owners 

and design 

appropriate 

measures to 

minimize impacts 

The Authority will 

hold workshops 

and create reports 

based on workshop 

and design findings

SO #6 Division of existing community Ponderosa Road/Edna Way east of Hanford, 

the Newark Avenue vicinity northeast of Corcoran, and Crome. Impacts 

associated with the Preferred Alternative would relocate and displace 

residents of small, rural residential communities.

SO #7 Effects to the regional agricultural community and displacement of homes 

in the unincorporated areas of the region of the four affected counties.

Page 1-46
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

considered. The comments and feedback will 

be considered in planning for the future use of 

the sites.

Upon gathering feedback from the community, 

the Authority will report the findings, either 

through a fourth public workshop or in written 

report that would be made available to the 

public.

The Authority will be responsible for 

implementing the results of the community 

workshops through project design and through 

the long-term management of the area 

beneath the elevated rail guideway. This will 

involve documenting the desired design 

concepts, incorporating them into the final 

design, and facilitating ongoing maintenance. 

The Authority will identify potential uses that 

may be developed in the project right-of-way. 

These uses will be compatible with the 

character of the adjacent community and 

sensitive to project needs (as outlined in 

Section 3.11, Safety and Security). The costs 

associated with the development of these 

associated uses and how these costs will be 

paid will be determined during consultations 

with the affected city, county, or parks district. 

Furthermore, the parties or entities (i.e., the 

Authority, local government, park or recreation 

district, or nonprofit organization) responsible 

for some ongoing maintenance of these 

community areas will be determined.

SO-MM#3: Implement 

measures to 

reduce 

impacts 

associated 

with the 

relocation of 

important 

facilities

Depending on the alternative selected, the 

Authority will minimize impacts resulting from 

the disruption to key community facilities:

Bakersfield High School, Mercado Latino 

Tianguis, Fresno Rescue Mission, Mercy 

Hospital medical complex facilities, Bakersfield 

Homeless Shelter, Kern County Mental Health 

office (1400 L Street), Kern County Health and 

Human Services Department, community 

churches, an important livestock rendering 

facility (Baker Commodities) in the Hanford 

area, the City of Bakersfield’s corporation yard 

and the fleet services downtown facility, the 

CityPlace affordable housing complex, and 

parking associated with Bakersfield’s 

Convention Center and Owens Intermediate 

School.

The Authority will consult with the appropriate 

respective parties before land acquisition to 

assess potential opportunities to reconfigure 

land use and buildings and/or relocate affected 

facilities, as necessary, to minimize the 

disruption of facility activities and services, and 

also to ensure relocation that allows the 

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting/Moni

toring

Monthly Authority Authority Monthly 

reporting

The Authority will 

meet with affected 

residents and 

property owners 

and design 

appropriate 

measures to 

minimize impacts 

The Authority will 

hold workshops 

and create reports 

based on workshop 

and design findings

SO #6 Displacement of the Mercado Latino Tianguis.

Displacement of the Fresno Rescue Mission, Bakersfield Homeless Shelter 

and associated facilities and programs.

Displacement of the Mercy Medical Plaza building associated with the Mercy 

Hospital medical complex.

Displacement of religious facilities.

Displacement of government facilities—Bakersfield public works corporation 

yard and a Kern Mental Health office—as well as parking associated with 

the Bakersfield Convention Center.

Page 1-47
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

community currently served to continue to 

access these services.

Because many of these community facilities are 

located in Hispanic communities, the Authority 

will continue to implement a comprehensive 

Spanish-language outreach program for these 

communities as land acquisition begins. This 

program will facilitate the identification of 

approaches that would maintain continuity of 

operation and allow space and access for the 

types of services currently provided and 

planned for these facilities. Also, to avoid 

disruption to these community amenities, the 

Authority will ensure that all reconfiguring of 

land uses or buildings, or relocating of 

community facilities is completed before the 

demolition of any existing structures..

Because the unique services provided by the 

rendering facility and the CDFA sampling 

station in Kings County are critical to 

agricultural operations in the region, relocation 

of these facilities will occur before the existing 

facilities are closed or steps will be taken to 

ensure that sufficient capacity is available at 

other facilities so there is no interruption to the 

services provided.

To ensure the fair and equitable treatment of 

the affected residents of the CityPlace 

affordable apartment complex with special 

relocation needs (including handicapped), the 

Authority will consult with the City of 

Bakersfield to identify suitable housing 

replacement options and relocation alternatives 

for all affected households.

SO-MM#4 Provide 

access 

modifications 

to affected 

farmlands.

In cases where partial-property acquisitions result 

in division of agricultural parcels, the Authority will 

evaluate with property owner input the 

effectiveness of providing overcrossings or 

undercrossings of the HST track to allow 

continued use of agricultural lands and facilities. 

This would include the design of overcrossings or 

undercrossings to allow farm equipment passage. 

(Refer to Section 3.14, Agricultural Lands, for 

additional information.) This mitigation measure 

will be effective because it will maintain access to 

farmlands for farmers whose property is bisected.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting/Moni

toring

Monthly Authority Authority Monthly 

reporting

The Authority will 

meet with affected 

residents and 

property owners 

and design 

appropriate 

measures to 

minimize impacts 

The Authority will 

hold workshops and 

create reports 

based on workshop 

and design findings

SO #7 Effects to the regional agricultural community and displacement of homes 

in the unincorporated areas of the region of the four affected counties.

SO-MM#5 Develop 

measures to 

minimize the 

potential for 

physical 

deterioration

.

The Authority will work with the communities on 

the design of project features consistent with 

Technical Memorandum 200.6, Aesthetic 

Guidelines for Non-Station Structures (Authority 

2011a). The guidelines for station and non-station 

structures allow for contextual design responses 

to site-specific or unique conditions, or “context 

sensitive solutions”. Context sensitive solutions 

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting/Moni

toring

Monthly Authority Authority Monthly 

reporting

The Authority will 

meet with affected 

residents and 

property owners 

and design 

appropriate 

measures to 

minimize impacts 

SO#6 Division of existing community Ponderosa Road/Edna Way east of Hanford, 

the Newark Avenue vicinity northeast of Corcoran, and Crome. Impacts 

associated with the Preferred Alternative would relocate and displace 

residents of small, rural residential communities.

SO #7 Effects to the regional agricultural community and displacement of homes 

in the unincorporated areas of the region of the four affected counties.

Page 1-48
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

mean structural aesthetics must respond to local 

settings with concern for the human scale, 

building scale, and the vantage points from which 

the structures will be viewed. Included in the 

Authority’s design principles is the requirement 

that the structures enhance local environments 

and community context. Landscaping will be used 

to visually integrate project structures into the 

local context with plantings that recreate the 

natural setting into which they are placed. The 

aesthetic design of project structures, in 

combination with landscape and urban design 

that serve the local community can create a 

positive contribution to the surrounding visual 

context and minimize the potential for physical 

deterioration.

The Authority will 

hold workshops and 

create reports 

based on workshop 

and design findings

SO-MM#6 Continue 

outreach to 

disproportion

ately and 

negatively

impacted 

environment

al justice 

populations.

The Authority will continue to conduct substantial 

EJ outreach activities in adversely affected 

neighborhoods to obtain resident feedback on 

potential impacts and suggestions for mitigation 

measures. Input from these communities will be 

used to refine the alternatives during ongoing 

design efforts. In addition, to offset any 

disproportionate effects, the Authority will develop 

special recruitment, training, and job set-aside 

programs so that minority and low-income 

populations are able to benefit from the jobs 

created by the project. This type of outreach is 

common for large infrastructure projects with long 

construction periods and has been found to be 

effective.

Preconstruction/

Construction

/

Operations

Monthly Authority Authority Monthly 

reporting

The Authority will 

meet with affected 

residents and 

property owners 

and design 

appropriate 

measures to 

minimize impacts 

The Authority will 

hold workshops 

and create reports 

based on workshop 

and design findings

Applies to all environmental justice impacts.

Station Planning, Land Use, and Development

Mitigation measures for station planning, land use and development were incorporated in other sections. See Air Quality and Aesthetics, Noise and Vibration, and Agriculture.

Agricultural Land

AG-MM #1: Preserve the 

Total 

Amount of 

Prime 

Farmland, 

Farmland of 

Statewide 

Importance, 

Farmland of 

Local 

Importance, 

and Unique 

Farmland

The Authority will enter into an agreement with 

the DOC California Farmland Conservancy 

Program to preserve farmland. The Authority 

will fund the California Farmland Conservancy 

Program’s work to identify suitable agricultural 

land for mitigation of impacts and to fund the 

purchase of agricultural conservation 

easements from willing sellers. The 

performance standards for this measure are to 

preserve Important Farmland in an amount 

commensurate with the quantity and quality of 

the converted farmlands, within the same 

agricultural regions as the impacts occur, at a 

replacement ratio of not less than 1:1 for lands 

that are permanently converted to nonagricultural use by the project. In addition, the 

Authority will provide an additional increment 

of Important Farmland mitigation acreage, 

above the 1:1 ratio minimum, at a level 

consistent with the terms of a settlement 

agreement the Authority reached with 

agricultural interests in County of Madera, et 

PreconstructionReporting Monthly Authority & 

California 

Farmland 

Conservancy

Authority Prior to 

construction/

Monthly 

reporting

The Authority will 

enter into an 

agreement with 

the DOC California 

Farmland 

Conservancy 

Program to 

implement the 

preservation of 

farmland. The 

Authority and 

California Farmland 

Conservancy 

Program will 

develop selection 

criteria under this 

agreement to 

guide the pursuit 

and purchase of 

conservation 

easements.

AG#4: Permanent Conversion of Agricultural Land to Nonagricultural Use. The 

Preferred Alternative would affect 3,474 acres of Important Farmland.

LU Impact #2: The Preferred Alternative would cause a substantial change in intensity of 

land use incompatible with adjacent land uses.

LU Impact #3: The Kings/Tulare Regional Station–East is likely to result in some unplanned 

changes in the use of existing adjacent land, regardless of the amount of 

parking provided at the station.

LU Impact #5 Indirect changes to adjacent lands at the Kings/Tulare Regional Station–

East site would substantially change the pattern and intensity of land use in 

a way that would be incompatible with adjacent land uses.

Page 1-49
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

al. v. California High-Speed Rail Authority. This 

approach will provide a consistent approach to 

calculating the total amount of acres of 

agricultural conservation easements across the 

Central Valley.

The California Farmland Conservancy Program 

will work with local, regional, or statewide 

entities whose purpose includes the acquisition 

and stewardship of agricultural conservation 

easements. The Authority and California 

Farmland Conservancy Program will develop 

selection criteria under this agreement to guide 

the pursuit and purchase of conservation 

easements. These will include, but are not 

limited to, provisions to ensure that the 

easements will conform to the requirements of 

Public Resources Code Section 10252 and to 

prioritize the acquisition of willing seller 

easements on lands that are adjacent to other 

protected agricultural lands or that would 

support the establishment of greenbelts and 

urban separators.

Parks and Recreation

PP-MM#1 Temporary 

Restricted 

Access to

Park 

Facilities 

During 

Construction

Prior to temporary restricted access to the 

multi-use trail and Hoey trail, the contractor 

will ensure that connections to the unaffected 

trail portions and nearby roadways are 

maintained. The contractor will provide 

alternative pedestrian and bicycle access via a 

temporary detour of the multi-use trail using

existing roadways or other public rights of way. 

The contractor will provide detour signage and 

lighting and will ensure that the alternative 

routes meet all public safety requirements.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting/Com

pensation

Weekly Contractor Authority/C

ontractor

Preconstruction/

Construction. 

Authority to 

coordinate 

with local 

jurisdictions

The Authority and 

Contractor will work 

with respective 

jurisdictions (City of 

Bakersfield) to 

develop a staging 

plan and detour 

plan for alternative 

access plan to 

impacted Trails.

PK#1 Kern River Parkway. Construction activities for the Preferred Alternative 

would create use restriction of the multi-use trail and Hoey trail within the 

construction footprint.

Prior to temporary restricted access to the park 

facilities, the contractor will ensure that 

connections to the unaffected park portions or 

nearby roadways are maintained. If a proposed 

linear park closure restricts connectivity, the 

contractor will provide alternative pedestrian 

and bicycle access via a temporary detour of 

the pedestrian walkway using existing 

roadways or other public rights of way. The 

contractor will provide detour signage and 

lighting and will ensure that the alternative 

routes meet all public safety requirements.

Preconstruction/

Construction

/Postconstruction/

Operations

Reporting/Com

pensation

Monthly Authority Authority Prior to 

construction/

monthly 

reporting

The Authority and 

Contractor will work 

with respective 

jurisdictions (City of 

Bakersfield) to 

develop a staging 

plan and detour 

plan for alternative 

access plan to 

impacted park 

facilities.

PK#1 Mill Creek Linear Park. Construction activities for the Preferred Alternative 

would create use restrictions of some areas of park facilities.

PP-MM#3 Collect 

Additional 

Maintenance 

Funds

The Authority will consult with the City of 

Bakersfield and Amtrak to identify its share of 

funding to provide additional maintenance, 

labor, and repairs for the existing Bakersfield 

Amtrak playground to remedy any potential 

degradation of existing facilities that may result 

from increased facility use. Prior to the opening 

of passenger service, the Authority will enter 

into an agreement with the city and Amtrak that 

establishes the funding share and describes the 

Preconstruction/

Construction

/Postconstruction/

Operations

Compensation Monthly Authority Authority Prior to 

construction/

Construction/

Post 

construction/

Operations. 

Authority to 

coordinate 

with local 

jurisdictions

The Authority will 

coordinate with the 

City of Bakersfield 

to identify 

appropriate 

funding amounts

PK#4 Bakersfield Amtrak Station Playground. The Bakersfield Station would 

create an increase in use that would result in physical deterioration.

Page 1-50
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

relative roles of the Authority, the City of 

Bakersfield, and Amtrak in providing continuous 

maintenance of the existing playground.

Aesthetics and Visual Resources

AVRMM#1aMinimize 

Visual 

Disruption 

from 

Construction 

Activities

The project will adhere to local jurisdiction 

construction requirements (if applicable) 

regarding construction-related visual/aesthetic 

disruption. In order to minimize visual 

disruption, construction will employ the 

following activities:

• Minimize Pre-construction clearing to that 

necessary for construction.

• Limit the removal of buildings to those that 

would obstruct project components.

• When possible, preserve existing vegetation, 

particularly vegetation along the edge of 

construction areas that may help screen views.

• After construction, Regrade areas disturbed 

by construction, staging, and storage to 

original contours and revegetate with plant 

material similar in replacement numbers and 

types to that which was removed based upon 

local jurisdictional requirements. If there are 

no local jurisdictional requirements, replace 

removed vegetation at a 1:1 replacement ratio 

for shrubs and small trees, and 2:1 

replacement ratio for mature trees. For 

example, if 10 mature trees in an area are 

removed, replant 20 younger trees that after 5 

to 15 years (depending upon the growth rates 

of the trees) would provide coverage similar to 

the coverage provided by the trees that were 

removed for construction.

• To the extent feasible, do not locate 

construction staging sites within the immediate 

foreground distance (0 to 500 feet) of existing 

residential, recreational, or other highsensitivity receptors. Where such siting is 

unavoidable, staging sites will be screened 

from sensitive receptors using appropriate solid 

screening materials such as temporary fencing 

and walls. Any graffiti or visual defacement of 

temporary fencing and walls will be painted 

over or removed within 5 business days.

Preconstruction/

Construction

/

Postconstruction

Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Construction/ 

Weekly 

Reporting

Contract 

Requirements/ 

Specifications

AVR#2 Construction Impacts of Existing Visual Quality. Construction activities 

would cause visual impacts.

LU Impact #1 Disruption of access to some properties would temporarily inconvenience 

nearby residents on some lands along 31 miles of the Preferred Alternative.

PK#1 Construction activities would cause visual impacts to park, recreation, and 

open space resources.

PK#1 Construction activities would cause visual impacts to school district 

facilities.

AVRMM#1bMinimize 

Light 

Disturbance 

during 

Construction

Where construction lighting will be required 

during nighttime construction, the Contractor 

will be required to shield such lighting and 

direct it downward in such a manner that the 

light source is not visible offsite, and so that 

the light does not fall outside the boundaries of 

the project site to avoid light spill offsite.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Construction/ 

Weekly 

reporting

Contract 

Requirements/

Specifications

AVR#3 Nighttime Lighting during construction. Intrusive nighttime lighting could 

result in adverse impacts in both rural and urban areas.

LU Impact #1 Disruption of access to some properties would temporarily inconvenience 

nearby residents on some lands along 31 miles of the Preferred Alternative.

PK#1 Construction activities would cause visual impacts to park, recreation, and 

open space resources.

PK#1 Construction activities would cause visual impacts to school district facilities.

Page 1-51
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

AVRMM#2aIncorporate 

Design 

Criteria for 

Elevated and 

Station 

Elements 

That Can 

Adapt to 

Local 

Context

During final design of the elevated guideways 

and the Fresno, Kings/Tulare Regional, and 

Bakersfield stations, the contractor partnering 

with the Authority will coordinate with local 

jurisdictions on the design of these facilities so 

that they are designed appropriately to fit in 

with the visual context of the areas near them. 

This will include the following activities:

• For stations: During the station design 

process, establish a local consultation process 

with the Cities of Fresno and Bakersfield, and 

the cities and communities surrounding the 

Kings/Tulare Regional Station, as necessary, to 

identify and integrate local design features into 

the station design through a collaborative, 

context-sensitive solutions approach. The 

process will include activities to solicit 

community input in their respective station 

areas. This effort will be coordinated with the 

station area planning process that will be 

undertaken by those cities under their station 

area planning grants.

• For elevated guideways in cities or 

unincorporated communities: During the 

elevated guideway design process, establish a 

process with the city or county with jurisdiction 

over the land along the elevated guideway to 

advance the final design through a 

collaborative, context-sensitive solutions 

approach. Participants in the consultation 

process will meet on a regular basis to develop 

a consensus on the urban design elements that 

are to be incorporated into the final guideway 

designs. The process will include activities to 

solicit community input in the affected 

neighborhoods.

Actions taken to help achieve integration with 

the local design context during the contextsensitive solutions process will include the 

following:

• Design HST stations and associated 

structures such as elevators, escalators, and 

walkways to be attractive architectural 

elements or features that add visual interest to 

the streetscapes near them.

• Design HST station parking structures and 

adjacent areas to integrate visually into the 

areas where they would be located. Where the 

city has adopted applicable downtown design 

guidelines, the parking structures and adjacent 

areas will be designed to be compatible with 

the policies and principles of those guidelines.

• For the elevated guideways and columns, 

incorporate architectural elements, such as 

graceful curved or tapered sculptural forms 

and decorative surfaces, to provide visual 

interest. Include decorative texture treatments 

on large-scale concrete surfaces such as 

parapets and other portions of elevated 

Preconstruction/ 

Design

Reporting Final design Contractor 

and Authority

Contractor 

and 

Authority

Final design 

and 

Construction/

Monthly 

reporting

Established local 

consultation 

process with 

communities along 

the alignment

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rural Valley/Agricultural Landscape Unit. 

Impacts on the existing visual character and quality of the site and its 

surroundings, as seen by nearby rural residents due to at-grade and 

elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other prominent project 

features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in Wasco, and Shafter Landscape Units. Impacts on the 

existing visual character and quality of the site and its surroundings due to 

at-grade and elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other 

prominent project features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rosedale, Kern River, Central Bakersfield, and/or 

East Bakersfield Landscape Units. Impacts on the existing visual character 

and quality of the site and its surroundings in Bakersfield due to elevated 

guideways and sound barriers.

AVR#4 Sound Barriers would lower visual quality or block views. The Preferred 

Alternative would require the use of sound barriers along portions of the 

guideway in urbanized areas, potentially lowering visual quality and/or 

blocking existing views, depending on the barrier location and materials.

PK#4 Kern River Parkway. HST operation for the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Mill Creek Linear Park. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Bakersfield Amtrak Station Playground. HST operation of the Preferred 

Alternative would substantially degrade the existing visual character of the 

site and its surroundings.

Page 1-52
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

guideways. Include a variety of texture, 

shadow lines, and other surface articulation to 

add visual and thematic interest. Closely 

coordinate the design of guideway columns 

and parapets with station and platform 

architecture to promote unity and coherence 

where guideways lie adjacent to stations.

• Integrate trees and landscaping into the 

station streetscape and plaza plans where 

possible to soften and buffer the appearance of 

guideways, columns, and elevated stations. 

This will be consistent with the principles of 

crime prevention through environmental 

design.

• For the stations, structures, and related open 

spaces: incorporate design features that 

provide interest and reflect the local design 

context. These features could include 

landscaping, lighting, and public art.

The designs in cities and unincorporated 

communities will reflect the results of the 

context-sensitive solutions design process. 

During the context-sensitive solutions design 

process, the HST project’s obligations and 

constraints related to planning, mitigation, 

engineering, performance, funding, and 

operational requirements will be taken into 

consideration.

AVRMM#2bIntegrate 

Elevated 

Guideway 

into Affected 

Cities, Parks, 

Trail, and 

Urban Core 

Designs

During development of the final design, the 

Authority will work with the affected cities and 

counties to develop a project site and 

landscape design plan for the areas disturbed 

by the project. As a result of following these 

plans, the design features identified in AVRMM#2a and the park mitigation measure PKMM#3 will be implemented.

Preconstruction/

Design

Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor 

and 

Authority

Construction/

monthly 

reporting

Contract 

Requirements/ 

Specifications 

Authority will meet 

with local 

jurisdictions during 

development of 

final design

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rural Valley/Agricultural Landscape Unit. 

Impacts on the existing visual character and quality of the project area, as 

seen by nearby rural residents due to at-grade and elevated structures, 

HSTs, road overcrossings, or other prominent project features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in Wasco, and Shafter Landscape Units. Impacts on the 

existing visual character and quality of the site and its surroundings due to 

at-grade and elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other 

prominent project features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rosedale, Kern River, Central Bakersfield, and/or 

East Bakersfield Landscape Units. Impacts on the existing visual character 

and quality of the site and its surroundings in Bakersfield due to elevated 

guideways and sound barriers.

AVR#4 Sound Barriers would lower visual quality or block views. The Preferred 

Alternative would require the use of sound barriers along portions of the 

guideway in urbanized areas, potentially lowering visual quality and/or 

blocking existing views, depending on the barrier location and materials.

PK#4 Kern River Parkway. HST operation for the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Mill Creek Linear Park. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Bakersfield Amtrak Station Playground. HST operation of the Preferred 

Alternative would substantially degrade the existing visual character of the 

site and its surroundings.

Page 1-53
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

AVRMM#2cScreen AtGrade and 

Elevated 

Guideways 

Adjacent to 

Residential 

Areas

Consistent with the design features developed 

under AVR-MM#2a, the contractor will plant 

trees along the edges of the rights-of-way in 

locations adjacent to residential areas. This will 

help reduce the visual contrast between the 

elevated guideway and the residential area. 

The species of trees to be installed will be 

selected on the basis of their mature size and 

shape, growth rate, hardiness, and drought 

tolerance. No species that is listed on the 

Invasive Species Council of California’s list of 

invasive species will be planted. The crowns of 

trees used should ultimately be tall enough so 

that upon maturity they will partially, or fully, 

block or screen views of the elevated guideway 

from adjacent at-grade areas. Trees should 

allow ground-level views under the crowns 

(with pruning if necessary) while not 

interfering with the 15-foot clearance 

requirement for the guideway. The trees will 

be continuously maintained and appropriate 

irrigation systems will be installed within the 

tree planting areas.

Construction

/Postconstruction

Reporting Monthly Contractor 

and Authority

Contractor Construction/

monthly 

reporting

Contract 

Requirements/ 

Specifications and 

Landscaping and 

maintenance will 

be provided by the 

Contractor for its 

scope of work until 

substantial 

completion of the 

work at which time 

the Authority shall

assume 

responsibility for 

landscaping or

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rural Valley/Agricultural Landscape Unit. 

Impacts on the existing visual character and quality of the site and its 

surroundings, as seen by nearby rural residents due to at-grade and 

elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other prominent project 

features.

AVR#4: Lower visual quality in Wasco, and Shafter Park Landscape Units. Impacts 

on the existing visual character and quality of the site and its surroundings 

due to at-grade and elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other 

prominent project features.

AVR#4 AVR#4: Lower visual quality in the Rosedale, Kern River, Central 

Bakersfield, and/or East Bakersfield Landscape Units. Impacts on the 

existing visual character and quality of the site and its surroundings in 

Bakersfield due to elevated guideways and sound barriers.

AVR#4: Sound Barriers would lower visual quality or block views. The Preferred 

Alternative would require the use of sound barriers along portions of the 

guideway in urbanized areas, potentially lowering visual quality and/or 

blocking existing views, depending on the barrier location and materials.

PK#4 Kern River Parkway. HST operation for the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Mill Creek Linear Park. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Bakersfield Amtrak Station Playground. HST operation of the Preferred 

Alternative would substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site 

and its surroundings.

AVRMM#2dReplant 

Unused 

Portions of 

Lands 

Acquired for 

the HST

After construction is complete, the Authority 

will plant vegetation within lands acquired for 

the project (e.g., shifting roadways) that are 

not used for the HST or related supporting 

infrastructure. Plantings will allow adequate 

space between the vegetation and the HST 

alignment and catenary lines. All street trees 

and other visually important vegetation 

removed in these areas during construction will 

be replaced with similar vegetation that, upon 

maturity, will be similar in size and character to 

the removed vegetation. The Authority will 

ensure that vegetation will be continuously 

maintained and appropriate irrigation systems 

will be installed within the planting areas. No 

species that is listed on the Invasive Species 

Council of California’s list of invasive species 

will be planted.

Postconstruction/

Operations

Reporting Monthly Authority Authority Post -

Construction/

monthly 

reporting

Authority to 

implement 

appropriate 

landscape and 

maintenance plan

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rural Valley/Agricultural Landscape Unit. 

Impacts on the existing visual character and quality of the site and its 

surroundings, as seen by nearby rural residents due to at-grade and 

elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other prominent project 

features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in Corcoran, Wasco, and Shafter Landscape Units. 

Impacts on the existing visual character and quality of the site and its 

surroundings due to at-grade and elevated structures, HSTs, road 

overcrossings, or other prominent project features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rosedale, Kern River, Central Bakersfield, and/or 

East Bakersfield Landscape Units. Impacts on the existing visual character 

and quality of the site and its surroundings in Bakersfield due to elevated 

guideways and sound barriers.

AVR#4: Sound Barriers would lower visual quality or block views. The Preferred 

Alternative would require the use of sound barriers along portions of the 

guideway in urbanized areas, potentially lowering visual quality and/or 

blocking existing views, depending on the barrier location and materials.

PK#4 Kern River Parkway. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Mill Creek Linear Park. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Bakersfield Amtrak Station Playground. HST operation of the Preferred 

Alternative would substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site 

and its surroundings.

Page 1-54
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

AVRMM#2eProvide 

Offsite 

Landscape 

Screening 

Where 

Appropriate

Where onsite landscape screening measures as 

described under AVR-MM#2d cannot provide 

effective screening to significantly affected 

high-sensitivity receptors such as nearby rural 

residential areas, provide offsite screening, as 

appropriate, if desired by affected residential 

owners.

Postconstruction/ 

Operation

Reporting Monthly Authority Contractor/ 

Environme

ntal 

Compliance 

Manager/M

itigation 

Manager/ 

Authority

Post -

Construction/

monthly 

reporting

Contract 

Requirements/ 

Specifications and 

Landscaping and 

maintenance will 

be provided by the 

Contractor for its 

scope of work until 

substantial 

completion of the 

work at which time 

the Authority shall 

assume 

responsibility for 

landscaping or 

assign the 

responsibility to 

other third parties.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rural Valley/Agricultural Landscape Unit. 

Impacts on the existing visual character and quality of the site and its 

surroundings, as seen by nearby rural residents due to at-grade and 

elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other prominent project 

features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in Wasco, and Shafter Landscape Units. Impacts on the 

existing visual character and quality of the site and its surroundings due to 

at-grade and elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other 

prominent project features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rosedale, Kern River, Central Bakersfield, and/or 

East Bakersfield Landscape Units. Impacts on the existing visual character 

and quality of the site and its surroundings in Bakersfield due to elevated 

guideways and sound barriers.

AVR#4 Sound Barriers would lower visual quality or block views. The Preferred 

Alternative would require the use of sound barriers along portions of the 

guideway in urbanized areas, potentially lowering visual quality and/or 

blocking existing views, depending on the barrier location and materials.

PK#4 Kern River Parkway. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Mill Creek Linear Park. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Bakersfield Amtrak Station Playground. HST operation of the Preferred 

Alternative would substantially degrade the existing visual character of the 

site and its surroundings.

AVRMM#2fLandscape 

Treatments 

along the 

HST Project 

Overcrossing

s and 

Retained Fill 

Elements of 

the HST

Upon the completion of construction, the 

contractor will plant the surface of the ground 

supporting the overpasses (slope-fill 

overpasses) and retained fill elements with 

vegetation consistent with the surrounding 

landscape in terms of vegetative type, color, 

texture, and form. During final design, the 

Authority will consult with the affected cities 

and counties regarding the landscaping 

program for planting the slopes of the 

overcrossings and retained fill. Plant species 

will be selected on the basis of their mature 

size and shape, growth rate, and drought 

tolerance. No species that is listed on the 

Invasive Species Council of California’s list of 

invasive species will be planted. The 

landscaping will be continuously maintained 

and appropriate irrigation systems will be 

installed if needed. Where wall structures 

supporting the overpasses or retained fill are 

proposed, the structure will employ 

architectural details and low-maintenance trees 

and other vegetation to screen the structure, 

minimize graffiti, and reduce the effects of 

large walls. Surface coatings will be applied on 

wood and concrete to facilitate cleaning and 

the removal of graffiti. Any graffiti or visual 

defacement or damage of fencing and walls 

will be painted over or repaired within a 

reasonable time after notification.

Postconstruction/ 

Operation

Reporting Monthly Authority Authority Monthly 

Reporting

Landscaping and 

maintenance will 

be provided by the 

Contractor for its 

scope of work until 

substantial 

completion of the 

work at which time 

the Authority shall 

assume 

responsibility for

landscaping or 

assign the 

responsibility to 

other third parties.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rural Valley/Agricultural Landscape Unit. 

Impacts on the existing visual character and quality of the site and its 

surroundings, as seen by nearby rural residents due to at-grade and 

elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other prominent project 

features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in Wasco, and Shafter Landscape Units. Impacts on the 

existing visual character and quality of the site and its surroundings due to 

at-grade and elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other 

prominent project features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rosedale, Kern River, Central Bakersfield, and/or 

East Bakersfield Landscape Units. Impacts on the existing visual character 

and quality of the site and its surroundings in Bakersfield due to elevated 

guideways and sound barriers.

AVR#4 Sound Barriers would lower visual quality or block views. The Preferred 

Alternative would require the use of sound barriers along portions of the 

guideway in urbanized areas, potentially lowering visual quality and/or 

blocking existing views, depending on the barrier location and materials.

PK#4 Kern River Parkway. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Mill Creek Linear Park. HST operation of the Preferred Alternative would 

substantially degrade the existing visual character of the site and its 

surroundings.

PK#4 Bakersfield Amtrak Station Playground. HST operation of the Preferred 

Alternative would substantially degrade the existing visual character of the 

site and its surroundings.

Page 1-55
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

AVRMM#2gProvide 

Sound 

Barrier 

Treatments

The contractor will design a range of sound 

barrier treatments for visually sensitive areas, 

such as those where residential views of open 

landscaped areas would change or in urban 

areas where sound barriers would adversely 

affect the existing character and setting (see 

the description of sound barriers in Table 3.16-

2). The Authority will develop the treatments 

during final design and integrate them into the 

final project design. The treatments will 

include, but are not limited to, the following:

• Sound barriers along elevated guideways 

may incorporate transparent materials where 

sensitive views would be adversely affected by 

solid sound barriers.

• Sound barriers will use non-reflective 

materials and will be of a neutral color.

• Surface design enhancements and vegetation 

appropriate to the visual context of the area 

will be installed with the sound barriers. 

Vegetation will be installed consistent with the 

provisions of AVR-MM#2f. Surface 

enhancements will be consistent with the 

design features developed under AVR-MM#2a, 

and will include architectural elements (i.e., 

stamped pattern, surface articulation, and 

decorative texture treatment as determined 

acceptable to the local jurisdiction. Surface 

coatings will be used on wood and concrete 

sound barriers to facilitate cleaning and the 

removal of graffiti.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor Construction/

monthly 

reporting

Contract 

Requirements/ 

Specifications

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rural Valley/Agricultural Landscape Unit. 

Impacts on the existing visual character and quality of the site and its 

surroundings, as seen by nearby rural residents due to at-grade and 

elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other prominent project 

features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in Wasco, and Shafter Landscape Units. Impacts on the 

existing visual character and quality of the site and its surroundings due to 

at-grade and elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other 

prominent project features.

AVR#4 Sound Barriers Would Lower Visual Quality or Block Views

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rosedale, Kern River, Central Bakersfield, and/or 

East Bakersfield Landscape Units. Impacts on the existing visual character 

and quality of the site and its surroundings in Bakersfield due to elevated 

guideways and sound barriers.

AVRMM#2hScreen 

Traction 

Power 

Distribution 

Stations and 

Radio 

Communicati

on Towers

Upon completion of station or HMF 

construction, the contractor will screen the 

traction power substations (located at 

approximately 30-mile intervals along any of 

the HST alternatives), including radio towers 

where required, and HMF from public view 

through the use of landscaping or solid 

walls/fences. This will consist of contextappropriate landscaping of a type and scale 

that does not draw attention to the station. 

Plant species will be selected on the basis of 

their mature size and shape, growth rate, 

hardiness, and drought tolerance. No species 

that is listed on the Invasive Species Council of 

California’s list of invasive species will be 

planted. The landscaping will be continuously 

maintained and appropriate irrigation systems 

will be installed within the landscaped areas. 

Walls will be constructed of cinder-block or 

similar material and will be painted a neutral 

color to blend in with the surrounding context. 

If a chain-link or cyclone fence is used, it will 

include slats in the fencing. Any graffiti or 

visual defacement or damage of fencing and 

walls will be painted over or repaired within a 

reasonable period as agreed between the 

Authority and local jurisdiction. Figure 3.16-66 

shows a power substation in an urban 

Postconstruction/

Operation

Reporting Annually Contractor Contractor Post 

Construction/ 

Operations

Landscaping and 

maintenance will 

be provided by the 

Contractor for its 

scope of work until 

substantial 

completion of the 

work at which time 

the Authority shall 

assume 

responsibility for 

landscaping or 

assign the 

responsibility to 

other third parties.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in the Rural Valley/Agricultural Landscape Unit. 

Impacts on the existing visual character and quality of the site and its 

surroundings, as seen by nearby rural residents due to at-grade and 

elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other prominent project 

features.

AVR#4 Lower visual quality in Wasco, and Shafter Landscape Units. Impacts on the 

existing visual character and quality of the site and its surroundings due to 

at-grade and elevated structures, HSTs, road overcrossings, or other 

prominent project features.

AVR#4 Traction Power Stations would alter visual character or block views. The 

Preferred Alternative would require the placement of Traction Power Distribution 

Stations of varying sizes at approximately 5-mile intervals along the alignment, 

which would potentially alter the visual character of adjacent lands and/or block 

views toward areas beyond the alignment.

Page 1-56
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

environment that is partially screened by 

landscaping and fencing. None of the 

mitigation measure options are expected to 

result in secondary effects. The mitigation 

measures are typical of visual treatments 

applied on linear transportation facilities; they 

have been defined to be specific in range and 

implementable according to context, and 

designed in coordination with local 

jurisdictions.

Cultural Resources

CUL-MM #1 Complete 

Inventory for 

Archaeologic

al Resources 

and Comply 

with the 

Stipulations 

Regarding 

the 

Treatment of 

Archaeologic

al Resources 

in the PA 

and MOA

The contractor will complete the following 

management steps for currently inaccessible 

areas once permission to enter has been 

obtained:

• The contractor will complete an inventory 

and evaluation report for archaeological 

resources.

• This work will be led or supervised by cultural 

resources specialists who meet the SOI’s 

professional qualification standards provided in 

36 C.F.R. Part 61.

• All newly identified resources will be mapped 

and described on DPR forms. Mapping will be 

completed by recording data with GPS 

hardware through which data can be imported 

and managed in Geographic Information 

Systems. Mapping of previously identified 

resources will be limited to updates of existing 

records where necessary to describe the 

current boundaries of the resource and any 

change in condition that has occurred after the 

first recordation.

• The contractor will evaluate the eligibility of 

identified archaeological and built environment 

resources for listing on the CRHR.

• Under delegated authority provided in the PA 

and MOA the contractor will also evaluate 

identified archaeological resources for the 

NRHP.

• For archaeological resources that are NRHP 

eligible the contractor will assess the potential 

for adverse effects within the meaning of 36 

C.F.R. Part 800.5(a)(1). For CRHR eligible 

resources the contractor shall assess the 

potential for significant impacts by applying the 

criteria in CEQA Guidelines 15064.5(b).

• For CRHR eligible archaeological resources 

the Authority shall determine if these resources 

can feasibly be preserved in place, or if data 

recovery is necessary. The methods of 

preservation in place shall be considered in the 

order of priority provided in CEQA Guidelines § 

15126.4(b)(3). If data recovery is the only 

feasible treatment the Authority shall adopt a 

data recovery plan as required under CEQA 

Guidelines § 15126.4(b)(3)(C).

PreconstructionReporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Preconstruction/

weekly 

reporting or 

as dictated 

by the 

Archaeologic

al Treatment 

Plan (ATP)

PA/ MOA CUL #1 Potential Adverse Effects on Archaeological Resources due to Construction 

Activities

Construction of the HST would result in possible substantial effects on 

unknown archaeological deposits or paleontological resources from grounddisturbing construction operations associated with the project, or in areas 

where PTE has not been granted.

Page 1-57
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

• For archaeological resources the Authority 

shall also determine if the resource is a unique 

archaeological site. If the resource is not an 

historical resource but is an archaeological site 

the resource shall be treated as required in 

California Public Resources Code 21083.2.

CUL-MM #2 Conduct 

Archaeologic

al Training

Before the start of ground-disturbing activities 

within the APE, a qualified professional 

archaeologist who meets the SOI Standards for 

Archaeology will develop a training program 

and printed material to be presented to 

construction personnel. The purpose of this 

training and accompanying materials will be to 

familiarize construction personnel with the 

relevant legal (Section 106/NEPA/CEQA) 

context for cultural resources of the project 

and with the types of cultural sites, features, 

and artifacts that could be uncovered during 

construction activities. These training sessions 

will be conducted before commencing 

construction within the APE or and will be 

repeated as needed as construction crews and 

supervisors change.

PreconstructionReporting Monthly Contractor Contractor Prior to 

grounddisturbing 

activities/mo

nthly 

reporting

Worker 

Environmental 

Awareness 

Program training

ATP

MOA

An Unanticipated 

Discoveries Plan is 

a part of the ATP 

and has been 

developed, in 

coordination with 

the consulting 

parties, to detail 

the specific 

procedures to be 

followed if 

archaeological 

materials are 

found during 

construction.

Implement an 

ADRP if the 

circumstances 

warrant an ADRP. 

The Authority will 

provide the ADRP, 

as an element of 

the treatment plan 

prepared for the 

section, to the 

MOA signatories 

and MOA 

concurring parties 

for review and 

comment.

CUL #1 Potential Adverse Effects on Archaeological Resources due to Construction 

Activities

Construction of the HST would result in possible substantial effects on 

unknown archaeological deposits or paleontological resources from grounddisturbing construction operations associated with the project, or in areas 

where PTE has not been granted.

CUL-MM #3 Conduct 

Archaeologic

al Monitoring 

in Areas of 

Sensitivity, 

Halt Work in 

the Event of 

a Discovery

Prior to ground-disturbing construction the 

Authority will include a cultural resources 

discovery plan in the contract conditions of the 

Contractor, identifying the following steps to be 

taken in the event of the inadvertent discovery 

of cultural resources.

• An archaeological monitor will be present to 

observe construction at geographic locations 

that are sensitive for unidentified cultural 

resources. Such locations may consist of 

construction areas near identified cultural 

resources (within a 200-foot radius around the 

Construction Reporting Daily Logs 

(during active 

monitoring)

Contractor/A

uthority

Contractor Daily logs 

(during 

active 

monitoring)

ATP/MOA CUL #1 Potential Adverse Effects on Archaeological Resources due to Construction 

Activities Construction of the HST would result in possible substantial 

effects on unknown archaeological deposits or paleontological resources 

from ground-disturbing construction operations associated with the project, 

or in areas where PTE has not been granted.

Page 1-58
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

known boundaries of identified resources) and 

where ground-disturbing construction will 

occur within 1,500 feet of major water 

features, or in other areas of identified 

sensitivity based on inventory work to be 

completed when permission to enter is 

granted.

• In the event of an archaeological resource 

discovery, work will cease in the immediate 

vicinity of the find, based on the direction of 

the archaeological monitor or the apparent 

location of cultural resources if no monitor is 

present. A qualified archaeologist will assess 

the significance of the find and make 

recommendations for further evaluation and 

treatment as necessary. These steps shall 

include evaluation for the CRHR and NRHP and 

necessary treatment to resolve significant 

effects if the resource is an historical resource 

or historic property. If the resource is eligible 

for the CRHR an archaeological resource 

methods of preservation in place shall be 

considered in the order of priority provided in 

CEQA Guidelines § 15126.4(b)(3). If data 

recovery is the only feasible mitigation The 

Authority shall adopt a data recovery plan as 

required under CEQA Guidelines § 

15126.4(b)(3)(C).

The California State Lands Commission (CSLC) 

will be notified if the find is a cultural resource 

on or in the submerged lands of California and 

consequently under the jurisdiction of the 

CSLC. The Authority will comply with all 

applicable rules and regulations promulgated 

by CSLC with respect to cultural resources in 

submerged lands. The project proponent will 

also comply with the PA. Performance tracking 

of this mitigation measure is based upon 

successful implementation and approval of the 

documentation by the SHPO and appropriate 

consulting parties.

CUL-MM #4 Comply with 

State and 

Federal Law 

for Human 

Remains

Discoveries of human remains on private and 

state agency lands in California are governed 

by California Health and Safety Code Section 

7050.5 and Public Resources Code Section 

5097.98. Native American remains discovered 

on federal lands are governed by NAGPRA (25 

US Code Section 3001.

If human remains are discovered on stateowned or private lands the contractor shall 

contact the relevant County Coroner to allow 

the Coroner to determine if an investigation 

regarding the cause of death is required. If no 

investigation is required and the remains are of 

Native American origin the Authority shall 

contact the Native American Heritage 

Commission to identify an MLD. The MLD shall 

Preconstruction/

Construction

/Postconstruction

Monitoring and 

reporting

No reporting 

necessary 

unless remains 

are identified

Qualified 

Professional 

Archaeologist

Qualified 

Professiona

l 

Archaeologi

st, in 

coordinatio

n with the 

Authority, 

SHPO and 

appropriate 

consulting 

agencies

If remains 

are identified 

during 

construction, 

Weekly 

reporting

ATP/MOA CUL #1 Potential Adverse Effects on Archaeological Resources due to Construction 

Activities

Construction of the HST would result in possible substantial effects on 

unknown archaeological deposits or paleontological resources from grounddisturbing construction operations associated with the project, or in areas 

where PTE has not been granted.

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Table 1

Fresno to Bakersfield Mitigation Monitoring and Enforcement Plan

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementati

on Action

Reporting 

Schedule

Implement

ation Party

Reporting 

Party

Implement

ation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

be empowered to reinter the remains with 

appropriate dignity. If the MLD fails to make a 

recommendation the remains shall be 

reinterred in a location not subject to further 

disturbance and the location shall be recorded 

with the Native American Heritage Commission 

and relevant information center of the 

California Historical Resources Information 

System.

If human remains are part of an archaeological 

site the Authority and contractor shall, in 

consultation with the MLD and other 

stakeholders, consider preservation in place as 

the first option, in the order of priority called 

for in CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.4(b)(3).

In consultation with the relevant Native 

American stakeholders the Authority may 

conduct scientific analysis on the human 

remains if called for under a data recovery plan 

and amenable to all stakeholders. California 

and the Authority will work with the most likely 

descendant, to satisfy the requirements of 

California Public Resources Code Section 

5097.98. Performance tracking of this 

mitigation measure will be based on successful 

implementation and approval of the 

documentation by the SHPO and appropriate 

consulting parties.

CUL-MM#5 Conduct 

Additional 

Testing and 

Data 

Recovery

When access is obtained, conduct surveys, 

testing, and evaluation pursuant to the ATP. 

Follow treatments and data recovery, as 

required.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Preconstruction 

surveys and 

Construction/

weekly 

reporting or 

as dictated 

by the ATP 

and the MOA

PA Cul#1 Potential Adverse Effects on Archaeological Resources due to Construction 

Activities Construction of the HST would result in possible substantial 

effects on unknown archaeological deposits or paleontological resources 

from ground-disturbing construction operations associated with the project, 

or in areas where PTE has not been granted.

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Historic Architectural Resources

CUL-MM#6 Complete 

Inventories 

for Historic 

Architectural 

Resources

Because design of the project is currently only 

at 15%, it may be necessary to conduct 

additional inventories for historic architectural 

resources as the design is finalized. The 

Authority, under delegated responsibility under 

the PA and MOA, shall complete inventory and 

evaluate historic architectural properties for the 

NRHP. The Authority will also evaluate historic 

architectural resources to determine if they are 

historical resources (CRHR-eligible). For 

identified NRHP historic properties the 

Authority will assess the potential for adverse 

effects by applying the effects criteria in 36 

C.F.R. Part 800.5(a)(1). For CRHR historic 

resources the Authority shall assess the 

potential for significant impacts by applying the 

criteria in CEQA Guidelines 15064.5(b).

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Preconstruction 

surveys and 

Construction/

weekly 

reporting or 

as dictated 

by the BETP 

and the MOA

PA / Historic 

Structure Report 

(HSR) and the 

relocation plan

Cul#2 Potential Adverse Effects on Historic Architectural Resources due to 

Construction Activities

Construction activities that may cause impacts on historic architectural 

resources can include excavation, staging, heavy-equipment usage and 

movement, drilling,

CUL-MM #7 Avoid and/or 

Monitor 

Adverse 

Construction 

Vibration 

Effects

The BETP will describe the methodology for the 

avoidance of adverse vibration effects and how 

such avoidance will be monitored and 

implemented during construction of the 

project. Implementation of avoidance 

measures will be monitored to ensure that 

damaging vibration levels are avoided during 

construction adjacent to the historic properties 

identified as requiring this treatment.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Preconstruction 

surveys and 

Construction/

weekly 

reporting or 

as dictated 

by the BETP 

and the MOA

PA / Historic 

Structure Report 

(HSR) and the 

relocation plan

Cul#2 Potential Adverse Effects on Historic Architectural Resources due to 

Construction Activities

Construction activities that may cause impacts on historic architectural 

resources can include excavation, staging, heavy-equipment usage and 

movement, drilling, demolition, or the need for relocation, as well as 

increases in vibration levels or introduction of new visual elements.

CUL-MM #8 Implement 

Protection 

and/or

Stabilization 

Measures

The BETP will identify historic 

properties/historical resources that may require 

treatment, protection and/or stabilization 

before the start of construction of the project. 

Treatment will be developed in consultation 

with the landowner or land-owning agencies as 

well as the SHPO and the MOA signatories, as 

required by the PA. Such measures will include, 

but will not be limited to, vibration monitoring 

of construction in the vicinity of historic 

properties; cordoning off of resources from 

construction activities (e.g., traffic, equipment 

storage, personnel); shielding of resources 

from dust or debris; and stabilization of 

buildings adjacent to construction. For 

buildings that would be moved, treatment will 

include stabilization before, during, and after 

relocation; protection during temporary 

storage; and relocation at a new site and 

during subsequent rehabilitation.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Preconstruction 

surveys and 

Construction/

weekly 

reporting or 

as dictated 

by the BETP 

and the MOA

BETP

PA

Historic Structure 

Report (HSR) and 

the relocation plan

Cul#2 Potential Adverse Effects on Historic Architectural Resources due to 

Construction Activities

Construction activities that may cause impacts on historic architectural 

resources can include excavation, staging, heavy-equipment usage and 

movement, drilling, demolition, or the need for relocation, as well as 

increases in vibration levels or introduction of new visual elements.

CUL-MM 

#10

Minimize 

Adverse 

Effects 

through 

Relocation of 

Historic 

Structures

A BETP will identify historic properties/historical 

resources that could be relocated to help avoid 

their destruction and minimize the direct 

adverse effect of their physical damage or 

alteration. The development of the plan for 

relocation and the implementation of relocation 

will take place before construction. The 

relocation of the historic properties/historical 

resources will take into account the historic site 

and layout (i.e., the orientation of the buildings 

to the cardinal directions) and their potential 

re-use. The properties subject to relocation will 

be documented in detailed recordation that 

includes photography. This documentation may 

consist of preparation of updated recordation 

forms (DPR 523), or may be consistent with 

Preconstruction/

Construction

/PostConstruction

Reporting Weekly

(during 

physical 

relocation)

Contractor Contractor Preconstruction 

surveys and 

Construction/

weekly 

reporting or 

as dictated 

by the BETP 

and the MOA

BETP/Relocation 

Plan, PA 

HABS/HAER/HALS/

MOA

Cul#2 Potential Adverse Effects on Historic Architectural Resources due to 

Construction Activities

Construction activities that may cause impacts on historic architectural 

resources can include excavation, staging, heavy-equipment usage and 

movement, drilling, demolition, or the need for relocation, as well as 

increases in vibration levels or introduction of new visual elements.

Page 1-61
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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the HABS, the Historic American Engineering 

Record (HAER), or the Historic American 

Landscape Survey (HALS) programs; or other 

recordation methods stipulated in the MOA and 

described in the BETP. The relocation plan will 

provide for stabilization of the structures 

before, during, and after the move, as well as 

inadvertent damage.

CUL-MM 

#11

Minimize 

Adverse 

Operational 

Noise Effects

A BETP will identify the historic 

properties/historical resources that will be 

subject to treatment to minimize the indirect 

adverse effects caused by the operational noise 

of the HST project. Properties subject to this 

mitigation will be treated in consultation with 

the landowner or land-owning agencies and 

the CEQA lead agency (i.e., the Authority). 

Preliminary project design options, such as 

noise walls, have been developed to help 

reduce noise impacts and follow FRA 

methodologies for noise abatement.

Preconstruction/

Construction

/PostConstruction

Reporting Ongoing Contractor Contractor Preconstruction 

and 

Construction

BETP

PA

Historic American 

Building Survey 

(HABS)/Historic 

American 

Engineering 

Record (HAER)/ 

Historic American 

Landscape Survey 

(HALS) programs, 

MOA

Cul#2 Potential Adverse Effects on Historic Architectural Resources due to 

Construction Activities

Construction activities that may cause impacts on historic architectural 

resources can include excavation, staging, heavy-equipment usage and 

movement, drilling, demolition, or the need for relocation, as well as 

increases in vibration levels or introduction of new visual elements.

CUL-MM 

#12

Prepare and 

Submit 

Additional 

Recordation 

and 

Documentati

on

A BETP will identify specific historical resources 

that would be physically altered, damaged, 

relocated, or destroyed by the project that will 

be documented in detailed recordation that 

includes photography. This documentation may 

consist of preparation of updated recordation 

forms (DPR 523), or may be consistent with 

the HABS, the Historic American Engineering 

Record (HAER), or the Historic American 

Landscape Survey (HALS) programs; a Historic 

Structure Report; or other recordation methods 

stipulated in the MOA and described in the 

BETP. The recordation undertaken by this 

treatment would focus on the aspect of 

integrity that would be affected by the project 

for each historic property subject to this 

treatment. For example, historic properties in 

an urban setting that would experience an 

adverse visual effect would be photographed to 

capture exterior and contextual views; interior 

spaces would not be subject to recordation if 

they would not be affected.Consultation with 

the SHPO and the consulting parties will be 

conducted for the historic architectural 

resources to be documented. Recordation 

documents will follow the appropriate guidance 

for the recordation format and program 

selected.Copies of the documentation will be 

provided to the consulting parties and offered 

to the appropriate local governments, historical 

societies and agencies, or other public 

repositories, such as libraries. The 

documentation will also be offered in printed 

and electronic form to any repository or 

organization to which the SHPO, the Authority, 

and the local agency with jurisdiction over the 

property, through consultation, may agree. The 

electronic copy of the documentation may also 

be placed on an agency or organization’s 

website.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting Monthly Contractor, 

Authority to 

coordinate 

with SHPO

Contractor Prior to 

construction/

monthly 

reporting

BETP/ Photographs 

and nomination 

document, 

HABS/HAER/HALS/

MOA

Cul#2 Potential Adverse Effects on Historic Architectural Resources due to 

Construction ActivitiesConstruction activities that may cause impacts on 

historic architectural resources can include excavation, staging, heavyequipment usage and movement, drilling, demolition, or the need for 

relocation, as well as increases in vibration levels or introduction of new 

visual elements.

Page 1-62
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CUL-MM 

#13

Prepare 

Interpretive 

or 

Educational 

Materials

Based on the finalization of design and the 

completed inventory, the BETP will identify 

historic properties and historical resources that 

will be subject to historic interpretation or 

preparation of educational materials. 

Interpretive and educational materials will 

provide information regarding specific historic 

properties or historical resources and will 

address the aspect of the significance of the 

properties that would be affected by the 

project. Interpretive or educational materials 

could include, but are not limited to:

brochures, videos, websites, study guides, 

teaching guides, articles or reports for general 

publication, commemorative plaques, or 

exhibits.

Historic properties and historical resources 

subject to demolition by the project will be the 

subject of informative permanent metal 

plaques that will be installed at the site of the 

demolished historic property or at nearby 

public locations. Each plaque will provide a 

brief history of the subject property, its 

engineering/architectural features and 

characteristics, and the reasons for and the 

date of its demolition.

The interpretive or educational materials will 

utilize images, narrative history, drawings, or 

other material produced for the mitigation 

described above, including the additional 

recordation prepared, or other archival 

sources. The interpretive or educational 

materials should be advertised, and made 

available to, and/or disseminated to the public. 

The interpretive materials may be made 

available in physical or digital formats, at local 

libraries, historical societies, or public buildings.

PostconstructionReporting Annual Authority Authority, 

in 

consultatio

n with the 

SHPO and 

appropriate 

consulting 

parties

Postconstruction/

annual 

reporting

BETP

Photographic 

documentation

Plan for repairs to 

historic properties

Cul#2 Potential Adverse Effects on Historic Architectural Resources due to 

Construction Activities

Construction activities that may cause impacts on historic architectural 

resources can include excavation, staging, heavy-equipment usage and 

movement, drilling, demolition, or the need for relocation, as well as 

increases in vibration levels or introduction of new visual elements.

CUL-MM 

#14

Plan Repair 

of 

Inadvertent 

Damage

Based on the completed inventory, the BETP 

will provide a plan for the repair of inadvertent 

damage to historic properties or historical 

resources be developed before project 

construction. The plan will consist of a general 

protocol for inadvertent damage to historic 

architectural resources and a listing of specific 

properties that should be the subject of an 

individual plan because of their immediate 

proximity to the project. Inadvertent damage 

from the project to any of the historic 

properties or historical resources near 

construction activities will be repaired in 

accordance with the SOI’s Standards for 

Rehabilitation. Inadvertent damage will consist 

of any damage that results in a significant 

impact to a historical within the meaning of 

CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5(b)(2) or 

adverse effects to historic properties within the 

meaning of 36 C.F.R. Part 800.5(a)(1).

The plan may utilize photographic 

documentation prepared for the other 

mitigation measures (such as the additional 

recordation) as the baseline condition for 

assessing damage. The plan will include the 

Preconstruction/

Construction

/Postconstruction

Reporting Monthly Authority Authority, 

in 

consultatio

n with the 

SHPO and 

appropriate 

consulting 

parties

Monthly 

reporting

BETP, Historic 

American Building 

Survey 

(HABS)/Historic 

American 

Engineering 

Record (HAER)/ 

Conformance with 

SOI’s Standards of 

Rehabilitation, 

Plans for repairs to 

historic properties

Cul #2 Potential Adverse Effects on Historic Architectural Resources due to 

Construction Activities

Construction activities that may cause impacts on historic architectural 

resources can include excavation, staging, heavy-equipment usage and 

movement, drilling, demolition, or the need for relocation, as well as 

increases in vibration levels or introduction of new visual elements.

Page 1-63
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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protocols for notification, coordination, and 

reporting to the SHPO and the landowner or 

land-owning agencies. Before it can be 

implemented, the repair plan will be submitted 

for review and comment to the SHPO to verify 

conformance with the SOI’s Standards for 

Rehabilitation.

This mitigation measure is consistent with best 

practices within the professional historic 

preservation community and is commensurate 

with treatment of historic properties in similarscale transportation projects. This type of 

mitigation measure has proven to be effective 

in achieving the stewardship goals of Section 

106 and CEQA review. Performance tracking of 

this treatment is described in the BETP.

CUL-MM 

#15

Visual 

Screening

Based on the finalization of design and the 

completed inventory, the BETP will identify 

historic properties and historical resources that 

will be subject to visual screening planting. 

Visual screening will consist of plant material 

that will minimize the view of the project from 

the property subject to mitigation. This 

treatment will minimize adverse effects on 

historic properties/historical resources to the 

extent possible.Plant species will be selected 

on the basis of their mature size and shape, 

growth rate, and drought tolerance. No species 

that is listed on the Invasive Species Council of 

California’s list of invasive species will be 

planted. The landscaping will be continuously 

maintained and appropriate irrigation systems 

will be installed if needed. Visual screen 

planting may be undertaken in the form of 

boundary planting on the affected property, 

planting at affected viewpoints, and/or planting 

on project property as appropriate. This 

treatment will be developed in consultation 

with the landowner or land-owning agencies, 

as well as the SHPO and the MOA signatories, 

as required by the PA. The visual screen 

planting treatment will include preparation of a 

planting plan that utilizes evergreen tree or 

shrub species and will take into account both 

the growth rate and ultimate height and 

density for the selected species to ensure that 

the visual screen can be accomplished 

effectively.

Construction

/Postconstruction

Reporting Annual Authority Authority Postconstruction/

annual 

reporting

BETPPhotographic 

documentationVisu

al Screening Plan

Cul#2 Potential Adverse Effects on Historic Architectural Resources due to 

Construction ActivitiesConstruction activities that may cause impacts on 

historic architectural resources can include excavation, staging, heavyequipment usage and movement, drilling, demolition, or the need for 

relocation, as well as increases in vibration levels or introduction of new 

visual elements.

Page 1-64
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Paleontological Resources

CUL-MM 

#16

Engage a 

Paleontological 

Resources 

Specialist to 

Direct 

Monitoring 

during 

Construction

A paleontological resources specialist (PRS) will 

be designated for the project who will be 

responsible for determining where and when 

paleontological resources monitoring should be 

conducted. Paleontological resources monitors 

(PRMs) will be selected by the PRS based on 

their qualifications, and the scope and nature 

of their monitoring will be determined and 

directed based on the Paleontological Resource 

Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (PRMMP). The 

PRS will be responsible for developing Worker 

Environmental Awareness Program training. All 

management and supervisory personnel and 

construction workers involved with grounddisturbing activities will be required to take this 

training before beginning work on the project 

and will be provided with the necessary 

resources for responding in case 

paleontological resources are found during 

construction. The PRS will document any 

discoveries, as needed, evaluate the potential 

resource, and assess the significance of the 

find under the criteria set forth in CEQA 

Guidelines Section 15064.5.

Preconstruction/

Construction

Reporting Daily Logs 

(during active 

monitoring)

Contractor Contractor Identify PRS 

at least 120 

days prior to 

construction 

The PRS will 

document 

any 

discoveries, 

as needed, 

evaluate the 

potential 

resource, 

and assess 

the 

significance 

of the find.

Paleontological 

Resource 

Monitoring and 

Mitigation Plan 

(PRMMP)

Cul#3 Potential Adverse Effects on Paleontological Resources due to Construction 

Activities

Like archaeological resources, construction activities that may impact 

paleontological resources include ground-disturbing activities. Surficial 

activities such as staging and clearing usually do not affect paleontological 

resources because the associated disturbance does not extend deep 

enough to affect paleontologically sensitive deposits.

CUL-MM 

#17

Prepare and 

Implement a 

Paleontological 

Resource 

Monitoring 

and 

Mitigation 

Plan

Paleontological monitoring and mitigation 

measures are restricted to those constructionrelated activities that will result in the 

disturbance of paleontologically sensitive 

sediments. The PRMMP will include a 

description of when and where construction 

monitoring will be required; emergency 

discovery procedures; sampling and data 

recovery procedures; procedures for the 

preparation, identification, analysis, and 

curation of fossil specimens and data 

recovered; and procedures for reporting the 

results of the monitoring and mitigation 

program. The monitoring program will be 

designed to accommodate site-specific 

construction of the selected option. The 

PRMMP will be consistent with Society of 

Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP 1995) guidelines 

for the mitigation of construction impacts on 

paleontological resources. The PRMMP will also 

be consistent with the SVP (1996) conditions 

for receivership of paleontological collections 

and any specific requirements of the 

designated repository for any fossils collected.

Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor Construction/

Monthly 

Reporting

PRMMP Worker 

Environmental 

Awareness 

Program training

Cul#3 Potential Adverse Effects on Paleontological Resources due to Construction 

Activities

Like archaeological resources, construction activities that may impact 

paleontological resources include ground-disturbing activities. Surficial 

activities such as staging and clearing usually do not affect paleontological 

resources because the associated disturbance does not extend deep 

enough to affect paleontologically sensitive deposits.

CUL-MM 

#18

Halt 

Construction 

When 

Paleontological 

Resources 

Are Found

If fossil or fossil-bearing deposits are 

discovered during construction, regardless of 

the individual making a paleontological 

discovery, construction activity in the 

immediate vicinity of the discovery will cease. 

This requirement will be spelled out in both the 

PRMMP and the WEAP. Construction activity 

may continue elsewhere provided that it 

continues to be monitored as appropriate. If 

the discovery is made by someone other than a 

PRM or the PRS, a PRM or the PRS will 

immediately be notified.

Construction Reporting Daily logs 

during active 

monitoring

Contractor Contractor Construction/ 

Weekly 

reporting (if 

resource is 

identified 

during 

construction)

PRMMP, WEAP Cul#3 Potential Adverse Effects on Paleontological Resources due to Construction 

Activities Like archaeological resources, construction activities that may 

impact paleontological resources include ground-disturbing activities. 

Surficial activities such as staging and clearing usually do not affect 

paleontological resources because the associated disturbance does not 

extend deep enough to affect paleontologically sensitive deposits.

Page 1-65
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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Regional Growth

No significant impacts on Regional Growth have been identified.

Cumulative Impacts

CUM-N&VMM#1Consult with 

agencies 

regarding 

construction 

activities.

To minimize the potential overlapping noisegenerating construction activities within the 

same area, the Authority would consult with 

local city and county planning departments and 

other agencies as determined necessary. 

Consultation would entail notifying the 

departments/agencies regarding the 

anticipated HST construction schedule and 

would allow for adjustment of construction 

schedules for adjacent projects or projects in 

close proximity to the HST alignment, to the 

extent feasible.

PreConstruction

/

Construction

Notify and 

consult with 

departments/a

gencies

Monthly Contractor/A

uthority

Contractor Monthly, 

record 

keeping, and 

reporting

Meetings with 

departments/agenc

ies

CUM-N&V Cumulative noise and vibration impacts of the HST alternatives and other 

past, present, and reasonably foreseeable projects during construction

CUM-SOMM#1Consult with 

agencies 

regarding 

construction 

activities.

To minimize the potential cumulative effects of 

overlapping construction activities within the 

same area, the Authority would consult with 

the local city and county planning departments 

and other agencies as determined necessary, 

to notify the departments/agencies regarding 

the anticipated HST construction schedule and 

allow for adjustment of construction schedules 

for adjacent projects or projects in close 

proximity to the HST alignment, to the extent 

feasible, in order to limit the overlap of 

community disruption.

PreConstruction

/

Construction

Notify and 

consult with 

departments/a

gencies

Monthly Contractor/A

uthority

Contractor Monthly, 

record 

keeping, and 

reporting

Meetings with 

departments/agenc

ies

CUM-SO Construction and operation of the HST project and other past, present, and 

reasonably foreseeable projects would result in division and/or disruption of 

communities in the cities of Fresno, Hanford, Corcoran, Wasco, Shafter, 

and Bakersfield, as well as unincorporated communities in Kings and Kern 

counties.

CUM-SOMM#2Public 

outreach.

For areas with potentially overlapping 

construction schedules for the HST and other 

projects, the Authority would continue to 

undertake environmental justice outreach prior 

to construction, as described in Mitigation 

Measure SO-6: Continue outreach to 

disproportionately and negatively impacted 

environmental justice communities of concern. 

The Authority would obtain feedback from the 

affected neighborhoods regarding these project 

construction schedules to address community 

concerns.

PreConstruction

/Constructio

n

Public outreach 

activities

Monthly Contractor/A

uthority

Contractor Monthly, 

record 

keeping, and 

reporting

Meetings with 

departments/agenc

ies

CUM-SO Construction and operation of the HST project and other past, present, and 

reasonably foreseeable projects would result in division and/or disruption of 

communities in the cities of Fresno, Hanford, Corcoran, Wasco, Shafter, 

and Bakersfield, as well as unincorporated communities in Kings and Kern 

counties.

CUM-VQMM#1Consult with 

agencies on 

HST project 

design.

Prior to construction, the Authority would 

consult with local city and county planning 

departments to provide information about the 

HST project design. This would allow for local 

plans and proposed development projects that 

could be adversely affected by the HST project 

to be modified and potential visual impacts to 

high-sensitivity viewers to be reduced, as 

determined feasible by project 

applicants/planning departments.

PreConstruction

/

Construction

Notify and 

consult with 

departments/a

gencies

Monthly Contractor/A

uthority

Contractor Monthly, 

record 

keeping, and 

reporting

Meetings with 

departments/agenc

ies

CUM-VQ Cumulative visual effect of the HST in combination with other past, present, 

and reasonably foreseeable future projects

Page 1-66
Table 2

Fresno to Bakersfield Avoidance and Minimization Measures

Table 2

Fresno to Bakersfield Avoidance and Minimization Measures

Avoidance 

and 

Mitigation 

Measure Title Mitigation Text Phase

Implementation 

Action Reporting Schedule

Implementation 

Party

Reporting 

Party Implementation Text

Implementation 

Mechanism Impact # Impact Text

Air Quality

AQ-AM #1 Truck Equipment

• Trucks will be covered to reduce significant fugitive dust 

emissions while hauling soil and other similar material. 

• All trucks and equipment will be washed before exiting 

the construction site. 

Construction Reporting Daily Contractor Contractor Daily Reporting Condition of Design Build 

Contract

AQ #1 Common Regional Air Quality 

Impacts During Construction

AQ #2 Compliance with Air Quality Plans

AQ #7 Localized Air Quality Impacts to 

Schools during Construction

AQ-AM #2 Fugitive Dust 

Emissions

• Exposed surfaces and unpaved roads will be watered 

three times daily. 

• Vehicle travel speed on unpaved roads will be reduced to 

15 miles per hour.

• Any dust-generating activities will be suspended when 

wind speed exceeds 25 mph.

• All disturbed areas, including storage piles that are not 

being actively used for construction purposes, will be 

effectively stabilized for dust emissions using water or a 

chemical stabilizer/suppressant, or covered with a tarp or 

other suitable cover or vegetative ground cover. In areas 

adjacent to organic farms, the Authority will use nonchemical means of dust suppression.

• All onsite unpaved roads and offsite unpaved access 

roads will be effectively stabilized for dust emissions using 

water or a chemical stabilizer/suppressant. In areas 

adjacent to organic farms, the Authority will use nonchemical means of dust suppression.

• All land clearing, grubbing, scraping, excavation, land 

leveling, grading, cut and fill, and demolition activities will 

be effectively controlled for fugitive dust emissions by an 

application of water or by presoaking. With the demolition 

of buildings up to six stories in height, all exterior surfaces 

of the buildings will be wetted during demolition.

• All materials transported offsite will be covered or 

effectively wetted to limit visible dust emissions, and at 

least 6 inches of freeboard space from the top of the 

container will be maintained.

• All operations will limit or expeditiously remove the 

accumulation of mud or dirt from adjacent public streets 

at the end of each workday. The use of dry rotary brushes 

is expressly prohibited except where preceded or 

accompanied by sufficient wetting to limit the visible dust 

emissions. Use of blower devices is expressly forbidden.

• Following the addition of materials to, or the removal of 

materials from, the surface of outdoor storage piles, piles 

will be effectively stabilized for fugitive dust emissions 

using sufficient water or a chemical stabilizer/suppressant. 

In areas adjacent to organic farms, the Authority will use 

non-chemical means of dust suppression.

For additional valley fever avoidance and mitigation 

measures and recommendations, see S&S – AM #4b and 

#4c 

Construction Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor Weekly Reporting Condition of Design Build 

Contract

AQ #1 Common Regional Air Quality 

Impacts During Construction

AQ #2 Compliance with Air Quality Plans

AQ #7 Localized Air Quality Impacts to 

Schools during Construction
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

AQ-AM #3 Trackouts

• Within urban areas, trackout will be immediately 

removed when it extends 50, or more, feet from the site 

and at the end of each workday.

• Any site with 150, or more, vehicle trips per day will take 

actions specified in SJVAPCD’s Rule 8041 to prevent 

carryout and trackout. 

Construction Contractor Daily Contractor Contractor Daily Reporting Condition of Design Build 

Contract

AQ #1 Common Regional Air Quality 

Impacts During Construction

AQ #2 Compliance with Air Quality Plans

AQ-AM #4 Material Selection

• Low- or super-compliant VOC (Clean Air) paints, 

coatings, and industrial coatings that meet the regulatory 

limits in the SCAQMD Rule 1113 will be used.

Design/Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Condition of Design Build 

Contract AQ #7 Localized Air Quality Impacts to Schools during Construction

Noise and Vibration

NV-AM #1

General 

Construction 

Guidelines-Noise 

and Vibration

FTA and FRA have guidelines for minimizing noise and 

vibration impacts at sensitive receptors that will be 

followed during construction.

Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

N&V #1 Construction noise mitigation 

measures

N&V #2 Construction vibration mitigation 

measures

EMI/EMF standards

EMI/EMF -AM 

#1

EMCPP Design 

Features

The HST project would adhere to international guidelines 

and comply with applicable federal and state laws and 

regulations. Similarly, project design will follow the EMCPP 

to avoid EMI and to ensure HST operational safety. Some 

features of the EMCPP include:

• During the planning stage through system design, the 

Authority will perform EMC/EMI safety analyses, which will 

include identification of existing nearby radio systems, 

design of systems to prevent EMI with identified 

neighboring uses, and incorporation of these design 

requirements into bid specifications used to procure radio 

systems.

• Pipelines and other linear metallic objects that are not 

sufficiently grounded through the direct contact with earth 

would be separately grounded in coordination with the 

affected owner or utility to avoid possible shock hazards. 

For cases where metallic fences are purposely electrified 

to inhibit livestock or wildlife from traversing the barrier, 

specific insulation design measures would be 

implemented. 

• HST standard corrosion protection measures would be 

implemented to eliminate risk of substantial corrosion of 

nearby metal objects.

• The Authority will work with the engineering 

departments of BNSF Railway, UPRR, and SJVR where 

these railways parallel the HST to apply the standard 

design practices to prevent interference with the electronic 

equipment operated by these railroads. Design provisions 

to prevent interference would be put in place and 

determined to be adequately effective prior to the 

activation of potentially interfering systems of the HST. 

Applicable design standards for EMI/EMF that would be 

used for the project are provided in Appendix 2-D, such as 

IEEE Standard C95.6-2002 – IEEE Standard for Safety 

Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to 

Electromagnetic Fields, 0-3 kHz

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor/

Authority

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Reporting Contractor EMF/EMI 

Impact #5

Impacts to Sensitive Equipment 

from EMI

Public Utilities/ Energy Design Features

PUB-AM #1 Minimization of 

Utility interruption

Project design and phasing of construction activities would 

be coordinated with service providers to minimize or avoid 

interruptions, including for upgrades of existing power 

lines to connect the HST System to existing PG&E 

substations. Where relocating an irrigation facility is 

necessary, the Authority shall ensure that where feasible 

the new facility is operational prior to disconnecting the 

original facility. Prior to construction in areas where utility 

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Condition of Design Build 

Contract PU&E#8 Potential Conflicts with Fixed Electrical Facilities

Page 2-2
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

service interruptions are unavoidable, the contractor would 

notify the public through a combination of communication 

media (e.g., by phone, email, mail, newspaper notices, or 

other means) within that jurisdiction and the affected 

service providers of the planned outage. The notification 

would specify the estimated duration of the planned 

outage and would be published no fewer than 7 days prior 

to the outage. Construction would be coordinated to avoid 

interruptions of utility service to hospitals and other critical 

users. 

Biological Resources

BIO-AM #1 Environmental 

Design

In addition to the mitigation measures described below in 

Section 3.7.7, multiple project design features have been 

developed for the Fresno to Bakersfield Section to avoid 

and minimize potential impacts and effects on biological 

resources.

At multiple locations, the route of the alternative 

alignments was altered to avoid impacts and effects to 

biological resources. 

During project design and construction, the Authority and 

FRA would implement measures to reduce impacts on air 

quality and hydrology based on applicable design 

standards. Implementation of these measures would also 

reduce impacts to biological resources. The design 

standards applicable to the project are listed in Appendix 

2-D and the measures to be applied are summarized in 

Section 3.3, Air Quality and Global Climate Change and 

Section 3.8, Hydrology and Water Resources.

Design/Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Condition of Design Build 

Contract N/A N/A

BIO-AM #2 Wildlife Crossings

Wildlife crossing opportunities will be available through a 

variety of engineered structures, including dedicated 

wildlife crossing structures, elevated structures, bridges 

over riparian corridors, road overcrossings and 

undercrossings, and drainage facilities (i.e., large-diameter 

[60- to 120-inch] culverts and paired 30-inch culverts). For 

a more detailed discussion of the crossing structures, 

including figures depicting the frequency and locations of 

these structures, refer to Figures 3-3a through 3-3d and 

Section 5.6 of the Fresno to Bakersfield Section: Biological 

Resources and Wetlands Technical Report (Authority and 

FRA 2012a).

Design/Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Condition of Design Build 

Contract BIO#8

Project impacts from the HST 

alternatives would permanently 

reduce the functionality of wildlife 

movement corridors and habitat 

linkages. 

Hydrology and Water Quality

HYD- AM #1

Storm Water 

Management and 

Treatment 

During the detailed design phase, each receiving 

stormwater system’s capacity will be evaluated to 

accommodate project runoff for the design storm event. 

As necessary, onsite stormwater management measures, 

such as detention or selected upgrades to the receiving 

system, will be designed to provide adequate capacity and 

to comply with the design standards in Appendix 2-D and 

the latest version of Technical Memorandum 2.6.5 

Hydraulics and Hydrology Guidelines (Authority 2011). 

Onsite stormwater management facilities will be designed 

and constructed to capture runoff and provide treatment 

prior to discharge of pollutant-generating surfaces, 

including station parking areas, access roads, new road 

over- and underpasses, reconstructed interchanges, and 

new or relocated roads and highways. Low-impact 

development (LID) techniques will be used to detain 

runoff onsite and to reduce offsite runoff. Constructed 

wetland systems, biofiltration and bioretention systems, 

wet ponds, organic mulch layers, planting soil beds, and 

vegetated systems (biofilters) such as vegetated swales 

and grass filter strips will be used, where appropriate. 

Design/

Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HWR 

#6

Permanent Impact on Surface 

Water Quality

Page 2-3
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Stormwater infiltration or detention facilities are to be built 

in compliance with the design standards indicated in 

Appendix 2-D. Vegetated set-backs from streams will be

used.

HYD- AM #2 Flood Protection

The project will be designed to both remain operational 

during flood events and to minimize increases in 100-year 

flood elevations. Design standards will include the 

following:

• Establish track elevation to prevent saturation and 

infiltration of stormwater into the sub-ballast. 

• Minimize development within the floodplain, to such an 

extent that water surface elevation in the floodplain would 

not increase by more than 1 foot, or as required by state 

or local agencies, during the 100-year flood flow. Avoid 

placement of facilities in the floodplain (e.g., at the 

Shafter East and Shafter West HMF sites) or raise the 

ground with fill above the base-flood elevation.

The floodplain crossings will be designed to maintain a 

100-year floodwater surface elevation of no greater than 1 

foot above current levels, or as required by state or local 

agencies, and will not increase existing 100-year 

floodwater surface elevations in FEMA-designated 

floodways. 

The following design standards would minimize the effects 

of pier placement on floodplains and floodways:

• Design site crossings to be as nearly perpendicular to 

the channel as feasible to minimize bridge length.

• Orient piers to be parallel to the expected high-water 

flow direction to minimize flow disturbance.

• Elevate bridge crossings at least 3 feet above the highwater surface elevation to provide adequate clearance for 

floating debris, or as required by local agencies. (The 

Central Valley Flood Protection Board [CVFPB] requires 

that the bottom members [soffit] of a proposed bridge be 

at least 3 feet above the design floodplain. The required 

clearance may be reduced to 2 feet on minor streams at 

sites where significant amounts of stream debris are 

unlikely.)

• Conduct engineering analyses of channel scour depths at 

each crossing to evaluate the depth for burying the bridge 

piers and abutments. Implement scour-control measures 

to reduce erosion potential.

• Use quarry stone, cobblestone, or their equivalent for 

erosion control along rivers and streams, complemented 

with native riparian plantings or other natural stabilization 

alternatives that would restore and maintain a natural 

riparian corridor.

• Place bedding materials under the stone protection at 

locations where the underlying soils require stabilization as 

a result of stream-flow velocity.

Design/

Construction Authority/Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HWR 

#8 Permanent Impact on Floodplains

HYD- AM #3

Construction 

Stormwater 

Pollution 

Prevention Plan. 

The SWRCB Construction General Permit (Order No. 2009-

0009 DWQ, NPDES No. CAS000002) establishes three 

project risk levels that are based on site erosion and 

receiving-water risk factors. Risk Levels 1, 2, and 3 

correspond to low-, medium-, and high-risk levels for a 

project. A preliminary analysis indicates that most of the 

project would fall under Risk Level 1, the lowest risk level. 

However, sections of the project may be more 

appropriately categorized as Risk Level 2 due to the 

combination of local rainfall, soil erodibility, and the 

lengths of the constructed slopes. For example, the 

portion of the project draining to Kings River would fall 

under Risk Level 2. Risk Level 2 measures also would be 

carried out anywhere in the project vicinity where 

construction activities are conducted within or immediately 

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HWR 

#2 Temporary Water Quality Impact 

Page 2-4
CALIFORNIA HIGH

-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

adjacent to sensitive environmental areas such as 

streams, wetlands, and vernal pools.

The Construction General Permit requires preparation and 

implementation of a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan 

(SWPPP), which would provide BMPs to minimize potential 

short-term increases in sediment transport caused by 

construction, including erosion control requirements, 

stormwater management, and channel dewatering for 

affected stream crossings. These BMPs will include 

measures to provide permeable surfaces where feasible 

and to retain or detain and treat stormwater onsite. Other 

BMPs include strategies to manage the overall amount and 

quality of stormwater runoff. The Construction SWPPP will 

include measures to address, but are not limited to, the 

following:

• Hydromodification management to ensure maintenance 

of pre-project hydrology by emphasizing onsite retention 

of stormwater runoff using measures such as flow 

dispersion, infiltration, and evaporation, supplemented by 

detention, where required. Additional flow control 

measures will be implemented where local regulations or 

drainage requirements dictate. 

• Implementing practices to minimize the contact of 

construction materials, equipment, and maintenance 

supplies with stormwater.

• Limiting fueling and other activities using hazardous 

materials to areas distant from surface water, providing 

drip pans under equipment, and daily checks for vehicle 

condition.

• Implementing practices to reduce erosion of exposed 

soil, including soil stabilization, watering for dust control, 

perimeter silt fences, and sediment basins.

• Implementing practices to maintain current water quality 

including silt fences, stabilized construction entrances, 

grass buffer strips, ponding areas, organic mulch layers, 

inlet protection, and Baker tanks and sediment traps to 

settle sediment.

• Implementing practices to capture and provide proper 

offsite disposal of concrete washwater, including isolation 

of runoff from fresh concrete during curing to prevent it 

from reaching the local drainage system, and possible 

treatment with dry ice or other acceptable means to 

reduce the alkaline character of the runoff (high pH) that 

typically results from new concrete.

• Developing and implementing a spill prevention and 

emergency response plan to handle potential fuel or other 

spills.

• Using diversion ditches to intercept offsite surface 

runoff.

• Where feasible, avoiding areas that may have substantial 

erosion risk, including areas with erosive soils and steep 

slopes.

• Where feasible, limiting construction to dry periods when 

flows in water bodies are low or absent.

Implementation of a SWPPP is the responsibility of the 

construction contractor’s Qualified SWPPP Practitioner 

(QSP) or designee. As part of that responsibility, the 

effectiveness of construction BMPs must be monitored 

before and after storm events. Records of these 

inspections and monitoring results are submitted to the 

SWRCB/Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) as 

part of the annual report required by the Statewide 

Construction General Permit. The reports are available to 

the public online. The SWRCB and RWQCB have the 

opportunity to review these documents.

Page2-5
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

HYD- AM #4

Regional 

Dewatering 

Permit

The Central Valley RWQCB, Order No. R5-2008-0081, 

Waste Discharge Requirements General Order for 

Dewatering and Other Low Threat Discharges to Surface 

Waters, is a permit that covers construction dewatering 

discharges and some other listed discharges that do not 

contain significant quantities of pollutants, and that either 

(1) are 4 months, or less, in duration, or (2) have an 

average dry-weather discharge that does not exceed 0.25 

million gallons per day.

Design Permit As requested by 

Permit Conditions Authority Authority Permit Application and Reporting

Reporting per Permit 

Requirements

Impact HWR 

#3 

Temporary Impacts on 

Groundwater Quality and Volume

HYD- AM #5 Flood Protection

The CVFPB regulates specific river, creek, and slough 

crossings for flood protection. These crossings must meet 

the provisions of Title 23 of the CCR. Title 23 requires that 

new crossings maintain hydraulic capacity through such 

measures as in-line piers, adequate streambank height 

(freeboard), and measures to protect against streambank 

and channel erosion. Section 208.10 requires that 

improvements, including crossings, be constructed in a 

manner that does not reduce the channel’s capacity or 

functionality, or that of any federal flood control project. 

The CVFPB reviews applications for encroachment permits 

for approval of a new channel crossing or other channel 

modification. For a proposed crossing or placement of a 

structure near a federal flood control project, the CVFPB 

coordinates review of the encroachment permit application 

with USACE pursuant to assurance agreements with 

USACE and the USACE Operation and Maintenance 

Manuals under Title 33 CFR, Section 208.10 and Title 33 

U.S.C., Section 408. Under Section 408 of the Rivers and 

Harbors Act, the USACE must approve any proposed 

modification that involves a federal flood control project. A 

Section 408 permit would be required if construction 

modifies a federal levee. A Section 208.10 permit would 

be required where the project encroaches on a federal 

facility but does not modify it.

Design Permit As requested by 

Permit Conditions Authority Authority Permit Application and Reporting

Reporting per Permit 

Requirements

Impact HWR 

#8 Permanent Impact on Floodplains

HYD- AM #6

Industrial 

Stormwater 

Pollution 

Prevention Plan

The stormwater general permit (Order No. 97-03-DWQ, 

NPDES No. CAS000001) requires preparation of a SWPPP 

and a monitoring plan for industrial facilities that discharge 

stormwater from the site, including vehicle maintenance 

facilities associated with transportation operations. The 

permit includes performance standards for pollution 

control. 

Design Permit As requested by 

Permit Conditions Authority Authority Permit Application and Reporting

Reporting per Permit 

Requirements

Impact HWR 

#6 

Permanent Impact on Surface 

Water Quality

Geology and Soils

GEO- AM #1

General 

Guidelines to be 

followed

• 2010 American Association of State Highway and 

Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Load and Resistance 

Factor Design Bridge Design Specifications and the 2009 

AASHTO Guide Specifications for Load and Resistance 

Factor Design Seismic Bridge Design: These documents 

provide guidance for characterization of soils, as well as 

methods to be used in the design of bridge foundations 

and structures, retaining walls, and buried structures. 

These design specifications will provide minimum 

specifications for evaluating the seismic response of the 

soil and structures. 

• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Circulars and 

Reference Manuals: These documents provide detailed 

guidance on the characterization of geotechnical 

conditions at sites, methods for performing foundation 

design, and recommendations on foundation construction. 

These guidance documents include methods for designing 

retaining walls used for retained cuts and retained fills,

foundations for elevated structures, and at-grade 

segments. Some of the documents include guidance on 

Design/Construction/

Operation

Design/

Reporting Yearly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

Implementation of 

guidelines during Design/

construction and operation 

phases

Impact GSS 

#1 through 

#11

Page 2-6
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

methods of mitigating geologic hazards that are 

encountered during design. 

• American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way 

Association (AREMA) Manual: These guidelines deal with 

rail systems. Although they cover many of the same 

general topics as AASHTO, they are more focused on best 

practices for rail systems. The manual includes principles, 

data, specifications, plans, and economics pertaining to 

the engineering, design, and construction of railways. 

• California Building Code: The code is based on 2009 

International Building Code (IBC). This code contains 

general building design and construction requirements 

relating to fire and life safety, structural safety, and access 

compliance.

• IBC and American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)-7: 

These codes and standards provide minimum design loads 

for buildings and other structures. They would be used for 

the design of the maintenance facilities and stations. 

Sections in IBC and ASCE-7 provide minimum 

requirements for geotechnical investigations, levels of 

earthquake ground shaking, minimum standards for 

structural design, and inspection and testing requirements. 

• Caltrans Design Standards: Caltrans has specific 

minimum design and construction standards for all aspects 

of transportation system design, ranging from 

geotechnical explorations to construction practices. These 

amendments provide specific guidance for the design of 

deep foundations that are used to support elevated 

structures, for design of mechanically stabilized earth 

(MSE) walls used for retained fills, and for design of 

various types of cantilever (e.g., soldier pile, secant pile, 

and tangent pile) and tie-back walls used for retained 

cuts. 

• Caltrans Construction Manuals: Caltrans has a number of 

manuals including Field Guide to Construction Dewatering, 

Caltrans Construction Site Best Management Practices 

(BMPs) Manual and Construction Site Best Management 

Practice (BMP) Field Manual and Troubleshooting Guide 

that provide guidance and Best Management Practices for 

dewatering options and management, erosion control and 

soil stabilization, non-storm water management, and 

waste management at construction sites.

• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM): 

ASTM has developed standards and guidelines for all types 

of material testing- from soil compaction testing to 

concrete-strength testing. The ASTM standards also 

include minimum performance requirements for materials. 

Most of the guidelines and standards cited above use 

ASTM or a corresponding series of standards from 

AASHTO to assure that quality is achieved in the 

constructed project.

GEO-AM #2 Groundwater 

Withdrawal

Control the amount of groundwater withdrawal from the 

project, re-inject groundwater at specific locations if 

necessary, or use alternate foundation designs to offset 

the potential for settlement. This control is important for 

locations with retained cuts in areas where high 

groundwater exists, and where existing buildings are 

located near the depressed track section.

Construction/Operation Contractor Yearly Contractor Contractor Monthly Record Keeping 

and Yearly Reporting

Condition of Design Build 

Contract N/A N/A

GEO-AM #3 Monitor Slopes

Incorporate slope monitoring into final design where a 

potential for long-term instability exists from gravity or 

seismic loading. This practice is important near at-grade 

sections where slope failure could result in loss of track 

support, or where slope failure could result in additional 

earth loading to foundations supporting elevated 

structures.

Design/Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor At incorporation or 

completion of design

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact GSS

#1

Encountering Unstable Soils During 

Construction

Impact GSS 

#6

Effects of Unstable Soils on 

Operations

Page 2-7
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

GEO-AM #4 Geotechnical 

Inspections

Prior to and throughout construction, conduct geotechnical 

inspections to verify that no new, unanticipated conditions 

are encountered, and to determine the locations of 

unstable soils in need of improvement. 

Design/Construction Authority/Contractor Monthly Authority/Contractor Authority/

Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design

Condition of Design Build 

Contract N/A N/A

GEO-AM #5 Improve Unstable 

Soils

Employ various methods to mitigate for the risk of ground 

failure from unstable soils. If the soft or loose soils are 

shallow, they can be excavated and replaced with 

competent soils. To limit the excavation depth, 

replacement materials can also be strengthened using 

geosynthetics. Where unsuitable soils are deeper, ground 

improvement methods, such as stone columns, cement 

deep-soil-mixing (CDSM), or jet-grouting, can be used. 

Alternatively, if sufficient construction time is available, 

preloading—in combination with prefabricated vertical 

drains (wicks) and staged construction—can be used to 

gradually improve the strength of the soil without causing 

bearing-capacity failures. Both over-excavation and 

ground improvement methods have been successfully 

used to improve similar soft or loose soils. Lime treatment 

of heavy rail subgrades over soft soils has also been used 

successfully in the San Joaquin Valley. The application of 

these methods is most likely at stream and river crossings, 

where soft soils could occur; however, localized deposits 

could occur at other locations along the alignment. The 

ground improvement or over-excavation methods may 

also be necessary at the start of approach fills for elevated 

track sections or retained-earth segments of the alignment 

if the earth loads exceed the bearing capacity of the soil. 

Alternatively, at these locations, earth fills might be 

replaced by lightweight fill, such as lightweight concrete, 

extruded polystyrene (geofoam), or short columns, and 

cast-in-drilled hole (CIDH) piles might be used to support 

the transition from the elevated track to the at-grade 

alignment.

Design/Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor At incorporation or 

completion of design 

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact GSS

#1

Encountering Unstable Soils During 

Construction

Impact GSS 

#6

Effects of Unstable Soils on 

Operations

GEO-AM #6

Improve 

Settlement-Prone 

Soils

Settlement-prone soils are improved prior to facility 

construction. Ground improvement is used to transfer new 

earth loads to deeper, more competent soils. Another 

alternative is to use preloads and surcharges with wick 

drains to accelerate settlement in areas that are predicted 

to undergo excessive settlement. By using the preload and 

surcharge with wick drains, settlement would be forced to 

occur. The application of these methods is most likely at 

stream and river crossings, where soft soils are more likely 

to occur. Where groundwater is potentially within 50 feet 

of the ground surface, any below-ground excavations use 

well points in combination with sheet pile walls to limit the 

amount of settlement of adjacent properties from 

temporary water drawdown. Alternately, water can be reinjected to make up for localized water withdrawal.

Design/Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor Monthly Record Keeping Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact GSS

#2

Soil Settlement at Structures or 

along Trackway During 

Construction

Impact GSS 

#7

Effects of Soil Settlement on 

Operations

GEO-AM #7 Prevent Water 

and Wind Erosion

Many mitigation methods exist for controlling water and 

wind erosion of soils. These include the use of straw bales 

and mulches, revegetation, and covering areas with 

geotextiles. Where the rate of water runoff could be high, 

riprap and riprap check dams could be used to slow the 

rate of water runoffs. Other BMPs for water are discussed 

in Section 3.8, Hydrology and Water Resources. 

Implementation of these methods is important where 

large sections of earth are exposed during construction, 

such as for retained-cut design segments.

Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor Monthly Record Keeping Contract Requirements/

Specifications

Impact GSS 

#3 Soil Erosion During Construction

GEO-AM #8a

Modify or Remove 

and Replace Soils 

with Shrink-Swell 

Potential 

One option is to excavate and replace soils that represent 

the highest risk. In locations where shrink-swell potential 

is marginally unacceptable, soil additives will be mixed 

with existing soil to reduce the shrink-swell potential. The 

decision whether to remove or treat the soil is made on 

the basis of specific shrink-swell characteristics of the soil, 

Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor Monthly Record Keeping Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact GSS 

#8

Effects of Moderate to High ShrinkSwell Potential on Operations

Page 2-8
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

the additional costs for treatment versus excavation and 

replacement, as well as the long-term performance 

characteristics of the treated soil. 

GEO-AM #8b

Modify or Remove 

and Replace Soils 

Corrosion

Characteristics

One option is to excavate and replace soils that represent 

the highest risk. In locations where corrosivity potential is 

marginally unacceptable, soil additives will be mixed with 

existing soil to reduce the corrosive potential. The decision 

whether to remove or treat the soil is made on the basis 

of specific corrosivity characteristics of the soil, the 

additional costs for treatment versus excavation and 

replacement, as well as the long-term performance

characteristics of the treated soil. 

Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor Monthly Record Keeping Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact GSS 

#9

Effects of Moderately to Highly 

Corrosive Soils on Operations

GEO-AM #9

Evaluate and 

Design for Large 

Seismic Ground 

Shaking

Prior to final design, additional seismic studies will be 

conducted to establish the most up-to-date estimation of 

levels of ground motion. Updated Caltrans seismic design 

criteria will be used in the design of any structures 

supported in or on the ground. These design procedures 

and features reduce the potential that moments, shear 

forces, and displacements that result from inertial 

response of the structure will lead to collapse of the 

structure. In critical locations, pendulum base isolators can 

reduce the levels of inertial forces. New composite 

materials can enhance seismic performance.

Design/Construction Authority/Contractor Monthly Authority/Contractor Authority/

Contractor Monthly Record Keeping Condition of Design Build Contract

Impact GSS 

#11 Effects of Seismicity on Operations 

GEO-AM #10 Secondary 

Seismic Hazards

As discussed above, various ground improvement methods 

can be implemented to mitigate the potential for 

liquefaction, liquefaction-induced lateral spreading or flow 

of slopes, or post-earthquake settlement. Ground 

improvement around CIDH piles improves the lateral 

capacity of the CIDH during seismic loading. CDSM, stone 

columns, EQ drains or jet-grouting develop resistance to 

lateral flow or spreading of liquefied soils.

Construction Contractor Monthly Contractor Contractor Monthly Record Keeping Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact GSS 

#11 Effects of Seismicity on Operations 

GEO-AM #11

Suspend 

Operations 

During or After an 

Earthquake

Install motion-sensing instruments to provide groundmotion data; install a control system to shut down HST 

operations temporarily during or after a potentially 

damaging earthquake to reduce risks. Monitors will be 

installed at select locations where high ground motions 

could damage the HST track system. Candidate locations 

would include, but are not limited to, elevated guideways 

and retained-earth, retained-cut, and at-grade segments.

Design/Construction/

Operation Reporting As Needed Contractor/Authority Contractor/Authority

At incorporation or 

completion of design/ 

During construction 

report monthly

As needed based on an 

Earthquake Event

Impact GSS 

#11 Effects of Seismicity on Operations 

Hazardous Materials and Waste

HMW-AM #1 Transportation of 

Materials

Materials and wastes would be handled, transported, and 

disposed of in accordance with applicable state and 

federal regulations, such as Resource Conservation and 

Recovery Act (RCRA), Comprehensive Environmental 

Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), the 

Hazardous Materials Release Response Plans and 

Inventory Law, and the Hazardous Waste Control Act (see 

Section 3.3, Air Quality, for regulations applying to 

hazardous air pollutants).

Construction/Operation Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor Weekly Record Keeping 

and Monthly Reporting

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HMW 

#1

Temporary Transport, Use, 

Storage, and Disposal of Hazardous 

Materials and Wastes

Impact HMW 

#6

Transport, Use, Storage, and 

Disposal of Hazardous Materials 

and Wastes

HMW-AM #2 Property 

Acquisition

During the property acquisition process, analysis of 

properties acquired for construction of the HST will be 

conducted, as needed, including title searches and 

determination of which properties require further 

assessment for hazardous material contamination. Prior to 

acquisition of properties, the Authority will conduct Phase 

1 environmental site assessments in accordance with 

standard ASTM methodologies to characterize each site. 

The determination of what parcels require soil testing and 

where testing should occur would be informed by the 

Phase 1 environmental site assessment and made in 

conjunction with state and local agency officials. Testing 

and appropriate remediation would be conducted prior to 

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor Phase 1 Report Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HMW 

#2

Inadvertent Disturbance of 

Hazardous Materials or Waste

Impact HMW 

#3

Construction on or in Proximity to 

PEC Sites

Page 2-9
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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acquisition Remediation activities may include removal of 

contamination, in-situ treatment, or soil capping

HMW-AM #3 Landfill 

All work within 1,000 feet of a landfill would require 

methane protection measures, including gas detection 

systems and personnel training, pursuant to Title 27, the 

hazardous materials contingency plan, and BMPs. 

Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor Monthly Record Keeping Condition of Design Build 

Contract N/A N/A

HMW-AM #4 Work Barriers

Nominal design variances, such as the addition of a plastic 

barrier beneath the ballast material to limit the potential 

release of volatile subsurface contaminants, may be 

implemented in conjunction with site investigation and 

remediation

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor Monthly Record Keeping Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HMW 

#2

Inadvertent Disturbance of

Hazardous Materials or Waste

Impact HMW 

#3

Construction on or in Proximity to 

PEC Sites

HMW-AM #5 Undocumented 

Contamination

The Authority is aware that undocumented contamination 

could be encountered during construction activities and is 

committed to work closely with local agencies to resolve 

any such encounters. A construction management plan will 

be developed that will include provisions for the 

disturbance of undocumented contamination. 

Construction Reporting As Needed Contractor Contractor Reporting as needed Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HMW 

#2

Inadvertent Disturbance of 

Hazardous Materials or Waste

Impact HMW 

#4

Temporary Hazardous Material and 

Waste Activities in the Proximity of 

Schools

HMW-AM #6 Demolition Plans

Demolition plans will be prepared for the safe dismantling 

and removal of building components and debris. The 

demolition plans will include a plan for lead and asbestos 

abatement. 

Construction Reporting As Needed Contractor Contractor Reporting as needed Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HMW 

#2

Inadvertent Disturbance of 

Hazardous Materials or Waste

Impact HMW 

#4

Temporary Hazardous Material and 

Waste Activities in the Proximity of 

Schools

HMW-AM #7 Spill Prevention

An SPCC plan or, for smaller quantities, a spill prevention 

and response plan, will be implemented that prescribes 

BMPs to follow to clean up any hazardous material release. 

During operation of the HST, hazardous materials 

monitoring plans, such as a hazardous materials business 

plan and an SPCC plan, will be implemented.

Construction Reporting As Needed Contractor/Authority Contractor/

Authority Reporting as needed Condition of Design Build Contract

Impact HMW 

#2

Inadvertent Disturbance of 

Hazardous Materials or Waste

Impact HMW 

#4

Temporary Hazardous Material and 

Waste Activities in the Proximity of 

Schools

HMW-AM #8

Storage of 

Hazardous 

Materials

Storage of hazardous materials during construction and 

operation will meet requirements for transport, labeling, 

containment, cover, and other BMPs to comply with the 

State Water Resources Control Board Construction General 

Permit conditions. 

Construction/Operation Reporting Monthly Contractor/Authority Contractor Weekly Record Keeping 

and Monthly Reporting

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HMW 

#1

Temporary Transport, Use, 

Storage, and Disposal of Hazardous 

Materials and Wastes

Impact HMW 

#6

Transport, Use, Storage, and 

Disposal of Hazardous Materials 

and Wastes

HMW-AM #9 Material Selection

To the extent feasible, the Authority is committed to 

identifying, avoiding, and minimizing hazardous 

substances in the material selection process for 

construction, operation, and maintenance of the HST 

system. Moreover, using an Environmental Management 

System, the Authority will evaluate the full inventory of 

hazardous materials employed on an annual basis and will 

replace hazardous substances with nonhazardous 

materials to the extent possible. These standards and 

material specifications would aid in promoting safety for 

passengers and employees.

Design/Construction/

Operation Reporting Yearly Contractor/Authority Contractor/Authority

At incorporation or 

completion of design/

Yearly Reporting and 

Inventory

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact HMW 

#1

Temporary Transport, Use, 

Storage, and Disposal of Hazardous 

Materials and Wastes

Impact HMW 

#6

Transport, Use, Storage, and 

Disposal of Hazardous Materials 

and Wastes

Safety and Security

S&S - AM #1 Emergency 

Vehicle Access

Final design includes development of a detailed 

construction transportation plan that would include 

coordination with local jurisdictions on emergency vehicle 

access. The plan would establish procedures for temporary 

road closures including: access to residences and 

businesses during construction, lane closure, signage and 

flag persons, temporary detour provisions, alternative bus 

and delivery routes, emergency vehicle access, and 

alternative access locations. 

Design/Construction Design/Reporting Monthly or as Needed 

During Construction Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact S&S 

#1 Accidents at Construction Sites

Page 2-10
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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S&S - AM #2

Operation and 

Transportation 

Hazards

Engineering design and construction phases include 

preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), collision hazard analysis 

(CHA), and threat and vulnerability assessment (TVA) 

methods. 

• PHAs follow the U.S. Department of Defense’s System 

Safety Program Plan Requirements (MIL-STD-882) to 

identify and determine the facility hazards and 

vulnerabilities so that they can be addressed—and either 

eliminated or minimized by—the design. 

• CHAs follow the Federal Railroad Administration’s 

Collision Hazard Analysis Guide: Commuter and Intercity 

Passenger Service (FRA 2007) which provides a step-bystep procedure on how to perform a hazard analysis and 

how to develop effective mitigation strategies that will 

improve passenger rail safety.

Design/Construction Design/Reporting Monthly or as needed 

during construction Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact S&S 

#4 Train Accidents

S&S - AM #3 Criminal and 

Terrorist Acts

TVAs establish provisions for the deterrence and detection 

of, as well as the response to, criminal and terrorist acts 

for rail facilities and system operations. Provisions include 

right-of-way fencing, intrusion detection, security lighting, 

security procedures and training, and closed-circuit 

televisions. Intrusion-detection technology could also alert 

to the presence of inert objects, such as toppled tall 

structures or derailed freight trains, and stop HST 

operations to avoid collisions.

Design/Construction Design/Reporting Monthly or as needed 

during construction Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact S&S 

#16 

Criminal Activity Aboard Trains and 

at Stations

S&S - AM #4a Construction 

Safety Plan

Construction Safety and Health Plans (CSHPs) shall include 

the following:

1. Train workers and supervisors to recognize symptoms 

of illness, and ways to minimize exposure, such as 

washing hands at the end of shifts.

2. Provide washing facilities nearby for use at the end of 

shifts.

3. Provide vehicles with enclosed, air-conditioned cabs and 

ensure workers keep windows closed. Equip heavy 

equipment cabs with high efficiency particulate air (EPA) 

filters.

4. Make National Institute for Occupational Safety and 

Health (NIOSH) -approved respiratory protection with 

particulate filters as recommended by the California 

Department of Public Health available to workers who 

request them. 

Design/Construction Design/Reporting Monthly or as needed 

during construction Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact S&S 

#1 Accidents at Construction Sites

Page 2-11
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

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S&S - AM #4b Valley Fever

The following recommendations were provided by the 

Environmental Protection Agency and refined through 

discussion with the California Department of Public Health 

(CDPH).

• Prior to construction , provide information on causes, 

preventative measures, symptoms, and treatments for 

Valley Fever to individuals who could potentially be 

exposed through construction activities (i.e., construction 

workers, monitors, managers, and support personnel);

• Continue outreach and coordination with the California 

Department of Public Health. In addition, reach out to 

county departments of public health to ensure that the 

above referenced information concerning Valley Fever is 

readily available to nearby residents, schools, and 

businesses and to obtain area information about Valley 

Fever outbreaks and hotspots; and,

Provide a qualified person dedicated to overseeing 

implementation of Valley Fever prevention measures to 

encourage a culture of safety of the contractors and 

subcontractors. The individual should have the authority to 

adaptively manage the implementation of Valley Fever 

prevention and effect change in coordination with the 

county Public Health Officer. This medical information will 

be maintained following applicable and appropriate 

confidentiality protections.

Design/Construction/

Operation Design/Reporting

Monthly or as needed 

during construction 

and operation

Authority/Contractor Authority/

Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction and 

operation

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during construction 

and operation

Impact S&S 

#1 Accidents at Construction Sites

Impact AQ #1 Common Regional Air Quality 

Impacts During Construction

Impact AQ #6

Localized Air Quality Impacts 

During Guideway/Alignment

Construction

Impact AQ #7 Localized Air Quality Impacts to 

Schools during Construction

Impact AQ #9 Localized Air Quality Impacts from 

HMF and MOWF Construction

S&S - AM #4c Valley Fever

The following measures have been added to the 

requirements for the Construction Safety and Health Plans 

(CSHPs) regarding preventive measures to avoid Valley 

Fever exposure (Ch. 3.11, Design Features, 3.11.6). The 

following shall be included in the existing design feature 

for Ch. 3.11, “Safety and Security.”

The Construction Safety and Health Plan shall include the 

following:

1. Train workers and supervisors on how to recognize 

symptoms of illness, and ways to minimize exposure, such 

as washing hands at the end of shifts;

2. Provide washing facilities nearby for washing at the end 

of shifts;

3. Provide vehicles with enclosed, air conditioned cabs and 

make sure workers keep the windows closed. Equip heavy 

equipment cabs with high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) 

filters; and,

4. Make NIOSH approved respiratory protection with 

particulate filters as recommended by the CDPH available 

to workers who request them.

Design/Construction/

Operation Design/Reporting

Monthly or as needed 

during construction 

and operation

Authority/Contractor Authority/

Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction and 

operation

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during construction 

and operation

Impact S&S 

#1 Accidents at Construction Sites

Impact AQ #1 Common Regional Air Quality 

Impacts During Construction

Impact AQ #6

Localized Air Quality Impacts 

During Guideway/Alignment

Construction

Impact AQ #7 Localized Air Quality Impacts to 

Schools during Construction

Impact AQ #9 Localized Air Quality Impacts from 

HMF and MOWF Construction

Page 2-12
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

S&S - AM #5 Fire/Life Safety 

Programs

Fire/Life Safety Programs (FLSPs) implement the 

requirements set forth in the Federal Rail Safety Act. 

FLSPs address the safety of passengers and employees 

during emergency response. The FLSP also would address 

the needs of disabled persons. A FLSP is coordinated with 

local emergency response organizations to provide them 

with an understanding of the rail system, facilities, and 

operations, and to obtain their input for modifications to 

emergency response operations and facilities, such as 

evacuation routes. 

Design/Construction/

Operation Design/Reporting

Monthly or as needed 

during 

construction/operation

Authority/Contractor Authority/

Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact S&S 

#4 Train Accidents

S&S - AM #6 System Security 

Plans

System Security Plans address design features intended to 

maintain security at the stations within the track right-ofway, at stations, and onboard trains. The design standards 

and guidelines require emergency walkways on both sides 

of the tracks for both elevated and at-grade sections. 

Adequate space would be present along at-grade sections 

of the alignment to allow emergency response access. 

Ground access would be available from elevated tracks

where access to ground equipment is required. This 

ground access could be used in the event of an 

emergency. Additional ground access would be 

considered, consistent with fire and rescue procedures and 

where practical operational standards include a systemspecific police force. 

Design/Construction/

Operation Design/Reporting

Monthly or as needed 

during construction/

operation

Authority/Contractor Authority/

Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract 

Impact S&S 

#4 Train Accidents

Impact S&S 

#6

HST Accidents Associated with 

Seismic Events

Impact S&S 

#7 Risk of Fire

Impact S&S 

#9

Increased Response Times for Fire, 

Rescue, and Emergency Services 

Associated with Access to Elevated 

Track

S&S - AM #7 Operating 

Procedure

Standard operating procedures and emergency operating 

procedures include industry best practices, such as the 

FRA-mandated Roadway Worker Protection Program. They 

address the day-to-day operation and emergency 

situations to maintain the safety of employees, 

passengers, and the public. 

Operation Design/Reporting Monthly or as needed 

during operation Authority Authority As needed during operation Reporting Impact S&S #16 

Criminal Activity Aboard Trains and 

at Stations

S&S - AM #8 FRA 

Requirements

• System Safety Program Plans (SSPPs) incorporate FRA 

requirements and are implemented upon FRA approval. 

These plans are based on the principles outlined in The 

Manual for Development of System Safety Program Plans 

for Commuter Railroads (American Public Transportation 

Association 2006) and address project design, 

construction, testing, and operation.

• Rail systems must comply with FRA requirements for 

tracks, equipment, railroad operating rules, and practices, 

including the Passenger Equipment Safety Standards (49 

CFR Part 238), Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Guideline for 

the High-Speed Passenger Rail (FRA 2009), and track 

safety standards (49 CFR Part 213). Requirements include 

warning systems and barrier systems to enhance track 

safety. 

Design/Construction/

Operation Design/Reporting

Monthly or as needed 

during 

construction/operation

Authority/Contractor Authority/

Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction and 

operation

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact S&S 

#4 Train Accidents

Impact S&S 

#6

HST Accidents Associated with 

Seismic Events

Impact S&S 

#7 Risk of Fire

Impact S&S 

#9

Increased Response Times for Fire, 

Rescue, and Emergency Services 

Associated with Access to Elevated 

Track

S&S - AM #9 Worker Safety

• Worker safety in the workplace is generally governed by 

the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1970, which 

established the Occupational Safety and Health 

Administration (OSHA). OSHA establishes standards and

oversees compliance with workplace safety and reporting 

of injuries and illnesses of employed workers. In 

California, OSHA enforcement of workplace requirements 

is performed by Cal OSHA. Under Cal OSHA regulations, as 

of July 1, 1991, every employer must establish, 

implement, and maintain an injury and illness prevention 

program.

Design/Construction/

Operation Design/Reporting

Monthly or as needed 

during construction 

and operation

Authority/Contractor Authority/

Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction and 

operation

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact S&S 

#4 Train Accidents

Impact S&S 

#15 

Hazards to HST Passengers and 

Employees from Flooding

Impact S&S 

#16 

Criminal Activity Aboard Trains and 

at Stations

Page 2-13
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

S&S - AM #10 Environmental 

Design

HST urban design guidelines (Authority 2011b) require 

implementing the principles of Crime Prevention through 

Environmental Design. This is a design method that 

focuses on reducing opportunities for crime through the 

design and management of the physical environment. 

Four basic principles of Crime Prevention through 

Environmental Design should be considered during station 

and site planning: territoriality (designing physical 

elements that express ownership of the station or site); 

natural surveillance (arranging physical features to 

maximize visibility); improve sightlines (provide clear 

views of surrounding areas); and access control (physical 

guidance of people coming and going from a space).

Design/Construction/

Operation Design/Reporting Yearly Authority/Contractor Authority/Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed during 

construction and 

operation

Design process and 

reporting

Impact S&S 

#16 

Criminal Activity Aboard Trains and 

at Stations

Socioeconomics. Communities and Environmental Justice

SO-AM #1 Construction 

Management Plan

The Authority will require that the design-build contractor 

will develop and implement a construction management 

plan to address communications, community impacts, 

visual protection, air quality, safety controls, noise 

controls, and traffic controls to minimize impacts on lowincome households and minority populations. The plan will 

assure property access is maintained for local businesses, 

residences, and emergency services. This plan will include 

maintaining customer and vendor access to local 

businesses throughout construction by using signs to 

instruct customers about access to businesses during 

construction. In addition, the plan will include efforts to 

consult with local transit providers to minimize impacts on 

local and regional bus routes in affected communities. 

Construction Management Plans are standard for large 

infrastructure projects such as this one, and are 

considered effective in minimizing community impacts. 

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of 

design/Monthly 

Reporting during 

Construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract N/A N/A

SO-AM #2

Uniform Act and 

California 

Relocation

Assistance Act 

Compliance

The Authority has considered avoidance and minimization 

measures that are consistent with the Statewide Program 

EIR/EIS (Authority and FRA 2005) and Bay Area to Central 

Valley Program EIR/EIS commitments (Authority and FRA 

[2008] 2010). The Authority must comply with the 

Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property 

Acquisition Policies Act, as amended (Uniform Act).

The provisions of the Uniform Act, a federally mandated 

program, would apply to all acquisitions of real property or 

displacements of persons resulting from this federally 

assisted project. It was created to provide for and ensure 

fair and equitable treatment of all affected persons. 

Additionally, the Fifth Amendment of the United States 

Constitution provides that private property may not be 

taken for a public use without payment of “just 

compensation.” 

The Uniform Act requires that the owning agency provide 

notification to all affected property owners of the agency’s 

intent to acquire an interest in their property. This 

notification includes a written offer letter of just 

compensation. A right-of-way specialist is assigned to each 

property owner to assist him or her through the 

acquisition process. The Uniform Act also provides benefits 

to displaced individuals to assist them financially and with 

advisory services related to relocating their residence or 

business operation. Benefits are available to both owner 

occupants and tenants of either residential or business 

properties. 

The Uniform Act requires provision of relocation benefits 

to all eligible persons regardless of race, color, religion, 

sex, or national origin. Benefits to which eligible owners or 

Design/Construction/

Operations

Reporting and meeting 

with interested parties Monthly Authority Authority Monthly Reporting and Record Keeping

Compliance with Acts, 

Creation of Ombudsmen 

Office and Reporting 

N/A N/A

Page 2-14
CALIFORNIA HIGH

-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

tenants may be entitled are determined on an individual 

basis and explained in detail by an assigned right-of-way

specialist. 

Similarly, the project must adhere to California Relocation 

Assistance Act requirements. Owners of private property 

have federal and state constitutional guarantees that their 

property will not be acquired or damaged for public use 

unless owners first receive just compensation. Just 

compensation is measured by the “fair market value,” 

where the property value is considered to be the highest 

price that would be negotiated on the date of valuation. 

The value must be agreed upon by a seller who is willing, 

not obliged to sell, but under no particular or urgent 

necessity and by a buyer who is ready, willing, and able to 

buy but under no particular necessity. Both the owner and 

the buyer must deal with the other with the full knowledge 

of all the uses and purposes for which the property is 

reasonably adaptable and available (Code of Civil 

Procedure Section 1263.320a).

The Authority has developed more detailed information 

about how it plans to comply with the Uniform Act and the 

California Relocation Assistance Act. The Authority has 

developed three detailed relocation assistance documents 

modeled after Caltrans versions. The documents are listed 

below and included in Appendix 3.12-A:

• Your Rights and Benefits as a Displacee under the 

Uniform Relocation Assistance Program (Residential).

• Your Rights and Benefits as a Displacee under the 

Uniform Relocation Assistance Program (Mobile Home).

• Your Rights and Benefits as a Displaced Business, Farm, 

or Nonprofit Organization under the Uniform Relocation 

Assistance Program.

Before any acquisitions occur, the Authority will develop a 

relocation mitigation plan, in consultation with affected 

cities and counties. In addition to establishing a program 

to minimize the economic disruption related to relocation, 

the relocation mitigation plan will be written in a style that 

also enables it to be used as a public-information 

document. 

The plan will be designed to meet the following objectives: 

• Provide affected property and business owners and 

tenants a high level of individualized assistance in 

situations when relocation is necessary.

• Coordinate relocation activities with other agencies 

causing displacements in the study area to ensure that all 

displaced persons receive fair and consistent relocation 

benefits

• Make a best effort to minimize the permanent closure of 

displaced businesses and non-profit agencies as a result of 

relocations. 

• Within the limits established by law and regulation, 

minimize the economic disruption caused to tenants and 

residents by relocation. 

• In individual situations, where warranted, consider the 

cost of obtaining the entitlement permits necessary to 

relocate to a suitable location and take those costs into 

account when establishing the fair market value of the 

property. 

• Provide those business owners who require complex 

permitting (such as dairies) with regulatory compliance 

assistance.

Page2-15
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

The relocation mitigation plan will include the following 

components: 

• A description of the appraisal, acquisition, and relocation 

process that describes the activities of the appraisal and 

relocation specialists, for the benefit of the reader. 

• A means of assigning appraisal and relocation staff to 

affected property owners, tenants, or other residents on 

an individual basis. 

• Individualized assistance to affected property owners, 

tenants, or other residents in applying for funding, 

including research to summarize loans, grants, and federal 

aid available, and research of demographically similar 

areas for relocation. 

• Creation of an ombudsman’s position to act as a single 

point of contact for property owners, residents, and 

tenants with questions about the relocation process. The 

ombudsman would also act to address concerns about the 

relocation process as it applies to the individual situations 

of property owners, tenants, and other residents. 

Relocation Mitigation Plans are commonly used for large 

infrastructure projects that displace a large number of 

residences and businesses, such as this project, and are 

considered successful in minimizing the impact to 

individual property owners.

Station Planning, Land Use and Development

LU-AM#1 Zone of 

Responsibility

Although not strictly part of the project design, the 

Authority has established a certain “zone of responsibility” 

around the proposed stations. To that end, the Authority 

prepared and distributed Urban Design Guidelines 

(Authority [2010] 2011b) available on the Authority’s 

website to provide assistance in urban planning for the 

stations to help achieve great placemaking. The guidelines 

are based on international examples where cities and 

transit agencies have incorporated sound urban design 

principles as integrated elements of large-scale 

transportation systems. The application of sound urban 

design principles to the HST System will help to maximize 

the performance of the transportation investment, 

enhance the livability of the communities it serves, create 

long-term value, and sensitively integrate the project into 

the communities along the HST System corridor. The 

Authority and FRA have also provided planning grants for 

cities that could have an HST station to assist them in land 

use planning in the areas surrounding the stations.

Design/Construction/

Operation Reporting As needed during construction Contractor/Authority Contractor/Authority

At incorporation or 

completion of 

design/Yearly Reporting 

during Construction

Meetings with local 

authority and contract 

specifications 

LU Impact #3

The Kings/Tulare Regional Station 

alternatives are likely to result in 

some unplanned changes in the 

use of existing adjacent land, 

regardless of the amount of 

parking provided at the station.

LU Impact #5

Indirect changes to adjacent lands 

at the Kings/Tulare Regional 

Station sites would substantially 

change the pattern and intensity of 

land use in a way that would be 

incompatible with adjacent land 

uses.

LU-AM#2 Construction 

Management Plan

Project design features would reduce some of the 

temporary land use impacts from project construction. 

These features are described in Section 3.12.6, 

Socioeconomics, Communities, and Environmental Justice, 

and in Section 3.3.8, Air Quality and Global Climate 

Change. They include implementation of a construction 

management plan to minimize temporary impacts on 

adjacent land uses and implementation of dust control 

measures during project construction.

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of 

design/Monthly 

Reporting during 

Construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract LU Impact #1: 

Temporary and intermittent 

disruption of access to some 

properties, temporarily 

inconvenience nearby residents, 

and temporarily change the 

intensity of agricultural operations 

on some lands along 31 miles of 

the BNSF Alternative, along the 

Corcoran Bypass, and Allensworth 

Bypass

Agricultural Land

AG-AM #1

Restoration of 

Land Used for 

Temporary 

Staging Areas

All staging areas on Important Farmlands will be returned 

to as close to their Design staging condition as possible 

with the goal of ensuring these parcels remain available 

for long-term agricultural use

Construction Reporting Monthly Contractor Contractor Reporting Condition of Design Build 

Contract N/A N/A

AG-AM #2

Farmland 

Consolidation 

Program

The Authority will establish and administer a farmland 

consolidation program to sell remnant parcels to 

neighboring landowners for consolidation with adjacent 

farmland properties. In addition, on request, the program 

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly Authority Authority 

At incorporation or 

completion of 

design/Monthly 

Reporting during 

Construction

Weekly record keeping and 

monthly reporting AG#4

Permanent Conversion of 

Agricultural Land to Nonagricultural 

Use

Page 2-16
CALIFORNIA HIGH

-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

will assist the owners of remnant parcels in selling those 

remnants to adjacent landowners. The goal of the 

program is to provide The program will focus on severed 

remainder parcels, including those that were under 

Williamson Act or Farmland Security Act contract at the 

time of right-of-way acquisition and have become too 

small to remain in the local Williamson Act or Farmland 

Security Act program. The program will assist landowners 

in obtaining lot line adjustments where appropriate to 

incorporate remnant parcels into a larger parcel that is 

consistent with size requirements under the local 

government general plan. The program will operate for no 

less than 5 years after construction of the Fresno to 

Bakersfield Section is completed.

The Authority and FRA expect that productive farmland 

would be farmed in some manner, and not left idle in 

perpetuity. However, the Authority and FRA recognize that 

constructing the Fresno to Bakersfield HST project will 

have a disruptive effect on farm ownership that would 

temporarily idle some remainder parcels. The intent of the 

Farmland Consolidation Program is to take responsibility 

for the disruptive effects and proactively work to restore 

remainder parcels to productive agricultural use (and not 

rely on market forces to accomplish the same result). This 

process would be a series of real estate transactions, and 

the Authority would be using the same real property 

transaction processes used by Caltrans; this process 

features the use of Authority right-of-way agents who 

generally follow Caltrans procedures. The State of 

California has a long history of managing real estate 

transactions through Caltrans and other state entities 

(e.g., the Department of General Services), which helps 

promote the success of the Authority’s farmland 

consolidation program.

AG-AM #3 Permit Assistance

The Authority will assign a representative to act as a 

single point of contact to assist each confined animal 

facility owner during the process of obtaining new or 

amended permits or other regulatory compliance 

necessary to the continued operation or relocation of the 

facility. The Authority will consider and may provide 

compensation when acquisition of a confined animal site 

would either require relocation of the facility or 

amendment of its existing regulatory permits.

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly Authority Authority 

Representative

At incorporation or 

completion of 

design/Monthly 

Reporting during 

Construction

Weekly record keeping and 

monthly 

reporting/Authority 

Representative Assignment 

N/A N/A

AG-AM #4 Research

During the HST testing phase, the Authority will fund a 

program to undertake original research on the wind and 

noise effects of HST operations on agricultural activities. 

The Authority will engage qualified researchers within the 

University of California or California State University 

system to undertake this research. The researcher will be 

selected by the Authority through a request for proposal 

process. The research will include monitoring of noise and 

wind effects at representative points along the test track. 

The research period will include the testing phase and 

extend 2 years after commencement of revenue service. 

The Authority will publicly distribute a report of the 

findings of the research program. 

The research will include, but is not limited to, the 

following subjects:

• Generated wind speed, duration, and area of influence 

from HST trainsets at typical operational speeds.

• Effects of HST-generated wind on the effectiveness of 

honey bee pollination.

• Dust production as a result of typical HST operations, 

Testing phase/

Operation Reporting Two Years Authority Authority Reporting Research and report compilation N/A N/A

Page2-17
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

including entrainment and dispersal patterns of dust in the 

HST slipstream.

• Generated noise levels and duration from HST trainsets 

at typical operational speeds.

• Noise contours depicting modeled noise levels at 

distance from the tracks.

• Practical methods for reducing effects on agriculture.

Parks, Recreation and Open Space

PC-AM #1 Design Standards 

The design standards applicable to the project are 

summarized in Section 3.3.8 in Air Quality and Global 

Climate Change, Section 3.4.6 in Noise and Vibration and 

Section 3.16.6 in Aesthetics and Visual Resources.

Design/Construction Reporting Monthly during 

construction Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of 

design/Monthly 

Reporting during 

Construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract N/A N/A

Aesthetics and Visual Quality

AVR-AM #1 Design Standards 

The Authority has adopted design standards and design 

guidelines that are established to create a minimum 

aesthetic quality for a long-lasting infrastructure. Many of 

these elements are described in Table 3.16-2 in Section 

3.16.5.3, High-Speed Train Alternatives. In addition to the 

features described in Table 3.16-2, the Authority’s Urban 

Design Guidelines for the California High Speed Train 

Project (Authority 2011b) briefly discusses the principles of 

context-sensitive solutions to guide the design of stations. 

This approach is equally applicable to elevated guideways 

and will be employed to mitigate visual impacts through 

context-sensitive design. Aesthetic Guidelines for NonStation Structures (TM 200-06) (Authority 2011a) will also 

guide the design of the HST components. These standards 

and guidelines work to minimize and avoid aesthetic 

effects on the adjacent surroundings, where possible

Design/Construction/

Operation Reporting

Monthly during 

construction and as 

needed during 

operation

Authority/Contractor Authority/

Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of 

design/Monthly 

Reporting during 

Construction and as 

needed during 

operation

Condition of Design Build 

Contract AVR #4 Lower Visual Quality

Cultural and Paleontological Resources

CUL- AM #1 Protective 

Measures 

Cultural resources mitigation measures and commitments 

could occur prior to, during, and following construction. 

Protective measures, such as conducting archaeological 

training, building stabilization or archaeological site 

capping, and recordation of resources would take place 

prior to construction; other protective measures such as 

vibration monitoring for built resources or monitoring for 

archaeological resources during ground-disturbing 

activities would occur during construction. Measures that 

could take place after construction may include 

interpretive programs, including displays, interpretive 

signage, etc.

Design/Construction/

Operation

Reporting/Meetings 

with Agencies As needed Authority/Contractor Authority/Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/As 

needed 

Meetings with interested 

agencies and compilation 

of reports/Reporting

Impact Cul #1

Potential Adverse Effects on 

Archaeological Resources due to 

Construction Activities

Impact Cul #2

Potential Adverse Effects on 

Historic Architectural Resources 

due to Construction Activities

Impact Cul #3

Potential Adverse Effects on 

Paleontological Resources due to 

Construction Activities

CUL -AM #2 PA

The PA established the framework for the development 

and implementation of measures to avoid, minimize, 

and/or mitigate adverse effects on historic properties 

caused by the HST System, in compliance with Section 

106 and NEPA. The PA also established that a MOA will be 

prepared for each section of the HST project to detail the 

HST project commitments to implement these treatments. 

Design/Construction Reporting Weekly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of 

design/Weekly 

reporting or as dictated 

by the BETP and the 

MOA

BETP 

PA 

Impact Cul #2

Potential Adverse Effects on 

Historic Architectural Resources 

due to Construction Activities

Page 2-18
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

Transportation 

TRA-AM #1

Off-Street Parking 

for ConstructionRelated Vehicles

Identify adequate off-street parking for all constructionrelated vehicles throughout the construction period. If 

adequate parking cannot be provided on the construction 

sites, designate a remote parking area and use a shuttle 

bus to transfer construction workers to the job site.

Design/Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/

Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #3

Impacts on Circulation from Kings/

TulareEast Station Construction

Impact TR #5

Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

Impact TR #7 Impacts on Circulation from Rural 

Area Construction 

Impact TR #9

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on School 

Districts

TRA-AM #2 Maintenance of 

Pedestrian Access

Prepare specific construction management plans to 

address maintenance of pedestrian access during the 

construction period. Actions to limit pedestrian access 

would include, but not be limited to, sidewalk closures, 

bridge closures, crosswalk closures or pedestrian rerouting 

at intersections, placement of construction-related 

material within pedestrian pathways or sidewalks, and 

other actions that may affect the mobility or safety of 

pedestrians during the construction period. If sidewalks 

are maintained along the construction site frontage, 

provide covered walkways. Pedestrian access should be 

maintained unless maintaining access would be unsafe for 

pedestrians.

Design/Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/

Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #3

Impacts on Circulation from Kings/

TulareEast Station Construction

Impact TR #5 Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

Impact TR #7 Impacts on Circulation from Rural 

Area Construction 

Impact TR #9

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on School 

Districts

TRA-AM#3 Maintenance of 

Bicycle Access

Prepare specific construction management plans to 

address maintenance of bicycle access during the 

construction period. Actions to limit bicycle access would 

include, but not be limited to, bike lane closures or 

narrowing, closure or narrowing of streets that are 

designated bike routes, bridge closures, placement of 

construction-related materials within designated bike lanes 

or along bike routes, and other actions that may affect the 

mobility or safety of bicyclists during the construction 

period. Bicycle access will be maintained where feasible.

Design/Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/

Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #3

Impacts on Circulation from Kings/

TulareEast Station Construction

Impact TR #5 Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

Impact TR #7 Impacts on Circulation from Rural 

Area Construction 

Impact TR #9

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on School 

Districts

TRA-AM#4

Restriction on 

Construction 

Hours

Limit construction material deliveries between 7 a.m. and 

9 a.m. and between 4 p.m. and 6 p.m. on weekdays. The 

number of construction employees arriving or departing 

the site between the hours of 7 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. and 

4:30 p.m. to 6 p.m. would be limited.

Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #3

Impacts on Circulation from Kings/

TulareEast Station Construction

Impact TR #5 Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

Impact TR #7 Impacts on Circulation from Rural 

Area Construction 

Impact TR #9

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on School 

Districts

Page 2-19
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

TRA-AM#5 Construction 

Truck Routes

Deliver all construction-related equipment and materials 

on the appropriate truck routes. Prohibit heavyconstruction vehicles from accessing the site via other 

routes.

Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #3

Impacts on Circulation from Kings/

TulareEast Station Construction

Impact TR #5 Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

Impact TR #7 Impacts on Circulation from Rural 

Area Construction 

Impact TR #9

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on School 

Districts

TRA-AM #6

Protection of 

Public Roadways 

during 

Construction

Repair any structural damage to public roadways, 

returning any damaged sections to their original structural 

condition. Survey the condition of the public roadways 

along truck routes providing access to the proposed 

project site both before construction and after 

construction is complete. Complete a before- and aftersurvey report and submit to the Authority for review, 

indicating the location and extent of any damage. 

Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #3

Impacts on Circulation from Kings/

TulareEast Station Construction

Impact TR #5 Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

Impact TR #7 Impacts on Circulation from Rural 

Area Construction 

Impact TR #9

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on School 

Districts

TRA-AM#7

Maintenance of 

Public Transit 

Access and 

Routes

Coordinate with the appropriate transit jurisdiction before 

limiting access to public transit or limiting movement of 

public transit vehicles. Potential actions that would impact 

access to transit include, but are not limited to, relocating 

or removing bus stops, limiting access to bus stops or 

transfer facilities, or otherwise restricting or constraining 

public transit operations. Public transit access and routing 

will be maintained where feasible.

Design/Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/

Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #3

Impacts on Circulation from Kings/

TulareEast Station Construction

Impact TR #5 Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

Impact TR #7 Impacts on Circulation from Rural 

Area Construction 

Impact TR #9

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on School 

Districts

TRA-AM #8

Construction 

Transportation 

Plan

The design-builder will prepare a detailed Construction 

Transportation Plan for the purpose of minimizing the 

impact of construction and construction traffic on 

adjoining and nearby roadways. The Construction 

Transportation Plan will be prepared in close consultation 

with the pertinent city or county, and will be reviewed and 

approved by the Authority prior to commencing any 

construction activities. This plan will address, in detail, the 

activities to be carried out in each construction phase, 

with the requirement of maintaining traffic flow during 

peak travel periods. Such activities include, but are not 

limited to, the routing and scheduling of materials 

deliveries, materials staging and storage areas, 

construction employee arrival and departure schedules, 

employee parking locations, and temporary road closures, 

Design/Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor

At incorporation or 

completion of design/

Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #3

Impacts on Circulation from Kings/

TulareEast Station Construction

Impact TR #5 Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

Impact TR #7 Impacts on Circulation from Rural 

Area Construction 

Impact TR #9 Construction (Not Including 

Page 2-20
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

if any. The plan will provide traffic controls pursuant to the 

California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices 

sections on temporary traffic controls (Caltrans 2012) and 

will include a traffic control plan that includes, at 

minimum, the following elements: 

• Temporary signage to alert drivers and pedestrians to 

the construction zone. 

• Flag persons or other methods of traffic control. 

• Traffic speed limitations in the construction zone. 

• Temporary road closures and provisions for alternative 

access during the closure. 

• Detour provisions for temporary road closures. 

Alternating one-way traffic will be considered as an 

alternative to temporary closures where practical and 

where it would result in better traffic flow than would a 

detour. 

• Identified routes for construction traffic. 

• Provisions for safe pedestrian and bicycle passage, or 

convenient detour. 

• Provisions to minimize access disruption to residents, 

businesses, customers, delivery vehicles, and buses to the 

extent practical. Where road closures are required during 

construction, limit to the hours that are least disruptive to 

access for the adjacent land uses. 

• Provisions for farm equipment access. 

• Provisions for 24-hour access by emergency vehicles. 

• Safe vehicular and pedestrian access to local businesses 

and residences during construction. The plan will provide 

for scheduled transit access where construction would 

otherwise impede such access. Where an existing bus stop 

is within the work zone, the design-builder will provide a 

temporary bus stop at a convenient location away from 

where construction is occurring. Adequate measures will 

be taken to separate students and parents walking to and 

from the temporary bus stop from the construction zone. 

• Advance notification to the local school district of 

construction activities and rigorously maintained traffic 

control at all school bus loading zones, to ensure the 

safety of school children 

• Project Design Features 1-7 and 9-11.

Stations) Impacts on School 

Districts

TRA-AM #9

Construction 

during Special 

Events

Provide a mechanism to prevent roadway construction 

activities from reducing roadway capacity during major 

athletic events or other special events that attract a 

substantial number of visitors. Mechanisms include the 

presence of police officers directing traffic, special event 

parking, use of within-the-curb parking, or shoulder lanes 

for through-traffic, traffic cones, and so on. Through such 

mechanisms, roadway capacity would be maintained.

Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #5 Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

TRA-AM#10

Protection of 

Freight and 

Passenger Rail 

during 

Construction

Repair any structural damage to freight or public railways, 

and return any damaged sections to their original 

structural condition. If necessary, during construction, a 

"shoofly" track would be constructed to allow existing train 

lines to bypass any areas closed for construction activities. 

Upon completion, tracks would be opened and repaired; or 

new mainline track would be constructed, and the 

"shoofly" would be removed

Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Page 2-21
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

TRA-AM #11

Additional 

Features in the 

Cities of Fresno 

and Bakersfield

In addition to the measures listed above, the Authority will 

also perform the following in the cities of Fresno and 

Bakersfield: 

• Maintain detection at signalized intersections where 

alignment changes or widening are necessary, in order 

that the traffic signal does not need to be placed on recall 

(fixed timing).

• Changeable message signs (CMS) will be employed to 

advise motorists of lane closures or detours ahead. The 

CMSs will be deployed seven days before the start of 

construction at that location.

• Where project construction would cause delays on major 

roadways during the construction period, the project will 

provide for a network of CMS locations to provide 

adequate driver notification. For example, constructionrelated delays at the railroad grade separations that lead 

to SR 99 interchanges will require CMS placement to the 

east to allow drivers to make alternate route decisions. In 

the case of work on Shaw Avenue, recommended 

placement would be a CMS at Shaw Avenue just east of 

SR 41 and a CMS at Shaw Avenue just east of Palm 

Avenue. Similar CMS usage will be required along Ashlan 

Avenue, Clinton Avenue, McKinley Avenue, Olive Avenue, 

and Belmont Avenue.

• The Authority, in conjunction with the City of Fresno 

Public Works Department and City of Bakersfield Public 

Works Department, will develop a traffic management 

plan for the surface transportation network to minimize 

potential impacts on public safety services.

• During project construction, alignment of roadways to be 

grade-separated and freeway overpasses to be 

reconstructed will be offset from the existing alignment to 

facilitate staged construction, wherever possible. 

The Authority will also include the following measures 

specific to the city of Fresno:

• Clinton Avenue over SR 99 and Ashlan Avenue over the 

UPRR will be offset from their existing alignments to allow 

for the existing roadway to remain open while the new 

structure is being built. It is recognized by the city that 

this type of staging may necessitate temporary ramps to 

and from SR 99 during various phases of construction. 

Four travel lanes will be maintained from 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. 

and from 4 p.m. to 6 p.m. on Shaw Avenue from Cornelia 

to Blythe Avenue (at UPRR), on Ashlan Avenue from 

Parkway to Valentine Avenue (at UPRR), and on Clinton 

Avenue from Marks Avenue to Weber Avenue (at SR 99).

• The Veterans Boulevard overpass and construction of 

new alignments of Golden State Boulevard and Bullard 

Avenue will be completed and open to traffic prior to the 

closure of the Carnegie Avenue at-grade railroad crossing.

• One lane of traffic in each direction must be maintained 

at all times for Olive Avenue and McKinley Avenue for 

construction of the proposed grade separations. No full 

closures of these crossings will occur, with the exception 

of short duration closures of less than 72 hours not more 

than once per month. 

• During any Belmont Avenue closures that are 

determined to be necessary, the adjacent crossings of

Olive Avenue and Divisadero Street will remain open with 

no lane closures at the two crossings.

• Two of the three crossings will remain open at any given 

time at the existing railroad crossings at Divisadero, 

Tuolumne, and Stanislaus

Construction

Design/Build and 

Construction 

Transportation Plan to 

be prepared prior to 

construction, followed 

by reporting.

Weekly Contractor Contractor Implementation during 

construction

Condition of Design Build 

Contract

Impact TR #1 

Construction (Not Including 

Stations) Impacts on Circulation 

and Emergency Access

Impact TR #2 Impacts on Circulation from Fresno 

Station Construction

Impact TR #5 Impacts on Circulation from 

Bakersfield Station Construction

Page 2-22
Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation Measures

CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

MMRP Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation

Caused by Alignment 

Construction1

Caused by HST Station 

Operation and Future 

Growth2 Mitigation Detail

FEIR/FEIS CH3.2 

Table Location

Implementing Party and

Monitoring/Reporting Party

Implementation /

Reporting Schedule

Implementation

Mechanism

Fresno Station

Intersections

4 – Van Ness Ave/SR 41 

SB Ramp

N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Install a traffic signal at the 

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #3: MOU with City 

of Fresno and/or Caltrans, 

as necessary; contract with 

station contractor

6 – SR 99 NB 

Ramps/Ventura Ave

N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Install a traffic signal at the 

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #3: MOU with City 

of Fresno and/or Caltrans, 

as necessary; contract with 

station contractor

7 – E St/Ventura Ave N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Install a traffic signal at the 

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #3: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

25 – H St/Tulare St N/A TR MM#2: Modify Signal 

Phasing.

Re-time the existing signal in PM 

to 60 prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#2 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#2: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #2: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

30 – U St/Tulare St N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7 - Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Install southbound left-turn lane. 

Restripe southbound shared 

through-/left lane to throughlane prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and #7: MOU 

with City of Fresno and/or 

Caltrans, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

33-0 – Divisadero St/SR 41 

NB Ramps/Tulare St 

(Existing Plus Project)

TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7 - Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections. 3

N/A Widen the westbound approach 

to provide one exclusive left-turn 

lane, two through-lanes, and 

one exclusive right-turn lane at 

the intersection concurrent with 

alignment construction.

Table 3.2-39 Existing 

Plus Project Mitigation 

Measures – Fresno 

Station Area

TR MM#6 and 7 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Alignment 

Contractor; 

Monitoring/Reporting Party: 

Same

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Concurrent with alignment 

construction

TR MM #6 and 7 - MOU 

with City of Fresno and/or 

Caltrans, as necessary; 

Contract with alignment 

contractor

37 – SR 99 Southbound

Ramps/ Fresno St

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7 - Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Widen the eastbound approach 

to provide two exclusive 

through-lanes and one exclusive 

right-turn lane at the

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and #7: MOU 

with City of Fresno and/or 

Caltrans, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

Page A-1
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

MMRP Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation

Caused by Alignment 

Construction1

Caused by HST Station 

Operation and Future 

Growth2 Mitigation Detail

FEIR/FEIS CH3.2 

Table Location

Implementing Party and

Monitoring/Reporting Party

Implementation /

Reporting Schedule

Implementation

Mechanism

38 – SR 99 NB 

Ramps/Fresno St

N/A TR MM#4: Restripe 

Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes of Intersections.

Restripe westbound right-turn 

lane to a shared through-/rightturn lane prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#4 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#4 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #4 and 7: MOU 

with City of Fresno, as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

42 – Van Ness Ave/Fresno 

St

N/A TR MM#4: Restripe 

Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Install southbound right lane, 

restripe shared southbound lane 

to southbound through-lane 

prior to Fresno Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#4 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#4 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #4 and 7: MOU 

with City of Fresno, as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

46 – Fresno St/Divisadero 

St

N/A TR MM#4: Restripe 

Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Install westbound left-turn lane 

and restripe shared through-/left 

lane to through-lane prior to 

Fresno Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#4 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#4 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #4 and 7: MOU 

with City of Fresno, as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

52 – E Street/Stanislaus St N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add exclusive turn 

lanes to intersections.

Widen the eastbound approach 

to provide one exclusive left-turn 

lane, one exclusive through-lane, 

and one exclusive right-turn lane 

at the intersection prior to 

Fresno Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and #7: MOU 

with City of Fresno, as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

53 – Broadway 

St/Stanislaus St

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add exclusive turn 

lanes to intersections.

Widen the eastbound approach 

to provide one exclusive left-turn 

lane, one exclusive through-lane, 

and one exclusive right-turn lane 

at the intersection prior to 

Fresno Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and #7: MOU 

with City of Fresno, as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

54 – Van Ness 

Ave/Stanislaus St

TR MM#5: Revise Signal 

Cycle Length

TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add exclusive turn 

lanes to intersections

Re-time the existing signal in PM 

to 60 concurrent with alignment 

construction. Prior to Fresno 

Station opening, widen the 

westbound approach to provide 

one exclusive left-turn lane, one 

exclusive through-lane, and one 

shared through-/right-turn lane 

at the intersection.

Table 3.2-39 Existing 

Plus Project Mitigation 

Measures – Fresno 

Station Area 

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#5 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and alignment 

Contractor; 

Monitoring/Reporting Party: 

same;

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party: Authority 

and station contractor; 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

same

TR MM#5 - Concurrent with 

alignment construction;

TR MM#6 and# 7: Prior to 

station opening.

TR MM#5 - Contract with 

alignment contractor, and 

MOU with Fresno as 

necessary;

TR MM #6 and #7: MOU 

with City of Fresno as 

necessary, and contract with 

station contractor

Page A-2
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

MMRP Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation

Caused by Alignment 

Construction1

Caused by HST Station 

Operation and Future 

Growth2 Mitigation Detail

FEIR/FEIS CH3.2 

Table Location

Implementing Party and

Monitoring/Reporting Party

Implementation /

Reporting Schedule

Implementation

Mechanism

55 – N. Blackstone 

Ave/Stanislaus St

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add exclusive turn 

lanes to intersections

Widen the westbound approach 

to provide one exclusive left-turn 

lane, one exclusive through-lane, 

and one shared through-/rightturn lane at the intersection prior 

to Fresno Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and #7: MOU 

with City of Fresno, as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

63 – H St/Divisadero St3 TR MM#5: Revise Signal 

Cycle Length.

N/A Re-time the existing signal in AM 

to 120 concurrent with 

alignment construction.

Table 3.2-39 Existing 

Plus Project Mitigation 

Measures – Fresno 

Station Area

TR MM#5 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Alignment 

Contractor; 

Monitoring/Reporting Party: 

Same

TR MM#5 - Concurrent with 

alignment construction

TR MM#5 - MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

Contract with alignment 

contractor

74 – N. Blackstone Ave/E. 

Belmont Ave

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add exclusive turn 

lanes to intersections

Install eastbound right-turn lane. 

Restripe shared southbound 

through-/left-turn to left-turn 

lane. Restripe shared 

southbound through-right lane 

to through-lane. Install 

southbound right-turn lane prior 

to Fresno Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and #7: MOU 

with City of Fresno, as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

80 – N. Blackstone Ave/SR 

180 Westbound Ramps

TR MM#4: Restripe 

Intersections. 

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

TR MM#4: Restripe 

Intersections.

(N/A because restriping done 

for alignment construction 

impacts mitigates station 

traffic impact)

Concurrent with alignment 

construction: (a) Restripe shared 

eastbound lane to eastbound 

through- and eastbound rightturn lane and (b) Restripe the 

eastbound approach to provide 

one exclusive left-turn lane and 

one shared left-turn/right-turn/ 

through-lane at the intersection.

Table 3.2-39 Existing 

Plus Project Mitigation 

Measures – Fresno 

Station Area 

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#4 and #7 -

Implementing Party: Authority 

and Alignment Contractor; 

Monitoring/Reporting Party: 

Authority and Alignment Contractor

TR MM#4, TR MM#7 -

Concurrent with alignment 

construction

TR MM#4 and 7 - MOU 

with City of Fresno and/or 

Caltrans, as necessary; 

Contract with alignment 

contractor

84 – G St/Mono S N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Install a traffic signal at the

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #3: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

86 – H St/Ventura St TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

(N/A because signal add done 

for alignment construction 

impacts mitigates station 

traffic impact)

Install a traffic signal at the 

intersection concurrent with 

alignment construction.

Table 3.2-39 Existing 

Plus Project Mitigation 

Measures – Fresno 

Station Area 

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Alignment 

Contractor; 

Monitoring/Reporting Party: 

Authority and Alignment Contractor

TR MM#3 - concurrent with 

alignment construction.

TR MM#3 - MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

Contract with alignment 

contractor

90 – Broadway St/Santa 

Clara St

N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Install a traffic signal at the

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #3: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

Page A-3
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

MMRP Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation

Caused by Alignment 

Construction1

Caused by HST Station 

Operation and Future 

Growth2 Mitigation Detail

FEIR/FEIS CH3.2 

Table Location

Implementing Party and

Monitoring/Reporting Party

Implementation /

Reporting Schedule

Implementation

Mechanism

92 – S. Van Ness Ave/E. 

California Ave

N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve LOS/ 

Operation;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Install a traffic signal at the 

intersection; also provide 

exclusive left-turn lanes in both 

northbound and southbound 

directions, and change phasing 

on the northbound left and 

southbound left to protected 

plus permissive prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #3 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Fresno and/or Caltrans as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

96 – Golden State Blvd/E. 

Church Ave

N/A TR MM#2: Modify signal 

phasing;

TR MM#6: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Provide an exclusive right-turn 

lane in the northbound direction, 

and change signal phasing on all 

approaches to provide a 

protected plus permissive left 

turn phase prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#2 and #6 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#2 and #6: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #2 and TR MM 

#6: MOU with City of 

Fresno and/or Caltrans as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

101 – S. East Ave/Golden 

State Blvd

N/A TR MM#2: Modify signal 

phasing.

Increase cycle length in the PM 

Peak Hour prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#2 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#2: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #2: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

102 – Golden State Blvd/E. 

Jensen Ave

N/A TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Provide an exclusive right-turn 

lane for both northbound and 

southbound approaches prior to 

Fresno Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#7 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#7: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #7: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

105 – Stanislaus St/99 SB 

Off

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Widen the southbound approach 

to provide one shared left 

turn/through-lane and one 

exclusive right-turn lane at the 

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Fresno and/or Caltrans as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

106 – Stanislaus St/99 NB 

On

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Widen the southbound approach 

to provide one shared left 

turn/through-lane and one 

exclusive right-turn lane at the 

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Fresno and/or Caltrans as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

111 – Stanislaus St/ Fulton 

St

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Widen the southbound approach 

to provide one shared left 

turn/through-lane, and one 

exclusive right-turn lane at the 

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

Page A-4
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

MMRP Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation

Caused by Alignment 

Construction1

Caused by HST Station 

Operation and Future 

Growth2 Mitigation Detail

FEIR/FEIS CH3.2 

Table Location

Implementing Party and

Monitoring/Reporting Party

Implementation /

Reporting Schedule

Implementation

Mechanism

115 – Stanislaus St/M St N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Widen the southbound approach 

to provide one shared leftturn/through lane, and one 

exclusive right-turn lane at the 

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

117 – Stanislaus St/N St TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Install a traffic signal at the 

intersection concurrent with 

alignment construction. Prior to 

Fresno Station opening, widen 

the westbound approach to 

provide one exclusive left-turn 

lane, one exclusive through-lane, 

and one shared through-/rightturn lane at the intersection.

Table 3.2-39 Existing 

Plus Project Mitigation 

Measures – Fresno 

Station Area 

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Alignment 

Contractor; 

Monitoring/Reporting Party: 

Authority and Alignment Contractor;

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party: 

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3 - Concurrent with 

alignment construction

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening.

TR MM#3 - Contract with 

alignment contractor, and 

MOU with Fresno as 

necessary;

TR MM #6 and 7: MOU 

with City of Fresno as 

necessary, and contract with 

station contractor

124 – West Olive Ave/SR 

99 SB Ramps

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Widen southbound approach to 

provide an exclusive left-turn 

lane prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Fresno and/or Caltrans, as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

125 – West Olive Ave/SR 

99 NB Ramps

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to Intersections;

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to Intersections.

Widen northbound approach to 

provide an exclusive left-turn 

lane prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Fresno Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Fresno and/or Caltrans, as 

necessary; contract with 

station contractor

129 – West Belmont 

Ave/SR 99 Southbound 

Ramps

N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Install a traffic signal at the 

intersection with a protected 

westbound left-turn phase prior 

to Fresno Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #3: MOU with City 

of Fresno and/or Caltrans,

as necessary; contract with 

station contractor

130 – West Belmont 

Ave/SR 99 NB Ramps

N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Install a traffic signal at the 

intersection prior to Fresno 

Station opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #3: MOU with City 

of Fresno and/or Caltrans,

as necessary; contract with 

station contractor

Page A-5
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

MMRP Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation

Caused by Alignment 

Construction1

Caused by HST Station 

Operation and Future 

Growth2 Mitigation Detail

FEIR/FEIS CH3.2 

Table Location

Implementing Party and

Monitoring/Reporting Party

Implementation /

Reporting Schedule

Implementation

Mechanism

Roadway Segments

7 – Stanislaus St, between 

Van Ness Ave and O St

N/A TR MM#8: Add New Lanes to

Roadway.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#8 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#8: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #8: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

14 – Fresno Street, 

between P Street and M 

Street

N/A TR MM#8: Add New Lanes to 

Roadway.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#8 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#8: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #8: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

21 – Tulare St, between R 

St and U St

N/A TR MM#8: Add New Lanes to 

Roadway.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#8 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#8: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #8: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

56 – Stanislaus St, 

between M St and N St

N/A TR MM#8: Add New Lanes to 

Roadway.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#8 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#8: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #8: MOU with City 

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

58 – Van Ness Ave, south 

of Tuolumne Street

N/A TR MM#8: Add New Lanes to 

Roadway.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Fresno Station 

opening.

Table 3.2-40 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Fresno Station Area

TR MM#8 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#8: Prior to Fresno 

Station opening

TR MM #8: MOU with City

of Fresno, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

Kings Tulare Regional Station – East

Intersections

1 – Ninth Ave/SR 198 N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each

direction prior to Kings Tulare 

Regional Station–East opening.

Table 3.2-42 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Kings/Tulare Regional 

Station–East 

Alternative

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Kings 

Tulare Regional Station–East 

opening.

TR MM #3: MOU with 

County of Kings and/or 

Caltrans, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

3 – SR 43/SR 198 

Eastbound Ramps

N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Kings Tulare 

Regional Station–East opening.

Table 3.2-42 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Kings/Tulare Regional 

Station–East 

Alternative

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Kings 

Tulare Regional Station–East 

opening.

TR MM #3: MOU with 

County of Kings and/or

Caltrans, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

Page A-6
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

MMRP Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation

Caused by Alignment 

Construction1

Caused by HST Station 

Operation and Future 

Growth2 Mitigation Detail

FEIR/FEIS CH3.2 

Table Location

Implementing Party and

Monitoring/Reporting Party

Implementation /

Reporting Schedule

Implementation

Mechanism

4 – Seventh Ave/SR 198 N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Kings Tulare 

Regional Station–East opening.

Table 3.2-42 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Kings/Tulare Regional 

Station–East 

Alternative

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Kings 

Tulare Regional Station–East 

opening.

TR MM #3: MOU with 

County of Kings and/or

Caltrans, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

6 – Sixth Ave/SR 198 N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Kings Tulare 

Regional Station–East opening.

Table 3.2-42 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Kings/Tulare Regional 

Station–East 

Alternative

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Kings 

Tulare Regional Station–East 

opening.

TR MM #3: MOU with 

County of Kings and/or 

Caltrans, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

7 – Second Ave/SR 198 N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Kings Tulare 

Regional Station–East opening.

Table 3.2-42 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Kings/Tulare Regional 

Station–East 

Alternative

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Kings 

Tulare Regional Station–East 

opening.

TR MM #3: MOU with 

County of Kings and/or 

Caltrans, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

8 – SR 43/Lacey Blvd N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Widen the roadway to provide 

one additional lane in each 

direction prior to Kings Tulare 

Regional Station–East opening.

Table 3.2-42 Future 

(2035) Plus Project 

Mitigation Measures –

Kings/Tulare Regional 

Station–East 

Alternative

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party: Authority and Contractor 

(station contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to Kings 

Tulare Regional Station–East 

opening.

TR MM #3: MOU with 

County of Kings and/or 

Caltrans, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

Bakersfield Station

Intersections

6 – Union Ave/E. Brundage 

Lane

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to 

Intersections.

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to 

Intersections.

Widen the westbound 

approach to provide an 

additional exclusive left-turn 

lane at the intersection.

Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Bakersfield, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

15 – SR 99 NB Ramps/ 

California Ave 

N/A TR MM#4: Restripe 

Intersections.

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to 

Intersections.

Restripe the northbound 

approach to provide one 

exclusive left-turn lane, one 

shared left-turn/through-

/right-turn lane, and one 

exclusive right-turn lane at 

the intersection.

Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#4 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#4 and #7: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #4 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Bakersfield and/or Caltrans,

as necessary; contract with 

station contractor

Page A-7
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

MMRP Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation

Caused by Alignment 

Construction1

Caused by HST Station 

Operation and Future 

Growth2 Mitigation Detail

FEIR/FEIS CH3.2 

Table Location

Implementing Party and

Monitoring/Reporting Party

Implementation /

Reporting Schedule

Implementation

Mechanism

16 – Oak St/California Ave N/A TR MM#5: Revise Signal 

Cycle Length.

Modify the existing traffic 

signal to provide protected 

left-turn phases for the 

northbound and southbound 

approaches at the 

intersection.

Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#5 - Implementing 

Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#5: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #5: MOU with City 

of Bakersfield, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

23 – Union Ave/California 

Ave (North and Hybrid 

Alternatives only)

N/A TR MM#5: Revise Signal 

Cycle Length.

Re-time the signal in AM and 

PM

Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#5 - Implementing 

Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#5: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #5: MOU with City 

of Bakersfield, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

41 – Union Ave/Golden 

State Ave/21st St 

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to 

Intersections.

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to 

Intersections.

Widen the northbound 

approach to provide an 

additional through-lane to go 

on Union Ave.

Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Bakersfield, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

42 – F St/23rd St N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to 

Intersections.

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to 

Intersections.

Widen the eastbound 

approach to provide one 

exclusive left turn lane, two 

exclusive through lanes, and 

one shared through-/rightturn lane at the intersection.

Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Bakersfield, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

51 – Q St/Golden State 

Ave 

N/A TR MM#5: Revise Signal 

Cycle Length.

Re-time the signal in AM and 

PM

Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#5 - Implementing 

Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#5: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #5: MOU with City 

of Bakersfield, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

56 – M St/28 St/Golden 

State Ave 

N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to 

Intersections.

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to 

Intersections.

Widen the northbound 

approach to provide an 

additional through-lane to go 

on Union Ave.

Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Bakersfield, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

Page A-8
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

MMRP Attachment A

Transportation Mitigation

Caused by Alignment 

Construction1

Caused by HST Station 

Operation and Future 

Growth2 Mitigation Detail

FEIR/FEIS CH3.2 

Table Location

Implementing Party and

Monitoring/Reporting Party

Implementation /

Reporting Schedule

Implementation

Mechanism

60 – F St/Golden State Ave N/A TR MM#6: Widen 

Approaches to 

Intersections.

TR MM#7: Add Exclusive 

Turn Lanes to 

Intersections.

Widen the eastbound 

approach to provide one 

exclusive left turn lane, two 

exclusive through lanes, and 

one shared through-/rightturn lane at the intersection.

Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#6 and #7 -

Implementing Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#6 and #7: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #6 and TR MM 

#7: MOU with City of 

Bakersfield, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

71 – Truxtun Ave/Tulare St N/A TR MM#3: Add Signal to 

Intersection to Improve 

LOS/Operation.

Install traffic signal. Table 3.2-46

Future (2035) Plus 

Project Mitigation 

Measures – Bakersfield 

Stations

TR MM#3 - Implementing 

Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor) 

Monitoring/Reporting Party:

Authority and Contractor (station 

contractor)

TR MM#3: Prior to 

Bakersfield Station opening

TR MM #3: MOU with City 

of Bakersfield, as necessary; 

contract with station 

contractor

Page A-9
CALIFORNIA HIGH-SPEED TRAIN PROJECT EIR/EIS

FRESNO TO BAKERSFIELD SECTION

This page intentionally left blank

Page A-10
Record of Decision for California High‐Speed Train Fresno to Bakersfield Section

Appendix D: 

Corrections to the Final EIS 

(Errata Sheet)
Appendix D: Corrections to the Final EIS (Errata Sheet)

No. Page

Paragraph 

or

Section

Current Text New Text Explanation

Volume I

1 3.3-48 Table 3.3.7 See Table 1 in this errata See Table 1 in this errata Fixes an error in 

calculation of fill 

soils needed

2 3.3-54 Table 3.3-8 Year BNSF Alternative

2014 51,661

2015 75,421

2016 51,561

2017 16,782

2018 18,509

2019 498

2020 271

2021 10,876

2022 111

2023 38

Total 255,728

Amortized GHG Emissions 

(averaged over 25 years)

CO2e per Year 9,029

Year BNSF Alternative

2014 51,661 102,012

2015 75,421 125,079

2016 51,561 65,571

2017 16,782

2018 18,509

2019 498

2020 271

2021 10,876

2022 111

2023 38

Total 255,728 339,748

Amortized GHG Emissions 

(averaged over 25 years)

CO2e per Year 9,029 13,590

Fixes an error in 

calculation of fill 

soils needed

3 3.3-69 5th full 

paragraph

Because of the large reduction of GHG emissions during the 

operational phase, the GHG emissions from construction would be 

”paid back,” meaning that the increases in construction emissions 

would be accounted for in less than 12 months of the HST 

operation under the worst-case construction-phase emission 

scenario.

Because of the large reduction of GHG emissions during the 

operational phase, the GHG emissions from construction would 

be ”paid back,” meaning that the increases in construction 

emissions would be accounted for in less than 1218 months of 

the HST operation under the worst-case construction-phase 

emission scenario.

Fixes an error in 

calculation of fill 

soils needed and 

hauling needs

4 3.9-

1—2

Sentence 

splitting the 

The Fresno to Bakersfield Section of the HST project would 

require approximately 1,700,000 tons of aggregate for ballasted 

track, approximately 1,000 tons of aggregate for slab track, and 

The Fresno to Bakersfield Section of the HST project would 

require approximately 1,700,000 tons of aggregate ballast for 

ballasted track, approximately 1,000 tons of aggregate for slab 

Fixes an error in 

calculation of fill 
No. Page

Paragraph 

or

Section

Current Text New Text Explanation

first and 

second 

pages

11,300,000 cubic yards of fill (assuming no fill is provided by 

project excavation).

track, and 11,300,000 29,400,000 net cubic yards of fill

(assuming no fill is provided by project excavation).

soils needed and 

hauling needs

Volume II

5 4-5 Air Quality 

Technical 

Report 

Appendix A

California High Speed Rail Fresno to Bakersfield Construction 

Analysis Summary of Emissions (Tables in FEIS Document) California High Speed Rail Fresno to Bakersfield Construction 

Analysis Summary of Emissions (Tables in FEIS Document) –

see revised appendix for revised tables

Fixes an error in 

calculation of fill 

soils needed and 

hauling needs

6 78-79 Air Quality 

Technical 

Report 

Appendix A

California High Speed Rail Fresno to Bakersfield Construction 

Analysis Material Hauling Truck Emissions (Tables in FEIS 

Document)

California High Speed Rail Fresno to Bakersfield Construction 

Analysis Material Hauling Truck Emissions (Tables in FEIS 

Document) – see revised appendix for revised tables

Fixes an error in 

calculation of fill 

soils needed and 

hauling needs

Volume V

9 40-982 BO091-33 However, the Authority has entered into an agreement with the 

UPRR (the Engineering, Construction, and Maintenance 

Agreement) that sets out a process of cooperation between the 

two parties in planning the HST route and gives UPRR review and 

approval rights for engineering, construction, and maintenance 

plans. The Authority recognizes the July 2012 Memorandum of 

Understanding (MOU) with UPRR and notes that the Authority has 

been working cooperatively with UPRR under the MOU to address 

issues that UPRR has raised. No such agreement was in place 

before the City of Atherton litigation. The Authority understands 

the risk that future design refinements could result in the shifting of 

the HST alignment away from the UPRR right-of-way and that this 

shift could result in new or more significant impacts. For this 

reason, the Authority has advanced a range of viable and 

practicable project alternatives. The Authority continues to work 

with UPRR in refining the design of the project. The Authority is 

confident that its work with UPRR to develop the final designs will 

mean that the alignment will need only minor adjustment and that 

both parties' right-of-way needs will be met.

However, the Authority has entered into an agreement with the

and UPRR have been in negotiations on an agreement (the 

Engineering, Construction, and Maintenance Agreement) that 

sets out a process of cooperation between the two parties in 

planning the HST route and gives UPRR review and approval 

rights for engineering, construction, and maintenance plans. The 

Authority recognizes the July 2012 Memorandum of 

Understanding (MOU) with UPRR and notes that the Authority 

has been working cooperatively with UPRR under the MOU to 

address issues that UPRR has raised. No such agreement was 

in place before the City of Atherton litigation. The Authority 

understands the risk that future design refinements could result 

in the shifting of the HST alignment away from the UPRR rightof-way and that this shift could result in new or more significant 

impacts. For this reason, the Authority has advanced a range of 

viable and practicable project alternatives. The Authority 

continues to work with UPRR in refining the design of the project. 

The Authority is confident that its work with UPRR to develop the 

final designs will mean that the alignment will need only minor 

adjustment and that both parties' right-of-way needs will be met.

Fixes an error

10 40-981 

– 40-

982

BO091-32 As discussed in comment response 1488, the proposed project 

does not conflict with the Union Pacific Railroad's (UPRR’s) ability 

to comply with FRA’s Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 

Part 213. The commenter asserts that the proposed project 

constrains UPRR maintenance access to its right-of-way, but there 

is no compelling evidence provided to change the significance 

threshold. The Authority will design its right-of-way in accordance 

with Sections 3.1, 7, and 8 of the draft Engineering, Construction, 

and Maintenance Agreement. Through this process with UPRR, 

UPRR can be reasonably assured that it will have adequate 

As discussed in comment response BO09-31 1488, the 

proposed project does not conflict with the Union Pacific 

Railroad's (UPRR’s) ability to comply with FRA’s Title 49 Code of 

Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 213. The commenter asserts 

that the proposed project constrains UPRR maintenance access 

to its right-of-way, but there is no compelling evidence provided 

to change the significance threshold. The Authority will design its 

right-of-way in accordance with Sections 3.1, 7, and 8 of the draft 

Engineering, Construction, and Maintenance Agreement. 

Through this process with UPRR, UPRR can be reasonably 

Fixes an error
No. Page

Paragraph 

or

Section

Current Text New Text Explanation

maintenance access to its right-of-way even in emergency 

situations necessitating a rapid response.

assured that it will have adequate maintenance access to its 

right-of-way even in emergency situations necessitating a rapid 

response.

Table 1: Page 3.3-48, Table 3.3-7 errata fixes

Activities VOC

CO

Total Fresno Bakersfield NOx SO2 PM10 PM2.5

Year 2014

Final EIS Emissions 

(tons/year) 16.86 104.03 27.67 26.95 380.80 0.63 42.66 13.40

Exceeds 

SJVAPCD 

CEQA 

thresholds? Yes N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Yes No

Exceeds GC 

threshold? Yes N/A No No Yes No No No

Revision Emissions 

(tons/year)

16.86

24.01

104.03

147.75

27.67

30.51

26.95

29.79

380.80

622.40

0.63

1.19

42.66

51.44

13.40

20.20

Exceeds 

SJVAPCD 

CEQA 

thresholds? Yes N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Yes

No

Yes

Exceeds GC 

threshold? Yes N/A No No Yes No No No

Year 2015

Final EIS Emissions 

(tons/year) 36.69 289.42 72.31 62.12 617.99 1.17 67.63 30.85

Exceeds 

SJVAPCD 

CEQA 

thresholds? Yes N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Yes Yes
Activities VOC

CO

Total Fresno Bakersfield NOx SO2 PM10 PM2.5

Exceeds GC 

threshold? Yes N/A No No Yes No No No

Revision Emissions 

(tons/year)

36.69

42.78

289.42

328.45

72.31

74.79

62.12

64.59

617.99

818.30

1.17

1.73

67.63

75.12

30.85

36.47

Exceeds 

SJVAPCD 

CEQA 

thresholds? Yes N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Yes Yes

Exceeds GC 

threshold? Yes N/A No No Yes No No No

Year 2016

Final EIS Emissions 

(tons/year) 32.27 256.37 65.63 57.37 500.73 0.88 60.47 27.22

Exceeds 

SJVAPCD 

CEQA 

thresholds? Yes N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Yes Yes

Exceeds GC 

threshold? Yes N/A No No Yes No No No

Revision Emissions 

(tons/year)

32.27

33.82

256.37

266.70

65.63

66.14

57.37

57.88

500.73

548.64

0.88

1.04

60.47

62.43

27.22

28.66

Exceeds 

SJVAPCD 

CEQA 

thresholds? Yes N/A N/A N/A Yes N/A Yes Yes

Exceeds GC 

threshold? Yes N/A No No Yes No No No