i 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

1 PROJECT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................. ES-1 

2 BUILD ALTERNATIVES .......................................................................................................... ES-10 

3 PROJECT EFFECTS & MITIGATION ...................................................................................... ES-38

4 DRPT RECOMMENDED PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE ..................................................... ES-55 

5 NEXT STEPS & OTHER CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................ ES-65 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................... xvii 

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ xxiii 

CHAPTER 1 – PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION 

This chapter describes the Purpose and Need of the action, Project description, and Project 

background. The Purpose and Need drives the development of the range of alternatives 

described in Chapter 2. 

1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1-1 

1.2 PROJECT LOCATION .............................................................................................................. 1-4 

1.3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................... 1-6 

1.4 PROJECT PURPOSE .................................................................................................................. 1-7 

1.5 PROJECT NEED ......................................................................................................................... 1-8 

1.5.1 SEHSR Program Need .................................................................................................. 1-8

1.5.2 DC2RVA Project Need ................................................................................................. 1-9

1.5.2.1 Population Growth ....................................................................................... 1-9 

1.5.2.2 Freight Growth ............................................................................................ 1-11 

1.5.2.3 Congestion in the I-95 Corridor ................................................................ 1-11 

1.5.2.4 Air Travel Congestion ................................................................................ 1-13 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 ii 

1.5.2.5 Rail Capacity in the Corridor .................................................................... 1-16 

1.5.2.6 Providing Options for Reliable and Convenient Movement 

of Goods and People .................................................................................. 1-22 

1.5.2.7 Air Quality ................................................................................................... 1-24 

1.5.3 Public Comments on Need ........................................................................................ 1-26 

1.6 PROJECT BACKGROUND AND RELATED STUDIES ..................................................... 1-27 

1.6.1 National High Speed Rail Program .......................................................................... 1-27 

1.6.2 SEHSR Program .......................................................................................................... 1-29 

1.6.2.1 Tier I EIS for the SEHSR Project from Washington, D.C. 

to Charlotte, NC .......................................................................................... 1-30 

1.6.2.2 Washington, D.C. to Richmond SEHSR Corridor Segment ................. 1-31 

1.6.2.3 Richmond to Raleigh SEHSR Corridor Segment ................................... 1-34 

1.6.2.4 Richmond to Hampton Roads SEHSR Corridor Segment .................... 1-35 

1.6.3 Virginia Avenue Tunnel ............................................................................................ 1-35 

1.6.4 Long Bridge ................................................................................................................. 1-35 

1.6.5 Washington Union Station Master Plan .................................................................. 1-36 

1.7 PROJECT BENEFITS ............................................................................................................... 1-36 

CHAPTER 2 – ALTERNATIVES 

This chapter describes the process that was used to develop, evaluate, and eliminate potential 

alternatives based on the purpose and need of the Project. The chapter discusses how alternatives 

were selected for detailed study, the reasons why some alternatives were eliminated from 

consideration and describes how the alternatives meet the need for the project and avoid or 

minimize environmental harm. All reasonable alternatives are discussed at a comparable level of 

detail. The No Build Alternative is also included as a benchmark against which the impacts of the 

other alternatives are compared. 

2.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 2-1 

2.1.1 SEHSR Tier I EIS Alternatives Summary .................................................................. 2-1 

2.1.2 Tier II EIS Planning Dates ............................................................................................ 2-5 

2.2 SERVICE PLAN ......................................................................................................................... 2-5 

2.2.1 Existing Intercity Passenger Rail Service ................................................................... 2-6 

2.2.1.1 Types of Service ............................................................................................ 2-6 

2.2.1.2 Frequency of Service .................................................................................... 2-6 

2.2.2 Future Intercity Passenger Rail Service ..................................................................... 2-7 

2.2.2.1 No Build Alternative .................................................................................... 2-7 

2.2.2.2 Build Alternative .......................................................................................... 2-8 

2.2.3 Service Plan Development ........................................................................................... 2-9 
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2.2.3.1 Sources Used to Determine Future Passenger Train Frequencies ......... 2-9 

2.2.3.2 Service Patterns for DC2RVA Corridor Passenger Trains .................... 2-10 

2.3 ALTERNATIVES DEVELOPMENT AND SCREENING PROCESS ................................ 2-13 

2.3.1 Project Alternative Areas and Segments ................................................................. 2-13 

2.3.2 Considerations for Alternatives Development ....................................................... 2-17 

2.3.2.1 Technical Criteria ........................................................................................ 2-17 

2.3.2.2 DC2RVA Purpose and Need ..................................................................... 2-19 

2.3.2.3 Crossing Infrastructure Considerations .................................................. 2-19 

2.3.3 Alternatives Development ......................................................................................... 2-21 

2.3.3.1 Rail Alignment Alternatives ..................................................................... 2-22 

2.3.3.2 Station Location Alternatives .................................................................... 2-26 

2.3.3.3 Richmond Area Rail Alignment–Station Service Options .................... 2-27 

2.4 OPTIONS CONSIDERED AND DISMISSED ...................................................................... 2-29 

2.4.1 Screening Process ........................................................................................................ 2-29 

2.4.1.1 Rail Alignment Screening Process ............................................................ 2-29 

2.4.1.2 Station Location Screening Process .......................................................... 2-30 

2.4.2 Screening Results for Northern Virginia (Build Alternative Areas 1, 2, 

and 3) and Central Virginia (Build Alternative Areas 4 and 5) ............................ 2-31 

2.4.2.1 Rail Alignments .......................................................................................... 2-31 

2.4.2.2 Station Locations ......................................................................................... 2-33 

2.4.3 Screening Results for Richmond (Build Alternative Area 6) ................................ 2-34 

2.4.3.1 Rail Alignment—Station Service Options ............................................... 2-34 

2.4.3.2 Station Locations ......................................................................................... 2-38 

2.4.4 Screening Results for Fredericksburg (Build Alternative Area 3, 

Segment 21) .................................................................................................................. 2-40 

2.4.5 Screening Results for Ashland (Build Alternative Area 5, Segment 22) ............. 2-40 

2.5 ALTERNATIVES EVALUATED IN THE TIER II DRAFT EIS .......................................... 2-43 

2.5.1 No Build Alternative .................................................................................................. 2-43 

2.5.1.1 Infrastructure Improvements in the No Build Alternative ................... 2-44 

2.5.1.2 Rail Service Growth in the No Build Alternative ................................... 2-48 

2.5.2 Build Alternatives ....................................................................................................... 2-50 

2.5.2.1 Area 1: Arlington (Long Bridge Approach) Build Alternatives ........... 2-52 

2.5.2.2 Area 2: Northern Virginia Build Alternative .......................................... 2-55 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 iv 

2.5.2.3 Area 3: Fredericksburg (Dahlgren Spur to Crossroads) Build 

Alternatives ................................................................................................. 2-61 

2.5.2.4 Area 4: Central Virginia (Crossroads to Doswell) 

Build Alternative ........................................................................................ 2-70 

2.5.2.5 Area 5: Ashland (Doswell to I-295) Build Alternatives ......................... 2-73 

2.5.2.6 Area 6: Richmond (I-295 to Centralia) Build Alternatives .................... 2-90 

2.6 OPERATIONS ANALYSIS AND RIDERSHIP ESTIMATES ........................................... 2-116 

2.6.1 Operations Analysis ................................................................................................. 2-116 

2.6.1.1 Preliminary Ashland and Fredericksburg Simulation Modeling ...... 2-117 

2.6.1.2 Additional Ashland Simulation Modeling ........................................... 2-117 

2.6.1.3 Richmond Area Simulation Modeling ................................................... 2-118 

2.6.2 Ridership .................................................................................................................... 2-119 

2.6.3 Travel Time and Reliability ..................................................................................... 2-121 

2.7 CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS ................................................................................ 2-122 

2.7.1 Capital Costs .............................................................................................................. 2-122 

2.7.2 Operating and Maintenance Costs ......................................................................... 2-124 

2.8 CONSTRUCTION PLAN...................................................................................................... 2-125 

CHAPTER 3 – AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 

This chapter provides information on the existing resources and condition of the environment. 

Generally, it focuses on the important issues in order to provide an understanding of the Project 

area relative to the impacts of the alternatives. The affected environment includes discussions, 

commensurate with the importance of the potential impacts, the existing social, economic, and 

environmental settings surrounding the Project. It also identifies environmentally sensitive 

features in the project corridor. 

3.1 WATER RESOURCES ............................................................................................................... 3-4 

3.1.1 Drainage Basins ............................................................................................................. 3-5 

3.1.2 Surface Waters, Rivers, and Streams .......................................................................... 3-7 

3.1.3 Designated Waters ........................................................................................................ 3-9 

3.1.3.1 Navigable Waters ....................................................................................... 3-10 

3.1.3.2 State Scenic Rivers ...................................................................................... 3-10 

3.1.3.3 Nationwide Rivers Inventory ................................................................... 3-17 

3.1.3.4 Chesapeake Bay Preservation Areas ........................................................ 3-17 

3.1.3.5 Virginia Coastal Zone Management Area ............................................... 3-18 

3.1.4 Wetlands ....................................................................................................................... 3-18 

3.1.5 Floodplains and Floodways ...................................................................................... 3-19 
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3.1.6 Water Quality .............................................................................................................. 3-20 

3.1.7 Drinking Water/Aquifers/Water Supply ............................................................... 3-23 

3.2 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND SOILS ........................................................................... 3-23 

3.2.1 Topography ................................................................................................................. 3-24 

3.2.2 Geology ........................................................................................................................ 3-24 

3.2.3 Soils ............................................................................................................................... 3-24 

3.3 AGRICULTURAL LANDS ..................................................................................................... 3-26 

3.3.1 Farmland Soils ............................................................................................................. 3-27 

3.3.2 Agricultural and Forestal Districts ........................................................................... 3-27 

3.4 MINERAL RESOURCES ......................................................................................................... 3-29 

3.5 SOLID WASTES AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ......................................................... 3-33 

3.5.1 Regulatory Context ..................................................................................................... 3-34 

3.5.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................................ 3-34 

3.5.3 Hazardous Materials Sites within Study Area ....................................................... 3-37 

3.6 AIR QUALITY .......................................................................................................................... 3-38 

3.6.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................................................... 3-38 

3.6.2 Clean Air Act Conformity .......................................................................................... 3-40 

3.6.3 Clean Air Nonroad Diesel Rule ................................................................................ 3-40 

3.6.4 Mobile Source Air Toxics Rule .................................................................................. 3-41 

3.6.5 Ambient Air Quality Conditions in the DC2RVA Corridor ................................. 3-41 

3.6.5.1 Attainment/Nonattainment/Maintenance Designations .................... 3-41 

3.6.5.2 Ambient Air Quality .................................................................................. 3-42 

3.6.5.3 Air Quality Index ........................................................................................ 3-44 

3.6.6 Greenhouse Gas .......................................................................................................... 3-45 

3.7 NOISE AND VIBRATION ...................................................................................................... 3-45 

3.7.1 Noise ............................................................................................................................. 3-45 

3.7.1.1 Noise Descriptors ....................................................................................... 3-45 

3.7.1.2 Existing Noise Measurements .................................................................. 3-47 

3.7.1.3 Existing Noise Levels ................................................................................. 3-47 

3.7.2 Vibration ....................................................................................................................... 3-49 

3.7.2.1 Vibration Descriptors ................................................................................. 3-52 

3.8 ENERGY .................................................................................................................................... 3-53 

3.9 AESTHETICS AND VISUAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 3-54 

3.9.1 Regulatory Context and Methodology .................................................................... 3-54 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

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3.9.2 Affected Environment ................................................................................................ 3-55 

3.9.2.1 Area 1: Arlington (Long Bridge Approach) ............................................ 3-57 

3.9.2.2 Area 2: Northern Virginia .......................................................................... 3-58 

3.9.2.3 Area 3: Fredericksburg ............................................................................... 3-62 

3.9.2.4 Area 4: Central Virginia ............................................................................. 3-64 

3.9.2.5 Area 5: Ashland .......................................................................................... 3-65 

3.9.2.6 Area 6: Richmond ....................................................................................... 3-67 

3.10 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................... 3-73 

3.10.1 Regulated Natural Communities .............................................................................. 3-75 

3.10.1.1 National Wildlife Refuges ........................................................................ 3-75 

3.10.1.2 State Wildlife Lands .................................................................................. 3-79 

3.10.1.3 County Wildlife Lands .............................................................................. 3-79 

3.10.1.4 Private Wildlife Lands .............................................................................. 3-79 

3.10.1.5 Priority Conservation Areas..................................................................... 3-80 

3.10.2 Invasive Species........................................................................................................... 3-83 

3.10.3 Wildlife ......................................................................................................................... 3-84 

3.10.3.1 Colonial Waterbirds ................................................................................... 3-85 

3.10.3.2 Migratory Birds ........................................................................................... 3-85 

3.10.4 Aquatic and Marine Life ............................................................................................ 3-86 

3.10.4.1 Fisheries, Anadromous Fish, and Trout Waters .................................... 3-86 

3.10.4.2 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation ................................................................ 3-88 

3.10.5 Threatened and Endangered Species ....................................................................... 3-90 

3.10.5.1 Federally Endangered Species ................................................................. 3-92 

3.10.5.2 Federally Threatened Species .................................................................. 3-92 

3.10.5.3 State Threatened Species ........................................................................... 3-93 

3.11 COMMUNITY RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 3-94 

3.11.1 Population Characteristics ......................................................................................... 3-94 

3.11.2 Employment and Income ........................................................................................... 3-95 

3.11.2.1 Economic Base/Employment Patterns ...................................................... 3-95 

3.11.3 Land Use ...................................................................................................................... 3-97 

3.11.3.1 Existing Land Use ....................................................................................... 3-97 

3.11.3.2 Status of Local and Regional Planning/Development Trends ............ 3-99 

3.11.4 Neighborhoods and Communities ......................................................................... 3-105 
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3.11.4.1 Communities along the DC2RVA Corridor ............................................ 3-105 

3.11.5 Community Facilities and Services ........................................................................ 3-107 

3.12 TITLE VI AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ................................................................. 3-108 

3.12.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 3-108 

3.12.2 Title VI and Environmental Justice Populations .................................................. 3-109 

3.13 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ABOVEGROUND CULTURAL AND 

HISTORIC RESOURCES ....................................................................................................... 3-120 

3.13.1 Archaeological Resources ........................................................................................ 3-120 

3.13.2 Aboveground Resources .......................................................................................... 3-131 

3.13.2.1 Buildings, Districts, Structures, and Objects ......................................... 3-132 

3.13.2.2 Battlefields ................................................................................................. 3-153 

3.13.2.3 Tribal Land ................................................................................................ 3-154 

3.14 PARKLANDS, RECREATIONAL AREAS, AND REFUGES ........................................... 3-157 

3.14.1 Federal Parklands ..................................................................................................... 3-157 

3.14.2 State and Regional Parklands and Recreation Areas ........................................... 3-173 

3.14.3 County/City and Other Local Parklands .............................................................. 3-174 

3.14.4 Wildlife Refuges ........................................................................................................ 3-180 

3.14.5 Trails ........................................................................................................................... 3-181 

3.14.6 Section 6(f) Resources ............................................................................................... 3-183 

3.14.7 Section 4(f) Resources ............................................................................................... 3-184 

3.15 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES ...................................................................................... 3-187 

3.15.1 Regional Scale ............................................................................................................ 3-189 

3.15.1.1 Regional Roadway Network ................................................................... 3-189 

3.15.1.2 Regional Rail Network ............................................................................ 3-191 

3.15.1.3 Stations and Other Regional Transportation Facilities ....................... 3-193 

3.15.1.4 Regional Highway–Rail Crossing Accident Data ............................... 3-197 

3.15.2 Corridor Scale ............................................................................................................ 3-198 

3.15.2.1 Transportation Corridor Network (by City/County) ........................ 3-198 

3.15.2.2 Roadway Network–Corridor Crossings ............................................... 3-204 

3.16 UTILITIES AND RELATED SERVICES .............................................................................. 3-216 

3.17 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY ....................................................................................... 3-216 

3.17.1 Community Safety and Access ............................................................................... 3-216 

3.17.2 At-Grade Crossing Safety ........................................................................................ 3-216 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 viii 

CHAPTER 4 – ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 

This chapter describes the impacts of Project alternatives on the environment and documents the 

methodologies used in evaluating these impacts. Information is provided to compare Project 

alternatives and their impacts as well as measures to mitigate unavoidable impacts. Mitigation 

measures have been considered for all impacts, regardless of their significance. Environmental 

impacts are described in terms of their context and intensity. 

4.1 WATER RESOURCES ............................................................................................................... 4-2 

4.1.1 Surface Waters, Rivers, Streams, and Floodplains ................................................... 4-3 

4.1.1.1 Designated Waters ........................................................................................ 4-5 

4.1.1.2 Floodplains and Floodways ........................................................................ 4-6 

4.1.1.3 Stormwater/Drainage .................................................................................. 4-7 

4.1.2 Wetlands ......................................................................................................................... 4-8 

4.1.3 Water Quality .............................................................................................................. 4-11 

4.1.3.1 Temporary Effects ...................................................................................... 4-11 

4.1.3.2 Long-Term Effects ...................................................................................... 4-11 

4.1.3.3 Impaired Waters ......................................................................................... 4-11 

4.1.4 Drinking Water/Aquifers/Water Supply ............................................................... 4-12 

4.1.5 Permits .......................................................................................................................... 4-12 

4.1.5.1 Section 401– Certification (Water Quality Certification [WQC]) ......... 4-14 

4.1.5.2 Section 402–-National Pollution Discharge Elimination 

System (NPDES) ......................................................................................... 4-15 

4.1.5.3 Section 404–Dredge and Fill Materials .................................................... 4-15 

4.1.5.4 Subaqueous Stream Bed Bottom .............................................................. 4-15 

4.1.5.5 Section 9–United States Coast Guard ...................................................... 4-15 

4.1.5.6 Section 10–USACE ...................................................................................... 4-15 

4.1.5.7 Virginia Water Protection Permit ............................................................. 4-15 

4.1.5.8 MS4 Permit–Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems ............ 4-15 

4.1.5.9 Joint Permit Application–USACE, VMRC, Virginia DEQ, Local 

Wetlands Board ........................................................................................... 4-16 

4.1.5.10 Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act ............................................................ 4-16 

4.1.6 Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation Evaluation .......................................... 4-16 

4.1.6.1 Wetlands, Streams, and Water Resources ............................................... 4-16 

4.1.6.2 Floodplains and Stormwater/Drainage .................................................. 4-17 

4.1.6.3 Water Quality .............................................................................................. 4-18 

4.1.6.4 Drinking Water/Aquifers/Water Supply ............................................... 4-19 
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 ix 

4.2 TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND SOILS ........................................................................... 4-19 

4.2.1 Topography ................................................................................................................. 4-19 

4.2.2 Geology ........................................................................................................................ 4-19 

4.2.3 Soils ............................................................................................................................... 4-20 

4.2.4 Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation Evaluation .......................................... 4-21 

4.3 AGRICULTURAL LANDS ..................................................................................................... 4-22 

4.3.1 Farmland Soils ............................................................................................................. 4-22 

4.3.2 Agricultural and Forestal Districts ........................................................................... 4-24 

4.4 MINERAL RESOURCES ......................................................................................................... 4-26 

4.4.1 Effects ............................................................................................................................ 4-26 

4.4.2 Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation Evaluation .......................................... 4-26 

4.5 SOLID WASTES AND HAZARDOUS MATERIAL ........................................................... 4-26 

4.5.1 Effects ............................................................................................................................ 4-26 

4.5.2 Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation Evaluation .......................................... 4-33 

4.6 AIR QUALITY .......................................................................................................................... 4-34 

4.6.1 Locomotive Operations–NOx, VOC, and PM ......................................................... 4-34 

4.6.2 Mobile Source Air Toxics ........................................................................................... 4-35 

4.6.2.1 Regional MSAT Effects .............................................................................. 4-35 

4.6.2.2 Local MSAT Effects .................................................................................... 4-36 

4.6.3 Highway Vehicle Operations–CO ............................................................................ 4-37 

4.6.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ........................................................................................ 4-38 

4.6.5 Construction Effects .................................................................................................... 4-39 

4.6.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 4-39 

4.6.7 Mitigation ..................................................................................................................... 4-40 

4.7 NOISE AND VIBRATION ...................................................................................................... 4-40 

4.7.1 Noise ............................................................................................................................. 4-40 

4.7.1.1 Noise Impact Criteria ................................................................................. 4-40 

4.7.1.2 Noise Prediction Methodology ................................................................. 4-42 

4.7.1.3 Predicted Noise Levels ............................................................................... 4-44 

4.7.1.4 Noise Impact Assessment .......................................................................... 4-45 

4.7.1.5 Noise Mitigation Measures ....................................................................... 4-50 

4.7.2 Vibration ....................................................................................................................... 4-51 

4.7.2.1 Vibration Impact Criteria .......................................................................... 4-51 

4.7.2.2 Vibration Prediction Methodology .......................................................... 4-52 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 x 

4.7.2.3 Predicted Vibration Levels ........................................................................ 4-56 

4.7.2.4 Vibration Impact Assessment ................................................................... 4-56 

4.7.2.5 Vibration Mitigation ................................................................................... 4-59 

4.8 ENERGY .................................................................................................................................... 4-59 

4.8.1 Energy Consumption during Operation ................................................................. 4-59 

4.8.2 Energy Consumption during Construction ............................................................ 4-61 

4.9 AESTHETIC AND VISUAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................... 4-62 

4.9.1 Effects ............................................................................................................................ 4-62 

4.9.1.1 Arlington: Build Alternatives 1A, 1B, and 1C ........................................ 4-63 

4.9.1.2 Northern Virginia: Build Alternative 2A ................................................ 4-63 

4.9.1.3 Fredericksburg: Build Alternatives 3A, 3B, and 3C ............................... 4-63 

4.9.1.4 Central Virginia: Build Alternative 4A .................................................... 4-64 

4.9.1.5 Ashland: Build Alternatives 5A, 5A–Ashcake, 5B, 5B–Ashcake, 

5C, 5C–Ashcake, and 5D–Ashcake .......................................................... 4-64 

4.9.1.6 Richmond: Build Alternatives 6A, 6B–A-Line, 6B–S-Line, 6C, 6D, 

6E, 6F, and 6G .............................................................................................. 4-65 

4.9.2 Mitigation Evaluation ................................................................................................. 4-68 

4.10 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES ................................................................................................... 4-68 

4.10.1 Habitat and Natural Communities ........................................................................... 4-68 

4.10.1.1 Conservation Areas ................................................................................... 4-71 

4.10.1.2 Invasive Species .......................................................................................... 4-73 

4.10.1.3 Submerged Aquatic Vegetation ................................................................ 4-73 

4.10.1.4 Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation Evaluation ......................... 4-74 

4.10.2 Wildlife ......................................................................................................................... 4-79 

4.10.2.1 Colonial Waterbirds ................................................................................... 4-79 

4.10.2.2 Migratory Birds ........................................................................................... 4-79 

4.10.2.3 Aquatic and Marine Life ............................................................................ 4-80 

4.10.2.4 Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation Evaluation ......................... 4-82 

4.10.3 Threatened and Endangered Species ....................................................................... 4-83 

4.10.3.1 Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act .......................................... 4-86 

4.10.3.2 Avoidance, Minimization, and Mitigation Evaluation ......................... 4-95 

4.11 COMMUNITY RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 4-96 

4.11.1 Economic Effects ......................................................................................................... 4-96 

4.11.2 Neighborhood and Community Effects .................................................................. 4-97 
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 xi 

4.11.2.1 Community Effects ..................................................................................... 4-97 

4.11.2.2 Effects from Changes to the Transportation Network .......................... 4-99 

4.11.3 Community Facilities and Services ........................................................................ 4-101 

4.11.4 Right-of-Way and Relocations ................................................................................ 4-102 

4.11.5 Land Use Planning .................................................................................................... 4-105 

4.11.5.1 Changes in Land Use ............................................................................... 4-105 

4.11.5.2 Compatibility with Future Land Use ..................................................... 4-107 

4.11.5.3 Compatibility with Multimodal Transportation Planning ................. 4-108 

4.12 TITLE VI AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ................................................................. 4-108 

4.12.1 Corridor-Wide Impacts ............................................................................................ 4-109

4.12.2 Community-Level Impacts ...................................................................................... 4-109 

4.12.2.1 Relocations and Displacements .............................................................. 4-109 

4.12.2.2 Noise and Vibration ................................................................................. 4-110 

4.13 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ABOVEGROUND CULTURAL AND 

HISTORIC RESOURCES ....................................................................................................... 4-127 

4.13.1 Archaeological Resources ........................................................................................ 4-130 

4.13.2 Historical Resources ................................................................................................. 4-133 

4.13.3 Battlefields .................................................................................................................. 4-153 

4.13.4 Summary and Mitigation ......................................................................................... 4-155 

4.14 PARKLANDS, RECREATIONAL AREAS, AND REFUGES ........................................... 4-155 

4.14.1 Effects .......................................................................................................................... 4-155 

4.14.2 Mitigation ................................................................................................................... 4-156 

4.15 TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES ...................................................................................... 4-166 

4.15.1 Regional Scale ............................................................................................................ 4-167 

4.15.1.1 DC2RVA Train Service and Ridership .................................................. 4-167 

4.15.1.2 Ridership Effects on Regional Roadways ............................................. 4-169 

4.15.1.3 Ridership Effects on Roadway Network at Amtrak Stations ............. 4-170 

4.15.1.4 Ridership Effects on Parking Needs at Stations ................................... 4-171 

4.15.2 Corridor Scale ............................................................................................................ 4-174 

4.15.2.1 DC2RVA Build Alternative Crossing Improvements ......................... 4-174 

4.15.2.2 DC2RVA Crossing Improvement Effects on Connectivity 

and Accessibility ....................................................................................... 4-196 

4.15.2.3 DC2RVA Crossing Closure Diversion Analysis 

(Traffic Operations) .................................................................................. 4-199 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 xii 

4.15.2.4 DC2RVA Crossing Improvement Effects on Total Daily 

Vehicle Delay ............................................................................................. 4-204 

4.16 UTILITIES ............................................................................................................................... 4-209 

4.17 SAFETY AND SECURITY .................................................................................................... 4-209 

4.18 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY ....................................................................................... 4-212 

4.19 CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS ............................................................................................... 4-212

4.19.1 Impacts ....................................................................................................................... 4-213 

4.19.1.1 Rail .............................................................................................................. 4-213 

4.19.1.2 Land Use and Access................................................................................ 4-213 

4.19.1.3 Air Quality ................................................................................................. 4-213 

4.19.1.4 Noise ........................................................................................................... 4-213 

4.19.1.5 Water Resources ....................................................................................... 4-213 

4.19.1.6 Wildlife and Habitat ................................................................................. 4-214 

4.19.2 Mitigation ................................................................................................................... 4-214 

4.19.2.1 Rail .............................................................................................................. 4-214 

4.19.2.2 Land Use and Access................................................................................ 4-214 

4.19.2.3 Air Quality ................................................................................................. 4-215 

4.19.2.4 Noise ........................................................................................................... 4-215 

4.19.2.5 Water Resources ....................................................................................... 4-215 

4.19.2.6 Wildlife and Habitat ................................................................................. 4-216 

4.20 INDIRECT AND CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ...................................................................... 4-216 

4.20.1 Indirect Effects ........................................................................................................... 4-216 

4.20.1.1 Step 1: Scoping .......................................................................................... 4-217 

4.20.1.2 Step 2: Identify Study Area Direction and Goals ................................. 4-217 

4.20.1.3 Step 3: Inventory Notable Features in the Study Area ........................ 4-219 

4.20.1.4 Step 4: Identify Impact-Causing Activities of the 

Proposed Alternatives .............................................................................. 4-219 

4.20.1.5 Step 5: Identify Indirect Effects for Analysis ........................................ 4-220 

4.20.1.6 Step 6: Analyze Indirect Effects and Evaluate Analysis Results ........ 4-221 

4.20.1.7 Step 7: Assess Consequences and Develop Mitigation ....................... 4-226 

4.20.2 Cumulative Effects .................................................................................................... 4-226 

4.20.2.1 Geographic Area and Time Span ........................................................... 4-227 

4.20.2.2 Affected Resources ................................................................................... 4-227 

4.20.2.3 Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Actions ............................ 4-227 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 xiii 

4.20.2.4 Impacts ....................................................................................................... 4-229 

4.20.2.5 Overall Cumulative Effects ..................................................................... 4-235 

4.21 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM IMPACTS AND 

LONG-TERM BENEFITS ...................................................................................................... 4-235

4.22 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENT OF RESOURCES ............... 4-236 

4.23 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS .................................................................................................... 4-237 

CHAPTER 5 - SECTION 4(f) EVALUATION 

This chapter provides a Draft Section 4(f) Evaluation in accordance with the U.S. DOT Act of 1966. 

The evaluation will specifically address potential use of resources including parks, recreation 

areas, wildlife refuges and historic properties (on or eligible for the National Register of Historic 

Places). 

5.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION .................................................................... 5-1 

5.1.1 Introduction to Section 4(f) .......................................................................................... 5-1 

5.1.2 Purpose and Need for the Project ............................................................................... 5-2 

5.1.3 Project Description and Approach ............................................................................. 5-3 

5.1.4 Project Alternatives ....................................................................................................... 5-4 

5.2 TYPES OF SECTION 4(f) USE ................................................................................................ 5-57 

5.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE 4(f) RESOURCES .......................................................................... 5-58 

5.3.1 Parks and Recreation Areas ....................................................................................... 5-58 

5.3.2 Wildlife Refuges .......................................................................................................... 5-60 

5.3.3 Historic Properties ...................................................................................................... 5-60 

5.4 SECTION 4(f) PROPERTY IMPACTS ................................................................................... 5-67 

5.4.1 Parks and Recreation Areas ....................................................................................... 5-67 

5.4.2 Wildlife Refuges .......................................................................................................... 5-72 

5.4.3 Historic Properties ...................................................................................................... 5-82 

5.5 AVOIDANCE ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................................... 5-105 

5.5.1 Summary of Preliminary Section 4(f) Use Determinations ................................. 5-106 

5.5.2 Entire DC2RVA Corridor ......................................................................................... 5-107 

5.5.3 Build Alternatives 1A, 1B, and 1C .......................................................................... 5-107 

5.5.4 Build Alternative 2A ................................................................................................. 5-107 

5.5.5 Build Alternatives 3A, 3B, and 3C .......................................................................... 5-107 

5.5.6 Build Alternative 4A ................................................................................................. 5-108 

5.5.7 Build Alternatives 5A, 5A–Ashcake, 5B, 5B–Ashcake, 5C, 5C–Ashcake, 

and 5D–Ashcake ........................................................................................................ 5-109 

5.5.8 Build Alternatives 6A, 6B–A-Line, 6B–S-Line, 6C, 6D, 6E, 6F, and 6G ............. 5-109 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 xiv 

5.6 MEASURES TO MINIMIZE HARM ................................................................................... 5-110 

5.6.1 RF&P Bridge over Naomi Road (089-0080) ........................................................... 5-111 

5.6.2 Site 44SP0187 (Stone Piers) ...................................................................................... 5-111 

5.6.3 Doswell Historic District (042-5448) ....................................................................... 5-111 

5.6.4 Squashapenny Junction Store (042-0470) ............................................................... 5-112 

5.6.5 Site 44HE1098 (Main Street Station Parking) and Site 44HE1097 

(Railroad, Warehouse) .............................................................................................. 5-112 

5.6.6 Main Street Station Trainshed (127-0172) .............................................................. 5-112 

5.6.7 Site 44HE1095 (Storage Facility) ............................................................................. 5-113 

5.6.8 Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad (076-0301) .......................... 5-113 

5.6.9 Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) Corridor (127-6251) .................................... 5-113 

5.6.10 Seaboard Air Line Railroad (SAL) Corridor (127-6271) ...................................... 5-114 

5.7 COORDINATION .................................................................................................................. 5-114 

5.7.1 Consulting Parties ..................................................................................................... 5-114 

5.7.2 Meetings ..................................................................................................................... 5-116 

5.7.3 Correspondence ........................................................................................................ 5-116 

5.8 FINAL SECTION 4(f) EVALUATION ................................................................................ 5-118 

CHAPTER 6 – PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND AGENCY COORDINATION 

This chapter summarizes the agency coordination and public involvement activities conducted 

during the development of the Draft EIS. 

6.1 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ........................................................................................................ 6-1 

6.1.1 Project Launch ............................................................................................................... 6-1 

6.1.2 Newspaper and Online Advertising .......................................................................... 6-2 

6.1.3 Targeted Title VI outreach ........................................................................................... 6-4 

6.1.4 Scoping ........................................................................................................................... 6-4 

6.1.5 Public Meetings ............................................................................................................. 6-8 

6.1.5.1 Public Meetings Hosted by Outside Organizations .............................. 6-10 

6.1.6 Project Contact Mailing List ...................................................................................... 6-11 

6.1.7 Property Owner Notifications ................................................................................... 6-12 

6.1.8 E-Newsletters............................................................................................................... 6-13 

6.1.9 Project Website ............................................................................................................ 6-13 

6.1.10 Project Press Releases ................................................................................................. 6-14 

6.1.11 Small Group Informational Meetings ...................................................................... 6-14 

6.1.12 Project Brochure .......................................................................................................... 6-16 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 xv 

6.1.13 Social Media ................................................................................................................. 6-17 

6.2 AGENCY COORDINATION ................................................................................................. 6-17 

6.2.1 Agency Meetings ......................................................................................................... 6-19 

6.2.2 Task Force Meetings ................................................................................................... 6-20 

6.2.3 Local Officials Coordination ..................................................................................... 6-22 

6.2.4 Ashland Community Advisory Committee ............................................................ 6-25 

6.3 SECTION 106 COORDINATION AND CONSULTATION .............................................. 6-25 

6.3.1 Consulting Parties ....................................................................................................... 6-25 

6.3.2 Meetings ....................................................................................................................... 6-26 

6.3.3 Correspondence .......................................................................................................... 6-27 

CHAPTER 7 – DRPT RECOMMENDED PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE 

This chapter describes DRPT’s recommendation for a Preferred Alternative. The non-binding 

recommendation is made as part of the Draft EIS in order to provide the public with a clear 

understanding of DRPT’s recommendation at this Project milestone. 

7.1 ALTERNATIVE AREA 1: ARLINGTON LONG BRIDGE APPROACH—CFP 110 TO 

CFP 109.3 ..................................................................................................................................... 7-3 

7.2 ALTERNATIVE AREA 2: NORTHERN VIRGINIA CFP 109.3 TO CFP 62 ....................... 7-4 

7.3 ALTERNATIVE AREA 3: FREDERICKSBURG DAHLGREN SPUR TO 

CROSSROADS—CFP 62 TO CFP 48 ....................................................................................... 7-6 

7.4 ALTERNATIVE AREA 4: CENTRAL VIRGINIA CROSSROADS TO DOSWELL— 

CFP 48 TO CFP 19 ...................................................................................................................... 7-9 

7.5 ALTERNATIVE AREA 5: ASHLAND DOSWELL TO I-295—CFP 19 TO CFP 9 .......... 7-11 

7.6 ALTERNATIVE AREA 6: RICHMOND I-295 TO CENTRALIA—CFP 9 TO A011 ...... 7-12 

7.7 FINAL PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE .................................................................................. 7-18 

CHAPTER 8 – DISTRIBUTION OF DRAFT EIS 

This chapter provides a detailed listing of the federal, state and local agencies, elected officials, 

organizations, and special interest groups that were provided with a copy of the Draft EIS. 

8.1 FEDERAL AGENCIES .............................................................................................................. 8-1 

8.2 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA AGENCIES ................................................................. 8-2 

8.3 OTHER STATE AGENCIES ..................................................................................................... 8-3 

8.4 REGIONAL AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS ............................................................. 8-3 

8.5 LOCAL GOVERNMENT, AGENCIES, AND ORGANIZATIONS .................................... 8-3 

8.6 RAIL AND TRANSIT OPERATORS ....................................................................................... 8-4 

8.7 ELECTED OFFICIALS ............................................................................................................... 8-4 

8.7.1 Federal Elected Officials ............................................................................................... 8-4 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 xvi 

8.7.2 Commonwealth of Virginia Elected Officials ........................................................... 8-4 

8.7.3 Local Elected Officials .................................................................................................. 8-5 

8.8 POTENTIALLY IMPACTED SECTION 4(f) RESOURCE PROPERTY OWNERS ............ 8-6 

8.9 PUBLIC REVIEW LOCATIONS .............................................................................................. 8-6 

8.9.1 Libraries .......................................................................................................................... 8-7 

8.9.2 Department of Rail and Public Transportation Offices ......................................... 8-10 

8.9.3 Government Centers .................................................................................................. 8-10 

CHAPTER 9 - LIST OF PREPARERS ................................................................................................ 9-1 

This chapter provides a listing of the individuals primarily responsible for preparing the EIS or 

technical reports. Preparers are identified by name, qualifications, expertise, experience, and 

professional discipline. 

CHAPTER 10 – ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .............................................................. 10-1 

CHAPTER 11 – GLOSSARY OF COMMONLY USED TERMS ................................................. 11-1 

CHAPTER 12 – REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 12-1 

CHAPTER 13 – INDEX ....................................................................................................................... 13-1 

APPENDICES 

A ALTERNATIVES TECHNICAL REPORT .................................................................................. A-1 

B BASIS OF DESIGN REPORT ........................................................................................................ B-1 

C BUILD ALTERNATIVES AREA 1–ARLINGTON .................................................................... C-1 

D BUILD ALTERNATIVES AREA 2–NORTHERN VIRGINIA .................................................. D-1 

E BUILD ALTERNATIVES AREA 3–FREDERICKSBURG ......................................................... E-1 

F BUILD ALTERNATIVES AREA 4–CENTRAL VIRGINIA ...................................................... F-1 

G BUILD ALTERNATIVES AREA 5–ASHLAND ........................................................................ G-1 

H BUILD ALTERNATIVES AREA 6–RICHMOND .................................................................... H-1 

I OPERATIONS MODELING .......................................................................................................... I-1 

J RIDERSHIP ...................................................................................................................................... J-1 

K CAPITAL COSTS ........................................................................................................................... K-1 

L CONSTRUCTABILITY .................................................................................................................. L-1 

M NATURAL RESOURCES TECHNICAL REPORT ................................................................... M-1 

N USDA-NRCS FARMLAND CONVERSION IMPACTS .......................................................... N-1 

O HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SITE INFORMATION ................................................................ O-1 

P NOISE AND VIBRATION TECHNICAL REPORT .................................................................. P-1 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 xvii 

Q COMMUNITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT TECHNICAL REPORT .......................................... Q-1 

R CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORTS ......................................................................................... R-1 

S TRANSPORTATION TECHNICAL REPORT ............................................................................ S-1 

T MOBILE SOURCE AIR TOXICS INFORMATION ................................................................... T-1 

U SECTION 106 AND SECTION 4(f) COMMENTS AND COORDINATION ......................... U-1 

V SCOPING AND OUTREACH MATERIALS ............................................................................. V-1 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 1.5-1: Modal Comparison of Travel Times ........................................................................ 1-13 

Table 1.5-2: Typical Air Travel Time ............................................................................................. 1-16 

Table 1.5-3: Passenger Travel and Energy (2013) ........................................................................ 1-25 

Table 2.3-1: Project Alternative Areas and Segments ................................................................. 2-14 

Table 2.3-2: Existing Intercity Passenger Rail Stations in the DC2RVA Corridor by Area ... 2-15 

Table 2.3-3: Factors Considered to Develop Alternatives .......................................................... 2-20 

Table 2.3-4: Potential Locations for New Passenger Stations in the DC2RVA Corridor ....... 2-28 

Table 2.4-1: Rail Alignment Screening Process ............................................................................ 2-30

Table 2.4-2: Summary of Stages I, II, and III Screening by Segment 

(Northern and Central Virginia) ............................................................................... 2-32 

Table 2.4-3: Station Screening Summary, Northern and Central Virginia ............................... 2-33 

Table 2.4-4: Summary of Screening by Station Location (Richmond) ...................................... 2-37 

Table 2.4-5: Station Screening Summary, Richmond .................................................................. 2-39 

Table 2.4-6: Summary of Stages I, II, and III Screening of Bypass Options 

for Fredericksburg ...................................................................................................... 2-41 

Table 2.4-7: Summary Screening results of Bypass Options for Ashland ................................ 2-43 

Table 2.5-1: No Build Infrastructure Assumptions ..................................................................... 2-44 

Table 2.5-2: Existing and No Build Service along DC2RVA Corridor 

(Daily 1-Way Trips) .................................................................................................... 2-49 

Table 2.5-3: Summary of Build Alternatives Carried Forward ................................................. 2-50 

Table 2.5-4: Summary of Stations DRPT Recommends for Evaluation in the Tier II EIS ...... 2-51 

Table 2.5-5: Area 1: Arlington (Long Bridge Approach) Build Alternatives ........................... 2-53 

Table 2.5-6: Build Alternative 2A (Northern Virginia) — General Improvements ................ 2-55 

Table 2.5-7: Build Alternative 2A (Northern Virginia) — Specific Infrastructure 

Improvements ............................................................................................................. 2-56

Table 2.5-8: Area 3: Fredericksburg Build Alternatives .............................................................. 2-61 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 xviii 

Table 2.5-9: Build Alternative 4A (Central Virginia)—General Improvements ...................... 2-70 

Table 2.5-10: Build Alternative 4A (Central Virginia)—Specific Infrastructure 

Improvements ............................................................................................................. 2-71

Table 2.5-11: Area 5: Ashland Build Alternatives.......................................................................... 2-73

Table 2.5-12: Area 6: Richmond Build Alternatives ...................................................................... 2-91 

Table 2.6-1: Annual Rail Trips to/from/within DC2RVA Corridor (Millions) by Year 

and Alternative .......................................................................................................... 2-120 

Table 2.6-2: DC2RVA Corridor Travel Times (hours:minutes) by Richmond Station 

Option, Washington Union Station to Richmond, VA ........................................ 2-121 

Table 2.7-1: Capital Costs Per Build Alternative ....................................................................... 2-123 

Table 2.7-2: Estimated O&M Costs for Each Alternative ......................................................... 2-124 

Table 3.0-1: Study Area by Resource ............................................................................................... 3-3 

Table 3.1-1: Surface Waters, Rivers, and Streams .......................................................................... 3-8

Table 3.1-2: Special Stream Designations ....................................................................................... 3-9 

Table 3.1-3: State Scenic Rivers Crossed by the Project .............................................................. 3-10 

Table 3.1-4: Designated Nationwide River Reaches ................................................................... 3-17 

Table 3.1-5: Wetlands (acres) .......................................................................................................... 3-19 

Table 3.1-6: Floodplains .................................................................................................................. 3-20 

Table 3.2-1: Construction-Limiting Soils ...................................................................................... 3-26 

Table 3.3-1: Farmland Soils ............................................................................................................. 3-27 

Table 3.3-2: Agricultural and Forestal Districts ........................................................................... 3-29 

Table 3.4-1: Mineral Resources ....................................................................................................... 3-33 

Table 3.5-1: Hazardous Material Databases ................................................................................. 3-34 

Table 3.5-2: Hazardous Waste and Special Waste Screening Criteria ...................................... 3-36 

Table 3.5-3: Hazardous Materials Sites within the Study Area ................................................. 3-37 

Table 3.6-1: National Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................................................... 3-39 

Table 3.6-2: Attainment Status ....................................................................................................... 3-42 

Table 3.6-3: Criteria Air Pollutant Monitoring Data ................................................................... 3-42 

Table 3.6-4: 2014 Air Quality Index Summary ............................................................................. 3-44 

Table 3.7-1: Existing Train Noise Measurement Sites ................................................................. 3-47 

Table 3.8-1: Existing Annual Passenger Miles of Travel and Energy Consumption .............. 3-54 

Table 3.10-1: General Habitat Types (acres) ................................................................................... 3-76 

Table 3.10-2: Natural Heritage Conservation Areas ..................................................................... 3-80 

Table 3.10-3: Wildlife Corridors ....................................................................................................... 3-82 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 xix 

Table 3.10-4: Invasive Species Observed in the Study Area ........................................................ 3-83 

Table 3.10-5: Colonial Waterbird Colonies ..................................................................................... 3-85 

Table 3.10-6: Confirmed and Potential Anadromous Fish Use Waters ...................................... 3-87 

Table 3.10-7: Mapped Existing SAV Beds ....................................................................................... 3-90 

Table 3.10-8: Federally and State-Listed Threatened and Endangered Species that 

May Occur within the Vicinity of the Study Area .................................................. 3-91 

Table 3.11-1: Total Population Over Time ...................................................................................... 3-96 

Table 3.11-2: Projected Population Over Time ............................................................................... 3-96 

Table 3.11-3: Employment Patterns ................................................................................................. 3-97 

Table 3.11-4: Land Use Acreage (Percent) ...................................................................................... 3-98 

Table 3.11-5: Community Facilities ............................................................................................... 3-107 

Table 3.12-1: City/County Demographic Data in 2013 .............................................................. 3-110 

Table 3.12-2: Census Tract Demographic Data in 2013............................................................... 3-111 

Table 3.13-1: Summary of Eligible Archaeological Sites............................................................. 3-126 

Table 3.13-2: Description of Eligible Archaeological Sites ......................................................... 3-127 

Table 3.13-3: Summary of Buildings, Districts, Structures and Objects ................................... 3-132 

Table 3.13-4: Description of Eligible Buildings, Districts, Structures, and Objects ................. 3-133 

Table 3.13-5: Summary of Battlefields ........................................................................................... 3-153 

Table 3.13-6: Description of Battlefields ........................................................................................ 3-155 

Table 3.14-1: Federal Parklands ..................................................................................................... 3-157 

Table 3.14-2: State and Regional Parklands and Recreation Areas ........................................... 3-173 

Table 3.14-3: County/City and Other Local Parklands .............................................................. 3-174 

Table 3.14-4: Wildlife Refuges ........................................................................................................ 3-180 

Table 3.14-5: Trails ........................................................................................................................... 3-181 

Table 3.14-6: Section 6(f) Resources ............................................................................................... 3-184 

Table 3.14-7: Section 4(f) Resources ............................................................................................... 3-185 

Table 3.15-1: Regional Roadway Network—Existing Conditions Daily Traffic ..................... 3-190 

Table 3.15-2: Amtrak and VRE Stations in the DC2RVA Corridor ........................................... 3-194 

Table 3.15-3: Existing Parking Inventory by Amtrak Station .................................................... 3-196 

Table 3.15-4: Highway–Rail Accidents at Public Crossings in Virginia ................................... 3-199 

Table 3.15-5: Highway–Rail Accidents at Public Crossings in DC2RVA Corridor ................ 3-199 

Table 3.15-6: Existing Highway–Rail Crossings in the DC2RVA Corridor ............................. 3-204 

Table 3.15-7: Summary of Public Crossings (By Alternative Area) .......................................... 3-209 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 xx 

Table 4.1-1: Stream Resource Effects ............................................................................................. 4-4 

Table 4.1-2: Wetland Effects (acres) ............................................................................................... 4-9 

Table 4.1-3: Estimated Area within Drinking Water Protection Zones .................................. 4-13 

Table 4.2-1: Construction-Limiting Soils within Build Alternatives (acres) .......................... 4-20 

Table 4.3-1: Farmland Soils Converted within Build Alternatives and Farmland 

Corridor Assessment Score ...................................................................................... 4-23 

Table 4.5-1: Hazardous Materials Sites within Build Alternatives .......................................... 4-28 

Table 4.6-1: Predicted Build Alternative Project-Generated Locomotive Emissions ............ 4-35 

Table 4.6-2: Predicted CO Concentrations (including background) ....................................... 4-38 

Table 4.6-3: Change in Projected CO2 Emissions in the DC2RVA Corridor by Mode 

Compared to the No Build Alternative (tons per year)–Year 2045 .................... 4-39 

Table 4.7-1: Intercity Passenger Train Characteristics used in the Noise Assessment ......... 4-42 

Table 4.7-2: Characteristics of Existing Trains Analyzed in the Noise Assessment ............. 4-43 

Table 4.7-3: Operational Noise Impact Summary by Alternative ........................................... 4-46 

Table 4.7-4: Estimated Construction Equipment Noise Levels ................................................ 4-47 

Table 4.7-5: Ground-Borne Vibration (GBV) and Ground-Borne Noise (GBN) 

Impact Criteria for General Assessment ................................................................ 4-52 

Table 4.7-6: Vibration Analysis Modeling Assumptions .......................................................... 4-55 

Table 4.7-7: Vibration Impact Summary by Alternative ........................................................... 4-56 

Table 4.7-8: Construction Vibration Damage Criteria ............................................................... 4-58 

Table 4.7-9: Construction Vibration Damage Criteria–Vibration-Sensitive Equipment ...... 4-58 

Table 4.7-10: Construction Equipment PPV ................................................................................. 4-58

Table 4.8-1: Change in Annual Passenger Miles of Travel Compared to the No Build 

Alternative (millions)–Year 2045 ............................................................................. 4-60 

Table 4.8-2: Change in Annual Energy Consumption Compared to the 

No Build Alternative (billions of BTUs)–Year 2045 .............................................. 4-61 

Table 4.9-1: Visual Impact Rating by Visual Assessment Unit ................................................ 4-67 

Table 4.10-1: Habitat Impacts (acres) ............................................................................................. 4-69 

Table 4.10-2: Conservation Area Impacts (acres) ......................................................................... 4-72 

Table 4.10-3: Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Impacts (acres) ................................................... 4-74 

Table 4.10-4: Confirmed Anadromous Fish Use Waters ............................................................. 4-80 

Table 4.10-5: Potential for Federally Listed Species to be Affected by Project ........................ 4-83 

Table 4.10-6: Potential for State-Listed Species to be Affected by Project ................................ 4-85 

Table 4.10-7: Number of Bald Eagle Nests within Buffer Zones ............................................... 4-87 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 xxi 

Table 4.10-8: Listed Time-of-Year Restrictions for Threatened and Endangered Species 

with Potential to Occur in the DC2RVA Corridor ................................................ 4-87 

Table 4.10-9: Bald Eagle Management Guidelines ....................................................................... 4-95 

Table 4.11-1: Commercial Relocations by Build Alternative ...................................................... 4-96 

Table 4.11-2: Residential Relocations by Build Alternative ...................................................... 4-104 

Table 4.11-3: Land Use Acreage within Build Alternatives ...................................................... 4-106 

Table 4.12-1: Residential Relocations by Environmental Justice Census Tracts .................... 4-111 

Table 4.13-1: Summary of Preliminary Effect Determinations on Archaeological Sites ...... 4-131 

Table 4.13-2: Details of Project Preliminary Effect on Archaeological Sites ........................... 4-132 

Table 4.13-3: Summary of Preliminary Effect Determinations on Buildings, Districts, 

Structures, and Objects ........................................................................................... 4-133 

Table 4.13-4: Details of Project Preliminary Effect on Buildings, Structures, Objects, 

and Districts ............................................................................................................. 4-136 

Table 4.13-5: Summary of Preliminary Effect Determinations on Battlefields ...................... 4-153 

Table 4.13-6: Details of Project Preliminary Effect on Battlefields ........................................... 4-154 

Table 4.14-1: Permanent and Temporary Impacts to Parkland Resources by 

Build Alternative acres) .......................................................................................... 4-157 

Table 4.15-1: Annual DC2RVA Ridership at Station in Project Area 

(boardings and alightings) ..................................................................................... 4-168 

Table 4.15-2: Regional Roadway Network, No Build Conditions ........................................... 4-169 

Table 4.15-3: Summary of Ridership Impacts on Station Roadways, % Change in Traffic 

on Adjacent Roadways due to DC2RVA Intercity Passenger Trains .............. 4-172 

Table 4-15.4: Summary of Daily Parking Space Demand by Station ...................................... 4-173 

Table 4.15-5: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements, 

Summary by Build Alternative ............................................................................. 4-178 

Table 4.15-6: Private At-Grade Crossing Improvements, 

 Summary by Build Alternative ............................................................................ 4-179 

Table 4.15-7: Public Roadway Closures and Grade Separations in 

Fredericksburg Area ............................................................................................... 4-194 

Table 4.15-8: Public Roadway Closures and Grade Separations in Ashland Area ............... 4-195 

Table 4.15-9: Public Roadway Closures and Grade Separations in Richmond Area ............ 4-196 

Table 4.15-10: Existing and 2025 No Build Data for Closure Diversion Analysis ................... 4-200 

Table 4.15-11: Summary of Closure Diversion Analysis Results, by Closure .......................... 4-202 

Table 4.15-12: Summary of Closure Diversion Analysis Results, by Build Alternative ......... 4-205 

Table 4.15-13: Summary of Total Daily Delay Results, 2025 Build Conditions, By Build 

Alternative ................................................................................................................ 4-210 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 xxii 

Table 4.16-1: Estimated Utility Relocations and Costs .............................................................. 4-211 

Table 4.23-1: Summary of Impacts ............................................................................................... 4-239 

Table 5.1-1: Build Alternatives ......................................................................................................... 5-7 

Table 5.1-2: Arlington Build Alternatives: 1A, 1B, and 1C ........................................................... 5-7 

Table 5.1-3: Northern Virginia Build Alternative 2A .................................................................... 5-8 

Table 5.1-4: Fredericksburg Build Alternative 3A ......................................................................... 5-9 

Table 5.1-5: Fredericksburg Build Alternative 3B.......................................................................... 5-9 

Table 5.1-6: Fredericksburg Build Alternative 3C ....................................................................... 5-10 

Table 5.1-7: Central Virginia Build Alternative: 4A .................................................................... 5-10 

Table 5.1-8: Ashland Build Alternatives: 5A and 5A–Ashcake ................................................. 5-11 

Table 5.1-9: Ashland Build Alternatives: 5B and 5B–Ashcake................................................... 5-11 

Table 5.1-10: Ashland Build Alternatives: 5C and 5C–Ashcake .................................................. 5-12 

Table 5.1-11: Ashland Build Alternatives: 5D–Ashcake ............................................................... 5-12 

Table 5.1-12: Richmond Single Station Build Alternative: 6A ..................................................... 5-14 

Table 5.1-13: Richmond Single Station Build Alternative: 6B–A-Line ........................................ 5-14 

Table 5.1-14: Richmond Single Station Build Alternative: 6B–S-Line ......................................... 5-14 

Table 5.1-15: Richmond Single Station Build Alternative: 6C ..................................................... 5-15 

Table 5.1-16: Richmond Single Station Build Alternative: 6D ..................................................... 5-15 

Table 5.1-17: Richmond Two Station Build Alternative: 6E ......................................................... 5-16 

Table 5.1-18: Richmond Two Station Build Alternative: 6F ......................................................... 5-16 

Table 5.1-19: Richmond Two Station Build Alternative: 6G ........................................................ 5-16 

Table 5.3-1: Summary of Historic Properties in the Area of Potential Effect .......................... 5-60 

Table 5.4-1: Permanent and Temporary Impacts to Park Resources by 

Build Alternative (Acres) ........................................................................................... 5-73 

Table 5.4-2: Permanent and Temporary Impacts to Wildlife Refuges by Build Alternative 

(Acres) ........................................................................................................................... 5-74 

Table 5.4-3: Summary of Preliminary Section 4(f) Recommendations for All Historic 

Properties ..................................................................................................................... 5-82 

Table 5.4-4: Details of Recommended Preliminary Section 4(f) Use Determinations 

of Historic Properties .................................................................................................. 5-83 

Table 5.7-1: List of Invited Consulting Parties ........................................................................... 5-115 

Table 5.7-2: Section 106 and Section 4(f) Meetings .................................................................... 5-116 

Table 5.7-3: Project Correspondence ........................................................................................... 5-116 

Table 6.1-1: Newspaper Advertising ............................................................................................... 6-3 
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Table 6.1-2: Public Scoping Meetings .............................................................................................. 6-5 

Table 6.1-3: Scoping Comments ....................................................................................................... 6-7 

Table 6.1-4: Public Information Meetings ....................................................................................... 6-9 

Table 6.1-5: Outside Organization Hosted Meetings .................................................................. 6-11 

Table 6.1-6: Electronic Notifications and Project Updates ......................................................... 6-12 

Table 6.1-7: E-Newsletters............................................................................................................... 6-13 

Table 6.1-8: Press Releases and Media Advisories ...................................................................... 6-14 

Table 6.1-9: Small Group Informational Meetings ...................................................................... 6-15 

Table 6.2-1: Cooperating Agency Meetings.................................................................................. 6-19

Table 6.2-2: Agency-Specific Coordination Meetings ................................................................. 6-20 

Table 6.2-3: Task Force Meetings ................................................................................................... 6-21 

Table 6.2-4: Local Official Meetings............................................................................................... 6-22 

Table 6.2-5: Elected Official Targeted Outreach .......................................................................... 6-24

Table 6.3-1: Consulting Parties ....................................................................................................... 6-25 

Table 6.3-2: Section 106 Meetings .................................................................................................. 6-27 

Table 6.3-3: Section 106 Correspondence ...................................................................................... 6-28 

Table 7.2-1: Evaluation of Northern Virginia Area Alternative Against the Purpose 

and Need and Its Impact on the Human and Natural Environment .................... 7-5 

Table 7.3-1: Evaluation of Fredericksburg Area Alternatives Against the Purpose 

and Need and their Impact on the Human and Natural Environment ................ 7-7 

Table 7.4-1: Evaluation of the Central Virginia Area Alternative against the Purpose 

and Need and Its Impact on the Human and Natural Environment .................. 7-10 

Table 7.6-1: Evaluation of Richmond Area Alternatives Against the Purpose and Need 

and Their Impact on the Human and Natural Environment ................................ 7-14 

LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 1.1-1: SEHSR Corridor ........................................................................................................... 1-2 

Figure 1.2-1: DC2RVA Project Corridor .......................................................................................... 1-5 

Figure 1.5-1: Virginia Population Trends by Region ................................................................... 1-10 

Figure 1.5-2: Travel Time by Mode – Washington, D.C. – New York ...................................... 1-14 

Figure 1.5-3: Number of Daily Trains by Segment in 2015 ........................................................ 1-18 

Figure 1.5-4: Richmond Area Corridor ......................................................................................... 1-20 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 xxiv 

Figure 1.5-5: Washington, D.C. to Richmond Main Street Station – Travel Time 

and On-Time Performance (January 2014-January 2015) ................................... 1-23 

Figure 1.5-6: On-Time Performance for DC2RVA Northeast Regional Trains to/from 

Richmond, Newport News, and Norfolk .............................................................. 1-23 

Figure 1.6-1: U.S. High Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Network Map .................................... 1-28 

Figure 2.1-1: Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor – Tier I EIS .................................................... 2-2 

Figure 2.1-2: SEHSR Tier I EIS Build Alternatives 

(Reproduced from the 2002 Tier 1 EIS) .................................................................... 2-3 

Figure 2.1-3: SEHSR Tier I EIS Selected Alternative ..................................................................... 2-4 

Figure 2.2-1: Existing Passenger Train Frequencies in the DC2RVA Corridor ......................... 2-7 

Figure 2.2-2: No Build Alternative Passenger Train Frequencies in the 

DC2RVA Corridor ....................................................................................................... 2-8 

Figure 2.2-3: Proposed Passenger Train Frequencies in the DC2RVA Corridor ....................... 2-9 

Figure 2.2-4: Service Patterns of Proposed Passenger Trains in the DC2RVA Corridor ....... 2-12 

Figure 2.3-1: Alternative Areas ...................................................................................................... 2-16 

Figure 2.3-2: Typical Track Section ................................................................................................ 2-17 

Figure 2.3-3: Typical Rail Alignment Elements ........................................................................... 2-18 

Figure 2.3-4: DC2RVA Alternatives Development Process ....................................................... 2-22 

Figure 2.3-5: DC2RVA Preliminary Rail Alignment Options .................................................... 2-23 

Figure 2.4-1: Richmond Area Station Options ............................................................................. 2-36 

Figure 2.5-1: Build Alternatives 1A, 1B, 1C .................................................................................. 2-54 

Figure 2.5-2: Build Alternative 2A–Add One Track / Improve Existing Track ...................... 2-58 

Figure 2.5-3: Alexandria Station Improvements for Build Alternative 2A .............................. 2-59 

Figure 2.5-4: Woodbridge Station Improvements for Build Alternative 2A ........................... 2-60 

Figure 2.5-5: Build Alternative 3A – Maintain Two Tracks Through Town ............................ 2-65 

Figure 2.5-6: Build Alternative 3B – Add One Track Through Town East of Existing .......... 2-66 

Figure 2.5-7: Fredericksburg Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 3A and 3C ........ 2-67 

Figure 2.5-8: Fredericksburg Station Improvements for Build Alternative 3B ........................ 2-68 

Figure 2.5-9: Build Alternative 3C – Add Two-Track Bypass East ........................................... 2-69 

Figure 2.5-10: Build Alternative 4A – Add One Track / Improve Existing Track .................... 2-72 

Figure 2.5-11: Build Alternative 5A – Maintain Two Tracks Through Town ............................ 2-78 

Figure 2.5-12A: Ashland Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 5A and 5C 

(Two-Track/850-Foot Platforms) ............................................................................ 2-79 

Figure 2.5-12B: Ashland Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 5A and 5C 

(Two-Track/350-Foot Platforms) ............................................................................ 2-80 
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 xxv 

Figure 2.5-13: Build Alternative 5A–Ashcake – Maintain Two Tracks Through Town 

(Relocate Station to Ashcake) .................................................................................. 2-81 

Figure 2.5-14: Build Alternative 5B – Add One Track Through Town East of Existing .......... 2-82 

Figure 2.5-15: Build Alternative 5B–Ashcake – Add One Track Through Town 

East of Existing (Relocate Station to Ashcake) ...................................................... 2-83 

Figure 2.5-16: Build Alternative 5C – Add Two-Track West Bypass .......................................... 2-84 

Figure 2.5-17: Build Alternative 5C–Ashcake – Add Two-Track West Bypass 

(Relocate Station to Ashcake) .................................................................................. 2-85 

Figure 2.5-18: Build Alternative 5D – Three Tracks Centered Through Town 

(Add Single Track, Relocate Station to Ashcake) .................................................. 2-86 

Figure 2.5-19A: Ashland Station Improvements for Build Alternative 5B 

(Three-Track/850-Foot Platforms) .......................................................................... 2-87 

Figure 2.5-19B: Ashland Station Improvements for Build Alternative 5B 

(Three-Track/350-Foot Platforms) .......................................................................... 2-88 

Figure 2.5-20: Ashcake Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 5A–Ashcake, 

5B–Ashcake, 5C–Ashcake, and 5D–Ashcake ........................................................ 2-89 

Figure 2.5-21: Build Alternative 6A – Staples Mill Road Station Only ....................................... 2-98 

Figure 2.5-22: Build Alternative 6B–A-Line – Boulevard Station Only, A-Line ........................ 2-99 

Figure 2.5-23: Build Alternative 6B–S-Line – Boulevard Station Only, S-Line ........................ 2-100 

Figure 2.5-24: Staples Mill Road Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6A ................. 2-101 

Figure 2.5-25: Boulevard Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 6B–A-Line 

and 6B–S-Line .......................................................................................................... 2-102 

Figure 2.5-26: Build Alternative 6C – Broad Street Station Only .............................................. 2-103 

Figure 2.5-27: Build Alternative 6D – Main Street Station Only ................................................ 2-104 

Figure 2.5-28: Broad Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6C .......................... 2-105 

Figure 2.5-29: Main Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6D ........................... 2-106 

Figure 2.5-30: Build Alternative 6E – Split Service, Staples Mill Road / 

Main Street Stations ................................................................................................ 2-107 

Figure 2.5-31: Staples Mill Road Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6E ................. 2-108 

Figure 2.5-32: Main Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6E ............................ 2-109 

Figure 2.5-33: Build Alternative 6F – Full Service, Staples Mill Road / 

Main Street Stations ................................................................................................ 2-110 

Figure 2.5-34: Staples Mill Road Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6F .................. 2-111 

Figure 2.5-35: Main Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6F ............................ 2-112 

Figure 2.5-36: Build Alternative 6G – Shared Service, Staples Mill Road / 

Main Street Stations ................................................................................................ 2-113 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 xxvi 

Figure 2.5-37: Staples Mill Road Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6G ................. 2-114 

Figure 2.5-38: Main Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6G ........................... 2-115 

Figure 2.8-1: General Construction Approach ........................................................................... 2-125 

Figure 3.0-1: Alternative Areas ........................................................................................................ 3-2 

Figure 3.1-1: Watershed Boundaries................................................................................................ 3-6 

Figure 3.1-2: Surface Waters, Rivers, Streams, and Wetlands ................................................... 3-11 

Figure 3.1-3: Floodpains and Impaired Waters ........................................................................... 3-21 

Figure 3.2-1: Physiographic Provinces (Virginia) ........................................................................ 3-25 

Figure 3.3-1: Agricultural/Forestal Districts ................................................................................ 3-28 

Figure 3.4-1: Mines & Mineral Resources ..................................................................................... 3-30 

Figure 3.6-1: NAAQS Nonattainment Areas ................................................................................ 3-43 

Figure 3.7-1: Typical Noise Levels ................................................................................................. 3-46 

Figure 3.7-2: Noise Measurement Locations ................................................................................ 3-50

Figure 3.7-3: Example Vibration Velocity Levels ......................................................................... 3-52 

Figure 3.9-1: Visual Assessment Units .......................................................................................... 3-56 

Figure 3.10-1: EcoRegions ................................................................................................................. 3-74 

Figure 3.10-2: Designated Wildlife Areas ....................................................................................... 3-77 

Figure 3.10-3: Submerged Aquatic Vegetation .............................................................................. 3-89

Figure 3.12-1: Environmental Justice Census Tracts ................................................................... 3-118 

Figure 3.13-1: Cultural Resources .................................................................................................. 3-121 

Figure 3.13-2: Archaeological Sites in the General Vicinity of Main Street Station ................ 3-130 

Figure 3.14-1: Park Resources ......................................................................................................... 3-158 

Figure 3.15-1: Transportation Analysis Scales ............................................................................. 3-188 

Figure 3.15-2: Airports and Train Stations in Project Corridor ................................................. 3-195 

Figure 3.15-3: Roadway Rail Crossings in Project Corridor ....................................................... 3-205 

Figure 4.3-1: Agricultural/Forestal Districts Impacts – Build Alternatives 5C, 

5C–Ashcake ................................................................................................................ 4-25 

Figure 4.4-1: Mineral Resource Impact – Build Alternative 3C ................................................. 4-27 

Figure 4.5-1: Critical Hazardous Materials Impacts – Build Alternative 3A ........................... 4-29 

Figure 4.7-1: FTA/FRA Noise Impact Criteria for Transit Projects .......................................... 4-41 

Figure 4.7-2: FRA Sample Train Noise Contour .......................................................................... 4-44 

Figure 4.7-3: FRA Generalized Ground Surface Vibration Curves ........................................... 4-53 
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Figure 4.7-4: FRA Generalized Ground Surface Vibration Curves Suitable for 

Assessing Transit and Freight Trains ..................................................................... 4-54 

Figure 4.10-1: Submerged Aquatic Vegetation Impacts ............................................................... 4-75 

Figure 4.10-2: Bald Eagle Nest Impacts ........................................................................................... 4-88 

Figure 4.12-1: Environmental Justice Census Tract Impacts ...................................................... 4-112 

Figure 4.13-1: Historic Properties with Potential Adverse Effects ............................................ 4-134 

Figure 4.14-1: Permanent Park Impacts ........................................................................................ 4-158 

Figure 4.15-1: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 2A ................... 4-181 

Figure 4.15-2: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 3A ................... 4-182 

Figure 4.15-3: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 3B ................... 4-183 

Figure 4.15-4: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 3C ................... 4-184 

Figure 4.15-5: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 4A ................... 4-185 

Figure 4.15-6: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 5A, 5B ............ 4-186 

Figure 4.15-7: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternatives 

5A–Ashcake, 5B–Ashcake, 5D–Ashcake .............................................................. 4-187 

Figure 4.15-8: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 5C ................... 4-188 

Figure 4.15-9: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 

5C–Ashcake .............................................................................................................. 4-189

Figure 4.15-10: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternatives 6A, 

6B–A-Line, 6E ........................................................................................................... 4-190

Figure 4.15-11: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 6B–S-Line ...... 4-191 

Figure 4.15-12: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternative 6C ................... 4-192 

Figure 4.15-13: Public At-Grade Crossing Improvements – Build Alternatives 6D, 6F, 6G .... 4-193 

Figure 5.1-1: Alternative Areas ........................................................................................................ 5-5 

Figure 5.1-2: Build Alternatives 1A, 1B, 1C .................................................................................. 5-17 

Figure 5.1-3: Build Alternative 2A – Add One Track/Improve Existing Track ...................... 5-18 

Figure 5.1-4: Build Alternative 3A – Maintain Two Tracks Through Town ............................ 5-19 

Figure 5.1-5: Build Alternative 3B – Add One Track Through Town East of Existing .......... 5-20 

Figure 5.1-6: Build Alternative 3C – Add Two-Track Bypass East ........................................... 5-21 

Figure 5.1-7: Build Alternative 4A – Add One Track/Improve Existing Track ...................... 5-22 

Figure 5.1-8: Build Alternative 5A – Maintain Two Track Through Town ............................. 5-23 

Figure 5.1-9: Build Alternative 5A–Ashcake – Maintain Two Track Through Town 

(Relocate Station to Ashcake) .................................................................................. 5-24 

Figure 5.1-10: Build Alternative 5B – Add One Track Through Town East of Existing .......... 5-25 
TIER II DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 

 xxviii 

Figure 5.1-11: Build Alternative 5B–Ashcake – Add One Track Through Town 

East of Existing (Relocate Station to Ashcake) ...................................................... 5-26 

Figure 5.1-12: Build Alternative 5C – Add Two-Track West Bypass .......................................... 5-27 

Figure 5.1-13: Build Alternative 5C–Ashcake – Add Two-Track West Bypass 

(Relocate Station to Ashcake) .................................................................................. 5-28 

Figure 5.1-14: Build Alternative 5D–Ashcake – Three Tracks Centered 

Through Town (Add Single Track, Relocate Station to Ashcake) ...................... 5-29 

Figure 5.1-15: Build Alternative 6A – Staples Mill Road Station Only ....................................... 5-30 

Figure 5.1-16: Build Alternative 6B–A-Line – Boulevard Station Only, A-Line ........................ 5-31 

Figure 5.1-17: Build Alternative 6B–S-Line – Boulevard Station Only, S-Line .......................... 5-32 

Figure 5.1-18: Build Alternative 6C – Broad Street Station Only ................................................ 5-33 

Figure 5.1-19: Build Alternative 6D – Main Street Station Only .................................................. 5-34 

Figure 5.1-20: Build Alternative 6E – Split Service, Staples Mill Road/ 

Main Street Stations .................................................................................................. 5-35 

Figure 5.1-21: Build Alternative 6F – Full Service, Staples Mill Road/ 

Main Street Stations .................................................................................................. 5-36 

Figure 5.1-22: Build Alternative 6G – Shared Service, Staples Mill Road/ 

Main Street Stations .................................................................................................. 5-37 

Figure 5.1-23: Alexandria Station Improvements for Build Alternative 2A .............................. 5-38 

Figure 5.1-24: Woodbridge Station Improvements for Build Alternative 2A ........................... 5-39 

Figure 5.1-25: Fredericksburg Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 3A and 3C ........ 5-40 

Figure 5.1-26: Fredericksburg Station Improvements for Build Alternative 3B ........................ 5-41 

Figure 5.1-27A: Ashland Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 5A and 5C 

(Two-Track/850-Foot Platforms) ............................................................................ 5-42 

Figure 5.1-27B: Ashland Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 5A and 5C 

(Two-Track/350-Foot Platforms) ............................................................................ 5-43 

Figure 5.1-28: Ashcake Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 5A–Ashcake, 

5B–Ashcake, 5C–Ashcake, and 5D–Ashcake ......................................................... 5-44 

Figure 5.1-29A: Ashland Station Improvements for Build Alternative 5B 

(Three-Track/850-Foot Platforms) .......................................................................... 5-45 

Figure 5.1-29B: Ashland Station Improvements for Build Alternative 5B 

(Three-Track/350-Foot Platforms) .......................................................................... 5-46 

Figure 5.1-30: Staples Mill Road Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6A ................... 5-47 

Figure 5.1-31: Boulevard Station Improvements for Build Alternatives 6B–A-Line and 

 6B–S-Line ................................................................................................................... 5-48 

Figure 5.1-32: Broad Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6C ............................ 5-49 
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 xxix 

Figure 5.1-33: Main Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6D ............................. 5-50 

Figure 5.1-34: Staples Mill Road Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6E ................... 5-51 

Figure 5.1-35: Main Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6E .............................. 5-52 

Figure 5.1-36: Staples Mill Road Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6F .................... 5-53 

Figure 5.1-37: Main Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6F .............................. 5-54 

Figure 5.1-38: Staples Mill Road Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6G ................... 5-55 

Figure 5.1-39: Main Street Station Improvements for Build Alternative 6G ............................. 5-56 

Figure 5.4-1: Permanent Park Impacts .......................................................................................... 5-75 

Figure 5.4-2: Historical Properties with Potential Section 4(f) Use ........................................... 5-95 

Figure 6.1-1: Top Ten Scoping Comment Topics ........................................................................... 6-7 

Figure 7.0-1: DRPT Recommended Build Alternative .................................................................. 7-2 

Figure 7.1-1: DRPT Recommended Preferred Alternative (Arlington Area) ............................ 7-3 

Figure 7.2-1: DRPT Recommended Preferred Alternative (Northern Virginia Area) .............. 7-4 

Figure 7.3-1: DRPT Recommended Preferred Alternative (Fredericksburg Area) ................... 7-6 

Figure 7.4-1: DRPT Recommended Preferred Alternative (Central Virginia Area) ................. 7-9 

Figure 7.6-1: DRPT Recommended Preferred Alternative (Richmond Area) ......................... 7-13