[Cite as State v. Thomas, 2018-Ohio-4345.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

STATE OF OHIO 

Plaintiff-Appellee 

v. 

GARY L. THOMAS 

Defendant-Appellant 

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Appellate Case No. 27362 

Trial Court Case No. 2016-CR-718 

(Criminal Appeal from 

Common Pleas Court) 

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O P I N I O N 

Rendered on the 26th day of October, 2018. 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by MICHAEL J. SCARPELLI, Atty. Reg. No. 0093662, Assistant 

Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, 

Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, Dayton, Ohio 45422

 Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee 

 

AMY E. FERGUSON, Atty. Reg. No. 0088397, 130 West Second Street, Suite 1818, 

Dayton, Ohio 45402 

 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 

WELBAUM, P.J. 
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{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Gary L. Thomas, appeals from his conviction in the 

Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas after a jury found him guilty of two counts 

of rape of a person under the age of 13 and four counts of gross sexual imposition of a 

person under the age of 13. In support of his appeal, Thomas contends his conviction 

was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Thomas also contends the trial court 

abused its discretion in admitting evidence of other wrongs or bad acts in violation of 

Evid.R. 404(B) and that the State engaged in prejudicial misconduct during its closing 

argument. For the reasons outlined below, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed. 

Facts and Course of Proceedings 

{¶ 2} On May 12, 2016, the Montgomery County Grand Jury returned a six-count 

indictment charging Thomas with three counts of rape of a person under the age of 13 in 

violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b) and three counts of gross sexual imposition of a person 

under the age of 13 in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). The charges stemmed from 

allegations that Thomas sexually abused his niece, T.K., on multiple occasions between 

September 2008 and December 2013, when T.K. was between 6 and 11 years old. 

Thomas pled not guilty to the charges and the matter proceeded to a jury trial beginning 

on November 14, 2016. 

{¶ 3} At trial, T.K.’s legal guardian, V.T., to whom T.K. referred as “mom,” testified 

that between 2009 and 2011, she and T.K. resided on Rittenhouse Drive in Huber 

Heights, Montgomery County, Ohio, with V.T.’s boyfriend and his two granddaughters. 

V.T. testified that T.K. was in the first grade when they moved to the Rittenhouse 
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residence in 2009. V.T. testified that she rented the Rittenhouse residence from her 

sister’s husband, Thomas, who was considered T.K.’s uncle. V.T. testified that while she 

and T.K. lived at the Rittenhouse residence, her sister and Thomas resided on Larchview 

Drive in Huber Heights. 

{¶ 4} V.T. testified that in August 2011, when T.K. was 9 years old, she and T.K. 

moved out of the Rittenhouse residence and began living in Dayton. V.T. testified that 

they moved because Thomas and her sister sold the Larchview residence and moved 

into the Rittenhouse residence. 

{¶ 5} T.K., who had just turned 14 years old at the time of trial, testified that she 

would at times visit Thomas and her aunt by herself at both the Larchview and 

Rittenhouse residences. T.K. testified to three specific incidents of sexual abuse while 

she visited Thomas at the Larchview residence and three specific incidents of sexual 

abuse while she visited Thomas at the Rittenhouse residence. The record indicates T.K. 

was between 6 and 9 years old when Thomas resided at Larchview and between 9 and 

11 years old when the abuse occurred at Rittenhouse. 

{¶ 6} T.K. testified that at the Larchview residence, she recalled an incident when 

Thomas put his fingers inside her vagina while she was sitting on Thomas’s lap watching 

him at his computer. T.K. recalled that it felt weird and hurt her. T.K. further testified 

that she did not remember what exactly Thomas was doing on his computer when the 

incident happened. 

{¶ 7} During a second incident at Larchview, T.K. testified that Thomas pulled his 

penis out of his pants and made her rub his penis with her hand while they were in 

Thomas’s bedroom. During a third incident at Larchview, T.K. testified that Thomas 
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touched her vagina while he was showing her something on his computer that depicted 

“a little girl and a man.” Trans. Vol. II (Nov. 14, 2016), p. 237. T.K. further testified that 

she “[didn’t] know * * * exactly what [the little girl and man] were doing.” Id. T.K. also 

did not elaborate on whether Thomas’s fingers went inside her vagina. 

{¶ 8} With regard to abuse that occurred at the Rittenhouse residence, T.K. 

testified to an incident in which she was in Thomas’s bedroom wearing no pants or 

underwear. T.K. claimed Thomas poured clear liquid on her vagina and put an “oval [-] 

shaped silver thing” that vibrated on the outside of her vagina. Id. at 227-228. T.K. 

testified it made her body feel “very weird.” Id. at 228. 

{¶ 9} During a second incident at Rittenhouse, T.K. testified that while in Thomas’s 

bedroom, Thomas stood between her legs while she was lying on the bed. T.K. claimed 

she was wearing no pants or underwear and that Thomas started to rub his penis on the 

outside of her vagina until “wet stuff” came out of his penis. Id. at 226. During a third 

incident at Rittenhouse, T.K. testified that Thomas pulled his penis out of his pants in the 

garage and made her get on her knees and perform fellatio. 

{¶ 10} T.K. testified that she did not initially tell her mom, V.T., about the incidents 

of abuse because she was scared that Thomas would hurt her. Although she could not 

remember exactly what Thomas said, T.K. claimed that Thomas threatened her and that 

she became scared when V.T. started asking her questions. 

{¶ 11} V.T. testified that she first began asking T.K. questions about possible 

abuse in 2011, but that her conversations with T.K. were not productive. V.T. testified 

that at that time, T.K. did not provide her with any information that led her to contact the 

police. However, V.T. claimed that in 2015, when T.K. was 13 years old, T.K. initiated a 
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conversation with her that led her to question T.K. again. During this conversation, T.K. 

told V.T. about Thomas abusing her. Thereafter, V.T. and T.K. went to confront Thomas 

at his house, and Thomas insisted T.K. was lying about the abuse. V.T. then called the 

police and reported the abuse. T.K. testified that the last time she saw Thomas before 

confronting him was in late December 2013, when she was 11 years old. 

{¶ 12} After disclosing the abuse, T.K. was physically examined by Dr. Lori VavulRoediger of Dayton Children’s Hospital. Dr. Vavul-Roediger testified that the only 

abnormalities she discovered during T.K.’s examination were scars on T.K.’s wrist from 

self-inflicted cutting. The record indicates that T.K. had engaged in self-inflicted cutting 

since 11 or 12 years of age. In December 2015, a few months after disclosing the abuse 

by Thomas, T.K. was taken to the emergency room and referred to Kettering Behavioral 

Health Center after a severe cutting incident. 

{¶ 13} In addition to cutting, the record indicates that T.K. had been diagnosed with 

severe major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, general anxiety 

disorder, and gender dysphoria, as T.K. had expressed a desire to become a male. 

Melinda Kiser, a psychiatric nurse practitioner who treated T.K., testified that T.K. 

informed her that she wanted to transition into a male so that she does not get hurt again 

and because she thinks men are stronger. 

{¶ 14} T.K.’s medical providers and counselors, including Kiser, Dr. VavulRoediger, pediatric psychologist Brenda Joyce Miceli, and T.K.’s counselor from school, 

Danielle Baker, testified that T.K. had reported hearing voices that put her down and 

sometimes tell her to hurt herself and others. When asked about the voices, T.K. testified 

that they never told her to say that Thomas abused her. Dr. Vavul-Roediger, Kiser, and 
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Baker confirmed that T.K. never reported the voices telling her to say Thomas abused 

her. Miceli, who had been treating T.K. since the disclosure of abuse, testified that she 

attributed the voices to T.K.’s depression. Miceli further testified that T.K. was being 

medicated with a mood stabilizer (Abilify), an anxiety medication (Buspar), and an antidepressant (Zoloft). 

{¶ 15} After the State presented its witnesses and rested its case, Thomas moved 

for a Crim.R. 29 acquittal of all the charges against him. The trial court granted an 

acquittal with respect to the first count in the indictment, which alleged that Thomas raped 

T.K. at the Rittenhouse residence. However, the trial court agreed to instruct the jury on 

the lesser included offense of gross sexual imposition for that count. The trial court then 

denied Thomas’s Crim.R. 29 motion for all the remaining counts in the indictment. 

{¶ 16} In his defense, Thomas presented one defense witness, Melissa Lowe. 

Lowe testified that she was an intake worker at CARE House who conducted a forensic 

interviewed of T.K. following T.K.’s disclosure of the abuse. Lowe testified regarding the 

proper techniques for conducting forensic interviews of children, such as using nonleading and non-suggestive questions. Lowe further testified that she used all the proper 

techniques when questioning T.K., but that she was unable to say whether the other 

individuals who questioned T.K. prior to her interview used the proper interview 

techniques. Thomas offered no other evidence in his defense. 

{¶ 17} Once the defense rested, the parties gave their closing arguments. During 

its closing argument, the State discussed testimony from T.K. that supported each count 

in the indictment. For one of the counts, the State indicated that Thomas showed T.K. 

child pornography while he was abusing her at the Larchview residence. The State 
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made this inference from T.K.’s testimony that Thomas showed her something on his 

computer depicting a little girl and a man doing something that she did not understand. 

Thomas made no objection to this comment. 

{¶ 18} Following closing arguments, the jury deliberated and found Thomas guilty 

of all the charges, including the lesser included offense of gross sexual imposition under 

Count 1 of the indictment. The trial court thereafter sentenced Thomas to serve an 

aggregate term of 20 years to life in prison and designated him a sex offender. 

{¶ 19} Thomas now appeals from his conviction, raising three assignments of error 

for review. 

First Assignment of Error 

{¶ 20} Thomas’s First Assignment of error is as follows: 

THE JURY VERDICT WAS CONTRARY TO LAW AND AGAINST THE 

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE. 

{¶ 21} Under his First Assignment of Error, Thomas contends his conviction for 

two counts of rape of a person under 13 years of age and four counts of gross sexual 

imposition of a person under 13 years of age was against the manifest weight of the 

evidence. In support of this claim, Thomas argues there was no physical evidence of 

the offenses and that his conviction was based solely on the testimony of T.K., who was 

not a credible witness. Thomas claims that T.K. was not a credible witness because she 

suffered from mental and emotional impairment; specifically, T.K. heard voices and took 

psychotropic medicine for daily functioning. We find no merit to Thomas’s argument. 

{¶ 22} “A weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability of the 
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evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence is more 

believable or persuasive.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 

22581, 2009-Ohio-525, ¶ 12. When evaluating whether a conviction is against the 

manifest weight of the evidence, the appellate court must review the entire record, weigh 

the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider witness credibility, and determine 

whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact “ ‘clearly lost its way and 

created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and 

a new trial ordered.’ ” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 

(1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). 

A judgment should be reversed as being against the manifest weight of the evidence “only 

in the exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” 

(Citations omitted.) Martin at 175. 

{¶ 23} The credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony 

are matters for the trier of fact to resolve. State v. Hammad, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 

26057, 2014-Ohio-3638, ¶ 13, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 231, 227 N.E.2d 

212 (1967). Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must defer 

to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of 

particular witnesses. State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 1997 WL 

476684, *4 (Aug. 22, 1997). “This court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trier 

of fact on the issue of witness credibility unless it is patently apparent that the trier of fact 

lost its way. State v. Bradley, 2d Dist. Champaign No. 97 CA 03, 1997 WL 691510, *4 

(Oct. 24, 1997). 

{¶ 24} In this case, Thomas does not dispute that T.K. sufficiently testified 
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regarding each incident of sexual abuse for which he was convicted. Instead, Thomas 

claims the weight of the evidence did not support his conviction because there was no 

physical evidence of the abuse and because T.K.’s testimony lacked credibility due to her 

suffering from mental and emotional impairment. 

{¶ 25} With regard to physical evidence, it is well established that physical 

evidence is not required to support a conviction for rape or gross sexual imposition against 

a manifest weight challenge. State v. West, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-11, 2006-Ohio6259, ¶ 18; State v. Thomas, 2015-Ohio-5247, 54 N.E.3d 732, ¶ 31 (9th Dist.); State v. 

White, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-16-21, 2017-Ohio-1488, ¶ 54; State v. Williams, 2017-

Ohio-8898, 101 N.E.3d 547, ¶ 19 (1st Dist.). Accordingly, the fact that Thomas’s 

conviction was based solely on T.K.’s testimony and not any physical evidence did not 

render his conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

{¶ 26} In addition, the fact that the jury chose to believe T.K.’s testimony despite 

her mental illness did not render Thomas’s conviction against the manifest weight of the 

evidence. Simply stated, “the jury was free to believe, or disbelieve, any part of the 

witnesses’ testimony, and a conviction is not against the manifest weight of the evidence 

merely because the jury believed the prosecution’s testimony.” (Citation omitted.) 

State v. Arega, 2012-Ohio-5774, 983 N.E.2d 863, ¶ 30 (10th Dist.). 

{¶ 27} Here, the jury heard evidence concerning the mental and emotional issues 

for which T.K. was being medicated and chose to find T.K. credible despite those issues. 

With regard to hearing voices, T.K. specifically testified that the voices she heard did not 

tell her to say that Thomas abused her. T.K.’s medical providers, Dr. Vavul-Roediger 

and Melinda Kiser, as well as T.K.’s counselor, Danielle Baker, also testified that T.K. 
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never indicated the voices she heard told her she was sexually abused by Thomas. 

Kiser, who diagnosed T.K. with severe major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress 

disorder, general anxiety disorder, and gender dysphoria also testified that T.K. was able 

to accurately convey things that have happened to her. Dr. Vavul-Roediger further 

testified that T.K. appeared to be in touch with reality when she examined T.K. following 

her disclosure of the sexual abuse. When considering the testimony of record, we do 

not find the jury clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice by 

believing T.K.’s testimony regarding the sexual abuse, as the jury was in the best position 

to weigh T.K.’s credibility. 

{¶ 28} For the foregoing reasons, we do not find that Thomas’s conviction was not 

against the manifest weight of the evidence and overrule his First Assignment of Error. 

Second Assignment of Error 

{¶ 29} Thomas’s Second Assignment of Error is as follows: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ALLOWING THE NATURE OF THE 

VIDEOS SHOWN REGARDING COUNT VI TO BE CLASSIFIED AS CHILD 

PORNOGRAPHY. 

{¶ 30} Under his Second Assignment of Error, Thomas contends the trial court 

erred in permitting T.K. to testify about certain material Thomas allegedly showed her on 

his computer during one of the incidents of sexual abuse, which the State classified as 

child pornography. Thomas claims such testimony amounts to evidence of other wrongs 

or bad acts that was inadmissible under Evid.R. 404(B). Thomas also claims the 

testimony was inadmissible under Evid.R. 403 because its probative value was 
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outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice. Thomas further claims the State engaged in 

misconduct that prejudiced him when it referred to the material as child pornography in 

its closing argument. We disagree with Thomas’s claims. 

{¶ 31} Evid.R. 404(B) provides, in relevant part, that: 

Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the 

character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It 

may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, 

opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of 

mistake or accident. 

{¶ 32} “The language of Evid.R. 404(B) indicates that the list of purposes for which 

evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts may be admitted is not an exhaustive listing.” 

State v. Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 18. Rather, 

“evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts may be admissible for any purpose material to 

the issue of guilt or innocence as long as it is not being introduced for the purpose of 

showing the accused’s propensity to commit bad acts.” State v. Boles, 187 Ohio App.3d 

345, 2010-Ohio-278, 932 N.E.2d 345, ¶ 49 (2d Dist.). A “consideration permitting the 

admission of certain other-acts evidence is whether the other acts ‘form part of the 

immediate background of the alleged act which forms the foundation of the crime charged 

in the indictment’ and are ‘inextricably related to the crime.’ ” Morris at ¶ 13, quoting 

State v. Curry, 43 Ohio St.2d 66, 73, 330 N.E.2d 720 (1975). 

{¶ 33} “Generally, evidence of other acts is admissible if (1) it is offered for a 

purpose other than to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity 

with that character, Evid.R. 404(B), (2) it is relevant when offered for that purpose, Evid.R. 
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401, and (3) the danger of unfair prejudice does not substantially outweigh its probative 

value, Evid.R. 403.” State v. Goldblum, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25851, 2014-Ohio5068, ¶ 32, citing State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio St.3d 73, 2014-Ohio-1966, 15 N.E.3d 818, 

¶ 68, citing State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, 

¶ 20. Pursuant to Evid.R. 403(A), relevant evidence “is not admissible if its probative 

value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, of confusion of the 

issues, or of misleading the jury.” 

{¶ 34} A trial judge has considerable discretion when determining whether other 

acts evidence is of such a nature that it falls within one of the purposes under Evid.R. 

404(B) for which the evidence may be admitted. Goldblum at ¶ 32, citing Morris at ¶ 19. 

The Supreme Court of Ohio has stressed that “[u]nless the trial court has ‘clearly abused 

its discretion and the defendant has been materially prejudiced thereby, this court should 

be slow to interfere’ with the exercise of such discretion.” Kirkland at ¶ 67, quoting State 

v. Hymore, 9 Ohio St.2d 122, 128, 224 N.E.2d 126 (1967). “A trial court abuses its 

discretion when it makes a decision that is unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary.” 

(Citation omitted.) State v. Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 

971, ¶ 34. 

{¶ 35} In this case, for one of the counts of gross sexual imposition, the State 

alleged that Thomas showed T.K. child pornography on his computer at the Larchview 

residence while he simultaneously touched her vagina with his fingers. Prior to T.K. 

testifying, Thomas objected that any reference to him showing T.K. child pornography 

would constitute “other acts” evidence that was inadmissible under Evid.R. 404(B). The 

trial court disagreed and permitted the State to question T.K. about what Thomas showed 
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her on his computer on grounds that it was inextricably related to the corresponding 

allegation of gross sexual imposition. We do not find that this was an abuse of discretion. 

{¶ 36} Pursuant to R.C. 2907.05(A), “sexual contact” is an essential element of 

gross sexual imposition. The term “sexual contact” is defined as “any touching of an 

erogenous zone of another, including without limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic 

region, or, if the person is a female, a breast, for the purpose of sexually arousing or 

gratifying either person.” R.C. 2907.01(B). Therefore, the State was required to prove 

that Thomas touched T.K.’s vagina for the specific purpose of sexual gratification. 

“Whether [the] touching was undertaken for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification 

must be inferred from the type, nature, and circumstances surrounding the contact.” 

State v. Mundy, 99 Ohio App.3d 275, 289, 650 N.E.2d 502 (2d Dist.1994). 

{¶ 37} The fact that Thomas was allegedly showing T.K. child pornography while 

he touched her vagina was strong evidence that he was engaging in that act for purposes 

of sexual gratification. Therefore, based on the facts and circumstances of this case, we 

find it was reasonable for the trial court to conclude that the display of child pornography 

was inextricably related to the allegation of gross sexual imposition. The display of child 

pornography was also not offered to prove that Thomas acted in conformity with his bad 

character, but rather to establish an element of the gross sexual imposition offense in 

question. 

{¶ 38} Moreover, pursuant to Evid.R. 403, the probative value of the evidence was 

not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice. We note that T.K. testified Thomas 

touched her vagina while he showed her something on his computer depicting “a little girl 

and a man.” Trans. Vol. II (Nov. 14, 2016), p. 237. T.K. further testified that she “[didn’t] 
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know * * * exactly what [the little girl and man] were doing.” Id. At no point did T.K. go 

into graphic detail as to what Thomas showed her and T.K. never used the phrase “child 

pornography.” Although the jury could have reasonably inferred that T.K. was referring 

to child pornography, any prejudice arising from that inference was outweighed by the 

testimony’s probative value, as it supported the sexual gratification element of gross 

sexual imposition. Accordingly, we do not find the trial court abused its discretion in 

permitting T.K. to testify regarding what Thomas showed her on his computer. 

{¶ 39} Thomas also contends the State engaged in misconduct during its closing 

argument when the prosecutor classified the material Thomas showed T.K. on his 

computer as child pornography. Specifically, the State made the following statement: 

[T.K.] told you that she would sit on his lap in the computer room and 

that there were two computers in there. And she would sit there, and he 

would show her child pornography. He would show the seven, eight, nineyear-old girl pornography. And when he did that, he put his hands down 

her pants and his fingers in her vagina. That’s rape. That’s the conduct 

that we’re talking about for this count. 

And she was sure that those fingers went in her vagina. Even 

[defense counsel] said, well, I mean are you sure? Maybe was he just 

pressing on it? You saw her face. You saw her reaction to that. Well, 

what do you mean? She knew that those fingers went inside of her. And 

she even testified she’s had a tampon inside of her. She knows what that 

means. And that’s what she told you he did to her while he showed her 

pornography. 
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Trans. Vol. III (Nov. 17, 2016), p. 482-83. 

{¶ 40} Thomas claims the foregoing statement by the prosecutor was unfairly 

prejudicial and misled the jury. Thomas, however, never objected to the prosecutor’s 

statement at trial and therefore waived all but plain error for appeal. To demonstrate 

plain error, it must be shown that “but for a plain or obvious error, the outcome of the 

proceeding would have been otherwise, and reversal must be necessary to correct a 

manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Quarterman, 140 Ohio St.3d 464, 2014-Ohio4034, 19 N.E.3d 900, ¶ 16, citing State v. Davis, 127 Ohio St.3d 268, 2010-Ohio-5706, 

939 N.E.2d 147, ¶ 29. Plain error should be noticed “with the utmost caution, under 

exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State 

v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus. 

{¶ 41} It is well established that “[b]oth prosecutors and defense attorneys are 

given wide latitude during closing arguments to address what the evidence has shown 

and what reasonable inferences may be drawn from that evidence.” (Citations omitted.) 

State v. Sammons, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24064, 2011-Ohio-4296, ¶ 35; State v. 

Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d 460, 466, 739 N.E.2d 749 (2001) (noting “the prosecution is entitled 

to a certain degree of latitude in summation” and “may draw reasonable inferences from 

the evidence presented at trial, and may comment on those inferences during closing 

argument”). 

{¶ 42} In this case, not only is the inference that Thomas was showing T.K. child 

pornography reasonable, but it is unlikely that the outcome of the trial would have been 

different had the State not verbalized the inference during its closing argument. In other 

words, based on the evidence elicited at trial, it is likely the jury would have made the 
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inference on its own, and even without the inference, T.K.’s testimony was still sufficient 

for the jury to find Thomas guilty. We therefore find no plain error. See State v. Ramey, 

2015-Ohio-5389, 55 N.E.3d 542, ¶ 33 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Underwood, 2d Dist. 

Montgomery No. 24186, 2011-Ohio-5418, ¶ 21. (“[w]here it is clear beyond a reasonable 

doubt that the jury would have found the defendant guilty, even absent the alleged 

[prosecutorial] misconduct, the defendant has not been prejudiced, and his conviction will 

not be reversed”). 

{¶ 43} Upon reviewing the prosecutor’s statement regarding child pornography, we 

note that the State confused the facts of the rape at Larchview (Count 4) with one of the 

gross sexual imposition counts at Larchview (Count 6). Specifically, the State claimed 

that Thomas showed T.K. the child pornography when he raped her by digital penetration 

at the computer. However, T.K. testified that when Thomas put his fingers inside her 

vagina at the computer she could not remember what he was doing on his computer. 

Trans. Vol. II (Nov. 14, 2018), p. 228-229. On the other hand, when Thomas showed 

her the computer image of a little girl and man doing something that she did not 

understand, i.e. the child pornography, T.K. testified that Thomas was “touching her 

vagina” and T.K. did not elaborate on whether Thomas’s fingers went inside her. Id. at 

237. Therefore, the record indicates Thomas showed T.K. the child pornography during 

the incident related to Count 6 (gross sexual imposition), not Count 4 (rape), which 

requires penetration. See R.C. 2907.02(A) and R.C. 2907.01(A). 

{¶ 44} Although the prosecutor confused the facts of these two incidents during its 

closing argument, we do not find that the outcome of trial would have been different had 

the State not made this error. Regardless of what Thomas was showing T.K. on his 
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computer, the fact remains that T.K.’s testimony supported the jury’s finding of rape and 

gross sexual imposition as to all charges. 

{¶ 45} For the foregoing reasons, Thomas’s Second Assignment of Error is 

overruled. 

Third Assignment of Error 

{¶ 46} Thomas’s Third Assignment of Error is as follows: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ALLOWING TESTIMONY REGARDING 

OTHER ACTS NOT INCLUDED IN THE INDICTMENT IN VIOLATION OF 

404(B). 

{¶ 47} Under his Third Assignment of Error, Thomas contends the trial court 

improperly allowed T.K. to testify regarding incidents of sexual abuse for which he had 

not been indicted. According to Thomas, allowing T.K. to testify about the additional 

incidents of abuse prejudiced him and constituted inadmissible “other acts” evidence 

under Evid.R. 404(B). We again disagree with Thomas’s claims. 

{¶ 48} As previously discussed under Thomas’s Second Assignment of Error, the 

decision whether to admit evidence is left to the sound discretion of the trial court, and a 

reviewing court will not override that decision absent an abuse of discretion. (Citations 

omitted.) State v. Hancock, 108 Ohio St.3d 57, 2006-Ohio-160, 840 N.E.2d 1032, ¶ 129-

130. 

{¶ 49} Also as previously discussed, “evidence of other acts is admissible if (1) it 

is offered for a purpose other than to prove the character of a person in order to show 

action in conformity with that character, Evid.R. 404(B), (2) it is relevant when offered for 
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that purpose, Evid.R. 401, and (3) the danger of unfair prejudice does not substantially 

outweigh its probative value, Evid.R. 403.” Goldblum, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25851, 

2014-Ohio-5068, at ¶ 32, citing Kirkland, 140 Ohio St.3d 73, 2014-Ohio-1966, 15 N.E.3d 

818, at ¶ 68, citing Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, at 

¶ 20. 

{¶ 50} Evid.R. 404(B) provides that evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is 

permitted to show proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, 

identity, or the absence of mistake or accident. However, that list is non-exclusive and 

other-acts evidence generally may be admitted if relevant to show something other than 

the accused’s criminal propensity. Morris, 132 Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 

N.E.2d 528, at ¶ 18; Boles, 187 Ohio App.3d 345, 2010-Ohio-278, 932 N.E.2d 345, at 

¶ 49. For example, evidence of other acts can be relevant to show that the offender 

groomed the victim for sexual activity. State v. Jeffries, 2018-Ohio-162, 104 N.E.3d 900, 

¶ 27 (8th Dist.). “ ‘Grooming refers to deliberate actions taken by a defendant to expose 

a child to sexual material; the ultimate goal of grooming is the formation of an emotional 

connection with the child and a reduction of the child's inhibitions in order to prepare the 

child for sexual activity[.]’ ” Williams at ¶ 21, quoting United States v. Chambers, 642 

F.3d 588, 593 (7th Cir.2011). 

{¶ 51} With regard to sexual abuse cases, this court stated the following in State 

v. Shaw, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21880, 2008-Ohio-1317: 

The courts in Ohio have long recognized that evidence of other crimes, 

wrongs or bad acts carries the potential for the most virulent kind of 

prejudice for the accused. * * * That is even more true in a case such as this 
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where the other acts involve conduct similar or identical to the offense 

charged. In cases where evidence has been admitted for a very limited 

purpose and that evidence tends to show that Defendant has committed 

other criminal acts, the jury should be instructed that such evidence must 

not be considered by them as proof that defendant committed the crime 

charged. * * * The limiting instruction should be given at the time the ‘other 

acts’ evidence is received, and it has been held that the failure to give any 

limiting instruction constitutes plain error. 

(Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 13. 

{¶ 52} In Shaw, the State elicited “extensive testimony” from three teenage victims 

who testified they had endured ongoing sexual abuse by the appellant, their father. Id. 

at ¶ 11. It was noted that, over the years, the abuse of each victim had occurred multiple 

times each week. Id. While each of the victims testified to several specific instances of 

abuse, they each also repeatedly testified, over ongoing objections, that the abuse had 

happened many other times. Id. On appeal, we held there was no justification for the 

extensive amount of “other acts” testimony presented. Id. at ¶ 14. 

{¶ 53} In so holding, we noted that “at trial the prosecutor merely stated that she 

needed to talk to the witnesses ‘about what happened during these times so I can move 

on to what the next incident will be. There are so many incidents.’ ” Id. at ¶ 12. We 

found that “[t]his cursory explanation fail[ed] to establish any of the exceptions under 

Evid.R. 404(B).” Id. 

{¶ 54} We also found that “[e]ven if some minimal reference to the pattern of abuse 

as part of the fabric of the victims’ lives was more relevant than prejudicial, the pervasive 
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nature of the testimony precluded Shaw’s right to a fair trial. Shaw, 2d Dist. Montgomery 

No. 21880, 2008-Ohio-1317, at ¶ 14. We further found it significant that the trial court 

gave no limiting instruction regarding the “other acts” testimony, either at the time the 

testimony was offered or in the jury instructions at the close of the trial.” Id. 

{¶ 55} Later, in State v. Shah, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25855, 2014-Ohio-1449, 

we distinguished Shaw under circumstances where the State presented minimal evidence 

about an unindicted incident that occurred shortly before the crime charged. Specifically, 

we explained in Shah that: 

In Shaw, we held that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting 

an “extensive amount of ‘other acts’ evidence, particularly since the court 

gave no limiting instruction regarding that evidence.” * * * Shaw is 

distinguishable, however, due to the extensive and repeated testimony 

allowed in that case about years of abuse that was alleged to have occurred 

multiple times each week regarding each of the defendant’s three 

daughters, when the defendant was only charged with fifteen counts of 

Rape and ten counts of Sexual Battery. * * * In addition, we relied on the 

State’s failure to provide the trial court with a “proper justification for the 

‘other acts’ evidence * * *.” 

In the case before us, the State presented a minimal amount of 

evidence about an incident that occurred very shortly before the alleged 

crime. This was appropriate, because of the State’s burden of proof, and 

because Shah placed his state of mind, or purpose, at issue. 

(Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 30-31. 
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{¶ 56} Other courts have also distinguished Shaw under circumstances where 

there were only minimal, vague references to other acts that did not reach the extensive 

and pervasive nature of the testimony at issue in Shaw. See, e.g., State v. Heft, 3d Dist. 

Logan No. 8-09-08, 2009-Ohio-5908, ¶ 66; State v. Czech, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 

100900, 2015-Ohio-1536, ¶ 31-33. 

{¶ 57} Most recently, in State v. Hernandez, 2018-Ohio-738, 107 N.E.3d 182 (8th 

Dist.), the Eighth District Court of Appeals held that the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in permitting a child victim to testify regarding unindicted sexual abuse because 

the testimony was minimal, vague, and did not prejudice the appellant. Id. at ¶ 53. In 

that case, it was alleged the appellant sexually assaulted the victim twice, but at trial, the 

victim testified that there were other instances between the first and second sexual 

assaults when the appellant would come up behind her and touch her breasts. Id. at 

¶ 44-52. These instances were not indicted because the victim could not remember a 

specific enough time frame as to when the conduct occurred. Id. at ¶ 45. At trial, the 

State argued that the purpose for eliciting the testimony was to prove the element of force 

and to establish the defendant’s plan or motive and his pattern of conduct. Id. 

{¶ 58} In the present case, the “other acts” testimony in question was similar to 

that in Hernandez because T.K.’s testimony regarding the unindicted acts was not 

extensive and pervasive, but minimal and vague. In fact, given the nature of T.K.’s 

testimony and the similarity in the incidents of abuse, it was difficult for this court to identify 

the unindicted instances of abuse in question. However, after a careful review of the 

record, this court could discern three unindicted instances of abuse testified to by T.K. 

{¶ 59} The first unindicted incident was discussed when T.K. initially began 
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testifying about the abuse. Specifically, T.K. explained that she first recalled the abuse 

happening when she was 6 or 7 years old and that it occurred when Thomas touched her 

vagina at the Larchview residence. T.K. could not remember where in the Larchview 

residence the incident happened or whether Thomas touched her overtop or underneath 

her clothes. 

{¶ 60} The second unindicted incident was discussed by T.K. immediately after 

she testified regarding the first incident. The prosecutor asked T.K. if she remembered 

another time Thomas touched her and T.K. testified that she recalled a time when Thomas 

touched her vagina underneath her clothes while she was sitting at Thomas’s computer. 

T.K. testified that she did not remember what Thomas was showing her on his computer 

and that she did not know whether he touched the inside or outside of her vagina. T.K. 

also never identified which house she was in when this incident occurred. 

{¶ 61} T.K. also briefly mentioned a third unindicted incident at Larchview when 

she claimed Thomas put his fingers inside her vagina. T.K. could not recall the room in 

which the incident occurred, and the only detail she provided about the incident was that 

it hurt her. 

{¶ 62} We note that it is clear from the record that T.K. struggled with testifying 

about the abuse. The record indicates that fourteen-year-old T.K. was holding a toy 

stuffed animal while she was testifying and that, when it came to describing the nature of 

the abuse, T.K. often responded “I don’t know.” At one point, when T.K. responded “I 

don’t know” to a question regarding the abuse, the prosecutor asked T.K. whether she 

did not know the answer or whether it is just hard for her to talk about, and T.K. responded: 

“It’s kind of hard to talk about it.” Trans. Vol. II (Nov. 14, 2016), p. 219. 
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{¶ 63} T.K.’s struggle testifying made it difficult for the prosecutor to hone in on 

each specific incident alleged in the indictment and bill of particulars. Although T.K. had 

already briefly testified to six incidents of abuse when Thomas objected on “other acts” 

grounds, it was clear from the record that T.K. had not yet testified to all the specific 

incidents alleged in the indictment and bill of particulars. 

{¶ 64} The State argues on appeal that the “other acts” testimony was relevant to 

establish that Thomas was grooming T.K. through an ongoing pattern of abuse; however, 

that reason was not given for the testimony at trial. Rather, the prosecutor stated the 

following in response to Thomas’s “other acts” objection: 

I know. I’m just asking for a little bit of leeway. I mean, it’s pretty 

clear that she’s distraught. I think the case law is clear that I’m not going 

to go through every single time, but I think that going outside of six, given 

her emotional state, is not unheard of considering what the case law is. 

* * * 

I understand that I’m introducing other acts, but she can’t just be 

limited to just six when this case has happened to her systematically. So I 

am not going to, like go—I’m obviously not going to hard specifics. I don’t 

know, I don’t know, I don’t know, I don’t remember. Sure he touched me. 

I think that is a far cry from bringing up every single incident every single 

time in great detail. She’s bouncing around a little bit. * * * And I think that 

I have the leeway to have her bounce around a little bit. And now I’m going 

to hone in under these specific ones. 

Trans. Vol. II (Nov. 14, 2016), p. 229-230, 233. 
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{¶ 65} The prosecutor’s statement indicates that T.K.’s testimony regarding the 

unindicted incidents was a product of the State attempting to get a 14-year-old 

emotionally distraught victim to focus on the incidents of abuse specified in the indictment. 

Although the State’s explanation did not provide a specific exception under Evid.R. 

404(B), the State’s reasoning was in sharp contrast to the “cursory explanation” provided 

in Shaw, as there was no indication that the teenage victims in Shaw were having difficulty 

testifying about their abuse. 

{¶ 66} After considering T.K.’s age, her emotional distress, and the time that had 

passed since the abuse, the trial court permitted the State to continue questioning T.K. 

about the abuse in order to hone in on the incidents that were alleged in the indictment 

and bill of particulars. In doing so, the trial court stated: “I understand they’re other acts, 

but I do believe that given the obvious emotional turmoil that this child is experiencing 

that some leeway is appropriate.” Id. at 232. Thereafter, the trial court advised the 

State to lead T.K. to speak only of the indicted incidents and noted that it would “deal with 

the jury with an appropriate instruction regarding the situation[.]” Id. at 235. 

{¶ 67} During the trial court’s jury instructions, after going through each indicted 

count in detail, the trial court instructed the jury as follows: “Your determinations in this 

case are confined to whether the State of Ohio established by proof beyond a reasonable 

doubt the conduct alleged in each count of the indictment. When making these 

determinations, you may only consider the testimony relating to each count of the 

indictment.” (Emphasis added.) Court’s Exhibit I. Therefore, the present case is also 

distinguishable from Shaw in that a limiting instruction was provided to the jury. 

{¶ 68} Under the circumstances of this case, we find that the trial court acted 
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reasonably in permitting the State to continue questing T.K. about the abuse so that the 

State could hone in on the incidents alleged in the indictment. We also find that Thomas 

did not suffer any prejudice as a result. The “other acts” testimony at issue was brief, 

vague, and consisted of only three unindicted acts that were almost indistinguishable from 

some of the indicted acts. The trial court also specifically instructed the jury to only 

consider the testimony related to the indicted conduct, and “it must generally be presumed 

that the jury followed the instructions of the trial judge.” State v. Ferguson, 5 Ohio St.3d 

160, 164, 450 N.E.2d 265 (1983). Therefore, given T.K.’s delicate emotional state, her 

difficulty testifying, the trial court’s jury instruction, and the non-extensive testimony 

regarding the three unindicted incidents, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

permitting the “other acts” testimony in question. 

{¶ 69} For the foregoing reasons, Thomas’s Third Assignment of Error is 

overruled. 

Conclusion 

{¶ 70} Having overruled all assignments of error raised by Thomas, the judgment 

of the trial court is affirmed. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

HALL, J., concurs. 

DONOVAN, J., concurring: 

{¶ 71} In my view, the majority is correct that this case is more akin to Shah than 

it is to the Shaw case. In Shaw, the other acts evidence was pervasive and extensive, 

here it is neither. 
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{¶ 72} However, I write separately to emphasize that the instruction which the 

majority characterizes as limiting is quite simply deficient. Although the jury was instructed 

“you may only consider the testimony relating to each count of the indictment,” this is not 

a comprehensive “other acts” instruction. The trial court should have provided the 

instruction from Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 401.25: 

1. OTHER ACTS. Evidence was received about the commission of (crime[s]) 

(wrong[s]) (act[s]) other than the offense(s) with which the defendant is 

charged in this trial. That evidence was received only for a limited purpose. 

It was not received, and you may not consider it, to prove the character of 

the defendant in order to show that he acted in (conformity) (accordance) 

with that character. If you find that the evidence of other (crime[s]) (wrong[s]) 

(act[s]) is true and that the defendant committed (it) (them), you may 

consider that evidence only for the purpose of deciding whether it proves 

(Use appropriate alternative[s]) 

a. the absence of (mistake) (accident), 

(or) 

b. the defendant’s (motive) (opportunity) (intent or purpose) (preparation) 

(plan) to commit the offense charged in this trial, 

(or) 

c. knowledge of circumstances surrounding the offense charged in this 

trial, 

(or) 

d. the identity of the person who committed the offense in this trial, 
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(or) 

e. (describe other purposes). 

That evidence cannot be considered for any other purpose. 

{¶ 73} Nevertheless, on this record, I cannot say that the minimal evidence 

adduced of other acts prejudiced Thomas such that a new trial is warranted. 

Copies sent to: 

Mathias H. Heck, Jr. 

Michael J. Scarpelli 

Amy E. Ferguson 

Hon. Erik R. Blaine