June 2010

SOUTH FLORIDA EAST COAST (FEC)

ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS

F.M. NO. 417031-1-22-01

CONTRACT: C-8F66

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Prepared by:

SFECC Purpose and Need
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1. PURPOSE & NEED

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS 

• The SFECCTA rail corridor is 85 miles long and operates in the historic economic core of South 

Florida, connecting downtowns of large and small cities. 

• Despite existing transit services in the tri-county area, traffic congestion is a major problem, 

particularly on large north-south roads like I-95 and US-1 that parallel the FEC corridor. 

• Regional land use and economic development efforts have been focused on the eastern 

portions of South Florida, through which the FEC rail corridor travels. 

• A new transit service would increase mobility, supplement transportation capacity, and increase 

regionally supported development opportunities. 

• Goals and objectives were created to guide the transit planning process. 

1.1. Corridor Description

The South Florida East Coast Corridor Transit Analysis (SFECCTA) study area extends approximately 85 

miles through the tri-county area of South Florida along the FEC Railway corridor (Figure 1-1). This 

corridor represents the historic economic core of Southeast Florida that developed along the railroad,

and links highly urbanized CBDs of Miami, Ft Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach in addition to their 

respective seaports and airports. The corridor includes residential, employment, recreational, cultural, 

educational, medical, retail, and tourist uses. Due to its location and the demand for travel, the FEC 

Railway corridor is included as part of Florida’s Strategic Intermodal System (SIS). Florida’s SIS is

comprised of statewide and regionally significant facilities and services for moving both people and 

goods, and includes linkages that provide for smooth and efficient transfers between modes and major 

facilities. 

The Corridor’s Historical Background: The FEC Railway was initially built in the late 1880's to early 

1900's by Henry Flagler to provide passenger and freight service along the east coast of Florida. 

Passenger service along the FEC Railway into southern Florida continued until 1968 when it was 

discontinued. Today, the FEC Railway continues to dispatch freight trains from its headquarters in St. 

Augustine, sending trains along virtually the same route developed by Henry Flagler over 100 years ago. 

Study Background: The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) initiated the SFECCTA study in 

December 2005 as a multi-phased Alternatives Analysis (AA) employing a Tiered Programmatic 

Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) approach to transportation and environmental matters. At the 

conclusion of the first tier, a Locally Preferred Alternative (LPA) had not been identified and a broad 
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range of modal alternatives remained under consideration. However, the FEC Corridor was identified as

the preferred corridor for a new transit service and the number of alternative modes had been refined. 

As a result, FDOT and Federal Transit Administration (FTA) agreed the proposed study remain in early 

scoping, consistent with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and discontinued the pursuit of a 

tiered PEIS process. From that point on, the work, now in Phase 2, has advanced following the FTA Early 

Scoping/Alternatives Analysis and FDOT Efficient Transportation Decision Making (ETDM) processes. A 

NEPA Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) will not be prepared in Phase 2. The DEIS will follow 

the selection of an LPA at the conclusion of Phase 2. This change in approach to project development 

resulted in the Tier 1 Final PEIS document becoming an interim planning report, renamed the Final 

Conceptual Alternatives Analysis/Environmental Screening Report (AA/ESR). An early scoping notice 

announcing the availability of the Final Conceptual AA/ESR and the initiation of Phase 2 (AA/Early 

Scoping) was published in the Federal Register on January 13, 2009 and in the Florida Administrative 

Weekly on January 16, 2009. 

Figure 1-1 Study Area Context 
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As seen in Figure 1-1, the South Florida region is 

strongly oriented north-south, squeezed 

between the Everglades on the west and the 

Atlantic Ocean on the east. The FEC corridor 

extends down the heart of the coastal ridge 

and historically anchored the development of 

the region’s oldest and densest towns and 

cities. I-95 was built on the western edge of 

these centers, and newer suburban 

development has spread further west into the 

Everglades. 

1.2. Transportation Facilities and Services

in the Corridor

1.2.1. Existing Highway System

The regional highway system includes two 

continuous major north-south roadways, US-1 

and I-95 (Figure 1-2). Dixie Highway and A1A 

are also major north-south roadways but are 

not continuous. Other roadways further west 

in the tri-county region include US-441 and 

Florida’s Turnpike. I-95 is a limited access 

highway with eight to twelve travel lanes. 

Recently FDOT has instituted High Occupancy 

Toll (HOT) Lanes on I-95 between Golden 

Glades and Miami. While these lanes reduce 

travel time for express buses and some users 

who are both willing and able to pay the tolls, 

they do not add capacity to the highway. I-95 

currently carries some of the highest traffic 

volumes in the nation. 

US-1 is a principle arterial with four to eight 

travel lanes and with closely-spaced signalized 

intersections at all the major east-west 

Figure 1-2 Existing Highway System 
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arterials. Additional turn lanes for both left and right hand turns are provided at these intersections. 

Though there are typically sidewalks along US 1, they are narrow and immediately adjacent to speeding 

travel lanes. Intersections are significant barriers to walking because there are so many lanes to 

negotiate. 

1.2.2.Existing Transit Services

There are several public transportation providers currently in operation in South Florida. Palm Beach 

County operates Palm Tran bus services, Broward County operates Broward County Transit (BCT) bus 

services, and Miami-Dade County operates Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) bus, Metrorail and Metromover 

services. South Florida Regional Transportation Authority (SFRTA) operates Tri-Rail commuter rail 

services Amtrak also provides intercity passenger rail service connecting to Central Florida and beyond. 

Figures X.3 and X.4 show existing bus routes and fixed-guideway transit, respectively.

A brief description of the fixed-guideway transit is provided in Table 1-1. Service characteristics of the 

bus systems in the tri-county area are provided in Table 1-2. 

Table 1-1 Service Characteristics of Fixed-Guideway Transit Providers 

Service Characteristics Amtrak Tri-Rail Metrorail Metromover 

Route Miles 65 72 22.6 4.4 

County(s) Palm Beach, 

Broward, 

Miami-Dade 

Palm Beach, 

Broward, MiamiDade 

Miami-Dade Miami-Dade 

 

Technology Intercity Rail Commuter Rail Rail Rapid Transit Automated Guided 

Transit 

Number of Stations 6 18 22 21 

Service (trains/weekday) 2 52 180 Varies by route 2-5 

minutes 

Span of Service Minimal 

service 

4:44 AM – 10:25 PM 5:00 AM – 12:00 AM 5:00 AM – 12:00 AM 

Average Commercial Speed (inclusive 

of stops in mph) 

Not 

available 

40 29 9 

Weekday Peak-/Non-peak hour 

Headway (in minutes) 

Not 

applicable 

20/60 7-8/15 1.5/3 

Average Weekday Ridership (2008) Negligible 14,301 62,762 27,511 
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Table 1-2: Service Characteristics of Bus Transit Providers in the Southeast Florida 

Service Characteristics Palm Tran Broward Transit Miami-Dade Transit 

Number of Routes 36 43 90+ 

County(s) Palm Beach Broward Miami-Dade 

Span of Service 5:00 AM – 11 PM 4:40 AM – 12:40 AM 5:00 AM – 1 AM 

Range of Service Frequency (in minutes) 15 to 60 15 to 45 15 to 60 

Average Weekday Ridership (2008) 33,057 95,782 132,784 

1.2.3.Tri-Rail

North-south mobility by rail in the tri-county region is currently 

provided by Tri-Rail commuter rail service that is operated by the 

SFRTA. Tri-Rail operates along the South Florida Rail Corridor (SFRC), 

which is owned by the State of Florida and is shared with CSX freight 

and Amtrak service. The SFRTC operates two types of equipment on 

the service. The majority of their trains are push-pull train sets, with 

either two or three bi-level passenger cars per train. They also 

operate two Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU) trains which are also bi-level. 

Tri Rail closely parallels I-95 for much of its service route. 

The Tri-Rail alignment generally runs parallel to I-95, often several 

miles to the west of the concentrated development of the region’s 

major CBDs. Service connects to Miami-Dade Transit’s Metrorail 

system at the Hialeah Transfer Station, the busiest Tri-Rail station. 

When the Miami Intermodal Center (MIC) is completed, proximate to 

the Miami International Airport (MIA), it will be the southern 

terminus for both Amtrak and Tri-Rail trains and will connect directly 

to a new Metrorail route. Connecting bus services are available from all Tri-Rail Stations, which also 

provide parking. Tri-Rail stations typically have between 200 and 600 parking spaces. Tri-Rail has 

cooperative agreements on fares with transit services provided in each of the three counties in which it 

operates. Tri-Rail subsidizes 16 different shuttle bus routes that meet most or all weekday trains at nine 

stations. These routes offer free connecting service to several locations along the Tri-Rail Corridor, 

including the airports, downtown Fort Lauderdale, and office parks in Boca Raton, Deerfield Beach and 

Pompano. In the past year, Tri-Rail’s ridership has fluctuated from a high of 17, 250 to a low of 11,560 

per weekday, having been influenced by the price of gasoline and the fares charged by Tri-Rail. 
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Metrorail

Metrorail is a 22-mile long, electrically powered, elevated rail rapidtransit system extending from Kendall in South Miami-Dade County to 

Medley in West Miami-Dade County. A 2.4-mile extension to the 

airport is currently under construction. 

The southern leg of Metrorail, between Miami-Dade County 

Government Center and Kendall, attracts the highest ridership. In 

2008, the average weekday ridership for the Metrorail Station at 

Government Center was 10,000, which is 16% of the system’s total 

ridership. Government Center serves as the southern terminus of the 

SFECCTA study area. 

1.2.4. Metromover

The Metromover is an electrically powered, fully-automated guided transit 

(people mover) system that operates along a 4.4-mile route. Metromover is 

a free service, and connects with Metrorail at the Government Center and 

Brickell stations and with Metrobus at various locations throughout 

Downtown Miami. The Miami-Dade County Government Center serves as a 

location for one of the 21 Metromover stations. In 2008, the average 

weekday ridership at Metromover’s busiest station, Government Center, was 

6,500, which is 23% of Metromover’s total ridership. 

1.2.5. Amtrak

Amtrak operates two daily trains in each direction between New York Penn 

Station and Miami Station in Hialeah. Within the southeast Florida region, 

these trains use same tracks as Tri-Rail and CSX freight trains. Ridership between local AMTRAK stops in 

the region is negligible, meaning that while this service is important to the region’s connectedness with 

the rest of the state and country, it presently has only a nominal role for regional travel. 
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1.2.6. Palm Tran

The majority of Palm Tran’s service is concentrated in 

the eastern portions of the Palm Beach County as far 

north as Jupiter and as far south as Boca Raton. Thirty 

of the 36 Palm Tran routes intersect the SFECCTA or

operate partly or completely within the SFECCTA study 

area. Ridership on these bus routes amount to 

approximately 31,305, over 90% of the system-wide 

total. Of these 30 

routes, four routes 

(1, 10, 21, and 70) 

are significant to the 

SFECCTA project in 

that they run in a 

general north-south 

direction, parallel to 

the FEC Railway. 

These four routes 

recorded 9,452 in average weekday boardings, approximately 29% of 

the total countywide boardings. This generally shows that a 

significant portion of the system ridership is along the eastern part of 

the county. Palm Tran Route 1 in particular, operates over 38 miles 

between Boca Raton and Palm Beach Gardens along US 1, carries the 

bus system’s highest ridership – 7,860, which is almost 24% of the 

total system-wide ridership. 

In August 2009, Palm Tran started a limited service, express 

commuter bus from Stuart to West Palm Beach Intermodal Center. 

Service changes were made in May 2010 because of poor ridership. 

1.2.7.Broward County Transit (BCT)

Of Broward County's more than 1,200 square miles, BCT buses provide service to only 410 square miles 

with 43 regular weekday routes. Service is concentrated in the eastern portion of the County, with 

three routes extending north into Palm Beach County and six routes extending south into Miami-Dade 
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County to serve inter-county travel markets. BCT has 

local agreements with 22 cities, offering 64 

community bus routes designed to increase the 

number of destinations within city limits that 

residents can access using public transit. BCT’s 27 bus 

routes that operate in the SFECCTA study area 

reported an average weekday ridership of 95,782 for

fiscal year 2008. Out of these 27 routes, six routes (1, 

6, 10, 20, 50, and 60) run in the general north-south 

direction, parallel to the FEC railroad. These six

routes recorded 25,649 in average weekday 

boardings, approximately 27% of the total systemwide boardings. 

The bus route with the highest ridership is Route 1

with an average weekday ridership of 8,041. This 

route travels along US1 (also known as Federal 

Highway) between Aventura Mall in Miami-Dade 

County and the BCT Central Terminal in Downtown Fort Lauderdale. 

Service has started on a BCT I-95 express bus route running between Pembroke Pines, Hollywood and 

Downtown Miami (Government Center). The route makes five intermediate stops (including the Tri-Rail 

stations at Hollywood and Golden Glades) before reaching downtown Miami. 

1.2.8.Miami-Dade Transit (MDT)

Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) is the largest transit agency in the State of Florida, but only the 12th largest 

public transit system in the United States despite the County’s population ranking 8th in the nation. 

Thirty-seven Metrobus routes either intersect the SFECCTA corridor or operate partly or completely 

within the SFECCTA study area. These routes have a combined average weekday ridership of 133,000. 

Of these 37 routes, seven routes run parallel to the SFECCTA corridor in a north-south direction. These 

seven routes have a combined average weekday ridership of 34,000, which is 25% of the ridership in the

study area. Of these seven routes, the route that carries the most passengers is Route 3, with an 

average weekday ridership of 8,171. This route operates along 25 miles of US 1, between Hallandale 

Beach in Broward County and Downtown Miami. 
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MDT has initiated service on a series of I-95 

express buses running between downtown 

Fort Lauderdale and downtown Miami 

(Government Center) and between Hollywood 

and downtown Miami. The Fort Lauderdale 

route makes an intermediate stop at the TriRail Fort Lauderdale Station before reaching 

downtown Miami. The Hollywood route 

travels directly between Sheridan Street TriRail Station and downtown Miami. 
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1.3. Performance of the Transportation System

1.3.1.Highways

Traffic Congestion 

The total volume of traffic on major highways within the FEC corridor at key locations in Miami-Dade, 

Broward and Palm Beach Counties is over 28 million vehicle miles traveled. According to the 2007 

National Mobility Report, Miami is tied in second place for congested peak period travel among very 

large urban areas (Table 1-3). Miami ranks behind the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana region but 

ahead of much larger areas such as Chicago, New York, and Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX. 

Table 1-3 Nationwide Congestion Statistics 

Urban Area Percent of Peak 

Period Travel that 

is Congested 

Percentage of 

Daily Travel that 

is Congested 

LA-Long Beach-Santa Ana CA 86% 43% 

Miami, FL 82% 41% 

San Fran – Oakland CA 82% 41% 

Washington DC 81% 40% 

Chicago, IL-IN 79% 39% 

Atlanta, GA 75% 38% 

Houston, TX 73% 36% 

Detroit, MI 71% 35% 

New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT 69% 34% 

Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 66% 33% 

Seattle, WA 66% 33% 
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Projected population and employment growth will 

further exacerbate existing roadway congestion over

the next two decades. Increasing congestion on the

limited north-south facilities will result in an increase 

in travel times and delays for automobile drivers as 

well as for bus transit and highway freight. According 

to this analysis, in 2030, 30 percent of total travel is 

projected to occur on roadways operating at level of 

service 1(LOS) E or F as compared to only 19 percent 

of travel in 2005. As the highway system becomes 

overloaded, a loss of system reliability will have 

negative impacts on the economic competitiveness of

the region. 

Figure 1-3 indicates that congestion is particularly 

severe on north-south roadways as compared with 

east-west facilities. Major north-south State 

roadways parallel to the SFECCTA corridor, such as 

SR-7, I-95, Military Trail/Andrews Avenue, US-1, and 

A1A are congested and will become more heavily 

congested into the future. 

Further widening of either of either I-95 or US 1 to 

increase capacity is impractical due to the enormous 

cost and significant community impacts that would be 

generated. Given constraints such as land values, 

land availability, and the costs of roadway 

construction, the provision of additional roadway 

capacity (additional lane miles) is projected to 

continue to lag behind the area’s growth rate. The

2030 Cost Feasible Long Range Transportation Plans 

 

1

 Level of Service is defined by the Highway Capacity Manual as a qualitative measure describing operational 

conditions within a traffic stream, based on service measures such as speed and travel Level of service is given 

grades from A to F; a grade of A means the road is free flowing while an F means flow is constrained. Generally, 

roads are designed to operate at LOS D or better. 

Figure 1-3 Level of Service on Major 

North-South Roads 
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of the respective counties include a 16 percent increase in total lane miles and 19 percent increase in 

total capacity for the entire tri-county area between 2005 and 2030. The Region’s freeways will witness 

a 13 percent increase in lane miles. However, during this same period, the tri-county region is projected 

to witness a 39 percent increase in traffic volume. Much of the additional lane miles of capacity will be 

added in the less densely-developed areas, away from the east coast and the SFECCTA corridor. The 

planned additional roadway supply will be far outstripped by the growth in demand. 

According to the 2007 National 

Mobility Report, in order to 

maintain current flow of traffic, the 

Miami area alone needs an 

additional 330 lane miles every year. 

However, the planned growth of 

supply indicates that the entire tricounty area will add an average of 

92 lane miles per year until 2030 

thus; congestion will only worsen 

over time without other alternatives 

to address this issue. Increased 

congestion will to lead to further 

travel time delays and, ultimately, a 

loss in productivity and economic 

competitiveness. The National 

Mobility Report indicates that in 

2007, an average commuter in 

Miami spent 47 hours every year in 

congestion that resulted in a 

congestion cost of $903 per peak 

traveler and cumulative cost of 

$2.69 billion for the Miami area 

alone. The Miami area was ranked 

fourth in the nation in terms of total 

delay and fifth in terms of 

congestion cost. Roadway Congestion on I-95
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1.3.2.Transit

Existing transit service is offered in South Florida by county transit agencies and SFRTA, most of which 

accommodates north-south travel. However, local bus transit is hampered by its slow speed due to 

highway congestion and discontinuous service. Additionally, each county has its own transit agency and

there is only limited service crossing county lines, serving transit trips between neighboring counties. 

These characteristics make the bus less competitive with the automobile. Tri-Rail, which mostly 

parallels I-95, is a relatively high-speed “commuter” oriented service serving long haul trips along the I95 corridor. 

Despite congested roadways, the 17 bus routes that parallel the SFECCTA corridor, out of a total of 169 

in the tri-county area, carry approximately 26 percent of total system ridership (Table 13). Peak 

operating speeds are almost universally quite low. There exists a significant transit demand along the 

SFECCTA corridor that can be better served by providing a premium transit service that can move people

more quickly and effectively than current bus service. Both the existing bus riders and those driving

along congested north-south highways and major arterial roadways would benefit from faster transit 

service. 

Tri-Rail’s ridership has been limited by two factors: historically low on-time performance; and the fact 

that it does not directly serve many of the major destinations in the region. 
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When it first started service, Tri-Rail operated together with CSX freight traffic, operating on one 

continuous, “mainline” track with multiple passing sidings. . CSX utilized some of these sidings as 

delivery tracks, with resultant delays for Tri-Rail trains. Recently, the railroad has been upgraded and a 

second track has been added. However, deliveries are still sometimes conducted from the second track. 

Tri-Rail’s on time performance has improved significantly as a result of these improvements and 

increased ‘slack’ in its schedule, achieving an on-time performance record in the mid-80 percent range. 

Tri-Rail does not directly serve downtown Fort Lauderdale or downtown Miami, or many of the smaller 

destinations on the east coast such as Aventura, Hollywood, Pompano Beach, Delray Beach, Boynton 

Beach, etc. Typically the corridor is 2 – 6 miles to the west of these destinations. This results in

passengers needing to transfer to a local bus or, in Miami, to Metrorail in order to reach their final

destinations. The 2007 Tri-Rail survey of passengers found that some people actually leave a second car 

at their destination stations. Because many people require a three-seat ride to reach their destination, 

this limits patronage that has a choice in how they travel. 
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1.4. Demographics and Land Use

1.4.1.Population and Employment

The tri-county area witnessed a 23 percent population growth between 1990 and 2000 and a 7 percent 

population growth between 2000 and 2005 (Table 1-4). Between 1990 and 2000, Broward, Miami-Dade, 

and Palm Beach Counties were ranked 11, 18, and 20 nationally in terms of largest numerical increase in 

population in the country. The overall Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which incorporates all three 

counties, was the fourth largest MSA in the nation.

Table 1-4: Population Growth 

Population and employment are both concentrated around the FEC railway. In 2005: 

• Approximately 14 percent of the tri-county area population resided within one mile of the FEC 

corridor 

• One in every five persons (22 percent) in the tri-county region was employed within one mile of the 

corridor 

• In Miami-Dade, one in every seven jobs (17 percent) was located within one mile of the corridor 

• In Broward County, one in every five residents (21 percent) and one in every seven jobs (15 

percent) were within one mile of the corridor 

• In Palm Beach County, one in every four residents (25 percent) and one in every three jobs (35 

percent) were within one mile of the corridor 

By 2030, more than one million people will reside and 750,000 will be employed within one-mile of the 

FEC corridor (Table 1-5). Palm Beach County, which contains the longest segment of the FEC corridor, is 

projected to have more than 400,000 residents within one mile of the FEC corridor. 

The rate of projected growth in the corridor is higher than the already large rate of growth projected for 

the region as a whole. The number of households within one mile of the FEC corridor is projected to 

increase by 36 percent compared to 28 percent for the overall tri-county area. Similarly, employment 

Population Population Growth 

County / Year 1990 2000 2005 (1990-2000) (2000-2005)

Miami-Dade 1,937,194 2,253,779 2,356,697 16% 5% 

Broward 1,255,531 1,623,018 1,763,706 29% 9% 

Palm Beach 863,503 1,131,191 1,255,007 31% 11% 

Tri-County Area 4,056,228 5,007,988 2,356,697 23% 7% 

Source: University of Florida, Bureau of Economic Business Research
along the FEC corridor is projected to witness a 29 percent increase compared to 26 percent for the rest 

of the tri-county area. The projected 

result of sustained efforts by local, county, and state agencies

redevelopment through the passage of Eastward Ho!, changes in zoning, and other similar efforts.

Table 1

 Population (in ‘000s)

Geography / Year 2005 

Tri-County 5,377 

Within one mile of FEC corridor 749 

 

Miami-Dade County 2,359 

Within one mile of FEC corridor 

in Miami-Dade County 

194 

Broward County 1,747 

Within one mile of FEC corridor 

in Broward County 

263 

Palm Beach County 1,270 

Within one mile of FEC corridor 

in Palm Beach County 

292 

Source: Southeast Florida Regional Planning Model 6.5

1.4.2.Transit-Dependent Po

Transit-dependent populations, defined by factors such as households with no car

income households, and youth and elderly populations

services, education and other activities. South Florida contains 

population. This is particularly true along the corridor. In the tri

Census reported over 200,000 zero

households. Over 20,000 zero-car households are located within 0.25 miles of the

there is a high concentration of transit

tri-county area. 

Table 1-6 Percent of Transit

Population Tri-County

Low-income 

Household 

455,461

Zero-car Household 209,389

Population Under 18, 

Above 65 

1,998,330

SFECC Purpose and Need

along the FEC corridor is projected to witness a 29 percent increase compared to 26 percent for the rest 

projected population and employment growth along the FEC corridor 

ts by local, county, and state agencies to concentrate development and 

redevelopment through the passage of Eastward Ho!, changes in zoning, and other similar efforts.

1-5 Population and Employment, 2005 - 2030 

Population (in ‘000s) Households (in ‘000s) Employment (in ‘000s)

2030 % Growth 2005 2030 % Growth 2005

7,221 34% 2,067 2,651 28% 2,660

1,093 46% 313 426 36% 585

 

3,149 33% 834 1,085 30% 1,379

293 51% 74 106 43% 220

2,293 31% 694 854 23% 736

383 46% 112 150 34% 178

1,779 40% 538 712 32% 544

417 43% 126 171 36% 186

Southeast Florida Regional Planning Model 6.5

opulations

, defined by factors such as households with no cars, minority 

income households, and youth and elderly populations, typically rely on transit services 

services, education and other activities. South Florida contains a significant transit

This is particularly true along the corridor. In the tri-county area as a whole, the 2000 

Census reported over 200,000 zero-car households and more than 450,000 minority or low

car households are located within 0.25 miles of the

there is a high concentration of transit-dependent people along the corridor compared to the rest of the 

Percent of Transit-Dependent Populations within FEC corridor

County Within One Mile of 

corridor 

Percent Within One mile 

of corridor 

455,461 88,744 19%

209,389 43,953 21%

1,998,330 281,128 14%

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along the FEC corridor is projected to witness a 29 percent increase compared to 26 percent for the rest 

along the FEC corridor is a 

to concentrate development and 

redevelopment through the passage of Eastward Ho!, changes in zoning, and other similar efforts.

Employment (in ‘000s)

2030 % Growth 

3,355 26% 

753 29% 

1,590 15% 

264 20% 

981 33% 

209 

17% 

783 44% 

279 50% 

s, minority or lowtypically rely on transit services to access jobs, 

a significant transit-dependent 

county area as a whole, the 2000 

car households and more than 450,000 minority or low-income 

car households are located within 0.25 miles of the corridor. Overall, 

ng the corridor compared to the rest of the 

Number per Mile 

within One Mile of 

FEC corridor 

771

426

2,156
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1.4.3.Existing Land Use and Activity

Centers in the Region

The entire 85-mile study area from Jupiter to 

Miami is developed. There are three major cities 

– Miami, Fort Lauderdale and West Palm Beach 

and 25 smaller towns on the corridor. The FEC 

Railway passes directly through the downtown 

of almost all these communities. The three 

major cities are all major employment 

destinations but, in recent years, significant 

high-rise residential development has been built 

within their downtown cores. Many of the 

smaller communities such as Boca Raton, 

Boynton Beach, North Miami, Aventura, 

Hollywood, Lake Worth and Delray Beach also 

have high-to-medium density downtowns with 

mixed residential, commercial, and office land 

uses. These towns, which were established and 

developed prior to World War II, are organized 

around a grid of streets with continuous 

sidewalks and other essential elements of 

transit-oriented development. In contrast, to 

the west of I-95, development is lower density, 

organized in single-use developments and gated 

communities. Only north of Riviera Beach does 

the land use pattern change to a suburban type 

of development. This development took place in 

a time when gated communities and large blocks 

were the organizing principles. Palm Beach 

Gardens has a suburban, auto-oriented land use 

pattern, but has approximately 20,000 jobs 

within a half mile of the corridor. Jupiter has a 

pedestrian scale, mixed uses and a small block 

pattern of development to the west of the FEC 

tracks. Both of these communities are working 

towards focused growth and higher densities. 

Figure 1-4 Activity Centers
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There are numerous activity centers within the study area in 

addition to the town centers. These are: three international 

airports; major medical campuses; college and university 

campuses; and major shopping/entertainment centers.

1.4.4.Recent and Projected Economic Trends

In recent years, smaller urban communities have once again 

become fashionable places to live and conduct business – 

partly because the architecture of the era has become 

fashionable again and partly because regional and local 

policies have encouraged, and continue to encourage, 

redevelopment with mixed use, mid-rise buildings. 

For example, the cities of Boynton Beach, Boca Raton, Wilton 

Manors and Hollywood all have recently allowed the 

construction of five-to-eight story mixed-use buildings with 

retail on the ground floor and residential above within 

walking distance of the FEC railway. Many other projects in 

other communities have been designed and approved and 

are ready for implementation once the economy recovers. 

To facilitate and promote redevelopment activities within the 

communities on the corridor, local governments have

included land adjacent to the FEC Railway in Community 

Redevelopment Areas (CRA). Having a CRA designation 

provides a funding mechanism for infrastructure and other 

improvements within the designated area through Tax

Increment Financing (TIF) whereby total property taxes for a 

CRA are assessed in a base year and any increase in tax 

revenue in the subsequent years is directly reinvested into 

the CRA. There are 12 CRAs in Miami-Dade County, seven 

existing and one proposed in Broward County and nine in 

Palm Beach County within or in the immediate vicinity of the 

study area. In total, the land areas of the CRAs in the study 

area comprise more than 21,000 acres. 

Dense development along the FEC corridor 

in West Palm Beach, Wilton Manors, 

Hollywood, and Midtown Miami 
 SFECC Purpose and Need 

19

1.4.5.Mobility Needs of High-Density Land Uses

Because of the limited availability of developable land, the tri-county area has been experiencing a large 

amount of redevelopment, mostly in the CBDs of the medium to large cities along the corridor. 

Integrated land use and transportation is critical to the success of development and redevelopment 

efforts, particularly for high-density development. The combination of existing and proposed land uses

along the SFECCTA study corridor will ensure that a new, premium transit service will serve a wide 

variety of markets (commuters, students, visitors, tourists, residents). 

The majority of the 28 municipalities along the corridor have recently amended (or are in the process of 

amending) their Comprehensive Plans and recognize the FEC corridor as a premium transit corridor. In 

this process, these municipalities are adopting new policies to increase density and create transitfriendly mixed uses along the corridor and around potential station locations. Though each community 

has its own character and vision for the future, all but a handful have or are in the process of adopting 

zoning codes that benefit transit. This is being accomplished either by increasing residential densities or 

by designating areas for employment and mixed use. The minority of municipalities that are not 

planning to change their densities tend to be small, completely built-out, stable, and are comprised, 

primarily, of residential neighborhoods. 

1.5. Travel Markets

An analysis of the 2005 and 2030 trip productions and attractions within the tri-county area indicates a 

significantly high concentration of activity along the FEC corridor. By 2030, a high trip production 

density is projected throughout the eastern communities along the FEC corridor. Seventeen percent of 

all trip productions in the tri-county area are forecast to be within one mile of the FEC corridor, which 

would directly serve the CBDs of Miami, Ft Lauderdale and West Palm Beach (Table 1-7). Similarly, one

in every five trips (21 percent) will have destinations within one mile of the FEC corridor. 

Table 1-7 Daily Productions and Attractions along the FEC corridor 

Year Number of Trip Productions or 

Attractions 

Percent of Tri-County 

within One-Mile of 

FEC corridor 

Number per 

Acre within 

One-Mile of 

FEC corridor 

 Within One-mile of 

FEC corridor 

Tri-County 

Productions 2005 3,058,864 18,633,079 16% 53 

2030 4,277,540 25,162,437 17% 85 

Attractions 2005 3,781,423 18,639,069 20% 100 

 2030 5,168,900 25,167,419 21% 151 
 SFECC Purpose and Need 

20

Productions and attractions within 1⁄2-mile of I-95 and the FEC corridor were derived from the travel 

demand model and are displayed in Figure X below. This figure shows six main peaks identified for 

productions and attractions along the FEC corridor. Conversely, the productions and attractions along 

the I-95/Tri-Rail corridor were significantly lower and more uniform throughout the study area, with no 

discernable peaks. This indicates that there are major origin/destinations such as downtown Miami, 

Fort Lauderdale Airport, downtown Fort Lauderdale Boca Raton, Boynton Beach and West Palm Beach 

and lesser, but still significant origin/destinations in North Miami Beach, Delray Beach and Palm Beach 

Gardens, all that are directly on or within 1⁄2 mile of the FEC Corridor. 

Additional analysis utilizing the SERPM Model looked at travel between six-mile radius production zones 

and one mile radius attraction zones centered on 33 potential station locations on the FEC Corridor and 

all 19 stations on the Tri-Rail Corridor. Total travel between the zones on the Tri-Rail Corridor, including 

all modes, was 750,000 daily trips. Whereas travel between zones surrounding the 33 station locations

on the FEC corridor was over two million trips. 

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1 7 13 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97103109115121127133139145151157163169

Prods + Attrs (thousands)

Distance from southernmost point (x.5 mile)

Productions + Attractions Within 0.5 mile of FEC and I-95

I-95 FEC

Miami-Dade County Broward County Palm Beach County

Miami

N Miami

Beach

Ft Lauderdale

Boca Raton

Delray Beach

Boynton Beach

West Palm Beach

Palm Beach

Gardens Pompano

Beach

FLHIA / Port

Everglades
 SFECC Purpose and Need 

21

 Figure 1-5 indicates the twenty-five pairs 

of stations along the FEC with the greatest 

potential travel between them. Even if only 

a small percentage of these trips will be 

captured by transit, the numbers indicate 

the potential for substantial transit 

ridership. 

The major travel markets which exist within 

the FEC corridor that can be served by new 

premium transit service include work and 

non-work trips. Ridership forecasts from the 

regional travel demand model indicate that 

for the build alternatives, work trips are bidirectional with commuters traveling both 

north and south to the major employment 

centers on the corridor. For example people 

travel from the Boca Raton area both north 

to West Palm Beach and south to Fort 

Lauderdale in approximately equal numbers. 

Boca Raton itself is also an employment 

destination. Similarly, further south, 

Hollywood commuters go both north to Fort 

Lauderdale and south to Miami. 

Many middle and long distance commuters 

can be expected to drive to the corridor and 

will park-and-ride to their destinations. 

However, the pedestrian-friendly nature of 

the surrounding land use and demographics 

of the population on the FEC Corridor 

suggest that there is a significant market for 

shorter trips by people who live close to the 

corridor and may walk to local stations. This 

market includes residents of new, mid-rise 

developments that have already been 

constructed in anticipation of future 

Figure 1-5 Travel Markets 
 SFECC Purpose and Need 

22

premium, transit service, future residents of additional planned development, as well as transitdependent people in the surrounding communities. This market includes travel for off peak trips for 

shopping, entertainment and medical appointments. 

1.6. Transportation Problems and Needs

The fundamental need for the project results from the following key issues: 

• Increased Population and Employment: Southeast Florida has been growing rapidly due to inmigration and high birth rates and is expected to continue to grow in the foreseeable future. By 

2030, the number of households in the study area is projected to increase by 36% compared to 28% 

for the overall tri-county region. Population will increase even more with a 34% growth in the 

region and 46% in the study area, bringing total population within one mile of the FEC Corridor to 

over one million by 2030. Employment is also expected to grow faster in the study area than in the 

region as a whole, with a 29% increase in the study area compared to 26% for the region. 

Automobile ownership and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) are expected to increase even more 

dramatically than population. 

• Highway Capacity and Traffic Congestion: Existing north-south highways in southeastern Florida, 

such as I-95 and US 1, are severely congested today and as growth takes place, this congestion is 

expected to get more severe. While the population is expected to increase by 28% by 2030, and 

highway traffic volume is projected to grow by 35%, the planned increase in highway capacity is only 

19%. The entire region is built-out, making the addition of capacity on existing highways extremely 

impactful and costly. The volume of traffic and the number of lanes on these facilities results in an

elevated number of traffic accidents. These incidences lead to delay and decreased safety and make 

travel time unpredictable for roadway users. 

• Sustainable Economic Development and Land Use: The region’s “Eastward Ho!” initiative 

emphasizes redevelopment and promotes greater density of development in coastal, southeast 

Florida rather than continued sprawl in less developed areas in the west. All three counties also 

have policies in place to focus future development within the study area. This initiative will help 

protect the environment by keeping growth away from the Everglades and reducing green house 

gas production by reducing trip lengths. The communities within the study area already have a 

walkable pattern of development, but many of the buildings are reaching the end of their useful 

lifespan. Land values are increasing as vacant land further west has become scarcer leading to the 

potential for higher and better uses than the current buildings serve. Investment in premium 

transit, along with new land use and zoning regulations for increased density and mixed use could 

be expected to help attract redevelopment to these areas. Without additional premium transit 
 SFECC Purpose and Need 

23

service, however, these higher densities may not be realized because the road network is already 

congested and cannot accommodate the increased travel demand created by denser development. 

• Access to Eastern Travel Destinations: Existing rail transit on Tri-Rail does not conveniently serve 

the travel destinations in the cities and towns east of I-95. There are a number of medical facilities 

such as the Jupiter Medical Center, St. Mary’s and Good Samaritan Hospital in West Palm Beach, 

Broward General Medical Center and Aventura Hospital all of which are directly on the FEC Corridor. 

The major government centers in West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale and Miami are also adjacent to 

the corridor and several college campuses are within walking distance or short shuttle rides from 

the FEC. The Scripps Campus at Florida Atlantic University in Jupiter is also an easy shuttle bus ride 

distance from the Corridor. The existing Tri-Rail corridor is two to six miles to the west of these and 

other destinations, with stations that are not within walking distance of most destinations. This 

means that almost all of Tri-Rail riders need to transfer to local buses, circulators or, in Miami, 

Metrorail to reach their final destinations. Since the Tri-Rail corridor is immediately to the west of I95, I-95 acts as a barrier between the Tri-Rail stations and the coastal communities and their transitfriendly neighborhoods. 

• Transit Service Deficiencies: The local buses that run throughout the study area are slow due to 

traffic congestion and frequent stopping patterns. The average travel speed of local buses is 11 to 

16 mph, which is not competitive with the automobile. This limits local bus ridership to transitdependent customers and short trips. The study area includes three major CBDs and other, smaller 

downtowns that serve as regional and local destinations and attract large numbers of trips. Today, 

these communities are connected in a limited fashion by slow, local bus routes and most travel is 

carried out by automobile. By 2030, 17% of all trip productions and 20% of trip attractions in the tricounty area will be in the study area, with clear peaks in productions and attractions in the multiple

downtowns that bisect the FEC corridor and yet no current transit provider optimizes the links 

between these major travel markets. 

• Large Transit-Dependent Populations: Large transit-dependent populations in each of the three 

counties are located within the study area. Increased mobility options are needed to improve the 

ability of this population to travel to jobs, education, healthcare and leisure activities and improve

their opportunities for economic advancement and their quality of life. A large portion of the 

existing Tri-Rail’s riders are the transit-dependent and providing direct access to destinations to the 

east would serve this population directly. Stations would be within walking distance of many origins 

and destinations. 

 

 
 SFECC Purpose and Need 

24

1.7. Project Purpose

The purpose of the South Florida East Coast Corridor Transit Analysis (SFECCTA) is to provide reliable

transportation options for South Floridians, and to support the region’s Eastward Ho! initiative by 

improving north-south mobility in the study corridor. This project will create an integrated system of

premium transit through the redeveloping coastal cities in Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade 

Counties, to supplement the existing highway network including I-95, and to enhance the utilization of

existing transit services. The resulting improved accessibility to and within the study corridor will serve 

as a catalyst for revitalization and increased economic development within the adjacent communities. 

The project would supplement highway capacity, improve north/south connectivity and improve the 

quality of transit services especially for those who are dependent on transit. This project would also 

accommodate robust future growth in population and employment consistent with regional land use 

objectives. The project would improve mobility for shorter trips and provide direct access to existing 

and planned development along the economic spine of South Florida. 

Proposals to use existing and new east-west track connections between SFECCTA and Tri-Rail would 

permit Tri-Rail trains to operate over portions of the SFECCTA corridor and vice versa. An integrated

system, offering “one–seat, no transfer rides”, could attract more riders than two parallel rail services 

with connecting buses. More origins and destinations would be directly served by such an integrated 

system. 

Regional environmental goals are being achieved by concentrating development to the east, rather than 

between I-95 and the Everglades. A new premium transit service along the FEC Railway corridor would 

support such development activities in Community Redevelopment Areas (CRA). 

The goals and objectives reflect the project purpose, and are as follows: 
 SFECC Purpose and Need 

25

1.8. Goals and Objectives

Goal 1: Improve mobility and access for personal travel and goods movement.

• Expand transit options to accommodate future travel demand in the corridor and serve major transportation hubs, employment, medical, 

retail, educational, and entertainment centers, and residents in the region. 

• Provide regional transit options that improve travel time reliability for people and goods and results in travel time savings. 

• Integrate the proposed transit options with existing and planned transit in the region. 

• Integrate the proposed transit options with existing and planned freight transport and potentially intercity passenger transport located 

within or traversing the study area. 

• Provide for seamless connections to all modes of transportation including bicycle and pedestrian facilities. 

• Provide regional access and mobility improvements for minority, transportation disadvantaged and low-income groups. 

• Support goods movement in the corridor with higher capacity and connectivity. 

Goal 2: Coordinate corridor transportation investments to contribute to a seamless, integrated regional multi-modal transportation

network.

• Invest in infrastructure, facilities and services that improve connectivity, transfer and circulation in the region. 

• Coordinate and integrate with other regional rail, mass transit, and roadway projects. 

• Maintain working relationships with transportation partners, including the FTA, FDOT, Regional Transportation Authority, MPOs, 

Counties, Cities, Regional Planning Councils, Business Groups, Florida East Coast Industries, and other stakeholders. 

• Avoid or minimize duplication of premium transportation services. 

• Coordinate with other transportation and land use planning efforts that are supportive of transit options. 

• Accommodate a proposed greenway along the corridor.

Goal 3: Encourage the implementation of transit supportive development.

• Locate transit stations where higher density development exists or can readily be accommodated and near activity centers. 

• Complement and support economic development/redevelopment and potential joint development activities that include a mix of uses 

and affordable housing, within the study area. 

• Establish a transit improvement that will contribute, guide and support the urban, transit-oriented scale envisioned for the various 

downtowns, commercial corridors and abutting residential areas. 

• Facilitate creation of transit-supportive and context sensitive development guidelines, zoning and policies. 

• Provide transit that complements the scale and character of neighborhoods, housing, and business developments. 

Goal 4: Minimize adverse impacts to the community and local businesses.

• Minimize or mitigate adverse local traffic, parking and safety impacts. 

• Minimize or mitigate adverse noise and vibration impacts. 

• Avoid or minimize adverse impacts to minority and low income communities. 

• Minimize adverse right-of-way and physical impacts to established communities and businesses. 

• Optimize the use of existing infrastructure and transportation corridors for expansion of transit. 

Goal 5: Preserve and enhance the environment.

• Minimize or mitigate adverse impacts to existing environmental resources. 

• Preserve historical and cultural resources. 

• Provide transit options that reduce traffic congestion and energy consumption. 

• Protect environmentally sensitive areas. 

• Improve regional air quality by promoting alternative transportation modes and reducing auto emissions. 

Goal 6: Provide a cost-effective transportation solution to meet identified travel needs.

• Ensure that the investment strategy for the corridor will be eligible to receive federal funding. 

• Optimize transportation funding resources and obtain local financial support. 

• Explore lower technology cost solutions, where applicable, than can be upgraded over time to a higher transit technology solution based 

on changing needs.