This file was created by scanning the printed publication. 

Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; 

however, some errors may remain. 
Authors

WENDY J. MCGINNIS is an economist and KENT P. CONNAUGHTON

was a research forester (currently Forest Supervisor, Lassen National

Forest, Susanville, CA), Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry

Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208; RICHARD H.

PHILLIPS is an economist, Pacific Northwest Region, P.O. Box 3623,

Portland, OR 97208; and TERRY L. RAETTIG is a forest economist,

Pacific Northwest Research Station, located at the Olympic National Forest

Supervisor's Office, 1835 Black Lake Blvd. SW, Olympia, WA 98512.
Abstract Contents

McGinn is, Wendy J.; Phillips, Richard H.; Raettig, Terry L.;

Connaughton, Kent P. 1997. County portraits of Washington State.

Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-400. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 262 p.

This publication provides a general picture of the population, economy, and

natural resources of the counties in Washington State. The intent of this

report is to provide insight to changes in a county over the last 10 to 20

years, to compare county trends to statewide trends (and state trends to

national trends), and to provide information on all the counties in a similar

format. This report provides a context and a place to start in examining

social and economic trends and conditions, and the importance of natural

resources locally. In addition, technical notes for each data series follow

the last county profile so that it is clear what is included, how estimates

were made, and when caution is advised in using the data. Data sources

are provided for readers interested in obtaining raw data or updated data.

Keywords: Population, income, employment, economic trends, Washington

counties.

1 Introduction

4 State of Washington

10 Washington Counties (in alphabetical order)

244 Technical Notes and Data Sources

252 Acknowledgments

253 Literature Cited

255 Appendix A—Industry Codes

257 Appendix B—Industy Division Titles

258 Appendix C—Cities and Towns in More Than One County

259 Apppendix D—Cities and Towns in King County

260 Appendix E—Information Resources

262 Abbreviations
Introduction Using These Data

This publication provides a general picture of the population, economy, and

natural resources of the counties in Washington State. A companion

volume for Oregon and northern California also is available (McGinnis and

others 1996). The two volumes together cover the Forest Service's Pacific

Northwest Region and the area involved in the Northwest Economic

Adjustment Initiative. We envision this publication as a reference tool for

people involved in rural development, planning, and social, economic, or

cultural impact assessments. A plethora of data exist for counties, but

finding and assembling them into a useful format can be time consuming

and sometimes frustrating. We have distilled some of the important pieces

of information that characterize the economic and demographic situations

and trends in a county and provided the information in a format allowing the

user to quickly discern trends and make comparisons. In many cases the

information provided may not be detailed enough to answer a specific

question; however, at the end we have included other resource listings to

point you in the right direction. In addition, technical notes for each data

series follow the last county profile so that it is clear what is included and

how estimates were made, and to provide some cautions on using the data.

Data sources are provided for readers interested in obtaining raw data or

updated data.

The intent of this report is to provide insight into changes in the counties

over the last 10 to 20 years, to compare county trends to statewide trends

(and state trends to national trends), and to provide information on all the

counties in a similar format. This report provides a context and a place to

start in examining social and economic trends and conditions and the

importance of natural resources locally. We realize that many important

issues are not addressed by this format and the character of individual

communities cannot be captured with data at the county level, but we think

this publication can be a useful tool. It is helpful to have a county or state

context in which to frame a community or subregion. It is useful to be able

to describe how a community is similar to or different from the county at

large. It is useful to find other counties that closely resemble the community

of interest and begin investigating the changes that have taken place in

those counties and how they have responded.

The data on the following pages tell a story about the people, economy,

and resources of a given area. Each area—whether state or county—has

a comparable set of data deliberately chosen from a much larger universe

of available information. Together, these data tell not only what recent

conditions have been but also how the area has changed over time and

how it compares with either the state or Nation. Several broad trends are

portrayed on the first page of data with some of the more detailed information underlying those trends on the pages that follow. There are six

pages of data for the state and each county. The pages also have text

highlighting some of the important points on that page and providing

additional information such as rankings. One thing to notice is how information on the different pages is related. For instance, sources of income

are related to age structure, and major industries may be related to the

landbase and occupational profile.

First Page Data: Overview Of Major Trends

Population, employment (labor market indicator), nonfarm labor income

(economic performance indicator), and per capita income (economic

well-being indicator) are four major indicators of economic and social

change. These series are displayed to indicate how they have changed

over time, and how those changes compare with trends at either the state

or national levels. Population and employment are indicators of general

economic conditions. Nonfarm labor income is a proxy for local economic

activity or local economic performance. Per capita income gives some

measure of the average economic well-being of the residents. Population,

employment, and nonfarm labor income are displayed as indices. Nonfarm

labor income and per capita income have been adjusted for inflation.

Employment is actually a count of jobs rather than employed persons and

does not account for the changing nature of jobs. See "Technical Notes

and Data Sources" for detailed explanations of each indicator.

Second Page Data: The Population

The demographic data presented on the second page expand on the

overall population trends displayed on the first page. Specifically, decadal

population trends and projections look at population over the last 40 years

1
or so and how it is expected to change in the next 20 years. The

components of population change show how net migration affected

population change relative to natural increase (births minus deaths)

between 1980 and 1990. The racial composition data show how racial

distributions have changed over the last decade. City and town populations

show the size of communities located in or partially in the county, giving

some idea of how population is distributed in the county (a slightly different

set of data are shown at the state level for a picture of how population is

distributed statewide). Finally, the age class data show how the county

compares to the state with regard to the distribution of people in various life

phases.

Third Page Data: The Workforce

The demographic and economic data on the third page expand on the

population and labor market trends displayed on the first page. The

occupation profile shows how the area compares with either the state or

Nation and gives an overview of the existing skills and types of work being

done. The labor force distribution demonstrates the gender-related changes

in the workforce over the last decade. The educational attainment data

show how the area's educational attainment compares with either the state

or Nation.

Fourth Page Data: Economy And Income

The personal income data on the fourth page expand on the nonfarm labor

income and per capita income data displayed on the first page. The components of personal income series (reported by place of residence) show

how personal income has changed over time and how the distribution by

component compares with either the state or Nation. Finally, data are

displayed for the different types of transfer payments, and a comparison

with either the state or Nation is given. The data on this page in combination with data from other pages may help to describe an area. For instance, a large share of income from transfer payments, an older median

age than the state (found in second page text), and a large share of people

moving in (in-migrants) who are over 65 (from second page data) may

indicate a growing retirement area.

Fifth Page Data: Economy And Industry

The economic data on the fifth page expand on the employment, nonfarm

labor income, and per capita income data presented on the first page. The

distributions of employment (jobs) and labor and proprietor income (by

place of work) across broad industry categories are displayed. The relative

size of a division can offer insight into the economic structure of an area. A

large agriculture division can indicate a rural economy (note that agriculture

usually dominates the agriculture, forestry, and fishing division; see the

technical notes for further explanation), whereas large services and trade

divisions may indicate a developed urban economy or trade center. The

differences between the contribution of employment and income within a

group also provide important information. For instance, an industry group

with a significantly smaller share of income than employment can be an

indicator of high part-time employment or iow-wage jobs.

The second half of this page provides information on the export base of

the county or state. The export base is defined here as the labor income

derived from industries or portions of industries that export goods and

services outside the county (or state). Note that in this context exports are

not exclusively international sales. Exports are important because they

bring "outside" money into the area (transfer payments are often thought of

in a similar light, though we do not consider them as part of the export base

here). Thus, the export base identifies key industries bringing "new" money

into the local economy. Also, a large export base concentrated in a few

industries can indicate potential vulnerability to changes in outside economic conditions or policy shifts. Federal government jobs also bring

outside money into the area, because Federal wages and salaries are paid

for by taxes from citizens mainly outside the county. Thus we have included

Federal wages and salaries as part of the export base. State government

wages and salaries should be part of the county export base as well, but

we were unable to separate them from local government (not part of the

export base because it is a redistribution of local income) in the database

and have, for this reason, not included them.

Within the export base, we capture both direct and indirect export income.

An example best illustrates the difference between these two types of

export income. Consider a logging operation that sells logs to a local saw2
mill. The sawmill mills these logs and exports them as lumber. The income

earned by the sawmill workers is direct export income because it is earned

directly from the sale of the goods outside the county. The income earned

by the loggers would not be counted in direct export income because the

logs are initially sold locally. Yet the loggers' income is indirectly derived

from the export of those logs (as lumber) and should be part of the export

base. Thus we display the loggers' income as indirect income associated

with the sawmilling industry.

The nonbasic portion of the economy includes industries or portions of

industries that sell goods and services (not used as inputs for exporting

industries) within the county (or state). Labor and proprietor income from

these activities is captured under "All other income" in the pie chart at the

lower left of the Economy and Industry page. For example, much of the

labor and proprietor income derived from hair care or retail clothing sales is

nonbasic (it is basic by the above definition only if these goods or services

are sold to nonresidents of the area). Note, too, that goods and services

purchased by resident retirees are considered nonbasic by this definition.

Sixth Page Data: Natural Resources

The data in this section further explore the county's link to natural resources

beyond what appears in the economic structure and export base information on the fifth page of data. Natural resource, land use, and production

data are displayed for timber, agriculture, and range, when available. The

timberland base for the area is displayed by major ownership because

landowner behavior and objectives differ widely among the various categories (note that the acreages displayed for the Forest Service (FS) and

Bureau of Land Management (BLM) include timberlands, rangelands, and

all other land classes under the administration of these agencies). A

companion set of timber harvest data by ownership also are presented to

show how harvest has changed over time. The amount of timber harvested

from Federally administered lands in a given year does not reflect timber

offered or sold for that year, because purchasers have several years to

complete harvesting. Agriculture and range data are presented in terms of

the land allocations, farm number and size, and relative importance in value

of products sold.

3
Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income have

grown at faster rates in

Washington State than in the

Nation as a whole since the mid

1970s. The national recession of

the early 1980s slowed growth in

population and employment in

Washington, and decreased

nonfarm labor income. This

decrease coupled with a growing

population brought per capita

income closer to the national

average during the last half of the

1980s. Per capita income in

Washington has generally been

above the national level.

State of Washington

Overview: Major Trends Compared With Nation

4
State of Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Washington's population grew in

every decade since 1950, with the

largest absolute gain occurring in

the 1980s. Natural increase

(births minus deaths) and net

migration contributed equally to

the population increase between

1980 and 1990. People under 65

accounted for more than 90% of

the net in-migration during this

period. The state is less racially

diverse than the Nation, but, like

the Nation, is becoming more

diverse over time. The fastest

growing groups are Asians and

Pacific Islanders and people of

Hispanic origin. The population is

concentrated west of the Cascades

along the Interstate 5 corridor

and around Spokane.

Washington has a slightly larger

share of people in the working

age years of 25 to 49.

5
State of Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Washington's occupational profile

resembles that of the United States.

Women accounted for a larger

share of the workforce in 1990

versus 1980, following the trend for

the Nation (nationally 43% of the

workforce was female in 1980 and

46% in 1990). Relative to the

United States as a whole,

Washington has a larger proportion

of people with schooling beyond

high school and a particularly large

share with some college, no degree.

6
State of Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew during

both the 1970s and 1980s, in spite

of the slight decrease caused by

the recession of the early 1980s.

Transfers and property income

also grew in the same period and

became larger shares of personal

income. Farm income and

nonfarm earnings are slightly

greater proportions of personal

income in Washington relative to

the United States as a whole and

property income is less.

Relative to the Nation, medical

payments make up a smaller share

of transfer payments for the state

and retirement payments make up

a larger share. In 1993,

unemployment compensation also

made up a larger share for

Washington.

7
State of Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Services, government, manufacturing,

and wholesale and retail trade are the

key industrial divisions in the state.

Services provide over 31% of the jobs

but drop to 25% of the income.

Conversely, manufacturing generates

12% of the jobs and increases to 18%

of the income.

Forty-nine percent of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-state entities. The

top 10 export industries plus Federal

government generate 62% of the direct

export income. The top export

industries from the state include

aircraft, wholesale trade, and

computer and data processors.

Income generated from Federal

government is also an important part

of the state's export base.

8
State of Washington

Washington is the 18th largest of the

50 states. About one-fifth of the land

area in the state is under the

administration of the Forest Service

(FS) or Bureau of Land Management

(BLM) and another quarter is

non-Federal timberland. Historically,

timber harvest has come mostly from

private land, with National Forests

and state lands also contributing but

to a lesser degree. In recent years, the

harvest from all three ownership

categories has declined.

About one-third of the state's

landbase is in farms. Cropland

accounts for about half of farmland,

and crops represented almost

two-thirds of the value of farm

products sold in 1992. The

inflation-adjusted value of crops sold

in 1992 was 1. 7 times greater than

the 1982 value. In 1992, grains,

especially wheat, and fruits, nuts, and

berries accounted for nearly

two-thirds of the value of crops sold.

Cattle and dairy products are the two

largest components of livestock sales.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

9
10

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income showed

little change during the 1980s,

in contrast to growth that

paralleled the state's during the

1970s. The county entered the

1980s recession earlier than the

state and did not recover until

the 1990s. Adams County's

population ranked 31st of the 39

Washington counties in 1994.

Per capita income fluctuated

wildly in Adams County

throughout the period owing to

the prominent role and volatility

of farm income in the county.

Adams County ranked 7th in the

state for per capita income in

1993.

Adams County, Washington

Adams County is a nonmetropolitan county in southeastern Washington. Interstate 90 runs east through

the county until it reaches the county seat, Ritzville, and then heads northeast to Spokane; U.S.

Highway 395 is a major north-south route. The county's 1990 population density of 7.1 persons per

square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 66% of the population was rural and 17% of

workers commuted outside the county to work, mostly to Franklin and Grant Counties.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Adams County, Washington

Adams County's population has

grown in every decade since 1950.

The rate of growth slowed during the

1980s but increased again in the

early 1990s. The 1993 estimated

population exceeded the projected

population for 2000, indicating that

demographers did not anticipate the

rapid growth of the early 1990s. The

county's population increase during

the 1980s was entirely the result of

natural increase (births minus

deaths), which more than offset

out-migration by those under 65.

About half of the county's population

lives in Othello and four other

smaller incorporated communities.

Nearly a third of the population is

Hispanic. Relative to the State of

Washington, a larger proportion of

Adams County's population is under

18 years of age and a smaller

proportion is between 25 and 49. The

county's median age of 30.7 is below

the state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

11
12

Adams County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Almost one-fourth of the workers in

Adams County are in farming,

forestry, and fishing occupations.

Relative to the state, fewer are in

executive, professional, technical,

and sales occupations. The county

mirrors the state trend of an

increasing proportion of the

workforce being female. This was

due to an increase in the number of

women in the labor force and a

slight decrease in the number of

men in the labor force. Compared to

the state, however, a lower

proportion of the county's

workforce is made up of women.

Proportionally fewer people 25 and

older have a college level education

relative to the state as a whole, and

a larger share have less than a 9th

grade education.
Adams County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Farm income, though volatile, is

important in the county, making

up more than a quarter of total

personal income in 1993. Transfer

payments and property income

have increased in absolute terms

since 1969, and transfer payments

have become a larger share of

personal income. Nonfarm

earnings began growing again in

the early 1990s after a decade of

minimal growth following the

recession of the early 1980s.

Farm income and transfers each

accounted for a larger share of

personal income in 1993 relative

to the state. Nonfarm earnings

constitute a significantly smaller

proportion of personal income for

Adams County than for the state.

Medical payments, income

maintenance, and unemployment

make up a larger portion of

transfer payments in Adams

County and retirement a smaller

portion relative to the state.

13
14

Adams County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Adams County has an agriculture

division that ranks 4th largest in the state

in income, and 3d largest in jobs.

Agriculture's share of income is

proportionally seven times greater than

the state average. In contrast, the

construction division, proportionally 3d

smallest in income among all counties,

provides less than 3% of the county's

employment and income.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals outside

the county plus Federal government

account for about 49% of the income.

Ten industries and Federal government

are responsible for 89% of the direct

export income. Industries associated

with the growing and processing of fruits

and vegetables dominate the exportgenerated income, making the county

highly dependent on these industries.
Adams County, Washington

Adams County ranked 14th in land

area out of the 39 Washington

counties. Adams County is a

nontimbered county with no

non-Federal timberland, very little

land administered by BLM, and no

recorded timber harvest. A large

proportion of the land in the county is

in farms and cropland. Farm income

is very important in the county (see

previous two pages), and crops and

livestock (mostly cattle and calves)

contribute equally to the value of farm

products sold. Adams County ranked

8th in the state for the value of crops

sold and 4th for the value of livestock

sold in 1992. Wheat and mint are two

of the major crops.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

15
16

Asotin County, Washington

Asotin County is a nonmetropolitan county in the southeast corner of the state. U.S. Highway 12 runs

along the northern border through Clarkston, the county's largest city. Aotin, the county seat, is south of

Clarkston on the Snake River, which forms the eastern boundary of the county and separates it from

Idaho. The county's 1990 population density of 27.7 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of

70.3. In 1990, 23% of the ppulation was rural and 53% of wrokers commuled outside the county to work,

mostly to Lewiston in Nez Perce County, Idaho.

Employment and nonfann labor

income trends in Asotin County

were similar to those for the state.

The impact of the 1980s recession

and subsequent economic recovery

in Asotin County matched the

performance of the state as a whole.

Population growth, on the other

hand, has been slower than for the

state since the early 1980s. In 1994,

Asotin County's population ranked

25th of the 39 counties. The

county's per capita income has

consistently been below that of the

state, with the gap widening after

the 1980s recession. Asotin County

ranked 25 th in the slate for per

capita income in 1993.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Asotin County, Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Asotin County's population has grown

in every decade since 1950, with the

largest absolute increase being

during the 1970s. Growth rates

slowed during the 1980s but picked

up again in the early 1990s, leading

to a 1993 population estimate that is

larger than the projected population

for 2000. The increase between 1980

and 1990 was due to natural increase

(births minus deaths) and

in-migration of those over 65. More

than two-thirds of Asotin County's

population resides in the three

communities that make up the

Clarkston area. Relative to the State

of Washington, a larger proportion of

the county's residents are under 18

and over 50. Asotin County's median

age of 34.9 is above Washington's

median age of 33.1

17

a Census designated place (unincorporated).
18

Asotin County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Asotin County has a larger

proportion of workers in "other

services," precision production,

and machine operator occupations

relative to the state. The county

mirrors the state trend with an

increas ing proportion of the

workforce being female.

Proportionally fewer people have a

college level education, particularly

a bachelor's degree and higher,

relative to the state as a whole.
Asotin County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings increased

during the 1970s until the

recession of the early 1980s.

Recovery from that recession was

slow in Asotin County, and it was

1993 before nonfarm earnings

finally returned to their

prerecession level. Transfers and

property income became larger

shares of personal income over the

last 20 years. Compared to the

state, transfers are a much larger

share of personal income in Asotin

County, and nonfarm earnings are

a smaller share. Medical payments

and income maintenance make up

larger proportions of transfer

payments in Asotin County relative

to the State of Washington.

19
20

Asotin County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The services division dominates Asotin

County's economic structure. When

compared to other counties, Asotin has

the 2d largest services division in the state

in income and employment. The services

division provides over 40% of the county's

employment and over one-third of its

income. The construction division is

proportionally 2d largest in income.

Twenty-nine percent of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from direct

or indirect sale of goods and services to

out-of-county entities. The top 10 export

industries plus Federal government make

up 75% of the direct export income.

Health care, wood manufacturing,

facilities maintenance and repair, and

tourism (sports, recreation, and lodging)

are the primary export industries.

Federal government, primarily the Army

Corps of Engineers, also contributes

significant export income.
Asotin County, Washington

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

Asotin County ranked 34th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

About 15% of the county is

administered by the Forest Service or

BLM. Less than 10% of the land in

Asotin County is private timber/and.

In 1994, the county contributed less

than 1% of the timber harvest in

Washington and ranked 30th in timber

harvest in the state. Two-thirds of the

land in the county is in farms, and the

largest proportion of that is in pasture

or range land. Farm income is not

very large in the county (see previous

two pages), and Asotin County ranked

29th in the state for the value of crops

sold in 1992 and 30th for the value of

livestock sold. Wheat is the main crop,

and livestock sales are mostly cattle

and calves.

21
22

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income grew

faster than the state as a whole

for most of the 1970s. The

recession coupled with declining

nuclear plant construction and

operations at Hanfordprolonged

the economic declines in Benton

County throughout most of the

1980s. Recent trends show that

the economiy is now expanding.

In 1994, Benton County's

population ranked 10th for the

state's 39 counties. Per capita

income dropped below the state

average in the early 1980s, but

the gap has narrowed in recent

years. Benton County had the 6th

highest per capita income in the

state in 1993.

Benton County, Washington

Benton County is a metropoltan county bounded by the Columbia River on three sides. Interstate 82 and

U.S.Highway 395 are the major transportation routes. Prosser is the county seat. The U.S. Department of

Energy's Hanford Reservation is located in the northen part of the county. The county's 1990 population

ensity of 66.a persons per sqaure mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 13 % of the population

was rural and 18 % of wrokers commuted outside the county to work, mainly to Franklin County.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Benton County, Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Benton County's population has

grown in every decade since 1950

with by far the largest absolute gain

being between 1970 and 1980.

Growth rates slowed in the 1980s, but

increased in the early 1990s. The

population increase between 1980

and 1990 was due to net in-migration

of those over 65 and natural increase

(births minus deaths) that more than

offset a large out-migration by those

under 65. Over half of the county's

population resides in the two

communities of Richland and

Kennewick. Kennewick grew rapidly

between 1980 and 1990. The county

has a larger proportion of Hispanic

residents compared to the state. The

county also has a larger proportion of

residents under 18 and a smaller

proportion between 18 and 49. Benton

County's median age of 32.1 is lower

than the state median of 33.1.

23

aCensus designated place (unincorporated).
24

Benton County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Benton County's occupational

profile is similar to the profile for

the State of Washington, as a whole

with the exception of a slightly

higher proportion of workers in

professional specialty occupations

(probably associated with the

presence of Hanford). A growing

proportion of the civilian labor

force is female, as is the case for the

state. In Benton County, this was

due both to an increase in the

number of women in the labor force

and a slight decrease in the number

of men. The educational attainment

profile for Benton County is much

like the state profile.
Benton County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings in Benton

County grew sharply during the

1970s but then entered a

prolonged period of decline, which

began with the recession of the

early 1980s. By 1993, nonfarm

earnings had recovered to

prerecession levels. Property

income and transfers increased in

absolute terms and as proportions

of personal income. Transfers and

property income are a smaller

proportion of personal income in

Benton County, and nonfarm

earnings are a larger proportion

relative to the state. In 1993,

retirement payments were a larger

portion of transfer payments in

Benton County relative to the State

of Washington, and medical

payments were a smaller portion.

25
26

Benton County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The services division in Benton

County is proportionally larger than

in any other county in the state and

dominates the county's economy. The

government enterprises and special

industries division is proportionally

2d largest among all counties.

About 59% of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities. The

top 10 export industries plus Federal

government make up about 90% of the

direct export income. Research,

development, and testing services

associated with local nuclear reactors

dominate the county's export

industries. Benton County is highly

dependent on this industry.
Benton County, Washington

Ben ton County ranked 22d in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

Benton County is a nonforested county

with no non-Federal timberland and

only a small acmount of land

administered by BLM. The county has

no (or negligible) recorded timber

harvest. The U.S. Department of

Energy's Hanford Reservation covers a

substantial portion of the county.

About two-thirds of the land in the

county is in farms, and the largest

proportion of that is cropland. Benton

ranked 3d in the state for the value of

crops sold and 22d for the value of

livestock sold. It is likely that income

from Hanford employment

overshadows the contribution of

agriculture to labor and proprietor

income (shown on the previous page).

The county produces a variety of

crops, including corn, wheat, hops,

mint, and fruit.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

27
28

Chelan County, Washington

Employment and nonfarm labor

income trends in Chelan County

generally resembled those of the

state, though income growth was

slower than for the state during the

last half of the 1980s. Population

growth has been slightly slower than

the state, but generally has followed

the same trend. The impacts of the

recession in the early 1980s were

similar to those in the state. In 1994,

Chelan County's population ranked

18th of the 39 Washington counties.

Per capita income in Chelan County

has been below that of the state since

the late 1970s with little recent

change in the gap. Chelan County

ranked 9th in the state in per capita

income in 1993.

Chelan County is a nonmetropdlitan county in north-central Washington. The county seat, Wenatchee is

on the Columbia River near the southeastern corner of the county. The Wenatchee National Forest covers

much of the county, and Lake Chelan is situated near the northeastern border of the county. The county's

1990 population density of 17.9 persons per suare mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 48%

of the population was rural and 12% of workers commuted outside the county to work, mainly to Douglas

County.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Chelan County, Washington

CheIan County's population has

grown every decade since 1950,

and the county has been growing

rapidly since 1970. Natural

increase (births minus deaths) and

net in-migration contributed

equally to the increase between

1980 and 1990. People of Hispanic

origin make up a larger proportion

of the population in Chelan County

than in the state as whole. Just over

40% of Chelan County's population

resides in the Wenatchee area, and

another 44% live in unincorporated

areas. Wenatchee, like the county,

grew rapidly between 1980 and

1990. Relative to the State of

Washington, a larger proportion of

the county's residents are over 50

and a smaller proportion are

between 18 and 49. The median age

for Chelan County of 35.1 is above

the state median of 33.1.

Census designated place (unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

29
30

Chelan County, Washington

Relative to Washington, Chelan

County has proportionally more

workers in farming and forestry and

fewer in executive, administrative

support, professional, and technical

occupations. The ratio of women to

men in Chelan County's civilian

labor force is close to the ratio for

Washington, and, like the state,

women have become a larger

proportion of the labor force.

Proportionally fewer people in the

county have a college level

education relative to the state as a

whole, and a larger proportion do

not have a high school diploma.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Chelan County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings have grown,

albeit slowly, since 1969 despite

the setbacks of the early 1980s

recession. Property income and

transfers grew in absolute terms

and as proportions of personal

income. Farm income is a larger

share of personal income for the

county relative to the state,

reflecting the importance of the

agriculture sector. Transfers are

also a larger share of personal

income in Chelan County relative

to the state; however, nonfarm

earnings are a smaller component.

The composition of transfer

payments in Chelan County is

similar to that for the State of

Washington.

31
32

Chelan County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Chelan County's economic structure

is similar to the state except for the

agriculture, forestry, and fishing

division. In terms of employment and

income this division is proportionally

about five times greater than the state

average.

Over 53% of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities. The

top 10 export industries plus Federal

government make up about 79% of

the direct export income. The top

export industries include fruits and

primary aluminum. Health services

and tourism, represented by lodging

and eating places, also are important.
Chelan County, Washington

CheIan County is a large county and

ranks 3d in land area of the 39

Washington counties. The Forest

Service and BLM administer 72% of

the land in Chelan County. There is a

small acreage of non-Federal

timberland in the county. The county

ranked 26th in the state in 1994 in

timber harvest, with less than 1% of the

state total. The private harvest dropped

significantly during the early 1980s, as

did the Forest Service harvest. Less

than 10% of the county is in farms;

however the county ranked 5th in the

state for the value of crops sold in

1992. Fruit, especially apples, pears,

and cherries, account for most of the

value of crops sold.

33

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture
34

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income grew

faster than the state as a whole

during the 1970s. The county was

affected more severely than the

state by the 1980s recession, and

postrecession growth,

particularly in nonfarm labor

income, was slower than for the

state. In 1994, Clallam County's

population ranked 16th of the 39

counties. Per capita income in

Clallam County has been

consistently below the state

average, and the gap widened in

the early 1980s. Clallam County

ranked 15 th in the state for per

capita income in 1993.

Clallam County, Washington

Clallam County is a nonmetropolitan county stretching across the northern end of the Olympic Peninsula.

Port Angeles is the county seat and is on the northern coast. U.S, Highway 101 is the major east-west

transportation route. Most of the central area of the county is covered by the Olympic National Forest and

Olympic Nattional Park. The county's 1990 populatipn density of 32.4 persons per square mile: is below the

U.S. average of 70.3. In; 1990, 53% of the population was ruraI and 5% of workers commuted outsidet the

county to work.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Clallam County, Washington

Clallam County has grown in every

decade since 1950. Growth was

particularly rapid between 1970 and

1980, when the county's population

grew by 50%. Growth also has been

rapid during the early 1990s,

exceeding projections for the year

2010. Natural increase (births minus

deaths) and in-migration of those

over 65 contributed equally to the

increase between 1980 and 1990. A

larger proportion of the county's

residents are Native Americans

relative to the state. About one-third

of Clallam County's population

resides in the Port Angeles area, and

over half live in unincorporated

areas. The communities in eastern

Clallam County grew between 1980

and 1990, while Forks in western

Clallam County lost population.

Relative to the State of Washington, a

larger proportion of the county's

residents are over 50. The county's

median age of 38.4 is well above the

state median of 31.I.

a

 Census designated place (unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

35
36

Clallam County, Washington

Clallam County has a larger

proportion of workers in farming,

forestry, and fishing, and other

services, relative to the State of

Washington. The county has

proportionally fewer workers in

executive, administrative, and

professional occupations. Like the

state, women became a larger

proportion of the workforce

between 1980 and 1990. In Clallam

County, this was due to both an

increase in the number of women in

the labor force and a decrease in

the number of men in the labor

force. Proportionally fewer people

in the county have college degrees

relative to the state as a whole.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Clallam County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew during the

1970s but decreased during the

recession of the early 1980s.

Recovery has been slow in Clallam

County, with 1993 nonfarm

earning levels finally reaching

prerecession levels. Property

income and transfers increased in

both absolute and relative terms.

Relative to the state, property

income and transfers make up a

much larger share of personal

income, and nonfarm earnings a

smaller share. Retirement income

accounts for a larger proportion

of transfer payments in Clallam

County than in the State of

Washington.

37
38

Clallam County, Washington

The economic structure of Clallam

County generally resembles that of

the state when the portions of

employment and income in each

division are compared. The

industries that make up each

division (especially the key export

industries) are different.

About 40% of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities.

The top 10 export industries plus

Federal government make up 67%

of the direct export income. The

pulp and paper industries plus

logging and veneer and plywood

dominate this county's economy.

Income from Federal government,

primarily the National Park Service,

is another important component of

the export base.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Clallam County, Washington

Clallam County ranks 20th in land area

of the 39 Washington counties.

Non-Federal timberlands are

significant in the county and account for

about one-half of the land area. The

Forest Service administers an

additional 18% of the land. In 1994,

Clallam County contributed almost 5%

of the timber harvest in the state and

ranked 8th in timber harvest. Private

lands contribute the largest share of the

timber harvest, though harvest from

National Forest and state lands was

significant in the past. In the early

1990s, harvest from all ownerships

dropped sharply.

A small portion of the county is

farmland, and the county ranked 32d in

the state in value of farm products sold

in 1992. Hay, nursery, and greenhouse

crops are the main crops sold. Dairy

products account for over 50% of the

value of livestock-related sales.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

39
40

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income grew at

rates faster than the state during

both the 1970s and 1980s. This

rate has been increasing in

recent years. The county, like the

state was affected by the early

1980s recession, but it has

recovered at a faster rate than

the state as a whole. In 1994,

Clark County ranked 5th in

population of the 39 counties.

Despite the growth in nonfarm

labor income, per capita income

in Clark County has been below

that of the state throughout the

entire period, with little evidence

that the gap is closing. Clark

County ranked I lth in the state

for per capita income in 1993.

Clark County, Washington

Clark County is a metropolitan county and is a part of the Portland-Vancouver Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The county is on the Columbia River in southwest Washington. Vancouver, the county seat, is on the

southern border. Interstates 5 and 205 provide the primary north-south transportation routes. The county's

1990 population density of 379.1 persons per square mile is above the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990,

22% of the population was rural and 36% of workers commuted outside the county to work, primarily to

Multnomah County (the greater Portland area) in Oregon.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Clark County, Washington

Clark County's population has

grown in every decade since 1950.

Population growth since 1960 has

been very rapid, with the pace

slowing some in the 1980s. Both

natural increase (births minus

deaths) and net in-migration

contributed to the increase between

1980 and 1990. Most of the

residents live in a large number of

rapidly growing suburban

communities within commuting

distance of Vancouver or Portland,

Oregon. Over 70% live in

unincorporated areas. Relative to

the State of Washington, a slightly

larger proportion of the county's

residents are under 18. Otherwise

the county's age distribution is very

close to that of the State. The

county's median age of 32.9 is less

than the state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

a

 Census designated place (unincorporated). Percent of population

41
42

Clark County, Washington

The distribution of occupations of

Clark County residents is similar to

the distribution for the State of

Washington. The most significant

differences are that Clark County

has proportionally fewer workers in

professional occupations than the

state and proportionally more in

machine operator occupations. The

county also has a slightly smaller

proportion in farming, forestry, and

fishing occupations. The county

mirrors the state trend of an

increasing proportion of the

workforce being female. Relative to

the state, a larger proportion of the

people in Clark County have some

college but no degree, and a slightly

smaller proportion have college

degrees.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Clark County, Washington

Nonfarm earnings increased

throughout the 1970s and 1980s,

despite a setback from the

recession of the early 1980s. The

components of personal income

are distributed similarly to the

state as a whole. Retirement

income accounts for a slightly

larger share of transfer payments

in Clark County relative to the

state, and medical payments for a

slightly smaller share.

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

43
44

Clark County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The economic structure of Clark

County is influenced by the

Portland-Vancouver metropolitan

area. The region's rapid growth

contributes to a construction division

50% larger than the state average.

Conversely, the agriculture division

proportionally ranks 2d smallest in

income and 3d in employment.

Thirty-eight percent of the labor and

proprietor income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities. The

top 10 export industries plus Federal

government make up over 55% of the

direct export income. The top export

industries include paper mills,

semiconductors, electric utilities

(Bonneville Power Administration),

and primary aluminum. Federal

government, primarily military

(Vancouver Barracks) and Forest

Service, is also an important source

of outside income.
Clark County, Washington

Clark County ranks 35th in land area

of the 39 Washington counties.

One-half of the land area in the county

is non-Federal timberland. Clark

County ranked 19th in timber harvest

in the state in 1994 and contributed a

little over 2% of the statewide timber

harvest in 1994. Most of the harvest is

from private lands, and private harvest

increased substantially during the

1980s. One-fifth of the county's land

area is in farms, with the largest

portion of farmland being cropland.

Nursery and greenhouse crops make

up half of the value of crops sold.

Livestock sales (half of which are dairy

products) account for two-thirds of the

value of farm products sold, but the

total is not large. In 1992, Clark

County ranked 23d in the state for the

value of crops sold and 9th for the

value of dariy products sold.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

45
46

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income in

Columbia County have generally

edged downward or showed little

change for the past two decades.

Columbia County's 1994

population represented less than

one-tenth of 1 percent of

Washington's total, and it ranked

37th of the 39 counties in the

state. Per capita income has

fluctuated widely in the county

because of the importance of

farm income, which is inherently

variable (see Economy and

Income page). The 1993 per

capita income in Columbia

County exceeded the average for

the state and ranked 3d highest

in Washington.

Columbia County, Washington

Columbia County is a nonmetropolitan county in southeastern Washington bordered on the north by the

Snake River and on the south by Oregon. U.S. Highway 12 connects Dayton, the county seat, to Walla

Walla, The Umatilla National Forest covers the southeastern portion of the county. The county's 1990

population density of 4.6 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 100% of the

population was rural and 16% of workers commuted outside the county to work/mostly to Walla Walla

County:

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Columbia County, Washington

Columbia County's population

decreased in every decade between

1950 and 1990. The 1993

population estimate and

projections indicate that the

decline may have halted and slow

growth is beginning. The

population decline between 1980

and 1990 was due to net

out-migration by those over 65.

The county has a higher proportion

of people of Hispanic origin

relative to the state. Over half of

the people in the county reside in

Dayton and a third live in

unincorporated areas. Dayton, like

Columbia County, lost population

between 1980 and 1990. Relative

to the State of Washington, a

larger proportion of the county's

residents are over 50. The median

age in Columbia County of 39 is

well above the state median of

33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

47
48

Columbia County, Washington

Columbia County has a much larger

proportion of workers in farming,

forestry, and fishing occupations as

well as a higher proprtion in

machine operator occupations

relative to the state. The county has

a smaller proportion in

administrative, professional sales,

and precision production

occupations. The ratio of women to

men in the workforce is less in the

county than in the state, but, like the

state, the ratio is increasing over

time. Proportionally fewer people in

Columbia County have a college

level education relative to the state

as a whole, and a larger share have

less than a 9th grade education.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Columbia County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Farm income is of great

importance to the county, and it

accounted for one-third of

personal income in 1993. Farm

income was particularly large in

the first half of the 1970s.

Nonfarm earnings have trended

gradually downward since 1969,

with little response to national

business cycles. Property income

and transfers have gradually

increased, with transfers becoming

a much larger share of personal

income than it was in 1969. It is

also a larger share relative to the

state. Compared to the state,

medical payments make up a

slightly larger proportion of

transfer payments in Columbia

County.

49
50

Columbia County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The economic structure of Columbia

County provides several contrasts. It

has proportionally the 2d largest

manufacturing division in the state, the

smallest finance division, and the 2d

smallest construction division in

employment. The proportion of

employment in manufacturing in

Columbia County is almost twice that

of the state; however, manufacturing

income is only 40% larger owing to

lower wage canning jobs. In income,

the services division is proportionally

4th smallest among the counties.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for 68% of the

income. Ten industries and Federal

government are responsible for 90% of

the direct export income, thereby

indicating little diversity among the

exporting industries. The canned

fruits and vegetables industry

dominates the export base of this

county.
Columbia County, Washington

Columbia County ranks 31st in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

The Forest Service administers 29%

of the land in the county. An

additional 9% of the county is

non-Federal timberland. In 1994,

Columbia County ranked 27th in

timber harvest in the state. Private

lands and National Forests contribute

equally to the annual timber harvest.

More than one-half of the county is

farmland, with cropland being the

largest component. Farm size is much

larger than the average for the state.

Crop sales are the largest share of

farm products sold, with wheat being

the primary crop. In 1992 Columbia

County ranked 21 st in the state for the

value of crops sold and 35th for the

value of livestock sold.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

51
52

Cowlitz County, Washington

Cowlitz County is a nonmetropolitan county in southwest Washington on the Columbia River Interstate 5,

the major north-south transportation route, passes through the county seat, Ketso. Nearby Longview is a

major port on the Columbia. The county's 1990 population density of 72,1 persons per square mile is

above the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 30% of the population was rural and 11% of workers commuted

outside the county to work, principally to Clark and Columbia Counties.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income growth in

Cowlitz County fell below state

averages during the late 1970s and

early 1980s recession. The recovery

started later and was at a slower rate

than for the state as a whole. The lack

of recovery is due in part to the

destruction of manufacturing capacity

by flooding after the eruption of

Mount Saint Helens. Cowlitz County

ranked 12th in population in 1994 for

the 39 counties in the state. Per

capita income in Cowlitz County has

been below the state average for

almost all of the past two decades and

the gap appears to be widening.

Cowlitz County ranked 18th in the

state for per capita income in 1993.
Cowlitz County, Washington

Cowlitz County's population has

grown in every decade since 1950.

Growth rates were fastest during

the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1990s.

Growth between 1980 and 1990

was due to natural increase (births

minus deaths) that more than offset

net out-migration by those under

65. About half of Cowlitz County's

residents live in the adjacent

communities of Longview and

Kelso, and another 40% live in

unincorporated areas. Relative to

the State of Washington, a smaller

proportion of the county's residents

are between 18 and 49. The

county's median age of 34.2 is

above the state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

a

 Census designated place (unincorporated).

b

 City or town in more than one county-see

appendix C.

53
54

Cowlitz County, Washington

Cowlitz County has a larger

proportion of workers in precision

production, machine operator, and

transportation occupations relative

to the state. The county has a

smaller proportion of workers in the

executive, administrative, and

professional occupations. In

Cowlitz County, like the state, the

ratio of women to men in the

workforce increased between 1980

and 1990, though this ratio remains

lower in the county than the state.

Proportionally fewer people in the

county have bachelor's or graduate

college degrees relative to the state

as a whole.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Cowlitz County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings in Cowlitz

County grew through the 1970s,

decreased during the recession of

the early 1980s, and only recently

recovered to prerecession levels.

Transfers and property income

have grown in absolute terms and

as proportions of total personal

income. Transfers account for a

larger proportion of personal

income in the county relative to

the state, and nonfarm earnings

for a smaller proportion. Medical

and income maintenance payments

are a slightly larger proportion of

transfers for the county than for

the state, and retirement payments

are smaller.

55
56

Cowlitz County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Cowlitz County of all Washington

counties has the largest

manufacturing division proportionally

in both employment and income.

Manufacturing is almost two times

greater than the state average. In

contrast, Cowlitz County is 30% to

60% below the state averages in the

proportion of employment and income

derived from agriculture and finance.

Fifty-eight percent of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities. The

top 10 export industries plus Federal

government make up over 69% of the

direct export income. The top export

industries include paper and paper

board processing and wood products

manufacturing. Primary aluminum

and associated industries also are key

components of the export base.
Cowlitz County, Washington

Cowlitz County ranks 28th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

Less than 5% of the land in the county

is administered by the Forest Service.

Non-Federal timberlands account for

more than 80% of the land in the

county. Timber harvest in Cowlitz

County was more than 7% of the state

total in 1994, and the county ranked

3d in the state in timber harvest. Most

of the harvest comes from privately

owned lands. The private harvest has

experienced a downward trend since

the mid-1970s. Only 5% of the land in

the county is farmland and the total

value of farm products sold is

correspondingly low. In 1992, Cowlitz

County ranked 24th in the state for the

value of crops sold and 23d for the

value of livestock sold (half of which

is poultry).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

57
58

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income growth in

Douglas County generally have been

increasing but with patterns

different from those for the state.

Except for nonfarm labor income,

the county does not seem to have

been affected by the early 1980s

recession. The significant drop in

employment in the early 1990s

reflects a conversion in the the

agriculture industry from

labor-intensive cattle grazing to

grain production. Douglas County

ranked 26th in population in 1994 of

the 39 counties in the state. Per

capita income has changed little

since the 1970s and is below the

state average. The fluctuation in per

capita income results from the

variability of farm income. Douglas

County ranked 32d for per capita

income in the state in 1993.

Douglas County, Washington

Douglas County; is a nonmetropolitan county just east of the Columbia River in central Washington.

Waterville is the county seat. Four dams are in the county, including Grand Coulee Dam. The county's

1990 population density of 14.4 persons per square mile is befow the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 42%

of the population was rural and 57% of workers commuted outside the county to work, primarily to

Wenatchee in Chelah County,

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Douglas County, Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Douglas County's population has

had fast rates of growth in every

decade since 1950, except during

the 1960s. Net in-migration and

natural increase (births minus

deaths) contributed equally to the

increase between 1980 and 1990.

The county has a higher proportion

of people of Hispanic origin

relative to the state. About half of

the county's residents live in East

Wenatchee area communities.

Three-quarters of the population

live in unincorporated areas.

Relative to the State of

Washington, a smaller proportion

of Douglas County's population is

between 18 and 49. Douglas

County's median age of 33.5 is very

close to the state median of 33.1.

a

 Census designated place (unincorporated).

59
60

Douglas County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Relative to the state, proportionally

more workers in Douglas County

are in farming and forestry and

transportation occupations, and

fewer are in executive,

administrative, and profess ional

occupations. The increasing ratio of

women to men in the workforce that

is occurring in the state as a whole

is also occurring in Douglas

County. The proportion of people in

the county who have a college level

education is lower than in the State

of Washington and the proportion

with less than a 9th grade education

is greater.
Douglas County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings have generally

increased since 1969 despite a

setback due to the recession of the

early 1980s. Transfers and

property income have increased in

absolute terms and as a

proportion of personal income.

Farm income and transfers make

up a larger proportion of personal

income in Douglas County relative

to the state. Retirement payments

account for a larger share of

transfer payments relative to the

State of Washington, and medical

payments a smaller share.

61
62

Douglas County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The agriculture division is a key

component of Douglas County's

economic structure. The county has

the largest agriculture division in

terms of income, and the 2d largest in

employment, compared to proportions

in other counties. Conversely, the

portion in manufacturing is 90% less

than the state average.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for over 55% of

the income. Ten industries and

Federal government are responsible

for 93% of the direct export income,

thereby indicating little diversity in

the export base. Fruits, mainly apples

and pears, dominate the export

industries. Grand Coulee Dam

supports export income in the electric

utility industries.
Douglas County, Washington

Douglas County ranks 17th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

There is very little timberland in

Douglas County, and lands

administered by the Forest Service and

BLM total less than 4% of the county.

Consequently, there also is very little

timber harvest in the county, and in

1994, Douglas County ranked last of

the 35 Washington counties reporting

any timber harvest. Most of the county

is in forms, with cropland making up

60% of farmland and most of the

remainder in pasture or range. Crop

sales provide most of the value of farm

products sold, and in 1992, the county

ranked 10th in the state for value of

crops sold and 28th in livestock sales.

Nearly 80% of the 1992 value of crops

sold was from fruits and nuts

(especially apples).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

63
64

Ferry County, Washington

Ferry County is a nonmetropolitan county in northeastern Washington on the Canadian border. Franklin

Roosevelt Lake makes up its southern and eastern borders. Republic is the county seat. The lower half of

the county is in the Colville Indian Reservation, and the Colville National Forest: covers much of the upper

half. The county's 1990 populatio n density of 2.9 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of

70,3. In 1990, 100% of the population was rural and 16% of workers commuted outside the county to

work, mainly to Okanogan and Stevens Counties.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income growth rates

in Ferry County were higher during

the 1970s than those for the state

and then similar to the state after

the early 1980s recession. Ferry

County incurred greater declines in

employment and nonfarm labor

income during this recession. The

county ranked 36th in population in

1994 of the 39 Washington counties.

Per capita income in the county has

been well below the state average

with little change in this gap in spite

of an upward trend after the 1980s

recession. Ferry County had the

lowest per capita income of any

county in Washington in 1993.
Ferry County, Washington

Ferry County's population decreased

between 1950 and 1970 but has been

growing since then. The fastest

periods of growth were during the

1970s and early 1990s. In fact, the

1993 estimated population is greater

than the projected population for

2000. Almost all the increase between

1980 and 1990 was due to natural

increase (births minus deaths). Ferry

County is predominantly a rural

county with no communities having

over 1,000 residents and 85% of the

population living in unincorporated

areas. About one-forth of Ferry

County's residents live within the

boundaries of the Colville

Reservation. Relative to the State of

Washington, a smaller proportion of

the county's residents are between 18

and 49. The county's median age of

32.8 is very close to the state median

of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Census designated place (unincorporated).

65
66

Ferry County, Washington

Ferry County has proportionally

more workers in farming and

forestry, precision production, and

transportation occupations relative

to the state. The ratio of women to

men in the labor force is below the

ratio for the State of Washington,

but the ratio increased between

1980 and 1990. Relative to the

state, Ferry County has a lower

proportion of people with a college

level education.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Ferry County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew during the

1970s and 1980s despite a setback

from the recession of the early

1980s. Property and especially

transfer income grew in absolute

terms and as proportions of

personal income. Transfers and

farm income account for much

larger shares of personal income

in Ferry County than in the state

as a whole, and the nonfarm

earnings portion is smaller. In

1993, medical payments, income

maintenance, and unemployment

payments accounted for a greater

proportion of transfer payments in

Ferry County than in the state.

Retirement payments are a smaller

proportion in the county.

67
68

Ferry County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Mining differentiates Ferry County's

economic structure from all other

counties in the state. Over one-fourth of

the county's income is derived from the

mining of gold ores. In contrast, the

services and construction divisions in

this county are proportionately 2d

smallest in the state, and the finance and

trade divisions are the smallest in

income.

Over 62% of the labor and proprietary

income is derived from direct or indirect

sale of goods and services to

out-of-county entities. The top 10 export

industries plus Federal government

make up 94% of the direct export

income, thereby indicating little

diversity in the export base. Gold ores

and wood products are the leading

export industries. Federal government,

including the Forest Service and the

Bureau of Indian Affairs, also is an

important source of outside income.
Ferry County, Washington

Ferry County ranks 9 th in land area of

the 39 counties in Washington.

One-third of the land is administered

by the Forest Service or BLM.

Nonindustrial private timberlands

account for 38% of the county's land

area and provide the biggest share of

the timber harvest. In 1994, Ferry

County ranked 23d in the state for

timber harvest. Timber harvest from

both private and public lands appears

to be quite cyclical. One-half the land

in the county is farmland, but most of

this is woodland (and may also be

counted as part of the non-Federal

timberland above). Farms are much

larger than the average for the state.

The total value of farm products sold

is small, and in 1992, Ferry County

ranked 34th in the state for the value

of crops sold and 31st for the value of

livestock sold (mostly cattle).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

69
70

Franklin County, Washington

Franklin County is a metropolitan county in southeastern Washington county seat, Pasco one of the

Tri-Cities) is situated at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake Rivers, which make up the western

and southern borders of the county respectively, the county's 1990 population density of 30.2 persons

per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1993, 27% of the population was rural and 39% of

workers commuted outside the county to work, mostly to Benton County.

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income generally

grew at faster rates than the state

during the 1970s. The early

1980s recession had a greater

impact on the county than the

state, and the county's recovery

started later. In 1994, Franklin

County ranked 21st in population

of the 39 Washington counties.

Per capita income has been

below that of the state since the

late 1970s and the gap widened

substantially during the first half

of the 1980s. Franklin County

ranked 28th in the state for per

capita income in 1993.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Franklin County, Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Franklin County's population has

grown every decade since 1950, with

particularly rapid growth in the

1950s, 1970s, and early 1990s. The

increase between 1980 and 1990 was

due to natural increase (births minus

deaths), which more than offset net

out-migration. Almost a third of the

population is of Hispanic origin.

About two-thirds of the county's

population resides in the adjacent

communities of Pasco and West

Pasco, and about 40% live in

unincorporated areas. Relative to the

State of Washington, a larger

proportion of the county's residents

are under 18 and a smaller proportion

are over 25. Franklin County's median

age of 28. 7 is well below the median

for the State of 33.1.

Census designated place (unincorporated).

71
72

Franklin County, Washington

One-fifth of Franklin County

residents work in farming and

forestry occupations (mostly

farming). Relative to the State of

Washington, the county also has a

lower proportion of workers in

executive, administrative,

professional, and sales

occupations. The county mirrors

the state trend of an increasing

proportion of the workforce being

female, but the proportion is

smaller than for the state as a

whole. The proportion of people in

Franklin County who have a

college level education is below the

proportion for the state, and a

larger proportion have less than a

9th grade education.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Franklin County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings increased

during the 1970s but decreased

during the recession of the early

1980s and have not yet fully

recovered. Transfers and property

income grew in absolute terms and

as a proportion of personal

income since 1969. Farm income

and transfers are a significantly

larger proportion of personal

income in the county relative to the

state, and nonfarm earnings are a

smaller proportion. Farm income

seems to be less volatile than in

many counties. In 1993, medical

payments, income maintenance,

and unemployment compensation

accounted for a much larger share

of transfer payments in the county

relative to the state. Retirement

payments are a smaller proportion

of transfer payments in Franklin

County.

73
74

Franklin County, Washington

Franklin County has the 2d largest

proportion of income derived from

the transportation, communication,

and utilities division in the state.

However, the proportion in the

manufacturing division, relative to

income, is 50% less than the state

average.

Fifty-three percent of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities.

The top 10 export industries plus

Federal government make up 81% of

the direct export income. Vegetables,

food processing, and railroads are

the leading income-generating

export industries. The U.S. Postal

Service located in Pasco is the key

mail processing facility for the entire

Tri-City area.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Franklin County, Washington

Franklin County ranks 27 th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

Franklin County is a nontimber

county with no non-Federal

timberland and no recorded timber

harvest. There is a very small acreage

of land administered by BLM. Most of

the county is farmland, and most of

that is cropland. Farm income is very

important to Franklin County (see

previous two pages). Three-quarters

of the value of farm product sales is

from crops, and a variety of crops are

grown, including wheat, hay, fruits,

and vegetables. In 1992, the county

ranked 4th in the state for value of

crops sold and 12th for the value of

livestock sold.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

75
76

Garfield County, Washington

Garfield County is a nonmetropolitan county in southeastern Washington. The Snake River forms its

northern boundary. U.S. Highway 12 connects Pomeroy, the county seat, to Lewiston Idaho. Umatiila

National Forest lands covers most of the county's southern area. The county's 1990 population density of

3.2 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 100% of the population was rural

and 12% of Workers commuted outside the county to vvork, mostly to Nez Perce County, Idaho.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income have

trended downward in Garfield

County. The brief boom in the

early 1970s was associated with

construction of Lower Granite

Dam. There is no indication that

periods of recession or recovery

have had an impact on the county

since that time. Garfield County's

1994 population ranked smallest

among the 39 Washington

counties. Per capita income in

Garfield County has been at or

above the state average through

the period, with wide fluctuation

because of dam construction and

variability in farm income.

Garfield County ranked 4th in the

state for per capita income in

1993.
Garfield County, Washington

Garfield County lost population in

each decade between 1950 and

1990. Current estimates indicate

that the decrease may have halted.

The decrease between 1980 and

1990 was due to a relatively large

out-migration by those under 65.

Over half of the people in the

county reside in the community of

Pomeroy and the rest in

unincorporated areas. Population

declines in Pomeroy between 1980

and 1990 exceeded those for the

county as a whole, indicating that

other parts of the county gained

population during this period.

Relative to the State of

Washington, a larger proportion of

the county's residents are over 50.

Garfield County's median age of

41.1 is well above the state median

of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

77
78

GarfieId County, Washington

Almost a quarter of the workers in

Garfield County are in farming and

forestry occupations (primarily

farming). The proportion in

executive, administrative,

professional, technical, and sales

occupations is lower than the state,

and the proportion in transportation

occupations is higher than for the

state. There was a large increase in

the ratio of women to men in the

labor force in Garfield County

between 1980 and 1990. This was a

result of an increase in the number of

women in the labor force and a

decrease in the number of men. The

proportion of people in Garfield

County with a high school education

or above is similar to the state.

However, a smaller proportion of the

people in the county have bachelor's

or graduate degrees relative to the

state as a whole, and a larger share

have associate degrees.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Garfield County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Farm income, although volatile, is

important to Garfield County. It

accounted for about a quarter of total

personal income in 1993. Except for a

brief spike in the early 1970s,

nonfarm earnings have trended

gradually down. Property income and

transfers have increased in both

absolute and relative terms, and both

are a much greater proportion of

personal income in the county than in

the state as a whole. Nonfarm

earnings are less than one-half the

proportion for the state. Medical

payments and retirement are larger

shares of transfer payments in

Garfield County than in the State of

Washington.

79
80

Garfield County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

In Garfield County, the government

and agriculture divisions dominate the

economic structure. Combined, the two

divisions generate two-thirds of the

county's income. In contrast,

manufacturing in this county is 90% less

than the state proportion. The

construction, transportation, and trade

divisions rank smallest or 2d smallest

proportionally in income and

employment. The services division

proportionally ranks smallest in

employment.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals outside

the county plus Federal government

account for 56% of the income. Ten

industries and Federal government are

responsible for 85% of the direct export

income, thereby indicating little

diversity in the export base. Federal

employment, with the Army Corps of

Engineers and the Forest Service, and

grain production generate most of the

export income in this county.
Garfield County, Washington

Garfield County ranks 33d in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

One-fifth of the land in the county is

administered by the Forest Service,

and there is a small acreage of private

timberland. In 1994, the county

ranked 32d in the state of the 35

counties reporting timber harvest.

More than three-fourths of the

county's land area is farmland, about

two-thirds of which is cropland, and

agriculture is an important source of

income (see previous two pages).

Crop sales account for the largest

share of the value of farm products

sold, and most of that came from

wheat. The county ranked 22d in the

state for value of crops sold in 1992.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

81
82

Grant County, Washington

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income generally

grew faster than the state in the

1970s. Compared to the state, the

county experienced greater

economic declines during the 1980s

recession and a slower recovery.

Grant County's 1994 population

ranked 17th in Washington of the

39 counties. Per capita income has

been below the state average since

the mid 1970s. Fluctuations in farm

income are the cause of the

variability in annual per capita

income. In 1993, Grant County

ranked 31st in per capita income in

the state.

Grant County is a nonmetropolitan county in the central part of the state; Ephrata, the bounty seat, is 20

miles northeast Interstate 90 which runs east-west through tne county. Potholes Reservoir is an

extensive water body in the southern part of the county. The county's 1990 population density of 20.5

persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1.990, 56% of the popuulation was rural and

7% of workers commuted outside the county to work.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Grant County, Washington

Grant County's population grew

in every decade since 1950 except

during the 1960s. The fastest

periods of growth were the 1950s

and early 1990s. The increase

between 1980 and 1990 was due

to natural increase (births minus

deaths) and a small amount of net

in-migration. A larger share of the

county's residents are of Hispanic

origin compared with the state as

a whole. The county's population

is dispersed throughout the county

in many small communities, and

almost half the residents live in

unincorporated areas. Relative to

the State of Washington, a smaller

proportion of the residents are

between 18 and 49. Grant

County's median age of 31.9 is

below the state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

83

3

 Census designated place (unincorporated).
84

Grant County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Relative to the state, Grant County

has a much higher proportion of

workers in farming and forestry

occupations and a smaller

proportion of workers in executive,

administrative, professional

technical, and sales occupations.

Like the state, the county's ratio of

women to men in the labor force is

increasing, though this ratio

remains lower for the county.

Proportionally fewer people in

Grant County have college level

educations relative to the state as a

whole, and a larger proportion do

not have a high school diploma.
Grant County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew during the

1970s but fell during the recession

of the early 1980s and only

recently recovered to prerecession

levels. Transfers and property

income grew in absolute terms and

as proportions of personal income.

Farm income has been variable

over the period, but remains an

important source of income for the

county's residents. Transfers and

farm income comprise significantly

greater portions of personal

income in Grant County than in the

state. Conversely, the nonfarm

income portion is smaller. Income

maintenance and medical payments

account for a larger proportion of

transfer payments in Grant County

than in the state.

85
86

Grant County, Washington

The agricultural division of Grant

County is six times greater than the

state proportion for income. Grant

County's government enterprises

division ranks 1st in income and 3d in

employment when compared

proportionally to the other counties.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for 55% of the

income. Ten industries and Federal

government are responsible for over

81% of the direct export income.

Industries associated with growing

and processing fruits and vegetables

generate most of the export income.

Grand Coulee Dam electricity

generation also supports electric

utilities and nonferrous (aluminum)

metal production.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Grant County, Washington

Grant County ranks 4th in land area

of the 39 Washington counties. Grant

County is a non-timber county with no

non-Federal timberland, a small area

managed by BLM, and no recorded

timber harvest. Farmland accounts for

almost two-thirds of the land in the

county and farm income is very

significant (see previous two pages). A

large share of farmland is cropland,

and crops account for the largest

portion of the value of farm products

sold. A variety of crops are grown,

including wheat, hay, fruits,

vegetables, and mint. Fhe county

ranked 2d in the state for value of

crops sold in 1992 and 3d for the

value of livestock sold (mostly cattle).

Natural Resources: Forests, Ranqe, and Agriculture

87
88

Grays Harbor County, Washington

Grays Harbor County is a nonmetropotitan county in western Washington on the Pacific Ocean.

Montesano, the county seat, is 10 miles east of Aberdeen, which is a port and the largest incorporated

area in the county. The Quinault Indian Reservation and Olympic National Forest cover the northern part of

the county. The county's 1990 population density of 33,5 persons per square mile Below the U.S.

average of 70.3.In 1990, 47% of the population was rural and 10% of workers commuted outside the

county to work, mainly to Thurston County (probably Olympia)

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income in Grays

Harbor County increased

throughout the 1970s and then

decreased to early 1970s levels

during the early 1980s recession.

There is little to indicate any

recovery from this period. Grays

Harbor County ranked Nth in

population in 1994 of the 39

Washington counties. Per capita

income declined during the early

1980s and has not increased

markedly since. Consequently there

has been a widening gap with the

rising state per capita income.

Grays Harbor County ranked 26th

in the state for per capita income in

1993.
Grays Harbor County, Washington

Gray's Harbor County grew slowly

but steadily between 1950 and 1980.

Between 1980 and 1990, a large

out-migration of those under 65 led

to a decline in population. The 1993

population estimates indicate that a

slow rate of population growth has

resumed, and projections indicate it

is expected to continue. About

one-half of the county's residents

live in Aberdeen and Hoquiam and

adjacent communities, and about

40% live in unincorporated areas.

About 1,500 of the county's residents

live within the Chehalis and

Quinault Reservations. Relative to

the State of Washington, a smaller

proportion of the county's residents

are between 18 and 49. Grays

Harbor County's median age of 35.4

is above the state median of 33.1.

3

 Census designated place

(unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

89
90

Grays Harbor County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Grays Harbor County has a larger

proportion of workers in farming,

forestry, and fishing, machine

operator, and transportation

occupations relative to the state. The

county has a smaller proportion in

executive, administrative,

professional, technical, and sales

occupations. Like the state, the

proportion of women in the

workforce in the county increased

between 1980 and 1990. In the

county, this was due to a decrease in

the number of men in the labor force

and, to a lesser degree, an increase

in the number of women in the labor

force. Relative to the State of

Washington, proportionally fe wer

people in Grays Harbor County have

college level educations, and

proportionally more have not

graduated from high school.
Grays Harbor County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew until the

recession of the early 1980s

(except during the national

recession in the mid-1970s). The

1980s recession spawned a period

of falling earnings from which

there has been little recovery.

Property income and transfers

grew in both absolute and relative

terms. Transfers account for a

much larger share of personal

income in Grays Harbor County

than in the State of Washington,

and nonfarm earnings are

correspondingly smaller. Income

maintenance and medical

payments are a larger proportion

of transfer payments in the county

relative to the state.

91
92

Grays Harbor County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The economic structure of Grays

Harbor County generally resembles

that of the state. The manufacturing

division is 6th largest in the state in

employment, when compared

proportionally to the other counties,

and provides one-fourth of the

county's income.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for about 48% of

the income. Ten industries and

Federal government are responsible

for 65% of the direct export income.

The key export income-generating

industries in Grays Harbor County

are associated with harvesting and

manufacturing of wood and paper

products. These include six of the top

industries. Commercial fishing is

another important source of export

income.
Grays Harbor County, Washington

Grays Harbor County ranks 15th in

land area of the 39 Washington

counties. Private timberlands are very

significant in Grays Harbor County,

making up about two-thirds of the

county's land area. Lands managed by

the Forest Service account for an

additional 11% of the county. In 1994,

Grays Harbor County provided 10.5%

of the timber in Washington and ranked

1st in the amount of timber produced.

Most of the timber is produced from

private lands. The harvest from

National Forests has declined since

1988, but the decline in private harvest

has been even greater.

Less than 4% of the county is farmland.

In 1992, Grays Harbor County ranked

28th in the state for the value of crops

sold (mostly fruits, nuts, berries, and

vegetables), 18th for the value of

livestock sold, and 11th for the value of

dairy products sold.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

93
94

Island County, Washington

Island County is a metropolitan county along Puget Sound in northwestern Washington. The county seat,

Coupeville, is on Whidbey Island, which is the county's primary land mass. A: bridge at the north end provides

access to the mainland, and ferries farther south provide service to the Olympic Peninsula and Everett. A U.S.

Naval Air Station is located on the northern part of the island. The county's 1990 population density of 288.6

persons per square mile is above the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 65% of the population was rural and

24% of workers commuted outside the county to work; primarily to Snohomish, Skagit and King Counties.

Employment and nonfarm labor

income in Island County have

grown at or above the state

average for much of the past two

decades, and the population

growth rate has been much

greater than that of the state. The

county, like the state, incurred

economic declines due to the

early 1980s recession; however,

the county recovered more

quickly. In 1994, Island County

ranked 13th in population of the

39 Washington counties. Per

capita income in the county has

consistently been below the state

and the gap is increasing. Island

County ranked 23d in the state for

per capita income in 1993.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Island County, Washington

Island County's population has

grown rapidly in every decade since

1950. Natural increase (births

minus deaths) and substantial

in-migration contributed to the

increase between 1980 and 1990.

Population growth at a reduced

pace is projected to continue. Oak

Harbor, the largest community in

Island County, has just over 28

percent of the county's population.

Two-thirds of the residents live in

unincorporated areas. The age

structure of the county is very close

to the age structure of the state as a

whole. Island County's median age

of 32.2 is close to the state median

of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Census designated place (unincorporated).

95
96

Island County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

The occupational profile for Island

County is similar to the profile for

the State of Washington. The most

significant difference is that the

county has proportionally more

workers in precision production,

craft, and repair occupations and a

slightly larger proportion in other

services. The ratio of women to men

in the workforce in Island County is

well above the ratio for the state.

Both the number of men and the

number of women in the labor force

increased between 1980 and 1990,

leaving the gender ratio nearly

unchanged during this period. The

educational attainment profile for

Island County is much like the

profile for the state. The county has

a slightly smaller proportion of

people over 25 who do not have a

high school diploma.
Island County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew through

the 1970s and 1980s with slight

slowdowns during national

recessions. Both property income

and transfers grew in absolute

terms and as proportions of

personal income. Both account for

a larger share of personal income

in Island County relative to the

state, and nonfarm earnings for a

smaller share. Retirement payments

are a much greater proportion of

transfer payments in Island County

than in the State of Washington.

97
98

The government division (military—

Whidbey Island Naval Air Station)

dominates the economic structure of

Island County. Over 60% of the

county's labor and proprietary

income and over 40% of the

employment is associated with this

division. All other divisions, except

employment in construction, trade,

and services, are dwarfed by the

government division.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for over 66% of

the income. Ten industries and

Federal government generate about

95% of the direct export income,

thereby showing little diversity in the

export base and the rest of the

economy. Federal government

(military) is the primary component

of this county's economy.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Island County, Washington
Island County, Washington

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

Island County is a small county,

ranking 38th in land area of the 39

Washington counties. Non-Federal

timberland is 55% of the land in the

county. There is very little land

administered by BLM or the Forest

Service. The timber harvest is small,

and in 1994, the county ranked 28th in

the state in timber production. Almost

all the timber produced in the county

comes from private lands. About 15%

of the county is farmland, and most of

that is cropland. Nursery and

greenhouse crops and hay account for

much of the value of crops sold. In

1994, Island County ranked 25th in

the state for the value of livestock

products sold and 15th for the value of

dairy products sold.

99
100

Jefferson County, Washington

Jefferson County is a nohmetropolitan county stretching across the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington; Port Townsend, on Puget Sound in the county's northeast corner, is the county seat The mountains of

Olympic National Park dominate most of the central area of the county, th e county is split into a populated

eastern section arid a remote: rural western section. The county's 1990 population density of 11.1 persons

per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 52% of the population was rural and 17% of

workers commuted outside the county to work, primarily to Kitsap, Clallam, and King Counties.

Population and employment have

grown faster in Jefferson County

than in the state throughout much

of the last two decades. Nonfarm

labor income has increased at a

rate very close to that of the state.

Impacts from the recession of the

early 1980s in Jefferson County

were similar to the impacts in the

stale. In 1994, Jefferson County

ranked 27 th in population of the

39 counties in the state. Per

capita income has been below the

state average throughout the

period. Jefferson County ranked

13th in the state in per capita

income in 1993.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Jefferson County, Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Jefferson County's population

declined between 1950 and I960 but

has grown steadily since that time.

The rate of growth in the early 1990s

has been particularly fast (over 5%

per year). Relatively large net

in-migration as well as natural

increase (births minus deaths)

contributed to the growth between

1980 and 1990. Port Towns end is the

largest and only incorporated

community in Jefferson County, and

its residents account for one-third of

the county's population. The Hoh and

Quinault Reservations are home to

275 of the county's residents.

Relative to the State of Washington, a

larger proportion of the county's

residents are over 50. Tthe county's

median age of 41.1 is well above the

state median of 33.1.

Census designated place (unincorporated).

10 20 30 40

Percent of population

50

101
102

Jefferson County, Washington

Proportionally more workers in

Jefferson County are in precision

production, craft, and repair and

machine operator occupations

relative to the state. Proportionally

fewer are in administrative support

occupations. Otherwise, the

occupational distribution looks

much like that for the state. The

county mirrors the state trend of an

increasing proportion of the

workforce being female. The

educational attainment profile for

Jefferson County is very similar to

the profde for Washington as a

whole.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Jefferson County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew slowly

throughout the period except

during the recession of the early

1980s. Transfers and property

income grew in absolute terms and

as proportions of personal income.

Both account for a significantly

larger share of personal income in

Jefferson County than in the State

of Washington, which is consistent

with the older age structure of the

county (see population page).

Retirement payments are a larger

proportion of transfer payments in

Jefferson County than in the state

as whole.

103
104

Jefferson County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The economic structure of Jefferson

County generally resembles that of the

state. One exception is Jefferson

County's construction division, which

ranks 2d largest among all other

counties in employment and 5th in

income. Similar to the state, services is

the largest division, providing over

20% of the county's income and 30% of

the total employment.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for 45% of the

labor and proprietor income. Ten

industries and Federal government are

responsible for over 80% of the direct

export income. Paper mills,

commercial fishing, boat building and

repair, and tourism associated with

lodging and eating places are the

leading export income generating

industries. Federal expenditures by

several nonmilitary agencies is another

important component of the export

base.
Jefferson County, Washington

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

Jefferson County ranks 18th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

One-third of the county is non-Federal

timberland. An additional 14% of the

land in the county is administered by

the Forest Service. Just over 2% of the

timber harvested in 1994 in

Washington came from Jefferson

County, and the county ranked 18th in

the state in timber production.

Historically, much of the harvest came

from state and private lands. In the late

1980s, harvest from all ownerships

dropped substantially.

The total acreage in farms in Jefferson

County is very small, and the average

size of farms also is small relative to

the state average. Jefferson County

ranked 35th in the state in total value

of farm products sold in 1992.

105
106

King County, Washington

King County is a metropolitan county located on the east side of Puget Sound, which gives it important

shipping access. The county seat is Seattle the largest city in the state and the home of the University of

Washington. Interstates 5 and 90 are key transportation routes, moving goods and people north, south and

east. The county's 1990 population density of 709.0 persons per square mile is substantially above the U.S.

average of 70.3. In 1990, 6% of the population was rural and 7% of workers commuted outside the county

to work.

Employment and nonfarm labor

income trends in King County were

very similar to those of the state. The

effects of the early 1980s recession

also were similar to the decline and

subsequent recovery in the state.

Population growth rates have at times

been slightly less than statewide rates,

but the absolute magnitude of change

is substantial. In 1994 King County

had 30 percent of Washington's

population and ranked 1st of the 39

counties by a wide margin. King

County is one of the few counties with

a per capita income that has

consistently exceeded that of the state

and the margin is increasing. The

county ranked 1st in the state in per

capita income in 1993.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
King County, Washington

King County's population has grown

in every decade since 1950. The rate

of growth was fastest during the

1950s and 1960s. Substantial net

in-migration by those under 65 and

natural increase (births minus

deaths) contributed to the increase

between 1980 and 1990. King

County, which includes Seattle and

numerous suburban communities, is

by far the most populous county in

Washington with more than 30% of

the state's population. The county

has a higher proportion of Blacks

and Asian and Pacific Islanders

relative to the state. The age

structure of the population

resembles that of the state, and the

county's median age of 33.7 is close

to the state median of 33.1.

a

 Partial list due to space constraints-see

appendix D for complete list.

b

 Census designated place (unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

107
108

King County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Relative to the state, King County

has proportionally more workers in

executive, administrative, and

professional occupations and fewer

workers in farming, forestry, and

fishing. The occupational profile

reflects King County's role as a

metropolitan center. Like the state,

the ratio of women to men in the

workforce increased between 1980

and 1990. Proportionally more

people in King County have a

bachelor's or graduate degree as

compared to the state as a whole. A

slightly smaller proportion do not

have a high school diploma.
King County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew in King

County throughout the period, with

a slowdown in the early 1980s

because of the recession. Property

income and transfers grew

throughout the period, becoming

slightly larger proportions of

personal income since 1969.

Relative to the state as a whole,

transfers are a smaller proportion

of personal income and nonfarm

earnings a larger proportion in

King County. The composition of

transfer payments is similar to the

state.

109
110

King County, Washington

The economic structure of King

County is representative of a

metropolitan area. The agriculture

division in King County is less than

one-third of the state average and

ranks 2d smallest proportionally

among all counties in employment.

King County has the largest

proportion of its economic structure

in the finance division compared to all

other counties. Trade ranks 2d

proportionally in income.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for 45% of the

income. Ten industries and Federal

government are responsible for over

68% of the direct export income.

Aircraft, wholesale trade, and

computer software are the leading

export industries for this county.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
King County, Washington

King County ranks 1lth in land area

of the 39 Washington counties. The

Forest Service administers 26% of the

land area in the county. An additional

41% of the land in the county is

non-Federal timberland. Despite

being the most urbanized county in the

state, King County has a substantial

timber harvest. In 1994, the county

produced almost 5% of the timber

harvested in Washington and ranked

6th in the state in timber produced.

The acreage of farmland in King

County is small, and farms are much

smaller than the state average, but the

value of farm products sold is

relatively high (mostly nursery and

greenhouse crops). In 1992, the

county ranked 16th in the state for the

value of crops sold, 1 lth for the value

of livestock sold, and 5th for the value

of dairy products sold.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

111
112

Population growth rates in Kitsap

County have exceeded the state's

since the early 1970s. Growth in

employment and nonfarm labor

income has been very close to

that of the state throughout the

period. The 1980s recession

impacted Kitsap County less that

the state, especially in

employment. In 1994, Kitsap

County's population ranked 6th of

the 39 counties in the state. Per

capita income generally has not

changed since the late 1970s and

trails that of Washington by an

increasing gap. Kitsap County

ranked 17th in the state for per

capita income in 1993.

Kitsap County, Washington

Kitsap County is a metropolitan county and peninsula on the west side of Puget Sound in western

Washington. State Highway 16 is the backbone of the county, connecting the major towns, Including Port

Orchard (the county seat) and Bremerton (the location of the Puget Sound Navy Yard), and it provides

access to Tacoma. There is also ferry service to Seattle. The county's 1990: population density of 479.1

persons per square mite is above the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 35% of the population was rural and

16% of workers commuted outside the county to work mostly to King and Pierce Counties.

Overview: Maior Trends Compared With State
Kitsap County, Washington

Kitsap County's population has

grown in every decade since 1950.

Very rapid growth began in the

1970s and continued with only a

slight slowdown during the 1980s.

Large net in-migration as well as

natural increase (births minus

deaths) contributed to the growth

between 1980 and 1990. About

18% of the county's residents live

in Bremerton, the largest city in

Kitsap County, and over 70% live

in unincorporated areas. Just

under 5,400 Kitsap County

residents live within the Port

Gamble and Port Madison

Reservations. Relative to the State

of Washington, Kitsap County has

a higher proportion of residents

under 24. Kitsap County's median

age of 31.8 is less than the state

median of 33.1.

a

 Census designated place

(unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

113
114

Kitsap County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Kitsap County has a larger

proportion of workers in precision

production, craft, and repair

occupations and a smaller

proportion of workers in farming,

forestry, and fishing occupations

relative to the State of Washington.

The county mirrors the state trend

of an increasing proportion of the

workforce being female. The

number of labor force participants

grew substantially between 1980

and 1990. The educational

attainment profdefor Kitsap County

is similar to the profde for the state.
Kitsap County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings, transfers, and

property income grew in Kitsap

County throughout the 1970s and

1980s with little impact from the

early 1980s recession. Transfers

and property income grew in

relative as well as absolute terms.

Transfers make up a larger

proportion of total personal income

in Kitsap County relative to the

state. Retirement payments are a

proportionally larger share of

transfer payments in the county

compared to the state, and medical

payments are a proportionally

smaller share.

115
116

Kitsap County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The government division (military —

Puget Sound Navy Yard) dominates

the economic structure of Kitsap

County. Over 60% of the county's

labor and proprietary income and

over 44% of the employment is

associated with this division. All

other divisions except for

construction, trade, and services are

dwarfed by the government division.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for almost 58%

of the income. The top 10 export

industries plus Federal government

make up over 95% of the direct

export income, thereby showing little

diversity in the export base and the

rest of the economy. Federal

government is the primary

component of this county's economy.
Kitsap County, Washington

Kitsap County ranks 36th of the 39

Washington counties in land area.

Non-Federal timberlands account for

58% of the land in the county. No land

in the county is administered by either

the Forest Service or BLM. In 1994,

the county ranked 25th in the state for

timber harvest. Most of the timber

harvest in the county comes from

private lands. The area of land in

farms is very small, and the value of

farm products sold is correspondingly

low. In 1992, the county ranked 32d in

the state in value of crops sold and

24th for the value of livestock sold.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

117
118

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income growth

rates have trailed those of the

state for the past two decades.

The county, like the state, was

affected by the early 1980s

recession, but there was little

subsequent recovery in the

county. The 1994 population of

Kittitas County ranked 25th of the

39 Washington counties. Per

capita income has been below the

state average throughout the

period, with a slight widening of

the gap since the early 1980s.

Kittitas County ranked 33d in the

state in per capita income in

1993.

Kittitas County, Washington

Kittitas County is a nonmetropoiitan county in central Washington. Interstates 82 and 90 intersect at the

county seat, Elensburg/home of Central Washington University. The southern area of the county

contains part of the U.S. Military's Yakima Training Range, and Wenatchee National Forest covers much

of the northwestern part of the county. The 1990 population density of 11.6 persons per square mile is

below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990. 54% of the population was rural and 11% of workers commuted

outside the county to work, primarily to Yakima and King Counties.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Kittitas County, Washington

Kittitas County's population has

alternately grown and declined

since 1950. The county grew at a

relatively fast rate during the

1960s and early 1990s. Natural

increase (births minus deaths) and

net in-migration both contributed

to the growth between 1980 and

1990. Ellensburg is the largest

community in Kittitas County with

almost one-half of the county's

population. About 40% of the

residents live in unincorporated

areas. Relative to the State of

Washington, Kittitas County has a

much higher proportion of

residents between 18 and 24

reflecting the Central Washington

University student population. This

group also held down the 1990

median age to 30.2, well below the

state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

119
120

Kittitas County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Kittitas County has proportionally

more workers in farming and

forestry and "other services " and

fewer workers in executive and

administrative occupations relative

to the state as a whole. "Other

services" occupations include food

service, cleaning and building

services, personal services, and

some health services occupations

(assistants and aides). The ratio of

women to men in the workforce in

Kittitas County is above the ratio

for the state and, like the state, it

increased between 1980 and 1990.

The educational attainment profile

in the county is similar to the profile

for the state.
Kittitas County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew slowly

until the recession of the early

1980s, when they declined.

Recovery from the recession has

been slow in Kittitas County, and

earnings have only recently

reached prerecession levels.

Transfers, property income, and

farm income all are larger

proportions of personal income in

Kittitas County than in the State of

Washington. In 1993,

unemployment compensation

accounted for a slightly larger

share of transfer payments in the

county relative to the state. Income

maintenance and medical payments

are smaller shares of transfer

payments in the county. "Other"

payments are a slightly larger

proportion due to student aid.

121
122

Kittitas County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Kittitas County's government division,

which includes Central Washington

University, is almost double the state

average proportionally. The services

division provides over 30% of the

employment but drops to 20% of the

income, thereby indicating low wage and

part-time jobs. Manufacturing, trade,

construction, and finance are about

one-half the size of the state average

proportionally.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals outside

the county plus Federal government

account for 36% of the income (this

percentage would be higher if it included

income earned by state government

employees at the university; see

"Technical Notes"). Ten industries and

Federal government are responsible for

67% of the direct export income. Tourism

associated with lodging and eating and

drinking places, fruits, and vegetables

are among the primary export industries.

Federal government primarily associated

with the Forest Service is another

important component of the export base.
Kittitas County, Washington

Kittitas County ranks 8th in land area of

the 39 Washington counties. The Forest

Service and BLM administer 29% of the

land in the county. An additional 21% is

non-Federal timberland. Kittitas County

ranked 21st in timber production in the

state in 1994. During the 1970s, private

lands and National Forests provided

nearly equal shares of the timber

harvest, but the private harvest

increased in the early 1980s. Beginning

in the mid 1980s, both of these

components of harvest dropped

substantially.

About one-fourth of the land in Kittitas

County is farmland with pasture or

rangeland the largest component. Crop

sales have grown in value and livestock

sales dropped such that now they

contribute about equally to the value of

farm products sold. In 1992, Kittitas

County ranked 15th in the state for the

value of crops produced (mainly hay and

fruit) and 13th for the value of livestock

sold (mainly cattle).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

123
124

Klickitat County, Washington

Klickitat County is a nonmetropotitan county in southern Washington on the Columbia River Goldendale,

the county seat, is on US; Highway 97 in the central part of the county. State Highway 14 (on the

Washington side) and interstate 84 (on the Oregon side) parallel Columbia and provide access to the

Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area. The county's 1990 population density 8.9 persons per square

mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 80% of the population was rural and 20% of workers

commuted outside the county to work, mainly to Hood River and Wasco Counties in Oregon.

Population growth in Klickitat

County paralleled that of the state

during the 1970s, was flat during the

1980s, and began increasing again in

the 1990s. The 1994 population of

Klickitat County ranked 30 th of the 39

Washington counties. Beginning with

the early 1980s recession, economic

growth seems to have stagnated in the

county. Employment has been nearly

flat since 1980, and nonfarm labor

income dropped substantially between

1980 and 1987, with a partial

recovery since then. Per capita

income has been below the state

average by a wide and increasing

margin since the mid 1970s. Klickitat

County ranked 29th in per capita

income in the state in 1993.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Klickitat County, Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Klickitat County's population has

grown since 1950 with the exception

of the decade between I960 and

1970. The fastest rate of growth

occurred during the 1970s. The

county's population increase

between 1980 and 1990 was entirely

due to natural increases (births

minus deaths) that more than offset a

small net out-migration. No

incorporated community in Klickitat

County has more than 3,500 people.

and almost two-thirds of residents

live in unincorporated areas. Just

over 700 of the county's residents

live within the Yakama Reservation.

Relative to the State of Washington,

a larger proportion of the residents

are under 18 or over 50. Klickitat

County's median age of 34.5 is

above the state median of 33.1.

125
126

Klickitat County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Relative to the state, Klickitat County

has proportionally more workers in

farming and forestry and machine

operator, transportation, and laborer

occupations. The county has fewer

workers in executive, administrative,

and professional occupations. The

proportion of women in the

workforce is growing, as it is in the

state, but the ratio remains below the

ratio for the state as a whole. The

number of labor force participants

grew slowly between 1980 and 1990,

with almost all the growth due to

more women. The proportion of

county residents who have college

level educations is well below the

state, and the proportion of people

who have not graduated from high

school is higher than for the State of

Washington.
Klickitat County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings in Klickitat

County grew until the recession of

the early 1980s. There was no clear

indication of recovery, and then

another decline occurred between

1984 and 1987. By 1993, nonfarm

earnings had not returned to their

prerecession level. Transfers and

property income have grown, and

transfers have become a much

larger share of personal income

than they were in 1969. Farm

income, transfers, and property

income all are larger proportions

of personal income in the county

than in the state. Income

maintenance and medical payments

are a larger share of transfer

payments, and retirement income a

smaller share in the county

relative to the State of Washington.

127
128

Klickitat County, Washington

Klickitat County has the largest

proportion of income derived from the

transportation division in the state

and the 4th largest proportion in the

manufacturing division. The

relatively higher wages in the

manufacturing division are revealed

by the increase in the division's

proportion of income relative to

employment. In contrast, the county

has the 3d smallest proportion in the

services division relative to income.

Sixty-two percent of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities. The

top 10 export industries plus Federal

government make up 82% of the

direct export income, thereby

indicating little diversity in the export

base. Primary aluminum leads the

county export industries. The last

sawmill, included in the 1992 data,

closed in 1994.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Klickitat County, Washington

Klickitat County ranks 16th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

Non-Federal timberlands are

significant, making up 28% of the

county's land area. Lands administered

by the Forest Service and BLM account

for only 3% of the county. In 1994, the

timber harvest in Klickitat County was

2.4% of the timber harvest in the state,

and the county ranked 16th in timber

production. Almost all the timber

harvest in the county in recent years

has come from private lands. Private

harvest grew in the last half of the

1980s, but declined somewhat in the

early 1990s.

Farmland covers 58% of the county.

The county ranked 18th in the state for

the value of crops sold in 1992 (mainly

wheat, hay, fruit, and vegetables) and

20th for the value of livestock sold

(mostly cattle).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

129
130

Lewis County, Washington

Employment and nonfarm labor

income in Lewis County grew at

slightly faster rates than the state

during the early 1970s and at slower

or declining rates during the 1980s.

Population growth mirrored the

state's growth rate until 1980 when

the county's growth slowed. The

county, like the state was affected by

the early 1980s recession, but the

county's recovery has been slower.

In 1994, the population in Lewis

County ranked 15th in the state of

the 39 counties. Per capita income

in Lewis County has consistently

been below the state average, and

the gap is gradually increasing.

Lewis County ranked 27th for per

capita income in the state in 1993.

Lewis County is a nonmetropolitan county in southwestern Washington, The county seat, Chehalis, and

the county's largest city, Centraila, He along interstate 5. The eastern area of the county is covered by the

Gifford Pinchot National Forest, and Mount Ranier National Park can be accessed inthe northeast. The

county's 1990 population density of 24.7 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In

1990, 68% of the population was rural and 15% of workers commuted outside the county to work, mainly

to Cowltz, Pierce, and King Counties,

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State

CONTINUED
Lewis County, Washington

Lewis County's population

decreased between 1950 and I960

and has been increasing since then.

The county grew fastest during the

1970s and early 1990s. The

population increase between 1980

and 1990 was almost entirely due

to natural increase (births minus

deaths). About one-third of Lewis

County's residents live in the

adjacent communities of Centrailia

and Chehalis, and almost 60% live

in unincorporated areas. Relative

to the State of Washington, a

larger proportion of the country's

residents are under 18 or over 50.

Lewis County's median age of 34.9

is above the state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

aCensus designated place (unincorporated).

131

This file was created by scanning the printed publication. 

Text errors identified by the software have been corrected; 

however, some errors may remain. 
132

Lewis County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Relative to the state, Lewis County

had proportionally more workers in

farming and forestry and

transportation occupations in 1990

and fewer workers in executive,

administrative, and profess ional

occupations. The proportion of the

workforce that is women is growing,

as it is in the state, but the county's

proportion remains below that for

the state as a whole. The labor force

grew slowly between 1980 and

1990, and this growth was due

almost entirely to women entering

the labor force. The proportion of

county residents who have college

level educations is well below the

state, and the proportion of people

who have not graduated from high

school is higher than for the State of

Washington.
Lewis County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew through

the 1970s. The recession of the

early 1980s caused earnings to fall

and recovery has been slow.

Transfers and property income

grew both in absolute terms and as

a proportion of personal income.

Transfers and farm income make

up a larger share of personal

income in Lewis County than in

Washington. Nonfarm earnings are

a smaller share in the county

relative to the state. Medical

payments make up a slightly larger

share of transfer payments in the

county relative to the state, and

retirement payments a smaller

share.

133
134

Lewis County, Washington

The proportion of Lewis County's

economic structure in the mining

division is proportionally 2d largest

in the state. This division accounts,

however, for less than 2% of the

county's employment and less than

5% of total income. The

transportation division, which

include electric utilities, has the 4th

largest proportion for income and

ranks 5th for employment.

Direct and indirect sale of goods

and services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for 47% of the

income. The top 10 export industries

plus Federal government make up

59% of the direct export income. The

top export income-generating

industries include wood products

manufacturing, logging, and coal

mining.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Lewis County, Washington

Lewis County ranks 6th in land area of

the 39 Washington counties.

Non-Federal timberland accounts for

54% of the county's land area, with

forest industry land being the largest

component. The Forest Service

administers 29% of the land in the

county, with just under a fourth in

officially designated wilderness. In

1994, the county ranked 2d in the state

for timber harvest, providing just over

10% of the state harvest. Private lands

account for most of the harvest. In the

late 1980s, harvest from both National

Forests and private lands dropped

significantly.

About 7% of the county is in farms with

cropland and woodlands the main

components. However, livestock sales

(primarily dairy and poultry) are the

most valuable classes of farm products

sold. The county ranked 10th in the

state for livestock sales in 1992 and 6th

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

135
136

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income declined

slightly in Lincoln County

throughout the 1970s and 1980s.

The county showed little indication

of being affected by the recessions

and recovery that impacted the

state. In 1994, Lincoln County was

ranked 34th in population of the 39

Washington counties. Per capita

income has been near or above

state averages with great

fluctuations resulting from

variations in farm income. In 1993,

Lincoln County had the 5th highest

per capita income in the state.

Lincoln County, Washington

Lincoln County is a nonmetropolitan county in central eastern Washington. U.S. Highway 2 is the major

east-west transportation route and connects Davenport, the county seat, to Spokane. The Franklin

Roosevelt Lake forms the northern border of the county and Grand Coulee Dam is in the county's

northwest corner The county's 1990 population density of 3.8 persons per square mile is below the U.S.

average of 70 3. In 1900, 100% of the population was rural and 18% of workers commuted outside the

county to work, mainly to Spokane County.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Lincoln County, Washington

Lincoln County lost population in

three of the last four decades.

Population decreased by almost

20% between 1950 and 1990. This

trend may have turned around in the

early 1990s, but this was not

anticipated by demographers when

they made projections for 1995 and

beyond. The decrease between 1980

and 1990 was due to net

out-migration, especially by those

under 65. Lincoln County is a rural

county with no community having

more than 2,000 residents and 40%

of the population living in

unincorporated areas. Relative to

the State of Washington, a larger

proportion of the county's residents

are over 50, and the county's median

age of 39.3 is well above the state

median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

137
138

Lincoln County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Over one-fifth of Lincoln County's

residents work in farming, forestry,

and fishing occupations (mainly

farming). The county has

proportionally fewer workers in

executive, administrative, and

professional occupations, relative to

the state. The ratio of women to men

in the workforce is growing, as it is

in the state, but the ratio remains

below that for the state as a whole.

Between 1980 and 1990, the number

of women in the labor force

increased while the number of men

decreased. The proportion of people

who have a high school diploma or

more is nearly the same as for the

State of Washington, but of that

group a smaller proportion have

bachelor's or higher degrees

compared to the state.
Lincoln County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Farm income, though volatile, is

important to the county, accounting

for nearly a quarter of personal

income in 1993. Nonfarm earnings

and property income have changed

little throughout the entire period,

while transfers have grown slowly.

Property income and transfers

account for a much greater share

of personal income in Lincoln

County than the State of

Washington, reflecting the county's

older age structure (see population

page). Retirement payments are a

larger proportion of transfers in

the county relative to the state, and

income maintenance,

unemployment, and other payments

are a smaller proportion.

139
140

Lincoln County, Washington

Lincoln County has one of the largest

agriculture divisions in the state,

proportionally, ranking 5th among

all counties with respect to income

and 4th with respect to employment.

In contrast, the county has the state's

smallest portion of income being

generated in the manufacturing

division.

Forty percent of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities.

The top 10 export industries plus

Federal government make up over

85% of the direct export income.

Food grains is the leading export

income-generating industry in the

county. Federal expenditures,

especially by the National Park

Service at the Fort Spokane Museum,

also provide outside income.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Lincoln County, Washington

Lincoln County ranks 7 th in the state in

land area of the 39 Washington

counties. Timberland is not very

significant in the county, with only a

small area of private timberland. The

county's 1994 timber harvest ranking

was 31st in the state (of the 35 counties

that had any harvest). Virtually all the

county is farmland, with cropland and

pasture or range accounting for 75% of

it. Note that nonindustrial private

timberland may also be counted as

farm woodland. Farms are much larger

than the average for the state. Crops

are the most valuable class of farm

products sold, and in 1992, the county

ranked 11th in the state for the value of

crop sales. Wheat is the primary crop.

The county ranked 21st for the value of

livestock sold (mainly cattle).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

141
142

Population growth has been faster

in Mason County than in the state,

but the trends in employment and

nonfarm labor income growth

have been close to statewide

trends. The effects of the early

1980s recession were more severe

compared to the state, especially

with respect to nonfarm labor

income. In 1994, Mason County's

population ranked 20th in the

state of the 39 counties. Per

capita income has consistently

been below state averages and the

gap has been increasing. In 1993,

Mason County ranked 36th in the

state for per capita income.

Mason County, Washington

Mason County is a nonmetropolitan county on the southwest side of Puget Sound. Shelton, the county

seat, is about 20 miles from Olympia via U.S. Highway 101, the major north-south route through the

county. The northwestern corner of the county is covered by the Olympic National Forest and Olympic

National Park. The county's 1990 population density of 39.9 persons per square mile is below the U.S.

average of 70.3. In 1990, 81% of the population was rural and 36% of workers commuted outside the

county to work, primarily to Kitsap and Thurston Counties.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Mason County, Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Mason County's population has

grown in every decade since 1950.

The fastest rates of growth were

during the 1970s and early 1990s.

Most of the population increase

between 1980 and 1990 was due to

net in-migration, especially by

those under 65. Most of the

county's population is rural, and

Shelton, the largest community in

Mason County, has less than 20%

of the county population. Almost

800 of the county's residents live

within the Skokomish Reservation

and Squaxin Island Trust Lands.

Relative to the State of Washington,

a larger proportion of the county's

residents are over 50, and Mason

County's median age of 36.9 is

above the state median of 33.1.

a

 Census designated place (unincorporated).

143
144

Mason County, Washington

Relative to the state, Mason County

has proportionally more workers in

precision production, craft, and

repair occupations and fewer in

professional and sales occupations.

The ratio of women to men in the

workforce increased considerably

between 1980 and 1990 in Mason

County. Mason County has

proportionally fewer people who

have college degrees relative to the

state.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Mason County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings increased over

the period, despite a decline due to

the recession of the early 1980s.

Transfers and property income

grew both in absolute terms and as

proportions of personal income.

Both are significantly larger shares

of personal income in the county

than the state, which is consistent

with the county's older age

structure (see population page).

Retirement payments are a slightly

larger share of transfers in the

county relative to the State of

Washington.

145
146

Mason County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The economic structure of Mason

County generally resembles that of

the state. The primary differences

are in the construction and services

divisions. The portion in

construction is 3d largest in

employment and 4th among all

counties in income. The services

division portion of income is 40%

less than the state average.

Direct and indirect sale of goods

and services to firms and

individuals outside the county plus

Federal government account for

40% of the income. Ten industries

and Federal government generate

over 77% of the direct export

income. Sawmills and planing mills

and veneer and plywood are the

leading income-generating export

industries.
Mason County, Washington

Mason County ranks 30th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

Non-Federal timberlands are

significant and total 60% of the land

area in the county. Lands

administered by the Forest Service

account for an additional 21% of the

land in the county. In 1994, the timber

harvest in Mason County was almost

5% of the state's harvest, and the

county ranked 7th in timber

production in the state. Historically,

private lands and National Forests

contributed equally to timber harvest,

but in the 1980s, the private harvest

more than tripled. In recent years,

both components declined, but private

harvest remains the larger.

The area of farmland in Mason

County is very small, and the county

ranked 37 th in the state for the value

of farm products sold in 1992.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

147
148

Okanogan County, Washington

Okanogan County, the state's largest county, is a nonmetropoiltan county along the Canadian border.

Okanogan is the county seat on State Route 20 and U.S. 97. The western half and a small portiori in the

eastern part of the county are covered by the Okanogan National Forest Colville Indian Reservation lands

cover the southeast corner. The county's 1990 population density of 6.3 persons per square mile is below

the U.S. average of 70.3. in 1990, 88% of the population was rural and 7% of worked commuted outside

the county to work.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State

Population and employment

growth rates in Okanogan County

paralleled state trends in the

1970s and dropped below the state

growth rates in the 1980s.

Nonfarm labor income growth

exceeded or kept pace with

statewide trends until the late

1970s. The county was impacted

by the recession of the early 1980s

more severely than was the state.

Okanogan County ranked 23d for

population in 1994 of the 39

Washington counties. Per capita

income in the county dropped

below the state during the early

1980s recession and the gap has

not narrowed significantly since.

Okanogan County ranked 22d for

per capita income in the state in

1993.
Okanogan County, Washington

Okanogan County's population has

grown steadily since 1960 after

decreasing between 1950 and

1960. The fastest rates of growth

were during the 1970s and early

1990s. Most of the population

increase between 1980 and 1990

was due to natural increase (births

minus deaths). The county has

larger proportions of Native

Americans and Hispanics relative

to the state as a whole. Okanogan

County's population is dispersed

throughout the county in many

small communities, and almost

60% of the population lives in

unincorporated areas. Relative to

the State of Washington, a smaller

proportion of the county's residents

are between 18 and 49. Okanogan

County's median age of 35 is above

the state median of 33.1.

a

 City or town in more than one

county-see appendix C.

a

 Census designated place

(unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

149
150

Okanogan County, Washington

Okanogan County has a larger

proportion of workers in farming

and forestry and a smaller

proportion in executive,

administrative, and professional

occupations than the state as a

whole. Like the state, an increasing

proportion of the workforce is made

up of women. Okanogan County has

a much larger proportion of people

who have not graduated from high

school and a smaller proportion

who have college level educations

compared to the state.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Okanogan County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew in

Okanogan County until the

recession of the early 1980s, when

they dropped significantly.

Recovery from the recession has

been slow in the county, and

nonfarm earnings are just now

approaching prerecession levels.

Property income and transfer

payments have grown, and

transfers have become a much

larger share of personal income.

Farm income and transfers are

larger proportions of personal

income in the county relative to the

state, and nonfarm earnings are a

smaller proportion. In 1993,

medical payments, income

maintenance, and unemployment

benefits each made up a larger

share of transfers in the county

than in Washington. Conversely,

retirement transfers in the county

are much smaller.

151
152

Okanogan County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Okanogan County's agriculture

divisions ranks 3d proportionally

among all counties in income, and

6th in employment. The agriculture

division accounts for one-third of the

county's income, nine times greater

than the state average. Conversely,

Okanogan's manufacturing division

proportion is 60% less than the state.

Sixty percent of the labor and

proprietor income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities.

The 10 export industries plus Federal

government make up over 94% of the

direct export income indicating little

diversity in the export base. Fruits

and sawmills and planing mills are

the leading export industries.

Federal government, especially the

Forest Service and the Bureau of

Indian Affairs, also contributes

important outside income.
Okanogan County, Washington

Okanogan County is the largest county

in Washington. The Forest Service and

BLM manage 46% of the land in the

county. Non-Federal timberlands

account for an additional 17% of the

land. The county's 1994 timber harvest

ranked 15th in the state and accounted

for about 2.5% of the state total.

Historically, both private lands and

National Forests have contributed to the

county's harvest. Although both show

variable patterns, National Forest

harvest is declining.

Farms account for 38% of the land area

in the county, with pasture and range

and woodland being the largest

components (note that woodland acres

may also be included in nonindustrial

private timber land above). Crop sales

are the most valuable class of farm

products sold, and in 1992, the county

ranked 7th in the state in value of crops

sold (mostly fruit). The county ranked

16th for the value of livestock sold

(mostly cattle).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

153
154

Population and employment growth

rates in Pacific County have been

below state levels since the mid

1970s. The county was affected

more severely than the state by the

recession in the early 1980s, as

evidenced by the drop in nonfarm

labor income. Recovery in the

county has been very slow, with

nonfarm labor income almost

unchanged since the mid 1980s.

Pacific County's 1994 population

ranked 28th of the 39 Washington

counties. Per capita income in

Pacific County has been below the

state average throughout the

period, and the gap continues to

widen. In 1993, Pacific County

ranked 34th in the state for per

capita income.

Pacific County, Washington

Pacific County is a nonmetropolitan county in the southwestern corner of the state.on the Pacific Ocean.

The mouth of the Columbia River forms its southern border. WilIapa Bay, a large productive estuary,

extends most of the length of the county. U.S. Highway 101, the main north-south route, follows the bay

and passes through South Bend, the county seat. The county's 1990 population density of 19.4 persons

per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 85% of the population was rural and 14% of

workers commuted outside the county to work, mostly to Grays Harbor County

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Pacific County, Washington

Pacific County's population has

grown slowly but steadily since

1960 after decreasing between

1950 and 1960. The rate of growth

picked up slightly in the early

1990s. Almost all the population

increase between 1980 and 1990

was due to net in-migration. The

residents of Pacific County live in

unincorporated areas (65%) or in

small incorporated communities,

none of which had more than

3,000 residents in 1990. Relative

to the State of Washington, a

substantially larger proportion of

the county's residents are over 50.

This is reflected in the county's

median age of 40.3 which is well

above the state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

aCensus designated place (unincorporated).

155
156

Pacific County, Washington

Relative to the state, Pacific County

has proportionally more workers in

farming, forestry, and fishing,

equipment handler, and "other

service" occupations and fewer

workers in executive,

administrative, technical,

professional, and sales occupations.

The proportion or women in the

workforce is growing, as it is in the

state. The proportion of Pacific

County residents who have college

level educations is below that for

the state and the proportion of

people who have not graduated

from high school is higher than for

the State of Washington.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Pacific County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings have changed

little over the period, with the

exception of a temporary increase

before the recession of the early

1980s. Both transfers and property

income increased in absolute terms

and as a proportion of personal

income in Pacific County.

Transfers and property income are

a larger share of personal income

in the county relative to the state,

and nonfarm earnings a smaller

share. Transfer payments are

similar in Pacific County to the

state.

157
158

Pacific County, Washington

Pacific County's agriculture division

is four times larger than the state

proportionally and includes a

significant commercial fishing

component. The transportation

division is 2d smallest in income and

3d smallest in employment compared

to the proportions in other counties.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for over 58% of

the income. Ten industries and

Federal government generate almost

89% of the direct export income,

thereby indicating a heavy reliance

on these industries. Commercial

fishing, fish processing, fruits, and

logging camps and contractors are

the dominant export industries.

Tourism industries, especially

lodging and eating and drinking

places, are also important.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Pacific County, Washington

Pacific County ranks 29th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

More than 80% of the county is

non-Federal timberland, and private

lands account for almost all the

timber harvest. This harvest has been

declining. Pacific County ranked 4th

in the state for timber harvest in 1994

and produced 5.3% of the state

harvest.

The area of land in farms is small, and

cropland and woodland are the two

most important uses of farmland. In

1992, Pacific County ranked 26th in

the state for both the value of crops

sold (mainly cranberries) and the

value of livestock sold (much of which

is dairy products).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

159
160

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income trends in

Pend Oreille County have been

variable, but in general they have

approximated those of the state over

the entire period. The county, like

the state, was impacted by the early

1980s recession, but economic

activity increased soon after as the

result of a brief boom associated

with electronics manufacturing and

pulp and paper mill construction.

Pend Oreille County's 1994

population ranked 33d of the 39

Washington counties. Per capita

income in the county has been well

below the state average throughout

the period. Pend Orielle County

ranked 38th in the state for per

capita income in 1993.

Pend Oreille County, Washington

Pend Oreille County is a nonmetropolitan county in the northeastern corner of Washington bordered by

Canada and Idaho. Newport, the county seat, is on the Pend Oreille River at the intersection of U.S.

Highway 2 and State Route 20. The majority of the county is covered by Colville National Forest lands.

The county's 1990 population density of 6.4 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In

1990, 100% of the population was rural and 32% of workers commuted outside the county to work, mostly

to Sporkane County.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Pend Oreille County, Washington

After experiencing decreases

between 1950 and 1970, Pend

Oreille County's population grew at

a relatively rapid rate during the

1970s. The rate slowed markedly in

the 1980s, and the small population

increase between 1980 and 1990

was due to natural increase (births

minus deaths), which outweighed net

out-migration. The early 1990s

brought a return to rapid growth not

projected by demographers in the

1995 to 2010 projections. The

county is quite rural, with almost

70% of its residents living in

unincorporated areas and the

remainder in small incorporated

communities. Relative to the State of

Washington, a larger proportion of

the county's residents are under 18

and over 50. Pend Oreille County's

median age of 36.1 is above the state

median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

161
162

Pend Oreille County, Washington

Pend Oreille County has

proportionally more workers in

farming and forestry and fewer

workers in executive,

administrative, and professional

occupations. The ratio of women to

men in the workforce is growing, as

it is in the state, but this ratio

remains well below that for the state

as a whole. The proportion of

county residents who have college

level educations is below the state,

and the proportion of people who

have not graduated from high

school is higher than for the State of

Washington.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Pend Oreille County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew slowly over

the period, with two periods of

decline during the 1980s in Pend

Oreille County. Transfers grew

significantly in both absolute and

relative terms. Property income

also increased through the period.

Transfers are a much larger

portion of personal income in the

county relative to the state, and

nonfarm earnings are a smaller

portion. Medical payments and

income maintenance comprise

significantly greater shares of

transfers in the county relative to

the State of Washington, and

retirement payments are a smaller

share.

163
164

Pend Oreille County, Washington

In Pend Orielle County, the

manufacturing division generates the

3d largest proportion of income

compared to all counties. The

significant difference between

employment and income within the

manufacturing division is due to

high-paying jobs in the pulp and

paper industry.

Fifty-five percent of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities. The

top 10 export industries plus Federal

government make up over 92% of the

direct export income, thereby

indicating little diversity in the export

base. Paper mills and sawmills are

the two leading export industries.

Federal government, primarily the

Forest Service, also plays a role in

providing outside income.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Pend Oreille County, Washington

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

Pend Oreille County ranks 25th in

land area of the 39 Washington

counties. The Forest Service and BLM

administer 59% of the land in the

county. Non-Federal timberland

comprises another 31% of the land

area. In 1994, Pend Oreille County

ranked 12th in the state for timber

harvest and produced 3.3% of the

state total. Over the last 20 years,

both private land and National

Forests have contributed to the timber

harvest. Since the early 1980s, the

private harvest has increased, but

starting in the late 1980s, the National

Forest harvest decreased.

The area of farmland in the county is

small and split mainly between

cropland and woodland (which may

also be counted as nonindustrial

private timberland above). The county

ranked 36th in Washington for the

value of farm products sold in 1992.

165
166

Population growth rates in Pierce

County have been very close to

those for the state throughout the

period. Employment and nonfarm

labor income trended steadily

upward after the early 1970s

economic downturn, but at a

slower rate than the state. Pierce

County's 1994 population was the

second highest of the state's 39

counties. Per capita income has

consistently been below the state

average and relative growth rates

also were lower causing the gap

to widen. In 1993, Pierce County

ranked 14th in the state for per

capita income.

Pierce County, Washington

Pierce County is a metropolitan county in central western Washington. Interstate 5 runs along the west edge

of the county and through the county seat, Tacoma. Tacoma is the state's 3d largest city and an important

seaport. Mount Rainier National Park is in the southeastern corner of the county. Fort Lewis Military

Reservation and McChord Air Force Base are also in Pierce COunty. the county's 1990 population density

of 349.9 persons per square mile is above the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 13% of the population was

rural and 25% of workers commuted outside the county, primarily to King County.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Pierce County, Washington

Pierce County's population has

grown rapidly since 1950 and has

more than doubled between 1950

and 1990. Natural increase (births

minus deaths) and net in-migration

contributed equally to the increase

between 1980 and 1990. Population

growth is projected to continue.

Most of the county's population is in

Tacoma and surrounding suburban

communities. Over 32,000 of Pierce

County's residents live within the

Puyallup Reservation. The county

has a higher proportion of Blacks

and Asian and Pacific Islanders than

the state as a whole. The

proportionally larger population

under age 24 contributes to Pierce

County's median age of 31.3, which

is below the state median of 33.1.

a

 Census designated place

(unincorporated). 1980 population not

available.

b

 City or town in more than one

county-see appendix C.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

167
168

Pierce County, Washington

The occupational profile for Pierce

County is similar to the profile for

the State of Washington. Like the

state, the ratio of women to men in

the workforce in Pierce County

increased between 1980 and 1990.

Pierce County has a slightly

smaller proportion of people with

college level educations than the

state, but the county educational

attainment profiles are otherwise

similar to the state.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Pierce County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew throughout

the period, with only a brief

downturn in the early 1970s and a

slowdown from the recession in the

early 1980s. Transfers grew in both

absolute and relative terms through

the period. Property income also

grew over the period. Transfers are a

slightly larger proportion of

personal income in Pierce County

relative to the state, and property

income a slightly smaller share. The

composition of transfer payments in

Pierce County is very similar to the

state.

169
170

Pierce County, Washington

Pierce County has one of the

smallest agriculture divisions

proportionally in the state, ranking

3d smallest in income and 4th in

employment. In contrast, the

government division of the county is

70% larger than the state average.

Direct and indirect sale of goods

and services to firms and

individuals outside the county plus

Federal government account for

38% of the income. Ten industries

and Federal government are

responsible for 70% of the direct

export income. Federal government

(military—Fort Lewis and

McChord) dominates the export

base of this county and is the key

component of the overall economy.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Pierce County, Washington

Pierce County ranks 23d in land area

of the 39 Washington counties.

Non-Federal timberlands account for

41% of the county's land area. Lands

administered by the Forest Service are

an additional 12% of the county.

Pierce County produced 4.5% of the

timber produced in Washington in

1994 and the county ranked 10th in

timber harvest that year. Private lands

provide most of the harvest.

The area of farmland in Pierce County

is small, and the farms are much

smaller than the state average. Pierce

County ranked 17th in the state in

1992 for the value of crops sold

(mostly vegetables and nursery and

greenhouse crops) and 9th for the

value of livestock sold (mostly poultry

and dairy).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

171
172

Growth in population, employment,

and nonfarm labor income in San

Juan County has been faster than

in the state during the 1970s and

1980s. The rate of growth in

employment seems to have slowed

and reversed itself since 1990,

however. Effects of the early 1980s

recession were most apparent in

nonfarm labor income growth. San

Juan County's population ranked

32dofthe 39 counties in

Washington in 1994. Per capita

income has consistently exceeded

the average for the state with

relatively large annual variation.

San Juan County had the 2d

highest per capita income in the

state in 1993.

San Juan County, Washington

San Juan County is a nonmetropolitan county consisting of a group of Puget Sound islands between the

Washington mainland and Vancouver Island, BC. The county seat is Friday Harbor on San Juan Island.

Several airports and ferry routes connect the islands to the mainland. The county's 1990 population

density of 57.4 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 100% of the

population was rural and 8% of workers commuted outside the county to work.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
San Juan County, Washington

San Juan County's population has

grown steadily since 1960 after

decreasing between 1950 and I960.

The population more than doubled

during the 1970s. Fast rates of

growth also occurred in the early

1990s. Net in-migration, mostly by

people younger than 65, accounted

for the largest proportion of the

population increase between 1980

and 1990. The county seat of Friday

Harbor is the only incorporated

community in the county, and it has

less than 15% of the county's

population. Relative to the State of

Washington, a larger proportion of

San Juan County's residents are

over 50, and the median age of 42. 7,

well above the state median of 33.1,

is the highest of any county in the

state.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

173
174

San Juan County, Washington

Relative to the state, San Juan

County has proportionally more

residents working in precision

production, craft and repair and

"other service" occupations. The

county occupational profile for

other classifications is similar to

the state profile. Like the state,

women have become a larger

proportion of the labor force since

1980. Relative to the state, the

county has a much larger

proportion of people with college

level educations.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
San Juan County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew during the

1970s and 1980s, despite the setback

caused by the recession of the early

1980s. Property income grew

explosively in San Juan County over

the period, perhaps due to retirees

with interest and dividend income.

Transfers grew but at a much slower

pace. Property income is a much

larger proportion of personal income

in the county than in the State of

Washington. Nonfarm earnings are a

much smaller share in the county.

Retirement payments are a

significantly larger proportion of

transfer payments in San Juan County

relative to the state, and income

maintenance and medical payments

are a smaller share. Many of these

characteristics point to San Juan

County's role as a destination

retirement area.

175
176

San Juan County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

San Juan has the largest proportion

of income and employment derived

from the construction division in the

state. The county also proportionally

ranks 1st in the state in income

derived from the trade division and

3d in the finance division.

Conversely, San Juan has the

smallest government division in the

state.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for over 45% of

the income. Ten industries and

Federal government generate 69% of

the direct export income. Tourism

industries, such as lodging and

eating places, are the leading export

industries.
San Juan County, Washington

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

San Juan County has the smallest land

area of the 39 counties in Washington.

Non-Federal timber lands are 59% of

the land area in the county and

provide most of the timber harvest.

The harvest is small relative to other

counties, and even small changes look

large on the graph at right. In 1994,

the county ranked 29th in the state for

timber harvest. Farmland is 18% of

the land area in the county, and the

value of farm products sold in the

county is low. In 1992, San Juan

County ranked 38th in the state in

value of farm products sold.

177
178

Skagit County, Washington

Skagit County is a nonmetropolitan county stretching from the Cascades to Puget Sound. Mount Vernon,

the county seat, is on interstate 5, the major north-south route. State Route 20 is the main east-west route

and provides access to North; Cascades National Park and the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest,

which together cover most of the eastern half of tne county. Skagit County's 1990 popuation density of 45.8

persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 50% of the population was rural and

17% of workers commuted outside the county to work, mostly to Snohomish and Whatcom Counties.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income trends in

Skagit County were similar to

those of the state during the 1970s

and 1980s. Population and

employment growth rates have

exceeded statewide rates since

1990. The early 1980s recession

affected the county is ways similar

to the state. Skagit County ranked

11 th for population in 1994 of the

39 Washington counties. Per

capita income in the county has

been below the state average

since the late 1970s. Skagit

County ranked 12th in the state

for per capita income in 1993.
Skagit County, Washington

Skagit County's population has

increased in every decade since 1950.

The rate of growth increased during

the 1970s and has been rapid since

then. In-migration accounted for the

largest share of the increase between

1980 and 1990. Skagit County's

population is dispersed in numerous

small- and medium-sized

communities. About 47% of the

residents live in unincorporated

areas. Approximately 2,500 people

live within the Sauk-Suiattle,

Swinomish, and Upper Skagit

Reservations. Relative to the State of

Washington, a larger proportion of

the county's population is over 50,

and the median age of 35.6 is above

the state median of 33.1.

a

 Census designated place

(unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

179
180

Skagit County, Washington

In 1990, the proportion of workers

in farming, forestry, and fishing and

precision production occupations in

Skagit County was somewhat higher

than for the state. The proportion

of workers in executive,

administrative, and professional

occupations is somewhat lower in

the county. The county, like the state

has an increasing ratio of women

to men in the workforce.

Proportionally fewer people in

Skagit County have bachelor's or

higher degrees relative to the state

as a whole.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Skagit County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew through

the period, but there was a

prolonged slowdown beginning

with the recession of the early

1980s. Transfers and property

income grew in absolute and

relative terms. Compared to the

state, transfers and property

income are a larger share of

personal income, and nonfarm

earnings are a smaller share,

which is consistent with the

county's older age structure (see

population page). The components

of transfer payments in Skagit

County are similar to the State of

Washington.

181
182

Skagit County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Skagit County ranks 3d largest

among all counties in proportion of

income provided by the construction

division and 5th in employment. The

trade division in this county is also

one of the largest in the state, ranking

2d proportionally among all counties

in employment and 3d in income.

Over 42% of the labor and

proprietary income is derived from

direct or indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities.

The top 10 export industries plus

Federal government make up about

54% of the direct export income.

Petroleum refining and commercial

fishing are the leading export

industries. Agricultural industries

also generate important export

income.
Skagit County, Washington

Skagit County ranks 21st in land area of

the 39 Washington counties.

Non-Federal timberlands account for

36% of the land in the county. Lands

administered by the Forest Service are

an additional 33%. The 1994 timber

harvest in the county was 4.6% of the

total harvest in the state and the county

ranked 9th in timber harvest. The

largest share of the harvest comes from

private lands and has a cyclical pattern.

In the past, state lands and National

Forests contributed to the harvest as

well, though both have declined in

recent years.

Less than 10% of the land in the county

is in farms and most of it is cropland. In

1992, the county ranked 12th in the state

for the value of crops sold, 7th for

livestock (dairy, poultry, and cattle),

and 4 th for the value of dairy products

sold. The main crops include nursery

and greenhouse crops and vegetables.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

183
184

Population growth trends in

Skamania County have been

similar to those of the state.

Skamania County ranked 35th of

the 39 counties in Washington for

population in 1994. Employment

and nonfarm labor income

indicate a pronounced boom

period in the late 1970s during

construction of the new

Bonneville Dam followed by a

sharp decrease upon completion.

The economy in Skamania County

has not grown substantially since

that time. Per capita income has

been well below the state average

since the early 1980s. Skamania

County ranked 21st in the state

for per capita income in 1993.

Skamania County, Washington

Skamania County is a nonmetropolitan county located on the Columbia River, State Highway 14 follows

the River and runs through the county seat, Stevenson. Gifford Pinchot National forest dominates most of

the county and Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument is in the northwest corner Skamania's

1990 population density of 5.0 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 100%

of the population was rural and 46% of workers commuted outside the county to work, mainly to Clark and

Klickitat Counties in Washington and Multnomah and Hood River Countiues in Oregon.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Skamania County, Washington

Skamania County's population has

increased in every decade since

1950, though the rate of growth was

slow during some periods. The

fastest growth took place during the

1970s and early 1990s. The small

population increase between 1980

and 1990 was entirely due to

natural increase, which more than

offset net out-migration. About

one-third of Skamania County's

residents live in the Carson River

Valley and Stevenson. Relative to

the State of Washington, a smaller

proportion of the county's residents

are between 18 and 49. Skamania

County's median age of 33. 7 is close

to the state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Census designated place (unincorporated).

185
186

Skamania County, Washington

Relative to the state, Skamania

County has proportionally more

workers in farming, forestry, and

machine operator occupations and

fewer workers in executive,

administrative, professional, and

sales occupations. The ratio of

women to men in the workforce is

growing in Skamania County (due

to both an increase in the number of

women and a slight decrease in the

number of men in the workforce),

but the county's ratio remains below

that for the state as a whole. The

proportion of county residents who

have college level educations is

below the state proportion.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Skamania County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings increased during

the 1970s but declined sharply with

the recession of the early 1980s and

the completion of Bonneville Dam

construction. Recovery has been slow,

and nonfarm earnings still have not

returned to prerecession levels.

Transfers and property income grew

in absolute terms and as proportions

of personal income. Property income

and transfers are a slightly larger

share of personal income in Skamania

County relative to the State of

Washington, and nonfarm earnings a

slightly smaller share. In 1993

income maintenance and

unemployment benefits were a

significantly larger share of transfer

payments in the county relative to the

state, and retirement payments a

smaller share.

187
188

Skamania County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Skamania County's proximity to the

Portland- Vancouver metropolitan

area results in the smallest services

division in the state proportionally in

income and 2d smallest in

employment. The finance division

also ranks among the lowest five

counties. In contrast, the county has

proportionally the 4th largest

government division in the state.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for 55% of the

income. Ten industries and Federal

government generate over 90% of

the direct export income. Federal

government, primarily the Forest

Service, dominates the export base of

this county. Other key exporting

industries are logging, wood

products manufacturing, and

sporting goods, such as wind surfing

equipment.
Skamania County, Washington

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

Skamania County ranks 24th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

Lands administered by the Forest

Service account for 80% of the land in

the county. Non-Federal timberlands

are an additional 19% of the county's

land area. In 1994, the county ranked

Nth in the state for timber harvest.

The largest share of the timber harvest

comes from lands managed by the

Forest Service. In the past, private

lands also contributed to the harvest.

In the late 1980s, harvest from Forest

Service-administered lands dropped

significantly, and the private harvest

declined as well.

The area of land in farms is verysmall, and the value of farm products

produced was the smallest of any of

the Washington counties (the main

farm products are apples and pears).

189
190

Snohomish County, Washington

Snohomish County is a metropolitan county in western Washington along Puget Sound. Interstate 5 runs

north and south along the west edge of the county and through the county seat, Everett. The Mount

Baker-Snoqualrnie National Forest covers much of the eastern half of the county, the county's 1990

population density of 222.8 persons per square mile is above the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 20% of

the population was rural and 39% of workers commuted outside the county, mostly to King County.

Population growth mirrored the

state until surpassing state trends in

the late 1970s. Snohomish County's

1994 population ranked 3d of the

39 Washington counties.

Employment and nonfarm labor

income trends also approximated

those of the state until the mid

1980s, when the county's growth

accelerated. Impacts from the early

1980s recession and recovery in the

county generally matched those in

the state. Per capita income levels

and trends in Snohomish County

have been close to those of the state

since the late 1970s. In 1993.

Snohomish County ranked 8th in the

state in per capita income.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Snohomish County, Washington

Snohomish County's population has

grown rapidly since 1950, with the

slowest rate of growth during the

1970s. Both net in-migration by

people younger than 65 and natural

increase (births minus deaths)

contributed to the population

increase between 1980 and 1990. A

large proportion of the county's

population resides in the suburban

areas between Everett and Seattle.

About 56% of the people live in

unincorporated areas. More than

7,200 county residents live within the

Stillaguamish and Tulalip

Reservations. Relative to the state, a

larger proportion of Snohomish

County's population is between 25

and 49 and under 18; and the

county's median age of 32.2 is below

the state median of 33.1.

a

 Census designated places

(unincorporated). 1980 population not

available.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

191
192

Snohomish County, Washington

The most significant difference

between Snohomish County's

occupational profile and that of the

State of Washington is the larger

proportion of workers in precision

production, and craft and repair

occupations in the county. Women

accounted for a larger share of the

workforce in 1980 than in 1990,

following the trend for the state.

The labor force grew substantially

between 1980 and 1990. The

educational attainment profile for

Snohomish County is very similar to

the profile for the state.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Snohomish County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings in Snohomish

County have grown greatly over

the period, despite setbacks in the

early 1970s and 1980s. Transfers

and property income also have

increased in absolute terms and

slightly as shares of personal

income. Relative to the State of

Washington, a higher proportion

of personal income in Snohomish

County is from nonfarm earnings,

and a lower proportion is from

transfers and property income.

The composition of transfer

payments in Snohomish County is

similar to that for the State of

Washington.

193
194

Snohomish County, Washington

Snohomish County's economic

structure is heavily influenced by

aircraft manufacturing. The county

has one of the largest

manufacturing divisions in the state,

ranking 2d in income and 3d in

employment. In contrast, the

proportion in the government and

agriculture divisions in Snohomish

are well below the state average.

Direct and indirect sale of goods

and services to firms and

individuals outside the county plus

Federal government account for

44% of the income. Ten industries

and Federal government generate

77% of the direct export income.

Aircraft industries dominates the

export base.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Snohomish County, Washington

Snohomish County ranked 13th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

Lands administered by the Forest

Service are 47% of the county.

Non-Federal timberlands cover another

30% of the county. The county's 1994

timber harvest ranked 1lth in the state

and accounted for 4.2% of the timber

produced in Washington. Historically,

private lands contributed the largest

share of the harvest, though National

Forests and state lands also played a

role. In the late 1980s, the private

harvest increased, while the other two

components declined. Private harvest

dropped in the early 1990s.

Farmland is 6% of the county's land

area, and most of this is cropland. In

1992, the county ranked 6th in the state

for the value of livestock sold (mainly

dairy and poultry), 3d for the value of

dairy products sold, and 20th for the

value of crops sold (mainly nursery and

greenhouse crops).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

195
196

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income trends in

Spokane County matched the

state trends in the 1970s, dropped

below the state in the 1980s, and

were increasing in the 1990s. The

county was impacted by the early

1980s recession and recovered

similarly to the state until the mid

1980s. Spokane County ranked

4th of the 39 counties in the state

for population in 1994. Per

capita income in Spokane County

has consistently been below that

for the state. Spokane County

ranked 16th in the state in per

capita income in 1993.

Spokane County, Washington

Spokane County is a metropolitan county in eastern Washington on the-Idaho bolder The county seat is

Spokane; the second largest city in the state. Interstate 90, a major transportation route, crosses the

county. Fairchild Air Force Base is in the western part of the county. The county's 1990 population density

of 204.9 persons per square mile is above the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990 17% of the population was

rural and 3% of workers commuted outside the county to work.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Spokane County, Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Spokane County's population has

grown in every decade since 1950.

Growth was particularly rapid

during the 1950s, 1970s, and early

1990s. The increase between 1980

and 1990 was due to natural

increases (births minus deaths) that

outweighed losses due to net

out-migration. Almost half of the

county's residents live in Spokane,

and most of the rest live in adjacent

suburban communities. Over 45%

live in unincorporated areas. The

age distribution of Spokane

County's population is similar to

the distribution for the state, and

the county's median age of 33.0 is

very close to the state median of

33.1.

3

 Census designated place

(unincorporated).

197
198

Spokane County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Relative to the state, Spokane

County has proportionally fewer

workers in forestry, farming and

fishing and a slightly larger

proportion in "other services "

occupations. There are few other

major differences between the

occupational profile for the state

and for the county. Like the state,

the ratio of women to men in the

labor force increased between 1980

and 1990. The educational

attainment profile for Spokane

County is very similar to the profile

for the state as a whole.
Spokane County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Transfers, property income, and

nonfarm earnings all increased

through the period. The recession

of the early 1980s caused a decline

in nonfarm earnings, and recovery

has been slow. Spokane County has

a higher proportion of personal

income from transfers relative to

the State of Washington, and a

lower proportion from nonfarm

earnings. A higher proportion of

transfer payments in the county are

income maintenance and medical

payments relative to the state, and

a lower proportion are retirement

payments.

199
200

Spokane County, Washington

Spokane County's economic structure

is heavily influenced by the Spokane

metropolitan area. Proportionally,

the county's financial division is the

2d largest in income compared to all

counties, and it ranks 3d largest in

services for income and employment.

Conversely, Spokane County ranks

proportionally 5th smallest in the

agriculture division.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for 37% of the

income. Ten industries and Federal

government generate 56% of the

direct export income. Health

industries and aluminum

manufacturing contribute to the

export base; however, Federal

government, which includes a variety

of military and nonmilitary agencies,

is the major source of export income.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Spokane County, Washington

Spokane County ranks 19th of the 39

counties in Washington in land area.

Non-Federal timber lands account for

24% of the land in the county. No

lands in Spokane County are

administered by the Forest Service or

BLM. The county ranked 24th in

timber harvest in 1994, and the

harvest came mainly from

nonindustrial private lands.

More than one-half of the land in the

county is farmland, and cropland is

the largest share of this. In 1992,

Spokane County ranked 13th in the

state for the value of crops sold

(principally wheat) and 15th for the

value of livestock sold (primarily

cattle and dairy products).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

201
202

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income growth

rates in Stevens County exceeded

those of the state during the

1970s. Growth was stagnant for

most of the 1980s, but it has

increased in the 1990s. The

employment and nonfarm labor

income declines of the early

1980s recession matched impacts

in the state, but there was no

similar recovery. Stevens County's

population ranked 24th of the 39

Washington counties in 1994. Per

capita income in Stevens County

has consistently been below the

state average. Stevens County

ranked 37th for per capita income

in the state in 1993.

Stevens County, Washington

Stevens County is a nonmetropolitan county in the northeastern part of the state. Colville, the county seat

is connected to Spokane via U.S. Highway 395. Franklin Roosevelt take makes up most of the county's

western border. The Spokane Indian Reservation covers parts of the county in the southwest, and Coivilie

National Forest covers portions of the eastern part of the county. Stevens County's 1990 population

density of 12.5 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 86% of the population

was rural and 23% of workers commuted outside the county to work, mostly to Spokane County.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Stevens County, Washington

Stevens County's population

declined between 1950 and 1970

and has grown since 1970. Growth

was particularly rapid during the

1970s. The rate of growth during the

early 1990s appears to have been

faster than demographers expected

when they made the 1995 to 2010

projections. The population increase

between 1980 and 1990 was due to

natural increases (births minus

deaths) that more than offset net

out-migration. The county is quite

rural. Over 70% of the county's

residents live in unincorporated

areas, and the remainder reside in

small incorporated communities.

Approximately 1,500 of Stevens

County's residents live within the

Spokane Reservation. Relative to the

State of Washington, a smaller

proportion of the county's residents

are between 18 and 49. Stevens

County's median age of 34.5 is

above the state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

203
204

Stevens County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Relative to the state, Stevens

County has proportionally more

workers in farming and forestry

and fewer workers in executive,

administrative, and professional

occupations. The ratio of women to

men in the workforce is increasing,

as it is in the state, but the ratio for

the county remains below that for

the state. Proportionally fewer

people in Stevens County have

college level educations relative to

the state as a whole.
Stevens County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings in Stevens

County grew at a fast rate during

the 1970s, then declined during the

recession of the early 1980s.

Recovery from the recession has

been very slow, and nonfarm

earnings have only recently

regained prerecession levels.

Property income and transfers

grew over the period, with a

particularly large increase in

transfers. Farm income and

transfers are both higher

proportions of personal income in

the county relative to the state, and

nonfarm earnings are a lower

proportion. Medical payments are

a higher proportion of transfer

payments in Stevens County

relative to the state, and retirement

payments are a lower proportion.

205
206

Stevens County, Washington

The economic structure of Stevens

County shows the 5th largest

proportion in the manufacturing

division in income and employment

compared to all counties. The high

wages in the manufacturing division

are revealed by the increase in the

division's proportion in income

relative to employment.

Direct and indirect sale of goods

and services to firms and

individuals outside the county plus

Federal government account for

56% of the income. Ten industries

and Federal government generate

over 11% of the direct export

income. Sawmills and planing mills

and nonferrous metals lead the

export industries. Federal

government, primarily the Forest

Service and the Bureau of Indian

Affairs, is another important source

of outside income.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Stevens County, Washington

Stevens County ranks 5th in land area

of the 39 Washington counties. About

55% of the land in the county is

non-Federal timberland, and an

additional 16% of the county is

administered by the Forest Service or

BLM. Almost 5% of the Washington

1994 timber harvest came from

Stevens County, and the county ranked

5th in the state for timber harvest.

Most of the harvest in the county

comes from private lands, and private

harvest has grown since the

mid-1980s.

One-third of the land in Stevens

County is in farms, and of this,

woodland is the largest land use class

(note that woodland acres may also be

counted as nonindustrial private

timberland above). In 1992, the county

ranked 25th in the state for the value

of crops sold (mainly grains) and 17th

for the value of livestock sold (mainly

cattle and dairy).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

207
208

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income

experienced faster growth than

the state throughout the entire

period. The county showed

similar declines as the state in the

early 1980s recession, but a

stronger recovery followed for

the county. Thurston County's

population ranked 8th of the 39

Washington counties in 1994. Per

capita income in Thurston County

has been below the state average

since the mid 1970s with little

change in the gap. Thurston

County ranked 10th in the state in

per capita income in 1993.

Thurston County, Washington

Thurston County is a metropolitan county in southwestern Washington, Olympia the county seat and

state's capital, is on the northern edge of the county on Puget Sound (the map at left does not accurately

portray the southern reach of Puget Sound), The Interstate 5 corridor bisects the county and the Nisqually

River forms its eastern boundary. The county's 1990 population density of 221.8 persons per square mile

is above the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 41%: of the population was rural and:22% of workers

commuted outside the county to work, mostly to Pierce and King Counties.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Thurston County, Washington

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Thurston County's population has

grown relatively rapidly in every

decade since 1950. The fastest

rate of growth and largest

absolute gain was between 1970

and 1980. Growth between 1980

and 1990 was due to both natural

increase (births minus deaths) and

net in-migration, with

in-migration providing the larger

share of the increase. About 40%

of Thurston County's residents live

in the adjacent communities of

Olympia, Lacey, and Tumwater.

Almost 60% live in unincorporated

areas. The age class distribution

of Thurston County is very close to

that for the State of Washington.

The county's median age of 33. 7 is

close to the state median of 33.1.

a

 Census designated place

209
210

Thurston County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

The occupational profile for

residents of Thurston County is

similar to the profile for

Washington State. The relatively

high proportion of executive.

professional, technical, and

administrative support occupations

is indicative of the county's metro

status and its role as a center of

state government. The ratio of

women to men in the workforce is

above the ratio for the state, and,

like the state, increased between

1980 and 1990. The county's

educational attainment profile is

similar to that for the state.
Thurston County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew in

Thurston County in both the

1970s and 1980s. Recovery from

the recession of the early 1980s

was relatively rapid in the county.

Transfers and property income

also grew, and transfers became a

larger share of personal income

than they were 20 years ago. The

distribution of personal income

among the four components is

similar in Thurston County to the

state distribution. Retirement

payments account for a higher

proportion of transfer payments

relative to the state, and medical

payments a lower proportion.

211
212

Thurston County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

The economic structure of Thurston

County is influenced by the industries

supporting the state's capital. The

government and services divisions

dominate this county's economy.

Combined, the two divisions generate

over 60% of the county's employment

and labor and proprietor income.

About 19% of the labor and

proprietor income is derived from

direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities (this

percentage would be much higher if it

included income earned by state

government employees; see

"Technical Notes"). The top 10 export

industries plus Federal government

(excluding state government) make up

about 55% of the direct export

income. Federal government, which

includes several military and

non-military agencies, and health

services are key contributors to export

generated income.
Thurston County, Washington

Thurston County ranks 32d of the 39

Washington counties in land area.

Non-Federal timber lands account for

58% of the land in the county. The

1994 timber harvest ranked 1 7th in

the state and was 2.3% of the total

harvest in Washington. The harvest is

primarily from private lands.

Farms account for 13% of the land in

the county, and cropland is the largest

component of farmland. In 1992,

Thurston County ranked 19th for the

value of crops sold and 8th in the state

for the value of livestock sold. The

inflation-adjusted value of crops has

more than doubled since 1982, and

nursery and greenhouse crops

account for most of the value.

Livestock sales are composed mostly

of poultry and dairy.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

213
214

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income levels

have trended gradually

downward since the mid to late

1970s. The recession of the early

1980s only increased these

downward trends, and there was

no associated recovery. These

trends seem to have reversed in

the 1990s. Wahkiakum County's

1994 population ranked 38th of

the 39 Washington counties. Per

capita income in Wahkiakum

County has been below the state

average for the entire period.

Whakiakum County ranked 20th

in the state in per capita income

in 1993.

Wahkiakum County, Washington

Wahkiakum County is a nonmetropolitan county along the lower Columbia River in southwestern

Washington. Cathlamet, the county-seat, is 25 miles vvest of Interstate 5 on State Route 4. the county's

1990 population density of 12.6 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 100%

of the population was rural and 36% of workers commuted outside the county to work, mostly to Pacific

and Cowlitz Counties.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Wahkiakum County, Washington

Wahkiakum County grew slowly

or lost population between 1950

and 1990. The rate of growth

increased in the early 1990s

counter to the projections. The

decrease between 1980 and 1990

was due to net out-migration of

people under 65 that outweighed

the natural increase (births minus

deaths). The county is quite rural.

Cathlamet, with 508 residents, is

the only incorporated community

in Wahkiakum County. Relative to

the State of Washington, a larger

proportion of the county's

residents are over 50, and the

median age of 40.2 is well above

the state median of 33.1.

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

215
216

Wahkiakum County, Washington

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

One-fifth of Wahkiakum County's

residents work in farming, forestry,

and fishing occupations. Relative to

the state, the county also has a

higher proportion in machine

operator and transportation

occupations and a lower proportion

in executive, administrative,

professional, and technical

occupations. There was a very large

increase in the ratio of women to

men in the workforce between 1980

and 1990. This was due to both an

increase in the number of women in

the labor force and a slight decrease

in the number of men. Relative to the

state, Wahkiakum County has a

smaller proportion of people with

college level educations and a larger

proportion of people with less than a

9th grade education.
Wahkiakum County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings in Wahkiakum

County increased until the

recession of the early 1980s,

when an extended decline began

that has only recently reversed.

Property income and transfers

grew in both absolute and

relative terms. Farm income,

transfers, and property income

all account for larger

proportions of personal income

in the county relative to the state.

Retirement payments account for

a larger proportion of transfer

payments in Wahkiakum County

than in the State of Washington.

These characteristics are

consistent with the older age

structure of the county (see

population page).

217
218

Wahkiakum County, Washington

Wahkiakum County has the largest

proportion in the agriculture division

in the state in employment and the 2d

largest in income. The agriculture

division is nine times greater than the

state proportion for income. In

contrast, Wahkiakum has one of the

smallest proportions in the financial,

trade, and services divisions in the

state.

Direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to firms and individuals

outside the county plus Federal

government account for 58% of the

income. Ten industries and Federal

government generate over 87% of the

direct export income. Logging, dairy

farm products, and vegetables are

the leading export income-generating

industries.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Wahkiakum County, Washington

Wahkiakum County is a small county

by western standards and ranks 3 7th

in land area of the 39 counties in

Washington. Three-fourths of the land

in Wahkiakum County is non-Federal

timberland. Almost no land is

administered by BLM or the Forest

Service. In 1994, the county ranked

22d in the state in timber harvest and

produced 1.8% of the total state

harvest (note that it represents only

0.4% of the state land area). Most of

the harvest comes from private lands

and has been cyclical.

Less than 10% of the county is in

farms. In 1992, Wahkiakum County

ranked 33d in the state in value of

farm products sold (much of which

comes from dairy products).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

219
220

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income trends

mirrored state trends for most of

the 1970s, were stagnant during

the 1980s, and appear to be

increasing in the 1990s. The

county, like the state, was

impacted by the early 1980s

recession, but there was no

similar economic recovery. Walla

Walla County's 1994 population

ranked 19th of the 39 Washington

counties. Per capita income in

Walla Walla County has been

below that of the state since the

early 1970s with an increasing

gap. Walla Walla County ranked

30th in the state in per capita

income in 1993.

Walla Walla County, Washington

Wafla Walla County is a nonmetropolitan county in southeastern Washington on the Oregon border. The

Snake and Columbia Rivers form the county's northern western boundaries respectively. The county

seat is Walla Walla, The county's 1990 population density of 38.1 persons per square mile is below the

U.S. average of 70.3. In 1990, 26% of the population was rural and 12% of workers commuted outside the

county to work, mostly to UmatiIIa County, Oregon and to Franklin and Benton Counties in Washington.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Walla Walla County, Washington

Walla Walla County's population

grew in spurts between 1950 and

1990. There was a slight decrease

between 1960 and 1970, and the rate

of growth has increased in the early

1990s. Demographers did not

anticipate this increase when they

made the 1995 to 2010 projections.

The population increase between

1980 and 1990 was due to natural

increase (births minus deaths), which

offset net out-migration. Over half of

Walla Walla County's population

lives in the city of Walla Walla, and

30% live in unincorporated areas.

Relative to the State of Washington, a

larger proportion of the county's

residents are between 18 and 24,

owing to the presence of college

students, and a smaller proportion

are between 25 and 49. Walla Walla

County's median age of 33.5 is close

to the state median of 33.1.

a

 Census designated place (unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

221
222

Walla Walla County, Washington

Walla Walla County has a larger

proportion of workers in farming

and forestry and "other services,"

and a smaller proportion in

executive and administrative

occupations compared to the state

as a whole. The proportion in

protective services is higher than in

most other counties due to the

penitentiary. The ratio of women to

men in the workforce is increasing

as it is in the state, but the rate of

increase is slower in the county. The

educational attainment profile for

Walla Walla County is similar to

the profile for the state except for

the larger share of people with less

than a 9th grade education.

Educational attainment is reported

for people 25 years and older, so

most of the college population is not

reflected here.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Walla Walla County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings grew in

Walla Walla County in the

1970s. The recession of the

1980s initiated a prolonged

period of no change in earnings

that continues. Transfers and

property income grew in both

absolute and relative terms

during the same period. Farm

income, transfers, and property

income all account for greater

proportions of personal income

in the county relative to the

state. The composition of

transfer payments in Walla

Walls County is similar to the

state.

223
224

Walla Walla County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Walla Walla County's economic

structure is proportionally similar

to the state's except for the

agriculture division, which doubles

the statewide average. The

services division ranks 6th among

all counties.

Forty-eight percent of the labor and

proprietor income is derived from

direct and indirect sale of goods

and services to out-of-county

entities. The top 10 export

industries plus Federal government

make up 75% of the direct export

income. Paper mills, colleges,

vegetables, and vegetable

processing lead the export

industries for this county. Federal

government, primarily the Army

Corps of Engineers, is also an

important source of external

income.
Walla Walla County, Washington

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

Walla Walla County ranks 26th of

the 39 Washington counties in land

area. The area of non-Federal

timber lands in the county is very

small, as is the area of Federal

lands. The 1994 timber harvest in

Walla Walla County ranked 33d in

timber production. Land in farms

accounts for 87% of the land in the

county, and most of that is

cropland. Walla Walla County

ranked 9th in the state for the

value of crops sold in 1992 and 5th

for the value of livestock sold

(mainly cattle). Crops include

wheat, hay, vegetables, and fruit.

225
226

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income in

Whatcom County grew slightly

faster than in the state as a whole

during the early 1970s and late

1980s. Impacts from the early

1980s recession in the county

were similar to the statewide

impacts. Whatcom County's 1994

population ranked 9th of the 39

Washington counties. Per capita

income in the county has

consistently been below the state

average. Whatcom County ranked

19th in the state for per capita

income in 1993.

Whatcom County, Washington

Whatcom County is a metropolitan county in northwestern Washington bounded to the norh by Canada

and by Puget: Sound to the west interstate 5 runs through Bellingham, the county seat. More than half of

the eastern part of the county is covered by North Cascades National Park and Mount Baker-Snoqualmie

National Forest. The county's 1990 population density of 60.3 persons per square mile is below the U.S.

average of 70.3. In 1990, 41% of the population was rural and 7 % of workers commuted outside the

county to work.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Whatcom County, Washington

Whatcom County has grown in

every decade since 1950. Growth

rates were fastest during the 1970s

and early 1990s. Both natural

increase (births minus deaths) and

net in-migration contributed to the

population increase between 1980

and 1990. Bellingham is by far the

largest community in Whatcom

County and has more than one-third

of the county's residents. Over 45%

of the population lives in

unincorporated areas. About 3,700

Whatcom County residents live

within the Lummi and Nooksack

Reservations and Trust Lands.

Relative to the State of Washington,

a larger proportion of the county's

residents are between 18 and 24

and a smaller proportion are

between 25 and 49. Whatcom

County's median age of 32.7 is very

close to the state median of 33.1.

aCensus designated place

(unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

227
228

Whatcom County, Washington

There are few differences between

Whatcom County's occupational

profile and that of the state, except

for a slightly larger proportion in

"other services" occupations and

the slightly smaller proportion in

professional specialty occupations.

Women accounted for a larger

share of the workforce in 1980 than

in 1990, following the trend for the

state. The educational attainment

profile for Whatcom County is very

similar to the profile for the state.

Educational attainment is reported

for people 25 years and older, so

most of the college population is not

reflected here.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Whatcom County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings in Whatcom

County grew throughout the

period, except for the setback

caused by the recession of the early

1980s. Property income and

transfers grew in absolute terms

and as proportions of personal

income. Farm income, transfers,

and property income are each a

slightly larger proportion of

personal income in the county

relative to the state. The

components of transfer payments in

the county are very similar to the

state.

229
230

Whatcom County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Whatcom County's economic

structure has a trade division

proportion that is the largest of all

counties in employment and 4th in

income. The proportion in the

construction division ranks 6th for

income. Conversely, Whatcom

County has one of the smallest

government divisions in the state.

Forty-six percent of the labor and

proprietor income is derived from

direct and indirect sale of goods

and services to out-of-county

entities. The top 10 export

industries plus Federal government

make up 52% of the direct export

income. Primary aluminum, pulp

mills, petroleum refining, and

commercial fishing are among the

top export industries.
Whatcom County, Washington

Whatcom County ranks 12th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

One-third of the land in the county is

administered by the Forest Service,

and non-Federal timberlands are an

additional 20% of the land area. In

1994, the timber harvest in Whatcom

County ranked 20th in the state and

was 2.1% of the total Washington

harvest. Private lands account for most

of the harvest, especially in recent

years. Harvest from private lands,

National Forests, and state lands has

been declining.

Less than 10% of the land in the

county is farmland, and most of that is

cropland. In 1992, the county ranked

1st in the state in value of dairy

products sold and 14th for the value of

crops sold. Crops include fruits, nuts,

berries, and nursery and greenhouse

crops.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

231
232

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income levels have

changed little since the early

1970s. Recessions that have

impacted the state seem to have

had little effect in Whitman

County. In 1994, Whitman

County's population ranked 22d of

the 39 Washington counties. Per

capita income in Whitman County

has been highly variable due to

the importance and volatility of

farm income. It has been below

the state average for all but one

year since 1970 and the gap

seems to be increasing. Whitman

County's per capita income

ranked 35th in the state in 1993.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State

Whitman County, Washington

Whitrnah County is a nonmetropolitan COUnty in the southeastern part of the state on the Idaho border.

The county seat is Colfax, Washington State University is in Pullman, the county's largest city. The

county's 1990 population density of 18.0 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In

1990, 33% of the population was rural and 9% of workers commuted outside the county to work, mainly to

Latah County, Idaho.
Whitman County, Washington

Whitman County's population has

grown slowly or declined in the

decades since 1950, except during

the 1960s when growth was

relatively rapid. The population

decease between 1980 and 1990 was

due to out-migration, mainly by

persons under 65. Over half the

county's population reside in

Pullman. There are numerous other

small communities dispersed

throughout the county, with only

17% of the population living in

unincorporated areas. Relative to

the State of Washington, a much

larger proportion of the county's

residents are between 18 and 24,

reflecting Washington State

University students. Whitman

County's median age of 24.4 is much

lower than the state median of 33.1

and is the lowest median age of any

county in the state.

a

 Census designated place (unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

233
234

Whitman County, Washington

Relative to the state, Whitman County

has a much higher proportion of

workers in professional specialty

(likely due to employees of

Washington State University) and

farming occupations, and a smaller

proportion in precision production

and craft occupations. The county

mirrors the state trend of an

increasing proportion of the

workforce being female. The county

has a very high proportion of people

with bachelor's and advanced college

degrees relative to the state, again

reflecting the presence of Washington

State University.

Educational attainment is reported

for people 25 years and older, so most

of the undergraduate college

population is not reflected here.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Whitman County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings and property

income grew slowly throughout

the period. Transfer payments

increased at a faster pace, and

farm income has been very

volatile. Farm income, transfers,

and property income all are a

larger proportion of personal

income in Whitman County than

in Washington as a whole.

Medical payments are a smaller

share of transfer payments

relative to the state, and "other"

transfers are a much larger share

because of student aid for

Washington State University

students.

235
236

Whitman County, Washington

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Washington State University

dominates the economic structure of

Whitman County which has the 3d

largest government division among all

counties. Conversely, it has the

smallest portion of employment

generated in the manufacturing

division in the state and 2d smallest

for income. The proportion of

manufacturing income is 90% less

than the state average.

Twenty-two percent of the labor and

proprietor income is derived from

direct and indirect sale of goods and

services to out-of-county entities (this

percentage would be much higher if it

included income earned by

Washington State University

employees; see "Technical Notes").

The top 10 export industries plus

Federal government make up over

84% of the direct export income.

Vegetables lead the export industries

for the county. Federal government,

which includes the Soil Conservation

Service, is also a source of outside

income.
Whitman County, Washington

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

Whitman County ranks 10th in land

area of the 39 Washington counties.

There is a very small acreage of

non-Federal timberland and land

administered by BLM in Whitman

County. The small timber harvest

ranked the county at 34 of the 35

counties in Washington recording

timber harvest in 1994. Virtually all of

Whitman County is in farms, and most

of it is classified as cropland. In 1992,

the county ranked 6th for the value of

crops sold and 19th for the value of

livestock sold (mainly cattle). The

main crops are wheat, barley, and

other grains.

237
238

Population, employment, and

nonfarm labor income growth

rates approximated state trends

during the 1970s and have

dropped below state growth rates

since then. The county, like the

state was affected by the early

1980s recession with respect to

the economic declines, but

recovery was not as strong.

Yakima County ranked 7 th of the

39 Washington counties in

population in 1994. Per capita

income in Yakima County has

been consistently below the state

average. Yakima County's 1993

per capita income ranked 24th in

the state.

Yakima County, Washington

Yakima County is a metropolitan county in south-central Washington. Interstate 82 runs through the

county seat, Yakima. Part of the U.S. Military Yakima Training Range is situated in the northeastern

corner of the county. The majority of the county is covered by the Yakima Indian Reservation. The

county's 1990 population density of 44.0 persons per square mile is below the U.S. average of 70.3. In

1990, 36% of the population was rural and 5% of workers commuted outside the county to work.

Overview: Major Trends Compared With State
Yakima County, Washington

Yakima County's population has

grown steadily in every decade

since 1950. Growth was more rapid

between 1970 and 1980 and during

the early 1990s. The population

increase between 1980 and 1990

was entirely due to natural increase

(births minus deaths). Yakima is by

far the largest city in Yakima

County and has 29% of the county

population. About 47% of residents

live in unincorporated areas.

Almost 27,000 people live within

the Yakama Reservation. Almost

25% of the county is Hispanic.

Relative to the State of Washington,

a larger proportion of Yakima

County's residents are under 18,

and the county's median age of 31.5

is below the state median of 33.1.

a

 Census designated place

(unincorporated).

The Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

239
240

Yakima County, Washington

Relative to the state, Yakima County

has a higher proportion of workers

in farming and forestry and a

smaller proportion in executive,

adm in istrative, and professional

occupations. The ratio of women to

men in the workforce is increasing,

as it is in the state. Yakima County

has a very high proportion of

people who are not high school

graduates and a low proportion

with college level educations

relative to the State of Washington.

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender
Yakima County, Washington

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

Nonfarm earnings increased in

Yakima County until the

recession of the early 1980s,

from which recovery has been

slow. Farm income and transfers

make up a larger share of

personal income in the county

relative to the state. Nonfarm

earnings account for a smaller

share of personal income. In

1993, unemployment benefits,

income maintenance, and

medical payments all were larger

proportions of transfer payments

in the county relative to the State

of Washington. Conversely,

retirement payments were a

smaller proportion.

241
242

Yakima County, Washington

Agriculture in Yakima County is five

times greater than the state

proportion for employment and six

times greater for income. Aside

from these differences, the county's

economic structure is relatively

similar to the state's.

Forty-four percent of the labor and

proprietor income is derived from

direct and indirect sale of goods

and services to out-of-county

entities. The top 10 export

industries plus Federal government

make up 70% of the direct export

income. Fruits and canned fruits

and vegetables are the leading

export income-generating industries

for this county.

Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base
Yakima County, Washington

Yakima County ranks 2d in land area

of the 39 Washington counties. The

Forest Service and BLM manage 19%

of the land in Yakima County. Another

29% is non-Federal timberland. In

1994, Yakima County's timber harvest

ranked 13th in the state and accounted

for over 3% of the timber harvest in

Washington. Private lands have

usually provided the largest share of

the harvest. This is particularly true in

recent years, as the harvest from

National Forests has declined.

About 60% of the land in the county is

farmland with cropland and pasture or

rangeland being the two largest

classifications. In 1992, Yakima

County had the highest value for both

crops and livestock sold of any county

in Washington. Fruit, hops, and mint

are some of the main crops. Cattle are

the major component of livestock sales.

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

243
244

Technical Notes and Data Sources

Each data item is discussed in the order in which it is encountered in the

county-by-county section of this report. Technical notes and a description

of the data item come first, followed by the list of sources. The "Literature

Cited" contains the complete reference for each electronic or published

source.

General Description Section

The general description is in the shaded box at the top of the first page for

each county.

Metropolitan/nonmetropolitan designation—

Notes: A metropolitan county is any county in a metropolitan area (MA).

The MA counties are those in and around a large population

center, including adjacent communities economically and socially

integrated with the central city. An MA must have a central city

with a population of at least 50,000 or an urbanized area (a group

of places and densely settled surrounding territory with a

minimum population of 50,000) and a total MA population of at

least 100,000. These designations are based on Bureau of

Census data but are defined by the Office of Management and

Budget. Designations used in this report were those in effect

June 30, 1993.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1991 a)

for definitions and Butler and Beale (1994) for county

designations.

General location information—

Population density—

Notes: Population density was calculated by the Census Bureau from

the 1990 decennial census.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1992d).

Rural population—

Notes: The rural population is the portion of the population not classified

as urban by the Census Bureau. Urban residents live in urbanized areas (a group of places that together with the densely settled surrounding territory have a minimum population of 50,000)

or in places having a population of 2,500 or more outside urbanized areas. There are generally both urban and rural residents

within both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1992a,

1992b).

Percentage commuting out of county to work—

Notes: This estimate is based on responses from the sample of people

who received the 1990 decennial census long form. This data

item was tabulated for members of the Armed Forces and civilians 16 years and over who were at work during the reference

week (the calendar week preceding the date on which the respondents filled out their questionnaire).

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1991a,

1991b).

Sources: Rand McNally (1993).
Overview: Major Trends Compared With State (or Nation)

Population: Index of total resident population—

Notes: Estimates for 1970, 1980, and 1990 are April 1 estimates based

on the decennial census of population and housing conducted by

the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Estimates for 1971-79, 1981-89, and 1991-93 are July 1 estimates

from the Current Population Reports prepared by the Census

Bureau in cooperation with the states. Each series was indexed

to 1970=100 because of widely differing scales.

Sources: The 1970, 1980, and 1971-79 estimates are from the U.S.

Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1992c, 1992d);

the 1990 estimates are from U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of the Census (1991a, 1991b). Estimates for 1981-89 and

1991-93 (adjusted for the 1990 census) were obtained from the

State Data Center. See appendix E for how to contact the State

Data Center.

Employment: Index of total employment—

Notes: This is a comprehensive measure of employment (actually of

jobs) from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), that includes both farm and nonfarm

employment and full- and part-time employment. A person with

more than one job would be counted once for each job. Also, a

full-time job and a part-time job each count as one job. This

measure also includes categories not reported by state employment offices, such as proprietors and railroad employees. It is

reported by place of work. Because structural changes in employment have occurred over time, this measure portrays information about general economic conditions but not about the

nature of employment or full-time versus part-time employment.

Each series was indexed to 1969=100 because of widely varying

scales.

Sources: Data for 1969 to 1991 are from U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of Economic Analysis (1993), and data for 1992 to 1993

are from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis (1995).

Nonfarm labor income: Index of inflation adjusted estimates—

Notes: Nonfarm labor income represents the component of personal

income generated through nonfarm economic activity and is a

proxy for county gross domestic product. Labor income (also

called earnings by BEA) is made up of wages and salaries paid

to employees and corporate officers, as well as estimates of

pay-in-kind, tips and commissions, estimates of other labor

income (employer contributions to private pension and welfare

funds), and estimates for the self-employed (proprietor income).

Labor income is reported by place of work and is measured

before deductions such as social security and union dues. Farm

income, despite its importance to some local economies, is

excluded here because of its erratic nature, which obfuscates

trend analysis.

These income measures are adjusted for inflation (to 1990

dollars) by using the personal consumption expenditure index

(PCE) developed by BEA and reported in the economic report to

the President (U.S. Government Printing Office 1993).

Sources: Data for 1969 to 1991 are from U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of Economic Analysis (1993) and data for 1992 to 1993

are from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis (1995).

Per capita income: Inflation adjusted—

Notes: Per capita income is calculated by dividing BEA's total personal

income (see below) by the Census Bureau's annual July 1 total

population estimates (also reported on the BEA REIS CD-ROM).

It was adjusted for inflation by dividing by the personal consumption expenditure index (PCE). It is reported by place of

residence.

Per capita income is included here as a rough indicator of

economic well-being. Many factors can influence both the level

245
246

and fluctuation of per capita income, so some caution is in order

in interpreting these data. For instance, a large institutional population (such as a university or correctional facility) may lower the

average for an area, and a temporary event, such as a labor

dispute, may cause a fluctuation. In addition, there is no way to

account for differences in costs of living at the county level, which

also may influence economic well-being.

Sources: Data for 1969 to 1991 are from U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of Economic Analysis (1993) and data for 1992 to 1993

are from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis (1995).

origin category. The "other race" category includes a number of

people with write-in entries such as multiracial, multiethnic,

Spanish-Hispanic origin group names (such as Cuban, Mexican,

Puerto Rican), and others.

Sources: The 1980 estimates came from U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of the Census (1992c, 1992d) and the 1990 estimates

from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census

(1991a, 1991b).

Population: Components of change —

Population: Characteristics and Changes Over Time

Population: Past and future—

Notes: Population numbers for 1950 to 1990 are April 1 figures based on

the decennial census for that year; the 1993 estimate is an intercensal estimate as of July 1 made by the State Data Center. The

projected population estimates for years after 1993 are also from

the State Data Center. These projections used the 1990 census,

April 1 counts, as the benchmark population.

Notes: Population change during any given period is composed of two

components that increase the population (births and in-migration)

and two components that reduce the population (deaths and

out-migration). Grouping the vital statistics together and the

migration statistics together, population change is composed of

natural increase (births less deaths) and net migration (in-migration less out-migration). Net migration by age group is estimated

differently by different states but frequently relies on data such as

address changes from driver's licenses and tax returns.

Sources: Office of Financial Management (1991).

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1992c,

1992d) and State Data Center for past population estimates.

Projections came from Office of Financial Management (1995).

Race and Hispanic origin—

Notes: These data are from the decennial censuses for 1980 and 1990

and are subject to self-reporting error and processing errors

associated with census estimates. Hispanic origin is not a subset

of race. A person of Hispanic origin can be of any race and is

included in one of the race categories as well as in the Hispanic

Population age structure—

Notes: This is a 1990 decennial census estimate derived from responses to the short form distributed to all households. Due to the

way the question was asked, it is likely that about 10 percent of

persons at each age are actually 1 year younger (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census 1991a). This is not a

significant problem here, where our purpose was to portray major

life-stage groupings and to compare the county with the state.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, (1991a,

1991b).
Population of cities and towns—

Notes: These estimates were taken from the decennial censuses of

1980 and 1990. The cities and towns listed are incorporated

places (legal units) or census designated places (statistical

units). They may cross county boundaries (see appendix C), but

not state boundaries. In all cases, the entire city or town population is reported rather than just the portion located in that

county; the purpose being to show the size of the communities in

the county's proximity. Population estimates for census designated places were not readily available for 1980 as denoted by

the "N.A." Census designated places are densely settled population centers with a local identity but without legal or governmental functions. In some cases, part of the population change

between 1980 and 1990 may be due to annexations and other

boundary changes. Contact the State Data Center (see appendix

E) for more information on annexations and boundary changes.

Sources: The 1980 estimates were from an incorporated place file from the

Bureau of the Census1 and the 1990 estimates were from U.S.

Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1991b).

American Indian reservations and trust lands population—

Notes: American Indian reservations are areas with boundaries established by treaty, statute, or executive or court order and recognized by the Federal government as territory in which American

Indian tribes have jurisdiction. State reservations are lands held

in trust by state governments for the use and benefit of a given

tribe. The reservations and their boundaries were identified for

the 1990 census by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Department of the Interior (for Federal reservations), and state governments (for state reservations).

Trust lands are properties associated with a particular American

Indian reservation or tribe and held in trust by the Federal Government. Trust lands may be held in trust for either a tribe or an

1

 Data obtained from the Economic Research Service,

Washington, DC. On file with: Forestry Sciences Laboratory,

P.O. Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208.

individual member of a tribe. Trust lands recognized for the 1990

census comprise all tribal trust lands and inhabited individual

trust lands located outside a reservation boundary.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau (1991a, 1991b).

The Workforce: Occupation, Education, and Gender

Occupation—

Notes: Occupation was collected from the sample of households who

received the long form of the 1990 decennial census of population and housing. Thus the occupational distribution displayed is

for residents of the county whether or not they work in the county.

As sample data, these numbers are subject to both sampling and

nonsampling error. The occupational classification system used

for the census consisted of 500 specific occupational categories,

which were then grouped by the Census Bureau into the 13

categories presented here. Occupations cut across industries,

though in some cases the occupational category and the

employment category are closely related.

The farming, forestry, and fishing category includes most agriculture related occupations; logging and other forestry occupations; and fishing, hunting, and trapping occupations. Workers

involved in food processing, sawmilling, and fish processing

would be classified based on the type of work they do within

those industries (machine operators, laborers, clerical, and so

forth).

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1992b).

Civilian labor force—

Notes: These data are from the decennial censuses of 1980 and 1990

(long form). The civilian labor force includes all persons 16 years

and older who were either employed or unemployed but actively

seeking work during the reference week (the week prior to the

week during which the respondent filled out the census form). It

247
248

includes people who had a job but were not at work due to illness, vacation, bad weather, and so forth and excludes those

performing unpaid work around the house or unpaid volunteer

work.

Sources: The 1980 estimates were reported on U.S. Department of

Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1992c) and the 1990

estimates on U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the

Census (1992b).

Educational Attainment—

Notes: Educational attainment is collected from the sample of households who receive the long form of the decennial census of

population and housing. The estimates shown are for people

25 years and older.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1992b).

Economy and Income: Personal Income Sources and Trends

classified as agricultural services), the pay-in-kind of hired farm

labor, and the salaries of corporate farm officers. Proprietor's net

income is gross farm income less production expenditures (both

being for noncorporate farms only). Gross farm income includes

cash receipts from marketing, government payments to farmers,

rental value of farm dwellings, the value of food and fuel produced and consumed on farms, and the value of the net change

in inventories of crops and livestock. These data rely heavily on

the census of agriculture and estimates of farm income made by

the USDA Economic Research Service.

Sources: Data for 1969 to 1991 are from U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of Economic Analysis (1993) and data for 1992 to 1993

are from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis (1995).

Components of personal income 1991 compared to state—

Notes: See "Total personal income by component over time" above.

Sources: See "Total personal income by component over time" above.

Total personal income by component over time—

Notes: Total personal income is BEA's comprehensive estimate of

income from all sources and thus a measure of economic resources accruing to residents of the county as well as a proxy for

county economic activity. Total personal income for the residents

of a county is composed of transfer payments (see below), property income (dividends, interest, and rent), farm income, and

nonfarm earnings (labor income, net of personal contributions to

social insurance and adjusted to place of residence—termed "net

earnings" by BEA).

Labor income is composed of wages and salaries, other labor

income (mainly employer contributions to private pension and

welfare funds), and proprietor income.

Farm income consists of proprietor's net income, the wages and

salaries of farm labor (except farm labor contractors, which is

Transfer payments by source—

Notes: BEA reports estimates for more than 25 categories of transfer

payments paid to a county's residents and nonprofit institutions

on behalf of individuals. Transfer payments are payments for

which current services were not rendered. Seventy-five percent

is based on directly reported data at the county level. We have

collapsed the data into five broad categories that distinguish

among the basic types of payments.

Sources: Data for 1969 to 1991 are from U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of Economic Analysis (1993) and data for 1992 to 1993

are from U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic

Analysis (1995).
Economy and Industry: Structure and Economic Base

Economic structure, 1991: Employment and labor and proprietor

income by major industry—

Notes: Employment (actually a count of jobs) and income are displayed

by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Divisions (one digit) to

provide an indicator of each group's significance in 1991. Jobs

include full-time and part-time jobs, and the self-employed. Labor

income encompasses employee compensation (wage and salary

payments, and noncash compensation such as health and life

insurance), and proprietary income (payments received by selfemployed individuals such as private business owners, lawyers,

and doctors). Property income is excluded because it contains

corporate profits and losses, and the imputed values of owneroccupied dwellings, which are not cash flows in the economy.

Two division titles may cause confusion. The agriculture, forestry,

and fishing division may be misleading because it captures only a

few forest-related activities. The main forestry activities covered

here pertain to tree farms, nurseries, and forestry consulting

services. Sawmills and logging are considered part of manufacturing. Hence, this category is usually dominated by agriculture,

although fishing plays a major role in some counties.

Government enterprises and special industries is another division

that may cause confusion because it seldom is displayed separately from the rest of government. This category includes

utilities, the U.S. Postal Service, scrap, and other industries that

have private sector counterparts or do not operate with appropriated funds.

Sources: Olsen and Lindall (1993) and Taylor and others (1993) for

documentation and Minnesota IMPLAN Group (1994) for the

database.

Export base, 1991: The export base and top exporting industries—

Notes: The export base is the income derived from the direct or indirect

sale of goods and services to firms or individuals outside the

county (or state). The "top 10 exporting industries" were selected

by the following process, using 1991 IMPLAN (Minnesota

IMPLAN Group 1994) data. The proportion of the total industrial

output exported from the county was determined for each industry. This share was used to calculate the portion of total

income related to exports for each industry. The industries were

then sorted based on export income, and the highest 10 were

chosen.

Federal income includes employee compensation for both military and nonmilitary Federal employment. It is included because

this is an important source of "outside" income, and as such, part

of the export base. Federal income does not include Federal

enterprise industries such as the Postal Service or utilities. State

government or a portion thereof is generally included in the export base as well; however, we have not included it because it

cannot be separated from local government in IMPLAN.

Other direct export income includes all remaining export income

not identified in the top 10 industries or Federal government.

Indirect export income is generated due to the interindustry purchases (backward linking) of exporting industries. The IMPLAN

input-output model is used to determine the indirect income

created by exports from each of the top 10 industries. The ratio

of top 10 direct to top 10 indirect export income is then used to

estimate the indirect export income generated by the other exporting industries. The indirect from the top 10 and the estimated

other indirect are then summed to obtain the total indirect export

income. The induced effects associated with purchases from

direct export income are not included (they are part of "all other"

labor and proprietor income).

"All other income" is the total labor and proprietor income less

direct and indirect export income. It includes income from industries that do not export as well as the portion of income from

exporting industries that is associated with total industrial output

not exported.

The chart for top exporting industries describes the direct and

indirect income associated with each of the top 10 industries

along with Federal wages (for which indirect export income

cannot be calculated in IMPLAN). The importance of an indi249
250

vidual industry in the export base and the magnitude of backward

links to other industries are easily noted.

Sources: Minnesota IMPLAN Group (1994).

Natural Resources: Forests, Range, and Agriculture

In this section, percentages of various land types or uses are meant to give

a general picture of land use and for a variety of reasons may not be strictly

accurate or precise. For instance, percentages are calculated relative to

land area rather than total area. In some cases this may not be completely

accurate because the numerator includes water area and the denominator

does not. Also, these data come from a variety of sources (each subject to

some level of error), and there may be overlap among some categories,

such as woodland acres under both farmland and nonindustrial private

timberland acres.

County land area and water area—

Notes: These area estimates were calculated by the Census Bureau

from the set of boundaries in their geographic database. Water

includes inland and coastal water. The accuracy is limited by the

inaccuracy inherent in the boundary files in the digitized

database.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1991b).

Timber harvest by owner—

Notes: Estimates are in thousands of board feet, Scribner log scale.

Both softwoods and hardwoods are included in these estimates.

Timber harvest and timber sold from Federally administered

lands are not equivalent. Timber is sold by multiyear contract and

may be harvested at any point during that contract period. There

is generally less year-to-year variation (peaks and troughs) in

sale levels than in harvest levels.

Sources: Department of Natural Resources (various years).

Non-Federal timberland—

Notes: The symbol"—" means none found, less than 500 acres found,

or not sampled due to negligible forest land.

These estimates are based primarily on forest resource sample

surveys conducted by Forest Service Research and Experiment

Stations. The "nonindustrial private" category includes farmerowned lands (which may also be counted as woodland in the

farms and farmland section) and miscellaneous private lands.

Native American timberland estimates reported by county in the

Forest Service inventory documents were supplemented by data

from the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to improve the FS

estimates.

The FS survey estimates are subject to sampling errors. Estimates for different areas are based on surveys in different years

(see sources below). State totals were obtained by summing the

counties, so they are rough estimates and do not correspond to a

particular year.

For the FS survey estimates, timberland is defined as forest land

(land at least 10 percent stocked by live trees or formerly having

such cover and not currently developed for nonforest use) capable of producing 20 cubic feet or mere per acre per year of

industrial wood, and not withdrawn from timber utilization.

The BIA estimates used were for the categories that we felt

most closely matched the FS definition of timberland. These are

unreserved accessible commercial timberland plus unreserved

inaccessible productive timberland.

Sources: MacLean and others (1992) and McKay and others (1995);

Bureau of Indian Affairs (1992).

BLM-and FS-administered lands—

Notes: Estimates for BLM-administered land are all for lands under the

exclusive jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management. These
lands include "public domain, Land Utilization Project Lands, and

certain other categories" (U.S. Department of the Interior, BLM

1991). Acreages are as of September 30, 1991.

Forest Service-administered acres include all areas under the

administration of the USDA Forest Service and exclude areas

within National Forest boundaries that are administered by other

owners. Lands included are National Forests, National Grasslands, purchase units, land utilization projects, and other areas

under Forest Service administration. Acreages are as of

September 1994.

Note that the FS- and BLM-administered acres encompass all

land classes, not just timberland, in contrast to the non-Federal

acres estimates, which are only for timberland.

Wilderness acres are a subset of FS-administered lands that are

officially designated as Wilderness Areas and managed as such.

Other FS, BLM, or National Park Service lands may have wilderness characteristics or may be restricted from various types of

commodity production but are not officially designated as wilderness. Wilderness acres were calculated by using a geographic

information system, which overlayed county boundaries with

wilderness area boundaries.

Sources: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management

(1991); U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (1995);

and wilderness acres from the USDA Forest Service, Pacific

Northwest Region, Data Resources and Geographic Information

Management group.2

Farms and farmland—

Notes: These data come from the census of agriculture, which is a

survey of farm operators taken every 5 years by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. The definitions below

come from the documentation for the electronic files. The symbol

"(D)" means the data were not disclosed to protect confidentiality.

2

 Electronic data. On file with: Forestry Sciences Laboratory, P.O. Box

3890, Portland, OR 97208.

A farm is any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural

products were produced and sold or normally would have been

sold during the census year.

Farmland consists primarily of agricultural land used for crops,

pasture, or grazing. It also includes woodland and wasteland not

actually under cultivation or used for grazing, provided it was part

of the farm operator's total operation. Land in farms includes

acres set aside under annual commodity acreage programs as

well as acres in the Conservation Reserve and Wetlands Reserve Programs for places meeting the farm definition. All

grazing land, except land used under government permits on a

per-head basis, was included as "land in farms," provided it was

part of a farm or ranch.

Cropland includes land from which crops were harvested or hay

was cut; land in orchards, citrus groves, vineyards, and nurseries

and greenhouses products; cropland used only for pasture or

grazing; land in cover crops, legumes, and soil improvement

grasses; land on which all crops failed; land in cultivated summer

fallow; and idle cropland.

Pasture and range includes land used for pasture or grazing,

exclusive of cropland, or woodland used for those purposes.

Woodland includes natural or planted woodlots or timber tracts,

cutover and deforested land with young growth that has or will

have value for wood products, land planted for Christmas tree

production, and woodland pasture. Land covered by sagebrush

or mesquite was to be reported as other pastureland and rangeland or other land. There may be double counting between woodland and the non-Federal timberland categories that include

nonindustrial private landowners.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1994).

Value of farm products sold—

Notes: These data are from the census of agriculture, which is a survey

taken every 5 years by the U.S. Department of Commerce,

Bureau of the Census. They were adjusted for inflation by using

the producer price indices (1987=100) for crops and livestock

251
from the 1991 IMPLAN database. Only farms with sales of $2500

or more are included. These estimates represent gross market

value before taxes and production expenses. The value of crops

sold for a year does not necessarily represent the sales from

crops harvested that year. Crops includes grains, hay, grass and

other seeds, vegetables, fruits, nuts, berries, nursery and greenhouse crops, and other crops not specifically reported in the

census of agriculture (such as Christmas trees). The value of

livestock sold includes poultry and poultry products, cattle, hogs,

sheep, dairy products, and other livestock.

Sources: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (1994).

252

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Brenda Hunt for her able assistance with graphics and

geographic descriptions, and to John Boyd for his dedicated pursuit of

those wily IMPLAN numbers. We would also like to thank the many

reviewers who provided useful suggestions at various stages of this project.
Literature Cited

 1

Bureau of Indian Affairs, Forestry Division. 1992. Catalog of forest acres.

[Portland, OR], [pages unnumbered].

Butler, Margaret A.; Beale, Calvin L 1994. Rural-urban continuum codes for

metro and nonmetro counties, 1993. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Economic Research Service. 43 p.

Olsen, D., S. Lindall. 1993. 1990 IMPLAN database documentation. Stillwater,

MN: Minnesota Implan Group.

Rand McNally. 1993. Road atlas. [Chicago], [pages unnumbered].

Taylor, C; Winter, S.; Alward, G.; Siverts, E. 1993. Micro IMPLAN user's guide.

Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Land

Management Planning Systems Group.

Department of Natural Resources. Various years. Timber harvest report.

[Olympia, WA].

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1995. Land areas of the

National Forest System. FS-383. Washington, DC. 123 p.

MacLean, Colin D.; Bassett, Patricia M.; Yeary, Glenn. 1992. Timber resource

statistics for western Washington. Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-191. Portland, OR:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research

Station. 135 p.

McGinnis, Wendy J.; Phillips, Richard H.; Connaughton, Kent P. 1996. County

portraits of Oregon and northern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-377.

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific

Northwest Research Station. 315. p.

McKay, Neil; Bassett, Patricia M.; MacLean, Colin D. 1995. Timber resource

statistics for eastern Washington. Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-201. Portland, OR:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research

Station. 47 p.

Minnesota IMPLAN Group. 1994.1991 IMPLAN database [electronic data file].

Stillwater, MN.

Office of Financial Management. 1991. 1991 population trends for Washington

State. Olympia, WA. 128 p.

Office of Financial Management. [1995]. Washington State county population

projections by age and sex: 1990-2020. [Olympia, WA]. 143 p.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1991a. Census of

population and housing, 1990: summary tape file 1 on CD-ROM technical

documentation. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1991b. Census of

population and housing, 1990: summary tape file 1A on CD-ROM (Oregon,

Washington, California, Idaho). Washington, DC. [Machine readable data files].

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1992a. Census of

population and housing, 1990: summary tape file 3 on CD-ROM technical

documentation. Washington, DC.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1992b. Census of

population and housing, 1990: summary tape file 3A on CD-ROM (Oregon,

Washington, California, Idaho). Washington, DC. [Machine readable data files].

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1992c. USA counties on

CD-ROM technical documentation.Washington, DC: Data User Services

Division.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1992d. USA counties on

CD-ROM. Washington, DC. [Machine readable data files].

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1994. 1992 Census of

Agriculture Geographic Area Series 1A CD-ROM. Washington, DC. [Machine

readable data files].

1

 Includes electronic databases.

253
254

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1993. Regional

economic information system CD-ROM disk. Washington, DC. [Machine

readable data files and technical documentation files prepared by the Regional

Economic Measurement Division (BE-55), Bureau of Economic Analysis,

Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce].

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 1995. Regional

economic information system CD-ROM disk. Washington, DC. [Machine

readable data files and technical documentation files prepared by the Regional

Economic Measurement Division (BE-55), Bureau of Economic Analysis,

Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce].

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. [1991]. BLM

facts: Oregon and Washington 1991. [Portland, OR]: Oregon State Office. 52 p.

U.S. Government Printing Office. 1993. Economic report to the President.

Washington, DC.
Appendix A— Industry Codes

IMPLAN industries, and equivalent Bureau of Economic Analysis commodities and Standard Industrial Classification codes (for top exporting industries

charts):

255

IMPLAN

no.

507

26

437

389

391

265

488

451

456

393

448

67

5

232

37

496

25

441

475

342

243

457

1

68

490

454

443

411

495

506

1990 IMPLAN Database Sector

Accounting, Auditing & Bookkeeping

Agriculture, Forest, Fishery Services

Air Transportation

Aircraft

Aircraft & Missile Equipment

Aluminum Rolling & Drawing

Amusement & Recreation

Automotive Dealers & Services

Banking

Boat Building & Repairing

Building Materials & Garden Supplies

Canned Fruits & Vegetables

Cattle Feedlots

Cement

Coal Mining

Colleges, Universities, & Schools

Commercial Fishing & Trapping

Communications

Computer & Data Processors

Computer Peripheral Equipment

Concrete Products, NE C

Credit Agencies

Dairy Farm Products

Dehydrated Food Products

Doctors & Dentists

Eating & Drinking Places

Electric Services

Electromedical Apparatus

Elementary & Secondary Schools

Engineering. Architectural Services

1982 BEA commodity

(73.0303)

(4.0001)

(65.0500)

(60.0100)

(60.0400)

(38.0800)

(76.0206)

(pt 69.0200)

(70.0100)

(61.0200)

(pt 69.0200)

(14.0900)

(pt 1.0301)

(36.0100)

(7.0OO0)

(77.0402)

( 3.0002)

(66.0000)

(73.0104)

(pt 51.0101)

(36.1100)

(70.0200)

(1.0100)

(14.1000)

(77.0100)

(74.0000)

(68.0100)

(pt 58.0300)

(77.0401)

(730302)

Standard Industry

Classification (1987 SIC)

8720, 8990

0710, 072,0 0750, 0760, 0254,

0850, 0920; also part of 0279

4500

3721

3728,3769

3353,3354, 3355

7910,7991, 7992,7993, 7996,

7999

5500

6000

3732

5200

2033

0211; also part of 0191,0219,

0259, 0291

3240

1200

8220

0910

4810,4820,4840,4890

7370

3577

3272

6100,6710,6720,6733,6790

0241; also part of 0191,0259,

0291

2034

8010,8020, 8030, 8040

5800

4910 and part of 4930

3845

8210

8710

IMPLAN

no.

473

514

519/520

12

65

11

103

450

24

435

98

70

16

444

449

31

23

135

13

281

492

463

354

189

404

27

434

133

1990 IMPLAN Database Sector

Equipment Rental & Leasing

Federal Electric Utilities

Federal Government

Feed Grains

Fluid Milk

Food Grains

Food Preparations, NEC .

Food Stores

Forestry Products

Freight Transport & Warehouse

Fresh or Frozen Fish & Seafood

Frozen Fruits, Juices & Vegetables

Fruits

Gas Production & Distribution

General Merchandise Stores

Gold Ores

Greenhouse & Nursery Products

Hardwood Dimension & Flooring Mills

Hay & Pasture

Heating Equipment, Except Electric

Hospitals

Hotels & Lodging Places

Industrial Machines, NEC .

Inorganic Chemicals, NEC.

Instruments To Measure Electricity

Landscape & Horticulture

Local, Interurban Passengers

Logging Camps & Contractors

1982 BEA commodity

(73.0107)

(78.0200)

(pt 82.0000)

(pt 2.0202)

(14.0600)

(2.0201)

(pt 14.3200)

(pt 69.0200)

(3.0001)

(65.0300)

(14.1200)

(14.1301)

(2.0401)

(68.0200)

(pt 69.0200)

(pt 6.0200)

(2.0702)

(20.0300)

( pt 2.0202)

(40.0300)

(77.0200)

(72.0100)

(pt 50.0002)

(27.0104)

(53.0100)

(4.0002)

(65.0200)

(20.0100)

Standard Industry

Classification (1987 SIC)

7350

Part of 4910

N.A.

0115; also part of 0139,0191,

0219,0259, 0291

2026

0111 0112; also part of 0191,

0219,0259, 0291

2099

5400

0810, 0830, 0970

4200; also part of 4789

2092

2037

0171,0172, 0174, 0175; also

part of 0179, 0191, 0219,

0259, 0291

4920; also part of 4930

5300

1041

0182 ; also part of 0181, 0191,

0219,0259, 0291

2426

Part of 0139,0191, 0219, 0259

0291

3433

8060

7000

3599

2819

3825

0780

4100

2410
256

IMPLAN

no.

56

91

58

489

273

34

137

20

9

220

455

143

38

51

174

266

491

470

497

493

162

164

163

210

1990 IMPLAN Database Sector 1

Maintenance & Repair Other Facilities

Malt Beverages

Meat Packing Plants

I982 BEA commodity

(12.0200)

(14.2101)

(14.0101)

Membership, Sports & Recreation Clubs (76.0205)

Metal Cans

Metal Mining Services

Millwork

Miscellaneous Crops

Miscellaneous Livestock

Miscellaneous Plastics Products

Miscellaneous Retail

Mobile Homes

Natural Gas & Crude Petroleum

New Highways & Streets

Newspapers

Nonferrous Rolling & Drawing, NEC.

Nursing & Protective Care

Other Business Services

Other Educational Services

Other Medical & Health Services

Paper Mills, Except Building Paper

Paperboard Containers & Boxes

Paperboard Mills

Petroleum Refining

(39.0100)

(pt 6.0200)

(20.0501)

(2.0503)

(2.0100)

(32.0400)

(pt 69.0200)

(61.0602)

( pt 8.0000)

(11.0400)

(26.0100)

(38.0900)

(77 0301)

(730109)

(77.0403)

(77 0302)

(24.0200)

(25 0000)

(24.0300,24.0602)

(31 0101)

Standard Industry

Classification (1987 SIC)

Part 15, 16, 17

2082

2011

7997

3411

1080

2431

Part of 0119,0139, 0191,0219,

0259, 0291

0131; also part of 0191, 0219,

0259, 0291

3080

5900

2451

1310

Part 15, 16, 17

2710

3356

8050

7320,7331, 7338,7383,7389

8230, 8240, 8290

0740, 8070, 8080, 8090

2620

2650

2630

2910

IMPLAN

no.

471

100

261

262

376

161

433

3

244

509

446

134

377

285

392

500

421

511

513

18

88

139

436

447

1990 IMPLAN Database Sector

Photofinishing, Commercial Photo

Potato Chips & Similar Snacks

Primary Aluminum

Primary Nonferrous Metals

Printed Circuit Boards

Pulp Mills

Railroads & Related Services

Ranch Fed Cattle

Ready-mixed Concrete

Research, Development & Testing

Sanitary Services & Steam Supply

Sawmills & Planing Mills

Semiconductors & Related Devices

Sheet Metal Work

Ship Building & Repairing

Social Services, NEC.

Sporting & Athletic Goods

State & Local Electric

U.S. Postal Service

Vegetables

Vegetable Oil Mills, NEC.

Veneer & Plywood

Water Transportation

Wholesale Trade

1982 BEA commodity

(73.0108)

(pt 14.3200)

(38.0400)

(38.0200,38.0300,38.0500)

(pt 57.0300)

(24.0100)

(65.0100)

( 1.0311)

(36.1200)

(pt 73.0105)

(68.0302)

(20.0200)

(57.0200)

(40.0700)

(61.0100)

(77.0900)

(64.0400)

(79.0200)

(78.0100)

( 2.0501)

(14.2600)

(20.0600)

(65.0400)

(69 0100)

Standard Industry

Classification (1987 SIC)

7334, 7335, 7336, 7384,

2096

3334; also part of 2819

3339

3672

2610

4010, 4740; also part of 4789

Part of 0191, 0212, 0219,0259,

0291

3273

8730

4953, 4959, 4960, 4970

2421

3674

3444

3731

8320, 8390

3949

Part of 4910

4311

0134, 0161; also part of 0119,

0139, 0191, 0219, 0259, 0291

2076

2435, 2436

4400

5000. 5100
Appendix B—Industry Division Titles

Below are the full industrial division titles corresponding to the shortened

titles used in the "Employment" and "Labor and Proprietor Income" charts

on the Economy and Industry pages.

257

Abbreviated division

title from chart

Ag., For. & Fish.

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Trans., Comm. & Util.

Whole. & Ret. Trade

Fin., Ins. & Real Est.

Services

Government

Gov. Ent. & Special Ind.

SIC

division1

A

B

C

D

E

F & G

H

I

J

K

Full division title

Agriculture, forestry services, and

fishing—forestry services includes

businesses such as tree farms, tree

nurseries, and forestry consulting

services.

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing—includes the

production of nondurable goods such

as food, paper, and chemicals; and

the production of durable goods, such

as lumber and wood products

(including logging), electronics,

machinery, and furniture.

Transportation, communications,

electric, gas, and sanitary services

Wholesale and retail trade

Finance, insurance, and real estate

Services

Federal, state, and local government

Government enterprises (for

example, utilities) and special

industries (for example, scrap)

1

 SIC = Standard Industrial Classification.
258

Appendix C—Cities and Towns in More Than One County

City or town

Bothel

Bothel

Coulee Dam

Coulee Dam

Coulee Dam

Milton

Milton

Woodland

Woodland

County

King, WA

Snohomish, WA

Grant, WA

Douglas, WA

Okanogan, WA

King, WA

Pierce, WA

Clark, WA

Cowlitz, WA

Population

1980

7,943

0

4

234

1,174

218

2,944

85

2,256

Population

1990

11,986

359

1

207

879

697

4,298

94

2,406
259

Appendix D—Cities and Towns in King County

Some of the population changes between 1980 and 1990 are a result of

annexations and other boundary changes. Consult the Office of Financial

Management (see appendix E) for more information on these changes.

City or town

Algona

Auburn

Beaux Arts Village

Bellevue

Black Diamond

Bothell

Bryn Mawr-Skyway

 1

Burien

 12

Carnation

Cascade-Fairwood

 1

Clyde Hill

Covington-Sawyer-Wildemess

 1

Des Moines

Duvall

East Hill-Meridian

 1

East Renton Highlands

Eastgate

Enumclaw

Fall City

 1

Federal Way1, 2

Hunts Point

Inglewood-Finn Hill1

Issaquah

Kenmore

 1

Kent

Kingsgate

 1

Kirkland

Lake Forest North

 1

Lake Forest Park

Lakeland North

 1

Population

1980

1,467

26,417

328

73,903

1,170

7,943

NA

NA

913

NA

3,229

NA

7,378

729

NA

NA

NA

5,427

NA

NA

480

NA

5,536

NA

23,152

NA

18,779

NA

2,485

NA

Population

1990

1,694

33,102

303

86,874

1,422

12,345

12,514

25,089

1,243

30,107

2,972

24,321

17,283

2,770

42,696

13,218

4,434

7,227

1,582

67,554

513

29,132

7,786

8,917

37,960

14,259

40,052

8,002

4,031

14,402

City or town

Lakeland South

 1

Lea Hill1

Maple Valley

 1

Medina

Mercer Island

Mirrormont1

Newport Hills (Newcastle)1, 2

Normandy Park

North Bend

North City-Ridgecrest1

North Hill1

Pacific

Pine Lake

Redmond

Renton

Richmond Beach-lnnis Arden

 1

Richmond Highlands

 1

Riverton-Boulevard Park

 1

Sahalee

 1

Sea-Tac1, 2

Seattle

Sheridan Beach

 1

Skykomish

Snoqualmie

Tukwila

West Lake Sammamish

 1

White Center-Shorewood

 1

Woodinville1, 2

Woodmont Beach

 1

Yarrow Point

Population

1980

NA

NA

NA

3,220

21,522

NA

NA

4,268

1,701

NA

NA

2,261

NA

23,318

30,612

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

493,846

NA

209

1,370

3,578

NA

NA

NA

NA

1,064

Population

1990

9,027

6,876

1,211

2,981

20,816

2,360

14,736

6,709

2,578

13,832

5,706

4,622

13,940

35,800

41,688

7,242

26,037

15,337

13,951

22,694

516,259

6,518

273

1,546

11,874

6,087

20,531

23,654

7,493

962

1

 Census Designated Place (unincorporated). 1980 population

figures were not readily available. Contact State Data Center for

further information (see appendix E).

2

 Became incorporated sometime after 1989.
260

Appendix E—Information Resources

This appendix provides suggestions on where to find more information or

data. The list is not exhaustive but provides some good starting points.

Bureau Of Economic Analysis Data

Call 202/606-9900 to get the "User's Guide to BEA Information."

Consult the Regional Economic Information System staff for county-level

data needs at 202/606-5360. The REIS provides data on wages and

salaries by industry, farm income, transfer payments, property income

(dividends, interest, and rent) and the total of these, personal income, for

the Nation, states, and counties. The BEA also has a variety of other

economic data for states and the Nation.

Census Data

Census customer service has a list of contacts for particular data items.

Call 301/457-4100 for general information or to obtain this list.

"Assessing County Change," by Annabel Kirschner Cook and Mary Welsh

Jordan, is a set of publications covering seven subregions of Washington

State that provides an indepth look at county-level changes between 1980

and 1990 using census data. The publications are available from the author

at Washington State University Cooperative Extension, 509/335-4519.

State Data Centers receive Bureau of Census data and make it available to

the public; cost varies depending on the specific request. The lead agency

in Washington is:

Estimation and Forecasting Unit

Office of Financial Management

450 Insurance Building, MS:AQ-44

Olympia,WA 98504

360/586-2504

Employment and Unemployment Data

The source for the most current data on unemployment and covered

employment is the Employment Security Department, Labor Market and

Economic Analysis Branch (LMEA), 360/438-4846. Some of their

employment and payroll data are available on diskette for a nominal fee.

The LMEA also has a variety of other publications as well (see "Selected

Community Development Resources" on the following page). Other

sources of employment and unemployment data are the Bureau of

Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Data On CD-Rom

The Regional Economic Information System (REIS) on CD-ROM from the

Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) has detailed income data by county

from 1969 to the most recent year (with about a 2-year time lag). This

CD-ROM also includes the 1990 commuting flow data. The cost is $35.00.

They issue some data on diskette. For information on REIS call

202/606-5360.

The Bureau of the Census is issuing much of their data on CD-ROM or

diskette. In addition to the decennial census and economic censuses, they

have a counties CD-ROM, which is a compilation of data from a variety of

agencies. Call Census Customer Services for more information at

301/457-4100. The annual "Census Catalog and Guide" is a good source

for product information.

Data From the Internet

Most agencies and institutions now offer data and other information on the

Internet. In fact, most of the data in this report is now available via an

agency's or university's website. These sites are too numerous to mention

here. Contact the agency directly for information on how to access their

data on the Internet. Alternatively, an excellent starting point for your own

World Wide Web search is Bill Goffe's "Resources for Economists on the

Internet" web page at http://econwpa.wustl.edu/EconFAQ/EconFAQ.html.

The author can be reached at the Department of Economics and

International Business, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS

39406, phone 601/266-4484 or email: bgoffe@whale.st.usm.edu.
Selected Community Development Resources

"Guide to Rural Data" (revised edition) by Priscilla Salant and Anita J.

Waller (1995) is a useful handbook with data sources and an introduction to analyzing a local economy. It is available from Island Press

(800/828-1302).

materials relevant to community development, and supports rural

development research and education. The WRDC can be reached at

503/737-3621.

State Economic Development Offices are often good sources of information

on special studies and general information.

"Communities in the Lead" (1993) by Harold L. Fossum includes a

comprehensive, annotated listing of community development resources

in the Northwest and provides a good starting point for those interested

or involved in community development in the Northwest. It is available

from the Northwest Policy Center at the University of Washington

(206/543-7900) for $30.00.

The Washington State Employment Security Department has a variety of

useful publications covering employment and other labor market topics,

including an annual demographic report. They also have an indepth set of

county labor market and economic profiles. Call 360/438-4800 to get their

"User's Guide to Labor Market Information."

The Office of Financial Management (OFM), Forecasting Division, has

several publications dealing with population and demographic trends and

puts out an annual fact-filled publication called the "Washington State Data

Book." The OFM telephone number is 360/753-5617.

The Rural Information Center (RIC) in Beltsville, Maryland, locates

and delivers documents to users and was specifically intended to give

rural users better access to information. The RIC can be reached at

800/633-7701.

The Northwest Policy Center (NPC), housed at the University of Washington, has a variety of publications pertaining to rural development and

publishes a newsletter entitled, "The Changing Northwest" as well as an

annual regional economic review and outlook. The NPC can be reached at

206/543-7900.

The Western Rural Development Center (WRDC) at Oregon State

University in Corvallis, Oregon, puts out a quarterly newsletter, publishes

In addtion there are a variety of Internet listservs (mailing lists) dealing with

economic development and rural issues where participants "discuss" topics

and provide one another with information. One compilation of such listservs

is available from Arthur McGee via anonymous FTP from ftp.netcom.com in

directory: pub/amcgee/community or on-line from a bulletin board at

707/552-3314 in a file called COMMUNET.MSG=lnternet/BITnet Mailing

Lists.

261
262

Abbreviations

Ag., For. & Fish.—Agriculture, forestry services, and fishing

BEA—Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce

BIA—Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior

BLM—Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior

CD-ROM—Compact disc read only memory: a high-density data storage

disk

Fin., Ins. & Real Est.—Finance, insurance, and real estate

FS—Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

FTP—File transfer protocol

Gov. Ent. & Special. Ind.—Government enterprises (for example, utilities,

Post Office) and special industries (for example, scrap)

Inc. Maint.—Income maintenance (transfer payments, such as welfare and

food stamps)

N.A.—Not available

PCE—Personal consumption expenditure index; used here to adjust

measures of income for inflation

Pop.—Population

Property Inc.—Property income (dividends, interest, and rent)

REIS—Regional Economic Information System; a regional data collection

and dissemination program at BEA

Retire.—Retirement payments (transfer payments including social security

and government retirement)

STF—Summary tape file; decennial census data files issued on tape reels

and CD-ROMs. STF1 files contain information collected from all households

via the short form and STF3 files contain data from a sample of households

collected via the long form.

Trans., Com. & Util.—Transportation, communications, electric, gas, and

sanitary services

Unempl.—Unemployment compensation (payments to unemployed

individuals)

USDA—United States Department of Agriculture

USDI—United States Department of the Interior

N.E.C.—Not elsewhere classified Whole. & Ret. Trade— Wholesale and retail trade

Net migr.—Net migration

Nonfarm earn.—Nonfarm earnings

Pac. Is.—Pacific Islander
McGinnis, Wendy J.; Phillips, Richard H.; Raettig, Terry L.; Connaughton,

Kent P. 1997. County portraits of Washington State. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-400.

Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Research Station. 262 p.

This publication provides a general picture of the population, economy, and natural

resources of the counties in Washington State. The intent of this report is to provide

insight to changes in a county over the last 10 to 20 years, to compare county trends

to statewide trends (and state trends to national trends), and to provide information

on all counties in a similar format. This report provides a context and a place to start

in examining social and economic trends and conditions, and the importance of

natural resources locally. In addition, technical notes for each data series follow the

last county profile so that it is clear what is included, how estimates were made, and

when caution is advised in using the data. Data sources are provided for readers

interested in obtaining raw data or updated data.

Keywords: Population, income, employment, economic trends, Washington counties.

The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to

the principle of multiple use management of the Nation's forest resources

for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through

forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and

management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as

directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination

in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age,

disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means

of communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.)

should contact the USDA Office of Communications at (202) 720-2791 (voice),

or (800) 855-1234 (TDD).

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250, or cali (800) 245-6340 (voice), or

(800) 855-1234 (TDD). USDA is an equal employment opportunity employer.

Pacific Northwest Research Station

333 S.W. First Avenue

P.O. Box 3890

Portland, Oregon 97208-3890