I . Environmental Risk Conclusions .................................................... 1 

.Risk to Terrestrial Animals .................................................... 1 

Risk to Freshwater and Estuarine Fish and Invertebrates .............................. 1 

Risk to Non-Target Plants .................................................... :1 

11 . Introduction ................................................................... 2 

ProblemFomulation ......................................................... 2 

IncidentDatabase ............................................................ 3 

Usecharacterization ......................................................... 3 

Application rates from the LUIS .......................................... 4 

Acreage and Poundage of Benfluralin Usage ................................. 4 

Geographical Usage Area for Benfluralin .................................... 4 

Turf ......................................................... 4 

GolfCourses .................................................. 5 

Lettuce ....................................................... 5 

Alfalfa ....................................................... 5 

111 . Integrated Environmental Risk Characterization ........................................ 6 

Relative Risks from Granular and Spray Formulations ................................ 6 

Characterization of Terrestrial Risk .............................................. 6 

Risk From Granular Applications ......................................... 6 

Chronic Risk to Birds and Mammals ................................ 6 

Chronic Risk to Mammals ........................................ 7 

Uncertainties in Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin ................. 8 

Acute Risk to Birds and Mammals ................................... 8 

Food-ChainEffects .................................................... 8 

Risk From Incorporated Spray Applications (Alfalfa and Lettuce) ................. 9 

Chronic Risk to Birds ............................................ 9 

Chronic Risk to Mammals ........................................ 9 

Uncertainties in Chronic Risk from Spray Application .................... 9 

Acute risk to Birds and Mammals ................................... 9 

RisktoBees .......................................................... 9 

Characterization of Aquatic Risk ............................................... 10 

Acute and Chronic Toxicity Comparison with Trifluralin and Ethallluralin ......... 10 

Chronic Risk to Aquatic Animals ........................................ 11 

Chronic risk to freshwater fish .................................... 11 

Chronic risk to aquatic invertebrates ................................ 11 

Chronic risk to estuarine fish ..................................... 11 

Chronic risk to Estuarine Invertebrates .............................. 11 

Acute risk to Aquatic Animals .................................... 11 

Acute risk to freshwater fish ...................................... 12 

Acute risk to aquatic invertebrates .................................. 12 

Acute risk to estuarine fish ....................................... 12 

Acute Risk to Estuarine Invertebrates, .............................. 12 

Risk to Non-Target Plants .............................................. 12 

Risk to Nontarget Terrestrial Plants ................................ 12 

Risks to Nontarget Aquatic Plants ................................. 12 

Characterization of Risk from Benfluralin Use Sites ................................. 13 

Turf .............................................................. 13 

-: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 1 

201 0049 

Text Searchable File
Vineyards. Fruit and Nut Trees. Citrus. Berries . All of which are bearing . Christmas 

Trees. and Non-Agricultural Use Sites .............................. 13 

Alfalfa (Clovers and Trefoils) and Lettuce .................................. 14 

Characterization of Drinking Water Risk ......................................... 14 

GranularBroadcast ................................................... 15 

Incorporated Spray ................................................... 15 

IV . Environmental Fate Assessment .................................................. 16 

Non-incorporateduses ...................................................... 16 

Incorporated Spray Uses .......................................... - .......... 16 

Persistence and Bioaccumulation ............................................... 17 

V . Drinking Water Assessment ...................................................... 18 

Concentrations for Human Health Risk Assessment ........................... 18 

Acute concentration (surface water) ...................................... 18 

Non-cancer chronic concentration (surface water) ............................ 18 

Cancer chronic concentration (surface water) ............................... 18 

Groundwater ....................................................... 18 

Modeling ................................................................. 18 

Results ................................................................... 19 

Groundwater ....................................................... 19 

Surfacewater ....................................................... 19 

Surface Water Monitoring Data ................................................ 20 

Ground Water Monitoring Data ............................................... 21 

VI . Aquatic Exposure and Risk Assessment ............................................ 22 

Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms ................................................ 22 

Endpoints to be used in risk assessment .................................... 22 

Freshwater Fish ..................................................... 22 

Freshwater Invertebrate ................................................ 22 

EstuarineMarineFish ................................................. 22 

EstuarineMarine Invertebrates .......................................... 22 

Aquaticplants ...................................................... 23 

Expected Environmental Concentrations ......................................... 23 

Surfacewater Monitoring and Modeling ................................... 23 

Risk to Nontarget Aquatic Animals ............................................. 24 - 

Risk to Aquatic Plants ....................................................... 27 

W . Terrestrial Exposure and Risk Assessment .......................................... 27 

Endpoints to be used in risk assessment ......................................... 23 

ToxicitytoTemestrialOrganisms .............................................. 27 

Avian ............................................................. 27 

Mammals .......................................................... 28 

Bees .............................................................. 28 

TerrestrialPlants ..................................................... 28 

Exposure of Terrestrial Organisms to Spray Applications ............................ 28 

Exposure of Terrestrial Organisms: Granular Applications ........................... 28 

Risk Quotients from Spray formulations for Birds .................................. 29 

Risk Quotients from Granular Formulations for Birds ............................... 29 

Food-ChainEffects ................................................... 30 

Risk Quotients from Spray Formulations for Mammals .............................. 30 

Benfluralin KEL) Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 2 
Risk Quotients from Granular Formulations for Mammals ............................ 31 

Vm ................................................. . Endangered Species Assessment 32 

Appendix I: Ecological Toxicity Data .................................................. 33 

Toxicity to Terrestrial Animals ................................................ 33 

Toxicity to Freshwater Animals ................................................ 35 

ToxicitytoPlants .......................................................... 39 

Appendix TI: PRZM.EXAMS. GENEEC and SCIGROW Results ............................ 41 

PRZM-EXAMS Scenarios (surface water) ....................................... 41 

Appendix . Aquatic Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs ........................ 43 

Appendix IV: PRZM-EXAMS Drinking Water Results .................................... 69 

GENEEC 2.0 Results for Non-agricultural areas ................................... 97 

SCI-GROW Results for Rights-of-way and Non-agricultural areas ..................... 98 

Appendix V: ELL-Fate Results and Terrestrial Exposure Estimates ........................... 99 

Appendix VI . Chronic Risk -&om Number of Granulars Ingested .......................... 103 

Avian Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin ................................... 103 

Mammal Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin ................................. 104 

Appendix W Fugacity Model for Chronic Risk with Granulars ........................... 105 

Appendix Vm: Exposure and Risk Characterization ..................................... 111 

Appendix IX . Environmental Fate Study summaries .................................... 113 

Physical properties ........................................................ 113 

Laboratory Environmental Fate Studies ......................................... 114 

Appendix X . Degradate Structures ................................................. 122 

Simplified Degradation Pathways ............................................. 134 

Appendix XI: Ecotoxicity Data Requirement Table ...................................... 134 

Appendix XTI . Environmental Fate Data Requirements ................................... 137 

AppendixXm . Bibliography ....................................................... 139 

Appendix XIV . Benfluralin Use Closure Memo ........................................ 144 
I. Environmental Risk Conclusions 

Risk to Terrestrial Animals 

There is cause for concern about reproductive effects in birds and small mammals from labeled uses of 

benfluralin. However, there are currently no approved models for determining chronic exposure from 

granular formulations, so we are unable to quantify this risk. Based on some qualitative assumptions, 

EFED predicts that the potential for chronic risk to birds and small mammals including endangered 

species from granular application is likely. The chronic levels of concern (LOC) are also exceeded for 

birds and small mammals feeding on three types of food items when benfluralin is inadvertently sprayed 

at edges of alfalfa and lettuce fields (transition area). Due to uncertainties in the data, there is reason to 

believe that potential chronic risk to birds may be greater than calculated. 

Unacceptable acute risk to non-endangered and to endangered species of birds and small mammals is 

unlikely, as the LC,, and LD,, endpoints were "greater than" values with no mortalities seen at the 

highest dose. , 

may potentially be at risk. Modeled calculations indicate that there may be a potential 

in birds that consume fish containing benfluralin residues. However, there is 

due to inadequate data. 

Risk to ~reshdater and Estuarine Fish and Invertebrates 

The potential dor reproductive effects is a concern for freshwater and estuarine fish and invertebrates. 

Estimated benhuralin concentrations in water 60 days after treatment with granular benfluralin in the 

range of 9 to 1 h lbs ailacrelseason, exceed the chronic endpoint of 1.9 ppb. The potential for these 

effects from the incorporated uses of benfluralin appear to be unlikely. 

for acute risk to freshwater fish and invertebrates 

from variability in test concentrations as well as tests 

compound. Nevertheless, the PRZM-EXAMS model predicts 

that are above the predicted endangered species LOC of 5 ppb (0.05 x 100 

Since we may be underestimating acute toxicity, it is important 

data on freshwater and estuarine fish and invertebrates in order 

to reduce this 4ncertainty. 

Risk to on-~drget Plants 

Because of ina equate data, there is much uncertainty in the non-target plant risk assessment. The plant 

toxicity studie ! were conducted with technical benfluralin. While these studies showed that the plant 

species tested bere tolerant of technical benfluralin, the uncertainties from the use of a technical active 

ingredient on tkrrestrial plants, versus formulated product, are very great. Adjuvants (e.g., surfactants) 

are normally ubed with herbicides to enhance penetration of the chemical into the plant. It is for this 

reason that the Agency generally requests that terrestrial plant studies be done with formulated products I that have the highest percentage of active ingredient. Therefore, we are requesting that seedling 

emergence an vegetative vigor studies be conducted with a typical end use product. d 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 1 

~~~-_"-.".-~,__I^_- ---- - - --- -7--- - - 

- -- --------- 
11. Introduction 

Problem Formulation 

A literature search was conducted and pertinent data and information were brought into the discussion of 

potential risk to organisms from the use of benfluralin. In addition, the ECOTOX database from 

USEPA/ORD/NHEERL, Mid-Continent Ecology Division was accessed for additional toxicity 

endpoints. 

The following conclusions were drawn from the available information: 

Benfluralin is practically non-toxic to birds and mammals on an acute basis; 

Avian and mammalian reproduction data suggest that mammals and birds may be sensitive to 

benfluralin; 

Exposure to birds and mammals will be greater from the use of granular products than from the spray 

formulation, which is incorporated into the soil. 

Freshwater fish and aquatic invertebrate life stage studies suggest that benfluralin may cause 

reproductive effects in aquatic animals; 

There may be potential food-chain effects as a result of accumulated residues in aquatic organisms; 

Benfluralin is practically non-toxic to bees; 

Since benfluralin is a herbicide, an assumption is made that some non-target plants may be sensitive to 

benfluralin. Data using a formulated product are unavailable, therefore there is uncertainty about the 

extent and magnitude of phytotoxicity; 

The assessment of risks to aquatic and terrestrial organisms will focus on those use sites where granular 

products are used (turf and ornamentals, non-agricultural areas, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, 

vineyards, and berries, Christmas tree farms). This is because these products are usually broadcast on the 

soil surface, which should result in greater exposure to organisms than the soil incorporated liquid spray 

used on alfalfa, lettuce and clovers. 

The assessment of risks to aquatic and terrestrial animals will focus on chronic toxicity, since these 

animals appear to have sensitive chronic endpoints. 

Acute toxicity to aquatic organisms is uncertain. Much of the aquatic toxicity data came from studies 

that were conducted under outdated methods and procedures. Most of the studies were conducted under 

static conditions with dose concentrations several times above the solubility limit. Mortality was 

observed in the studies, though the concentrations resulting in death are uncertain. It is also uncertain 

whether the deaths were the result of the chemical or the undissolved materials clogging the gills of the 

fish. This reduces the usefulness of the data for risk assessment purposes. An attempt was made to 

salvage what useful data could be found in these studies. 

Benfluralin is a member of the dinitroaniline class of herbicides. Two other dinitroaniline herbicides, 

trifluralin and ethalfluralin, have very similar chemical structures to benfluralin. Aquatic toxicity data 

from these two similar chemicals were used to compare with benfluralin data with regards to potential for 

risk to aquatic organisms and the need for additional data. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 2 
Incident Database. 

There is one aquatic animal incident for Benfluralin in the Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS) 

data base. This incident (1006258-001) occurred in 1997. Benfluralin was applied to a lawn up to the 

edge of a pond and rainfall later resulted in a fish kill. 

There are two plant incidents in 1994 in which benfluralin mixed with sulfonylurea herbicides drifted 

over to non-target plants and caused plant damage. 

Use Characterization 

Benfluralin is the dinitroanline herbicide, N-ethyl-N-butyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine 

and an isomer of the herbicide trifluralin. It is a growth inhibiting (mitotic disruptor) herbicide designed 

to control grasses including johnsongrass seedlings, chickweed, lambsquarters, purslane, knotweed, 

clover, pigweed, and plantain. Benfluralin is also registered as an insecticide and for the control of Poa 

annua decline disease (a fungal disease) on turf. 

The structure of Benfluralin is given in Figure 1. 

Figure 1. Structure of benfluralin. 

Benfluralin formulations include: 

60% dry flowable powder for use on turf, alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and lettuce (Balan DF) 

2.5% granule for turf (Balan 2.5G) 

1% granule combined with 1% oryzalin for use on landscape ornamentals, container grown ornamentals, 

ornamental ground covers, established flower beds, warm season turf grasses, nursery stock, ornamental 

bulbs, non-bearing fruit and nut trees, non-bearing vineyards, non-bearing berries, Christmas tree 

plantations, and non-cropland (XL*2G and XL*2GR) 

with fertilizer granules in combination with oryzalin (0.85% each,Excel-S-Plus) or in combination with 

trifluralin (0.61% in SuperTeam*0.92% and 0.82% in SuperTeam*l.25%). 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 3 
Methods of application include broadcast (granules and fertilizer impregnated) and soil incorporation 

(liquid spray) during dormant, pre-plant, pre-transplant, and pre-emergence time periods. 

Benfluralin may be formulated as a co-active ingredient in products containing chlorpyrifos, 2,4-D, 

diazinon, dicamba, oryzalin, oxadiazon, or trifluralin and may also be tank mixed with metolachlor or 

vernam. 

Application rates from the LUIS report of 612012000 are in Table 1 : 

rable 1. Application rates of Benfluralin 

Nonagricultural uncultivated areas 

- (industrial, ROW, fencerow, 

recreation areas) I I I ----- 

Site Name 

Maximum 

Year 

Application Rate (Ib ai/A) 

Ornamental tree, shrubs 1 1 ----- 

Max. 

Single 

Ornamental groundcover 

Typical 

Singlenear 

Christmas Tree I s 1 1 ----- 

I I I 

- 

11.8 ----- 

Non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, 

vineyards, berries 

Turf 

- - 

----- 

I I I 

Alfalfa 3 3 1.1 11.1 

9 3 

Clover, trefoil 

Lettuce 

broadcast 

------ ------ 

Max. Number 

of Applic. per 

Crop 

CycleNear 

- 

0.7 12.0 

1.5 

1.5 

Minimal Interval 

Days of 

Treatment 

3 

3 

1 1 ------ 1 incorporated I 

Application 

Method 

2 

2 

1.5 

1.5 

20,90 

60 

1.1 11.1 

1.2 

broadcast 

broadcast 

60 

56 

1 

Acreage and Poundage of Benfuralin Usage. Data from BEADIOPP for the period 1991-2000 reports 

that 8 - 13 % of the lettuce grown in the U.S. is treated with benfluralin. The greatest agriculture acreage 

treated with benfluralin is alfalfa (44,000 to 108,000 A) and lettuce (23,000 to 33,000 A). Of all use 

sites, the greatest amount of benfluralin used is by lawn care operators (430,000 to 830,000 Ibs). The 

remaining use sites in decreasing acreage are turf (100,000 to 200,000 lbs), landscape (85,000 to 170,000 

Ibs), alfalfa (47,000 to1 12,000 Ibs), and lettuce (42,000 to 79,000 Ibs). 

broadcast 

broadcast 

1 

Geographical Usage Area for Benfuralin. 

------ 

- Turf. The use area for turf and similar use sites is not well-defined, and must include at least the entire 

U.S. east of the Mississippi River. The major use (72% of pounds applied annually from 1991-2000) for 

benfluralin is for turf, landscape, golf courses, and by lawn care operators. The OPPIBEAD Quantitative 

Usage Assessment (51112002) does not give the locations of these uses, except for golf courses. 

DowAgrosciences has stated (S. McMaster, SMART meeting, 1012312002) that the major use area for 

turf (including landscape and lawn care operators) will be in the northeastern U.S., with some use in the 

southeast on warm season turf. 86% of non-golf course turf usage (55,000 1b annual average) is in New 

Jersey, and may represent sod farms. 

- 

incorporated 

----- 

Golf Courses. The major use area for benfluralin on golf courses appears to be in coastal states, 

including states on the Great Lakes. The QUA states that 5.4% of annual usage is on golf courses, with 

60% of that being in TX, SC, PA, NC, MN, and WA. Five of these states are on the coast or have an 

incorporated 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 4 
estuary (PA- Delaware Bay), and the other (MN) is on the Great Lakes. The other 40% of the use on golf 

courses must be divided between other coastal states, and interior states. 

Lettuce. 100% of the estimated usage (43,000 lb. annual average) on head and leaf lettuce is in 

California and Arizona. Leaf and iceberg lettuce are grown in three principal regions in California, with 

the major in the coastal areas of Salinas, Watsonville, and Santa Maria. Spring and fall production 

occurs for brief periods in the San Joaquin Valley. Winter production is primarily in the desert (and 

therefore irrigated with water from the Colorado River), including Yuma and La Paz counties in SW 

Arizona, and Imperial county in California. The coastal counties of Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, San Benito, 

Monterey, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara account for a high percentage of CA production. (Source: 

USDA crop profiles for lettuce in Arizona and head and iceberg lettuce in California). 

Alfalfa. The QUA states that an average of 47,000 lb was used annually on alfalfa from 1991-2000. 

This is 6.6% of total annual usage. Of the 47,000 Ib, 69% was used in CA, MT, NM, CO, WA, and ID. 

The EFED Science Chapter for re-registration of benfluralin will focus on the uses for alfalfa, lettuce, 

turf, berries, nonagricultural uncultivated areas (industrial, Rights of Way, fence row, recreation areas), 

and non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 5 

- - -- I ---- 7--- - -- 
111. Integrated Environmental Risk Characterization. 

Relative Risks-from Granular and Sprav Formulations 

Risks to wildlife are expected to be greater from granular formulations than from spray formulations, as 

explained below. 

Spray formulations are incorporated into the soil before planting or at the time of planting because of the 

volatile nature of benfluralin. Alfalfa and lettuce fields are the only use sites in which benfluralin is 

incorporated into the soil. The spray incorporated lettuce and peanut field dissipation studies show half 

lives of 79 and 62 days, respectively. Benfluralin residues on food items for mammals and birds may be 

more prone to volatilization when exposed above the ground than the half-lives indicate. 

Granular formulations are applied to all of the other use sites, either as impregnated fertilizer or as 

benfluralin granules. A turf field dissipation study showed a benfluralin half-life of 22 days. The 

granules are usually broadcast over the soil (Christmas trees, ornamentals, non-bearing fruit trees, nut 

trees, vineyards, berries, turf, or rights-of-way.) 

It is assumed that benfluralin would volatilize more slowly from granular formulations than from aboveground spray formulations that are on food items. It is also assumed that the granules on the surface are 

more exposed than the spray formulations. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that benfluralin 

exposure to wildlife would be greater from the granular formulations than from the spray formulations. 

In addition, use sites with granular formulations tend to have higher amounts of active ingredient applied 

per acre than the lettuce or alfalfa sites. Therefore, risk to wildlife would be greater from granular 

formulations than from spray formulations. 

Characterization of Terrestrial Risk 

Risk From Granular Applications 

Chronic Risk to Birds and Mammals. EFED is currently unable to quantify chronic risk to birds from 

granular formulations. However, it is reasonable to assume that there is chronic risk to birds (including 

endangered species) for the following reasons: 

1) A NOAEC was not found in the avian reproduction study (MRID 42145502). The 

current endpoint for reproductive effects is the LOAEC of less than 96 ppm. It is 

therefore reasonable to assume that the chronic risk assessment is not conservative. 

Calculations based on average granule size and weight plus the results of the avian 

reproduction study on bobwhite indicate that for the fertilizer blend using benfluralin, 5 

to 6 granules contain the equivalent amount of benfluralin to represent 96 ppm in the 

bobwhite reproduction study. It is reasonable to assume that a bobwhite consumes at 

least 6 granules per day as part of a daily intake of grit since several bird species are 

known to consume <I 8 granules per day. One example is the 20-gram savannah sparrow 

(Passerculus sandwichensis) whose median consumption is 1 1 granules per day. (Fisher 

and Best, 1995). (Calculations are in Appendix VI) 

3) Smaller avian species such as passerines and songbirds (20 - 40 gm) usually are affected 

by smaller amounts of pesticide than the bobwhite quail (230 gm in study) due to lower 

body weight. It is reasonable to assume that there is a greater chronic risk to these birds 

from benfluralin granules than to bobwhite quail. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 6 
4) Over a period of time, the granular formulation will break down in the soil. A fugacity 

model was used to attempt to quantify exposure in the soil to birds. The selection of 

avian weight and food ingestion rates are based on averages, which is not the most 

conservative approach. The table below captures the results of the fugacity model. 

The avian chronic endpoint for benfluralin is less than 96 ppm. The following table shows the 

calculated value in at each of the application rates. 

Table 2 

Based on 

exceeded 

was done 

the fugacity model, the Agency's level of concern for chronic effects to birds is 

. Appendix V contains the assumptions and calculations for the fugacity modeling that 

to ascertain potential for chronic risk to birds. 

5) A field dissipation study on turf using granular benfluralin yielded a half-life of 22 days. 

It is therefore reasonable to assume that sufficient benfluralin concentrations over time 

may exist to chronically affect bobwhite quail. When the fugacity model was run for 20 

weeks, the immediate and 20-week concentrations were the same - soil contribution is 

negligible and the major exposure is from invertebrates. Therefore, we will assume that 

concentration values for 20 weeks also reflect those immediately after application. 

6) Actual chronic effects may be worse, since benfluralin is often combined with other 

dinitroaniline active ingredients, such as trifluralin and oryzalin, which may have similar 

toxicity and modes of action in birds. 

However, there are uncertainties built into this assumption of potential risk to birds. Other exposure 

routes for terrestrial organisms include dermal exposure from puddles, water ingestion, and preening. 

The fugacity model does not take into account depuration of the food items. 

Chronic Risk to Mammals. EFED is currently unable to quantify chronic risk to mammals from granular 

formulations. However, it is reasonable to assume that there is chronic risk to mammals (including 

endangered species) for the following reasons: 

1) The rat reproductive endpoint (NOAEC) is 7.2 mglkg-bwlday (100 ppm) (MRID 

43628701). Calculations based on average granule size and weight plus the results of a 

2-generation rat reproductive study indicate that for the fertilizer blend using benfluralin, 

from one to seven granules contain the equivalent amount of benfluralin to represent 100 

ppm for meadow vole, common mole, and least shrew. It is reasonable to assume that 

the small mammals consume at least 1 to 7 granules per day as part of a daily inadvertent 

intake from granules attached to food items (soil invertebrates and seeds), licking fur, 

and soil ingestion. Some mammals are known to ingest soil. For example, Beyer et al. 

(1994) reported that soil composes up to 15% of the diet of white-footed mice 

(Peromyscus leucopus). 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 7 
2) Over a period of time, the granular formulation will break down in the soil. A fugacity 

model was used to attempt to quantify exposure from the soil and invertebrates to small 

mammals. The selections of a mammalian weight and a food ingestion rate were based 

on averages, which is not the most conservative approach. The table below captures the 

results of the fugacity model. 

The mammalian chronic endpoint for benfluralin is 5 mglkg-bwlday. The following table shows 

the calculated value at each of the application rates. 

Table 3 

Based on the fugacity model, the Agency's level of concern for chronic effects to small mammals 

is exceeded. Appendix VII has the assumptions and calculations for the fugacity model that was 

used to ascertain potential for chronic risk to birds. 

3) A field dissipation study on turf using granular benfluralin yielded a half-life of 22 days. 

It is therefore reasonable to assume that sufficient benfluralin concentrations over time 

may exist to chronically affect small mammals. When the fugacity model was run for 20 

weeks, the immediate and 20-week concentrations were the same - soil contribution is 

negligible and the major exposure is from invertebrates. Therefore, we will assume that 

concentration values for 20 weeks also reflect those immediately after application. 

4) Actual chronic effects may be worse, since benfluralin is often combined with other 

dinitroaniline active ingredients, such as trifluralin and oryzalin, which may have similar 

toxicity and modes of action in small mammals. 

J --,?$$$ dwt - 

!Ik;+: I:l..s&iil &deG1!'~lb &/Az 

Uncertainties in Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin. Estimating long term exposure from granular 

applications is difficult, since the granules are not expected to remain intact over extended periods. The 

chemical is expected to become distributed in the soil or grass leaf as the granules break down. 

b*"" 

alb.ai/~ 

6 1 

7 0 

Acute Risk to Birds and Mammals. Because there are no mortalities at the highest concentration tested 

(LD>2000 mg/kg), and the chemical is considered to be practically non-toxic to birds and mammals on 

an acute basis. The likelihood of acute risk to non-endangered and endangered species of birds and 

mammals is low. 

31 

3.7 

Deer Mouse Oral Dose 

(mgkg-bwlday) 

Food-Chain Effects. 

'4 i I' 

9 Olb d/A 

9 1 

10 5 

I cm 

7.6 cm 

Benfluralin residues may bioconcentrate (BCF = 1,580) in fish near high benfluralin use areas such as 

non-agricultural sites or orchards. Fish-eating birds that consume fish containing 30 to 48 ppm (North 

Carolina apple scenario) benfluralin residues may suffer chronic effects (NOAEC < 96 ppm). The risk 

quotient (0.3 to 0.5) for birds eating benfluralin-contaminated fish is uncertain, due to the uncertainty in 

the chronic no-effect concentration for birds (NOAEC < 96 ppm), and due to the uncertainty of the water 

concentrations estimated by PRZM-EXAMS. The RQ may be lower if actual water concentrations are 

lower, but may be higher if the NOAEC proves to be much lower when new data are submitted. Based 

on the data in hand, it is reasonable to conclude that benfluralin exposure in fish-eating birds (in use 

areas such as non-agricultural areas, rights-of- way, or orchards) may approach levels causing chronic 

toxicity. A valid avian reproduction study is needed to reduce the uncertainty of this risk. 

-s?"&F- * 

LI~;?~/A 

120 

14 0 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 8 
Fugacity calculations (Appendix VII) indicate that earthworms may accumulate concentrations of 

benfluralin approximately fifteen (15) times what is found in the soil. For instance, the earthworm will 

accumulate 180 ppm of benfluralin from soil containing 12 ppm (Table VII-B). These concentrations are 

well above the concentrations required to cause chronic effects in mammals and birds that consume 

earthworms. 

Risk From Incorporated Spray Applications (Alfalfa and Lettuce). 

Chronic Risk to Birds. The chronic RQ values for birds exposed to benfluralin used on alfalfa and 

lettuce exceed the Level of Concern (LOC). Because the no-effect level is a "less than" value of 96 ppm, 

the actual risks may be greater than the RQs indicate. The endpoints in these tests were egg set, percent 

eggs cracked, etc., indicating that reproduction may be adversely affected. It is reasonable to assume 

exposure to birds from an incorporated application because, a) inadvertent residues may be found on 

food items at the edge of field from tractor turns, b) residues may be found on soil invertebrate food 

items, and c) residues may be found on soil and in puddles. Chronic risk to birds (including endangered 

species) cannot be ruled out. 

Chronic Risk to Mammals. The chronic LOC for small mammals feeding on short grass, broadleaf 

plants/insects, and tall grassllarge insects near alfalfa and lettuce fields is exceeded. It is reasonable to 

assume exposure to mammals from incorporated application because, a) inadvertent residues may be 

found on food items at the edge of field from tractor turns, b) residues may be found on soil invertebrate 

food items, licking soiled fur, and c) residues may be found on soil and in puddles. Chronic risk to small 

mammals (including endangered species) cannot be ruled out. 

Uncertainties in Chronic Risk from Spray Auulication. There is uncertainty in the chronic risk 

assessment for birds and mammals from spray application for the following reasons, 1) benfluralin is 

volatile and degrades rapidly in the presence of light. It is uncertain how long sufficient amounts of 

benfluralin residues may exist on plant surfaces to cause chronic effects. 2) The inadvertent foliar 

exposure area is expected to be only at the edge of the field from tractor turns. It is uncertain as to how 

much benfluralin is inadvertently sprayed on plants at edge of the field. 3) The exposure area is an 

inadvertent area that may have minimal residues. These uncertainties may overestimate the amount of 

exposure to small mammals and birds. However, chronic risk to small mammals and birds (including 

endangered species) cannot be ruled out. 

Acute risk to Birds and Mammals. Unacceptable acute risk to non-endangered and endangered birds and 

mammals from exposure to benfluralin near alfalfa and lettuce fields is unlikely. The likelihood of acute 

risk is very low because benfluralin is practically non-toxic on acute basis and no mortalities were 

observed at the highest dose tested (4360 ppm). 

Risk to Bees. Unacceptable acute risk to bees is not likely since benfluralin is non-toxic to bees. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 9 
Characterization of Aquatic Risk 

Acute and Chronic Toxicity Comparison with Trzjluralin and EthalJluralin 

The risk assessment for aquatic and estuarine/marine animals (fish and invertebrates) is incomplete, due 

to the lack of core acute and chronic toxicity data on technical benfluralin. The following data gaps are 

identified: 

rn Acute toxicity of technical on bluegill and trout - there are supplemental data which have 

a degree of uncertainty rn Acute toxicity of technical on Daphnia magna . Acute toxicity of technical on oyster • Acute toxicity of technical on sheepshead minnow • Chronic toxicity of technical on sheepshead minnow 

Chronic toxicity of technical on mysid shrimp 

Because of uncertain aquatic toxicity data, alternative methods were used to ascertain the potential for 

acute and chronic risk to aquatic species. One method was to analyze the data from other very similar 

dinitroaniline herbicides, trifluralin and ethalfluralin. There are some similarities in aquatic toxicity data 

between trifluralin, ethalfluralin, and benfluralin. There are uncertainties in this approach - the solubility 

for benfluralin (100 ppb) is one-third that of trifluralin and ethalfluralin (300 ppb). This may affect the 

amount of exposure in water bodies and perhaps the toxicity of the chemical to the organisms. Another 

uncertainty is that the toxicity of other herbicides may not accurately reflect similar trends of toxicity of 

benfluralin. Table 4 provides a comparison of acute and chronic toxicity data for benfluralin, trifluralin 

and ethalfluralin. 

Table 4: Com~arative Eco Toxicitv Data Among. Similar Dinitroanline herbicides 

Trout 

Bluegill 

Sheepshead Minnow 

Fathead minnow 

Daphnia magna 

oyster 

shrimp 

288 (19.9 %) 

420 (20.1 %) 

- - 

Chronic NOAEC (ppb) 

NIA 

NIA 

2180(20.1%) 

NIA 

NIA 

Trout 1.9 (ELS) 

' Sheepshead Minnow 

Fathead minnow 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 10 

81 

69.7 

0.4 (ELS) " 1.14 (ELS) l3 

Daphnia magna 

NIA 

NIA 

NIA 

NIA 

43 

NIA 

N/A 

NIA 

210 (36.5 % ai) 

1 MRID 40094602, 2 MRID 42449901, 3 MRID 40098001, 4 MRID 42449902, 5 MRID 94769, 6 MRID 41613904, 7 MRID 41613905, 

8 MRID41613906, 9 MRID42176401, 10 MRID 42176402, 11 MRID41994901, 12MRID 42930101, 13 MRID 41386202, 

14 MRID 05008271, 15 MRID 94770, 16 MRID 135183 

15.5 (supplemental due to loss of 

neonates in control population) 

N/A 

NIA 

18.1 (36.5 % ai) lo 

N/A 

NIA 

NIA 

NIA 

37 l6 

32 

4.8 (ELS) 

1.9 (full life stage) l4 

24 " 

240 

NIA 

60 l5 

loo7 

230 

2.4 l4 

10(46%ai)' 

NIA 

41' 

58 

N/A 

N/A 

NIA 

N/A 

NIA 

190 ' 

105 

560 

96 

37 ' 
Chronic data for the three herbicides are similar, especially for the trout early life stage study. The 

supplemental daphnia chronic toxicity test for benfluralin (NOAEC 15.5 ppb) appears to be between that 

of trifluralin (2.4 ppb) and ethalfluralin (24 ppb). The table does tell us that in most cases, the chronic 

endpoint may be in the low parts-per-billion range, where the chronic levels of concern have potential to 

be exceeded. This would indicate the need for chronic data to assess chronic risk. 

Chronic Risk to Aquatic Animals 

Chronic risk to freshwater fish. Adverse reproductive effects to freshwater fish from benfluralin appear 

likely, because the NOAEC from the early life stage (ELS) test is very low (1.9 ppb), and because 

modeled aquatic EECs are above 1.9 ppb for long periods of time (GA peaches, 60-day average EEC 2.3 

ppb; FL citrus, 90-day average EEC 2.6 ppb; NC apples, 365-day average EEC 2.6 ppb). Since 

benfluralin is often combined with other dinitroaniline herbicides that have similar effects (length and 

weight of larvae) in the fish early life stage test, at similar levels (trifluralin NOAEC = 1.14 ppb), the 

adverse chronic reproductive effects appear to be even more likely for freshwater fish. 

Chronic risk to aquatic invertebrates. Adverse reproductive effects to aquatic invertebrates appear likely 

from the use on non-agricultural land, because the NOAEC from the supplemental Daphnia magna life 

cycle test is low (15.5 ppb), and because GENEEC modeled aquatic EECs are above this concentration 

for a long time (21-day average of 22.5 ppb from single application and 37.2 ppb from two applications). 

Since benfluralin is often combined with other dinitroaniline herbicides that have similar effects 

(trifluralin NOAEC = 2.4 ppb, ethalfuralin NOAEC = 24 ppb), the chronic reproductive effects are even 

more likely to adversely affect freshwater fish. However, there are some uncertainties in this conclusion. 

The negative control in Daphnia life cycle study appeared to have far less neonates due to loss of 

neonates from the unusual test design. This creates much uncertainty as to what the actual control 

population is which creates much uncertainty on the reproductive effect from exposure to benfluralin. 

Since the controls were affected, there may be more chronic sensitivity of Daphnids exposed to 

benfluralin than the faulty test study indicates. It is worthwhile to note that the Daphnia NOAEC for 

trifluralin is 2.4 ppb, which may indicate that potentially, the benfluralin chronic NOAEC may also be 

very low. Uncertainties in the Daphnia life cycle study appear to underestimate the potential chronic risk 

to aquatic invertebrates. An updated Daphnia life cycle study will reduce much of this uncertainty. 

Chronic risk to estuarine fish. Chronic risk to estuarine fish from benfluralin exposure can not be 

assessed due to lack of data. Table 4 shows that trifluralin, in an early life-stage study of a sheepshead 

minnow, has a NOAEC of 4.8 ppb. GENEEC modeled aquatic EECs are above this NOAEC 

concentration for long periods of time (two applications to nonagricultural areas, 60-day average EEC 

37.2 ppb). Since the primary use of benfluralin is on turf, and that turf sites are near many important 

estuaries, an early life stage study on sheepshead minnow is important for determining chronic risk to 

estuarine fish from benfluralin exposure. 

Chronic risk to Estuarine Invertebrates. There are no chronic estuarine aquatic invertebrate data for any 

of the closely related dinitroaniline herbicides (benfluralin, trifluralin, ethalfluralin). EFED is unable to 

assess chronic risk to estuarine invertebrates. 

Acute Risk to Aquatic Animals 

There is much uncertainty in assessing the potential for acute risk to freshwater fish and invertebrates 

due to uncertain toxicity data. Toxicity data from closely related dinitroaniline herbicides indicates that 

the formulated products tend to be less toxic than the technical active ingredient. The aquatic animal 

LD,,s for formulated benfluralin products are greater than the limits of solubility (100 ppb). 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 11 
The aquatic studies submitted to the Agency show mortality at several of the higher concentrations. If 

one assumes that the LC,, value for aquatic invertebrates is at the level of solubility (100 ppb), and there 

are mortalities at higher concentrations, then the Agency's Level of Concern for endangered aquatic 

invertebrate species (0.05) would be at 5 ppb (100 x 0.05). The PRZM-EXAMS model predicts 

environmental concentrations above the LOC of 5 ppb for endangered species. Therefore, it is important 

that the Agency receives updated toxicity data on freshwater invertebrates. 

Acute risk to freshwater fish. Although there are benfluralin data for trout and bluegill, there is much 

uncertainty associated with the data due to the way the studies were conducted. The supplemental 

benfluralin bluegill study shows the LC,, to be 69.7 ppb. Using this value, the LOC for acute risk and for 

endangered species is exceeded for non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards & berries, and nonagricultural use sites. 

Acute risk to aquatic invertebrates. There are no available toxicity data for daphnids. Acute Daphnia 

data in Table 4 for the two closely related dinitroaniline herbicides, trifluralin and ethalfluralin, suggest 

that the benfluralin Daphnia LC,, may be higher than the freshwater fish LC,,. Since the LOC has been 

exceeded for endangered species of fish, we can assume that the LOC may be exceeded for endangered 

species of aquatic invertebrates. Updated acute toxicity data for the Daphnia magna are needed to 

conduct a risk assessment for freshwater invertebrates. 

Acute risk to estuarine fish. There are no adequate acute toxicity data (technical grade) available to 

conduct a risk assessment for estuarine fish. Since the major use site of benfluralin (turf) is near many 

important estuaries, a risk assessment for estuarine fish is valuable. Acute toxicity data are needed to 

conduct this risk assessment. 

Acute Risk to Estuarine Invertebrates. Acute risk to estuarine invertebrates is likely as a result of the use 

of granular benfluralin on non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards & berries, and non-agricultural use 

sites. The endangered species LOC (0.05) is exceeded for all granular uses. 

Risk to Non-Target Plants 

Risk to Nontarget Terrestrial Plants We are unable to assess risk to non-target plants due to a lack of 

toxicity data. Terrestrial plant phytotoxicity data were submitted for technical benfluralin only. These 

data showed that non-target plants will not be at risk from spray drift and runoff. However, there is great 

uncertainty in this conclusion because the data were based on the technical active ingredient and not the 

formulated product, which contains the adjuvants that are necessary for the chemical to be biologically 

available to nontarget terrestrial plants. Adjuvants, such as surfactants and other chemicals, are 

frequently used so that penetration of the active ingredient into the plant can take place. Phytotoxicity 

data using the typical end use product is needed to assess risk to nontarget plants. 

Plant toxicity data from two closely related dinitroanline herbicides, ethalfluralin and trifluralin, were 

examined and found to be incomplete. As in the case with benfluralin, the plant species were tested with 

the technical active ingredient, not a typical end use product. The results show that plant species are 

tolerant of the non-formulated herbicides. There are outstanding plant data requirements for trifluralin 

and ethalfluralin. The severity and spectrum of non-target plant risk from benfluralin is very uncertain 

without additional data. 

Risks to Nontaraet Aquatic Plants. We are unable to assess risk to non-target aquatic plants due to a lack 

of toxicity data. Only data on Selenastrum capricornutum were submitted, which showed the EC,, to be 

greater than the solubility limit. Data on four additional species are needed to complete the data set for a 

screening level risk assessment. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 12 
Characterization of Risk from Benfluralin Use Sites 

TurJ: Turf use sites are many and varied across the U.S. All of the benfluralin applied to turf-type use 

areas (turf, landscapes, lawns, golf courses) is formulated as fertilizer granules. The reason for this is to 

reduce volatilization. Benfluralin granules are applied on the fairways of golf courses, but not the putting 

greens. The fairways constitute the largest turf area of golf courses. Eighty percent of these granules are 

formulated with a second active ingredient, which is most often another dinitroaniline herbicide such as 

trifluralin (in 2: 1 ratio) or oryzalin (1 : 1 ratio). Approximately 34% of the fertilizer granule market 

applied by lawn care operators has benfluralin (S. McMaster, SMART meeting, 10/23/2002). 

Because of the amount of benfluralin used for turf and the widespread use of benfluralin on turf 

nationally, the largest direct benfluralin granule exposure to birds may come from turf use sites including 

golf courses. The application of benfluralin to turf is made in the spring during the time of greatest avian 

reproductive activity. The chronic LOC for small birds and mammals (including endangered species) 

appears to be exceeded from exposure on turf sites. Therefore, turf use sites may pose the greatest risk to 

birds from benfluralin. 

Run-off to water bodies is expected from use in urban and suburban areas (such as the turf-type uses) 

because of the large area percentage of paved surfaces and direct conduits to water bodies. The run-off is 

most often directed via storm sewers to local streams and lakes. Thus, contamination of water bodies in 

urban and suburban use areas is likely. For instance, treatment of home lawns is known to be a 

significant contributor to contamination of streams and lakes in urban and suburban areas. 

The acute LOC for endangered species of fish and estuarinelmarine invertebrates is exceeded. Based on 

the foregoing characterization of the use on turf-type areas, we believe it is likely that these organisms 

will be exposed to benfluralin if they inhabit water bodies near urban and suburban areas. It is also likely 

that these endangered organisms will be simultaneously exposed to trifluralin or oryzalin, as well as 

benfluralin, resulting in an increased potential of risk. Most of the benfluralin usage on golf courses 

appears to be in states bordering estuaries and the Great Lakes. Therefore, the potential for exposure of 

benfluralin from golf courses to estuarinelmarine invertebrates is of particular concern, especially since 

there are numerous golf courses located near estuaries. 

Vineyards, Fruit and Nut Trees, Citrus, Berries - All of which are bearing. Christmas Trees, and NonAgricultural Use Sites. 

On average, non-bearing fruit and nut trees and vineyards remain non-bearing for the first 4 to 6 years of 

life. They are found in nurseries as well as established orchards. Berries are varied and range from 

caneberries to strawberries, blueberries, currants, gooseberries and others. Christmas trees are conifers 

that are usually grown up to 6 years. These groups of plants can be found in every state and are grown in 

diverse soils and conditions. Much of the production of the fruits, berries, and vineyards are in 

mountains and hills of all the regions in the U.S., although there is some acreage grown in agricultural 

level soils. Citrus production is mostly limited to Florida, California, and Texas. One common 

characteristic (except for the Christmas trees) of these sites is that the plants are small, young and 

provide an open type of habitat in areas where they are planted. Wildlife is known to frequent areas of 

fruit trees and berries and other sites. Non-agricultural sites such as rights-of-way are transitional 

meadow-areas with heavy frequency of wildlife use. Unacceptable acute risk to mammals and birds is 

unlikely but reproductive or chronic risk to small mammals and birds have not been ruled out from all of 

these sites. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 13 

----- ---- - -- ------ - - - - - - 
Due to the lack of usage data at these sites, it is difficult to determine the magnitude of potential chronic 

risk that benfluralin may pose to birds and mammals. However one can assume that at the most, there is 

about 199,000 lbs ai per year in these use sites (BEAD 5/14/02 QUA for Benfluralin; 1,602,000 lbs total 

- 1,402,000 lbs other than these use sites). If average application of 3 lb ai/A will be assumed, then about 

470,000 acres maximum would be the result of most acreage used per year for all of the non-bearing 

fruits, nuts and berries, non-agriculture and Christmas trees sites in the U.S. The potential magnitude of 

such use may be great. However, there is uncertainty in these assumptions in that the BEAD QUA report 

may not be able to accurately reflect usage in these sites. 

Application of benfluralin granules will be during times of avian and mammalian reproductive activity. 

Therefore, potential reproductive risk to birds and mammals at these sites can be likely. 

These use sites also are near freshwater bodies and estuaries. Runoff from the use sites has exceeded 

acute LOCs for freshwater fish and estuarine animals. It is likely that such runoff can reach estuaries and 

freshwater bodies. 

Alfalfa (Clovers and Trefoils) and Lettuce. Benfluralin is incorporated in alfalfa and lettuce fields. All 

of the benfluralin use for lettuce is in CA and AZ. The largest production of the winter lettuce crop is 

located in the Yuma, AZ area near the CA state line. This area has very good control of runoff. 

Benfluralin is applied in the fall in this area. Although there may be some reproductive RQ exceedances 

for birds on food items, it is not likely that there is unacceptable reproductive risk to birds since the time 

of benfluralin application is not at time where most birds have a lot of reproductive activity. 

Most (69%) of the benfluralin that is incorporated in alfalfa fields is located in arid western states. In 

these states, the alfalfa is usually under irrigation. If one uses the typical rate of application for alfalfa 

(1.1 lb ai/A), the amount of benfluralin applied in alfalfa acreage in the six large western states would be 

about 29,500 acres (47,000 lb ailyr x 0.69 +- 1.1 lb ai/A). The remaining 13,300 acres are in other parts 

of the U.S. Thus, the magnitude of the acreage affected is not great. Chronic LOC for birds feeding on 

benfluralin residues on food items at edge of field are exceeded. The culture practices of alfalfa dictate 

that benfluralin would be incorporated only once every 3 to 6 years depending on the yield of alfalfa 

fields. Exposure of the birds to benfluralin would occur during avian reproductive activity. The food 

items having benfluralin would be limited to edge of fields where tractors may have inadvertently 

sprayed on some foliage during their turning as well as any soil invertebrates in the soil. It seems that 

there may be limited plant food items bearing benfluralin residues for wildlife. 

Characterization of Drinking Water Risk 

There is some risk of drinking water contamination by benfluralin or its degradates. However, the 

available monitoring data, which are for the parent only, indicate that surface and ground water 

contamination is rare. In the San Joaquin Valley, where benfluralin is used on lettuce and alfalfa, the 

detection rate was 2% and concentrations were below 0.1 ppb (USGS Circular 1 159, Water Quality in 

the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California, 1992-5). There is also some possibility that benfluralin could 

be mistaken for its more widely used isomer trifluralin in monitoring programs. 

Concentrations of pesticides in surface drinking water are estimated using the tier 11 model PRZMEXAMS. The EXAMS scenario models the drinking water reservoir at Shipman, Illinois, which is 

known to be vulnerable to contamination. The PRZM-EXAMS drinking water analysis was done for 

parent benfluralin only. However, it is more likely that the photodegradates rather than the parent will be 

found in surface water, since aqueous photolysis is so rapid, and since the parent binds so strongly to 

sediment. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 14 
Granular Broadcast. The granular broadcast uses cause the greatest concern for surface drinking; water 

contamination, since the top three use categories by pounds used are lawn care, turf, and landscape. The 

ill-defined and potentially wide-spread use area for these three use categories make it more likely that 

some surface drinking water source will become contaminated. The broadcast application method leaves 

chemical on the surface of the ground and makes it available for run-off. The modeled drinking water 

concentrations were highest for several granular use sites with 9 to12 lblacre application rates. 

Ground water contamination from the granular broadcast method of application is not likely, because 

degradation and volatilization at the surface are more rapid than soil metabolism and leaching. 

Incorporated Spray. The two incorporated spray uses (lettuce and alfalfa) are of less concern for surface 

water contamination because the application rates are lower and soil incorporation limits both 

volatilization and run-off. Also, since alfalfa is generally not planted every year (a crop may be planted 

every three to six years or so), there is less chance for contamination of water. The risk of contamination 

from the use on lettuce is limited to the lettuce-growing areas of California and Arizona. The major 

source of drinking water in this area is the Colorado River. Benfluralin may be more rapidly photolyzed 

and volatilized in these southern latitudes, further reducing the risk of contamination. Irrigation run-off 

in Imperial County, California flows in part to the Salton Sea, which is not used as a source of drinking 

water. 

Ground water contamination by parent benfluralin from soil-incorporated sprays is unlikely due to its 

immobility in soil. However, ground water contamination by the mobile phenolic degradate B 12 is more 

likely because the incorporated spray application method may promote leaching by mixing the chemical 

deeper in the soil. 

Benfluralln RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 15 

-%hM*-a-- -----=- --= ------ -- - -- - -- - -.- -". - -- - - -- - -. - 
IV. Environmental Fate Assessment 

Table 5 summarizes the fate properties of benfluralin. Structures of the principal degradates are given in 

Appendix X. 

Table 5: Fate Pro~ertv Surnmarv for Benfluralin 

Fate parameter Half-life or Value 

I I Hydrolysis I stable I 

I Aqueous Photolysis I 5.5 to 9.9 hours I 

I Soil Photolysir I 12.5 days I 

I Aerobic Soil Metabolism I 20 to 86 days I 

I Anaerobic Soil Metabolism 1 12days I 

I Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism I 38 hours I 

I ~dsomtion-Desorption, batch I Koc 9840 to 11,660 Lkg I 

I Adsorption-Desorption, column leaching I Parent immobile; I312 leaches I 

Atmospheric Oxidation 1 1.5 hours (structure-activity estimate) 

I 

1 Fish Bioconcentration 1 BCF 1580 mL/e I 

Field Dissipation half-life 

Non-incorporated Uses. The fastest transformation process for benfluralin is photolysis in water (9.9- 

hour half-life). Oxidation by hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (estimated half-life on the order of 10 

hours) is rapid. Given benfluralin's tendency to volatilize, oxidation in the atmosphere has the potential 

to be a major fate process; the degradates will be similar to those from aqueous photolysis. (We were not 

able to model this process in PRZM-EXAMS.) Volatilization may be important for non-soilincorporated uses such as granular applications to turf. However, the formulation of benfluralin as 

granules is intended to suppress volatilization, so this process may only be important if the granules 

disintegrate quickly. 

CA lettuce 79 days (spray incorp) 

GA peanuts 62 days (spray incorp) 

CA turf 22 days (granular broadcast) 

The metabolism of the fraction remaining in the soil can be relatively fast (20-day half-life) to relatively 

slow (86-day half-life), and does not result in any major degradates. A field dissipation study on turf 

gave a half-life of 22 days in soil. Soil photolysis (12%-day half-life) may also contribute to the 

dissipation of benfluralin from soil, and results in the same set of degradates as aqueous photolysis, but 

in different proportions. 

Parent benfluralin is not expected to leach to ground water. Degradate B 12, a phenol, was formed at 

about 6% of parent in the soil metabolism study, and is a potential ground water contaminant. The only 

major (> 10% of parent) degradates are due to photolysis in water and soil, and anaerobic metabolism. 

The first two anaerobic metabolites (B36 and B37) are reduction products, and could be re-oxidized to 

the parent upon desorption from bottom sediments. 

Incorporated Sprav Uses. Volatilization and run-off will be lesser factors in soil-incorporated uses of 

benfluralin. Soil metabolism (20 to 86-day half-life) will be the major fate process in soil-incorporated 

uses. Field dissipation studies in lettuce and peanuts yielded half-lives of 79 and 62 days, respectively. 

The agreement of the field half-lives with the laboratory values indicates the importance of soil 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 16 
metabolism as a fate process for incorporated uses. The only major (>lo% of parent) degradates are due 

to photolysis. 

Persistence and Bioaccumulation. Based on its measured bioaccumulation factor in whole fish (1 580), 

parent benfluralin is considered to be bioaccumulative. Its half-lives in terrestrial field dissipation 

studies (22, 62, and 79 days) indicate that benfluralin is borderline persistent in soil, where a half-life of 

60 days or greater is considered persistent. The short estimated half-life of benfluralin in air (< '/z day), 

however, indicates that it may not be persistent in air (where a half-life of >2 days is considered 

persistent). Long-range transport of benfluralin may therefore not be a problem, depending on the total 

mass used; however its isomer trifluralin has been listed as a PBT (persistent, bioaccumulative, and 

toxic) compound by EPA's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) program, with an annual reporting threshold 

of 100 pounds per year (64 FR 58666, Oct. 29, 1999). Benfluralin itself was also proposed for inclusion 

on the TRI list (59 FR 1788, Jan. 12, 1994). 

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Env~ronmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 17 

-- "% I -- -" -- - - ------- 
V. Drinking Water Assessment 

This section provides Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for drinking water for the use of 

benfluralin on alfalfa in five states, on turf in Pennsylvania and Florida, on Oregon Christmas tree farms, 

and, to represent Non-bearing agricultural areas, Georgia peaches, California almonds, Florida citrus, 

North Carolina apples, Oregon apples, Oregon berries, and Oregon hazelnuts (filberts). We have not 

calculated EECs for use on lettuce, because currently we have no approved PRZM scenarios for lettuce. 

The ground water assessment was done for the use on rights-of-way or non-agricultural areas, as this use 

has the maximum annual use rate (12 Iblacre). 

In all cases, the results are for parent benfluralin only. The degradates most likely to be found in surface 

water sources are the photolysis products (LY-48800, LY-51783, LY-50030, LY-65138, LY-67255, LY274766). See Appendix VII for structures. The most likely degradate to be found in ground water 

sources is B12, a phenol (See Appendix X for structure). 

The modeled scenario is for a small reservoir such as the one at Shipman City, Illinois. Concentrations 

in flowing water bodies or larger reservoirs are likely to be lower due to dilution and transport. 

The modeling was done with the EFED shell for PRZM-EXAMS, version pe3 .ply which was the 

officially approved version at the time. The later approved version of the EFED shell, pe4.pl, gives 

results that are approximately 10% higher in all cases. 

Volatility was not modeled in the drinking water analysis, because incorporation of spray applications 

and use of granular formulations are both intended to suppress volatilization. Modeling of volatility with 

EFED shell version pe4.pl confirms that there is no reduction of water concentrations for incorporated 

spray applications (alfalfa), as expected. For granular formulations, modeling of volatility would result 

in considerable reductions in water concentrations. The results presented, however, do not account for 

volatilization because the granular formulation is intended to suppress this process. 

Concentrations for Human Health Risk Assessment 

Acute concentration (surface water). The highest (90" percentile) acute concentration was for North 

Carolina apples (61 ppb), followed by Georgia peaches (38 ppb) and Florida citrus (26 ppb). All of these 

scenarios were granular applications, at 3 lb ailacre, applied three times at 60-day intervals. 

Non-cancer chronic concentration (surface water). The highest (90" percentile, 1 -in- 10 year) chronic 

concentration is 3.5 ppb (NC apples), followed by 2.0 ppb (FL citrus) and 1.4 ppb (GA peaches). 

Cancer chronic concentration (surface water). The mean of the 25 or 30 yearly 90th percentile 

concentrations is used for cancer risk assessment. The highest results were 2.3 ppb (NC apples) followed 

by 1.5 ppb (FL citrus) and 0.85 ppb (GA peaches). 

Ground Water. Acute, chronic and cancer chronic concentrations for ground water are calculated with 

the Tier 1 model SCI-GROW. The calculated concentration is 0.07 ppb for the use on rights-of-way. 

Modeling 

The PRZM-EXAMS modeling for surface water was conducted in accordance with the policy established 

in a November 6,2002 memorandum from Steven Bradbury, Director of EFED. This includes PRZM 

version 3.12, EXAMS version 2.98.04, and EFED shell version 1.2 (pe3.pl). 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 18 
The major pathway for contamination of surface water for spray applications appears to be spray drift 

(alfalfa and other incorporated spray uses). For turf and other granular uses, higher application rates and 

multiple applications result in higher drinking water concentrations than for incorporated spray uses, 

despite the lack of spray drift. 

The degradation processes modeled included soil metabolism and aqueous photolysis. Degradation in 

bottom sediments of water bodies was not modeled, because two of the major degradates from the 

anaerobic aquatic metabolism study (B36 and B37) are merely reduction products of the parent, and 

could be re-oxidized to the parent. No aerobic aquatic metabolism study was submitted; based on 

benfluralin's stability to hydrolysis and the relatively long soil half-life input parameter (65 days), it was 

considered stable in aerobic water-sediment systems. Thus, to a large degree, the sediments are acting as 

a reservoir for the parent compound. An aerobic aquatic metabolism study (guideline 162-4) would help 

to clarify this issue. 

A degradation pathway that is not accounted for in the drinking water analysis is photo-oxidation by 

hydroxyl radicals in air (benfluralin is known to have significant volatility). This is expected to be a 

rapid process (half-life on the order of hours), and to produce degradates LY-48800 (B35), LY-51783 

(B34) and LY-50030, all of which are dealkylation products. The former two products may also feed 

back into the aqueous photolysis pathway upon deposition of the spray drift/volatilized chemical to 

water, ultimately yielding LY-65 138, LY-67255, and LY-274766 (all benzimidazoles). 

Ground water modeling was performed with the Tier 1 model SCI-GROW version 2.2. Input parameters 

are as follows: application rate, 12 lblacre (rights-of-way); applications per year, 1; median soil KO,, 

10750; average soil metabolic half-life, 49 days. The values for KO, and half-life were taken from the 

same studies as in Table II-B, Appendix 11. 

Results. Details of the PRZM-EXAMS modeling, with complete outputs are given in Appendix 11. The 

results are summarized here. 

Ground Water. The calculated result from SCI-GROW is 0.07 ppb for rights-of-way. This number is to 

be used for both acute and chronic risk assessments. Parent benfluralin is not expected to leach due to its 

high Koc (10,750 Llkg), and the soil column leaching and field studies support this expectation. The 

very low concentration predicted by SCI-GROW (0.07 ppb) indicates that benfluralin is not likely to be 

detected at all in ground water. 

The highest concentration (5.7% of applied) degradate seen in the soil metabolism studies (B12, a 

phenol) was also noted in the leachate from the aged soil column leaching study (at 1 to 3% of applied). 

B 12 is thus mobile and a potential ground water contaminant. Based on its structure (a phenol with two 

nitro groups), it is possible that B12 will be an anion under normal environmental conditions, and 

therefore more mobile than the structure of the neutral compound would indicate. 

Surface Water. The following results for surface water were obtained (Table 6). The EECs represent the 

upper 90' percent confidence limit on the concentrations obtained over a time period of 196 1 to 1990 or 

1965 to 1990. The EECs represent raw drinking water, before treatment in a drinking water plant. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 19 

------- - I - -."------- - - ----- 
Table 6. One-in-Ten Year Return Frequency EECs for Benfluralin (Drinking Water, surface), parts-ver-billion. 

I ALFALFA I 

Wlth Percent Cropped Area actor bf 0 8j Applied 

- 

Scenar~o 

CA spring alfalfa 

MN alfalfa 3.0 0.09 0.09 

I I I 

Peak, ppb 

ACUTE 

Yearly 

NON-CANCER 

CHRONIC 

3.0 0.10 0.10 

CA fall alfalfa 

NC alfalfa 1 3.0 ( 0.15 I 0.12 I 

Avg of yearly avgs 

CANCER 

CHRONIC 

I I I I 

3.0 0.11 0.10 

PA spring alfalfa 

PA fall alfalfa 

TURF I 

TX alfalfa 

3.0 

3.0 

3.1 

FL turf 

PA turf 

UT TREES, VINEYARDS & BERRIES I 

0.12 

0.12 

CHRISTMAS TREE FARMS 

Surface Water Monitorinn Data. USGS has performed monitoring for parent benfluralin under the 

NAWQA program (httr>://ca.water.us~s.gov/~nsp/allsu~n/index.html#tl~. 

0.10 

0.10 

0.17 

11.6 

7.5 

OR Xmas tree 3.2 0.17 

In 5196 samples from 1058 surface water sites, benfluralin was detected in 92 samples at a maximum 

concentration of 0.097 ppb. In 1000 samples taken from 40 agriculture-impacted streams, benfluralin 

was detected in 5 samples at a maximum concentration of 0.007 ppb. In 327 samples from 11 urban 

streams, benfluralin was detected in 1 1 samples at a maximum concentration of 0.0 11 ppb. In 245 

samples from 14 "integrator" sites, benfluralin was detected in 4 samples at a maximum of 0.009 ppb. 

0.13 

0.13 

In each of the four NAWQA sampling efforts above, benfluralin was detected less than 5% of the time 

(0.5 to 3.4%), so the 95" percentile concentration in each case is "below detection limit" (0.002 ppb). 

The concentrations detected by USGS are in the same range as predicted by PRZM-EXAMS for chronic 

concentrations for the major uses (alfalfa, turf) or slightly lower. This is consistent with the somewhat 

conservative assumptions used in the modeling. 

0.64 

0.35 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 20 

0.37 

0.21 
No monitoring for benfluralin degradates was done. Many of the anticipated degradates will be the same 

as for trifluralin and similar dinitroaniline herbicides, especially those resulting from dealkylation of the 

amide group. 

Ground Water Monitoring Data USGS NAWQA ground water data downloaded from the data 

warehouse on 311 812002 (httv:/lwater.usp;s.aovlnawaa/data~ shows that parent benfluralin has been 

detected in only a handful of wells (eleven) in eight states (CA, FL, MD, MO, MT, NJ, PA, TX and VT). 

The highest reported concentration was 0.006 ppb (detection limit 0.002 ppb) in a 40-foot well in an 

urban area of Dauphin county, PA. This is a factor of 10 less than the SCI-GROW screening 

concentration. 

The EPA Pesticides in Ground Water Database report (EPA 734-12-92-001, Sept. 1992) indicates that 

benfluralin (benefin) was not detected in 471 samples in CA (1984-88), one sample in OK (1986) and 

188 samples in TX (1987-8). 

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal R~sk Assessment 2 1 

- - -- -*= - " -- -- - - - --- --- - - a- 
VI. Aquatic Exposure and Risk Assessment 

Toxicity to Aquatic Oraanisms 

Endpoints to be used in risk assessment - 

Freshwater fish acute LC,, = 69.7 ppb , chronic NOAEC = 1.9 ppb 

Freshwater invertebrate - no adequate acute or chronic data on technical 

EstuarineJMarine Fish - no adequate acute or chronic data on technical 

EstuarinelMarine Invertebrates EC ,, = 43 ppb, no chronic data 

Aquatic plants - incomplete data set, EC,, > solubility limit (100 ppb ai) 

Freshwater Fish. Based on TEP data, benfluralin is very highly toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis 

with rainbow trout and bluegill 96-hr. LC,, > 100 ppb ai (MRID 42419202,42390801). The TGAI is 

more toxic (LC,, = 69.7 ppb) based on a supplemental study on bluegill (Acc.#234214). 

A freshwater fish early life stage study was conducted using the rainbow trout (MRID 41613805). The 

NOAEC was found to be 1.9 ppb ai. The endpoint affected was larval weight. 

Freshwater Invertebrate. Based on TEP, benfluralin is highly toxic to freshwater aquatic invertebrates 

on an acute basis with a daphnid LC,, > 100 ppb ai (MRID42390802). This study is for a formulated 

product, however there are currently no adequate daphnid acute data using technical grade benfluralin. 

A freshwater aquatic invertebrate life-cycle study using technical grade benfluralin was conducted 

(MRZD 41 6 13806). The NOAEL for this study was 15.5 ppb a.i. It is classified as supplemental and not 

upgradable because the negative control appears to have far less neonates due to loss of neonates, which 

could have been the result of the unusual test design. This creates much uncertainty as to what is the 

actual control population. Since the controls were affected, there may be more chronic sensitivity of 

Daphnids exposed to benfluralin than the faulty test study indicated. It is worthwhile to note that the 

Daphnia NOAEC for trifluralin is 2.4 ppb, which may indicate that potentially, the benfluralin chronic 

NOAEC may also be very low. Uncertainties in the Daphnia life cycle study appear to underestimate the 

potential chronic risk to aquatic invertebrates. An updated Daphnia life-cycle study will reduce much of 

this uncertainty. 

Estuarine/Marine Fish. The acute toxicity data for estuarine fish (MRID 424 19202) were found to be 

invalid upon re-examination. The study exceeds the Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test 

concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2). 

The measured concentrations ranged from 6% to 8% of the nominal concentrations. Precipitation was 

observed at the three highest concentration levels. The LC,, is too uncertain to be used since actual test 

concentrations and time of exposure are not well understood. The Agency is unable to provide a risk 

assessment for estuarine fish because of the lack of adequate data. 

Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates. Benfluralin is highly toxic to estuarinelmarine invertebrates. The 96- 

hr. flow-thru mysid study (MRID 4 16 13 804) yielded an EC,, = 43 ppb ai and NOAEC = 16 ppb. 

The eastern oyster flow-thru shell deposition study (MRID 41 613803) is invalid since the control oysters 

demonstrated lower shell growth (under 2.0 mm) than should be expected (i.e., 1.7 and 1.4 mm, 

respectively) by test termination. In addition, the measured concentrations increased considerably during 

the 96-hour exposure. The Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as 

recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 1 1.9.3.4(2) was exceeded at the 

two highest dose concentrations. The LC,, is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations 

and time of exposure are not well understood. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 22 
Aquatic Plants. There are currently phytotoxicity data (MRID 4 16 13 809) on only one species - 

Selenastrum capricorntum, a green algae. This study was performed with the technical product, and 

yielded a 49% response at greater than the solubility limit (1 00 ppb ai). Data for four other species are 

outstanding. The Agency is unable to provide an aquatic non-target plant risk assessment until 

additional data on the other four required species are provided. 

Ex~ected Environmental Concentrations 

This section provides Estimated Environmental Concentrations in surface water (farm pond). Because of 

benfluralin's high organic carbon partitioning coefficient (KO, = 10,750), it has a strong tendency to bind 

to soil rather than dissolve in water. Thus, any transport to water from the soil to which it is applied is 

probably due to transport of suspended soil particles. Modeling results indicate that spray drift 

dominates the input to water for spray applications. Benfluralin may also be transported from soil to 

water by volatilization and re-condensation, but this phenomenon cannot be quantified at this time. 

As stated above, spray drift plays a strong role in the surface water EECs for spray a~vlications. If the 

spray drift is set to zero in PRZM-EXAMS (normally it is I%), the peak concentration in the pond for the 

California spring alfalfa scenario falls from 0.77 ppb to 0.3 1 ppb. Thus, spray drift accounts for 60% of 

the surface water peak EEC. 

The modeling was done with the EFED shell for PRZM-EXAMS, version pe3.pl, which was the 

officially approved version at the time. The later approved version of the EFED shell, pe4.pl, gives 

results that are approximately 10% higher in all cases. 

Volatility was not modeled in the farm pond analysis, because incorporation of spray applications and 

use of granular formulations are both intended to suppress volatilization. Modeling of volatility with 

EFED shell version pe4.pl confirms that there is no reduction of water concentrations for incorporated 

spray applications (alfalfa), as expected. For granular formulations, modeling of volatility would result 

in considerable reductions in water concentrations. The results presented, however, do not account for 

volatilization because the granular formulation is intended to suppress this process. 

Surface- Water Monitoring and Modeling. The Expected Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for 

benfluralin in surface water were calculated using PRZM-EXAMS modeling with the farm pond 

scenario. Input parameters (Table 11-B, Appendix 11) were the same as used for the Drinking Water 

section, except for spray drift, which was 1% for ground spray applications to alfalfa. Spray drift for 

granular applications was the same as in the drinking water analysis (0%). The results of the PRZMEXAMS analysis are given in Table 7. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 23 

--------- -- - ----*- - - - - - 
Table 7. One-in-Ten Year Return Frequency EECs for Benfluralin (Farm Pond scenario) in Parts-Per-Billion 

Scenario Peak, ppb 96-hr 2 1 -day 60-day 

ALFALFA 

CA spring alfalfa1 0.77 0.65 

CA fall alfalfa1 

MN alfalfa 

NC alfalfa 

PA spring Alfalfa 

PA fall alfalfa - -- 

TX alfalfa 0.96 0.76 

FL turf 

FL turf, 2 apps 

PA turf 

PA turf, 2 apps - 

CHRISTMAS TREE FARMS 

OR Xmas trees 1.5 1.3 s & BERRIES 

- 

NON-BEARING FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES, VINEYARD! 

GA peaches 

CA almond 

FL citrus 

NC apples 

OR apples 

I 

18.3 

2.5 

13.1 

OR berries 

OR filberts 

' The EEC values for lettuce will be approximately one-half of the alfalfa values since lettuce is applied at one-half rate of alfalfa and California 

alfalfa scenarios appear to reflect lettuce scenarios. 

13.0 

2.0 

10.2 

30.3 

3.9 

GENEEC 

Risk to Nontarpet Aauatic Animals 

24.0 

3.0 

3.6 

3.7 

Non-Ag areas - 1 app 

Non-Ag areas - 2 app 

PRZM-EXAMS was used to calculate acute and chronic exposure concentrations for uses of benfluralin 

on turf, alfalfa, Christmas tree farms, and non-bearing agricultural areas. Acute risk assessments are 

performed using peak EEC values for single and multiple applications. Chronic risk assessments are 

performed using the 2 1-day EECs for invertebrates and 60-day EECs for fish. 

2.7 

2.9 

Benfluralln RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Rlsk Assessment 24 

**.a'm-*-- - -- --PA----.*----- - - 

30.4 

50.2 

29.0 

47.9 

22.5 

37.2 

13.9 

23.0 
GENEEC, a Tier I screening exposure program, was used to calculate acute and chronic exposure 

concentrations for benfluralin use on non-agricultural land such as rights-of-way, because there is no 

PRZM scenario for these uses. Acute risk assessments are performed using peak EEC values for single 

and multiple applications. Chronic risk assessments are performed using the 21-day EECs for 

invertebrates and 56-day EECs for fish. 

The RQs and LOCs for acute risk from benfluralin for both freshwater and estuarine organisms are in 

Table 8. 

Table 8. Acute Risk Quotients for Freshwater Fish (bluegill LC,, = 69.7 ppb), Aquatic Invertebrates (Daphnia rnagna 

LC,, > 100 ppb), and Estuarine Invertebrates (mysid shrimp LC,, = 43 ppb). . - .. . . - . -" -. . 

Site 'I'ype of AcutcRQ LOC AcuteRQ LOC Acute KQ LOC 

Application Freshwater Exceeded' Aquatic Exceeded Estuarine Exceeded 

Fish Invertebrate' Invertebrate 

NON-AGRICULTURAL AREAS (GENEEC) 

Non-Agricultural areas broadcast (lx) 0.44 RU, ES 0.29 RU, ES 0.71 AR, RU, 

ES 

broadcast (2x) 0.72 AR, RU, 0.48 AR,RU, 1.17 AR, RU, 

ES ES ES 

ALFALFA 

alfalfa - all sites incorporated < 0.05 -- < 0.05 -- < 0.05 -- 

CHRISTMAS TREE FARMS 

Christmas trees - OR broadcast (2x) < 0.05 -- < 0.05 -- < 0.05 -- 

TURF 

turf - FL broadcast (lx) < 0.05 - < 0.05 -- 0.06 ES 

broadcast (2x) 0.08 ES < 0.06 ES 0.13 RU, ES 

turf - PA broadcast (lx) < 0.05 --- < 0.05 -- < 0.05 -- 

broadcast (2x) 0.05 ES < 0.05 -- 0.09 ES 

NON-BEARING FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES, VINEYARDS & BERRIES 

Peaches - GA broadcast 0.26 RU, ES 0.18 RU, ES 0.43 RU, ES 

almonds - CA broadcast < 0.05 --- < 0.05 -- 0.06 ES 

citrus - FL broadcast 0.19 RU, ES 0.13 RU, ES 0.30 RU, ES 

apples - NC broadcast 0.43 RU, ES 0.30 RU, ES 0.70 AR, Ru, 

ES 

apples - OR broadcast 0.06 ES < 0.05 -- 0.09 ES 

berries - OR broadcast 0.05 ES < 0.05 -- 0.08 ES 

filberts - OR broadcast 0.05 ES < 0.05 -- 0.09 ES 

1) AR= Acute risk (LOC 0.5); RU = Restricted Use (LOC 0.1); ES = Endangered Species (LOC 0.05) 

2) The aquatic invertebrate LC,, value is based on TEP formulation. The TEP LC,, values appear to be consistently less sensitive than the 

technical active ingredient. There is great uncertainty in these risk quotients and therefore a high value is placed on receiving LC,, data for the 

TGAI.. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 25 

-- - --" ------ ------- ----*--" 
The LOC for acute risk (0.5) to non-endangered freshwater fish was exceeded for second application on 

non-agricultural areas. Presumption of restricted use LOC (0.1) was exceeded for freshwater fish in nonagricultural areas and non-bearing fruit trees. The endangered species LOC (0.05) was exceeded for 

freshwater fish for the non-agricultural areas, non-bearing fruit trees, vineyards and berries, and second 

application on turf. 

The LOCs for risk to non-endangered species was exceeded for freshwater invertebrates at nonagricultural areas (2X application). Presumption of restricted use LOC (0.1) was exceeded for 

freshwater invertebrates at non-agricultural areas, non-agricultural areas, non-bearing fmit trees, nut 

trees, vineyards and berries. The endangered species LOC (0.05) was exceeded for freshwater 

invertebrates for the non-agricultural areas, turf, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards and berries. 

The LOC for acute risk (0.5) to non-endangered estuarine invertebrates was exceeded for nonagricultural areas, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards and berries. Presumption of restricted use 

LOC (0.1) was exceeded for estuarine invertebrates in non-agricultural areas, turf, non-bearing fruit 

trees, nut trees, vineyards and berries. The endangered species LOC (0.05) was exceeded for estuarine 

invertebrates for the non-agricultural areas, turf, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards and berries. 

No LOCs were exceeded for any of the alfalfa scenarios or for Christmas Trees. 

The RQs for chronic risk for freshwater fish are presented in Table 9. 

Table 9. Chronic Risk Quotients for Freshwater Fish Early Life 

Stage Toxicity using Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (NOAEC 

1.9 ppb) Based on 56-day EEC. 

Site Chronic RQ Freshwater Fish ' 

Christmas trees - OR - 2 

Non-Agricultural areas - 1 

Non-Agricultural areas - 2 

alfalfa - all sites 

turf - PA - all sites 

Peaches - GA 

almonds - CA 

citrus - FL 

apples - NC 

apples - OR 

berries - OR 

filberts - OR 

Bold Type indicates that Chronic LOC of 1.0 was exceeded. 

The chronic LOC is exceeded for non-agricultural areas, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards and 

berries when compared to the 60-day average EEC. No chronic LOCs were exceeded for alfalfa or turf 

uses sites. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 26 
Risk to Aauatic Plants. 

The LOC for acute risk and endangered aquatic plant species is 1 .O. Using the 96-hour EEC as the 

exposure concentration, and 100 ppb (solubility limit) as the concentration causing 49% growth 

inhibition in a green alga, there are no LOC exceedances. A new study of all four recommended aquatic 

plant species would help to clarify what concentration is toxic to these plants. 

VII. Terrestrial Exposure and Risk Assessment 

Terrestrial Exposure- Terrestrial exposure has been modeled for two methods of application - spray 

incorporated and granular broadcast. The spray application used the ELL-Fate Version 1.2, July 19, 

2001, spreadsheet. This spreadsheet-based model calculates the decay of a chemical applied to foliar 

surfaces for single or multiple applications. It uses the same principle as the batch code models FATE 

and TERREEC for calculating terrestrial estimated exposure concentrations (TEEC) on plant surfaces 

following application. A first-order decay assumption is used to determine the concentration at each day 

after initial application based on the concentration resulting from the initial and additional applications. 

The decay is calculated from the first-order rate equation. 

For the spray application, it is assumed that the exposure to wildlife food items would be from edge of 

the field where the tractor turns around. The default half-life used in modeling EECs on terrestrial food 

items (plants and insects) is 35 days. The default half-life was not chosen because 1) benfluralin is 

volatile (vapor pressure = 6.6 x rnrn Hg @ 25C and Henry's Constant = 2.91 x Atm m3 / mol) 

and 2) the main route of degradation is photolysis. The half-life due to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals in 

the atmosphere is estimated to be 10 hours. The half-life used for the model in this case is the soil 

photolysis half-life of 12.5 days, since there is adequate evidence that the default value is inappropriate. 

For the broadcast application of granular formulation, the field dissipation study (MRID 41778901) on 

turf using granular formulation was used. The half-life is 22 days. 

Enduoints to be used in risk assessment - 

Bobwhite and Mallard LD,, > 2000 mg/kg for acute 

Bobwhite and Mallard LC,, > 4360 pprn for acute 

Bobwhite NOAEC < 96 pprn for chronic 

Rat LD,, > 10,000 mg/kg for acute 

Rat NOAEC = 100 pprn for chronic 

Bee LD,,>10 pg/bee 

Terrestrial plants - no data for TEP available 

Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms 

Avian. Benfluralin is categorized as practically nontoxic to avian species on an acute oral and dietary 

basis. The LD,, in both bobwhite quail and mallard is > 2,000 mg/kg. The 5-day subacute LC,, is > 

4360 ppm. 

Avian reproduction studies were conducted with the bobwhite quail and the mallard duck. The bobwhite 

quail study (MRID 42145502) found effects at the lowest concentration tested (96 pprn ai). Therefore 

the study was not able to determine the NOAEC level. The endpoints affected included survivors, egg 

set, and 14 day survivors weight. The mallard duck study (MRID 42145501) found the NOAEC level to 

be 288 pprn ai. The endpoint affected is percentage of eggs cracked. Another study using the bobwhite 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 27 
quail will need to be done to assess benfluralin chronic effects to birds. Reproductive effects can be 

expected below 96 ppm for birds. 

Mammals. Based on the results of acute oral toxicity testing (accession numbers 266539,24255, 

243848) with the rat, benfluralin is categorized as practically non-toxic to small mammals on an acute 

oral basis (LD,, rat >10,000 mglkg). In a rat 2-generation reproduction study (MRID 43628701), the 

NOAEC for benfluralin was 100 ppm ai and the LOAEC was 1000 ppm ai. The endpoints affected were 

decreased body weight, food consumption and body weight, liver and kidney enlargement, deadlmissing 

pups, hyaline droplets in the kidney, and decreased pup size. 

Bees. Based on the results of a honey bee acute contact toxicity test, Benfluralin is categorized as 

practically non-toxic to bees (LD,,> 10 pglbee; MRID 000 1 8842,4 16 13 8 12). 

Terrestrial Plants. Seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies using the technical grade of 

benfluralin were conducted (MRID 43599201). The results of these studies indicate that benfluralin does 

not have any adverse acute effects on the 10 crop species tested. However, all terrestrial plant studies 

should be conducted with the Typical End Product (TEP) instead of the technical grade product. The 

TEP is formulated with adjuvants such as surfactants that affect plant uptake and toxicity. The data 

generated from this study using the technical grade of benfluralin is of limited value in assessing risk to 

non-target terrestrial plants. It is important that seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies be 

conducted using the TEP so that risk can be assessed to non-target plants from runoff and spray drift. 

Exposure of Terrestrial Oraanisms to Spray Applications 

Terrestrial exposure was evaluated using estimated environmental concentrations generated from ELLFATE. The model assumes initial concentrations on plant surfaces based on Kenaga predicted maximum 

residues as modified by Fletcher et al. (1994) and assumes first-order dissipation. Explanation of the 

model and sample output are presented in Appendix V. 

Table 10. Estimated maximum environmental concentrations for turf and lettuce (ppm). 

Broadleaf Plantsf 

Site Short Grass Tall Clrass Insects Seeds 

Alfalfa (3 lb ai/A, one application) 720 330 405 45 

Lettuce (1.5 lb ai/A: one application) 360 165 203 23 

Exposure of Terrestrial Organisms: Granular Applications 

Benfluralin granules are broadcast on turf (golf courses and residential lawns), Christmas trees, nonagricultural areas, and ornamental use sites. We assumed 100% of the application was present on the 

surface of the soil and turf grass. At the present time, procedures for estimating chronic risk have not 

been developed for exposure to granular formulations. 

Estimating long term exposure from granular applications is difficult, since the granules are not expected 

to remain intact over extended periods. The chemical is expected to become distributed in the soil as the 

granules dissipate. However, a qualitative risk assessment is presented in Appendix VII, using the 

chronic endpoint (reproduction) for the chronic risk to mammals and birds. The persistence on turf (22- 

day half-life) is considered long enough that small birds and mammals that eat a large percentage of their 

body weight per day will suffer chronic exposure. The fugacity model was also used to describe 

exposure from granules that have broken down in soil. See Appendix VII. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 28 
Risk Quotients from Sway fovmulations for Birds 

Since the acute avian LC,, (>4360 ppm)and LD,, (>2000 mg/kg-bw) are greater than the highest dose 

tested and there is no mortality observed at the highest concentration dose, it is assumed that 

unacceptable risk to birds is not likely. Therefore, no RQs were calculated for acute risk to birds. 

Table 12. Avian Chronic Level of Concern Exceedances for Benfluralin Based on a Bobwhite NOAEC of <96 vvm 

. . 

Use Sitcs Short grass Tall Grass Rroadleaf Plants/lnsccts Seeds- - 7- -7 -- I - - -- 1- - 

Risk Quotients from Granular Formulations for Birds 

Alfalfa 

Lettuce 

Birds may be exposed to granular pesticides ingesting granules when foraging for food or grit. They also 

may be exposed by other routes, such as by walking on exposed granules or drinking water contaminated 

by granules. After the granules are broken down in the soil, the birds may also be exposed by eating soil 

and invertebrates containing benfluralin. 

Since the acute avian LC,, (>4360 ppm)and LD,, (>2000 mglkg-bw) are greater than the highest dose 

tested and there is no mortality observed at the highest concentration dose, it is assumed that 

unacceptable risk to birds is not likely. Therefore, no RQs were calculated for acute risk to birds. 

The avian chronic LOC is exceeded on all food items except seeds at lettuce and alfalfa use sites. 

Maximum Residue 

7.5 

3.75 

Currently, EFED does not have a standard procedure for assessing chronic risk to avian species from 

granular products. Estimating long term exposure from granular applications is difficult, since the 

granules are not expected to remain intact over extended periods. The chemical is expected to become 

distributed in the soil as the granules dissipate. However, EFED has explored two approaches to 

assessing granular exposure using chronic endpoints (reproductive study) for qualifying the risk to 

mammals and birds. One method is to determine the number of granules needed to approach the avian 

chronic endpoint of 96 ppm. The calculations and assumptions are in Appendix VI. Another method is 

to calculate the amount of benfluralin residues in soil and invertebrate food items for avian dietary by 

using a fugacity model. The calculations and assumptions are in Appendix VII. The table below show 

the avian chronic RQs calculated from the fugacity model. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 29 

* - - ----*--aMaximum Residue 

3.44 

1.72 

Maximum Residue 

4.22 

2.11 

Maximum Residue 

< 1 

< 1 
Food-Chain Effects. The concentration of benfluralin in whole fish in the bioaccumulation study ranged 

from 5 to 7 ppm when it was tested in water at 4 ppb. The calculated bioconcentration factor for whole 

fish was 1,580. If the BCF is applied to water concentrations from the NC apple scenario (which gave 

the highest EECs of all of the PRZM-EXAMS scenarios used), the following concentrations result. 

Tahle . 14 . . Binconcentratinn .-.. Riqk . ..-.. O~lntient IJqin~ Avian . . -. . T . . OAFC - . .- - nf - - < 96 . . nnm 

Day ish Conc (ppm) RQ (fish concLOAEC) 

I 1 I 

The modeled water concentrations are about equal to the LC,, in bluegill (69.7 ppb). This means that 

fish exposed to this concentration may be dead or dying, and therefore easier prey for fish-eating 

scavengers such as the bald eagle. 

7 

Average 

Fish-eating birds chronically exposed to fish containing these levels of benfluralin may exceed the 

chronic Level of Concern (RQ = 1). The NOAEC for birds is < 96 ppm, yielding an RQ of > 0.41 for the 

7-day average concentration in water (benfluralin required 7 days to reach equilibrium in the fish 

bioconcentration study). The endpoints of concern for chronic exposure in birds were survivors and 14- 

day survivor weight. At higher concentrations, endpoints of concern are also egg set and percent cracked 

eggshells. Fish-eating populations of birds exposed at these levels may thus be at reproductive risk. 

Risk Quotients from Surav Formulations for Mammals 

Notes: LOAEC <96 ppm. Bold water concentrations are PRZM-EXAMS results. Other water concentrations were calculated using decay rate of 

1.59 ppblday derived from peak and 4-day concentrations. 

19.20 

24.77 

No acute LOC exceedances were seen for mammals with the labeled use of benfluralin for lettuce and 

alfalfa as incorporated spray formulations. 

The mammalian chronic LOC exceedences (Table 15) follow the same pattern as for birds (Table 13). 

LOCs are exceeded for all food items for the lettuce and alfalfa use except for seeds. 

30.34 

39.13 

Table 15. Mammalian Chronic Risk Quotient Exceedances for Spray-Incorporated Benfluralin Based on a Rat Chronic NOAEC of 100 

vom 

>0.32 

>0.41 

. . 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 30 

L'rop 

3se Sites 

Ufalfa 

>ettuce 

Short Ciass 

maximum residues 

7.2 

3.6 

Tall Grass 

maximum residues 

3.30 

1.65 

Broadleaf 

Plants/lnsects 

maximum residues 

4.05 

2.03 

Seeds 

maximum residues 

< 1 

< 1 
Risk Quotients fiom Granular Formulations for Mammals 

Mammals may be exposed to granular pesticides by ingesting granules when foraging for food or licking 

their fur. They also may be exposed by other routes, such as by walking on exposed granules or drinking 

water contaminated by granules. After the granules are broken down in the soil, the mammals may also 

be exposed by eating soil and invertebrates containing benfluralin. 

Since the acute rat LD,, (10,000 mg/kg-bw) is greater than the highest dose tested and there was no 

mortality observed at the highest concentration dose, it is assumed that unacceptable risk to mammals is 

not likely. Therefore, no RQs were calculated for acute risk to mammals. 

Currently, EFED does not have a standard procedure for assessing chronic risk to mammalian species 

from granular products. Estimating long term exposure from granular applications is difficult, since the 

granules are not expected to remain intact over extended periods. The chemical is expected to become 

distributed in the soil as the granules dissipate. However, granular exposure using chronic endpoints 

(reproductive study) are calculated in Appendix VII for qualifying the risk to mammals and birds. The 

table below shows the mammalian chronic RQs calculated from the fugacity model. 

Benfluralln RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological Rlsk Assessment 3 1 

-------- - - - -- - 
VIII. Endangered Species Assessment 

The Agency's level of concern for endangered and threatened birds, mammals, fish, and aquatic 

invertebrates, is exceeded for the use of benfluralin on the use sites listed in Table 17. 

Acute Risk freshwater fish freshwater fish freshwater fish 

freshwater invertebrates freshwater invertebrates freshwater invertebrates 

estuarine invertebrate estuarine invertebrate estuarine invertebrate 

1 able 17. Summary of Endangered Species LOC Fxceedances 

Usc Sltes 

Granule spray 

Chronic Risk Freshwater fish, birds, birds, mammals Freshwater fish, birds, birds, I birds, 

mammals mammals mammals mammals 

Non-Agricultural has Turf Non-Bearing V~neyards, Chr~stmas 

Fru~t Trees, Nut Trees, Tree Farms 

and Berrles 

There are currently no available data to assess acute risk to endangered species of estuarine fish, 

freshwater invertebrates, aquatic plants, and terrestrial plants. In addition, there are no available data to 

assess chronic risk to freshwater invertebrates, estuarine fish, and estuarine invertebrates. Additional 

acute data are needed to reduce uncertainty of risk to freshwater fish and chronic data for bobwhite quail. 

Alfalfa, Lettuce 

The Agency has determined that acute risk to endangered species of birds and mammals are not likely. 

The Agency has developed the Endangered Species Protection Program to identify pesticides whose use 

may cause adverse impacts on endangered and threatened species, and to implement mitigation measures 

that address these impacts. The Endangered Species Act requires federal agencies to ensure that their 

actions are not likely to jeopardize listed species or adversely modify designated critical habitat. To 

analyze the potential of registered pesticide uses to affect any particular species, EPA puts basic toxicity 

and exposure data developed for REDS into context for individual listed species and their locations by 

evaluating important ecological parameters, pesticide use information, the geographic relationship 

between specific pesticide uses and species locations, and biological requirements and behavioral aspects 

of the particular species. This analysis will take into consideration any regulatory changes recommended 

in this RED that are being implemented at this time. A determination that there is a likelihood of 

potential impact to a listed species may result in limitations on use of the pesticide, other measures to 

mitigate any potential impact, or consultations with the Fish and Wildlife Service and/or the National 

Marine Fisheries Service as necessary. 

The Endangered Species Protection Program as described in a Federal Register notice (54 FR 27984- 

28008, July 3, 1989) is currently being implemented on an interim basis. As part of the interim program, 

the Agency has developed County Specific Pamphlets that articulate many of the specific measures 

outlined in the Biological Opinions issued to date. The Pamphlets are available for voluntary use by 

pesticide applicators on EPA's website at www.epa.gov/espp. A final Endangered Species Protection 

Program, which may be altered from the interim program, is scheduled to be proposed for public 

comment in the Federal Register in 2002. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 32 

-= 4. - -- --- - - ------- 
Appendix I: Ecological Toxicity Data 

1. Toxicity to Terrestrial Animals 

a. Birds, Acute and Subacute 

An acute oral toxicity study using the technical grade of the active ingredient (TGAI) was 

required to establish the toxicity of Benfluralin to birds. The preferred test species is either mallard duck 

(a waterfowl) or bobwhite quail (an upland gamebird). Results of this test are tabulated below. 

Table I - A Acute Oral Toxicity to Birds 

MRID No. Study 

Species % ai LD,, (mgkg) Toxicity Category AuthorJYear Classification' 

Northern bobwhite 

(Colinus virginianus) 

Mallard 

(Anas platyrhynchos) 

Northern bobwhite 

(Colinus virginianus) 

97.2 >2000 practically 00024273 supplemental 

non-toxic Broddle, 1973 

97.2 >2000 practically 00160000 

non-toxic Tucker, 1984 

97.2 >2000 practically 00160875 

non-toxic Secat, 1985 

core 

core 

Mallard 97.2 >2000 practically 00024273 supplemental 

(Anas ulatvrhvnchos) non-toxic Broddle, 1973 

' Core (study satisfies guideline). Supplemental (study is scientifically sound, but does not satisfy guideline) 

Since the LD,, is greater than 2000 mglkg, benfluralin is practically non- toxic 

to avian species on an acute oral basis. No mortalities were observed. 

Two subacute dietary studies using the TGAI are required to establish the toxicity of Benfluralin 

to birds. The preferred test species are mallard duck and bobwhite quail. Results of these tests are 

tabulated below. 

Northern bobwhite quail 

(Colinus virginianus) 

96.4 >4360 practically 00024635 core 

non-toxic West, 1977 

Mallard duck 96.4 >4550 practically 00026954 core 

(Anas platyrhynchos) non-toxic West, 1977 

' Test organisms observed an additional three days while on untreated feed. No mortalities were observed. 

Since the LC,, is greater than 4360 ppm, Benfluralin is practically non- toxic to avian species on 

a subacute dietary basis. 

b. Birds, Chronic 

Avian reproduction studies using the TGAI were required for Benfluralin because the following 

conditions were met: (1) birds may be subject to repeated or continuous exposure to the pesticide, 

especially preceding or during the breeding season, (2) the pesticide is stable in the environment to the 

extent that potentially toxic amounts may persist in animal feed, (3) the pesticide is stored or 

accumulated in plant or animal tissues, and/or, (4) information derived from mammalian reproduction 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 33 
studies indicates reproduction in terrestrial vertebrates may be adversely affected by the anticipated use 

of the product. The preferred test species are mallard duck and bobwhite quail. Results of these tests are 

tabulated below. 

Table I - C Reproductive Toxicity to Birds 

Species/ NOAEL LOML MRID No. Study 

Study Durat~on % a1 (ppm ai) (ppm a~) LOAFL Endpoints A~rthortYear Classification 

Northern bobwhite quail 95.6 <96 96 survivors, egg set and 14 day 42145502 Supplemental 

(Colinus virginianus) survivors weight Murray, 1991 

Mallard duck 95.6 288 Percentage eggs cracked 42145501 Core 

(Anas ~lalwhynchos) Murray, 1991 

Adverse reproductive effects to quail are expected below 96 ppm ai. Another quail study is needed to 

access reproductive effects to quail. 

c. Mammals, Acute and Chronic 

Wild mammal testing is required on a case-by-case basis, depending on the results of lower tier 

laboratory mammalian studies, intended use pattern and pertinent environmental fate characteristics. In 

most cases, rat or mouse toxicity values obtained from the Agency's Health Effects Division (HED) 

substitute for wild mammal testing. These toxicity values are reported below. 

Table I - D Toxicitv - -~ --.. ~ to .- Mammals . 

Affected 

Species % ai Test Type Toxicity Value Endpoints MRID or 

Acc. No. 

Rat (Rattus nowegicus) 

Rat (Rattus nowegicus) 

Rat (Rattus nowegicus) 

Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 

Rat (Rattus nowegicus) 

Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 

Rat (Rattus nowegicus) 

Rat (Rattus nowegicus) 

Rat (Rattus nowegicus) 

Rat (Rattus nowegicus) 

2.5 

16.5 

2.0 

1.33 

17.65 

19.4 

technical 

25.0 

19.1 

95.8 

Acute oral 

Acute oral 

Acute oral 

Acute oral 

Acute oral 

Acute oral 

Acute oral 

Acute oral 

Acute oral 

Reproduction 

2-generation 

LD,, > 5000 mdkg 

LD,, >542 

LD,, > 500 

LD,, >500 

LD,, > 595 

LD,, > 98.7 

LD,, > 10,000 

LD,, > 5000 

LD,, > 5010 mgkg 

NOAEL = 100 ppm 

LOAEL = 1000 ppm 

Mortality 

Mortality 

Mortality 

Mortality 

Mortality 

Mortality 

Mortality 

Mortality 

Mortality 

Decreased body weight, body weight 

gains and food consumption. Liver 

and kidney enlargement, 

deadlmissing pups, hyaline droplets 

The results indicate that benfluralin is practically non-toxic to small mammals on an acute oral 

basis. Reproductive effects may be seen above 100 ppm for small mammals. 

d. Insects 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 34 
A honey bee acute contact study using the TGAI was required for Benfluralin because its use on 

alfalfa, berries, and clover will result in honey bee exposure. Results of this test are tabulated below. 

Table I - E Acute Contact Toxicity to Nontarget lnsects 

LDSO MRID NO. Study 

Species % a1 (pg'bee) Toxic~ty Category AulhorJYear Classification 

Honey bee tech. 14.5 practically no;-toxic 00018842 

(Apis mellijeru) Atkins, 1969 

core 

Honey bee 96.5 >lo1 practically non-toxic 41613812 core 

{Apis melliferuj Hoxter, 1990 

The results indicate that Benfluralin is practically non-toxic to bees on an acute contact basis. 

2. Toxicity to Freshwater Animals 

a. Freshwater Fish, Acute 

Two freshwater fish toxicity studies using the TGAI were required to establish the toxicity of 

Benfluralin to fish. The preferred test species are rainbow trout (a coldwater fish) and bluegill sunfish (a 

warmwater fish). Results of these tests are tabulated below. 

Table I - F Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish 

96-hour 

Spcciesl LC, (PP~ ail MRlD No. Study Classification 

(Flow-through or Static) 96 a1 (measured) Author/Year 

Rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 

static 

Bluegill sunfish 

(Lepomis macrochirus) 

Flow-thru 

Rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 

static 

Bluegill sunfish 

(Lepomis macrochirus) 

97.3 8 1 00145756 supplemental 

(NOAEC = 17 ppb) Hamelink, 1985 

96.4 69.7 (96 hr.) 00026955 

(NOAEC =13.6 ppb) Kehr, 1977 

288 42419201 

Brock, 1992 

420 42390801 

Brock, 1992 

supplemental 

core 

core 

static 

Since the benfluralin formulated product LC,, falls in the range of 0.288 ppm ai to 0.42 ppm ai, it 

is very highly toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis. 

MRID 00145756 and 00026955 are supplemental studies because these studies exceed the 

Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate 

Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 1 1.9.3.4(2). The data is still useful for risk assessment since much of 

the test concentrations are below the solubility limit of 100 ppb and the LC,, can be determined. The 

guideline studies should nonetheless be repeated using updated testing procedures to create more 

confidence in the LC,, value. The concentrations in the study are below: 

MRID 00026955 Bluegill Acute LC,, with 96.4%ai; 

Nominal concentrations (ppb) - 20, 36, 64, 112, 200 

28-day Measured concentrations (ppb)- 6.6, 13.6, 27.2, 55.1, 100.4 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 35 
Measured conc. S.D. 

Dead fish at 96 hrs. - 

1.4, 4.3, 10.1, 19.5, 8.3 

None, none, none, 1, 10 

MRID 00145756 Trout Acute LC,, with 97.3% ai 

Nominal conc.(ppb) Mean Measured Std D. Dead fish at 96 hrs 

5 6 17 4 None 

90 40 8 None 

140 52 3 1 

225 77 11 3 

330 84 19 8 

MRID 41613801 is considered to be an invalid study because the study exceed the Agency's 

guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis 

and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2). In addition, only one test concentration (13 ppb) was below the 

solubility limit (100 ppb). The LC50 is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time 

of exposure of benfluralin to the organisms are not well understood. The concentrations in the study are 

below: 

Nominal concentrations (ppb) - 100, 10000 20000 30000 50000 

Measured mean conc.- "old" (ppb)- 11, 1500, 800, 1200, 1000 

Measured mean conc.- "new" (ppb)- 16, 9000, 12700*, 22200*, 41800* 

Measured mean conc. - 13, 5300, 6800, 11700, 21400 

Measured conc. Std Deviation 3 4400 8400 14800, 28800 

* half of reps were not measured since all of animals died after 24 hrs. 

b. Freshwater Fish, Chronic 

A freshwater fish early life-stage test using the TGAI was required for Benfluralin because the 

end-use product is expected to be transported to water from the intended use site, and the following 

conditions are met: (1) the pesticide is intended for use such that its presence in water is likely to be 

continuous or recurrent regardless of toxicity, (2) any aquatic acute LC,, or EC,, is less than 1 mg/L, and 

(3) studies of other birds and small mammals indicate the reproductive physiology of fish may be 

affected. The preferred test species is rainbow trout. Results of this test are tabulated below. 

Rainbow trout 95.9 0.0019 0.005 41613805 core 

lOncorhvnchus mvkiss) larval length Cocke. 1990 

At 1.9 ppb, no significant differences were noted in larval length, larval survival and larval 

weight when compared to controls. Significant reductions occurred in larval length at 5.0 ppb 

and larval survival and larval weight at 14.8 ppb. 

c. Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 36 

- -A -- - -- - - . *--* -a- 
A freshwater aquatic invertebrate toxicity test using the TGAI was required to establish the 

toxicity of Benfluralin to aquatic invertebrates. The preferred test species is Daphnia rnagna. Results of 

this test are tabulated below. 

Table I - H Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates 

Species, 48-hour EC,, MRID No. Study Classification 

Study Type % ai (ppm ai) AuthorNear 

Waterflea (Daphnia magna) 20.1 2.18 42390802 core' 

static Newsted, 1992 

Core only for formulated product. 

Since the EC,, is 2.18 ppm ai, Benfluralin formulated product classifies as moderately toxic to 

freshwater invertebrates on an acute basis. 

Acc# 257844 is considered to be an invalid study because it exceeds the Agency's guidance of a 

1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM 

E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2). The LC50 is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time 

of exposure of benfluralin to the organisms are not well understood. Guideline 72-2a testing of aquatic 

invertebrate with technical grade benfluralin is outstanding. The concentrations in the study are below: 

Accession 257844 (MRID 00415757) Daphnia Acute EC50 with 97.3% ai 

Nominal concentrations (ppb) - 25000, 50000, 100000 

Measured concentrations (ppb)- (unfiltered) 3900, 4700, 7200 

Measured concentrations (ppb) - (filtered) 110, 100, 70 

d. Freshwater Invertebrate, Chronic 

A freshwater aquatic invertebrate life-cycle test using the TGAI was required for benfluralin 

since the end-use product may be applied directly to water or is expected to be transported to water from 

the intended use site, and the following conditions are met: (1) the pesticide is intended for use such that 

its presence in water is likely to be continuous or recurrent regardless of toxicity, (2) any aquatic acute 

LC,, or EC,, is less than 1 mg/L, or, (3) the EEC in water is equal to or greater than 0.01 of any acute 

EC,, or LC,, value, or, (4) the actual or estimated environmental concentration in water resulting from 

use is less than 0.0 1 of any aquatic acute EC,, or LC,, value and any of the following conditions exist: 

studies of other organisms indicate the reproductive physiology of invertebrates may be affected, 

physicochemical properties indicate cumulative effects, or the pesticide is persistent in water (i.e., halflife greater than 4 days). The preferred test species is Daphnia nzagna. Results of this test are tabulated 

below. 

Waterflea 95.9 0.0155 0.0308 reproduction 41613806 supplemental 

(Daphnia magna) Mohr, 1990 

The guideline (72-4'0) is supplemental and not upgradable because the negative control had far 

less neonates than the positive control or the other test concentrations. In addition, there was a loss of 

neonates in the control and other test concentrations due to the unusual test design. This creates much 

uncertainty as to what the actual reproductive effect was from exposure to benfluralin. However, the 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 37 
study results provide some useful information that indicates that Benfluralin can cause reproductive 

effects at low concentrations to Daphnia magna. 

3. Toxicity to Estuarine and Marine Animals 

a. Estuarine and Marine Fish, Acute 

Acute toxicity testing with estuarinelmarine fish using the TGAI was required for Benfluralin because 

the end-use product is expected to reach this environment because of its use in coastal counties. The 

preferred test species is sheepshead minnow. 

MRID 416 13802 is considered to be an invalid study because it exceeds the Agency's guidance of a 1.5 

variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E729, p. 392, l l .9.3.4(2). The measured concentrations range from 6% to 8% of the nominal 

concentrations. Precipitation was observed at the three highest concentration levels. The LC,, is too 

uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time of exposure of benfluralin to the organisms 

are not well understood. The concentrations in the study are below: 

Nominal concentrations (ppb) - 1900, 3200, 5400, 9000, 15000 

Measured concentrations (ppb)- 160, 2 10, 330, 850, 1 100 

c. Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates, Acute 

Acute toxicity testing with estuarinelmarine invertebrates using the TGAI was required for Benfluralin 

because the end-use product is expected to reach this environment because of its use in coastal counties. 

The preferred test species are mysid shrimp and eastern oyster. Results of these tests are tabulated 

below. 

Table I - J Acute Toxicity to EstuarineIMarine Invertebrates 

Species, 96-hour EC,, MRID No. Study 

Type of Study % al. (pp~n ai) Toxic~ty Category AuthorIYear Classification 

Mysid (Americamysis 96.6 0.043 very highly toxic 41613804 core 

Since the EC,, for the mysid is less than 0.1 ppm ai, Benfluralin is classified as very highly toxic 

to estuarinelmarine invertebrates on an acute basis. 

The eastern oyster study (MRID 41613803) is invalid due to the control oysters demonstrated 

lower shell growth - under 2.0 mm - than should be expected (i.e., 1.7 and 1.4 mm, respectively) by test 

termination. In addition, the measured concentrations increased considerably during the 96-hour 

exposure. The Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by 

the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2) was exceeded at the two highest dose 

concentrations. The LC,, is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time of 

exposure of benfluralin to the organisms are not well understood. The concentrations in the study are 

below: 

Nominal concentrations (ppb) - 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 

Measured concentrations (ppb)- 44, 59, 100, 120, 260 

Measured concentration S.D. - 35, 45, 52, 68, 20 

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological R~sk Assessment 38 

".'- -*- - -------- -- - --- -----------a& 
d. Estuarine and Marine Invertebrate, Chronic 

An estuarine/marine invertebrate life-cycle toxicity test using the TGAI should be required for 

benfluralin because the end-use product is expected to be transported to the estuarine environment from 

the intended use site (turf, peaches, citrus), the mysid LC,, is less than 1 mg/l, the EEC in water is equal 

to or greater than 0.01 of the acute mysid LC,, of 43 ppb and studies of birds and mammals indicate the 

reproductive physiology may be affected. The preferred test species is mysid shrimp. Data from this 

guideline is needed to assess risk to estuarine invertebrates. 

3. Toxicity to Plants 

i. Terrestrial Plants 

Terrestrial plant testing was required for Benfluralin because it is an herbicide with outdoor 

terrestrial use patterns, and it may pose hazards to endangered or threatened plant species. The required 

testing consists of seedling emergence and vegetative vigor tests with ten plant species. Six of the 

species must be dicotyledonous and represent at least four families. One of these species must be 

soybean (Glycine max) and a second must be a root crop. The remaining four species must be 

monocotyledonous and represent at least two families. One of these species must be corn (Zea mays). 

DowElanco had tested Benfluralin on the germination of ten crop species in 1989. Since that 

time, the Agency has waived the germination data requirements due to high uncertainty associated with 

the data from germination studies and the low value such studies offer since the seedling emergence 

studies also provide emergence information. The citation for the germination studies submitted in 1989 is 

MRID 41613808, Waldrep, 1989. 

Tier I1 tests measure the response of plants, relative to a control, and five or more test 

concentrations. Results of Tier I1 toxicity testing on the technical material are tabulated below. 

Table I - K Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Seedling Emergence Toxicity (Tier 11) 

Ec25 NOAEC MRID No. Study Class~fication 

Species % ai (Ib adA) (Ib ai/A) AuthorIYear 

Monocot- Corn 

Monocot- Sorghum 

Monocot- onion 

Monocot- wheat 

Sunflower 

Cabbage 

Cotton 

Cucumber 

Radish 

95.6 technical >3 

1.3 

>3 

>3 

>3 

>3 

>3 

>3 

>3 

0.375 43599201 Supplemental 

Schwab, 1995 

0.75 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 39 

-- * ---" "* -"--*--- - - - ------ ----= 
Table I - L Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Vegetative Vigor Toxicity (Tier 11) 

EC2$ EC", MRlD No. 

Species % ai (Ibs ai/A) (Ib ai/A) Authorffear Study Classification 

Corn 95.6 >3 3 43599201 supplemental 

Schwab, 1995 

Onion >3 3 

Sorghum >3 0.05 

Wheat >3 3 

Cabbage >3 1.5 

Cotton >3 3 

Cucumber 23 0.38 

Radish >3 3 

Soybean 2.3 0.38 

Sunflower >3 0.05 

The seedling emergence and vegetative studies are both classified as supplemental because the 

TGAI and not the TEP was tested. Another seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies will need to 

be presented in order that risk assessments on terrestrial plants may be done. 

2. Aquatic Plants 

Aquatic plant testing is required for any herbicide that has outdoor non-residential terrestrial uses 

and that can runoff into nearby water bodies. 

Results of Tier I toxicity testing on the technical material are tabulated below. 

Table I - M Toxicity to Aquatic Plants (Tier I) 

conc. LURID No 

Species 96 ai (ppm) % Response AuthorIYear Study Classification 

Green algae (formerly Selenastrum 95.9 0,100 49 41613809 core 

capricorntum) Kirchneria Cocke, 1990 

Lemna gibba, Skeletonema costatum, AnabaenaJlos-aquae, and a freshwater diatom (usually 

Navicula sp.) have not been tested. These species are outstanding. 

Benflural~n RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological R~sk Assessment 40 

." -** - -. - -- ----"m----L " 
Appendix 11: PRZM-EXAMS, GENEEC and SCIGROW Results 

PRZM-EXAMS Scenarios (surface water) 

PRZM-EXAMS standard scenarios for established turf in Florida and Pennsylvania were used 

with an application date of April 10. The Oregon Christmas tree farm scenario was used with an 

application date of April 15. The 9 Ib ailacre granular use areas (non-bearing vineyards, fruit trees, nut 

trees, and berries) were represented by GA peaches, CA almonds, FL citrus, NC apples, OR apples, OR 

berries, and OR filberts. A default first application date of April 1 was used for these scenarios. 

The PRZM-EXAMS standard scenarios for alfalfa were altered to reflect the following 

application, emergence, maturation, and harvest dates. All dates were set to reflect seeding dates for 

newly planted, rather than established, alfalfa. References are given in Table 11-A. PRZM-EXAMS 

input parameters are given in Table 11-B. 

Table II-A. Alfalfa Scenarios I I I I 

( Scenario 1 Reference 1 Application 1 Emergence 

CA spring http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu Feb 10 Feb 15 

/SUBPAGES/2001 Symp I 

I osiumlProceedingsl I Nov 1 I NOV 6 CASO 1 timing5.pdf 

http://www.rnda.state. May 10 May 15 

mn.us/crp/forage.htm 

I Martin, J, Leonard, W, I Sep I I S~P 6 

Stamp, D, Principles of 

Field Crop Production, 

PA fall 1976, p. 633 Aun 20 Aug 25 

Maturation Harvest 

Feb 25 Apr 21 

Nov 16 

Aug 10 

Sep 16 Nov 10 

Oct 29 

Benflural~n RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Rlsk Assessment 4 1 

- .>- -- -- -" ---- - - -- -- -- 
able 11-B. PRZM-EXAMS Input Par; 

Parameter 

Application date, interval 

Depth of Incorporation (cm) 

Chemical Application Method (CAM) 

Application Rate 

Application Efficiency 

Spray Drift 

Foliar extraction 

Decay rate on foliage 

Volatilization rate from foliage 

Plant uptake factor 

Decay rate in soil 

(aerobic soil metabolism rate) 

Soil-water Distribution coefficient (Koc) 

Henry's Law constant 

Aqueous degradation rate (aerobic aquatic metabolism) 

Aqueous photolysis 

Hydrolysis 

Molecular weight 

Solubility 

Vapor Pressure 

neters 

Value 

Alfalfa: One application. See above for dates. 

Turf: Two applications, spaced at 56 days. First app April 1. 

Xmas tree; Two applications, spaced at 60 days. First app. 

April 15. 

Non-bearing agricultural areas: Three applications, spaced at 

60 days; first app. April 1. 

5 cm (alfalfa) 1 cm (turf, Xmas trees, non-bearing ag) 

4 (soil applied, user-defined incorp. depth, uniform with 

depth 

1.68 kglhectare (alfalfa) (=1.5 lblacre) 

3.37 kglhectare (turf, non-bearing ag) (= 3.0 lblacre) 

4.48 kglhectare (Xmas tree) (= 4.0 lblacre) 

0.99 (ground spray, alfalfa) 

1.0 (granular, turf, non-bearing ag, Xmas tree) 

0.064 (ground spray, alfalfa) 

- 

0.0 (granular, turf, Xmas tree, non-bearing ag) - 

0 (default) 

0 (default) 

0 (default) 

0 (default) 

65-day half-life (upper 90%ile of mean on 6 values) 

(Addendum 1 to ACC. No.257843) 

(Addendum 1 to MRID 4 175 17-03) 

(Zimdahl & Gwynn 1977, DER dated 10121102) 

10750 (avg of 4 values) MRID 416138-16 

0.000291 atrn-m3.mol-' (Wauchope, Rev Environ Contam 

Toxic01 1992, 123: 1-1 55) (=VP/solubility) 

no data, assumed stable 

half-life = 9.9 hours (Acc. No. 404572-01, 1986) 

(MRID 416138-14) 

stable at all pH (Acc. No. 257843) 

335.29 dm01 

0.1 mgL @ 25°C (Tomlin, The Pesticide Manual World 

Compendium, 1994) 

0.000066 rnmHg (Tomlin, The Pesticide Manual World 

Compendium, 1994) 

Appendix 111: Aquatic Estimated Environmental Concentrations 

(EECs) 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 42 
1) California Spring alfalfa 

stored as CA-spr Koc.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: CAspringalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 

2003 at 11:10:00 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

197 9 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

0.7244 

1.058 

0.7478 

0.7444 

0.7414 

0.7428 

0.7412 

0.7424 

0.7429 

0.7481 

0.744 

0.7419 

0.7573 

0.7439 

0.7417 

0.7447 

0.7409 

0.8559 

0.7456 

0.7424 

0.7461 

0.7423 

0.7442 

0.7445 

0.7415 

0.7752 

0.7468 

0.7435 

0.7421 

0.7425 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.032 1.058 

0.064 0.8559 

0.096 0.7752 

0.129 0.7573 

0.161 0.7481 

0.193 0.7478 

0.225 0.7468 

0.258 0.7461 

0.290 0.7456 

0.322 0.7447 

0.354 0.7445 

0.387 0.7444 

0.419 0.7442 

0.451 0.744 

0.483 0.7439 

0.516 0.7435 

21 Day 

0.1761 

0.2989 

0.2053 

0.1926 

0.1897 

0.191 

0.1895 

0.1949 

0.2676 

0.2054 

0.1922 

0.1901 

0.2355 

0.1921 

0.1901 

0.1901 

0.1893 

0.2327 

0.2019 

0.2568 

0.1942 

0.1907 

0.2022 

0.1924 

0.1896 

0.2708 

0.207 

0.1933 

0.1929 

0.1909 

21 Day 

0.2989 

0.2708 

0.2676 

0.2568 

0.2355 

0.2327 

0.207 

0.2054 

0.2053 

0.2022 

0.2019 

0.194 9 

0.1942 

0.1933 

0.1929 

0.1926 

60 Day 

0.08081 

0.1439 

0.1082 

0.09472 

0.1061 

0.09326 

0.09713 

0.09855 

0.1421 

0.1103 

0.09479 

0.09237 

0.1179 

0.09677 

0.0929 

0.09214 

0.09256 

0.1258 

0.1008 

0.1321 

0.09872 

0.1013 

0.1072 

0.09458 

0.09208 

0.1407 

0.1076 

0.09573 

0.102 

0.09313 

60 Day 

0.1439 

0.1421 

0.1407 

0.1321 

0.1258 

0.1179 

0.1103 

0.1082 

0.1076 

0.1072 

0.1061 

0.102 

0.1013 

0.1008 

0.09872 

0.09855 

90 Day 

0.06239 

0.1129 

0.0895 

0.0751 

0.08441 

0.07373 

0.08058 

0.07811 

0.1139 

0.0881 

0.07651 

0.07289 

0.093 

0.07677 

0.07331 

0.07259 

0.07295 

0.101 

0.08009 

0.1046 

0.0791 

0.0808 

0.08856 

0.07496 

0.07259 

0.1111 

0.08569 

0.07856 

0.08103 

0.07454 

90 Day 

0.1139 

0.1129 

0.1111 

0.1046 

0.101 

0.093 

0.0895 

0.08856 

0.0881 

0.08569 

0.08441 

0.08103 

0.0808 

0.08058 

0.08009 

0.0791 

Yearly 

0.05082 

0.0485 

0.04808 

0.04604 

0.04469 

0.04115 

0.04069 

0.04057 

0.04041 

0.0395 

0.03749 

0.03648 

0.03629 

0.03625 

0.03606 

0.03606 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 43 

v*m--- -- - - ---- -- ----dm-- 
0.1 0.77341 0.64703 0.26652 0.13984 0.11045 0.047876 

Average of yearly averages: 0.0373273333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

2) California Fall alfalfa 

stored as CA fall Koc.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: CAfallalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 

11:11:18 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

19 67 

1968 

19 6 9 

1970 

197 1 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

197 6 

1977 

197 8 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

0.7229 

0.739 

0.7402 

0.7395 

0.7398 

0.7393 

0.7415 

0.7396 

0.7489 

0.7431 

0.7415 

0.7395 

0.7415 

0.7402 

0.7395 

0.7401 

0.7392 

0.7423 

0.7401 

0.7412 

0.7399 

0.74 

0.7451 

0.7409 

0.7397 

0.7417 

0.7413 

0.7395 

0.7401 

0.74 

21 Day 

0.1774 

0.1857 

0.1975 

0.1894 

0.1909 

0.1876 

0.1902 

0.2 102 

0.198 

0.1898 

0.1884 

0.2159 

0.1888 

0.1869 

0.1862 

0.1911 

0.1859 

0.191 

0.1889 

0.1879 

0.1869 

0.1952 

0.1971 

0.1878 

0.197 

0.1884 

0.188 

0.1894 

0.1868 

0.1867 

60 Day 

0.0891 

0.09002 

0.09705 

0.09284 

0.09449 

0.103 

0.09449 

0.1051 

0.1008 

0.1068 

0.09408 

0.1063 

0.09432 

0.09459 

0.09042 

0.09343 

0.09601 

0.09582 

0.09256 

0.09222 

0.091 

0.1064 

0.1026 

0.09648 

0.09854 

0.1007 

0.09252 

0.09649 

0.09187 

0.09147 

90 Day 

0.05974 

0.06409 

0.06925 

0.06618 

0.06743 

0.07293 

0.06796 

0.07447 

0.07733 

0.07681 

0.06776 

0.07522 

0.06794 

0.06757 

0.06451 

0.06681 

0.0683 

0.06914 

0.06619 

0.06633 

0.06508 

0.07547 

0.07468 

0.0691 

0.07006 

0.07228 

0.06659 

0.06863 

0.06573 

0.06541 

Yearly 

0.01473 

0.03359 

0.03662 

0.03415 

0.03506 

0.03562 

0.03796 

0.03653 

0.05488 

0.04378 

0.03779 

0.03665 

0.0382 

0.03607 

0.03382 

0.03585 

0.03444 

0.0404 

0.03558 

0.03788 

0.03503 

0.03759 

0.04684 

0.03728 

0.03561 

0.03992 

0.03765 

0.03483 

0.03521 

0.03536 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 44 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 0.7489 0.574 

0.064 0.7451 0.5437 

0.096 0.7431 0.5401 

0.129 0.7423 0.5399 

0.161 0.7417 0.5379 

0.193 0.7415 0.537 1 

0.225 0.7415 0.5365 

0.258 0.7415 0.5363 

0.290 0.7413 0.5363 

0.322 0.7412 0.5363 

0.354 0.7409 0.5361 

0.387 0.7402 0.536 

0.419 0.7402 0.5357 

0.451 0.7401 0.535 

0.483 0.7401 0.535 

0.516 0.7401 0.5349 

0.548 0.74 0.5349 

0.580 0.74 0.5348 

0.612 0.7399 0.5348 

0.645 0.7398 0.5347 

0.677 0.7397 0.534 7 

0.709 0.7396 0.5346 

0.741 0.7395 0.5345 

0.774 0.7395 0.5342 

0.806 0.7395 0.5342 

0.838 0.7395 0.5342 

0.870 0.7393 0.534 

0.903 0.7392 0.534 

0.935 0.739 0.5338 

0.967 0.7229 0.5161 

21 Day 

0.2159 

0.2102 

0.198 

0.1975 

0.1971 

0.197 

0.1952 

0.1911 

0.191 

0.1909 

0.1902 

0.1898 

0.1894 

0.1894 

0.1889 

0.1888 

0.1884 

0.1884 

0.188 

0.1879 

0.1878 

0.1876 

0.1869 

0.1869 

0.1868 

0.1867 

0.1862 

0.1859 

0.1857 

0.1774 

60 Day 

0.1068 

0.1064 

0.1063 

0.1051 

0.103 

0.1026 

0.1008 

0.1007 

0.09854 

0.09705 

0.09649 

0.09648 

0.09601 

0.09582 

0.09459 

0.09449 

0.09449 

0.09432 

0.09408 

0.09343 

0.09284 

0.09256 

0.09252 

0.09222 

0.09187 

0.09147 

0.091 

0.09042 

0.09002 

0.08 91 

90 Day 

0.07733 

0.07681 

0.07547 

0.07522 

0.07468 

0.07447 

0.07293 

0.07228 

0.07006 

0.06925 

0.06914 

0.0691 

0.06863 

0.0683 

0.06796 

0.06794 

0.06776 

0.06757 

0.06743 

0.06681 

0.06659 

0.06633 

0.06619 

0,06618 

0.06573 

0.06541 

0.06508 

0.06451 

0.06409 

0.05974 

Yearly 

0.05488 

0.04684 

0.04378 

0.0404 

0.03992 

0.0382 

0.03796 

0.03788 

0.03779 

0.03765 

0.03759 

0.03728 

0.03665 

0.03662 

0.03653 

0.03607 

0.03585 

0.03562 

0.03561 

0.03558 

0.03536 

0.03521 

0.03506 

0.03503 

0.03483 

0.03444 

0.03415 

0.03382 

0.03359 

0.01473 

0.1 0.74302 0.54008 0.19795 0.10618 0.075445 0.043442 

Average of yearly averages: 0.0368306666666667 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

3) Minnesota alfalfa 

stored as MN alf Koc.out 

Chemical: benfluTalin 

PRZM environment: MNalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 

11:13:10 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: ~14914. dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:52 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

19 65 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

Peak 

0.7208 

0.735 

0.7401 

0.7386 

0.7405 

0.7377 

0.7376 

0.7361 

0.7359 

0.7396 

0.7385 

0.739 

0.738 

21 Day 

0.1851 

0.2178 

0.1881 

0.1819 

0.185 

0.1812 

0.1809 

0.1795 

0.1804 

0.1836 

0.1926 

0.2112 

0.1815 

60 Day 

0.08363 

0.1152 

0.09343 

0.1106 

0.09076 

0.08701 

0.08717 

0.08 628 

0.08778 

0.09321 

0.09559 

0.1013 

0.0872 

90 Day 

0.06507 

0.09139 

0.07357 

0.08762 

0.0737 

0.0706 

0.06831 

0.06756 

0.08313 

0.07341 

0.07564 

0.08028 

0.06924 

Yearly 

0.02447 

0.03988 

0.03713 

0.0407 

0.03564 

0.0337 

0.03128 

0.03018 

0.03733 

0.03632 

0.03675 

0.03685 

0.03462 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 45 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 0.7846 0.5705 

0.064 0.7438 0.5631 

0.096 0.7426 0.561 

0.129 0.7406 0.5341 

0.161 0.7406 0.533 

0.193 0.7405 0.5317 

0.225 0.7405 0.531 

0.258 0.7401 0.5309 

0.290 0.7401 0.5305 

0.322 0.74 0.5305 

0.354 0.7396 0.5304 

0.387 0.7392 0.5302 

0.419 0.739 0.53 

0.451 0.7389 0.5296 

0.483 0.7387 0.5291 

0.516 0.7386 0.5289 

0.548 0.7385 0.5289 

0.580 0.7381 0.5285 

0.612 0.738 0.5284 

0.645 0.738 0.5284 

0.677 0.7378 0.5282 

0.709 0.7378 0.5282 

0.741 0.7377 0.5281 

0.774 0.7376 0.528 

0.806 0.7376 0.528 

0.838 0.7373 0.5277 

0.870 0.7361 0.5264 

0.903 0.7359 0.5263 

0.935 0.735 0.5254 

0.967 0.7208 0.5201 

21 Day 

0.2224 

0.2178 

0.2112 

0.2082 

0.1961 

0.194 

0.1926 

0.1881 

0.1869 

0.1858 

0.1851 

0.185 

0.1842 

0.184 

0.184 

0.1836 

0.1835 

0.1833 

0.1832 

0.1821 

0.182 

0.1819 

0.1815 

0.1814 

0.1813 

0.1812 

0.181 

0.1809 

0.1804 

0.1795 

60 Day 

0.1282 

0.1152 

0.111 

0.1106 

0.1096 

0.1052 

0.1043 

0.1019 

0.1014 

0.1013 

0.09932 

0.09559 

0.09418 

0.09388 

0.09343 

0.09329 

0.09321 

0.09252 

0.09221 

0.09076 

0.08899 

0.08854 

0.08778 

0.08771 

0.0872 

0.08717 

0.08701 

0.08683 

0.08628 

0.08363 

90 Day 

0.1044 

0.09139 

0.08986 

0.08762 

0.08704 

0.0863 

0.08433 

0.08313 

0.08262 

0.08219 

0.08128 

0.08118 

0.08028 

0.07715 

0.07581 

0.07564 

0.0752 

0.0737 

0.07357 

0.07341 

0.0731 

0.0706 

0.06993 

0.0694 

0.06936 

0.06924 

0.06831 

0.06805 

0.06756 

0.06507 

Yearly 

0.04952 

0.04327 

0.04148 

0.0407 

0.04025 

0.04019 

0.04003 

0.03988 

0.03878 

0.03733 

0.03722 

0.03717 

0.03713 

0.03685 

0.03675 

0.03668 

0.03651 

0.03632 

0.03564 

0.03557 

0.03554 

0.03486 

0.03466 

0.03462 

0.03435 

0.0337 

0.03281 

0.03128 

0.03018 

0.02447 

0.1 0.7424 0.55831 0.2109 0.11096 0.089636 0.041402 

Average of yearly averages: 0.0367913333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

4) North Carolina alfalfa 

stored as NC alf Koc.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: NCalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 

11:14:52 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 46 
EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w03812.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:50 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

0.7187 

0.7426 

0.7508 

0.8366 

0.7464 

0.7416 

0.7436 

0.7483 

0.7546 

0.7502 

0.849 

0.7584 

0.7498 

0.7656 

0.7551 

0.7542 

0.7448 

0.7452 

0.7448 

0.7559 

0.745 

0.7431 

0.7783 

0.7496 

0.7455 

0.7565 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.037 0.849 0.6576 

0.074 0.8366 0.6147 

0.111 0.7783 0.6057 

0.148 0.7656 0.5976 

0.185 0.7584 0.58 67 

0.222 0.7565 0.5677 

0.259 0.7559 0.5527 

0.296 0.7551 0.5455 

0.333 0.7546 0.5431 

0.370 0.7542 0.543 

0.407 0.7508 0.5422 

0.444 0.7502 0.5417 

0.481 0.7498 0.5414 

0.518 0.7496 0.5406 

0.555 0.7483 0.5373 

0.592 0.7464 0.5369 

0.629 0.7455 0.5354 

0.666 0.7452 0.5335 

0.703 0.745 0.532 6 

0.740 0.7448 0.5323 

0.777 0.7448 0.5319 

0.814 0.7436 0.5319 

0.851 0.7431 0.5308 

0.888 0.7426 0.5298 

0.925 0.7416 0.5288 

0.962 0.7187 0.5046 

21 Day 

0.1649 

0.2547 

0.2098 

0.2106 

0.189 

0.1828 

0.1951 

0.1902 

0.2012 

0.2053 

0.254 

0.2173 

0.3997 

0.2491 

0.2172 

0.195 

0.1913 

0.1862 

0.2662 

0.1965 

0.1855 

0.2 632 

0.3779 

0.23 

0.2122 

0.2297 

21 Day 

0.3997 

0.3779 

0.2662 

0.2632 

0.2547 

0.254 

0.2491 

0.23 

0.22 97 

0.2173 

0.2172 

0.2122 

0.2106 

0.2098 

0.2053 

0.2012 

0.1965 

0.1951 

0.195 

0.1913 

0.1902 

0.189 

0.1862 

0.1855 

0.1828 

0.1649 

60 Day 

0.1189 

0.1516 

0.1147 

0.1322 

0.1122 

0.1043 

0.1394 

0.1449 

0.1106 

0.1122 

0.2012 

0.1434 

0.2329 

0.1357 

0.1377 

0.1227 

0.09911 

0.1051 

0.152 

0.1093 

0.09471 

0.1412 

0.1891 

0.1299 

0.1685 

0.1645 

60 Day 

0.232 9 

0.2012 

0.1891 

0.1685 

0.1645 

0.152 

0.1516 

0.1449 

0.1434 

0.1412 

0.1394 

0.1377 

0.1357 

0.1322 

0.1299 

0.1227 

0.1189 

0.1147 

0.1122 

0.1122 

0.1106 

0.1093 

0.1051 

0.1043 

0.09911 

0.09471 

90 Day 

0.09322 

0.1311 

0.09663 

0.1097 

0.09207 

0.09623 

0.1168 

0.1262 

0.09453 

0.09275 

0.1742 

0.1187 

0.213 

0.1139 

0.1445 

0.1021 

0.08087 

0.09087 

0.1284 

0.09466 

0.08318 

0.1235 

0.1553 

0.108 

0.1443 

0.1401 

90 Day 

0.213 

0.1742 

0.1553 

0.1445 

0.1443 

0.1401 

0.1311 

0.1284 

0.1262 

0.1235 

0.1187 

0.1168 

0.1139 

0.1097 

0.108 

0.1021 

0.09663 

0.09623 

0.09466 

0.09453 

0.09322 

0.09275 

0.09207 

0.09087 

0.08318 

0.08087 

Yearly 

0.0263 

0.06134 

0.05895 

0.06015 

0.05471 

0.05078 

0.06112 

0.06756 

0.06872 

0.06075 

0.07756 

0.07968 

0.09411 

0.08834 

0.08293 

0.06657 

0.04934 

0.05698 

0.06908 

0.0674 

0.05035 

0.05718 

0.07739 

0.06362 

0.06769 

0.0807 

Yearly 

0.09411 

0.08834 

0.08293 

0.0807 

0.07968 

0.07756 

0.07739 

0.06908 

0.06872 

0.06769 

0.06756 

0.0674 

0.06657 

0.06362 

0.06134 

0.06112 

0.06075 

0.06015 

0.05895 

0.05718 

0.05698 

0.05471 

0.05078 

0.05035 

0.04934 

0.0263 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 47 
Average of yearly averages: 0.0653576923076923 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

5) Pennsylvania Spring alfalfa 

stored as PA spr alf-Koc.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: PAspringalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 

2003 at 12:43:16 

EXAMS environment: pond298.e~~ modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:,06:12 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

197 0 

197 1 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

0.7224 

0.7407 

0.7436 

0.85 

0.7443 

0.7423 

0.744 

0.748 

0.7493 

0.7665 

0.747 

0.7519 

0.7573 

0.7529 

0.751 

0.7515 

0.748 

0.7692 

0.7501 

0.7494 

0.7429 

0.7445 

0.7546 

0.7474 

0.7552 

0.7584 

0.7465 

0.7503 

0.751 

0.7524 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 0.85 0.613 

0.064 0.7692 0.5582 

0.096 0.7665 0.5555 

0.129 0.7584 0.5548 

0.161 0.7573 0.5506 

0.193 0.7552 0.5501 

0.225 0.7546 0.548 

0.258 0.7529 0.547 

0.290 0.7524 0.5457 

0.322 0.7519 0.5452 

0.354 0.7515 0.5449 

0.387 0.751 0.5444 

0.419 0.751 0.5439 

0.4510.7503 0.5439 

21 Day 

0.1714 

0.1855 

0.1885 

0.2331 

0.1889 

0.1979 

0.2107 

0.2655 

0.2019 

0.2014 

0.1926 

0.2006 

0.204 

0.1972 

0.2028 

0.1976 

0.1938 

0.1962 

0.1992 

0.2047 

0.1939 

0.1981 

0.2028 

0.2216 

0.2383 

0.201 

0.193 

0.1949 

0.2368 

0.2006 

21 Day 

0.2655 

0.2383 

0.2368 

0.2331 

0.2216 

0.2107 

0.2047 

0.204 

0.2028 

0.2028 

0.2019 

0.2014 

0.201 

0.2006 

60 Day 

0.07813 

0.09537 

0.09244 

0.117 

0.09345 

0.09751 

0.1136 

0.1557 

0.1029 

0.1025 

0.113 

0.1278 

0.1172 

0.1137 

0.1153 

0.1009 

0.09988 

0.1167 

0.1166 

0.1086 

0.1177 

0.1271 

0.106 

0.1572 

0.1282 

0.1089 

0.09584 

0.1411 

0.1478 

0.135 

60 Day 

0.1572 

0.1557 

0.1478 

0.1411 

0.135 

0.1282 

0.1278 

0.1271 

0.1177 

0.1172 

0.117 

0.1167 

0.1166 

0.1153 

90 Day 

0.065 

0.07769 

0.07313 

0.09427 

0.07419 

0.07684 

0.1049 

0.1238 

0.08324 

0.08286 

0.09024 

0.1276 

0.1112 

0.09453 

0.0981 

0.08162 

0.08027 

0.09636 

0.09557 

0.08681 

0.097 

0.1091 

0.08954 

0.1422 

0.1052 

0.08902 

0.08322 

0.1139 

0.1237 

0.113 

90 Day 

0.1422 

0.1276 

0.1238 

0.1237 

0.1139 

0.113 

0.1112 

0.1091 

0.1052 

0.1049 

0.0981 

0.097 

0.09636 

0.09557 

Yearly 

0.02881 

0.04018 

0.04056 

0.04505 

0.03854 ' 

0.04029 

0.05153 

0.05837 

0.05442 

0.0477 

0.05494 

0.06792 

0.06205 

0.05624 

0.05616 

0.04947 

0.04499 

0.05295 

0.05455 

0.04375 

0.04552 

0.06007 

0.04948 

0.06927 

0.06507 

0.0509 

0.05179 

0.06012 

0.0633 

0.06231 

Yearly 

0.06927 

0.06792 

0.06507 

0.0633 

0.06231 

0.06205 

0.06012 

0.06007 

0.05837 

0.05624 

0.05616 

0.05494 

0.05455 

0.05442 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 48 
0.1 0.76569 0.55543 0.23643 0.14713 0.12379 0.064893 

Average of yearly averages: 0.05221 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

6) Pennsylvania Fall alfalfa 

stored as PA fall alf Koc.out 

Chemical: benfluralinPRZM environment: PAfallalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 

12:45:24 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

19 6 9 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

197 6 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

Peak 

0.7174 

0.7347 

0.7378 

0.7446 

0.7393 

0.7413 

0.7427 

0.7407 

0.7385 

0.7376 

0.7433 

0.7499 

0.7497 

0.7492 

0.7451 

0.7479 

0.7441 

0.7464 

0.7416 

0.7437 

0.7381 

0.7385 

0.7375 

0.7434 

1.075 

0.7527 

1.001 

0.7489 

0.744 

21 Day 

0.1665 

0.1873 

0.1776 

0.1844 

0.2187 

0.1866 

0.2034 

0.1847 

0.1835 

0.1942 

0.2927 

0.2122 

0.1927 

0.2156 

0.1858 

0.1873 

0.2069 

0.1945 

0.2179 

0.1835 

0.1781 

0.1843 

0.1774 

0.1848 

0.2853 

0.2065 

0.282 

0.2406 

0.1866 

60 Day 

0.07526 

0.09693 

0.1303 

0.09746 

0.123 

0.1234 

0.1014 

0.09429 

0.09362 

0.1033 

0.1694 

0.1118 

0.1324 

0.1327 

0.1403 

0.1216 

0.115 

0.1003 

0.1545 

0.09274 

0.09229 

0.09073 

0.08757 

0.09321 

0.182 

0.109 

0.1903 

0.1268 

0.1241 

90 Day 

0.05827 

0.08618 

0.1133 

0.07884 

0.09858 

0.1017 

0.08682 

0.08064 

0.07495 

0.1011 

0.1457 

0.1139 

0.1111 

0.1087 

0.1267 

0.1054 

0.101 

0.08106 

0.1254 

0.07871 

0.07488 

0.07616 

0.0786 

0.08277 

0.1522 

0.0918 

0.1547 

0.1037 

0.1062 

Yearly 

0.01846 

0.0404 

0.0525 

0.05152 

0.04909 

0.05199 

0.05074 

0.04604 

0.04057 

0.04866 

0.06895 

0.06905 

0.06735 

0.06174 

0.06473 

0.06194 

0.0573 

0.05099 

0.06107 

0.04869 

0.04013 

0.04006 

0.04501 

0.04822 

0.06642 

0.06452 

0.06956 

0.06387 

0.05575 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 49 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 1.075 0.7715 

0.064 1.001 0.7201 

0.096 0.7527 0.575 

0.129 0.7499 0.5737 

0.161 0.7497 0.558 

0.193 0.7492 0.5415 

0.225 0.7489 0.5393 

0.258 0.7479 0.5349 

0.290 0.7464 0.534 8 

0.322 0.7451 0.5347 

0.354 0.7446 0.5339 

0.387 0.7441 0.5328 

0.419 0.744 0.5317 

0.451 0.7437 0.5312 

0.483 0.7434 0.5303 

0.516 0.7433 0.5296 

0.548 0.7427 0.52 92 

0.580 0.7427 0.5288 

0.612 0.7416 0.5284 

0.645 0.7413 0.5278 

0.677 0.7407 0.52 67 

0.709 0.7393 0.5261 

0.741 0.7385 0.5257 

0.774 0.7385 0.5235 

0.806 0.7381 0.5233 

0.838 0.7378 0.5232 

0.870 0.7376 0.5231 

0.903 0.7375 0.5228 

0.935 0.7347 0.5225 

0.967 0.7174 0.5137 

21 Day 

0.2 927 

0.2853 

0.282 

0.2406 

0.2187 

0.2179 

0.2156 

0.2122 

0.2069 

0.2065 

0.2034 

0.1945 

0.1942 

0.1927 

0.1873 

0.1873 

0.1866 

0.1866 

0.1858 

0.1848 

0.1847 

0.1844 

0.1843 

0.1837 

0.1835 

0.1835 

0.1781 

0.1776 

0.1774 

0.1665 

60 Day 

0.1903 

0.182 

0.1694 

0.1545 

0.1403 

0.1327 

0.1324 

0.1303 

0.1268 

0.1241 

0.1234 

0.123 

0.1216 

0.115 

0.1118 

0.109 

0.1033 

0.1014 

0.1003 

0.09746 

0.09693 

0.0948 

0.09429 

0.09362 

0.09321 

0.09274 

0.09229 

0.09073 

0.08757 

0.07526 

90 Day 

0.1547 

0.1522 

0.1457 

0.1267 

0.1254 

0.1139 

0.1133 

0.1111 

0.1087 

0.1062 

0.1054 

0.1037 

0.1017 

0.1011 

0.101 

0.09858 

0.0918 

0.08751 

0.08682 

0.08618 

0.08277 

0.08106 

0.08064 

0.07884 

0.07871 

0.0786 

0.07616 

0.07495 

0.07488 

0.05827 

0.1 0.75242 0.57487 0.27786 0.16791 0.1438 0.06879 

Average of yearly averages: 0.0535193333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

7) Texas alfalfa 

stored as TX alf Koc.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: TXalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 

11: 16: 36 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w13958.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:24 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

Peak 

0.7187 

0.7461 

0.7485 

0.7422 

1.095 

0.7 623 

0.7475 

0.7641 

0.7548 

0.9012 

0.7443 

21 Day 

0.291 

0.2354 

0.2031 

0.2651 

0.3244 

0.2451 

0.3008 

0.2831 

0.1974 

0.2286 

0.1899 

60 Day 

0.1365 

0.1551 

0.1049 

0.208 

0.2274 

0.1301 

0.2039 

0.1478 

0.1091 

0.1453 

0.1019 

90 Day 

0.1142 

0.1249 

0.08535 

0.1874 

0.1926 

0.1068 

0.1879 

0.1253 

0.08942 

0.1193 

0.09116 

Yearly 

0.03236 

0.05907 

0.05522 

0.07576 

0.1087 

0.07709 

0.08017 

0.08972 

0.06503 

0.06477 

0.05411 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 50 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 1.218 0.9949 

0.064 1.095 0.7911 

0.096 0.9669 0.7653 

0.129 0.9012 0.7173 

0.161 0.8607 0.6941 

0.193 0.8302 0.6434 

0.225 0.8067 0.6199 

0.258 0.7935 0.6131 

0.290 0.7741 0.5789 

0.322 0.7641 0.5757 

0.354 0.7623 0.5604 

0.387 0.7598 0.5526 

0.419 0.7548 0.5495 

0.451 0.7544 0.5482 

0.483 0.7532 0.5472 

0.516 0.7519 0.5467 

0.548 0.7513 0.5415 

0.580 0.7509 0.539 

0.612 0.7485 0.5384 

0.645 0.7475 0.5381 

0.677 0.7461 0.5356 

0.709 0.7457 0.5329 

0.741 0.7453 0.5324 

0.774 0.7443 0.5322 

0.806 0.7438 0.5315 

0.838 0.7432 0.531 

0.870 0.7422 0.5302 

0.903 0.7414 0.5294 

0.935 0.74 0.5272 

0.967 0.7187 0.5046 

21 Day 

0.6023 

0.3494 

0.3245 

0.3244 

0.3008 

0.291 

0.2853 

0.2831 

0.2803 

0.2 651 

0.2465 

0.2454 

0.2451 

0.2408 

0.2354 

0.2347 

0.2286 

0.2282 

0.2229 

0.2126 

0.2115 

0.2031 

0.2026 

0.2015 

0.1974 

0.1922 

0.1899 

0.1883 

0.1863 

0.1839 

60 Day 

0.3372 

0.2358 

0.2274 

0.208 

0.2039 

0.2027 

0.1837 

0.1792 

0.1712 

0.1687 

0.161 

0.1551 

0.1478 

0.1453 

0.1365 

0.1359 

0.135 

0.1342 

0.1301 

0.1272 

0.1238 

0.117 6 

0.114 

0.1091 

0.1088 

0.1074 

0.1064 

0.1049 

0.1019 

0.0946 

90 Day 

0.2739 

0.1943 

0.1926 

0.1879 

0.1874 

0.1654 

0.1543 

0.154 

0.1464 

0.1415 

0.1361 

0.1352 

0.1269 

0.1253 

0.1249 

0.1195 

0.1193 

0.1178 

0.1142 

0.1121 

0.1068 

0.1043 

0.0987 

0.09554 

0.09116 

0.08942 

0.08795 

0.08677 

0.08535 

0.07988 

Yearly 

0.1087 

0.1025 

0.099 

0.09568 

0.09215 

0.08972 

0.08135 

0.08017 

0.07892 

0.07879 

0.07762 

0.07709 

0.07576 

0.06671 

0.06503 

0.06477 

0.06406 

0.06341 

0.06334 

0.06223 

0.05927 

0.05907 

0.05838 

0.05667 

0.05522 

0.05411 

0.05389 

0.0538 

0.04563 

0.03236 

0.1 0.96033 0.7605 0.32449 0.22546 0.19213 0.098668 

Average of yearly averages: 0.0705133333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

8) Florida Turf, one application 

stored as FL turf Koc.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: FLturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:44:48 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 51 
EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w12834.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

197 7 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

0.8341 

0.9473 

1.844 

1.875 

1.057 

2.798 

0.9383 

2.273 

0.8975 

0.1451 

0.8067 

1.287 

0.2611 

0.7013 

0.4138 

2.734 

0.5059 

1.406 

2.421 

0.2741 

0.5439 

1.58 

1.007 

2.22 

0.685 

0.981 

0.1419 

0.2981 

1.082 

0.2062 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.032 2.798 

0.064 2.734 

0.096 2.421 

0.129 2.273 

0.161 2.22 

0.193 1.875 

0.225 1.844 

0.258 1.58 

0.290 1.406 

0.322 1.287 

0.354 1.082 

0.387 1.057 

0.419 1.007 

0.451 0.981 

0.483 0.9473 

0.516 0.9383 

0.548 0.8975 

0.580 0.8341 

0.612 0.8067 

0.645 0.7013 

0.677 0.685 

0.709 0.5439 

0.741 0.5059 

0.774 0.4138 

21 Day 

0.2276 

0.268 

0.592 

0.6135 

0.4176 

0.981 

0.322 

0.7367 

0.2985 

0.1253 

0.2167 

0.3639 

0.1222 

0.224 

0.1419 

0.746 

0.1981 

0.3754 

0.6419 

0.1486 

0.2282 

0.42 

0.4001 

0.5834 

0.2128 

0.3288 

0.07306 

0.09294 

0.2966 

0.07784 

21 Day 

0.981 

0.746 

0.7367 

0.6419 

0.6135 

0.592 

0.5834 

0.42 

0.4176 

0.4001 

0.3754 

0.3639 

0.3288 

0.322 

0.2985 

0.2966 

0.2 68 

0.2282 

0.2276 

0.224 

0.2167 

0.2128 

0.1981 

0.1486 

60 Day 

0.1252 

0.1863 

0.3288 

0.3538 

0.2403 

0.6299 

0.2088 

0.4 938 

0.2428 

0.1166 

0.1332 

0.1944 

0.09894 

0.1795 

0.09719 

0.4201 

0.1565 

0.256 

0.3321 

0.1398 

0.128 

0.2517 

0.2143 

0.3132 

0.1293 

0.218 

0.06985 

0.05079 

0.1486 

0.05758 

60 Day 

0.6299 

0.4938 

0.4201 

0.3538 

0.3321 

0.3288 

0.3132 

0.256 

0.2517 

0.2428 

0.2403 

0.218 

0.2143 

0.2088 

0.1944 

0.1863 

0.1795 

0.1565 

0.1486 

0.1398 

0.1332 

0.1293 

0.128 

0.1252 

90 Day 

0.1308 

0.1711 

0.2686 

0.3409 

0.2008 

0.5206 

0.184 

0.4193 

0.2141 

0.1097 

0.12 

0.2073 

0.09233 

0.1558 

0.09998 

0.3407 

0.1338 

0.2198 

0.3482 

0.1321 

0.1057 

0.2075 

0.1987 

0.262 

0.1252 

0.1801 

0.06612 

0.04729 

0.117 

0.05455 

90 Day 

0.5206 

0.4193 

0.3482 

0.3409 

0.3407 

0.2686 

0.262 

0.2198 

0.2141 

0.2075 

0.2073 

0.2008 

0.1987 

0.184 

0.1801 

0.1711 

0.1558 

0.1338 

0.1321 

0.1308 

0.1252 

0.12 ' 

0.117 

0.1097 

Yearly 

0.04918 

0.08962 

0.1439 

0.2222 

0.1367 

0.2442 

0.1454 

0.2075 

0.1599 

0.06916 

0.07565 

0.1206 

0.07373 

0.08684 

0.07391 

0.1592 

0.1018 

0.1321 

0.2 

0.09909 

0.06078 

0.1045 

0.1247 

0.152 

0.1013 

0.09607 

0.04984 

0.03357 

0.06144 

0.04279 

Yearly 

0.2442 

0.2222 

0.2075 

0.2 

0.1599 

0.1592 

0.152 

0.1454 

0.1439 

0.1367 

0.1321 

0.1247 

0.1206 

0.1045 

0.1018 

0.1013 

0.09909 

0.09607 

0.08962 

0.08684 

0.07565 

0.07391 

0.07373 

0.069161 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 52 
0.1 2.4062 1.8155 0.72722 0.41347 0.34747 0.20675 

Average of yearly averages: 0.113922333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

9) Florida Turf, two applications 

stored as FLturfX2.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: FLturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:44:48 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w12834 .dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

19 6 6 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

198 6 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

2.443 

2.7 

5.696 

3.442 

2.995 

8.428 

2.728 

4.202 

2.656 

0.3872 

2.344 

3.839 

0.7555 

2.03 

0.966 

8.866 

1.491 

2.083 

2.716 

0.7433 

1.57 

4.887 

2.931 

2.366 

2.033 

2.7 98 

0.4051 

0.8611 

3.157 

0.5955 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.032 8.866 

0.064 8.428 

0.096 5.696 

0.129 4.887 

0.161 4.202 

0.193 3.839 

0.225 3.442 

21 Day 

0.6655 

0.7657 

1.793 

1.269 

1.166 

2.902 

0.9123 

1.378 

0.8308 

0.33 

0.6051 

1.059 

0.3523 

0.6442 

0.3715 

2.227 

0.5684 

0.716 

1.181 

0.3477 

0.648 

1.276 

0.8749 

0.6948 

0.5806 

0.9326 

0.2049 

0.2686 

0.8557 

0.2236 

21 Day 

2.902 

2.227 

1.793 

1.378 

1.276 

1.269 

1.181 

60 Day 

0.3651 

0.5326 

0.9764 

0.9301 

0.6608 

1.837 

0.5641 

1.084 

0.665 

0.307 

0.3661 

0.5498 

0.285 

0.5144 

0.2664 

1.12 

0.4447 

0.4325 

0.7154 

0.3194 

0.3571 

0.7539 

0.4922 

0.4332 

0.3397 

0.6158 

0.1957 

0.1468 

0.4235 

0.1596 

60 Day 

1.837 

1.12 

1.084 

0.9764 

0.9301 

0.7539 

0.7154 

90 Day 

0.3809 

0.4889 

0.7918 

0.875 

0.5494 

1.511 

0.5099 

0.9512 

0.581 

0.2888 

0.3238 

0.5912 

0.2621 

0.4457 

0.2301 

0.8952 

0.3782 

0.4396 

0.6762 

0.3016 

0.2933 

0.6187 

0.4811 

0.3898 

0.32 

0.5079 

0.1853 

0.1367 

0.3311 

0.1513 

Yearly 

0.1416 

0.2573 

0.3985 

0.5142 

0.3584 

0.6667 

0.3953 

0.4965 

0.3905 

0.1802 

0.1929 

0.3288 

0.2104 

0.2421 

0.1927 

0.4244 

0.2788 

0.2886 

0.4104 

0.2252 

0.1544 

0.2935 

0.3292 

0.3019 

0.2315 

0.2636 

0.137 

0.09517 

0.1606 

0.1201 

90 Day Yearly 

1.511 0.6667 

0.9512 0.5142 

0.8952 0.4965 

0.875 0.4244 

0.7918 0.4104 

0.6762 0.3985 

0.6187 0.3953 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 53 
0.1 5.6151 4.04 65 1.7515 1.07324 0.89318 0.48929 

Average of yearly averages: 0.289349 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

10) Pennsylvania Turf, one application 

stored as PA turf Koc.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: PAturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:27:02 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

19 63 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

197 0 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

Peak 

0.5656 

0.4762 

0.308 

0.1792 

0.04983 

0.1269 

1.094 

0.9464 

1.389 

0.1628 

0.5163 

1.758 

1.162 

0.447 

0.3287 

0.6729 

0.08438 

0.5148 

0.5019 

0.06924 

0.3709 

1.021 

0.7703 

21 Day 

0.1832 

0.1277 

0.08992 

0.08758 

0.02358 

0.0523 

0.3095 

0.2974 

0.38 9 

0.0681 

0.17 53 

0.4984 

0.3316 

0.1451 

0.1087 

0.1751 

0.04051 

0.2003 

0.1625 

0.04739 

0.1175 

0.32 64 

0.3119 

60 Day 

0.09343 

0.07906 

0.05426 

0.05349 

0.01933 

0.03217 

0.1624 

0.2104 

0.1948 

0.05823 

0.1431 

0.3422 

0.2089 

0.1006 

0.07921 

0.1037 

0.03832 

0.1095 

0.09733 

0.04425 

0.06787 

0.1991 

0.171 

90 Day 

0.07524 

0.06736 

0.04758 

0.04685 

0.01782 

0.02725 

0.1329 

0.174 

0.1564 

0.05498 

0.1202 

0.2785 

0.1767 

0.08946 

0.06756 

0.0894 

0.03789 

0.09075 

0.08602 

0.04218 

0.0549 

0.1918 

0.1512 

Yearly 

0.03642 

0.03919 

0.0273 

0.02856 

0.01264 

0.0139 

0.06205 

0.08744 

0.07387 

0.04349 

0.06043 

0.1344 

0.1158 

0.07551 

0.05107 

0.04762 

0.03014 

0.0513 

0.06285 

0.02941 

0.02712 

0.08651 

0.08789 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 54 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 2.241 1.618 

0.064 1.766 1.279 

0.096 1.758 1.275 

0.129 1.389 0.9937 

0.161 1.244 0.901 

0.193 1.216 0.8762 

0.225 1.162 0.8474 

0.258 1.094 0.8242 

0.290 1.021 0.798 

0.322 0.9971 0.7848 

0.354 0.9464 0.6961 

0.387 0.9306 0.6757 

0.419 0.7703 0.5674 

0.451 0.6729 0.4922 

0.483 0.5656 0.416 

0.516 0.5163 0.405 

0.548 0.5148 0.3925 

0.580 0.5019 0.3858 

0.612 0.4939 0.3854 

0.645 0.4762 0.3439 

0.677 0.447 0.3338 

0.709 0.3709 0.2681 

0.741 0.3287 0.2479 

0.774 0.308 0.222 

0.806 0.1792 0.1356 

0.838 0.1628 0.1233 

0.870 0.1269 0.09286 

0.903 0.08438 0.066 

0.935 0.06924 0.05805 

0.967 0.04983 0.04108 

21 Day 

0.5898 

0.4984 

0.4769 

0.389 

0.3469 

0.3316 

0.3264 

0.3262 

0.3183 

0.3119 

0.3095 

0.2974 

0.2675 

0.2511 

0.2003 

0.1832 

0.1753 

0.1751 

0.1625 

0.1451 

0.1277 

0.1175 

0.1087 

0.08992 

0.08758 

0.0681 

0.0523 

0.04739 

0.04051 

0.02358 

60 Day 

0.3422 

0.3067 

0.302 

0.2104 

0.2089 

0.205 

0.1991 

0.1948 

0.1931 

0.1907 

0.1742 

90 Day 

0.2785 

0.2571 

0.255 

0.1918 

0.1767 

0.174 

0.1737 

0.1603 

0.1595 

0.1587 

0.1564 

0.1512 

0.1483 

0.1329 

0.1202 

0.09075 

0.08946 

0.0894 

0.08602 

0.07524 

0.06756 

0.06736 

0.05498 

0.0549 

0.04758 

0.04685 

0.04218 

0.03789 

0.02725 

0.01782 

Yearly 

0.1344 

0.1272 

0.1237 

0.1162 

0.1158 

0.09652 

0.09306 

0.08892 

0.08789 

0.08744 

0.08651 

0.07782 

0.07551 

0.07387 

0.06285 

0.06205 

0.06043 

0.0513 

0.05107 

0.04762 

0.04349 

0.03919 

0.03642 

0.03014 

0.02941 

0.02856 

0.0273 

0.02712 

0.0139 

0.01264 

0.1 1.7211 1.24687 0.46811 0.29284 0.24868 0.12295 

Average of yearly averages: 0.0669443333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

11) Pennsylvanis Turf, two applications 

stored as PAturfX2.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: PAturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:27:02 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 

1961 1.726 1.228 0.5385 0.2642 0.2095 0.08212 

1962 1.398 1.009 0.3725 0.2295 0.1953 0.1105 

1963 0.8997 0.6486 0.263 0.1588 0.1393 0.07957 

1964 0.2167 0.1716 0.1236 0.08787 0.08204 0.06231 

1965 0.1365 0.1106 0.05919 0.04581 0.042 0.03084 

1966 0.3779 0.2767 0.1565 0.0963 0.08165 0.04007 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 55 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 5.56 4.004 

0.064 4.192 2.992 

0.096 3.658 2.649 

0.129 3.646 2.622 

0.161 3.6 2.5 91 

0.193 3.379 2.54 

0.225 3.151 2.416 

0.258 2.366 1.729 

0.290 2.012 1.472 

0.322 1.896 1.376 

0.354 1.853 1.364 

0.387 1.726 1.228 

0.419 1.587 1.182 

0.451 1.576 1.172 

0.483 1.398 1.009 

0.516 1.118 0.9147 

0.548 1.037 0.7698 

0.580 1.017 0.7607 

0.612 0.9683 0.73 

0.645 0.9097 0.6751 

0.677 0.8997 0.6723 

0.709 0.884 0.6486 

0.741 0.7074 0.5346 

0.774 0.4912 0.3705 

0.806 0.3944 0.2889 

0.838 0.3779 0.2767 

0.870 0.2454 0.1924 

0.903 0.2167 0.1716 

0.935 0.1195 0.1106 

21 Day 

1.499 

1.157 

0.999 

0.9852 

0.9712 

0.9588 

0.9368 

0.6788 

0.616 

0.5954 

0.5399 

0.5385 

0.5253 

0.523 

0.4214 

0.4092 

0.4043 

0.3725 

0.3694 

0.3517 

0.3191 

0.3125 

0.263 

0.2021 

0.1565 

0.1339 

0.1236 

0.1221 

0.05919 

60 Day 

0.8427 

0.5744 

0.5693 

0.5613 

0.5517 

0.5504 

0.4852 

0.4818 

0.4269 

0.3803 

0.3461 

0.3135 

0.3112 

0.283 

0.2688 

0.2666 

0.2642 

0.2572 

0.2542 

0.253 

0.2319 

0.2295 

0.1635 

0.1588 

0.1154 

0.109 

0.09826 

0.0963 

0.04581 

0.1 3.6568 2.6463 0.99762 0.5685 

Average of yearly av 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

12) Oregon Christmas Tree farm 

90 Day 

0.6932 

0.5211 

0.4972 

0.465 

0.461 

0.4538 

0.4114 

0.3916 

0.3572 

0.3528 

0.2927 

0.2681 

0.2566 

0.2563 

0.2518 

0.235 

0.2266 

0.2261 

0.217 

0.2095 

0.1976 

0.1953 

0.1544 

0.1393 

0.1139 

0.104 

0.08204 

0.08178 

0.042 

Yearly 

0.3538 

0.311 

0.2498 

0.2273 

0.2264 

0.2161 

0.2049 

0.1907 

0.1854 

0.1845 

0.1825 

0.1744 

0.1692 

0.1683 

0.1614 

0.1459 

0.1432 

0.1415 

0.1391 

0.1267 

0.1245 

0.1105 

0.09016 

0.08212 

0.07957 

0.06984 

0.06231 

0.04746 

0.03084 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 56 

----- - - - --- -- - - - ----- 
stored as 0RXmas.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: 0RXmasTree.txt modified Friday, 3 May 2002 at 09:26:00 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: met2.met modified Tueday, 11 August 1992 at 12:05:28 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1948 

1949 

1950 

1951 

1952 

1953 

1954 

1955 

1956 

1957 

1958 

1959 

1960 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

19 6 6 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

197 1 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

197 6 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

Peak 

0.4167 

1.048 

1.502 

2.046 

0.2273 

0.5487 

0.3553 

2.131 

0.5506 

0.5736 

0.3938 

0.445 

1.325 

0.5513 

0.7517 

1.421 

1.525 

0.5085 

0.5672 

0.4193 

0.7749 

0.5974 

0.384 

0.8141 

0.6816 

1.151 

0.6557 

0.3211 

0.1639 

0.4277 

0.691 

0.8149 

0.9076 

0.6255 

0.3567 

0.296 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.027 2.131 1.532 

0.054 2.046 1.486 

0.081 1.525 1.395 

0.108 1.502 1.219 

0.135 1.421 1.148 

0.162 1.325 0.9618 

0.189 1.151 0.8415 

0.216 1.048 0.7648 

0.243 0.9076 0.7025 

0.270 0.8149 0.5906 

0.297 0.8141 0.5865 

0.324 0.7749 0.5858 

0.351 0.7517 0.5838 

0.378 0.691 0.5522 

0.405 0.6816 0.551 

21 Day 

0.1203 

0.2956 

0.5751 

0.5848 

0.1771 

0.2418 

0.1728 

0.5428 

0.3088 

0.1648 

0.1843 

0.2188 

0.3593 

0.2086 

0.2164 

0.441 

0.4193 

0.2151 

0.187 

0.1524 

0.2509 

0.2299 

0.1588 

0.216 

0.2288 

0.4089 

0.2787 

0.1201 

0.07797 

0.1831 

0.2284 

0.2076 

0.2833 

0.2599 

0.1752 

0.1296 

21 Day 

0.5848 

0.5751 

0.5428 

0.441 

0.4193 

0.4089 

0.3593 

0.3088 

0.2956 

0.2833 

0.2787 

0.2599 

0.2509 

0.2418 

0.2299 

60 Day 

0.09507 

0.1647 

0.3176 

0.3567 

0.1665 

0.1712 

0.1391 

0.3122 

0.2277 

0.09422 

0.1044 

0.1462 

0.173 

0.1373 

0.1177 

0.231 

0.193 

0.1661 

0.1277 

0.1009 

0.1809 

0.153 

0.1414 

0.1328 

0.1429 

0.2486 

0.1845 

0.08375 

0.06455 

0.1149 

0.1239 

0.1226 

0.1913 

0.1881 

0.1314 

0.09536 

60 Day 

0.3567 

0.3176 

0.3122 

0.2486 

0.231 

0.2277 

0.193 

0.1913 

0.1881 

0.1845 

0.1809 

0.173 

0.1712 

0.1665 

0.1661 

90 Day 

0.0785 

0.1467 

0.2672 

0.3133 

0.1558 

0.1355 

0.1256 

0.2774 

0.2022 

0.0788 

0.07872 

0.1231 

0.1262 

0.1227 

0.1024 

0.1873 

0.1397 

0.1488 

0.1157 

0.09034 

0.169 

0.1291 

0.127 

0.1145 

0.1217 

0.1732 

0.1634 

0.07723 

0.05924 

0.08139 

0.1018 

0.1043 

0.1355 

0.1909 

0.1215 

0.08942 

90 Day 

0.3133 

0.2774 

0.2672 

0.2022 

0.1909 

0.1873 

0.1732 

0.169 

0.1634 

0.1558 

0.1488 

0.1467 

0.1397 

0.1355 

0.1355 

Yearly 

0.02217 

0.09753 

0.1398 

0.1671 

0.1017 

0.09041 

0.07933 

0.093 

0.1187 

0.06538 

0.05912 

0.06502 

0.05336 

0.07594 

0.06109 

0.1142 

0.08807 

0.1036 

0.07954 

0.06322 

0.0911 

0.1094 

0.0842 

0.07994 

0.07913 

0.0756 

0.101 

0.054 67 

0.03358 

0.0273 

0.06909 

0.05937 

0.07177 

0.1083 

0.08456 

0.068 

Yearly 

0.1671 

0.1398 

0.1187 

0.1142 

0.1094 

0.1083 

0.1036 

0.1017 

0.101 

0.09753 

0.093 

0.0911 

0.09041 

0.08807 

0.08456 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 57 
0.1 1.5089 1.2718 0.47154 0.26768 0.2217 0.11555 

Average of yearly averages: 0.0815358333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

13) California almonds 

stored as CAalmond.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: CAalmondC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

16:30:38 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 

Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:22 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

19 6 6 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

197 9 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

Peak 

4.69 

34.61 

4.362 

3.609 

0.9598 

1.925 

4.401 

0.8428 

2.314 

7.809 

0.5322 

1.947 

1.854 

0.8836 

0.2525 

0.614 

1.326 

3.123 

1.954 

1.427 

6.193 

5.804 

3.347 

0.7914 

3.336 

21 Day 

1.356 

8.634 

1.966 

1.712 

0.6661 

0.908 

2.131 

0.3674 

1.35 9 

2.461 

0.5104 

0.7622 

1.235 

0.2408 

0.1348 

0.1638 

0.5633 

1.926 

1.057 

0.8975 

1.833 

2.731 

1.085 

0.6262 

0.9267 

60 Day 

0.5147 

3.631 

1.348 

0.8084 

0.4278 

0.5089 

0.9576 

0.2191 

0.7323 

0.993 

0.38 92 

0.3538 

0.7175 

0.1683 

0.1135 

0.07057 

0.3058 

1.079 

0.5753 

0.5228 

0.955 

1.411 

0.6814 

0.4454 

0.3635 

90 Day 

0.3431 

2.638 

1.157 

0.6232 

0.341 

0.345 

0.7216 

0.177 

0.5459 

0.6758 

0.3349 

0.2663 

0.547 

0.1443 

0.1104 

0.05223 

0.2065 

0.8164 

0.4433 

0.4033 

0.6701 

1.087 

0.5566 

0.3649 

0.2459 

Yearly 

0.0846 

0.802 

0.5966 

0.3065 

0.1609 

0.1358 

0.2683 

0.07963 

0.2161 

0.3094 

0.1579 

0.1026 

0.2397 

0.09277 

0.04532 

0.02136 

0.08173 

0.3186 

0.1883 

0.1511 

0.2668 

0.6782 

0.4111 

0.1571 

0.08846 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 5 8 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.032 34.61 

0.064 7.809 

0.096 6.193 

0.129 5.804 

0.161 4.69 

0.193 4.401 

0.225 4.367 

0.258 4.362 

0.290 3.706 

0.322 3.609 

0.354 3.347 

0.387 3.336 

0.419 3.123 

0.451 3.048 

0.483 2.314 

0.516 1.954 

0.548 1.947 

0.580 1.925 

0.612 1.854 

0.645 1.47 

0.677 1.427 

0.709 1.326 

0.741 0.9598 

0.774 0.8836 

0.806 0.8428 

0.838 0.7914 

0.870 0.614 

0.903 0.5988 

0.935 0.5322 

0.967 0.2525 

21 Day 

8.634 

2.731 

2.4 61 

2.131 

1.966 

1.926 

1.833 

1.811 

1.712 

1.35 9 

1.356 

1.235 

1.085 

1.08 

1.057 

0.9994 

0.9267 

0.908 

0.8975 

0.7622 

0.6661 

0.6262 

0.5633 

0.5104 

0.4133 

0.367 4 

0.2408 

0.1865 

0.1638 

0.1348 

60 Day 

3.631 

1.411 

1.348 

1.079 

0.993 

0.9576 

0.955 

0.9118 

0.8084 

0.7323 

0.7175 

0.6814 

0.5753 

0.5228 

0.5147 

0.5115 

0.5089 

0.488 

0.4454 

0.4278 

0.3892 

0.3635 

0.3538 

0.3058 

0.2191 

0.1874 

0.1683 

0.1426 

0.1135 

0.07057 

90 Day 

2.638 

1.157 

1.087 

0.8164 

0.7216 

0.6802 

0.6758 

0.6701 

0.6232 

0.5566 

0.547 

0.5459 

0.4433 

0.4132 

0.4033 

0.3962 

0.3649 

0.345 

0.3431 

0.341 

0.3349 

0.2663 

0.2459 

0.2065 

0.177 

0.1443 

0.1392 

0.123 

0.1104 

0.05223 

Yearly 

0.802 

0.6782 

0.5966 

0.4111 

0.3186 

0.3094 

0.3065 

0.3054 

0.2 683 

0.2668 

0.2397 

0.2161 

0.1883 

0.1609 

0.1585 

0.1579 

0.1571 

0.1511 

0.1358 

0.1265 

0.1026 

0.09277 

0.08846 

0.0846 

0.08284 

0.08173 

0.07963 

0.05293 

0.04532 

0.02136 

0.1 6.1541 4.9656 2.428 1.3211 1.05994 0.57805 

Average of yearly averages: 0.222901333333333 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

14) Florida citrus 

stored as FLcitrus.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: FLcitrusC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

16:39:50 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w12842.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 

1961 2.405 1.938 0.9449 0.7173 0.6094 0.2552 

1962 6.66 4.938 2.141 1.769 1.491 0.7084 

1963 4.042 3.132 1.849 1.414 1.283 0.8815 

1964 7.52 5.603 3.105 2.741 2.39 1.388 

1965 10.76 7.965 4.122 2.733 2.389 1.497 

1966 7.739 6.033 2.656 1.952 1.791 1.226 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 59 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 22.48 16.35 

0.064 17.73 12.88 

0.096 13.18 10.34 

0.129 12.15 9.058 

0.161 10.76 8.564 

0.193 10.31 7.965 

0.225 9.82 7.262 

0.258 9.343 6.943 

0.290 8.448 6.849 

0.322 8.003 6.171 

0.354 7.739 6.033 

0.387 7.52 5.603 

0.419 7.191 5.36 

0.451 6.98 5.358 

0.483 6.945 5.179 

0.516 6.66 5.039 

0.548 5.918 4.938 

0.580 5.656 4.351 

0.612 5.555 4.212 

0.645 5.55 4.138 

0.677 4.435 3.524 

0.709 4.042 3.132 

0.741 3.819 3.078 

0.774 3.733 2.972 

0.806 3.325 2.557 

0.838 3.296 2.554 

0.870 2.769 2.206 

0.903 2.454 1.938 

0.935 2.405 1.893 

0.967 1.518 1.192 

21 Day 

6.178 

-5.356 

4.494 

4.363 

4.122 

4.095 

4.063 

3.906 

3.333 

3.105 

3.09 

3.064 

2.789 

2.705 

2.656 

2.639 

2.467 

2.393 

2.385 

2.264 

2.141 

2.109 

2.074 

1.849 

1.7 97 

1.768 

1.557 

1.157 

0.9449 

0.8216 

60 Day 

3.325 

3.273 

2.995 

2.793 

2.747 

2.741 

2.733 

2.658 

2.635 

2.489 

2.4 68 

2.45 

2.259 

2.063 

2.05 

2.025 

1.952 

1.878 

1.839 

1.769 

1.733 

1.611 

1.465 

1.427 

1.414 

1.387 

1.27 1 

0.9706 

0.7173 

0.6862 

90 Day 

2.828 

2.801 

2.601 

2.595 

2.517 

2.42 

2.39 

2.38 9 

2.245 

2.241 

2.235 

2.144 

2.099 

1.995 

1.988 

1.839 

1.791 

1.761 

1.744 

1.74 

1.491 

1.391 

1.338 

1.315 

1.283 

1.22 

1.206 

0.9138 

0.6477 

0.6094 

Yearly 

1.8 

1.634 

1.549 

1.4 97 

1.47 

1.445 

1.437 

1.419 

1.398 

1.388 

1.381 

1.37 8 

1.351 

1.299 

1.293 

0.1 13.077 10.2118 4.4809 2.9748 2.6004 1.5438 

Average of yearly averages: 1.19654666666667 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 60 
15) Georgia peaches 

stored as GApeach.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: GAPeachesC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

16:59:56 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w03813.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:32 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

197 8 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 96 hr 

4.992 3.577 

6.971 5.033 

3.589 2.627 

15 10.85 

23.36 17.45 

11.34 8.199 

4.469 3.274 

3.582 2.624 

4.065 2.921 

14.54 10.43 

2.408 1.86 

3.056 2.273 

5.912 4.323 

5.919 4.265 

7.94 5.806 

6.958 5.918 

1.737 1.301 

5.184 3.775 

4.586 3.396 

3.592 2.625 

26.88 19.24 

5.269 3.997 

10.59 7.595 

11.89 10.09 

2.743 2.042 

18.68 13.24 

1.997 1.519 

2.774 2.036 

3.181 2.341 

13.28 9.517 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 26.88 19.24 

0.064 23.36 17.45 

0.096 18.68 13.24 

0.129 15 10.85 

0.161 14.54 10.43 

0.193 13.28 10.09 

0.225 11.89 9.517 

0.258 11.34 8.199 

0.290 10.59 7.595 

0.322 7.94 5.918 

0.354 6.971 5.806 

0.387 6.958 5.033 

0.419 5.919 4.323 

0.451 5.912 4.265 

0.483 5.269 3.997 

0.516 5.184 3.775 

0.548 4.992 3.577 

0.580 4.586 3.396 

21 Day 

1.265 

1.846 

1.423 

3.942 

6.003 

2.954 

1.318 

1.072 

1.083 

3.604 

1.037 

1.029 

1.975 

1.646 

2.222 

2.293 

0.5463 

1.405 

1.376 

1.025 

6.824 

1.864 

3.044 

3.826 

0.9961 

4.437 

0.7794 

1.138 

0.9489 

3.257 

21 Day 

6.824 

6.003 

4.437 

3.942 

3.826 

3.604 

3.257 

3.044 

2.954 

2.2 93 

2.222 

1.975 

1.864 

1.846 

1.646 

1.423 

1.405 

1.37 6 

60 Day 

0.6404 

0.9785 

0.8193 

2.318 

3.2 63 

1.525 

0.8349 

0.5967 

0.7326 

1.94 

0.8962 

0.5895 

1.444 

1.329 

1.285 

1.198 

0.4825 

0.743 

0.8338 

0.5906 

3.483 

1.244 

1.597 

2.032 

0.7699 

2.108 

0.7169 

0.8154 

0.6403 

1.5 65 

60 Day 

3.483 

3.2 63 

2.318 

2.108 

2.032 

1.94 

1.597 

1.565 

1.525 

1.444 

1.329 

1.285 

1.244 

1.198 

0.9785 

0.8962 

0.8349 

0.8338 

90 Day 

0.5745 

0.8302 

0.6839 

1.847 

2.626 

1.228 

0.8456 

0.4984 

0.5938 

1.402 

0.8287 

0.4767 

1.196 

1.098 

1.249 

0.971 

0.4611 

0.65 

0.7248 

0.5878 

2.907 

1.177 

1.291 

1.687 

0.7149 

1.781 

0.6744 

0.6892 

0.5974 

1.155 

90 Day 

2.907 

2.626 

1.847 

1.781 

1.687 

1.402 

1.291 

1.249 

1.228 

1.196 

1.177 

1.155 

1.098 

0.971 

0.8456 

0.8302 

0.8287 

0.7248 

Yearly 

0.3105 

0.5425 

0.4834 

0.954 

1.159 

0.792 

0.5946 

0.3538 

0.3053 

0.5411 

0.6741 

0.4237 

0.7206 

0.64 

0.8071 

0.6807 

0.3245 

0.3889 

0.4284 

0.3599 

1.47 

0.8381 

0.7482 

0.9345 

0.5321 

0.662 

0.5178 

0.4123 

0.3941 

0,4766 

Yearly 

1.47 

1.159 

0.954 

0.9345 

0.8381 

0.8071 

0.792 

0.7482 

0.7206 

0.6807 

0.6741 

0.662 

0.64 

0.5946 

0.5425 

0.5411 

0.5321 

0.5178 

Bentluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 61 
0.1 18.312 13.001 4.3875 2.297 1.8404 0.95205 

Average of yearly averages: 0.61566 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

16) North Carolina apples 

stored as NCapple.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: NCappleC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:09:36 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w03812.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:50 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

197 9 

1980 

198 1 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

198 6 

19 8 7 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 96 hr 

3.455 2.606 

20.33 14.62 

29.52 24.53 

10.71 8.106 

14.06 10.21 

4.805 3.761 

5.238 3.883 

21.01 15.17 

22.55 16.52 

15.79 11.61 

12.74 9.474 

8.581 6.966 

11.67 8.639 

18.2 13.21 

6.541 5.022 

5.926 4.511 

14.11 12.04 

10.38 7.69 

5.336 4.096 

6.571 4.968 

24.81 17.7 

16.86 12.09 

37.27 26.83 

3.493 2.799 

17.63 12.91 

32.25 23.71 

21 Day 

1.637 

6.072 

10.78 

4.602 

4.027 

1.774 

1.857 

5.642 

6.78 

5.246 

4.133 

3.436 

5.735 

5.484 

2.516 

2.21 

5.42 

4.378 

2.2 69 

2.917 

6.417 

4.821 

10.69 

2.133 

6.259 

9.167 

60 Day 

0.9933 

3.903 

6.032 

3.131 

2.833 

1.173 

1.349 

3.44 

4.486 

3.274 

2.917 

2.974 

3.703 

3.386 

1.987 

1.749 

2.919 

2.659 

1.58 

2.17 

3.332 

2.725 

5.792 

1.978 

4.276 

5.459 

90 Day 

0.8504 

3.394 

5.051 

3.002 

2.493 

1.137 

1.17 

2.854 

3.919 

2.841 

2.541 

2.836 

3.445 

2.845 

1.92 

1.723 

2.382 

2.233 

1.477 

1.934 

2.746 

2.427 

4.694 

1.862 

3.875 

4.772 

Yearly 

0.4172 

1.66 

2.762 

2.274 

1.647 

0.9862 

0.9096 

1.684 

2.6 

2.255 

1.956 

1.967 

2.092 

1.942 

1.676 

1.249 

1.236 

1.403 

1.257 

1.389 

1.381 

1.386 

2.639 

1.343 

2.164 

2.625 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 

0.037 37.27 26.83 10.78 6.032 5.051 2.762 

0.074 32.25 24.53 10.69 5.792 4.772 2.639 

0.111 29.52 23.71 9.167 5.459 4.694 2.625 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 62 
0.1 30.33 23.956 9.6239 5.5589 4.7174 2.6292 

Average of yearly averages: 1.72692307692308 

Inputs generated,by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

17) Oregon apples 

stored as 0Rapple.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: 0RappLeC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17 : 16: 34 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w24229.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

19 6 9 

1970 

197 1 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

197 6 

1977 

197 8 

197 9 

1980 

1981 

1982 

Peak 

1.251 

2.325 

1.616 

3.105 

1.935 

1.947 

1.505 

1.747 

2.763 

1.31 

2.693 

1.37 

4.159 

1.75 

0.8858 

0.5336 

4.257 

0.7045 

0.7203 

3.89 

2.156 

3.847 

21 Day 

0.4374 

1.174 

0.6285 

1.061 

0.637 

0.868 

0.5104 

0.8809 

1.009 

0.862 

0.9249 

0.715 

1.604 

0.8782 

0.6324 

0.3255 

1.238 

0.6147 

0.4387 

1.437 

1.036 

1.181 

60 Day 

0.3275 

0.7379 

0.4763 

0.5824 

0.553 

0.664 

0.4452 

0.7558 

0.8254 

0.7228 

0.5945 

0.4772 

0.9807 

0.6854 

0.5489 

0.2856 

0.7836 

0.5717 

0.3198 

1.03 

0.7361 

0.9508 

90 Day 

0.2471 

0.5645 

0.45 

0.4271 

0.5086 

0.5043 

0.4196 

0.6557 

0.6803 

0.6627 

0.5145 

0.4487 

0.7097 

0.6292 

0.5014 

0.2702 

0.6321 

0.5374 

0.2933 

0.7313 

0.6904 

0.9095 

Yearly 

0.1035 

0.2771 

0.3597 

0.2889 

0.3986 

0.3616 

0.298 

0.4079 

0.4791 

0.4323 

0.4382 

0.3232 

0.3587 

0.4468 

0.3247 

0.1839 

0.2897 

0.3603 

0.20 66 

0.3788 

0.5443 

0.5747 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 63 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 4.257 3.129 

0.064 4.159 3.109 

0.096 3.89 3.058 

0.129 3.847 2.829 

0.161 3.522 2.785 

0.193 3.421 2.639 

0.225 3.253 2.4 95 

0.258 3.105 2.451 

0.290 3.075 2.381 

0.322 2.763 2.106 

0.354 2.693 2.076 

0.387 2.683 2.036 

0.419 2.591 1.998 

0.451 2.325 1.852 

0.483 2.156 1.786 

0.516 1.947 1.761 

0.548 1.935 1.633 

0.580 1.75 1.492 

0.612 1.747 1.427 

0.645 1.616 1.24 

0.677 1.505 1.209 

0.709 1.37 1.131 

0.741 1.31 1.121 

0.774 1.251 0.9754 

0.806 1.02 0.8014 

0.838 0.8858 0.8006 

0.870 0.7203 0.6733 

0.903 0.7045 0.6358 

0.935 0.6256 0.5759 

0.967 0.5336 0.4179 

21 Day 

1.604 

1.581 

1.437 

1.238 

1.218 

1.181 

1.174 

1.068 

1.0 61 

1.046 

1.036 

1.009 

1.006 

0.9981 

0.9249 

0.8809 

0.8782 

0.868 

0.862 

0.7 15 

0.637 

0.6324 

0.6285 

0.6147 

0.5104 

0.4387 

0.4374 

0.4211 

0.3798 

0.3255 

60 Day 

1.03 

0.9807 

0.9508 

0.8682 

0.8254 

0.8242 

0.7836 

0.7558 

0.7379 

0.7361 

0.7228 

0.717 

0.7108 

0.6854 

0.664 

0.658 

0.6042 

0.5945 

0.5824 

0.5717 

0.553 

0.5489 

0.4772 

0.4763 

0.4452 

0.3662 

0.3275 

0.3198 

0.319 

0.2856 

90 Day 

0.9095 

0.7313 

0.7097 

0.6904 

0.685 

0.6803 

0.6734 

0.6627 

0.6557 

0.6474 

0.6321 

0.6292 

0.5919 

0.5659 

0.5645 

0.537 4 

0.5281 

0.5145 

0.5086 

0.5043 

0.5014 

0.45 

0.4487 

0.4271 

0.4196 

0.3566 

0.2933 

0.2882 

0.27 02 

0.2471 

Yearly 

0.5747 

0.5443 

0.5306 

0.5255 

0.4975 

0.4791 

0.4649 

0.4468 

0.4382 

0.4323 

0.4079 

0.3986 

0.3788 

0.3636 

0.3616 

0.3603 

0.3597 

0.3587 

0.3327 

0.3247 

0.3232 

0.2 98 

0.2897 

0.2889 

0.2771 

0.2669 

0.2066 

0.2055 

0.1839 

0.1035 

0.1 3.8857 3.0351 1.4171 0.94254 0.70777 0.53009 

Average of yearly averages: 0.36746 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

18) Oregon berries 

stored as 0Rberry.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: 0RberriesC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:17:16 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 

1961 0.9965 0.7429 0.287 0.149 0.1151 0.03622 

1962 2.338 1.754 0.7779 0.4656 0.4154 0.1941 

1963 2.589 2.152 0.9772 0.611 0.5245 0.4073 

1964 2.877 2.419 0.9689 0.5433 0.4143 0.3104 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 64 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.032 4.577 

0.064 3.746 

0.096 3.654 

0.129 3.263 

0.161 3.235 

0.193 3.12 

0.225 3.089 

0.258 2.877 

0.290 2.777 

0.322 2.603 

0.354 2.589 

0.387 2.579 

0.419 2.338 

0.451 2.254 

0.483 1.889 

0.516 1.802 

0.548 1.691 

0.580 1.69 

0.612 1.588 

0.645 1.489 

0.677 1.458 

0.709 1.455 

0.741 1.452 

0.774 1.331 

0.806 1.261 

0.838 1.197 

0.870 1.086 

0.903 0.9965 

0.935 0.9501 

0.967 0.5075 

21 Day 

1.635 

1.471 

1.369 

1.235 

1.169 

1.151 

1.14 

1.08 

1.068 

0.9772 

0.9689 

0.9249 

0.8996 

0.8545 

0.8011 

0.7942 

0.7882 

0.7779 

0.7478 

0.7433 

0.7196 

0.6566 

0.642 

0.6155 

0.5504 

0.5162 

0.5146 

0.4722 

0.3561 

0.287 

1.3556 

Average 

60 Day 

1.002 

0.9001 

0.8934 

0.8792 

0.856 

0.8046 

0.7 958 

0.7473 

0.7453 

0.7171 

0.6736 

0.6725 

0.6668 

0.638 

0.6119 

0.611 

0.5615 

0.544 

0.5433 

0.5423 

0.5255 

0.4776 

0.4656 

0.4456 

0.4312 

0.4153 

0.3689 

0.3244 

0.3066 

0.149 

90 Day 

1.003 

0.8102 

0.803 

0.7042 

0.7005 

0.6821 

0.6647 

0.6308 

0.6186 

0.6179 

0.6097 

0.599 

0.5857 

0.5778 

0.5245 

0.513 

0.5003 

0.4794 

0.4734 

0.4643 

0.4248 

0.4154 

0.4143 

0.4042 

0.4006 

0.348 

0.3059 

0.3017 

0.2839 

0.1151 

0.89198 0.7 9312 

of yearly averages: 0. 

Yearly 

0.6265 

0.6226 

0.529 

0.4931 

0.4529 

0.4474 

0.4376 

0.4314 

0.4175 

0.4162 

0.4149 

0.4073 

0.4057 

0.3727 

0.3627 

0.3529 

0.3464 

0.3372 

0.3349 

0.3104 

0.2995 

0.2969 

0.2877 

0.2826 

0.2496 

0.2442 

0.1941 

0.1821 

0.1163 

0.03622 

Benfluralln RED Chapter. Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 65 

*---- -- - - -- v- - - - - - 
Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

19) Oregon filberts 

stored as 0Rfilbrt.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: 0RfilbertsC.txt modified Satday, 

17:18:04 

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 

16:33:30 

Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 

1961 1.241 

1962 2.445 

1963 3.713 

1964 3.182 

1965 1.959 

1966 1.979 

1967 1.384 

1968 3.43 

1969 2.456 

1970 1.729 

1971 4.86 

1972 1.815 

1973 3.683 

1974 1.773 

1975 1.402 

1976 0.6091 

1977 1.722 

1978 1.538 

1979 2.41 

1980 3.237 

1981 2.627 

1982 1.459 

1983 1.214 

1984 2.664 

1985 1.763 

1986 1.161 

1987 3.706 

1988 2.004 

1989 3.369 

1990 1.848 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.032 4.86 

0.064 3.713 

0.096 3.706 

0.129 3.683 

0.161 3.43 

0.193 3.369 

0.225 3.237 

0.258 3.182 

0.290 2.664 

0.322 2.627 

0.354 2.456 

0.387 2.445 

0.419 2.41 

0.451 2.004 

0.483 1.979 

0.516 1.959 

21 Day 

0.385 

0.8229 

1.344 

1.125 

0.7369 

0.8565 

0.671 

1.119 

1.027 

0.842 

1.519 

0.9597 

1.5 65 

1.005 

0.6334 

0.4318 

0.8268 

0.6098 

0.7274 

1.195 

1.303 

0.875 

0.6729 

1.075 

0.7203 

0.6461 

1.644 

0.8176 

1.056 

0.7471 

21 Day 

1.644 

1.565 

1.519 

1.344 

1.303 

1.195 

1.125 

1.119 

1.075 

1.056 

1.027 

1.005 

0.9597 

0.875 

0.8565 

0.842 

60 Day 

0.2144 

0.5007 

0.8133 

0.6558 

0.6041 

0.6446 

0.4841 

0.861 

0.8472 

0.7365 

1.018 

0.7 627 

1.04 

0.77 

0.49 

0.3891 

0.5287 

0.3996 

0.5579 

0.8588 

1.057 

0.7809 

0.5503 

0.8426 

0.5044 

0.369 

0.7857 

0.6414 

0.5927 

0.5613 

60 Day 

1.057 

1.04 

1.018 

0.861 

0.8588 

0.8472 

0.8426 

0.8133 

0.7857 

0.7809 

0.77 

0.7 627 

0.7365 

0.6558 

0.6446 

0.6414 

12 October 2002 at 

29 August 2002 at 

90 Day 

0.1567 

0.4334 

0.6915 

0.49 

0.5534 

0.51 95 

0.4473 

0.8366 

0.7219 

0.6751 

0.9164 

0.7036 

0.7488 

0.705 

0.4564 

0.3651 

0.3842 

0.3611 

0.5062 

0.6372 

0.9774 

0.7287 

0.51 62 

0.6778 

0.4756 

0.3225 

0.587 

0.5916 

0.4613 

0.4935 

90 Day 

0.9774 

0.9164 

0.8366 

0.7488 

0.7287 

0.7219 

0.705 

0.7036 

0.6915 

0.6778 

0.6751 

0.6372 

0.5916 

0.587 

0.5534 

0.5195 

Yearly 

0.04796 

0.2118 

0.4868 

0.3674 

0.4024 

0.3794 

0.3276 

0.4984 

0.5673 

0.4617 

0.6527 

0.4849 

0.4005 

0.4868 

0.3443 

0.2158 

0.1486 

0.3198 

0.3335 

0.4283 

0.6297 

0.522 

0.396 

0.4 618 

0.3947 

0.2444 

0.3447 

0.416 

0.3009 

0.3638 

Yearly 

0.6527 

0.6297 

0.5673 

0.522 

0.4984 

0.4868 

0.4868 

0.4849 

0.4618 

0.4617 

0.4283 

0.416 

0.4024 

0.4005 

0.396 

0.3947 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 66 
0.1 3.7037 2.9425 1.5015 1.0023 0.82782 0.56277 

Average of yearly averages: 0.387998666666667 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 67 

- - - -- -----.-- 
APPENDIX IV: PRZM-EXAMS DRINKING WATER RESULTS 

1) California Spring alfalfa 

stored as Ca spr Koc DW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: CAspringalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 

2003 at 11:10:00 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34:12 

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Yeas 

1961 

1962 

19 63 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

197 7 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 96 hr21 Day 

3.4622.6290.9456 

4.2493.35 1.192 

3.5012.683 0.9825 

3.503 2.676 0.975 

3.5 2.6730.9725 

3.5032.6750.9743 

3.5012.673 0.9727 

3.5012.672 0.9833 

3.4812.6171.116 

3.5062.677 0.9989 

3.503 2.676 0.9749 

3.5 2.67 0.9691 

3.5012.9141.071 

3.503 2.676 0.9753 

3.5012.674 0.9734 

3.489 2.622 0.9186 

3.4992.672 0.9717 

3.7612.8951.033 

3.5032.674 0.9926 

3.4882.6361.112 

3.5052.6750.9743 

3.5012.674 0.9737 

3.498 2.668 0.9798 

3.5032.672 0.9712 

3.5 2.67 0.969 

3.4862.9811.148 

3.5042.7051.004 

3.5012.672 0.9751 

3.5012.672 0.9776 

3.5012.67 0.9698 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr21 Day 

0.032 4.2493.35 1.192 

0.064 3.7612.9811.148 

0.0963.5062.9141.116 

0.1293.5052.8951.112 

0.1613.5042.7051.071 

0.1933.5032.6831.033 

0.2253.5032.6771.004 

0.258 3.5032.6760.9989 

0.2903.5032.6760.9926 

60 Day 

0.3859 

0.4987 

0.4264 

0.4066 

0.438 

0.4058 

0.4172 

0.4187 

0.4987 

0.4379 

0.4073 

0.4032 

0.4562 

0.4129 

0.4062 

0.3814 

0.4059 

0.4619 

0.4174 

0.4823 

0.4133 

0.4258 

0.4288 

0.4051 

0.4031 

0.5026 

0.4321 

0.4092 

0.4269 

0.4038 

60 Day 

0.5026 

0.4987 

0.4987 

0.4823 

0.4619 

0.4562 

0.438 

0.4379 

0.4321 

90 Day 

0.2781 

0.3632 

0.3189 

0.2958 

0.3198 

0.2951 

0.3127 

0.305 

0.3667 

0.3195 

0.2996 

0.293 

0.3323 

0.3007 

0.2952 

0.2772 

0.2948 

0.3405 

0.304 

0.352 

0.3025 

0.3113 

0.321 

0.2948 

0.2929 

0.3667 

0.3151 

0.3043 

0.3113 

0.2959 

90 Day 

0.3667 

0.3667 

0.3632 

0.352 

0.3405 

0.3323 

0.321 

0.3198 

0.3195 

Yearly 

0.08797 

0.1213 

0.1091 

0.0999 

0.1077 

0.09974 

0.1055 

0.103 

0.1248 

0.1095 

0.1018 

0.09869 

0.1117 

0.1021 

0.0993 

0.09377 

0.0989 

0.1154 

0.1032 

0.1187 

0.1028 

0.1058 

0.1098 

0.09956 

0.09846 

0.1235 

0.1083 

0.1028 

0.1052 

0.1014 

Yearly 

0.1248 

0.1235 

0.1213 

0.1187 

0.1154 

0.1117 

0.1098 

0.1095 

0.1091 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 68 
0.1 3.50 2.91 1.1156 0.49706 0.36208 0.12104 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.105656333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

2) California Fall alfalfa 

stored as CA fall Koc DW.out 

Chemical: benfluralinPRZM environment: CAfallalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 

2003 at 11:11:18 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15: 34: 12 

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

Peak 96 hr21 Day 

3.4442.5790.9091 

3.4822.6310.9331 

3.481 2.624 0.9544 

3.4822.6290.9403 

3.4822.627 0.9412 

3.4822.63 0.9367 

3.4842.63 0.9376 

3.4782.7170.9844 

3.4922.64 0.949 

3.48 2.6180.9205 

3.4842.6330.9356 

3.476 2.625 0.992 

3.4842.6330.9365 

3.4842.6330.9346 

3.4832.632 0.9339 

60 Day 

0.3911 

0.3887 

0.4006 

0.394 

0.3968 

0.4209 

0.3951 

0.4187 

0.4016 

0.4183 

0.3948 

0.4181 

0.3954 

0.3991 

0.3894 

90 Day 

0.2616 

0.2656 

0.274 

0.2 694 

0.2715 

0.2873 

0.2708 

0.2859 

0.278 

0.287 

0.2707 

0.2855 

0.2712 

0.2731 

0.2663 

Yearly 

0.06449 

0.108 

0.1126 

0.1079 

0.1103 

0.1128 

0.1147 

0.1126 

0.1493 

0.1268 

0.1125 

0.1127 

0.1144 

0.114 

0.1084 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 69 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr21 Day 

0.0323.4922.7170.992 

0.0643.4852.64 0.9844 

0.0963.4852.634 0.9544 

0.1293.4852.6340.9508 

0.1613.4852.633 0.949 

0.1933.4842.6330.9439 

0.2253.4842.6330.9421 

0.258 3.4842.6330.9412 

0.2903.4842.6320.9403 

0.3223.4842.6320.9399 

0.3543.4842.632 0.9398 

0.3873.4832.6310.9377 

0.4193.4832.6310.9376 

0.4513.4832.6310.9373 

0.4833.4832.63 0.9367 

0.5163.4832.63 0.9365 

0.5483.4822.63 0.9356 

0.5803.4822.63 0.9356 

0.6123.4822.6290.9356 

0.6453.4822.6290.9355 

0.6773.4822.628 0.9346 

0.7093.4822.628 0.9346 

0.7413.482 2.627 0.9339 

0.774 3.4812.627 0.9339 

0.806 3.48 2.625 0.9336 

0.8383.4792.624 0.9331 

0.8703.4782.62 0.9329 

0.9033.4782.6180.9304 

0.9353.4762.6150.9205 

0.9673.4442.5790.9091 

60 Day 

0.4214 

0.4209 

0.4187 

0.4183 

0.4181 

0.4116 

0.4073 

0.4038 

0.4037 

0.4035 

0.4016 

0.4006 

0.4 

0.3991 

0.3968 

0.3968 

0.3954 

0.3951 

0.3948 

0.394 

0.3939 

0.3926 

0.3918 

0.3914 

0.3913 

0.3911 

0.3911 

0.3899 

0.3894 

0.3887 

90 Day 

0.2883 

0.2873 

0.287 

0.2859 

0.2855 

0.282 

0.2803 

0.278 

0.2762 

0.2759 

0.2758 

0.274 

0.2737 

0.2731 

0.2723 

0.2715 

0.2712 

0.2708 

0.2707 

0.2695 

0.2694 

0.2687 

0.2686 

0.2683 

0.2678 

0.2678 

0.2668 

0.2 663 

0.2656 

0.2616 

Yearly 

0.1493 

0.1321 

0.1268 

0.1208 

0.1182 

0.1177 

0.1167 

0.115 

0.1147 

0.1144 

0.114 

0.113 

0.1128 

0.1127 

0.1126 

0.1126 

0.1125 

0.1118 

0.1112 

0.1112 

0.1104 

0.1104 

0.1103 

0.1102 

0.1102 

0.1101 

0.1084 

0.108 

0.1079 

0.06449 

0.1 3.4852.634 0.95404 0.41866 0.28689 0.1262 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.113349666666667 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 70 
3) Minnesota alfalfa 

stored as MN Koc DW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: MNalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 

at 11:13:10 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34: 12 

Metfile: w14914.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:52 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

19 67 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

198 6 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

3.421 

3.444 

3.456 

3.457 

3.459 

3.457 

3.457 

3.456 

3.454 

3.457 

3.454 

3.452 

3.457 

3.567 

3.461 

3.461 

3.431 

3.458 

3.458 

3.457 

3.449 

3.457 

3.458 

3.457 

3.449 

3.458 

3.455 

3.456 

3.456 

3.457 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.0323.567 2.638 

0.0643.461 2.63 

0.096 3.461 2.621 

0.129 3.459 2.565 

0.1613.458 2.563 

0.1933.458 2.563 

0.2253.458 2.56 

0.258 3.458 2.56 

0.2903.457 2.56 

0.322 3.457 2.56 

0.3543.457 2.559 

21 Day 

0.8807 

0.9402 

0.8742 

0.8 67 

0.8713 

0.8 665 

0.8665 

0.8652 

0.8658 

0.867 

0.888 

0.9279 

0.8666 

0.897 

0.8704 

0.8708 

0.8019 

0.8678 

0.8682 

0.8673 

0.9186 

0.8676 

0.8696 

0.8666 

0.9419 

0.8 677 

0.8906 

0.8 662 

0.8732 

0.867 

21 Day 

0.9419 

0.9402 

0.9279 

0.918 6 

0.897 

0.8906 

0.888 

0.8807 

0.8742 

0.8732 

0.8713 

60 Day 

0.3519 

0.4127 

0.3626 

0.407 

0.358 

0.3531 

0.3542 

0.3541 

0.3567 

0.3646 

0.3695 

0.3782 

0.3531 

0.3658 

0.4415 

0.3568 

0.3667 

0.3835 

0.3648 

0.3566 

0.3793 

0.3542 

0.3652 

0.4045 

0.3938 

0.3791 

0.3643 

0.3529 

0.3567 

0.3931 

60 Day 

0.4415 

0.4127 

0.407 

0.4045 

0.3938 

0.3931 

0.3835 

0.3793 

0.3791 

0.3782 

0.3695 

90 Day 

0.2545 

0.301 

0.2621 

0.295 

0.2641 

0.2607 

0.2557 

0.2558 

0.2906 

0.2636 

0.2684 

0.2755 

0.257 

0.2888 

0.326 

0.2584 

0.2745 

0.2824 

0.2726 

0.2576 

0.2784 

0.2572 

0.2696 

0.2925 

0.2913 

0.2809 

0.2683 

0.2548 

0.2575 

0.2845 

90 Day 

0.326 

0.301 

0.295 

0.2925 

0.2913 

0.2906 

0.2888 

0.2845 

0.2824 

0.2809 

0.2784 

Yearly 

0.07875 

0.1039 

0.09726 

0.1043 

0.09488 

0.0934 

0.08939 

0.08834 

0.1006 

0.09682 

0.09793 

0.09687 

0.09483 

0.1092 

0.1166 

0.09378 

0.09768 

0.1017 

0.09782 

0.09443 

0.09689 

0.09518 

0.09596 

0.104 

0.1031 

0.1003 

0.09497 

0.09181 

0.09513 

0.09931 

Yearly 

0.1166 

0.1092 

0.1043 

0.104 

0.1039 

0.1031 

0.1017 

0.1006 

0.1003 

0.09931 

0.09793 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 71 
Average of yearly averages: 

0.0975043333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

4) North Carolina alfalfa 

stored as NC Koc DW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: NCalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 

at 11:14:52 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34:12 

Metfile: w03812.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:50 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

19 8 2 

Peak 

3.406 

3.441 

3.458 

3.674 

3.459 

3.456 

3.452 

3.445 

3.462 

3.457 

3.42 

3.465 

3.414 

3.462 

3.451 

3.455 

3.456 

3.461 

21 Day 

0.8067 

1.005 

0.9081 

0.9136 

0.8653 

0.8595 

0.8723 

0.8288 

0.8791 

0.8917 

0.827 

0.9099 

1.259 

0.9651 

0.887 

0.8444 

0.8724 

0.8 634 

60 Day 

0.4296 

0.4795 

0.3969 

0.4421 

0.398 

0.3859 

0.4619 

0.4585 

0.3798 

0.3884 

0.5615 

0.4511 

0.6001 

0.4134 

0.4294 

0.402 

0.3671 

0.3858 

90 Day 

0.3117 

0.3753 

0.3008 

0.3314 

0.2955 

0.315 

0.3495 

0.3593 

0.2891 

0.2895 

0.4427 

0.3357 

0.5022 

0.3109 

0.3881 

0.3004 

0.2715 

0.2978 

Yearly 

0.08277 

0.144 

0.1331 

0.1369 

0.1275 

0.1278 

0.1463 

0.1492 

0.1447 

0.1382 

0.1665 

0.1657 

0.1869 

0.1648 

0.1716 

0.1354 

0.1146 

0.1429 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 72 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.0373.674 

0.0743.466 

0.111 3.466 

0.1483.465 

0.185 3.462 

0.2223.462 

0.259 3.461 

0.296 3.459 

0.3333.458 

0.3703.458 

0.4073.457 

0.4443.456 

0.4813.456 

0.518 3.456 

0.5553.455 

0.5923.452 

0.629 3.451 

0.666 3.45 

0.7033.445 

0.7403.445 

0.7773.441 

0.8143.433 

0.851 3.426 

0.888 3.42 

0.9253.414 

0.962 3.406 

21 Day 

1.259 

1.254 

1.038 

1.031 

1.005 

0.9651 

0.9522 

0.9136 

0.9099 

0.9081 

0.8917 

0.887 

0.8791 

0.8724 

0.8723 

0.8692 

0.8 68 

0.8653 

0.8 634 

0.8605 

0.8595 

0.8444 

0.8288 

0.827 

0.8067 

0.7902 

60 Day 

0.6001 

0.5615 

0.5247 

0.5034 

0.4999 

0.4795 

0.4765 

0.4 619 

0.4599 

0.4585 

0.4511 

0.4421 

0.4296 

0.4294 

0.4276 

0.4134 

0.402 

0.398 

0.3969 

0.3884 

0.3859 

0.3858 

0.3798 

0.3777 

0.3671 

0.3587 

90 Day 

0.5022 

0.4427 

0.3958 

0.3883 

0.3881 

0.3831 

0.3753 

0.3649 

0.3626 

0.3593 

0.3495 

0.3357 

0.3314 

0.3212 

0.315 

0.3117 

0.3109 

0.3008 

0.3004 

0.2978 

0.2955 

0.291 

0.2895 

0.2891 

0.2792 

0.2715 

Yearly 

0.1869 

0.1716 

0.1665 

0.1657 

0.1648 

0.1635 

0.1606 

0.1562 

0.1492 

0.1474 

0.1463 

0.1447 

0.144 

0.1429 

0.1401 

0.1382 

0.1376 

0.1369 

0.1366 

0.1354 

0.1331 

0.1278 

0.1275 

0.1202 

0.1146 

0.08277 

0.1 3.466 2.6959 1.1028 0.53574 0.40987 0.16803 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.143887307692308 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

5) Pennsylvania Spring alfalfa 

stored as PA spr Koc DW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: PAspringalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 

2003 at 12:43:16 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34: 12 

Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 73 
Year 

1961 

19 62 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

197 8 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

3.426 

3.464 

3.473 

3.714 

3.473 

3.469 

3.472 

3.46 

3.473 

3.486 

3.474 

3.477 

3.467 

3.471 

3.465 

3.4 69 

3.464 

3.529 

3.474 

3.472 

3.47 

3.468 

3.451 

3.458 

3.48 

3.468 

3.461 

3.477 

3.478 

3.477 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 3.714 2.743 

0.064 3.529 2.636 

0.096 3.486 2.628 

0.129 3.48 2.606 

0.1613.478 2.604 

0.1933.477 2.601 

0.225 3.477 2.601 

0.258 3.477 2.596 

0.2903.474 2.596 

0.322 3.474 2.596 

0.3543.473 2.596 

0.3873.473 2.596 

0.419 3.473 2.592 

0.4513.472 2.591 

0.4833.472 2.588 

0.5163.471 2.586 

0.548 3.47 2.583 

0.5803.469 2.58 

0.6123.469 2.576 

0.6453.468 2.576 

0.6773.468 2.568 

0.7093.467 2.567 

21 Day 

0.8497 

0.8808 

0.8985 

0.9758 

0.898 

0.9192 

0.9487 

1.046 

0.9133 

0.8537 

0.8984 

0.9042 

0.8774 

0.8839 

0.8933 

0.8868 

0.8784 

0.9083 

0.9038 

0.9181 

0.9062 

0.9076 

0.849 

0.9248 

1.002 

0.8 65 

0.8753 

0.8963 

0.9987 

0.9028 

21 Day 

1.046 

1.002 

0.9987 

0.9758 

0.9487 

0.9248 

0.9192 

0.9181 

0.9133 

0.9083 

0.9076 

0.9062 

0.9042 

0.9038 

0.9028 

0.8985 

0.8984 

0.898 

0.8963 

0.8933 

0.8868 

0.8839 

60 Day 

0.3417 

0.3742 

0.369 

0.4099 

0.3701 

0.3801 

0.4137 

0.4917 

0.3812 

0.3553 

0.4099 

0.4306 

0.3901 

0.396 

0.4008 

0.3681 

0.3696 

0.4184 

0.4117 

0.3934 

0.4243 

0.4425 

0.3581 

0.485 

0.432 

0.3715 

0.3596 

0.4646 

60 Day 

0.4917 

0.485 

0.4777 

0.4646 

0.4499 

0.4425 

0.432 

0.4306 

0.4243 

0.4184 

0.4137 

0.4117 

0.4099 

0.4099 

0.4008 

0.396 

0.3934 

0.3901 

0.3812 

0.3801 

0.3742 

0.3715 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 

90 Day 

0.2567 

0.2769 

0.2672 

0.3017 

0.2684 

0.275 

0.3349 

0.3576 

0.2779 

0.2602 

0.2979 

0.368 

0.324 

0.2961 

0.3045 

0.2696 

0.2 696 

0.3124 

0.3045 

0.2861 

0.3167 

0.3384 

0.2713 

0.3906 

0.319 

0.2736 

0.2777 

0.3398 

0.3604 

0.3386 

90 Day 

0.3906 

0.368 

0.3604 

0.3576 

0.3398 

0.3386 

0.3384 

0.3349 

0.324 

0.319 

0.3167 

0.3124 

0.3045 

0.3045 

0.3017 

0.2979 

0.2961 

0.28 61 

0.2779 

0.2777 

0.2769 

0.275 

Yearly 

0.08618 

0.1051 

0.105 

0.1091 

0.1005 

0.1048 

0.1224 

0.128 

0.1216 

0.106 

0.1242 

0.1414 

0.1275 

0.122 

0.1223 

0.1115 

0.1066 

0.122 

0.1226 

0.1044 

0.1118 

0.1337 

0.107 

0.1415 

0.1359 

0.109 

0.1171 

0.1305 

0.1355 

0.133 

Yearly 

0.1415 

0.1414 

0.1359 

0.1355 

0.1337 

0.133 

0.1305 

0.128 

0.1275 

0.1242 

0.1226 

0.1224 

0.1223 

0.122 

0.122 

0.1216 

0.1171 

0.1118 

0.1115 

0.1091 

0.109 

0.107 
0.1 3.4854 2.6258 0.99641 0.47639 0.36012 0.13586 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.118272666666667 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

6) Pennsylvania Fall alfalfa 

stored as PA fall Koc DW.out 

Chemical: benfluralinPRZM environment: PAfallalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 

2003 at 12:45:24 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34: 12 

Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

19 68 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

197 8 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

Peak 

3.409 

3.427 

3.437 

3.451 

3.435 

3.441 

3.439 

3.445 

3.44 

3.441 

3.393 

3.447 

3.449 

3.419 

3.445 

3.423 

3.437 

3.406 

3.444 

3.449 

3.444 

3.392 

3.438 

3.445 

3.439 

3.447 

3.42 

3.446 

3.444 

21 Day 

0.8243 

0.8329 

0.8161 

0.8423 

0.9156 

0.8346 

0.8753 

0.8466 

0.8389 

0.8719 

0.9941 

0.8928 

0.8436 

0.838 

0.8312 

0.7835 

0.8748 

0.7759 

0.9164 

0.8407 

0.834 6 

0.748 

0.8235 

0.8365 

0.8546 

0.8 65 

0.9767 

0.9649 

0.8353 

60 Day 

0.3305 

0.3584 

0.433 

0.3592 

0.4171 

0.416 

0.3613 

0.3547 

0.3535 

0.3778 

0.4728 

0.3753 

0.4237 

0.4025 

0.4462 

0.3855 

0.389 

0.3261 

0.4821 

0.3472 

0.3541 

0.3091 

0.3389 

0.3454 

0.5435 

0.3649 

0.5191 

0.4116 

0.4136 

90 Day 

0.2387 

0.2849 

0.3391 

0.263 

0.3053 

0.3104 

0.2782 

0.2716 

0.2585 

0.3209 

0.3708 

0.3302 

0.3204 

0.2995 

0.3586 

0.2992 

0.3058 

0.2392 

0.356 

0.2635 

0.2 614 

0.2358 

0.2681 

0.2714 

0.4105 

0.275 

0.3865 

0.3041 

0.3176 

Benflural~n RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 75 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.0323.451 

0.0643.449 

0.096 3.449 

0.129 3.447 

0.1613.447 

0.193 3.446 

0.2253.445 

0.2583.445 

0.2903.445 

0.3223.444 

0.354 3.444 

0.3873.444 

0.4193.441 

0.4513.441 

0.483 3.44 

0.5163.439 

0.5483.439 

0.580 3.438 

0.612 3.437 

0.645 3.437 

0.677 3.435 

0.7093.427 

0.7413.423 

0.774 3.42 

0.8063.419 

0.838 3.418 

0.8703.409 

0.9033.406 

0.9353.393 

0.967 3.392 

21 Day 

0.9941 

0.97 67 

0.9649 

0.9164 

0.9156 

0.8928 

0.8753 

0.8748 

0.8719 

0.865 

0.8546 

0.8466 

0.8436 

0.8423 

0.8407 

0.8389 

0.838 

0.8365 

0.8353 

0.8346 

0.8346 

0.8329 

0.8312 

0.8243 

0.8235 

0.8161 

0.7835 

0.7829 

0.7759 

0.748 

60 Day 

0.5435 

0.5191 

0.4821 

0.4728 

0.4462 

0.433 

0.4237 

0.4171 

0.416 

0.4136 

0.4116 

0.4025 

0.389 

0.3855 

0.3778 

0.3753 

0.3649 

0.3613 

0.3592 

0.3584 

0.3547 

0.3541 

0.3535 

0.3472 

0.3454 

0.3389 

0.3305 

0.3295 

0.3261 

0.3091 

90 Day 

0.4105 

0.3865 

0.3708 

0.3586 

0.356 

0.3391 

0.3302 

0.3209 

0.3204 

0.3176 

0.3104 

0.3058 

0.3053 

0.3041 

0.2 995 

0.2992 

0.2849 

0.2782 

0.275 

0.2716 

0.2714 

0.2692 

0.2681 

0.2 635 

0.263 

0.2614 

0.2585 

0.2392 

0.2387 

0.2358 

Yearly 

0.1495 

0.144 

0.1438 

0.1418 

0.1398 

0.1397 

0.1392 

0.1318 

0.131 

0.1296 

0.1289 

0.1268 

0.1264 

0.1237 

0.1225 

0.1208 

0.1206 

0.1187 

0.1185 

0.1135 

0.1132 

0.1129 

0.1117 

0.1115 

0.1107 

0.1085 

0.1033 

0.1023 

0.09907 

0.06833 

0.1 3.4488 2.5598 0.96005 0.48117 0.36958 0.1436 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.121736666666667 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

7) Texas alfalfa 

stored as TX Koc DW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: TXalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 

at 11:16:36 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34:12 

Metfile: w13958.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:24 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 

1961 3.397 2.443 1.098 0.4495 0.3461 0.09227 

1962 3.448 2.513 0.9556 0.4865 0.3581 0.1368 

I Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 76 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 3.824 3.063 

0.064 3.644 2.954 

0.0963.606 2.868 

0.129 3.596 2.804 

0.1613.476 2.697 

0.1933.465 2.63 

0.2253.464 2.617 

0.258 3.461 2.593 

0.290 3.46 2.581 

0.322 3.458 2.57 

0.3543.458 2.568 

0.3873.457 2.554 

0.4193.457 2.55 

0.4513.457 2.547 

0.4833.454 2.545 

0.516 3.454 2.544 

0.548 3.453 2.544 

0.5803.451 2.543 

0.612 3.45 2.539 

0.645 3.45 2.528 

0.6773.449 2.521 

0.7093.449 2.518 

0.7413.448 2.513 

0.774 3.442 2.513 

0.806 3.44 2.502 

21 Day 

1.305 

1.169 

1.142 

1.098 

1.075 

1.065 

1.044 

1.039 

0.9899 

0.9672 

0.9666 

0.9623 

0.9556 

0.9448 

0.9295 

0.9157 

0.9143 

0.9034 

0.8918 

0.8836 

0.8807 

0.8803 

0.8773 

0.8726 

0.8719 

60 Day 

0.8048 

0.6358 

0.587 

0.576 

0.5753 

0.574 

0.5332 

0.5281 

0.4999 

0.4985 

0.4865 

0.4729 

0.4633 

0.4495 

0.4381 

0.4379 

0.4266 

0.425 

0.4199 

0.4127 

0.4043 

0.4036 

0.3785 

0.3765 

0.3757 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 

90 Day 

0.5931 

0.4785 

0.4749 

0.4718 

0.4519 

0.4268 

0.4106 

0.3987 

0.3885 

0.3801 

0.3662 

0.3629 

0.3588 

0.3581 

0.3572 

0.3471 

0.3461 

0.3454 

0.3323 

0.3211 

0.317 

0.313 

0.298 

0.297 

0.2928 

Yearly 

0.2032 

0.2014 

0.1878 

0.172 

0.1713 

0.1686 

0.1674 

0.1656 

0.1642 

0.1633 

0.1569 

0.1543 

0.1476 

0.1425 

0.1421 

0.1402 

0.1381 

0.1368 

0.1368 

0.1364 

0.1352 

0.1329 

0.1304 

0.1295 

0.1265 
0.1 3.605 2.8616 1.1376 0.5859 0.47459 0.18622 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.147405666666667 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

8) Florida Turf, one application 

stored as FL turf Koc DW.out 

Chemical: benfluralinPRZM environment: FLturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

16: 44: 48 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34:12 

Metfile: w12834.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 

1961 2.003 

1962 2.211 

1963 4.336 

1964 4.427 

1965 2.433 

1966 6.308 

1967 2.101 

1968 5.336 

1969 2.006 

1970 0.2232 

1971 1.888 

1972 3.018 

1973 0.5589 

1974 1.575 

1975 0.9285 

1976 6.452 

1977 1.121 

1978 3.339 

1979 5.713 

1980 0.5363 

1981 1.266 

1982 3.725 

1983 2.37 

1984 5.217 

1985 1.551 

1986 2.254 

1987 0.2818 

1988 0.6928 

1989 2.555 

1990 0.4568 

21 Day 

0.5535 

0.5782 

1.317 

1.431 

0.8759 

2.064 

0.6215 

1.625 

0.5417 

0.2209 

0.4822 

0.8042 

0.2334 

0.4275 

0.2814 

1.649 

0.3782 

0.8757 

1.451 

0.272 

0.5171 

0.9373 

0.923 

1.313 

0.4213 

0.685 

0.1331 

0.2003 

0.6276 

0.1523 

60 Day 

0.2698 

0.3884 

0.6403 

0.6285 

0.4085 

1.207 

0.35 

0.9697 

0.4121 

0.176 

0.2605 

0.3971 

0.1698 

0.3425 

0.1548 

0.8852 

0.2733 

0.5308 

0.6386 

0.2061 

0.2456 

0.4942 

0.4144 

0.5992 

0.2057 

0.42 

0.1075 

0.08985 

0.2685 

0.0929 

90 Day 

0.2772 

0.3178 

0.5168 

0.6241 

0.3126 

0.9632 

0.2809 

0.7522 

0.3367 

0.1486 

0.2225 

0.3866 

0.1417 

0.2893 

0.165 

0.6581 

0.2128 

0.4217 

0.6542 

0.1755 

0.1863 

0.3898 

0.3711 

0.4689 

0.1954 

0.3217 

0.09137 

0.08492 

0.1984 

0.07974 

Yearly 

0.09059 

0.1455 

0.2266 

0.3454 

0.1717 

0.372 

0.1826 

0.3108 

0.2208 

0.07196 

0.1198 

0.1913 

0.09381 

0.1369 

0.1026 

0.2503 

0.1388 

0.2058 

0.3133 

0.1142 

0.08485 

0.1662 

0.195 

0.2275 

0.1376 

0.1445 

0.06039 

0.05092 

0.1052 

0.05506 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 78 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 6.452 4.63 

0.064 6.308 4.574 

0.0965.713 4.255 

0.129 5.336 4.234 

0.161 5.217 3.83 

0.1934.427 3.296 

0.225 4.336 3.135 

0.258 3.725 2.705 

0.2903.339 2.489 

0.322 3.018 2.246 

0.354 2.555 1.876 

0.3872.433 1.792 

0.419 2.37 1.748 

0.4512.254 1.625 

0.4832.211 1.61 

0.5162.101 1.538 

0.5482.006 1.465 

0.5802.003 1.459 

0.6121.888 1.385 

0.645 1.575 1.151 

0.677 1.551 1.148 

0.709 1.266 0.9234 

0.7411.121 0.8238 

0.774 0.9285 0.7054 

0.806 0.6928 0.5173 

0.8380.5589 0.4666 

0.8700.5363 0.4205 

0.9030.4568 0.3392 

0.9350.2818 0.2231 

0.967 0.2232 0.2149 

21 Day 

2.064 

1.649 

1.625 

1.451 

1.431 

1.317 

1.313 

0.9373 

0.923 

0.8759 

0.8757 

0.8042 

0.685 

0.6276 

0.6215 

0.5782 

0.5535 

0.5417 

0.5171 

0.4822 

0.4275 

0.4213 

0.3782 

0.2814 

60 Day 

1.207 

0.9697 

0.8852 

0.6403 

0.6386 

0.6285 

0.5992 

0.5308 

0.4942 

0.42 

0.4144 

0.4121 

0.4085 

0.3971 

0.3884 

0.35 

0.3425 

0.2733 

0.2698 

0.2685 

0.2605 

0.2456 

0.2061 

0.2057 

0.176 

0.1698 

0.1548 

0.1075 

0.0929 

0.08985 

90 Day 

0.9632 

0.7522 

0.6581 

0.6542 

0.6241 

0.5168 

0.4689 

0.4217 

0.3898 

0.3866 

0.3711 

0.3367 

0.3217 

0.3178 

0.312 6 

0.2893 

0.2809 

0.2772 

0.2225 

0.2128 

0.1984 

0.1954 

0.1863 

0.1755 

0.165 

0.1486 

0.1417 

0.09137 

0.08492 

0.07974 

Yearly 

0.372 

0.3454 

0.3133 

0.3108 

0.2503 

0.2275 

0.2266 

0.2208 

0.2058 

0.195 

0.1913 

0.1826 

0.1717 

0.1662 

0.1455 

0.1445 

0.1388 

0.1376 

0.1369 

0.1198 

0.1142 

0.1052 

0.1026 

0.09381 

0.09059 

0.08485 

0.07196 

0.06039 

0.05506 

0.05092 

0.1 5.6753 4.2529 1.6076 0.8 6071 0.65771 0.31305 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.167732666666667 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

9) Florida Turf, two applications 

stored as FLDWx2.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: FLturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

16:44:48 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34:12 

Metfile: w12834.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 

1961 5.864 4.272 1.62 0.7891 0.8081 0.2 604 

1962 6.298 4.58 6 1.649 1.109 0.9066 0.417 

1963 13.45 9.711 4.049 1.916 1.446 0.6257 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 79 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.03220.91 14.98 

0.06419.08 13.82 

0.09613.45 9.711 

0.129 11.55 8.379 

0.161 9.78 6.99 

0.193 9.043 6.721 

0.2257.614 6.424 

0.258 7.471 5.483 

0.290 6.946 5.11 

0.322 6.865 5.045 

0.354 6.448 4.654 

0.387 6.298 4.649 

0.419 6.216 4.586 

0.4516.154 4.493 

0.4836.039 4.391 

0.5165.864 4.272 

0.548 5.526 4.044 

0.5805.403 3.989 

0.6124.786 3.534 

0.6454.707 3.467 

0.677 4.572 3.339 

0.7093.679 2.681 

0.7413.338 2.446 

0.7742.144 1.6 

0.8062.003 1.496 

0.838 1.623 1.324 

21 Day 

6.202 

4.912 

4.049 

2.892 

2.88 6 

2.516 

2.489 

2.416 

2.382 

1.976 

1.958 

1.828 

1.795 

1.649 

1.62 

1.571 

1.522 

1.494 

1.422 

1.383 

1.238 

1.233 

1.109 

0.7236 

0.6777 

0.6455 

60 Day 

3.599 

2.172 

2.08 

1.916 

1.594 

1.51 

1.305 

1.201 

1.188 

1.153 

1.109 

1.041 

0.9925 

0.923 

0.9051 

0.8326 

0.7975 

0.7891 

0.7769 

0.7408 

0.705 

0.6716 

0.5669 

0.4927 

0.488 

0.4813 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 

90 Day 

2.755 

1.722 

1.636 

1.593 

1.446 

1.19 

1.159 

1.129 

0.9629 

0.9198 

0.9066 

0.8864 

0.8797 

0.8361 

0.8081 

0.7769 

0.7759 

0.6334 

0.6224 

0.6183 

0.5716 

0.5441 

0.5312 

0.4153 

0.4113 

0.4062 

Yearly 

1.016 

0.7819 

0.7409 

0.6627 

0.6486 

0.6257 

0.5454 

0.5251 

0.5123 

0.4929 

0.4717 

0.4622 

0.438 

0.4324 

0.417 

0.4095 

0.3843 

0.3817 

0.3269 

0.307 

0.2744 

0.2716 

0.2661 

0.2622 

0.2604 

0.2249 
0.1 13.26 9.5778 3.9333 2.0636 1.6317 0.73308 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.426823333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

10) Pennsylvania Turf, one application 

stored as PA turf Koc DW.out 

Chemical: benfluralinPRZM environment: PAturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:27:02 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34:12 

Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

197 0 

1971 

1972 

197 3 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

1.349 

1.13 

0.7278 

0.4193 

0.1056 

0.3029 

2.616 

2.235 

3.315 

0.3499 

1.227 

4.141 

2.696 

1.011 

0.7562 

1.6 

0.1767 

1.23 

1.18 

0.1249 

0.886 

2.4 

1.803 

4.205 

2.872 

2.329 

2.848 

5.36 

1.135 

2.199 

96 hr 21 Day 

0.983 0.4303 

0.8335 0.292 

0.5351 0.2051 

0.3191 0.2008 

0.08628 0.04479 

0.2252 0.1227 

1.912 0.7274 

1.668 0.6633 

2.378 0.8993 

0.2612 0.1255 

0.9102 0.3686 

3.014 1.097 

1.983 0.7098 

0.76 0.2881 

0.5657 0.2211 

1.194 0.4023 

0.1371 0.08147 

0.9217 0.4524 

1.002 0.3687 

0.09992 0.09427 

0.6578 0.2811 

1.932 0.6962 

1.354 0.7204 

3.086 1.127 

2.042 0.7207 

1.908 0.7084 

2.046 0.6858 

3.937 1.372 

0 :8963 0.5914 

1.628 0.5697 

60 Day 

0.1895 

0.1584 

0.1067 

0.1042 

0.03593 

0.07144 

0.3317 

0.4555 

0.3885 

0.09423 

0.2 927 

0.7124 

0.4045 

0.1665 

0.1393 

0.2084 

0.06319 

0.2084 

0.188 

0.07177 

0.1409 

0.4173 

0.3276 

0.6419 

0.3579 

0.3533 

0.3864 

0.6 

0.3287 

0.3043 

90 Day 

0.1422 

0.1266 

0.08861 

0.08522 

0.02932 

0.05547 

0.2675 

0.3453 

0.29 

0.08061 

0.2279 

0.537 

0.3122 

0.1389 

0.11 

0.1684 

0.05791 

0.1619 

0.1563 

0.06192 

0.1051 

0.4075 

0.2739 

0.5028 

0.2996 

0.2689 

0.2934 

0.4781 

0.2585 

0.3076 

Yearly 

0.06643 

0.06289 

0.04167 

0.04514 

0.01688 

0.02339 

0.1082 

0.1396 

0.1125 

0.05648 

0.09971 

0.2179 

0.1684 

0.1056 

0.07347 

0.07348 

0.04083 

0.08592 

0.1025 

0.03553 

0.04103 

0.1497 

0.1317 

0.1966 

0.178 

0.1341 

0.1179 

0.1973 

0.1332 

0.1369 

Sorted results 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 81 
Prob. Peak 

0.032 5.36 

0.0644.205 

0.096 4.141 

0.129 3.315 

0.1612.872 

0.1932.848 

0.225 2.696 

0.2582.616 

0.290 2.4 

0.322 2.329 

0.3542.235 

0.387 2.199 

0.4191.803 

0.451 1.6 

0.4831.349 

0.516 1.23 

0.5481.227 

0.580 1.18 

0.612 1.135 

0.645 1.13 

0.677 1.011 

0.7090.886 

0.741 0.7562 

0.774 0.7278 

0.8060.4193 

0.838 0.3499 

0.870 0.3029 

0.903 0.1767 

0.9350.1249 

0.967 0.1056 

21 Day 60 Day 

1.372 0.7124 

90 Day 

0.537 

0.5028 

0.4781 

0.4075 

0.3453 

0.3122 

0.3076 

0.2996 

0.2934 

0.29 

0.2739 

0.2689 

0.2675 

0.2585 

0.2279 

0.1684 

0.1619 

0.1563 

0.1422 

0.1389 

0.1266 

0.11 

0.1051 

0.08861 

0.08522 

0.08061 

0.06192 

0.05791 

0.05547 

0.02932 

Yearly 

0.2179 

0.1973 

0.1966 

0.178 

0.1684 

0.1497 

0.1396 

0.1369 

0.1341 

0.1332 

0.1317 

0.1179 

0.1125 

0.1082 

0.1056 

0.1025 

0.09971 

0.08592 

0.07348 

0.07347 

0.06643 

0.06289 

0.05648 

0.04514 

0.04167 

0.04103 

0.04083 

0.03553 

0.02339 

0.01688 

0.1 4.0584 2.9504 1.07723 0.58555 0.47104 0.19474 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.103098333333333 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

11) Pennsylvania Turf, two applications 

stored as PAturfDWx2.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: PAturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:27:02 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15: 34: 12 

Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 

1961 4.156 3.019 1.299 0.5611 0.4169 0.1515 

1962 3.327 2.454 0.86 0.4662 0.3728 0.1822 

1963 2.126 1.564 0.6002 0.313 0.2599 0.1226 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 82 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.03213.22 9.597 

0.064 10.06 7.213 

0.096 8.575 6.29 

0.129 8.521 6.081 

0.161 8.461 6.043 

0.193 8.116 6.012 

0.225 7.47 5.925 

0.258 5.54 4.088 

0.290 4.788 3.574 

0.3224.438 3.26 

0.354 4.323 3.18 

0.3874.156 3.019 

0.4193.809 2.846 

0.4513.799 2.815 

0.4833.327 2.454 

0.516 2.481 2.05 

0.5482.335 1.75 

0.580 2.33 1.729 

0.6122.236 1.673 

0.645 2.126 1.564 

0.677 2.076 1.538 

0.7091.951 1.488 

0.7411.567 1.176 

0.7741.069 0.7981 

0.8060.9194 0.6853 

0.838 0.9042 0.6729 

21 Day 

3.413 

2.724 

2.236 

2.213 

2.15 

2.1 

2.041 

1.469 

1.383 

1.299 

1.283 

1.208 

1.17 

1.131 

0.8722 

0.86 

0.831 

0.8204 

0.7403 

0.7218 

0.6559 

0.6377 

0.6002 

0.3832 

0.3691 

0.2985 

60 Day 

1.748 

1.257 

1.173 

1.149 

1.02 

1.011 

1.008 

1.001 

0.8903 

0.6817 

0.678 

0.6265 

0.6216 

0.5611 

0.5147 

0.4666 

0.4662 

0.4639 

0.4633 

0.4467 

0.4181 

0.4139 

0.313 

0.2809 

0.2159 

0.1945 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 

90 Day 

1.337 

1.08 

0.8775 

0.8742 

0.8739 

0.8321 

0.7997 

0.771 

0.692 

0.6109 

0.5866 

0.5066 

0.4721 

0.4184 

0.4169 

0.4053 

0.3979 

0.3885 

0.3875 

0.3728 

0.3724 

0.3273 

0.2599 

0.2402 

0.1767 

0.1681 

Yearly 

0.5744 

0.4571 

0.4023 

0.4013 

0.3378 

0.3322 

0.3291 

0.2985 

0.2952 

0.2788 

0.2769 

0.2 669 

0.2 637 

0.2422 

0.2384 

0.2322 

0.221 

0.2125 

0.2099 

0.2027 

0.1822 

0.1697 

0.1515 

0.1229 

0.1226 

0.09446 
0.1 8.5696 6.2691 2.2337 1.1706 0.87717 0.4022 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.239387666666667 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

12) Oregon Christmas Tree farm 

stored as 0RXmasDW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: 0RXmasTree.txtmodified Friday, 3 May 2002 at 

09:26:00 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 

15:34:12 

Metfile: met2.met modified Tueday, 11 August 1992 at 12:05:28 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1948 

1949 

1950 

1951 

1952 

1953 

1954 

1955 

1956 

1957 

1958 

1959 

1960 

1961 

1962 

19 63 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

197 0 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

197 8 

1979 

1980 

Peak 

1.005 

2.483 

3.64 

4.929 

0.568 

1.537 

0.9556 

5.147 

1.541 

1.337 

0.9608 

1.293 

3.215 

1.291 

1.78 

3.451 

3.689 

1.177 

1.328 

1.065 

1.816 

1.411 

0.9001 

1.941 

1.786 

2.807 

1.724 

0.7643 

0.355 

1.034 

1.675 

1.954 

2.204 

21 Day 

0.2837 

0.6772 

1.316 

1.383 

0.4131 

0.7976 

0.4858 

1.324 

1.023 

0.3546 

0.4435 

0.8205 

0.9015 

0.4509 

0.5105 

1.041 

1.005 

0.6607 

0.6669 

0.4502 

0.545 

0.4992 

0.4888 

0.556 

0.8101 

1.008 

0.9653 

0.2868 

0.2202 

0.4631 

0.5332 

0.4988 

0.6726 

60 Day 

0.2206 

0.315 

0.6889 

0.7336 

0.3177 

0.4286 

0.3514 

0.6824 

0.626 

0.1632 

0.2175 

0.4667 

0.3959 

0.3087 

0.2543 

0.4 608 

0.4384 

0.4385 

0.3748 

0.2457 

0.3674 

0.2901 

0.3404 

0.3227 

0.4177 

0.5608 

0.5036 

0.1933 

0.1596 

0.2856 

0.2436 

0.2575 

0.4407 

90 Day 

0.184 

0.3016 

0.5457 

0.6117 

0.2 668 

0.3245 

0.2821 

0.5872 

0.493 

0.125 

0.154 

0.3538 

0.2838 

0.2546 

0.2089 

0.3473 

0.3024 

0.3469 

0.3099 

0.1958 

0.3356 

0.2287 

0.2713 

0.2534 

0.3196 

0.3815 

0.3976 

0.1582 

0.1309 

0.1975 

0.1854 

0.2051 

0.3016 

Yearly 

0.05116 

0.1744 

0.2894 

0.2923 

0.1373 

0.1832 

0.1335 

0.175 

0.209 

0.09997 

0.09973 

0.1351 

0.1021 

0.1217 

0.1056 

0.1914 

0.1643 

0.1836 

0.1578 

0.1095 

0.1743 

0.1884 

0.1398 

0.1573 

0.1541 

0.1498 

0.1831 

0.09014 

0.05214 

0.05615 

0.1244 

0.101 

0.1422 

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 84 

-%-.- -- - - -- --- - -- 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.0275.147 

0.054 4.929 

0.0813.689 

0.108 3.64 

0.1353.451 

0.162 3.215 

0.189 2.807 

0.2162.483 

0.2432.204 

0.2701.954 

0.297 1.941 

0.3241.816 

0.3511.786 

0.378 1.78 

0.4051.724 

0.432 1.675 

0.4591.541 

0.486 1.537 

0.5131.477 

0.5401.411 

0.5671.337 

0.5941.328 

0.6211.293 

0.648 1.291 

0.675 1.177 

0.702 1.065 

0.7291.034 

0.7561.005 

0.7830.9608 

0.810 0.9556 

0.837 0.9001 

0.8640.8174 

0.8910.7643 

0.918 0.6715 

0.9450.568 

0.972 0.355 

21 Day 

1.383 

1.324 

1.316 

1.041 

1.023 

1.008 

1.005 

0.9653 

0.9015 

0.8205 

0.8101 

0.7976 

0.6772 

0.6726 

0.6669 

0.6607 

0.5889 

0.556 

0.545 

0.5332 

0.5105 

0.4992 

0.4988 

0.4888 

0.4858 

0.4631 

0.4509 

0.4502 

0.4435 

0.4131 

0.3965 

0.3546 

0.2868 

0.2837 

0.2807 

0.2202 

60 Day 

0.7336 

0.6889 

0.6824 

0.626 

0.5608 

0.5036 

0.4667 

0.4608 

0.4407 

0.4385 

0.4384 

0.4286 

0.4177 

0.3959 

0.3843 

0.3748 

0.3674 

0.3514 

0.3404 

0.3227 

0.3177 

0.315 

0.3087 

0.2915 

0.2901 

0.2856 

0.2575 

0.2543 

0.2457 

0.2436 

0.2242 

0.2206 

0.2175 

0.1933 

0.1632 

0.1596 

90 Day 

0.6117 

0.5872 

0.5457 

0.493 

0.397 6 

0.3949 

0.3815 

0.3538 

0.3473 

0.3469 

0.3356 

0.3245 

0.3196 

0.3099 

0.3024 

0.3016 

0.3016 

0.2838 

0.2821 

0.2713 

0.2668 

0.2546 

0.2534 

0.2401 

0.2287 

0.2089 

0.2051 

0.1975 

0.1958 

0.1871 

0.1854 

0.184 

0.1582 

0.154 

0.1309 

0.125 

0.1 3.6547 3.0826 1.1235 0.64292 0.50881 0.20235 

Average of yearly averages: 

0.146621944444444 

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

13) California almonds 

stored as almondDW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 85 
PRZM environment: CAalmondC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

16:30:38 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 

Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:22 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

19 62 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

19 6 9 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

198 1 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

4.69 

34.61 

4.362 

3.609 

0.9598 

1.925 

4.401 

0.8428 

2.314 

7.809 

0.5322 

1.947 

1.854 

0.8836 

0.2525 

0.614 

1.32 6 

3.123 

1.954 

1.427 

6.193 

5.804 

3.347 

0.7914 

3.336 

3.048 

0.5988 

1.47 

4.367 

3.706 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 

0.032 34.61 

0.064 7.809 

0.096 6.193 

0.129 5.804 

0.161 4.69 

0.193 4.401 

0.225 4.367 

0.258 4.362 

0.290 3.706 

0.322 3.609 

0.354 3.347 

0.387 3.336 

0.419 3.123 

0.451 3.048 

0.483 2.314 

0.516 1.954 

0.548 1.947 

0.580 1.925 

0.612 1.854 

0.645 1.47 

0.677 1.427 

0.709 1.326 

0.741 0.9598 

21 Day 

1.356 

8.634 

1.966 

1.712 

0.6661 

0.908 

2.131 

0.3674 

1.359 

2.461 

0.5104 

0.7622 

1.235 

0.2408 

0.1348 

0.1638 

0.5633 

1.926 

1.057 

0.8975 

1.833 

2.731 

1.085 

0.6262 

0.9267 

0.9994 

0.1865 

0.4133 

1.08 

1.811 

21 Day 

8.634 

2.731 

2.461 

2.131 

1.966 

1.926 

1.833 

1.811 

60 Day 

0.5147 

3.631 

1.348 

0.8084 

0.4278 

0.5089 

0.9576 

0.2191 

0.7323 

0.993 

0.38 92 

0.3538 

0.7175 

0.1683 

0.1135 

0.07057 

0.3058 

1.079 

0.5753 

0.5228 

0.955 

1.411 

0.6814 

0.4454 

0.3635 

0.5115 

0.1426 

0.1874 

0.488 

0.9118 

60 Day 

3.631 

1.411 

1.348 

1.079 

0.993 

0.9576 

0.955 

0.9118 

0.8084 

0.7323 

0.7175 

0.6814 

0.5753 

0.5228 

0.5147 

0.5115 

0.5089 

0.488 

0.4454 

0.4278 

0.3892 

0.3635 

0.3538 

90 Day 

0.3431 

2.638 

1.157 

0.6232 

0.341 

0.345 

0.7216 

0.177 

0.5459 

0.6758 

0.3349 

0.2663 

0.547 

0.1443 

0.1104 

0.05223 

0.2065 

0.8164 

0.4433 

0.4033 

0.6701 

1.087 

0.5566 

0.3649 

0.2459 

0.4132 

0.123 

0.1392 

0.3962 

0.6802 

90 Day 

2.638 

1.157 

1.087 

0.8164 

0.7216 

0.6802 

0.6758 

0.6701 

0.6232 

0.5566 

0.547 

0.5459 

0.4433 

0.4132 

0.4033 

0.3962 

0.3649 

0.345 

0.3431 

0.341 

0.3349 

0.2663 

0.2459 

Yearly 

0.0846 

0.802 

0.5966 

0.3065 

0.1609 

0.1358 

0.2683 

0.07963 

0.2161 

0.3094 

0.1579 

0.1026 

0.2397 

0.09277 

0.04532 

0.02136 

0.08173 

0.3186 

0.1883 

0.1511 

0.2 668 

0.6782 

0.4111 

0.1571 

0.08846 

0.1585 

0.05293 

0.08284 

0.1265 

0.3054 

Yearly 

0.802 

0.6782 

0.5966 

0.4111 

0.3186 

0.3094 

0.3065 

0.3054 

0.2 683 

0.2668 

0.2397 

0.2161 

0.1883 

0.1609 

0.1585 

0.1579 

0.1571 

0.1511 

0.1358 

0.1265 

0.1026 

0.09277 

0.08846 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 
0.1 6.1541 4.9656 2.428 1.3211 1.05994 0.57805 

Average of yearly averages: 0.222901333333333 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

14) Florida citrus 

stored as citrusDW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: FLcitrusC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

16:39:50 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 

Metfile: w12842.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

19 6 6 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

197 1 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

197 9 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 

5.637 

15.05 

8.707 

16.4 

23.96 

17.17 

29.75 

12.38 

20.46 

12.03 

17.41 

21.58 

18.91 

39.3 

15.68 

12.62 

5.108 

3.182 

50.35 

7.365 

15.44 

13.48 

9.023 

6.95 

27.09 

5.564 

6.953 

21.99 

7.815 

12.15 

21 Day 

2.067 

4.398 

3.673 

5.71 

8.498 

5.089 

8.84 

4.319 

7.702 

4.571 

6.085 

7.472 

6.048 

10.18 

5.371 

4.883 

2.04 6 

1.528 

10.12 

3.427 

5.073 

5.611 

3.877 

3.301 

7.694 

2.772 

3.44 

7.934 

4.579 

3.918 

60 Day 

1.535 

3.367 

2.47 

4.875 

4.811 

3.267 

4.479 

3.099 

4.806 

2.606 

4.501 

4.148 

4.393 

4.934 

3.73 

3.379 

1.524 

1.163 

4.955 

2.578 

3.482 

4.764 

3.292 

2.434 

4.883 

2.14 

2.437 

5.87 

3.07 

2.266 

90 Day 

1.226 

2.636 

2.138 

4 .I92 

4.086 

2.863 

3.704 

3.043 

4.093 

2.07 

3.835 

3.863 

3.447 

4.123 

3.536 

3.17 

1.289 

1.05 

4.208 

2.608 

2.763 

4.293 

3.134 

2.1 

4.38 

1.848 

2.146 

4.584 

2.883 

1.834 

Yearly 

0.4755 

1.187 

1.31 

2.119 

2.182 

1.678 

1.747 

1.874 

2.264 

1.439 

1.865 

2.058 

1.788 

1.945 

2.04 6 

1.939 

0.9552 

0.6978 

2.54 

1.793 

1.648 

2.39 

2.01 

1.343 

2.044 

1.396 

1.315 

2.07 

1.768 

1.138 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 

0.032 50.35 33.37 10.18 5.87 4.584 2.54 

0.064 39.3 27.11 10.12 4.955 4.38 2.39 

0.096 29.75 23.03 8.84 4.934 4.293 2.264 

0.129 27.09 19.66 8.4 98 4.883 4.208 2.182 

0.161 23.96 17.97 7.934 4.875 4.192 2.119 

0.193 21.99 17.67 7.702 4.811 4.123 2.07 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 87 
0.1 29.484 22.693 8.8058 4.9289 4.2845 2.2558 

Average of yearly averages: 1.70081666666667 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

15) Georgia Peaches 

stored as peachDW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: GAPeachesC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

16: 59: 56 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 

Metfile: w03813.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:32 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

19 6 9 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

197 4 

1975 

1976 

1977 

197 8 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

Peak 96 hr 

11.96 8.787 

16.62 12.31 

8.416 6.292 

36.06 26.63 

55.79 42.17 

26.85 19.69 

10.28 7.61 

8.324 6.192 

9.611 7.054 

34.77 25.2 

5.152 3.939 

7.173 5.407 

14 10.45 

13.92 10.25 

18.74 14.01 

16.62 14.16 

3.945 3.009 

12.35 9.25 

10.94 8.135 

8.409 6.292 

64.02 46.42 

11.72 8.924 

21 Day 

3.006 

4.322 

3.223 

9.374 

13.76 

6.625 

2.719 

2.324 

2.448 

8.771 

2.736 

2.301 

4.554 

3.577 

5.046 

5.146 

1.125 

3.314 

3.17 

2.294 

15.54 

3.593 

60 Day 

1.303 

1.966 

1.558 

4.829 

6.598 

2.832 

1.414 

1.04 

1.559 

4.186 

1.97 

1.147 

3.015 

2.696 

2.452 

2.231 

0.7485 

1.467 

90 Day 

1.328 

1.544 

1.191 

3.559 

4.962 

2.105 

1.455 

0.7946 

1.157 

2.934 

1.6 

0.9073 

2.312 

2.037 

2.325 

1.66 

0.6465 

1.302 

1.387 

1.15 

5.424 

1.961 

Yearly 

0.5972 

1.018 

0.8162 

1.592 

1.815 

1.15 

0.8306 

0.4908 

0.4849 

1.026 

1.045 

0.6852 

1.203 

1.015 

1.309 

1.048 

0.39 

0.6536 

0.7424 

0.5416 

2.451 

1.164 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 88 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 64.02 46.42 

0.064 55.79 42.17 

0.096 44.94 32.45 

0.129 36.06 26.63 

0.161 34.77 25.2 

0.193 31.9 24.36 

0.225 28.55 23.24 

0.258 26.85 19.69 

0.290 25.18 18.41 

0.322 18.74 14.16 

0.354 16.62 14.01 

0.387 16.62 12.31 

0.419 14 10.45 

0.451 13.92 10.25 

0.483 12.35 9.25 

0.516 11.96 8.924 

0.548 11.72 8.787 

0.580 10.94 8.135 

0.612 10.28 7.61 

0.645 9.611 7.054 

0.677 8.416 6.292 

0.709 8.409 6.292 

0.741 8.324 6.192 

0.774 7.438 5.581 

0.806 7.173 5.407 

0.838 6.426 4.78 

0.870 6.103 4.523 

0.903 5.152 3.939 

0.935 4.391 3.364 

0.967 3.945 3.009 

21 Day 

15.54 

13.76 

10.51 

9.374 

8.944 

8.771 

7.736 

7.062 

6.625 

5.146 

5.046 

4.554 

4.322 

3.593 

3.577 

3.314 

3.223 

3.17 

3.006 

2.736 

2.719 

2.541 

2.448 

2.324 

2.301 

2.294 

2.09 

1.949 

1.614 

1.125 

60 Day 

6.814 

6.598 

4.829 

4.337 

4.186 

4.036 

3.238 

3.156 

3.015 

2.832 

2.696 

2.452 

2.231 

2.165 

1.97 

1.966 

1.72 

1.649 

1.559 

1.558 

1.467 

1.414 

1.323 

1.303 

1.288 

1.222 

1.147 

1.099 

1.04 

0.7485 

90 Day 

5.424 

4.962 

3.559 

3.478 

3.47 

2.934 

2.366 

2.325 

2.312 

2.295 ' 

2.105 

2.037 

1.961 

1.66 

1.6 

1.544 

1.455 

1.387 

1.334 

1.328 

1.302 

1.191 

1.157 

1.15 

1.098 

1.096 

1.031 

0.9073 

0.7946 

0.6465 

Yearly 

2.451 

1.815 

1.592 

1.493 

1.309 

1.203 

1.203 

1.164 

1.15 

1.118 

1.048 

1.045 

1.026 

1.018 

1.015 

0.8306 

0.8245 

0.8162 

0.7424 

0.6944 

0.6861 

0.6852 

0.6536 

0.6507 

0.6322 

0.5972 

0.5416 

0.4908 

0.4849 

0.39 

0.1 44.052 31.868 10.3964 4.7798 3.5509 1.5821 

Average of yearly averages: 0.979013333333333 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

16) North Carolina apples 

stored as appleDW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: NCappleC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17: 09: 36 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 

Metfile: w03812.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:50 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 

1965 8.188 6.229 3.737 2.099 1.746 0.7985 

1966 47.87 34.86 13.65 7.778 6.356 2.887 

1967 67.93 55.91 22.31 10.71 8.489 4.344 

1968 23.36 17.55 8.984 5.103 4.971 3.139 

1969 32.21 23.12 8.137 5.054 4.178 2.322 

1970 10.75 8.424 3.564 1.921 1.696 1.348 

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 89 

-------- -- ---. - -- - - --- 
Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.037 87.43 62.67 

0.074 75.05 55.91 

0.111 67.93 55.1 

0.148 58.66 42.29 

0.185 51.47 37.7 

0.222 49.27 35.66 

0.259 47.87 34.86 

0.296 42.31 30.97 

0.333 40.23 29.63 

0.370 39.67 28.87 

0.407 35.78 28.84 

0.444 33.76 26.37 

0.481 32.21 23.12 

0.518 28.71 21.46 

0.555 26.16 19.05 

0.592 23.44 17.55 

0.629 23.36 17.44 

0.666 19.04 15.2 

0.703 14.44 10.83 

0.740 14.16 10.64 

0.777 12.87 9.687 

0.814 12.02 9.132 

0.851 11.97 8.934 

0.888 10.75 8.424 

0.925 8.188 6.229 

0.962 7.157 5.641 

21 Day 

22.93 

22.31 

19.47 

14.41 

13.65 

13.59 

13.32 

12.44 

12.18 

11.8 

11.74 

10.85 

10.62 

9.488 

8.984 

8.409 

8.137 

6.751 

5.751 

4.554 

4.46 

4.445 

4.011 

3.905 

3.737 

3.564 

60 Day 

10.71 

90 Day 

8.489 

8.217 

8.087 

7.437 

7.105 

6.356 

5.802 

5.139 

4.971 

4.935 

4.8 94 

4.762 

4.554 

4.435 

4.27 

4.178 

4.123 

4.057 

3.347 

2.97 

2.829 

2.752 

2.305 

1.943 

1.746 

1.696 

Yearly 

4.344 

4.064 

4.014 

3.958 

3.515 

3.275 

3.229 

3.139 

2.977 

2.908 

2.887 

2.794 

2.732 

2.497 

2.322 

2.305 

2.144 

2.132 

2.129 

1.894 

1.825 

1.734 

1.666 

1.432 

1.348 

0.7985 

0.1 70.06 55.343 20.322 10.215 8.126 4.029 

Average of yearly averages: 2.61778846153846 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

17) Oregon apples 

stored as appleDW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: 0RappleC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:16:34 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 

Metfile: w24229.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 90 
Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

1973 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

197 8 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

198 9 

1990 

Peak 96 hr 

2.987 2.4 

5.488 4.205 

3.719 2.881 

7.335 6.316 

4.45 3.811 

4.687 4.207 

3.462 2.634 

4.456 3.389 

6.342 4.898 

3.601 3.295 

6.252 4.794 

3.185 2.832 

9.948 7.474 

3.592 3.478 

2.509 2.316 

1.057 1.007 

10.28 7.583 

1.788 1.747 

1.612 1.432 

9.172 7.344 

4.78 4.163 

9.038 6.751 

7.525 5.739 

6.012 4.616 

7.092 5.544 

8.163 6.077 

8.528 6.853 

5.874 4.555 

2.302 1.83 

1.686 1.558 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 10.28 7.583 

0.064 9.948 7.474 

0.096 9.172 7.344 

0.129 9.038 6.853 

0.161 8.528 6.751 

0.193 8.163 6.316 

0.225 7.525 6.077 

0.258 7.335 5.739 

0.290 7.092 5.544 

0.322 6.342 4.898 

0.354 6.252 4.794 

0.387 6.012 4.616 

0.419 5.874 4.555 

0.451 5.488 4.207 

0.483 4.78 4.205 

0.516 4.687 4.163 

0.548 4.456 3.811 

0.580 4.45 3.478 

0.612 3.719 3.389 

0.645 3.601 3.295 

0.677 3.592 2.881 

0.709 3.462 2.832 

0.741 3.185 2.634 

0.774 2.987 2.4 

0.806 2.509 2.316 

0.838 2.302 1.83 

0.870 1.788 1.747 

21 Day 

1.052 

2.723 

1.434 

2.404 

1.893 

2.314 

1.439 

1.839 

2.138 

2.507 

1.992 

1.669 

3.7 

2.556 

1.921 

0.9074 

2.7 92 

1.706 

0.9387 

3.062 

2.27 

2.591 

2.644 

2.168 

2.179 

2.331 

3.731. 

2.04 

0.9551 

1.169 

21 Day 

3.731 

3.7 

3.062 

2.792 

2.723 

2.644 

2.591 

2.556 

2.507 

2.404 

2.331 

2.314 

2.27 

2.179 

2.168 

2.138 

2.04 

1.992 

1.921 

1.893 

1.839 

1.706 

1.669 

1.439 

1.434 

1.169 

1.052 

60 Day 

0.7534 

1.556 

1.106 

1.269 

1.442 

1.458 

1.033 

1.436 

1.592 

1.683 

1.115 

1.118 

2.015 

1.633 

1.345 

0.6581 

1.594 

1.324 

0.6353 

2.194 

1.807 

1.801 

1.558 

1.66 

1.137 

1.188 

1.522 

1.301 

0.7397 

0.812 

60 Day 

2.194 

2.015 

1.807 

1.801 

1.683 

1.66 

1.633 

1.594 

1.592 

1.558 

1.556 

1.522 

1.458 

1.442 

1.436 

1.345 

1.324 

1.301 

1.269 

1.188 

1.137 

1.118 

1.115 

1.106 

1.033 

0.812 

0.7534 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 

90 Day 

0.5576 

1.175 

0.9397 

0.8842 

1.185 

1.182 

0.8769 

1.213 

1.2 98 

1.388 

0.9919 

0.9414 

1.421 

1.347 

1.098 

0.5586 

1.227 

1.121 

0.5573 

1.515 

1.519 

1.737 

1.331 

1.24 

0.9272 

1.143 

1.064 

1.124 

0.6533 

0.652 

90 Day 

Yearly 

0.2189 

0.5396 

0.6093 

0.5222 

0.7189 

0.7019 

0.4979 

0.7437 

0.8441 

0.7099 

0.7829 

0.5448 

0.6658 

0.7673 

0.5495 

0.2871 

0.5556 

0.5838 

0.3306 

0.7654 

0.9631 

0.9964 

0.8679 

0.8876 

0.7399 

0.5448 

0.6359 

0.8494 

0.4068 

0.3602 

Yearly 

0.9964 

0.9631 

0.8876 

0.8679 

0.8494 

0.8441 

0.7829 

0.7673 

0.7654 

0.7437 

0.7399 

0.7189 

0.7099 

0.7019 

0.6658 

0.6359 

0.6093 

0.5838 

0.5556 

0.5495 

0.5448 

0.5448 

0.5396 

0.5222 

0.4979 

0.4068 

0.3602 
0.1 9.158 7.2949 3.035 1.8064 1.5056 0.88563 

Average of yearly averages: 0.639706666666667 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

18) Oregon berries 

stored as berryDW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: 0RberriesC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:17:16 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 

Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

19 63 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

197 1 

1972 

197 3 

1974 

1975 

197 6 

1977 

1978 

197 9 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

198 6 

1987 

1988 

1989 

1990 

Peak 96 hr 

2.409 1.862 

5.495 4.203 

6.081 5.047 

6.813 5.736 

3.769 2.938 

4.332 3.559 

2.953 2.705 

5.82 4.383 

6.261 4.881 

2.687 2.598 

10.77 8.203 

4.268 3.82 

7.782 5.899 

3.814 3.604 

2.448 1.951 

1.168 1.118 

3.483 2.832 

2.893 2.234 

6.204 4.636 

7.356 5.85 

5.915 4.696 

2.436 2.388 

2.993 2.259 

7.201 5.471 

7.505 5.841 

2.123 1.637 

8.954 7.174 

4.161 3.288 

8.649 6.642 

3.361 2.639 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 10.77 8.203 

0.064 8.954 7.174 

0.096 8.649 6.642 

0.129 7.782 5.899 

0.161 7.505 5.85 

0.193 7.356 5.841 

0.225 7.201 5.736 

0.258 6.813 5.471 

0.290 6.261 5.047 

0.322 6.204 4.881 

21 Day 

0.7157 

1.789 

2.108 

2.172 

1.838 

2.208 

1.565 

1.867 

2.185 

2.245 

3.311 

2.437 

3.161 

2.459 

1.32 

1.023 

1.594 

1.099 

1.729 

2.543 

2.731 

2.154 

1.268 

2.543 

2.292 

1.14 

3.797 

2.523 

2.656 

1.851 

21 Day 

3.7 97 

3.311 

3.161 

2.731 

2.656 

2.543 

2.543 

2.523 

2.459 

2.437 

60 Day 

0.3626 

1.013 

1.141 

1.153 

1.31 

1.41 

60 Day 

1.994 

1.821 

1.722 

1.676 

1.67 

1.664 

1.658 

1.655 

1.642 

1.618 

90 Day 

0.2788 

0.8776 

0.9571 

0.8955 

1.076 

1.169 

0.8519 

1.306 

1.541 

1.349 

1.399 

1.258 

1.2 62 

1.241 

0.8288 

0.6398 

0.6843 

0.6655 

1.026 

1.188 

1.935 

1.387 

0.8315 

1.279 

0.9577 

0.6251 

1.207 

1.384 

0.9841 

1.152 

90 Day 

1.935 

1.541 

1.399 

1.387 

1.384 

1.349 

1.306 

1.279 

1.2 62 

1.258 

Yearly 

0.08413 

0.3921 

0.7104 

0.5496 

0.6441 

0.6429 

0.5145 

0.7679 

0.9302 

0.7199 

1.123 

0.7015 

0.5996 

0.706 

0.5006 

0.2784 

0.2154 

0.4461 

0.5153 

0.7458 

1.13 

0.7827 

0.5632 

0.7635 

0.7369 

0.3719 

0.6541 

0.722 

0.5107 

0.6755 

Yearly 

1.13 

1.123 

0.9302 

0.7827 

0.7679 

0.7635 

0.7458 

0.7369 

0.722 

0.7199 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 92 
0.1 8.562 6.5677 3.118 1.7174 1.3978 0.91545 

Average of yearly averages: 0.623264333333333 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 93 
19) Oregon filberts 

stored as filbrtDW.out 

Chemical: benfluralin 

PRZM environment: 0RfilbertsC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 

17:18:04 

EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 

Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10 

Water segment concentrations (ppb) 

Year 

1961 

1962 

1963 

1964 

1965 

1966 

1967 

1968 

1969 

1970 

1971 

1972 

197 3 

1974 

1975 

1976 

1977 

1978 

1979 

1980 

1981 

1982 

1983 

1984 

1985 

1986 

1987 

1988 

198 9 

1990 

Peak 96 hr 

3.017 2.324 

5.771 4.377 

8.785 7.255 

7.442 6.289 

4.577 3.599 

4.513 3.845 

3.241 2.883 

8.128 6.159 

5.516 4.276 

3.93 3.089 

11.33 8.55 

4.551 4.057 

8.69 6.564 

4.514 4.232 

3.205 2.523 

1.439 1.36 

4.132 3.439 

3.521 2.713 

5.665 4.252 

7.599 5.995 

5.907 4.586 

3.229 2.57 

2.689 2.118 

6.138 4.644 

3.917 3.33 

2.762 2.205 

8.867 7.089 

4.666 3.696 

7.99 6.113 

4.25 3.283 

Sorted results 

Prob. Peak 96 hr 

0.032 11.33 8.55 

0.064 8.867 7.255 

0.096 8.785 7.089 

0.129 8.69 6.564 

0.161 8.128 6.289 

0.193 7.99 6.159 

0.225 7.599 6.113 

0.258 7.442 5.995 

0.290 6.138 4.644 

0.322 5.907 4.586 

0.354 5.771 4.377 

0.387 5.665 4.276 

0.419 5.516 4.252 

0.451 4.666 4.232 

0.483 4.577 4.057 

0.516 4.551 3.845 

0.548 4.514 3.696 

0.580 4.513 3.599 

0.612 4.25 3.439 

21 Day 

0.948 

1.883 

2.958 

2.431 

2.004 

2.484 

1.663 

2.435 

2.142 

2.324 

3.321 

2.626 

3.5 

2.799 

1.425 

1.235 

1.986 

1.371 

1.627 

2.67 

2.656 

2.195 

1.493 

2.246 

1.403 

1.47 

3.762 

2.421 

2.421 

1.784 

21 Day 

3.762 

3.5 

3.321 

2.958 

2.799 

2.67 

2.656 

2.626 

2.484 

2.435 

2.431 

2.421 

2.421 

2.324 

2.246 

2.195 

2.142 

2.004 

1.986 

60 Day 

0.5258 

1.058 

1.524 

1.357 

1.433 

1.549 

1.099 

1.748 

1.565 

1.613 

1.925 

1.673 

2.093 

1.706 

1.083 

0.8988 

1.218 

0.9993 

1.089 

1.751 

1.955 

1.678 

1.211 

1.585 

1.07 

0.7259 

1.631 

1.5 63 

1.286 

1.354 

60 Day 

2.093 

1.955 

1.925 

1.751 

1.748 

1.706 

1.678 

1.673 

1.631 

1.613 

1.585 

1.565 

1.563 

1.549 

1.524 

1.433 

1.357 

1.354 

1.286 

90 Day 

0.382 

0.9095 

1.224 

1.017 

1.178 

1.278 

0.9151 

1.561 

1.291 

1.33 

1.639 

1.39 

1.459 

1.407 

0.9074 

0.757 

0.8569 

0.8249 

0.9665 

1.238 

1.865 

1.411 

1.014 

1.23 

0.906 

0.5929 

1.164 

1.2 94 

0.9405 

1.108 

90 Day 

1.865 

1.639 

1.561 

1.459 

1.411 

1.407 

1.39 

1.33 

1.2 94 

1.291 

1.278 

1.238 

1.23 

1.224 

1.178 

1.164 

1.108 

1.017 

1.014 

Yearly 

0.1123 

0.4204 

0.8435 

0.6299 

0.6871 

0.7166 

0.5524 

0.9054 

0.9574 

0.7332 

1.175 

0.7638 

0.7033 

0.7877 

0.5632 

0.32 63 

0.2747 

0.5751 

0.5912 

0.7724 

1.119 

0.8232 

0.6358 

0.8006 

0.6193 

0.3813 

0.635 

0.7148 

0.5303 

0.6515 

Yearly 

1.175 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 94 
0.1 8.775 7.0365 3.2847 1.9076 1.5508 0.9522 

Average of yearly averages: 0.666723333333333 

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 95 

--sAhw-------- ---------, --- - - - ---- 
GENEEC 2.0 Results for Non-agricultural areas 

RUN No. 1 FOR benfluralin ON ROW * INPUT VALUES * .................................................................... 

RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP 

ONE (MULT ) INTERVAL Koc (PPB ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN) .................................................................... 

6.000( 6.000) 1 1 10750.0 100.0 GRANUL( .O) .O .O 

FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS) .................................................................... 

METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED 

(FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) ( POND) (POND) .................................................................... 

65.00 2 N /A .41- 51.15 .OO 51.15 

GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001 .................................................................... 

PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY 

GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC .................................................................... 

30.37 28.97 22.53 13.89 10.34 

RUN No. 2 FOR benfluralin ON ROW * INPUT VALUES * .................................................................... 

RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP 

ONE (MULT ) INTERVAL Koc (PPB ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN) .................................................................... 

6.000 ( 9.917) 2 40 10750.0 100.0 GRANUL( .O) .O .O 

FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIEE VALUES (DAYS) .................................................................... 

METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED 

(FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) ( POND-EFF) (POND) ( POND) .................................................................... 

65.00 2 N /A .41- 51.15 .OO 51.15 

GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001 

PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 2 1 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY 

GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 96 
SCI-GROW Results for Rights-of-way and Non-agricultural areas, 12 lblacre application rate 

SCIGROW 

VERSION 2.2: NOVEMBER 1, 2001 

RUN No. 1 FOR benfluralin ** INPUT VALUES ** ........................................................ 

APP RATE APPS/ TOTAL/ SOIL AEROBIC SOIL METAB 

(LBS/AC) YEAR SEASON KOC HAL EL I FE ( DAYS ) 

........................................................ 

12.000 1 12.000 10750.0 49.00 

GROUND-WATER SCREENING CONCENTRATION (IN UG/L - PPB) ........................................................ 

.068894 ........................................................ 

RUN No. 2 FOR benfluralin ** INPUT VALUES ** ........................................................ 

APP RATE APPS/ TOTAL/ SOIL AEROBIC SOIL METAB 

(LBS/AC) YEAR SEASON KOC HAL EL I FE ( DAYS ) ........................................................ 

6.000 2 12.000 10750.0 49.00 

GROUND-WATER SCREENING CONCENTRATION (IN UG/L - PPB) 

----_--_-------_---------------------------------------- 

.068894 ........................................................ 

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 97 

-.-----=-- - - -- --- - - - ew-w 
Appendix V: ELL-Fate Results and Terrestrial Exposure Estimates 

Estimated environmental terrestrial concentrations of benfluralin on wildlife food items are 

based on Kenaga maximum and mean predicted values as shown below. 

Normalized estimated environmental concentrations (based on 1 lb. aila single application) for avian 

and mammalian food items. Values are from Hoerger and Kenaga (1972) , as modified by Fletcher et al. 

(1 994) 

Table V - A - 

EEC (PP~) EEC (PP~) 

Food Items Predicted Maximum Predicted Mean 

Residue Residue 

Short grass 240 8 5 

Tall grass 110 36 

Broadleaf plants and small insects 135 45 

Fruits, pods, seeds, and large insects 15 7 

SPREADSHEET-BASED TERRESTRIAL EXPOSURE VALUES 

A first order decay assumption is used to determine the concentration at each day after initial 

application based on the concentration resulting from the initial and additional applications. The decay is 

calculated from the first order rate equation: 

or in integrated form: 

Where: 

CT = concentration at time T on day zero 

Ci = concentration in parts per million (ppm) present initially (on day zero) on the surfaces. Ci is 

calculated based on Kanega and Fletcher by multiplying the application rate, in pounds active 

ingredient per acre, by 240 for short grass, 110 for tall grass, and 135 for broad-leaf plantslinsects 

and 15 for seeds. Additional applications are converted from pounds active ingredient per acre to 

PPM on the plant surface and the addition mass added to the mass of the chemical still present on 

the surfaces on the day of application. 

k = degradation rate constant determined from studies of hydrolysis, photolysis, microbial degradation, 

etc. Since degradation rate is generally reported in terms of half-life, the rate constant is calculated 

from the input half-life (k = In 2lT112) instead of being input directly. Choosing which process 

controls the degradation rate and which half-life to use in terrestrial exposure calculations is open 

for debate and should be done by a qualified scientist. 

T= time, in days, since the start of the simulation. The initial application is on day 0. The simulation is 

set to run for 365 days. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 98 
The program calculates concentration on each type of surface on a daily interval for one year. The maximum 

concentration during the year and the average concentration during the first 56 days are calculated. 

The definitions of the labeled application of the pesticide is 

Application Rate: The maximum label application rate (in pounds ailacre) 

Half-life: The degradation half-life for the dominate process(in days) 

Frequency of Application: The interval between repeated applications, from the label (in days) 

Maximum # Application per year: From the label, the maximum number of applications per season 

The calculated concentrations are used to calculate Avian and Mammalian RQ (Risk Quotient) values. 

The maximum calculated concentration is divided by user input values of Chronic NOAEC (No 

Observable Adverse Effects Level) and acute LC,, to give RQs for each type of plant surface. 

The rat LC 50 is calculated by dividing the mammalian LD 50 by 0.05 (to correct for actual food 

consumption). For 15g, 35g and 1000 g mammals the RQ values are calculated by dividing the 

maximum concentration for each surface by the LD 50 or NOAEL corrected for consumption (0.95,0.66 

and 0.15 body weight for herbivores and insectivores). 

The number of days that the input value of Chronic NOAEL and acute LC,, are exceeded in the first 56 

days is calculated by comparing the input value to the calculated concentration. 

Benfluralln RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Rlsk Assessment 99 

-- -- - -- - - --- - - -- - -- - 
Benfluralin RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological R~sk Assessment 100 

-------.--------- - ---- - -- - ---. 
I 

Chemical Name: 

i Use 

eaf planWlnsects 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 101 

-" ------ -- -- -- - - ------ 
Appendix VI. Chronic Risk from Number of Granulars Ingested 

Avian Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin 

Data from bobwhite reproduction study - MRID 42145502 

average weight of bird is male= 229 g and female= 2258 

average consumption pre-reproductive = 24.6 g per bird per day 

bird eats 24.61229 = 10.74% of body weight (Male) 

24.6/225= 10.93% of body weight (female) 

Information from Registrant 

distribution of mesh size 

mesh size 8 (38.5% of total granule sizes) 

mesh size 10 (17.6% of total granule sizes) 

mesh size 12 (15.7 % of total granule sizes) 

weight per particle 

clay = 4080 pg - (8 mesh) 

clay = 1525 ug - (10 mesh) 

clay = 927 pg - (12 mesh) 

weighted ave wt.1 granule = 

3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3) - 2.5% ai 

5.06 mg fert blend (55 Ib/ft3) - 10% ai 

5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3) - 10% ai 

3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3) - 10% ai 

LOAEC = 96 ppm (MRID 42145502) 

96 mgl 1,000,000 mg = X / 24,600 mg total food 

amount of benfluralin ai in foodldaylbird intake to reach 96 ppm = 2.36 mg 

amt of ai per granule (%ai X mg granule) 

3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3) - 2.5% ai ....................... 0.08 mg ai in granule 

5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3) - 10% ai .................... 0.5 1 mg ai in granule 

5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------- 0.53 mg ai in granule 

3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 1b/ft3) - 10% ai ------0.40 mg ai in granule 

Number of granules to reach 2.36 mg ai (the LOAEC of 96 ppm) (2.361 wt of ai granule ) 

3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3) - 2.5% ai ....................... 3 0 

5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------- 5 

5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------ 5 

3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------ 6 

Mammal Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 102 
Data from Davis and Golly, 1963. - 

A grazing meadow vole (46 gm) consumes 6 1% of own weight per day. 

An insectivore common mole (46.5 gm) consumes 62% of own weight per day. , An insectivore least shrew (5.0 gm) consumes 110% of own weight per day. 

rat reproductive endpoint is 100 pprn (MRID 4362870 1) 

amt of ai per wanule (%ai X mg granule) 

3.27 mg (clay) (37 Ib/ft3) - 2.5% ai ....................... 0.08 mg ai in granule 

5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3) - 10% ai .................... 0.5 1 mg ai in granule 

5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------- 0.53 mg ai in granule 

3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------0.40 mg ai in granule 

Meadow vole 

100 mgl 1,000,000 mg = X / 28.1 gm total food for meadow vole 

amount of benfluralin ai in food/day/vole intake to reach 100 pprn = 2.81 mg 

Number of granules to reach 2.81 mg (the NOAEC of 100 ppm) (2.811 wt of ai granule above) 

3.27 mg (clay) (37 1b/ft3) - 2.5% ai ....................... 3 5 

5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------- 5.5 

5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------ 5 

3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------ 7 

Common mole 

100 mg/ 1,000,000 mg = X / 28.8 gm total food for common mole 

amount of benfluralin ai in food/day/mole intake to reach 100 pprn = 2.88 mg 

Number of granules to reach 2.88 mg (the NOAEC of 100 ppm) (2.881 wt of ai granule above) 

3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3) - 2.5% ai ....................... 36 

5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------- 6 

5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------ 6 

3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 1b/ft3) - 10% ai ------ 7 

Least shrew 

100 mgl 1,000,000 mg = X / 5.5 gm total food for least shrew 

amount of benfluralin ai in food/day/shrew intake to reach 100 pprn = 0.55 mg 

Number of granules to reach 2.81 mg (the NOAEC of 100 ppm) (0.551 wt of ai granule above) 

3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3) - 2.5% ai ....................... 7 

5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------- 1 

5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------------------ I 

3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3) - 10% ai ------ 1 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 103 
Appendix VII Fugacity Model for Chronic Risk with Granulars 

Terrestrial Chronic Ex~osure Estimates for Granular Applications 

EFED has no standard methodology for assessing chronic risk to terrestrial organisms from granular 

applications. Appendix VI estimates the number of consumed granules required to reach the chronic 

dietary exposure equivalent to the LOAEC of 96 ppm for bobwhite quail and three small mammals 

(meadow vole, common mole, and least shrew). 

Other exposure routes for terrestrial organisms include direct ingestion of soil and consumption of soil 

invertebrates that have bioconcentrated pesticide residues. The following exposure estimates are based 

on methodology developed by E. Odenkirchen (Fipronilfj3 Registration). 

Direct Ingestion of Soil 

Table VII - A summarizes the estimated immediate post treatment soil concentrations of benfluralin, 

assuming 1 cm or 7.6 cm (3-inch) averaging depth, and a soil density of 1.3 g/cm3. 

Table VII - A. Estimated Soil Concentrations for Benfluralin 

(Immediately Post treatment) 

Application Rate, Soil Concentration (mglkg) Soil Concentration (mg/kg) 

I b/A ca 1 cm ca 7.6 cm 

A basic chemical intake model for wildlife species to average daily dietary exposure dose for a given 

chemical of concern and a given receptor species may be summarized as follows: 

where: - I~h,i,, is the species-specific total rate of intake of chemical by ingestion 

(mglkg-bwlday) 

- Ci is the chemical concentration in medium I (mglkg) (e.g., soil, water, and 

dietary components) 

- Mi is the rate of ingestion of medium I (kglday) 

- Ai is the gastrointestinal absorption efficiency of the chemical in medium I 

relative to absorption in laboratory toxicity tests 

- W is the body weight of the receptor species (kg) 

This basic model was used to estimate oral dose exposures for the four receptor species selected for risk 

assessment (American robin, bobwhite quail, meadow vole, deer mouse). Because of a lack of data 

regarding absorption efficiencies both in the available toxicity studies and for free-living receptors, the 

absorption efficiency (Ai) for all four receptor species was conservatively assumed to be 100% or 1 .O. 

Nagy (1987) calculated dry food ingestion rates for all birds (where wt = body weight of the birds and 

mammals in grams) to be 0.648 wt O.'" g, passerines to be 0.398 wt0.850 g, all rodents to be 0.621 wt 0.564 g, 

and herbivores to be .577 wt 0.727 g. The weights of an American robin averages to 8 1 gram, northern 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 104 
bobwhite quail to 174 gram, deer mouse to 21 gram, and meadow vole to 33 gram (USEPA, 1993). Soil 

invertebrates are assumed to be 80% water. The organism's concentration are shown in mglkg-bwlday. 

The model used for estimating oral dose exposure for the robin was based on a simple two-component 

model that considered incidental ingestion of soil and consumption of soil invertebrates (i.e., 

earthworms). The equation describing this model is as follows 

robin exposure in mglkg-bwlday = m,,, m~g)(0.54)(0.0082 kg foodlda~) + (C,. maka)(0.00082 krr soilldav) 

0.081 kg body weight 

where: - C,, is the estimated concentration in earthworms as calculated by fugacity 

relationships and the predicted concentration of chemical over a 15 cm soil profile (see 

explanation below) 

- 0.54 is the fraction of robin diet attributable to soil invertebrates (USEPA 1993) 

- 0.0082 kg foodlday is the food ingestion rate for adult robins as calculated 

using allometric relationships from Nagy (1984) 

- C,, is the predicted concentration of chemical in the upper 1 cm of soil. The chemical 

concentration over the lcm soil depth was selected as the reasonable depth-integrated 

concentration available for incidental soil ingestion 

- 0.00082 kg soillday is calculated from the fraction of diet (0.1) that consists of 

incidentally ingested soil as per data for soil invertebrate feeding birds (Beyer et al. 

1994, USEPA 1993) and the estimated daily dietary intake as per Nagy (1987) 

- 0.081 kg body weight is the average of mean body weights of adult robins for data 

reported in (USEPA 1993) 

The model used for estimating oral dose exposure for the quail was based on a simple two-component 

model that considered incidental ingestion of soil and consumption of soil invertebrates (i.e., 

earthworms). Since other soil invertebrate data are lacking, the earthworm will represent other soil 

invertebrates. The model is as follows: 

quail exposure in mgkg-bwlday = (C., mrr/kg)(0.21)(0.01474 kg food/day)+(C,, mdKg)(0.00139 kg soillday) 

0.174 kg body weight 

where: - C,, is the predicted concentration of chemical in the upper 1 cm of soil. The benfluralin 

concentration over the Icm soil depth was selected as the reasonable depth-integrated 

concentration available for incidental soil ingestion 

- 0.21 is the fraction of quail diet attributable to soil invertebrates (USEPA 1993) 

- 0.00139 kg soillday is an assumed fraction of diet that consists of incidentally ingested 

soil as per data for gallinaceous birds 0.094 of daily diet mass (Beyer et al. 1994, USEPA 

1993) and a calculated dietary intake of 14.74 g as per Nagy (1987) 

- 0.174 kg body weight is the average mean body weight of adult quail for data reported 

in (USEPA 1993) 

The model used for estimating oral dose exposure for the deer mouse was based on a simple twocomponent model that considered incidental ingestion of soil and consumption of soil invertebrates (i.e., 

earthworms). Since other soil invertebrate data are lacking, the earthworm will represent other soil 

invertebrates. The model is as follows: 

deer mouse exposure (mgkg-bwlday) 

= (CWO,~+ke;s, mdKg)(0.000075 kg soillday) 

0.021 kg body weight 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 105 
where: - C,, is the predicted concentration of chemical in the upper 1 or 7.6 cm of soil. The 

benfluralin concentration over the lcm soil depth was selected as the reasonable depthintegrated concentration available for incidental soil ingestion 

- 0.387 is the fraction of deer mouse diet attributable to soil invertebrates (USEPA 1993) 

- 0.000075 kg soillday is an assumed fraction of diet that consists of incidentally ingested 

soil as per data for deer mouse 0.02 of daily diet mass (Beyer et al.al. 1994, USEPA 

1993) and a calculated dietary intake of 4.0 g as per (USEPA 1993). 

- 0.021 kg body weight is the mean average body weights of adult deer mouse for data 

reported in (EPA 1993). 

The meadow vole exposure model considers incidental ingestion of soil only. Available data in (USEPA 

1993) suggest that meadow voles do not routinely consume earthworms or soil invertebrates. The 

exposure model is as follows: 

meadow vole exposure in mglkg-bwlday =&, mg/Ka)(.0003 1 kg soillday) 

0.033 kg body weight 

where: - C,, is the predicted concentration of chemical in the upper 1 cm of soil. The 

Benfluralin over the lcm soil depth was selected as the reasonable depth-integrated 

concentration available for incidental soil ingestion 

- 0.0003 1 kg soiVday is an assumed fraction of diet that consists of incidentally ingested 

soil as per data for meadow voles 0.024 of daily diet mass (Beyer et al. 1994, USEPA 

1993) and a calculated dietary intake of 13.05 g as per (USEPA 1993) 

- 0.033 kg body weight is the average body weight of adult meadow voles (USEPA 

1993) 

An estimation of benfluralin concentrations potentially accumulated in the tissues of earthworms was 

required to complete the exposure estimates for robins, quail, and deer mouse. This estimation of 

earthworm concentration was calculated using a fugacity-based (equilibrium partitioning) approach based 

on the work of Trapp and McFarlane (1995) and Mackay and Paterson (1981). Earthworms dwelling 

within the soil are exposed to contaminants in both soil pore water and via the ingestion of soil (Belfroid 

et al. 1994). The concentration of benfluralin in earthworms was calculated as a combination of uptake 

from soil pore water and gastrointestinal absorption from ingested soil: 

where: Cs0,, is the concentration of chemical in bulk soil (note: a chemical concentration 

averaged over a 7.6-cm soil depth was used to reflect a concentration across the 

earthworm occupied area of soil) 

Zeasthwom is the fugacity capacity of chemical in earthworms = 

(li~id>(KO~>(P,arthWO,)/H 

Z,,,, is the fugacity capacity of chemical in soil = (K,)(pso,)/H 

Zwak, is the fugacity capacity of chemical in water = 11H 

Cs0,, is the concentration of chemical in soil water = Cso,,/Kbw 

Kbw is the bulk soil-to-water partitioning coefficient = 

(~so~l)(~d)'~ +(~-~)(~aw) 

KaW is the air-to-water partitioning coefficient = WRT 

H = Henry's Constant specific to benfluralin 

R = universal gas constant, 8.3 1 Joules-m3/mol-0K 

T = temperature OK, assumed to be 298 OK 

Kd = soil partitioning coefficient = 

(chemical KO, )(0.02 assumed fraction of soil organic carbon) 

ps0,, = bulk density of soil, assumed to be 1.3 g/cm3 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 106 
0 = volumetric fraction of the soil, assumed to be 0.30 

E = volumetric total porosity of the soil, assumed to be 0.50 

lipid = fraction of lipid in organism 0.01 (Cobb et al. 1995) 

KO, = benfluralin octanol to water partitioning coefficient 

pearthWo, = the density of the organism g/cm3, assumed to be 1 g/cm3 

Table VII - B summarizes the model inputs and exposure estimates for robins, bobwhite quail, 

and meadow voles. 

Table VII - B. Model Input Parameters and Dietary Exposure Estimates 

for Avian and Mammalian ~ece~iors (for Soil concentrations immediately Posttreatment) 

Parameter I 3 I blA I 6 IblA I 9 IbfA 11 12 1bfA 

I I I 

C, (mg/kg @ 7.6 cm depth) 3 6 9 

0.100 0.200 0.300 

Earthworm 

Concentration 

(mg/kg) 

Robin Oral 

Dose (mgtkgbwtday) 

Quail Oral Dose 

(mgikg-bwlday) 

Deer Mouse 

Meadow Vole 

Oral Dose 

(mglkg-bwiday) 

ZdWom ((li~id*&~* ~~~,~~d~) 

P,, (g/cm3) 

PPsllhwom (g/cm3) 

8 (unitless) 

For chronic benfluralin oral dose exposures to the robin, bobwhite quail, deer mouse, and meadow vole, a 20-week average concentration of each 

compound immediately following application was calculated in soil over 1 cm and 7.6 cm depth profiles. Twenty weeks was selected as the 

averaging period to be consistent with the exposure durations encountered in available rat multi-generation and avian reproduction toxicity 

studies. Table VII- C summarizes these estimated soil concentrations. 

66.1 

1.3 

1 

0.3 

E (unitless) 

Kaw (WRT) 

Kbrv ((Pso,~*Kd)+@+(~-@)(Kaw)) 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 107 

0.5 

5 0.012 

260.3 
I' I I '1 

* 20-week average assumes t,, of 65 days 

Table VII - C. Estimated Soil Concentrations for Benfluralin 

(20-Week Average Soil Concentrations*) 

Using the 20-week average soil concentrations in the avian and mammalian receptors yields the following estimated maximal year 

one chronic oral dose estimates (Table VIl - D). 

".",9P:-- " ' 

SOB co2&atrdL (mpna) 

3 16 

Table VII - D. Chronic Oral Dose Estimates for Avian Receptors 

' 

%oil ii6~cEa~raf.toa crng&~ 

&i7.G%m~ - % 

1.8 

(Notice that the immediate and 20-week numbers are the same as the immediately applied --soil 

contribution is negligible). Therefore, we will assume that values for 20 weeks also reflect the 

immediately after application. 

Robin 

In order to be compared to the chronic endpoints which is in pprn for birds, a conversion should be made. 

To put the mglkg-bwlday into ppm, the following formula is used: 

pprn = (toxicant mdka-bwldav) (body weight of bird (a)) 

Food intake per day (g) 

lcm 

7.6 cm 

Robin pprn intake from 3 lb ai/A benfluralin in soil = (22 maka-bwldav) (8 1 a) = 217 pprn 

8.2 glday 

Quail ppm intake from 3 lb ai/A benfluralin in soil = J7 mdka-bwldav) (174 a) = 82.6 pprn 

14.74 glday 

2 1 

2.6 

The avian chronic endpoint for benfluralin is <96 ppm. The following table shows the calculated pprn 

value for robin and quail at each of the application rates: 

Table VTT - E 

43 

5.0 

- - - - - - . - - - 

Species depth in soil 3 I b ai/A 6IbdA 9 Ib ailA 12 Ib dA 

64 

7.4 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 108 

85 

9.9 Y 

Robin 

Robin 

Quail 

Quail 

1 cm 

7.6 cm 

1 cm 

7.6 cm 

217 

26.7 

82.6 

10.2 

425 

49.4 

165 

18.9 

642 

74.1 

247 

28.3 

850 

99 

330 

37.8 
The mammalian chronic endpoints for benfluralin is 5 mglkg-bwlday. The following table shows the 

calculated value at each of the application rates. 

Table VII - F 

Soil depth 3 Ib ai/A 6 Ib ailA 9 Ib aUA 12 Ib ailA 

II I I I IG. References 

Deer Mouse Oral Dose 

(mglkg-bwtday) 

Belfroid, A., M. Sikkenk, W. Seinen, K.V. Gestel, J. Hermens. 1994. The toxicokinetic behavior of 

chlorobenzenes in earthworm (Eisenia andrei) experiments in soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13: 

93-99 

Beyer, W.N., E.E. Connor, S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. 

Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382. 

1 cm 

76cm 

Dunning, J.B. 1984. Body Weights of 686 Species ofNorth American Birds. Monograph Number 1. 

Western Bird Banding Association. 

Mackay, D. And S. Paterson. 198 1. Calculating fugacity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15: 1006-1 014. 

3 1 

3 7 

Nagy, K.A. 1987. Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. Ecol. 

Monogr. 57: 11 1-128. 

Trapp, S. And J.C McFarlane (eds.). 1995. Plant Contamination Modeling and Simulation of Organic 

Chemical Processes. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida. 

61 

7 0 

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. 

EPA/600/9-931187a. Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC. 

10 5 

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 109 

,--*-- -- ----- - - - ------,- 
Appendix VIII: Exposure and Risk Characterization 

Risk characterization integrates the results of the exposure and ecotoxicity data to evaluate the likelihood 

of adverse ecological effects. The means of this integration is called the quotient method. Risk quotients 

(RQs) are calculated by dividing exposure estimates by acute and chronic ecotoxicity values. 

RQs are then compared to OPP's levels of concern (LOCs). These LOCs are used by OPP to 

analyze potential risk to nontarget organisms and the need to consider regulatory action. The criteria 

indicate that a pesticide used as directed has the potential to cause adverse effects on nontarget 

organisms. LOCs currently address the following risk presumption categories: (1) acute high - potential 

for acute risk is high; regulatory action may be warranted in addition to restricted use classification, (2) 

acute restricted use - the potential for acute risk is high, but may be mitigated through restricted use 

classification, (3) acute endangered species - endangered species may be adversely affected, and (4) 

chronic risk - the potential for chronic risk is high regulatory action may be warranted. Currently, EFED 

does not perform assessments for chronic risk to plants, acute or chronic risks to nontarget insects, or 

chronic risk from granularlbait formulations to birds or mammals. 

The ecotoxicity test values (measurement endpoints) used in the acute and chronic risk quotients 

are derived from required studies. Examples of ecotoxicity values derived from short-term laboratory 

studies that assess acute effects are: (1) ,,,, (fish and birds), (2) LD,, (birds and mammals), (3) EC,, 

(aquatic plants and aquatic invertebrates) and (4) EC,, (terrestrial plants). Examples of toxicity test effect 

levels derived from the results of long-term laboratory studies that assess chronic effects are: (1) LOEL 

(birds, fish, and aquatic invertebrates) and (2) NOAEL (birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates). For birds, 

mammals, fish and aquatic invertebrates the NOAEL generally is used as the ecotoxicity test value in 

assessing chronic effects, although other values may be used when justified. Risk presumptions and the 

corresponding RQs and LOCs, are tabulated below. 

Table VIII - A. Risk presumptions for terrestrial animals based on risk quotients (RQ) and 

levels of concern (LOC). 

Risk Presumption RQ LOC 

Birds 

Acute Risk EEC1/,,,, or LD5,/ft2. or LD,,/day3 0.5 

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC,, or LD,,/ft2 or LD,,/day (or LD,, < 50 mg/kg) 0.2 

Acute Endangered EECLC,, or LD,dft2 or LD,,/day 

Species 

Chronic Risk EECNOAEC 1 

Wild Mammals 

Acute Risk EECLC,, or LD,,/ff or LD,,/day 0.5 

Acute Restricted Use EECLC,, or LD5,/ft2 or LD5,/day (or LD,, < 50 mg/kg) 0.2 

Acute Endangered EECLC,, or LD5,/ft2 or LD,dday 

Species 

Chronic Risk EECNOAEC 1 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 110 
Table VIII - A. Risk presumptions for terrestrial animals based on risk quotients (RQ) and 

levels of concern (LOC). 

Risk Presumption RQ LOC 

abbreviation for Estimated Environmental Concentration (ppm) on avian/mammalian food items 

mg/ft2 

3 mg of toxicant consumed/day 

LD,, * wt. of bird 

LD,, * wt. of bird 

Table VIII - B. Risk presumptions for aquatic animals based on risk quotients (RQ) and levels of 

concern (LOC). 

Risk Presumption RQ LOC 

Acute Risk EEC1/LC5, or EC,, 0.5 

Acute Restricted Use EECLC,, or EC,, 0.1 

Acute Endangered Species EECILC,, or EC,, 0.05 

Chronic Risk EEC/ or NOAEC 1 

EEC = (ppm or ppb) in water 

Table VIII - C. Risk presumptions for plants based on risk quotients (RQ) and levels of concern 

(LOC). 

Risk Presumption RQ LOC 

Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Plants 

Acute Risk 

Acute Endangered Species 

EEC1/EC2, 

EECEC,, or NOAEC 

Aquatic Plants 

AcuteRisk EEC2/EC5, 1 

Acute Endangered Species EEC/EC, or NOAEC 1 

EEC = lbs ai/A 

EEC = (ppblppm) in water 

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Rlsk Assessment 11 1 

-m-* - --I I*&. - - ---- --- -- ----" 
Appendix IX. Environmental Pate Study summaries 

Physical properties 

Benfluralin is a dinitroaniline compound (N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-ptoluidine). Benfluralin is an isomer of the herbicide trifluralin (N,N-dipropyl-a,a.a-trifluro-2,6-dinitrop-toluidine). The physical properties of Benfluralin are given in Table IX - A. 

Table M - A. Physical Properties of Benfluralin 

Physical property 

Molecular weight 

I Physical Form I Yellow-orange crystalline solid (Merck Index, 1983) 1 

Value, units, reference 

335.29 glmole (Merck Index, 1983) 

Molecular Formula 

I 

C,,H,,F,N,O, (Merck Index, 1983) I 

- - 

Solubility in water 

Vapor Pressure 

Calculated Henry's Law Constant 

Boiling Point 

Log Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient 5.29 (Hansch, Leo, Hoekman, 1995) I I 

0.1 mg/L @ 25°C (Tomlin, 1994) 

< 1 mg/L @ 25°C (Merck Index, 1983) 

0.3 mg/L (calc., subcooled liquid at 25°C) 

0.000066 mmHg @ 25°C (Tomlin, 1994) 

0.000028 mmHg @ 25°C (Farm Chemicals Handbook, 

2000) 

0.000389 mrnHg @ 30°C (Merck Index, 1983) 

0.000291 atm.m3-mol-' (Wauchope, 1992) 

148-9°C @ 7 mmHg (Tomlin, 1994) 

121-2°C @ 0.5 mmHg (WSSA, 1983) 

Melting Point 

Stability 1 Decomposed by ultraviolet light (Merck Index, 1983) 

65-66.5"C (Merck Index, 1983) 

Solubilitv of the Sub-cooled Liauid. The solubility figure in Table IX-A (0.1 mgL) is given at 

2S°C, well below the melting point of 65-66.5"C. This indicates that the solubility figure is for the 

crystalline solid. The solubility of a compound that is a solid at room temperature must be adjusted by 

the ratio, fugacity of the solid : fugacity of the sub-cooled liquid (fs/fL) to account for the heat of fusion 

(melting), because the solute exists in a liquid state at the temperature of interest (Schwarzenbach, 

Gschwend & Imboden, 1993, p. 81; AM Carmo, LS Hundal & ML Thompson, 2000). 

The fugacity ratio of the solid and sub-cooled liquid may be calculated by the following equation: 

where AH,,, is the heat of fusion, R is the universal gas constant, Tm is the melting temperature (K), and 

T is the temperature of interest (here, 25°C). Using the heat of fusion (22.32 kJ/mol) for the closely 

related compound, trifluralin (Acree, 199 1, found in NIST Chemistry WebBook, 

htt~://webbook.nist.aov/chemistrv/~, the fugacity ratio (fs/fL) is 0.34. To adjust the solubility, the 

following equation is used: 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 112 
where SsCL is the subcooled liquid solubility, and S, is the solubility of the solid at room temperature. 

The resulting subcooled liquid solubility for benfluralin is 0.3 ppm, rounded to one significant figure. 

Laboratory Environmental Fate Studies 

Hvdrolvsis. Benfluralin is stable to hydrolysis in the dark at pH 5, 7, and 9 (MRID 001488-74). 

Chemically pure benfluralin was maintained in sterile buffer solutions (pH 5, 7, and 9) at 0.5 ug/mL in 

the dark at 26OC for 30 days. No degradation of benfluralin was observed at any pH studied. 

Aqueous Photolvsis. Benfluralin is rapidly decomposed by visible light (xenon arc lamp) in 

aqueous solution, with a half-life of 9.9 hours at pH 5 (MRID 4 16 13 8-14). Ring-labeled (14-C) 

benfluralin (radiochemical purity 97.9%) at approximately 0.09 ug/mL, photodegraded with a registrantcalculated half-life of 9.9 hours in a sterile aqueous 0.2 M acetate buffer solution (pH 5) that was 

continuously irradiated at 25 * 1°C with a xenon arc lamp that had an intensity of approximately half that 

of sunlight. In the irradiated solutions, 14-C benfluralin was 54.8% of the applied at 7 hours, 3 1 .O% at 

14.1 hours, and 7.6% at 47.8 hours. In the dark control, 14-C benfluralin did not degrade in a similar 

solution during 47.8 hours of incubation. During the study, the material balances for the irradiated 

solutions were 2 98.9% of the applied and for the dark control solutions were 85.5-101%. In the 

irradiated solution, extractable 14-C residues decreased fiom 94.9% of the applied immediately 

posttreatment to 54.1% at 47.8 hours. Four degradates were identified in the 47.8-hour irradiation 

solution used for characterizatio: 

5-trifluoromethyl-3-nitro-l,2-benzenediamine (LY-50030; 15.4% of the extracted radioactivity); 

2-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro- 1 H-benzimidazole (LY-67255; 13.3%); 

4-nitro-2-propyl-6-trifluoromethyl- 1H-benzimidazole (LY-274766; 1 1.5%); 

1-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole (LY-65 138; 3.9%). 

Five 14-C compounds, present at up to 12.2% of the extractable radioactivity (7% of the applied), were 

isolated from the sample extracts but were not identified. During the experiment, extractable 14-C 

residues remaining at the origin [of the TLC plate] increased to 1 1.5 % of the recovered. 

An earlier study of aqueous photolysis (Acc. No. 404572-01, 1986) gave half-lives of 6.9 hours (pH 5), 

5.5 hours (pH 7) and 6.2 hours (pH 9). 

Benfluralin is also known to be decomposed by ultraviolet light (Merck Index, 1983). Its orangeyellow color indicates that it absorbs visible light in the blue-violet range. The photodegradates are LY50030 (15.4% at 48hr), LY-67255 (13.3% at 48hr), LY-274766 (1 1.5% at 48hr), and LY-65138 (3.9% at 

48 hr). See Appendix X for structures of the degradates. 

Soil Photolvsis. Benfluralin decomposed with a half-life of 12.5 days on air-dried sandy loam 

soil irradiated with a xenon arc lamp for 30 days at 25OC. The soil was composed of 66% sand, 22% silt, 

12% clay, 1.4% organic matter, pH 5.7, with a cation exchange capacity of 4.9 meq/100 cc. Ring-labeled 

14-C benfluralin (radiochemical purity 97.8%) at 83.1 ug/g, photodegraded with a half-life of 12.5 days 

on a sandy loam soil that was continuously irradiated at 25 h 1°C with a xenon arc lamp that had an 

intensity of approximately half that of sunlight. In the irradiated soil, 14-C benfluralin comprised 70.8% 

of the applied at 6.79 days, 45.6% at 14 days, and 21.8% at 30 days. In the dark control, 14-C benfluralin 

did not degrade during 30 days of incubation. During the study, material balances for irradiated soil were 

88.7-102.9% of the applied with no discernable pattern and for the dark control soil was 94.0-104%. In 

the irradiated soil, acetonitri1e:water extractable 14-C residues decreased from 99.8% of the applied 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 113 
immediately posttreatment to 73.5% at 21 and 30 days; and additional 10.8% was extractable from the 

soil at 30 days using more rigorous extraction procedures. The three identified photodegradates were: 

N-(N-butyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenemine (LY-5 1783; 14.5% at 30 days) 

2,6-dinitro-N-ethyl-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine (LY-48800; 23.5% at 30 days) 

4-nitro-2-propyl-6-trifluoromethyl- 1H-benzimidazole (LY-274766; 17.3 % at 2 1 days) 

See Appendix X for structures of the degradates. Two 14-C compounds, present at up to 4.8% of 

extractable radioactivity, were isolated from sample extracts but were not identified, and up to 11% of 

the extractable radioactivity (primarily distributed randomly on the TLC plate) was not identiifed. At 

day 30, 12.4% of applied radioactivity remained in the soil after exhaustive extractions; 7.8% fulvic acid, 

2.2% humic acid, and 2.5% humin. 

Aerobic Soil Metabolism. Laboratory studies of the metabolism of benfluralin in aerobic soil 

yield half-lives ranging from 20 to 86 days. No major (>lo% of parent) degradates were formed. 

(MRID 4 175 17-03) Benfluralin, uniformly labeled in the aromatic ring, was incorporated into sandy 

loam soil at a concentration of 3.1 ppm. The moisture content of the treated soil was adjusted to 75% of 

the 0.33 bar moisture capacity and the soil was placed into an apparatus that was frequently purged with 

moist, fresh air and was designed for the collection of C02 and volatile organic compounds. This 

apparatus was incubated at 24OC in the dark. At predetermined intervals over a 9.2 month period, 

samples of soil were analyzed for total radioactivity, benfluralin, and its metabolites. Identities of the 

metabolites were established by chromatography with authentic reference standards in two thin-layer 

chromatography systems and by NMR, IR and MS analysis. The traps used for collection of C02 and 

volatile compounds were analyzed for radioactivity whenever soil samples were taken. Benfluralin 

degraded with a half-life of 36 days [recalculated by reviewer]. After 9.2 months, only 2.7% of 0 time 

radioactivity remained as benfluralin. A total of nine metabolites were identified, none of them at >lo% 

of the applied radioactivity. Nonextractable radioactivity increased to 48.3% of 0 time radioactivity at 

6.2 months; 67% of this could be extracted with base and was found to be associated with the humic acid, 

humus, and fulvic acid fractions of the soil. Only 2.6% of the 0 time radioactivity was found as C02, 

and 9.7% was found adsorbed to charcoal traps, and condensed on the walls of the apparatus at 9.2 

months. 

(Acc. No. 257843) Uniformly labeled 14-C benfluralin (3.77 uCi/mg, radiopurity of 96.1%) was 

incorporated into sieved sandy loam, silty loam, and clay loam soils (see tablev-B) at a nominal 

concentration of 1 ppm. The treated soils were well mixed, placed in loosely covered glass jars and 

maintained at 75% or 0.33 bar moisture in the dark at 24OC for 24 weeks. 

The half-lives in the DERs for Acc. No. 257843 and MRID 4 175 17-03 were recalculated using 

non-linear regression to make them consistent with each other and to rationalize the results with the 

terrestrial field dissipation studies. Benfluralin degraded with half-lives of 20 days in a sandy loam, 34 

days in a silty loam, and 86 days in a clay loam (Addendum 1 to Acc. No. 257843). The half-life in a 

sandy loam soil was 36 days (1.21 months) (Addendum 1 to MRlD 4175 17-03). A literature study 

(Zimdahl and Gwynn, 1977, DER dated 1012 1/02) yielded half-lives of 1 7 1 days (1 5OC) and 53 days 

(30°C) in Ascalon sandy loam, and 141 days (15OC) and 36 days (30°C) in Weld loam soil. The 

interpolated half-lives at 25OC are 69 days in the Ascalon soil and 48 days in the Weld soil. The average 

half-life was 49 days (n=6), with a 90% upper confidence limit on the mean of 65 days. 

The soils used in Acc. No. 257843 and MRID 4 175 17-03 are described below. 

Table IX- B. Soils Used in Aerobic Soil Metabolism Studies 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 114 
(Zimdahl & Gwynn, 1977) Authors' Abstract "These studies were conducted in the laboratory on two 

soils at two temperatures to define the rate of degradation and the associated rate law for trifluralin 

(a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-ptoluidine), and 2,6-dinitro-N-(3-pentyl)-a,a,a-trifluro-p-toluidine (hereafter referred to as Unnamed). 

Rate of degradation was directly correlated with temperature and moisture content. First order kinetics 

adequately described the rate of degradation at 15 OC, but the simple first order assumption was not 

sufficient to describe degradation at 30 OC. The implication of our interpretation is that at 30 OC two rate 

processes may operate in the soil degradation of these three dinitroaniline herbicides. The data show an 

initial rapid first order rate of degradation with a subsequent change to a slower first order process. First 

half lives ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 months at 30 OC and were consistently lower in a loam than in a sandy 

loam soil." 

Study1 

Soil 

4 175 17-03 

Acc. No. 

257843 

Zimdahl & 

Gw~nn, 

1977 

Two soils were used. These were Ascalon sandy loam (pH 7.6, 64% sand, 20% silt, 14% clay, 1.6% 

organic matter, and cation exchange capacity 11.4 meqI100 g soil) and Weld loam (pH 6.6,35% sand, 

45% silt, 20% clay, 2.2% organic matter, and cation exchange capacity 19.4 meqI100 g soil). The data in 

the original publication were re-analyzed using Sigmaplot. Non-linear regressions were performed on 

the original data expressed as % of day zero concentration. A 2-parameter exponential decay model with 

no data weighting was used. The following results were obtained. 

Soil type 

Sandy 

loam 

Sandy 

loam 

Silty loam 

Clay loam 

Ascalon 

sandy loam 

Weld loam 

rable IX- C 

Weld 30°C 1 107 1 0.5801 I .r0.0001 

%sand 

66 

62.8 

34.8 

29.6 

64 

35 

Soil, temperature 

Ascalon 15°C 

Ascalon 30°C 

Weld 15°C 

half-life 

(months) 

Rate constants at 25OC were estimated by plotting the results at 15OC and 30°C (reciprocal 

absolute temperature versus rate constant k). The estimated rate constants were obtained by 

interpolating k on the graph at 25OC = 298K (11T = 0.00336). The interpolated rate constants at 25OC 

Intercept (% of 

initial 

concentration) 

115 

103 

9 1 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 115 

%silt 

2 1 

23.6 

50.4 

37.2 

20 

45 

%clay 

13 

13.6 

14.8 

33.2 

14 

20 

%organic 

matter 

1.5 

2.7 

3.2 

3.1 

1.6 

2.2 

slope (rate constant) 

1 /months 

-- 

0.1217 

0.3949 

0.1474 

p-value on 

slope 

<0.0001 

<0.0001 

.rO.OOOl 

bulk 

density, 

1.37 

1.020 

1.012 

1.016 

-- 

-- 

PH 

7.1 

7.2 

6.8 

6.4 

7.6 

6.6 

Cation 

exchange 

capacity, 

meq1100 

g 

8.8 

10.4 

14.1 

19.0 

11.4 

19.4 
are 0.3 /month for Ascalon soil (half-life 2.3 1 months = 69 days) and 0.43 /month for Weld soil (half-life 

1.6 1 months = 48 days). 

Anaerobic Soil Metabolism. A study (MRID 4 175 17-04) of the soil metabolism of benfluralin 

under anaerobic conditions yielded a half-life of 12 days (Addendum 1 to MRID 4 175 17-04). The 

system consisted of a Greenfield, IN sandy loam adjusted to 75% of the 0.33 bar moisture capacity, and 

incubated in the dark at 24OC for 30 days aerobically, then 60 days anaerobically at 2g°C. No major 

(>lo% of parent) degradates were formed. Degradation mechanisms included reduction of nitro groups 

to amino groups, dealkylation, and formation of benzimidazole rings. 

Benfluralin was incorporated into sandy loam soil (same as used in MRID 4 175 17-03, see table 

V-B), at a concentration of 3.1 ppm, adjusted to 75% of the 0.33 bar moisture capacity, and incubated in 

the dark at 24OC for 30 days aerobically. The system was then converted to anaerobic conditions by 

flooding with water in an apparatus designed for the collection of C02 and volatile compounds, and 

incubated at 29OC in the dark for 60 days. Soil samples were analyzed at 0,30, and 60 days during the 

anaerobic incubation period for total radioactivity, benfluralin and metabolites. Metabolites were 

identified by TLC, NMR, and MS. 

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism. A study (MRID 43 1060-01) of the metabolism of benfluralin in 

an anaerobic loam sediment-water system yielded a half-life of 38 hours. The system was incubated 

anaerobically for 365 days at 25-+2'C in darkness. Parent benfluralin was tightly bound to the sediment. 

Degradates included B36 (41.3% on Day 0), B37 (23.4% on Day 3), X1 and X2 (total 14.8% on days 3- 

7). Structures for the degradates are given in Appendix VIII. The sequence of degradation is due to 

reduction of nitro groups to amino groups, followed by ring closure to form benzimidazoles. 

Uniformly labeled 14-C benfluralin applied at 0.12 ppm degraded with a calculated half-life of 

1.6 days in flooded loam sediment thgat was incubated under anaerobic conditions in darkness at 25h2OC 

for 365 days. The sediment (28% sand, 48% silt, 24% clay, 9.7% om, pH 4.6, CEC 27.3 meq/100 g) and 

flood water were collected from Burdette Lake Farm in Burdette, Mississippi. 34-g wet weight portions 

were placed into 500-mL biometer flasks, flooded with water (86 mL per flask, pH 7.8-7.9) purged with 

nitrogen, and incubated in darkness for one month at 25 h 1°C to establish anaerobic conditions. The 

sediment-water flasks were treated with 14-C labeled benfluralin (radiochemical purity >99%, specific 

activity 77.2 uCi1mg). Duplicate flasks were removed for analysis at zero, 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60,90, 120, 

180,270, and 365 days. 14-C benfluralin was 35% of the applied radioactivity immediately 

posttreatment, 3.4% at 1 day, 0.9% at 3 and 7 days, and was not detected (<0.01 ppm) thereafter. The 

degradates identified were: 

N-butyl-N-ethyl-2-nitro-6-amino-(4-trifluoromethyl) benzenearnine (B36,41.3% at day 0, not detected 

after day 7); 

N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-diamino-(4-trifluoromethyl) benzeneamine (B37,23.4% at day 3, 1.5% at 365 

days); 

1 -ethyl-2-propyl-5-trifluoromethyl- 1 H-benzimidazol-7-amine (X 1 ), and 

1 -butyl-2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl- 1 H-benzimidazol-7-amine (X2), maximum 14.7- 14.8% at 3-7 days, 

and 7.3% at 365 days. 

Adsorption-Desomtion and Leaching. Based on batch adsorption experiments (MRID 4 16 13 8- 

16), benfluralin was determined to be immobile in a sand (Koc = 10,S00), a sandy loam (Koc = 10,700), 

a loam (Koc = 9840), and a clay loam (Koc = 11,660). Ring-labeled 14-C benfluralin (radiochemical 

purity > 99%) at 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, or 0.002 ug/mL was equilibrated in soil:calcium choride solution slurries 

(1 :S or 1 :200 ratio) for 22 hours at 25 k 1°C. Relatively little of the adsorbed 14-C benfluralin desorbed 

from the soil, with 1/N values of 0.292 to 0.747 except for two negative values for the lowest 

concentrations in the loam and clay loam soils. Benfluralin was the only compound in the soil solutions 

following desorption. Material balances at the completion of the experiment were, in general, >95% of 

the applied. These results indicate that benfluralin behaves according to the organic carbon partitioning 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 116 
model. The Kd values are also correlated with clay content of the soil (12 = 0.898) and with cation 

exchange capacity (r2 = 0.755). These correlations indicate that benfluralin also behaves as a cation 

(positively charged molecule) in its partitioning. This behavior is expected, since benfluralin is an 

amide. 

In an aged soil leaching study (MRID 4 18662-01) 86 to 90% of benfluralin remained in the top 6 

cm of 30-cm Neuces (TX) sand or Crosby (IN) loam soil columns eluted with just under 2 column 

volumes of 0.1M CaCI,. A total of 1.1 % (loam) to 3.1% (sand) of the applied radioactivity was 

recovered in the leachate. The degradate identified in the leachate at up to 3.08% of applied radioactivity 

was B12, or 2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethy1)-phenol. 

A sandy loam soil was fortified with the equivalent of 3.0 lblacre of ring-labeled 14-C 

benfluralin, maintained at 75% of 0.33 bar moisture content at 25 rt 1°C and aged 30 days. Volatile 

radioactivity was trapped using activated charcoal and C02 using Harvey 14-C cocktail. Portions of the 

aged soil were analyzed for benfluralin and metabolites at the end of the 30-day aging period. Four 

additional portions were placed at the top of 3.6 cm dia x 30 cm columns containing a sand or loam soil. 

The columns were maintained at 25 rt 1°C and were leached with the equivalent of more than 50.8 cm of 

0.01 M calcium chloride. The leachate was collected in four portions and analyzed by liwuid 

scintillation counting. At the end of the leaching portion of the study, the columns were divided into five 

6.0 cm sections and the 14-C content determined by extraction, LSC, and radiochemical combustion 

analysis. Leachate was also extracted and the nature of the radioactivity determined by TLC. 0.14% of 

applied radioactivity was found in the C02 trap, and 3.88% in the charcoal trap as parent benfluralin. 

The aged soil contained 93.65% of the initial radioactivity, and the total material balance following aging 

was 97.66%. Analysis of the aged soil indicated that 81% of the applied benfluralin remained, with 8% 

as metabolites. 

Table IX - D. Soil physicochemical characteristics and adsorptionldesorption study results for Benfluralin (MRID 

Soil NameISource -- -- -- -- 

Texture 

clay (%) 

Silt% 

sand (1) sandy loam (2) loam (3) clay loam (4) 

5.2 12 24 32 

5.6 22 48 44 

% organic carbon 0.25 0.7 0.9 1 .O 

c.e.c (meq1100g) 3.5 4.9 10.5 

Bulk density (glee) 1.48 1.28 1.11 

Kd(ads) 27.0 74.9 88.6 

Slope (IN) 1.027 1.024 0.953 0.918 

Laboratow Volatilitv. A study for the isomeric compound trifluralin (MRID 4391 57-0 1) 

indicates that volatilization may be a major route of dissipation for benfluralin if not incorporated into 

the soil. Trifluralin incorporated into Barnes clay loam, Canadian loam and Alda sandy loam volatilized 

to the extent of 8.1%, 5.7%, and 9.0% of applied radiation, respectively, at the end of 30 days. 

Unincorporated trifluralin volatilized to the extent of 3 1.2% of applied radiation at 15 days when tested 

on the clay loam soil. Thus the half-life for volatilization from this soil would be greater than 15 days. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 117 
The Henry's Law constant for benfluralin is about the same as for dichloro- or triclorobiphenyls, 

indicating that it has about the same tendency to evaporate from water. 

The EPIWIN v. 3.10 software (EPAIOPPTS) estimates volatilization half-lives for two water 

bodies: a river, 1 meter deep with a current of 1 meter/sec, and a wind speed of 5 meterslsec; and a lake, 

1 meter deep with a current of 0.05 meterslsec and a wind speed of 0.5 meterslsec. The software uses 

molecular weight, solubility, vapor pressure and Henry's law constant as inputs. The calculated 

volatilization half-lives are 5.6 hours for the river, and 2 14 hours for the lake. 

The information in the preceding paragraphs indicates that volatilization is likely to be a major 

fate process for non-soil-incorporated benfluralin. 

Atmos~heric Oxidation. EPIWIN v 3.10, a strucure-activity relationship program developed by 

EPA/OPPTS and Syracuse Research Corporation, estimates rates of reaction of organic molecules with 

ozone, hydroxyl radicals, and nitrate radicals in the atmosphere. EPIWIN estimates that the second-order 

rate constant for reaction of benfluralin with hydroxyl radicals is 22.2703 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec, 

primarily for hydrogen abstraction. Assuming a concentration of 1.5 E+6 molecules OH-/cm3 air , the 

first-order rate constant is 3.34 E-5 sec-I. Further assuming a 12-hour period of sunlight, the half-life of 

benfluralin in air is 0.48 days (1 1.5 hours). This is comparable to the half-life for aqueous photolysis 

(5.5 to 9.9 hours). The half-life of trifluralin in the presence of 1.5 ppm ozone and light (the combination 

of which produces hydroxyl radicals) is about 47 minutes in the laboratory, and 21 minutes in a field 

spray drift experiment conducted under August noontime conditions (Woodrow, JE, Crosby, DG and 

Seiber, JN, "Vapor-Phase Photochemistry of Pesticides," Res. Rev., 85, 11 1 (1983)). 

This information indicates that volatilized benfluralin is likely to be rapidly oxidized in the 

atmosphere. The major product of the oxidation of trifluralin is the double dealkylation product, 2,6- 

dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine. This is most likely the same product that would be formed from 

the photo-oxidation of benfluralin (and other dinitroaniline herbicides sharing this moiety). In the 

aqueous photolysis, this degradate led directly to the formation of the major degradate LY-50030 (see 

Appendix VI for structure). The single dealkylation products (B34, B35) are also expected to be 

products of the photo-oxidation in air. 

Field Dissipation Two field dissipation studies have been submitted for benfluralin. One (MRID 

41 7789-02) was for California lettuce and Georgia peanuts (no longer a supported use) and the other 

(MRID 4 17789-0 1) was for turf in California. 

Lettuce and Peanuts. Field dissipation studies with Benefin 1.5 EC (emulsifiable concentrate, 1.5 

lb a.i./gal) and Benefin 60DF (dry flowable, 60 lb a.i. per 100 lb product) were conducted in Fresno, CA 

and Shellman, GA. An application rate of 2.1 lb a.i./acre was made to bare soil, disc incorporated, and 

planted with head lettuce (CA) or peanuts (GA). The application rate used was 1.4 times the maximum 

labeled rate (1.5 lb a.i./acre) to "ensure that no less than the maximum labeled rate would be present at 

zero time sampling of the treated plot." (MRID 417789-02). This procedure was presumably to 

compensate for volatilization losses. 

Soil residue samples were taken from treated and control plots immediately after application and 

for a period of 526 days (CA) or 468 days (GA). The plots were sampled to a depth of 24 inches in 6- 

inch increments for 188 days (CA) or 185 days (GA) and to a depth of 36 inches thereafter. Benfluralin 

was not detected below the top six inches, except in one sample at 6-12 inches in the CA study, just at the 

detection limit at time zero (this was probably a sampling error). 

Half-lives were recalculated (Addendum 1 to MRID 417789-02) for these two studies to 

rationalize the results with aerobic soil metabolism studies. The recalculated results are 79 days (CA 

lettuce, DT50 > 68 days) and 62 days (GA peanuts, DT50 = 53 days). These half-lives are within the 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 118 
range seen in aerobic soil metabolism studies (20 to 86 days), indicating that dissipation in the field is 

controlled by soil metabolism if benfluralin is incorporated into the soil. The lack of movement below 

the top 6 inches of soil confirms that benfluralin does not leach to ground water. 

- Turf. Field dissipation studies with Balan 2.5G (granular, 2.5 lb a.i. per 100 lb product) were 

conducted in Fresno, CA on the practice field at Fresno State College. One or two broadcast applications 

of 3.0 Ib a.i. per acre were made, with an interval of 63 days for the two-application study. Soil residue 

samples were taken from treated and control plots immediately after application, and for a period of 385 

days following the last application to each plot. The plots were sampled to a depth of 24 inches in 6-inch 

increments. On day 385, the soil was sampled to a depth of 36 inches. 

The calculation of half-lives for these studies was problematic, due to sampling variability. The 

average day-zero concentrations were 6.19 pprn for the one-application study (over two times the 

nominal rate of 3 pprn), and 5.00 pprn for the two-application study. Average residues (n=7) in the oneapplication study were greater on day 32 (1.85 ppm) than on day 14 (1.28 pprn). 

The average concentration on the day of the second application (5.33 ppm) was only slightly 

more (I 1 1%) than expected (total 4.79 ppm) from the nominal application rate (3 lblacre or 3 ppm) plus 

the residue remaining from the first application (1.79 pprn). Therefore, the residue data from the second 

application of the two-application study was used to calculate a half-life by non-linear regression. The 

resulting half-life is 22 days (Addendum 1 to MRID 417789-01). This half-life is shorter than those 

obtained in the field dissipation studies for incorporated uses (62 to 79 days). The shorter half-life is 

probably due to volatilization and photolysis, which can occur when the chemical is left on the surface as 

with a granular, broadcast application. This is consistent with predictions from the laboratory studies. 

Bioaccumulation The bioaccumulation of benfluralin at 0.004 pprn (4 ppb) was studied (MRID 402874- 

0 1) in juvenile bluegill sunfish for 28 days, followed by a depuration period of 14 days. The average 

bioconcentration factor was 65 1 (edible tissue), 2604 (non-edible tissue), and 1580 (whole fish). Kinetic 

rates for uptake were 287, 1541, and 849 mglglday, respectively. Steady-state was obtained at seven 

days. At steady state, residue levels were in the range of 2 to 3 pprn for edible tissue, 9 to 12 pprn for 

non-edible tissue, and 5 to 7 pprn for whole fish. Depuration rates were 0.43, 0.60, and 0.54 per day for 

edible, non-edible, and whole fish, respectively. Approximately 60% of the accumulated 14-C residues 

were eliminated from both edible and nonedible tissue within 24 hours. Less than 3% of the accumulated 

14-C residues remained after 14 days of depuration. 

Benfluralin was the primary residue in all tissues. All metabolites identified were the result of 

N-dealkylation or oxidation of the terminal carbon of the butyl sidechain to an alcohol (see Appendix - 

for structure). Conjugates of the two alcohol metabolites, together with parent benfluralin, accounted for 

85-90% of the total residues in fish. The metabolite spectrum was the same in edible and nonedible 

tissues. 

Juvenile bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) weighing less than 1.0 g each were exposed to a 

0.004 pprn concentration of 14-C benfluralin in water for 28 days under continuous flow-through 

conditions. Following the uptake period, fish were transferred to water containing no benfluralin and the 

depuration of accumulated 14-C residues followed for 14 days. At regular intervals during both phases 

of the study, fish were collected, dissected into edible and nonedible (head and viscera) portions, and 

assayed for total radioactivity by combustion. Additional fish were collected at 2 1 and 28 days of the 

uptake phase and used for characterization of residues. Radioactive residue levels in the fish plateaued 

within seven days after initiation of exposure. Depuration was rapid, with 60% of accumulated 14-C 

residues eliminated from both edible and nonedible tissues. Less than 3% of the accumulated residues 

remained after 14 days of depuration. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 119 
This study indicates that there is a potential for bioaccumulation of benfluralin in fish (BCF > 

1000). 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal R~sk Assessment 120 

----- "----- -- --- - -- 
Appendix X. Degradate Structures 

LY-48800 or B35 (parent minus butyl sidechain). 2,6-dinitro-N-ethyl-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine. 

Product of Soil photolysis. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 121 

-------- - -- 
LY-5 1783 or B34 (parent minus ethyl sidechain). N-(N-buty1)-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoroemthylbenzeneamine. Product of Soil photolysis. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 122 

------a -----. -- -- - - .---.- - - --- - - 
LY-65 13 8. 1 -hydoxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-6-trifluoromethyl- 1 H-benzimidazole. Product of Aqueous 

photolysis. 

HiC 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 123 
B36. Parent with one nitro group reduced to amino. Product of Anaerobic soil metabolism. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Envtronmental Fate and Ecological Rlsk Assessment 124 

- 
B 12. Product of Soil column leaching (3% of parent). 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenol. 

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 125 

wm--* - - - - ---- -- --- -- - - - - - --- p- 
LY-50030. Parent minus both sidechains and one nitro group reduced to amino. 

5-trifluoromethyl-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine. Product of Aqueous photolysis. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 126 

------ - - -- - - 
LY-274766. 4-nitro-2-propyl-6-trifluoromethyl- 1 H-benzimidazole. Product of Aqueous and Soil 

photolysis. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 127 
LY-67255. 2-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro- 1H-benzimidazole. Product of Aqueous photolysis. 

Benfluralln RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological R~sk Assessment 128 

*pa---- ------- - - 
B37. Both nitro groups reduced to amino. N-ethyl-N-butyl-2,6-diamino-4-trifluoromethylbenzeneamine. Product of Anaerobic aquatic metabolism. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 129 

-*- - ------ -- 
X1. Product of Anaerobic aquatic metabolism. l-ethyl-2-propyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimid~ol-7- 

amine. Isomer of X2. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 130 

---- ---- - - - - - -- --."--*- 
X2. Product of Anaerobic aquatic metabolism. l-butyl-2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol7-amine. Isomer of XI. 

Benfluralln RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological R~sk Assessment 13 1 

--- - -- - -- -- - -- A - -- 
C/BM2. Alcohol formation on butyl sidechain. Product of Fish bioaccumulation. 

Benflural~n RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 132 

&--.--- - --*m----"v-- - - - -- --- -- - - - -" -- 
Simplified Degradation Pathways for Benfluralin, showing Major Products 

1) Aqueous and Soil Photolysis (showing major products only) 

parent 

I( L 

LY-48800(B35) LY-5 1783(B34) 

2) Aerobic Soil (showing initial products only; no major products formed) 

parent 

3) Anaerobic Soil and Aquatic Metabolism (showing major products only) 

parent 

1 

B36 (soil, aq) 

1 

B37 (aq only) 

1 

XlIX2 (aq only) 

4) Photo-oxidation in Air 

parent 

1 

LY-5 1783 (B34), LY-48800 (B35) 

1 

LY-50030 (in water) 

Appendix XI: Ecotoxicity Data Requirement Table 

Table XI - A 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 133 
Additional 

Data 

Required 

Under 

FIFRA 

3(~)(2)(B)? 

Does EPA Have 

Use Data To Satisfy 

Patter This 

Data Requirement n1 Requirement? 

5158.490 WILDLIFE AND AQUATIC ORGANISMS 

Bibliographic 

Citation 

7 1-1 (a) Acute Avian Oral, QuailIDuck 1,3 Yes 

7 1 -2(a) Acute Avian Diet, Quail 1,3 Yes 

7 1 -2(b) Acute Avian Diet, Duck 173 Yes 

Acc. 234214 

Acc. 234214 

7 1-3 Wild Mammal Toxicity 

7 1 -4(a) Avian Reproduction Quail 1,3 No Yes 

7 1-4(b) Avian Reproduction Duck 1 ,3 Yes No 

7 1-5(a) Simulated Terrestrial Field 

Study 

71-5(b) Actual Terrestrial Field Stud 

72- 1 (a) Acute Fish Toxicity Bluegill lY3 No Acc. 234214 

Acc. 257844 

Yes 

72- 1 (b) Acute Fish Toxicity (TEP) Yes 

173 No 

No 

72-1 (c) Acute Fish Toxicity Rainbow Yes 

Trout 

Acc. 257844 

72-l(d) Acute Fish Toxicity Rainbow 

Trout (TEP) 

Yes 

72-2(a) Acute Aquatic Invertebrate 1,3 No 

Yes 

Yes 

72-2(b) Acute Aquatic Invertebrate No 

(TEP) 

72-3(a) Acute EstMar Toxicity Fish Yes 

72-3(b) Acute EstIMar Toxicity Yes 

Mollusk 

72-3(c) Acute Est/Mar Toxicity 

Shrimp 

173 Yes 

72-3(d) Acute EstMar Toxicity Fish 

(TEP) 

72-3(e) Acute Est/Mar Toxicity 

Mollusk (TEP) 

72-3(f) Acute Est/Mar Toxicity 

Shrimp (TEP) - - -- 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 134 
Does EPA Have 

Use Data To Satisfy 

Patter This Bibliographic 

Data Requirement n1 Requirement? Citation 

72-4(a) Early Life Stage Fish 1,3 Yes 41613805 

72-4(b) Life Cycle Aquatic 1,3 No 41613806 

Invertebrate 

72-5 Life Cycle Fish lY3 No 

72-6 Aquatic Organism Accumulation 

72-7(1) Simulated Aquatic Field Study 

72-7(b) Actual Aquatic Field Study 

5158.540 PLANT PROTECTION 

122-1 (a) Seed Germ.,Seedling 

Enmergence 

122-2 Aquatic Plant Growth 1,3 No 41613809 

122-1 (a) Seed Germ./Seedling Emerg. 1,3 

122-1 (b) Vegetative Vigor lY3 

123- l(a) Seed Germ./Seedling Emerg. 

123-l(b) Vegetative Vigor 

123-2 Aquatic Plant Growth No 

124-1 Terrestrial Field Study 

124-2 Aquatic Field Study 

$158.490 NONTARGET INSECT TESTING 

14 1- 1 Honey Bee Acute Contact 1,3 Yes 00018842 

41613812 

14 1-2 Honey Bee Residue on Foliage 

14 1-5 Fueld Test for Pollinators 

Additional 

Data 

Required 

Under 

FIFRA 

3(c)(2)(B)? 

No 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Yes 

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 135 

----.- - -- -- ---.- - - - - - -- -- 
Appendix XII. Environmental Fate Data Requirements 

Table XI1 - A Environmental Fate Data Requirements for Benfluralin 

Is Data 

Requiremen MRID Study 

Guideline # Data Requirement t Satisfied? #'s Classificatio 

n I I I I 

Hydrolysis 

Photodegradation in 

Water 

Photodegradation on 

Soil 

Photodegradation in 

Air 

Aerobic Soil 

Metabolism 

Anaerobic Soil 

Metabolism 

not required 

417517- 

03 

Acc No. 

257843 

acceptable 

supplemental 

supplemental 

supplemental 

acceptable 

acceptable 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 136 
Appendix XIII. Bibliography 

Appendix: Bibliography of Fate Studies 

acceptable 

acceptable 

acceptable 

acceptable 

acceptable 

acceptable 

1 6 1 - 1 (Hydrolysis) 

43 1060- 

0 1 

416138- 

16 

4 18662- 

0 1 

4 17789- 

02 

4 17789- 

0 1 

402874- 

0 1 

Hvdrolvsis of the Herbicide Benefin in Aqueous Buffer Solution, DG Sanders, SK Smith, and JW 

Mosier, 1985. Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, IN. MRID 001488-74. EPA Acc. No. 257843. 

Yes 

no 

Yes 

not required 

not required 

Yes 

not required 

not required 

not required 

Yes 

not required 

not required 

reserved 

reserved 

162-3 835.44 

00 

162-4 835.43 

1 00 

163-1 i 835.12 

40 

835.12 

30 

163-2 i 835.14 

i 10 

163-3 835.81 

I 00 

164-1 i 835.61 

00 

164-2 i 835.62 

00 

164-3 835.63 

i 00 

164-4 i 835.64 

00 

165-4 850.17 

; 30 

165-5 i 850.19 

1 50 

166-1 835.71 

i 00 

201-1 840.11 

00 

202-1 840.12 

00 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 137 

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism 

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism 

LeachingAdsorptionIDesorpti 

on 

Laboratory Volatility 

Field Volatility 

Terrestrial Field 

Dissipation 

Aquatic Field 

Dissipation 

Forestry Dissipation 

Combination 

Products and Tank 

Mixes Dissipation 

Accumulation in 

Fish 

Accumulationaquatic non-target 

Ground Water- small 

prospective 

Droplet Size 

Spectrum 

Drift Field 

Evaluation 
16 1-2 (Aqueous Photolysis) 

Determination of photolvsis rate of 14C-Benefin in aqueous solution, M Carpenter, and M Fennesey, 

1988. Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Columbia, MO. Second amended report No. 36866. 

MRID 416138-14. 

Photolysis of Benefin in Aaueous Solution, JW Moran and DG Saunders, 1985. Lilly Research 

Laboratories, Greenfield, IN. Laboratory report No. AAC8518. TRID 470208-027. EPA Acc. No. 

257843. 

16 1-3 (Soil Photolysis) 

Determination of the Photolysis rate of Benefin on the surface of soil, J Dykes, 1989. Analytical Biochemistry laboratories, Columbia, MO. Amended final report No. 3 6867. MRID 4 16 13 8- 1 5. 

1 62- 1 (Aerobic Soil Metabolism) 

Aerobic metabolism of 14C Benefin on Sandy loam Soil, LK Graper, 1991. DowElanco, Greenfield, IN. 

MRID 4 175 17-03. 

Addendum 1 to MRID# 417517-03, WP Eckel, Oct. 18, 2002. Recalculation of half-life. 

Dissipation of 14C Benefin in Soils Maintained Under Aerobic Conditions, DF Berard, 1985. Lilly 

Research Laboratories, Greenfield, IN. Report No. ABC-0289. EPA Acc. No. 257843. 

Addendum 1 to EPA Acc. No. 257843, WP Eckel, Oct. 24,2002. Recalculation of half-life. 

162-2 (Anaerobic Soil Metabolism) 

Anaerobic metabolism of 14C Benefin on Sandv Loam Soil, LK Graper, 1991. DowElanco, Greenfield, 

IN. MRlD417517-04. 

Addendum 1 to MRID# 4175 17-04, WP Eckel, Oct. 18, 2002. Recalculation of half-life. 

162-3 (Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism) 

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of 14C Benefin, BL Lawrence, A Kesterson and RH Atkins, 1994. 

PTRI, East, Richmond, KY. Laboratory project Nos. 65 1, 1540. MRID 43 1060-01. 

163- 1 (Adsorption-Desorption) 

Adsorption and Desorption of Benefin on Soil, DG Saunders and FL Powers, 1987. Eli Lilly, Greenfield, 

IN. Project ID No. EWD8724. MRID 416138-16. 

Benefin Aged Soil Leaching Study, DG Saunders and FL Powers, 199 1. DowElanco, Greenfiled, IN 

Project ID No. AAC908. MRID 4 18662-0 1. 

163-2 (Laboratory Volatility) 

Laboratory Volatility of rl4C1-Trifluralin formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate and as Granules, W 

Skinner, 1996. PTRL, West, Richmond, CA. Laboratory project ID No. 552W. Submitted by 

DowElanco, Indianapolis, IN. MRID 439 157-0 1. 

164- 1 (Terrestrial Field Dissipation) 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 138 
Field Dissipation of Benefin Following Application of Balan to Bare Soil and Seeded with Lettuce or 

Peanuts, OD Decker, 199 1. DowElanco, Greenfield, IN. MRID 4 17789-02. 

Supplemental Report for MRID 41778902 Titled "BenefinTerrestrial Lettuce and Peanut Field 

Dissipation Studies" and MRID 41778901 Titled "Benefin Terrestrial Turf Dissipation Studv, OD 

Decker, 1994, DowElanco Indianapolis, IN. MRID 433 749-0 1. 

Addendum 1 to MRID# 417789-02, WP Eckel, Nov. 18, 2002. Recalculation of half-life. 

Field Dissipation of Benefin Following One or Two Applications of Balm to Turf, OD Decker, 1991. 

DowElanco, Greenfield, IN. MRID 4 17789-0 1. 

Addendum 1 to MRID# 417789-0 1, WP Eckel, Feb. 27, 2003. Recalculation of half-life and upgrade to 

acceptable. 

165-4 (Fish Bioaccumulation) 

Laboratow Studies of 14C Benefin Accumulation in Fish, JD Magnussen and DP Rainey, 1987. Lilly 

Research Laboratories, Greenfield, IN. MRID 402874-0 1. 

Other 

Acree, W.E., Jr. Thermochim. Acta, 199 1,37 

Carmo, A.M., Hundal. L.S., and Thompson, M.L., "Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds by 

Soil Materials: Application of Unit Equivalent Freundlich Coefficients," Environmental Science & 

Technology, 2000,34,4363-4369. 

Determination of Benefin in Agricultural Crops and Soil, OD Decker and RD Griggs, Lilly Research 

Laboratories, 1980. EPA Acc. No. 255775. 

The Merck Index, 10" Ed., M. Windholz, ed., 1983. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ. Monograph 1038: 

Benfluralin. 

Farm Chemicals Handbook, vol. 86, 2000. Meister Publishing Company, Willoughby, OH. Page C47, 

Benefin. 

Soil Degradation of Three Dinitroanilines, RL Zimdahl and SM Gwynn, 1977. Weed Science, vol. 25, 

no. 3, pp. 247-251 

Processes of Retention and Loss of Benefin in Soil, BJ Simoneaux, 1969. Ph.D. dissertation, Auburn 

University, Auburn, Alabama. 

Upgrading Benfluralin Photolvsis Studies, July 9,2002 memorandum from I. Kennedy, EFED to R. 

Kendall, SRRD 

Drinking Water Estimates for Benfluralin (PC# 08430 11, Jan. 3 1,2003 memorandum from WP Eckel, 

EFED to M. Rice, SRRD. DP Barcode 288082 

Addendum to Drinking Water Estimates for Benfluralin (PC# 084301): Multiple Applications to Turf, 

Christmas Tree Farms, Rights-of-Wav, March 5,2003 memorandum from WP Eckel, EFED to M. Rice, 

SRRD. DP Barcode D288082. 

Deaadates Identified in Benfluralin Fate Studies, Memorandum to file, WP Eckel, Jan. 22,2003. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 139 
Wauchope RD et al., Rev Environ Contam Toxic01 123 : 1-1 55 (1 992) 

Tomlin, CDS (ed.) The Pesticide Manual- World Compendium 10" ed. Surrey, UK:The British Crop 

Protection Council, 1994. 

Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook, 5" ed. Champaign, IL., 1983. 

C Hansch, A Leo, D Hoekrnan, Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. 

Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1995. 

Woodrow, JE, Crosby, DG and Seiber, JN, "Vapor-Phase Photochemistry of Pesticides," Res. Rev., 85, 

11 1 (1983). 

Schwarzenbach, RP, Gschwend, PM, and Imboden, DM, Environmental Organic Chemistry, John Wiley 

& Sons, New York, 1993. 

Bibliography Ecological Risk Assessment 

000135183 Sleight, B. (1973) Acute Toxicity of 94961 to Bluegill ..., Rainbow Trout ..., and Goldfish 

(Carassius auratus). (Unpublished study received Aug 24, 1978 under 147 1 -EX-63; prepared by 

Bionomics, Inc., submitted by Elanco Products Co., Div, of Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN; 

CDL:097325-F) 

00094769 Hamelink, J.L.; Kehr, C.C.; Adams, E.R.; et al. (1978) The Toxicity of Compound 94961 

(El-161) to Bluegills in a 96 Hour Soil-water Static Test: Study No. 21 11-78. Includes procedure no. 

5801633 dated Sep 24, 1976. (Unpublished study received Feb 4, 1982 under 1471-122; submitted by 

Elanco Products Co., Div. of Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Ind.; CDL:070677-N) 

00094770 Karnak, R.E.; Kehr, C.C.; Hamelink, T.L.; et al. (1980) The Toxic- ity of Compound 94961 

(Ethalfluralin) to-Daphnia magna-in a 48- hour Static Study: Study No. 5044-78. Includes procedure no. 

5801633 dated Sep 24, 1976. (Unpublished study received Feb 4, 1982 under 1471-122; submitted by 

Elanco Products Co., Div. of Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Ind.; CDL:070677-0) 

05008271 Macek, K.J.; Lindberg, M.A.; Sauter, S.; Buxton, K.S.; Costa, P.A. (1976) Toxicity of Four 

Pesticides to Water Fleas and Fathead Minnows. Duluth, Minn.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Environmental Research Laboratory. (EPA report no. EPA-60013-76-099; available from: NTIS, 

Springfield, VA; PB-262 9 12) 

40094602 Johnson, W.; Finley, M. (1980) Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic 

Invertebrates: Resource Publi- cation 137. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 106 p. 

40098001 Mayer, F.; Ellersieck, M. (1986) Manual of Acute Toxicity: inter- pretation and Data Base for 

410 Chemicals and 66 Species of Freshwater Animals. US Fish & Wildlife Service, Resource Publication 160. 579 p. 

41386202 Adams, E.; Cocke, P. and Gunnoe, M. (1990) The Toxicity of Triflu- ralin to Rainbow Trout 

(Salmo gairdneri) in a 48-Day Early Life- stage Study: Lab Project Number: F02489. Unpublished study 

pre- pared by Lilly Research Laboratories. 86 p. 

4 16 13904 Sousa, J. (1 990) Ethalfluralin--Acute Toxicity to Sheepshead Min- now (Cyprinodon 

variegatus) under Flow-through Conditions: Lab Project Number: SLI 90-7-3404: 1982. 1289.6108.505. 

Unpub- lished study prepared by Springborn Labs, Inc. 56 p. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 140 
4 16 13905 Dionne, E. (1 990) Ethalfluralin--Acute Toxicity to Eastern Oysters under Flow-through 

Conditions: Lab Project Number: SLI 90-07-33 8 1 : 1982. 1289. 6 107. 504. Unpublished study prepared 

by Spring- born Labs, Inc. 54 p. 

4 16 13906 Sousa, J. (1 990) Ethalfluralin--Acute Toxicity to Mysid Shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) under 

Flow-through Conditions: Lab Project Number: SLI 90-7-3405: 1982. 1289. 6106. 5 15. Unpublished 

study prepared by Springborn Labs, Inc. 56 p. 

4 199490 1 Murray, A.; Meyerhoff, R.; Adams, E. (1 99 1) The Toxicity of Ethal- fluralin to Rainbow 

Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a 50-Day Early Life-Stage Study: Lab Project Number: F02690. Unpublished 

study prepared by Lilly Research Labs. 108 p. 

42176401 Murray, A.; Grothe, D.; Adams, E. (1992) The Acute Toxicity of Sonalan (FN 0802), a 

Formulation Containing Ethalfluralin (EL- 16 1, Compound 09496 I), to Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) 

in a Static Renewal Test System: Lab Project Number: F02391. Unpublished study prepared by Lilly 

Research Labs. 46 p. 

42176402 Grothe, D.; Adams, E. (1992) The Acute Toxicity of Sonalan EC (FN 0802), a Formulation 

Containing Ethalfluralin (EL- 16 1, Compound 09496 1 ), to Daphnia magna in a Static-Renewal Test 

System: Lab Project Number: C0119 1. Unpublished study prepared by Lilly Research Labs. 37 p. 

42449901 Parrish, P.; Dyer, E.; Enos, J.; et al. (1978) Chronic Toxicity of Chlordane, Trifluralin, and 

Pentachlorophenol to Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus): Lab Project Number: 

EPA-60013-78-010. Unpublished study prepared by EG&G Bionomics 69 p. 

42449902 Liu, D.; Lee, J. (1975) Toxicity of Selected Pesticides to the Bay Mussel (Mytilus edulis): Lab 

Project Number: EPA-66013-75-016. Unpublished study prepared by Stanford Research Institute. 114 p. 

42930101 Milazzo, D.; Servinski, M.; Kirk, H.; et al. (1993) Ethalfluralin: Evaluation of the Chronic 

Toxicity to the Daphnid, Daphnia magna Straus: Lab Project Number: 0233-3655: DECO-ES-2666. 

Unpublished study prepared by Dow Chemical Co. 49 p. 

Balcomb, R. C.A. Bowen 11, D. Wright, and M. Law. 1984 Effects on Wildlife of at-planting corn 

applications of granular carbofuran. 

Belfroid, A., M. Sikkenk, W. Seinen, K.V. Gestel, J. Hermens. 1994. The toxicokinetic behavior of 

chlorobenzenes in earthworm (Eisenia andrei) experiments in soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13: 93-99 

Beyer, W.N., E.E. Connor, S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. 

Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382. 

Dunning, J.B. 1984. Body Weights of 686 Species of North American Birds. Monograph Number 1. 

Western Bird Banding Association. 

Fisher, D.L. and L.B. Best. 1995. Avian Consumption of Blank Pesticide Granules Applied at Planting 

to Iowa Cornfields. Environ. Tox. Chem. 14: 1543-1549. 

Mackay, D. And S. Paterson. 198 1. Calculating fugacity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15: 1006-1014. 

Nagy, K.A. 1987. Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. Ecol. 

Monogr. 57: 11 1-128. 

Trapp, S. And J.C McFarlane (eds.). 1995. Plant Contamination Modeling and Simulation of Organic 

Chemical Processes. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 141 
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. 

EPAl60019-931187a. Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 142 
APPENDIX XIV. Benfluralin Use Closure Memo 

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

OFFICE OF 

PREVENTION, PESTICIDES 

AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES 

MEMORANDUM 

Date: April 1,2003 

To: Benfluralin RED Team 

From: Diane Isbell, Chemical Review Manager 

Special Review and Reregistration Division 

Subject: Benfluralin Use Closure Memo 

This memo serves as the benfluralin use closure memo and clarifies benfluralin uses for 

the Reassessment Eligibility Decision (RED) risk assessment. 

Background: 

The SMART meeting for benfluralin was held on October 23,2002. During the SMART 

meeting, Dow AgroSciences (the technical registrant) presented current benfluralin use and usage 

information as requested by the Agency. 

Benfluralin is an herbicide of the dinitroaniline family, that is applied pre-emergence to 

control weeds. Benfluralin is predominantly used on turf (residential and commercial, including 

golf courses), and also on ornamental plants, Christmas trees, non-bearing berries, non-bearing 

vineyards, non-bearing hit and nut trees and right-or-way areas. Benfluralin is registered for 

use on the following food crop: lettuce; and feed crops: alfalfa; clover; and bird's foot trefoil. 

Benfluralin is often combined with trifluralin and fertilizers. 

Applications: 

Benfluralin can be applied dormant, pre-plant, pre-transplant, pre-emergence, and as a 

soil incorporated treatment. In addition, it can be applied in liquid sprays of water or liquid 

fertilizer, or impregnated on dry bulk fertilizer or clay granules. 

Current formulations include: emulsifiable concentrate, granular, and water dispersible 

granules (dry flowable). The registrant for the pressurized liquid formulation has recently 

requested voluntary cancellation of this product; therefore, it will not be included in the risk 

assessments. Most lawn applications are made with granular products, watering in is 

recommended. For agricultural, mostly emulsifiable concentrate (dry flowable) and granular 

formulations are used. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 143 

*- -- -- 
Benfluralin is generally applied once per growing season, but may be applied a second time in turf; ornamentals; non-bearing 

berries, hit and nut trees; and non-bearing vineyards. For crop use, benfluralin must be soil incorporated into the top 2-3 inches of 

soil within 4 - 8 hours of application. For the right-of-way use, benfluralin may be applied up to three times per year. 

The table below represents the benfluralin label use rates that are being supported for reregistration. The risk assessments will 

be based on these formulations, use rates, retreatment intervals, and application methods, as presented in the table below. After the 

issuance of the RED, all end use products will have to conform with these parameters, and other risk mitigation identified through the 

reregistration process. Updated labeling must be submitted after the RED is issued. 

Supported Uses of Benfluralin 

Yearly Maximum 

Rate 

(lb ai/A) 

Crop Minimum 

Retreatment 

Interval 

Application 

Method 

Range of 

Single 

Application 

Rates 

(lb ai/A) 

Maximum 

Applications 

Per Year 

Application Current 

Timing RE1 

(hours) 

56 - 70 days1 

70 - 84 days 

broadcast or 

spray 

~pring,~,~ fall 1 12' 

,~ 

none 

alfalfa4 

clover 

bird's foot 

trefoil 

lettuce4 

nonbearing 

berries 

nonbearing 

fruit trees 

1.2 - 1.5 spring I 12 

1.2 - 1.5 

1.2 - 1.5 

1.2 - 1.5 

2-3 

2-3 

spring 

spring 

none spray (band) 

2 - 4 months 

spring 

spring, fall 

1 

3 broadcast 

2 - 4 months broadcast spring, fall -I 3 

ornamental I 2-3 

S 

2 - 4 months I broadcast spring, fall I 24 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 144 
Bcntluralin REL) Chapter: Envin)nrnzntal Fate and Ecological Risk Assessnient 145 

Crop 

Christmas 

trees 

warm 

season turf 

nonbearing nut 

trees 

nonbearing 

vineyards 

right-ofway 

' Benfluralin 

For cool season established turf, a second application can be made after 8 - 10 weeks. 

For warm season established turf, a second application can be made after 10 - 12 weeks. 

No PHI specified. 

5 24-hour RE1 is for products that also contain oryzalin; other products with benfluralin or benfluralin and trifluralin have a 12-hour REI. 

Range of 

Single 

Application 

Rates 

(lb ai/A) 

2-4 

1 - 1.5 

2-3 

2-3 

2 - 6 

is not for use on turf 

Minimum 

Retreatment 

Interval 

2 months 

60 - 90 days 

2 - 4 months 

2 - 4 months 

2 - 8 months 

grown for sod, turf 

Maximum 

Applications 

Per Year 

4 

2 

3 

3 

3 

grown for seed. 

Yearly Maximum 

Rate 

(lb ai/A) 

8 

4-6 

9 

9 

12 

Application 

Method 

broadcast 

broadcast 

broadcast 

broadcast 

broadcast 

Application 

Timing 

spring, fall 

spring, fall 

spring, fall 

spring, fall 

spring, fall 

Current 

RE1 

(hours) 

24 

24' 

24 

24 

24 
Rotational Crop Restrictions 

In arid areas (Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming), the 

crops listed below must not be planted for 12 months following an application of benfluralin. It should be 

noted that on current labels, the time-frame for planting following treatment with benfluralin is 10 months; 

however, the Residue Chemistry chapter indicates that a 12-month interval is required. 

- wheat, barley oats, rye or other grasses; 

- onions; 

- corn, milo (sorghum); 

- spinach; and 

- red beets, sugar beets or other root crops. 

Crops/Formulations/Use Sites Not Being Supported 

peanuts 

tobacco 

pressurized liquid 

liquid products for homeowners 

greenhouses 

Follow-up 

Since the SMART meeting, Dow AgroSciences has provided the Agency with additional information 

pertaining to questions raised by EPA staff. 

Institutional turf includes the following: turf in and around cemeteries, parks, educational institutions, 

parks, and playing fields.. 

. Turf uses pre-dominate benfluralin use with approximately 75% of use on turf occurring in the North, 

20% in the South, and 5% used elsewhere. 

For incorporation of dry flowable formulations, a tandem disc or PTO operated tillage equipment 

such as a cultivator is used. 

Remaining Issues 

There are some products that are listed as dust formulations, the registrant has indicated that these 

products are granular and are not dust. The Agency is in the process of determining what information 

needs to be submitted to clarify this issue. 

Some benfluralin products may be sold to either commercial applicators or homeowners. These 

products may have personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements listed on them that would not 

be listed on a homeowner product. 

The risk assessment for benfluralin will be based on the use sites listed in this memorandum, the 

Biological and Economic Analysis Division's (BEAD) Quantitative Usage Analysis (QUA), current 

benfluralin labels, as well as other pertinent use information maintained within the Agency's database 

systems. 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 146 
cc: Steve McMaster, Dow AgroSciences 

Harold D. Coble, USDA 

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 147 
a 

Appendix XII. Quantitative Usage Analysis for Benfluralin 

Case Number:2030 PC Code:84301 

Date: May 14, 2002 Analyst: Jihad Alsadek 

1 Based on available pesticide survey usage information for the years of 1991 through 2000, an annual estimate of benfluralin's total domestic usage i averaged approximately 831,000 pounds active ingredient (a.i.) for 172,000 acres treated. Most of the acreage is treated with one pound a.i. or less per 

1 application and almost two pounds a.i. or less per year. Benfluralin is a broad spectrum herbicide with its largest markets in terms of total pounds activ 

ingredient allocated to lawn care operators (52%),-landscape (lo%), turf (7%), alfalfa and peanuts (6% each), and golf (5%). The remaining usage is i primarily on lettuce, corn, and seed crops. Crops with a high percentage of the total U.S. planted acres treated include lettuce (8-9%), peanuts (3%). 

Most of the usage is in MI, CA, AZ, MD, NC, GA, AL, WA, and ID. 

Site 

Cherries 

Grapes, Wine 

Lettuce, Head 

Lettuce, Other 

Sweet Corn 

Corn, First Year 

Rice 

Wheat, Winter 

Hay, Other 

Alfalfa 

Peanuts 

Soybeans 

Cotton 

Tobacco 

Setaside Acres 

Other* 

Turf, except golf 

Landscape 

Lawn Care Operators 

Golf Courses 

Horticultural Nurseries 

Range and Pasture 

Acres Acres Ttd (000) %Crop Ttd Lb A1 Appl (000) Average Application Rates States of Most Usage 

(000) ------------- ------------- ------------------- ....................... (% of total lb ai 

Grown Weighted Est Weighted Est Weighted Est lbai/ #appl lbai/A used on this site) 

Average Max Average Max Average Max acre/yr /year /appl 

1 Total 128 205 783 1,192 i 

I 

Weighted average--the most recent years and more reliable data are weighted more heavily. 

Est Max = Estimated maximum, which is estimated from available data. 

1 Average application rates are calculated from the weighted averages. 

/ Usage data primarily covers 1991 - 2000. 

I (-) indicates that information on this site is NOT available in EPA sources or is insufficient. 

/ * Other includes ornamental, popcorn, rapeseed/canola, and safflower. 

I 

SOURCES: EPA data (91-001, USDA/NASS (91-OO), CAL EPA (93-95)and National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (92 and 97). 

Benfluraliti RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 148