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Abstract Alden, John N. 1991. Provisional tree seed zones and transfer guidelines for Alaska

Gen Tech Rep PNW-GTR-270 Portland, OR U S Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station 35 p

Four hundred and eighty-six provisional tree seed zones were delineated within 24

physiographic and climatic regions of Alaska and western Yukon Territory Estimated

forest and potential forest land within altitudinal limits of tree species in Alaska was

51 853 000 hectares (128,130,000 acres) Seed transfer guidelines and standard

labeling of seed collections are recommended to reduce losses from maladaptation

and maintain the genetic identity and productivity of future forests in Alaska

Keywords Alaska, seed zone, seed transfer and labeling guidelines, tree distribution,

tree limit, forest area, genetic diversity, climate, physiography
Contents

 1 Introduction

1 Physiography and Tree Limits in Alaska

3 Climate and Soils

4 Genetic Variation and Effects of Seed Transfer

5 Methods

6 Results

26 Discussion

27 Recommendations

27 Transfer Guidelines

28 A Standard Labeling System

30 Conclusions

30 Acknowledgments

31 References
Introduction

Physiography and Tree

Limits in Alaska

Long-term growth and survival traits are genetically variable in widely distributed forest tree species These variations exist among wide-range provenances (the original

geographic source of a population), local populations, stands, demes (local groups of

interbreeding trees within stands), and individual trees Variation among provenances

local populations, and stands is related to habitat, and depending on trait, may be

continuous or discontinuous, or both Populations with continuous (or chnal) variation

can be moved from their origin without risk of maladaptation only until the environment reduces growth and survival (Fowler and MacGillivray 1967) Populations with

discontinuous variation can be moved freely in, but not among, habitats or geograph

ic regions they adapt to For these reasons, seed zones and transfer guidelines are

necessary to reduce the risk of maladaptation from transfer of seed to regions they

do not adapt to

Populations from moderate environments usually have higher growth potentials than

populations from harsh environments, and the transfer of seeds with clinal variation

from their natural origin to less favorable habitats may increase growth and yield

(Mangold and Libby 1978, Namkoong 1969) Preferred habitats of provenances with

clinal variation can be identified and grouped into seed-use and breeding zones from

regression models of long-term population performance at many test sites (Kung

1981, Raymond and Lindgren 1986, Shelbourne and Campbell 1976) Extremely

heterogenous environments and discontinuous genetic variation underlying clinal

variation may cause less growth and survival than predicted by regression models,

however Environmental and genetic differences are often extreme and discontinuous

in mountainous regions, populations from harsh sites may lack growth potential for

mild sites, and populations from mild sites may lack survival potential for harsh sites

(Campbell 1986) Although provisional seed zones and transfer guidelines can be

derived from genetic variation mapped in short-term nursery trials, the effects of seed

movement must be determined in long-term field trials if risks of maladaptation and

reduced growth are to be minimized (Campbell and Sugano 1987)

Seed zones have been established for most commercial forests in the Northern

Hemisphere to reduce the risk of long range seed transfer Alaska is the last major

forest region of North America to prepare seed zones and seed transfer guidelines

for forest renewal programs Seed zones and seed transfer guidelines maintain the

genetic integrity of indigenous forest species, conserve genetic diversity, and reduce

losses of wood yield from maladapted seed Used correctly, seed zones and seed

transfer guidelines will ensure long survival and vigor of forests artificially regenerated with native tree and shrub species

The Coast Range and the Rocky Mountains (Brooks Range) of Western North

America extend westward into Alaska and create four major physiographic regions

(Wahrhaftig 1965) (fig 1) The coastal mountains separate into a double arc in southeast Alaska and bend in a sharp west-southwest direction to curve around the Gulf of

Alaska and create the coastal mountain physiographic region of south-central Alaska

Mountains of the southern arc include the island range of southeast Alaska, the

St Eilas Mountains, the Chugach-Kenai Mountains, and the offshore mountain tops

known as Afognak and Kodiak Islands These mountains are in the maritime climatic

zone of Alaska and form the interior boundary of the hemlock-Sitka spruce {Tsuga

spp (Endl) Carr -Picea sitchensis (Bong ) Carr) forests The Wrangell Mountains, the

1
Alaska Range, the Aleutian Range, and the Aleutian Islands form the northern arc. A

trough between the northern and southern arcs contains the Copper River Plateau,

the Talkeetna Mountains, the Cook Inlet Lowlands, and Shelikof Strait. This region

has a maritime-continential transition climate and contains tree species of both coastal and interior forests.

Altitudinal limits of tree species in the coastal forests extend from nearly 400 meters

(1,300 ft) on Kodiak Island to about 1200 meters (3,900 ft) above mean sea level

(m s.l.) in southeast Alaska (Heusser 1954). White spruce {Picea glauca (Moench)

Voss) usually attains altitudinal species limits at about 1000 meters (3,280 ft) in the

Aleutian and Alaska Ranges (Cahalane 1959, Heebner 1982), and has been observed at 1329 meters (4,430 ft) in the White Mountains of the Alaska Range (Denton

and Karlen 1977) and at 1500 meters (4,900 ft) in the Wrangell Mountains (Cooper

1986). Mountains of the northern arc range from about 1500 to 6200 meters (4,900

to 20,320 ft) in altitude and are the major land barrier to tree migration in Alaska.

Only Mentasta Pass, 695 meters (2,280 ft), Isabel Pass, 915 meters (3,000 ft), Broad

Pass, 700 meters (2,300 ft), Rainy Pass, 1035 meters (3,400 ft), Houston Pass, 825

meters (2,700 ft), and Merrill Pass, 1160 meters (3,810 ft) are potential tree migration

routes between the interior plateau and the south-central coastal mountains.

The interior plateau between the Alaska Range in the south and the Brooks Range

in the north contains the Yukon, Tanana, Koyukuk, Porcupine, and Kuskokwim River

systems. The lowlands of this region support the most extensive forests in Alaska.

Altitudinal limits for white spruce in the interior region decrease from about 1100 meters (3,600 ft) near the Yukon border in the east (Marchand 1976) to nearly sea level

2
at coastal limits on the Bering and Chukghi Seas in the west Balsam poplar (Populus

balsamifera L ) frequently grows above white spruce in the southwest interior and

forms altitudmal tree limits at about 760 meters (2,500 ft) near Lake Clark on the

northern slopes of the Aleutian Range (Marchand and Racine 1978)

The northern mountain region (Brooks Range) is an extension of the Rocky Mountains, the Continental Divide of North America Mountains in the Brooks Range are

less than 1500 meters (3,280 ft) in the west and more than 2750 meters (9,000 ft)

above m s I in the east, they form the northern limit of spruce in Alaska Altitudmal

treeline for white spruce is about 760 meters (2,500 ft), but trees have been observed at 1465 meters (4,800 ft) between the headwaters of the Kobuk and Koyukuk

Rivers in the central Brooks Range (Cooper 1986)

The Arctic coastal region north of the Brooks Range is a broad, level plain underlain

with permafrost and pockmarked with many shallow lakes Balsam poplar is the only

tree species indigenous to this region

Climate and Soils The climate of Alaska is highly variable and ranges from maritime temperate in southeast Alaska to maritime arctic in the Aleutian Islands and on the Arctic coastal plain

Low temperatures limit forest productivity in all regions Potential evapotranspiration

decreases from 610 millimeters (24 in) per year in southeast Alaska to 305 millimeters

(12 in) per year at the Arctic limits of white spruce and 200 millimeters (8 in) per year

on the Arctic coastal plain (Patric and Black 1968) Potential evapotranspiration in

interior Alaska often exceeds annual precipitation Low evapotranspiration and high

precipitation in southeast Alaska produce excess groundwater and reduce soil temperatures (Andersen 1955) Average annual temperature in the southern coastal

region decreases gradually with increasing latitude and longitude Climatic change is

geographically distinct only in the wet islands of the east coast, the dry continentalmaritime transition regions of upper Cook Inlet and upper Lynn Canal, and in the

Aleutian Islands (Farr and Hard 1987)

A dry subarctic continental climate prevails throughout the eastern interior region

Long days and low sun angles at high latitudes accentuate the effects of topography

on local climate (Slaughter and Viereck 1986) Topography determines the amount of

solar radiation reaching the ground and affects soil temperature and tree growth

Temperatures and evapotranspiration decrease sharply with altitude, and in mountain

ous regions, winter inversions are often extreme Southern aspects are warmer and

drier than northern aspects in interior and arctic regions Northern aspects are wet

and permanently frozen Forests are usually more productive on southern than on

northern aspects, but trees on the former are frequently under moisture stress after

snow-melt in late spring and early summer Flood plains are also warmer than northern aspects, but frosts occur earlier on flood plains than on southern aspects (Alden

1985) Alluvium deposits on well-drained flood plains occupy about 73 000 square

kilometers (18 x 106 acres) and support the most productive forests (Neiland and

Viereck 1977, Viereck and others 1983)

3
Interior Alaska was unglaciated during the Pleistocene epoch, and many upland soils

are deep silt-loam loess deposits Mean annual temperatures are below freezing

throughout the region Extended periods of cold temperatures inhibit mineralization of

organic deposits and curtail nutrient cycling Many soils therefore are permanently

frozen and nutrient deficient

Most soils of south-central and coastal Alaska are from recent glacial till or moraine

deposits and are generally not as well developed as soils of interior Alaska Available

nutrients are contained in thin surface organic layers (Farr and Harris 1979) Soils

are warmer, precipitation is greater, and nutrient cycling is more rapid than in interior

Alaska The most productive forests in south-central Alaska are on alluvial flood-plain

and glacial outwash materials capped with finely textured loess deposits

Genetic Variation and Recent studies (Alden 1985, 1988, Alden and Loopstra 1987, 1988, Campbell and

Effects of Seed Transfer others 1989, Falkenhagen 1978) indicate that genetic variation of Sitka and white

spruce in Alaska is large and closely related to the altitude and aspect of its habitat

Growth and phenology of Sitka spruce is genetically variable in east-west and northsouth directions, aspect, elevation, and slope in a small geographic area on Mitkof

Island in southeast Alaska (Campbell and others 1989) The variation is continuous,

and transfer of local seed to similar sites on distant islands in southeast Alaska may

impart less risk of maladaptation than transfer of seed to different sites on Mitkof

Island

Wide-range Sitka spruce and Lutz spruce {Picea x lutzn Little) populations from the

Gulf of Alaska are also genetically variable in survival and growth traits (Alden and

Loopstra 1988) Survival potential of wide-range provenances in the Aleutian Islands,

1,500 kilometers (930 mi) west of natural tree limits, increased with latitude and longitude but decreased with date of bud formation and nursery growth Long distance

transfer of Sitka and Lutz spruce seed may impart greater risk of mortality and reduced growth than indiscriminate transfer of Sitka spruce seeds among islands of

southeast Alaska Sitka spruce may vary in a stepped (discontinuous) ecochne for

broad ecological regions in southeast Alaska and British Columbia (Falkenhagen

1978) Falkenhagen hypothesized from variation in cone and seed characteristics

that the ecoregions contain regional Sitka spruce ecoclines and change according to

"ecogeographic gradients' in the environment

White spruce is more widely distributed and may be more variable than Sitka spruce

in Alaska Two geographic varieties of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss

var albertiana (S Brown) Sarg and var porsildii Raup, have been identified in

Alaska, and isoenzyme variation among white spruce stands is larger than among

Sitka spruce stands (Copes and Beckwith 1977) Allozyme analysis of white spruce

within a small geographic area near Fairbanks, Alaska, showed that subarctic populations are genetically diverse even at altitudinal tree limits (Alden and Loopstra 1987)

Seedlings from a flood-plain population at 120 meters (400 ft) above m s I in the

same geographic area grew taller than seedlings from upper and mid-slope populations at 275 and 460 meters (900 and 1500 ft) above m s I in an unfavorable nursery

environment, but more seedlings from the mid slope population died after outplanting

(Alden 1985) Growth and winter injury varied among widely distributed white and

4
Lutz spruce provenances from Alaska in Iceland (Benedikz 1982) and at the Alaska

Forest Tree Nursery, Palmer, Alaska (Alden 1988) Provenances from south-central

and interior Alaska hardened at different rates in the nursery and seedling growth

was negatively correlated with altitude

Natural hybridization and introgression among spruce species and races are also

major sources of genetic variation in Alaska Although the region of hybridization and

introgression is extensive for Sitka and white spruce (Copes and Beckwith 1977,

Sigurgeirsson and others 1988) and balsam poplar and black cottonwood {Populus

tnchocarpa Torr & Gray) (Viereck and Foote 1970), the extent of hybridization and

introgression of the indigenous birch {Betula L ) species and the long-term effects of

seed transfer on productivity of the major tree species are unknown Genetic vana

tion has not been associated with geography and local habitat or studied for tree species other than Sitka and white spruce For this reason, seed zones for tree popula

tions must be delineated on physiographic features or sharp environmental gradients

Seed zone boundaries should define areas of relatively uniform climate (growing

conditions) and enclose populations with similar habitat requirements for long survival

and optimum growth Physiographic features such as mountains, large lakes, and

ocean channels or bays are genetic barriers to gene flow among populations and

affect local climate Major physiographic features are excellent provisional seed zone

boundaries for Alaska

Methods The climate of major geographic areas and seed regions shown in table 1 was

summarized from weather data provided by Farr and Hard (1987), Funsch (1964),

Hartman and Johnson (1978), Patric and Black (1968), U S Weather Bureau (1960-

80), and Watson and others (1971) Fourteen broad geographic areas identified from

a preliminary multivanate analysis of 32 climate-related variables for 62 weather stations in interior and south-central Alaska (Alden 1981) were used to plot seed regions,

subregions, and zones on 1 1,000,000 U S Geological Survey maps with 150-, 300-,

and 500-meter (492- 984-, and 1,640 ft) contour intervals Seed region boundaries

were established above altitudinal tree limits where possible and enclosed major

watersheds Seed regions 14 to 20 in eastern Alaska (numbers 14 to 20) were

extensions of Ecoregions for Yukon Territory' (Oswald and Senyk 1977) Yukon

Territory ecoregions were delineated from vegetation patterns on landforms with

similar climate Primary criteria for boundaries were topography, permafrost, and the

presence or absence of trees

Subregion and seed zone boundaries were likewise located on physiographic fea

tures between drainages within major watersheds Subregion boundaries for southeast Alaska (seed region 01) were drawn from physiographic boundaries on a USDA

Forest Service, Alaska Region, seed zone map that limited north-south seed transfer

to about one degree latitude (Harris and Johnson 1981)

5
Table 1—General climate of major geographic areas with potential for forest development in Alaska

Geographic area

Southeast

Southcoastal

South-central and southwest

West and interior

Interior

Interior

Interior and northwest

Arctic

Southwest

Seed

regions

01

02-04

04 09

09-12

13-17, 20

18 20

21-22

23

24

Mean annual

temperature

-°C2 to 7 5

0 to 5

-2 to O

-5 to -1

-7 to -3

-11 to -5

-10 to-5

-12 to-5

-2 to 5

GGDa

- - - - -

800-1,450

800-1,100

700-1,000

400-1,000

400-1,200

400 1,100

400-1,000

400-800

600-900

Average

growing

season

Days

150-200

90-160

80-120

60-120

60-100

60 90

60-90

60-90

60-160

Mean annual

precipitation

Mm

1,000-6,000

400-6,000

300-2,000

400-1,000

200 800

200 800

200-600

100-500

400-3,500

Potential

evapotranspiration

Mm/year

500 600

450-500

400-450

350-400

300-450

250-400

300-350

200-300

400-450

Permafrost

Absent

Absent

Isolated to

discontinuous

Continuous

Discontinuous

Continuous

Continuous

Continuous

Continuous to

absent

a

 GGD—Growing degree-days is the average daily temperature in Celsius scale (°C) less a threshold value of 5 °C and summed for all positive

values during the year

b

 Yearly average number of days during the growing season with ambient temperatures above 0 °C Year-to-year variation in the Arctic zone

is large, and many habitats have frosts every month regardless of the length of the average growing season

The total area of each seed zone was estimated with a Video Graphics-System 300

Computer designed for mapping the surface area of polygons and manufactured by

Aeronca Electronics Inc , Charlotte, North Carolina

 1 Forest and potential forest land

for each seed zone were estimated from a dot grid of land area within altitudinal limits estimated for tree species. Total forested area in Alaska is 48 179 000 hectares

(119,051,000 acres) (Hutchison 1967). Potential forest land is additional area within

the outer limits of possible tree survival, regardless of growth form; the outer limit is

defined as the potential species limit or "tree-species line" (Hustich 1979, Payette

1983). The potential tree-species limit may be achieved by cultivation and introduction of new species.

Results Twenty-four seed regions, 72 subregions, and 486 zones were mapped for Alaska

and western Yukon, Canada (fig. 2 and map insert [inside back cover]). The total

area estimated within the seed zones was 146 960 000 hectares (363,140,000 acres)

(table 2) of which 1 997 000 hectares (4,930,000 acres) were in Canada. Islands in

the Bering Sea and glaciers comprised an additional 6 951 000 hectares (17,180,000

acres) in Alaska. Estimated forest and potential forest land capable of supporting

trees were 51 853 000 hectares (128,130,000 acres) in Alaska and 1 347 000 hectares (3,330,000 acres) in Canada. Forest, potential forest land, and nonforest land

excluding major glaciers are estimated for each seed region, subregion, and zone in

table 3. Average area per seed zone was 302 000 hectares (750,000 acres). Forest

and potential forest land ranged from 1000 hectares (2,500 acres) for zone 200315

(Tatonduk River) to 1 066 000 hectares (2,630,000 acres) for zone 200306 (Birch

Creek) and averaged 109 000 hectares (270,000 acres) per seed zone or 36 percent

of the total area.

' The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this

publication is for the information and convenience of the

reader Such use does not constitute an official endorsement

or approval by the U S Department of Agriculture of any

product or service to the exclusion of others that may be

suitable

6
ALASKA

Figure 2—Seed regions of Alaska

Table 2—Forest or potential forest and nonforest land within seed regions, and nonforest land

excluded from seed regions of Alaska

Estimated area

Forests or potential forests

Seed regions Alaska Canada

01 Southeast Alaska 4,853

02 Gulf of Alaska 1,119

03 Afognak-Kodiak-Alaska Peninsula 715

04 Cook Inlet 1,227

05 Matanuska-Susitna Rivers 1,859

06 Copper River Plateau 1,972

07 Alaska Range 952

08 Southwest coastal (Bristol Bay) 1,642

09 Lower Kuskokwim-Yukon Rivers 1,897

10 West coastal (Norton Sound) 1,166

11 Central Alaska basins 8,497

12 Kuskokwim Mountains 5,241

13 Tanana River 6,466

14RubyRangea 43

116

14

Total

Hectares x

4,969

1,119

715

1,227

1,859

1,972

952

1,642

1,897

1,166

8,497

5,241

6,466

57

Nonforest

103

3,204

1,514

1,360

1,085

1,764

3,217

2,814

5,350

4,684

3,478

4,791

3,432

2,254

230

Total

8,173

2,633

2,075

2,312

3,623

5,189

3,766

6,992

6,581

4,644

13,288

8,673

8,720

287

Footnote on next page

7
Table 2—continued

Seed regions

15 Wellesley Lakea

16 Dawson Rangea

17 Klondike River3

18 Old Crow Basina

19 Northern mountains'3

20 Yukon River

21 Upper Kobuk and Koyukuk Rivers

(Central Brooks Range)

22 Northwest Arctic (Kotzebue Sound)

23 Beyond Arctic limits of Picea glauca

24 Beyond southwest coastal limits

of Picea spp

Forests

Alaska

85

295

1,118

422

64

7,083

2,812

1,580

335

410

or potential

Canada

210

185

101

100

75

546

Estimated area

forests

Total

Hectares x

295

480

1,219

522

139

7,629

2,812

1 580

335

410

Nonforest

103

66

91

437

110

317

6,249

3,366

5,012

28,523

10,412

Total

361

571

1,656

632

456

13,878

6,178

6,592

28,858

10,822

Total

Major areas in Alaska exclusive

of seed regions

Large glaciers and snowfields

St Lawrence and Nunivak Islands

Grand total

51,853 1,347 53,200 93,760 146,960

6,087

864

153,911

An ecoregion of Yukon extended into Alaska (Oswald and Senyk 1977)

Estimated potential forest land beyond coastal and arctic spruce tree limits was

442 000 hectares (1,090,000 acres) in seed region 03, 110 000 hectares (270,000

acres) in seed region 10, and 745 000 hectares (1,840,000 acres) in seed regions

23 and 24 (table 3) Potential forest land devoid of trees within and beyond natural

spruce limits in Alaska was 3 674 000 hectares (9,080,000 acres) This estimation

may be conservative Sitka spruce has been successfully introduced to many sites in

the Aleutian Islands (region 24) for more than 180 years (Alden and Bruce 1989,

Bruce and Court 1945, Lutz 1963)

Text continues on page 26

8
Table 3—Alaska seed zones and potential forest and nonforest area

Geographic area

Southeast Alaska

Southeast Alaska

Portland Canal—

Hyder

Behm Canal Mainland—

Smeaton Bay

Leduc River

Burroughs Bay

Revilla and adjacent islands—

Ketchikan

Mount Reid

Cleveland Peninsula

Bradfield Canal

Prince of Wales and adjacent islands—

Hydaburg

Kasaan

Craig

Thorne Bay

Shaken Bay

Wrangell and adjacent islands—

Etolin Island

Wrangell Island

Zarembo Island

Kupreanot and adjacent islands—

Kuiu Island

Kupreanof Island

Mitkof Island

Frederick Sound-Stephens Passage

mainland—

Stikine River

Thomas Bay

Port Houghton

Endicott Arm

Admiralty Island—

Angoon

Seymour Canal

Baranof and adjacent islands—

Whale Bay

Port Alexander

Sitka

Baranof

Footnote on page 25

Seed

zone codea

010000

010100

010101

010200

010201

010202

010203

010300

010301

010302

010303

010304

010400

010401

010402

010403

010404

010405

010500

010501

010502

010503

010600

010601

010602

010603

010700

010701

010702

010703

010704

010800

010801

010802

010900

010901

010902

010903

010904

Forests

Alaska

101

101

444

284

94

66

641

188

152

159

142

836

244

200

123

158

111

166

74

47

45

508

184

209

115

175

61

26

47

41

263

147

116

418

49

106

126

137

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

88 189

88 189

28 472

28 312

641

836

166

508

175

263

418

Nonforestb

103

85

85

234

106

50

78

70

3

67

33

25

8

11

8

3

52

31

20

1

496

134

155

125

82

162

82

80

67

4

26

23

14

Total

274

274

706

418

144

144

711

188

152

162

209

869

269

200

123

166

111

177

82

50

45

560

215

229

116

671

195

181

172

123

425

229

196

485

53

132

149

151

9
Table 3—continued

Estimated area

Forests or potential forests

Geographic area

Seed

zone codea Alaska Canada Total Nonforestb

Total

Hectares x 103

Chichagof and adjacent islands—

Chichagof

Tenakee

Hoonah

Juneau mainlandWhiting River

Taku

Favorite Channel

Bermers Bay

West Lynn Canal mainland—

Icy Strait

Endicott River

Upper Lynn Canal mainland—

Haines

Chilkat River

Skagway

Glacier Bay—

Gustavus

Fairweather Range

Muir Inlet

Reid Inlet

Palma Bay

Lituya Bay

Yakutat—

Dry Bay

Situk

Malaspina

Region total

Southcoastal Alaska:

Gulf of Alaska

Yakataga—

Icy Bay

Robinson Mountains

Suckling Hills

East Prince William Sound mainland—

Bering River

Copper River Delta

Cordova

Lowe River

011000

011001

011002

011003

011100

011101

011102

011103

011104

011200

011201

011202

011300

011301

011302

011303

011400

011401

011402

011403

011404

011405

011406

011500

011501

011502

011503

020000

020100

020101

020102

020103

020200

020201

020202

020203

020204

531

156

219

156

179

64

56

23

36

68

37

31

90

30

40

20

210

45

60

25

27

28

25

223

60

133

30

4,853

94

13

25

56

321

76

101

92

52

531

179

68

90

210

223

116 4,969

94

321

47

15

18

14

490

168

122

68

132

118

52

66

409

98

243

68

517

23

70

161

145

34

84

413

151

97

165

3,204

274

124

86

64

442

76

163

88

115

578

171

237

170

669

232

178

91

168

186

89

97

499

128

283

88

727

68

130

186

172

62

109

636

211

230

195

8,173

368

137

111

120

763

152

264

180

167

Footnotes on page 25.

10
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

West Prince William Sound mainland—

Unakwik Inlet

College Fiord

Turnagain Arm

Whittier

Nellie Juan

Prince William Sound islandsKayak

Hinchmbrook

Naked

Esther

Chenega

Knight

Northern 1/2 of Montague

Southern 1/2 of Montague

Bainbndge

Southern Kenai Peninsula—

Blying Sound

Seward

Aialik Bay

Nuka Bay

Portlock

Seldovia

Kachemak Bay

Region total

Shehkof Strait

Afognak and adjacent islands—

Barren Islands

Shugak Island

Tonki Peninsula

Raspberry Island

Kodiak and adjacent islands—

Kzhuyak Bay

Mann Range

Uganic

Zacher Bay

Sitkahdak Island

Kaguyak

Trinity Islands

Ayakulik

Seed

zone codea

020300

020301

020302

020303

020304

020305

020400

020401

020402

020403

020404

020405

020406

020407

020408

020409

020500

020501

020502

020503

020504

020505

020506

020507

030000

030100

030101

030102

030103

030104

030200

030201

030202

030203

030204

030205

030206

030207

030208

Forests

Alaska

242

65

39

59

47

32

205

7

28

6

17

30

25

31

28

33

257

15

57

24

42

37

39

43

1,119

183

6

44

69

64

380

39

57

45

55

46

34

32

72

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

242

205

257

1,119

183

380

Nonforest

320

98

64

91

40

27

92

6

19

1

11

1

18

18

18

386

27

64

94

57

26

46

72

1,514

59

14

19

26

703

26

96

104

181

68

63

18

147

Total

562

163

103

150

87

59

297

13

47

6

18

41

26

49

46

51

643

42

121

118

99

63

85

115

2,633

242

6

58

88

90

1,083

65

153

149

236

114

97

50

219

11
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

West Shelikof StraitCape Douglas

Hallo Bay

Kukak Bay

Katmai Bay

Puale

South coast, Alaska Peninsula—

Kanatak

Wide Bay

Aniakchak Bay

Chignik Bay

Region total

South-central Alaska:

Cook Inlet

Kenai Interior—

Resurrection Creek

Summit Lake

Moose Pass

Kenai Lake

Russian River

Mystery Creek

Swanson River

Skilkak Lake

Tustumena Lake

Ninilchik

Anchor River

Fox River

West Cook Inlet—

Kustatan River

Kalgin Island

Redoubt

Tuxedni Bay

Iniskin Peninsula

Augustine Island

Ursus Cove

Kamishak Bay

Douglas River

Region total

Seed

zone codea

030300

030301

030302

030303

030304

030305

030400

030401

030402

030403

030404

040000

040100

040101

040102

040103

040104

040105

040106

040107

040103

040109

040110

040111

040112

040200

040201

040202

040203

040204

040205

040206

040207

040208

040209

Forests

Alaska

72

15

20

12

12

13

80

7

18

25

30

715

783

66

37

58

33

33

77

115

61

128

86

68

21

444

190

5

44

30

35

7

41

70

22

1,227

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

72

80

715

783

444

1,227

Nonforestb

295

24

61

63

108

39

303

18

72

112

101

1,360

514

24

19

77

29

26

24

42

61

122

14

33

43

571

78

43

106

94

3

32

149

66

1,085

Total

367

39

81

75

120

52

383

25

90

137

131

2,075

1,297

90

56

135

62

59

101

157

122

250

100

101

64

1,015

268

5

87

136

129

10

73

219

88

2,312

12
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Matanuska Susitna

Susitna River —

Talkeetna

Kashwitna River

Yentna River

Skwentna River

Beluga Lake

Mount Susitna

Knik Arm

Anchorage

Talkeetna Mountains—

Tsusena River

Curry

Chulitna River

Talkeetna River

Chickaloon

Sheep Mountain

Knik River

Region total

Copper River Plateau

Copper River—

Tanada Lake

Cobb Lakes

Chistochina River

Gakona River

Paxson Lake

Tangle Lakes

Maclaren River

Clarence Lake

Tyone

Lake Louise

Gulkana River

Glennallen

Tazuna Lake

Klutina Lake

Tonsina River

Edgerton Highway

Seed

zone codea

050000

050100

050101

050102

050103

050104

050105

050106

050107

050108

050200

050201

050202

050203

050204

050205

050206

050207

060000

060100

060101

060102

060103

060104

060105

060106

060107

060108

060109

060110

060111

060112

060113

060114

060115

060116

Forests

Alaska

1,359

277

140

230

137

144

115

172

144

500

97

54

70

114

69

52

44

1,859

1,458

38

66

20

222

13

22

47

11

78

227

113

232

111

61

50

147

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

1,359

500

1,859

1,458

Nonforestb

1O3

746

172

125

17

147

27

53

126

79

1,018

156

144

72

215

136

188

107

1,764

1957

118

119

92

118

113

118

136

151

212

167

61

23

242

114

79

94

Total

2,105

449

265

247

284

171

168

298

223

1,518

253

198

142

329

205

240

151

3,623

3,415

156

185

112

340

126

140

183

162

290

394

174

255

353

175

129

241

Footnotes on page 25

13
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Chitna River—

Chitna

Wood Canyon

Tiekel River

Thompson Pass

Tasnuna River

Bremner River

Hanagita River

Tana River

Granite Creek

Logan Glacier

McCarthy

Nizina River

Region total

Alaska Range

Telaquana Mountains—

South Fork Kuskokwim headwaters

Big River

Snowcap Mountain

Merrill Pass

Chakachamna Lake

Denali glaciersRuth

Dutch Hills

Yenta River headwaters

Rainy Pass

Tordrillo Mountains

Summit—

Little Delta River headwaters

Wood River headwaters

Yanert Fork

McKinley Park

Broad Pass

Cantwell

Susitna River headwaters

Isabel Pass—

Mount Hayes

Black Rapids

Amphitheater Mountains

Seed

zone codea

060200

060201

060202

060203

060204

060205

060206

060207

060208

060209

060210

060211

060212

070000

070100

070101

070102

070103

070104

070105

070200

070201

070202

070203

070204

070205

070300

070301

070302

070303

070304

070305

070306

070307

070400

070401

070402

070403

Forests

Alaska

514

105

27

40

19

18

98

29

58

4

26

78

12

1,972

97

26

17

16

8

30

414

29

115

202

48

20

255

14

11

51

17

44

47

71

13

2

9

2

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

514

1,972

97

414

255

13

Nonforestb

103

1,260

159

58

73

28

27

187

58

149

122

152

109

138

3,217

557

154

98

61

65

179

423

80

62

109

96

76

891

65

8 4

114

162

128

120

218

214

26

46

142

Total

1,774

264

85

113

47

45

285

87

207

126

178

187

150

5,189

654

180

115

77

73

209

837

109

177

311

144

96

1,146

79

95

165

179

172

167

289

227

28

55

144

Footnotes on page 25.

14
Table 3—continued

Estimated area

Forests or potential forests

Geographic area

seed

zone codea Alaska Canada Total NonforestbTotal

Hectares x 103

Mentasta Pass—

Macomb Plateau

Robertson River headwaters

Tok River headwaters

Salana River

Mentasta Mountains

Wrangell Mountains—

Nabesna River

Nutzotm Mountains

Region total

Southwest Alaska

Southwest coastal

Nushagak River—

Tlikokila River

Turquoise Lake

Kijik

Chilikadrotna River

Tutna Lake

Lake Clark

Tazimma Lakes

Kaktuli River

Mulchama River

Nushagak Hills

King Salmon River

Tikchik Lakes

Wood River Lakes

Dillingham

Nunachuak

Ihamna—

Pile Bay

Kakhonak Bay

Ihamna Lake

Kvichak River

Kukaklek-Nonvianuk Lakes

Savonoski River

Lake Grosvenor

Naknek Lake

Lake Brooks

Footnotes on page 25

070500

070501

070502

070503

070504

070505

070600

070601

070602

080000

080100

080101

080102

080103

080104

080105

080106

080107

080108

080109

080110

080111

080112

080113

080114

080115

080200

080201

080202

080203

080204

080205

080206

080207

080208

080209

116

23

17

19

29

28

57

33

24

952

1,106

10

5

9

61

53

41

8

61

116

102

111

97

53

127

252

536

28

38

102

73

55

17

41

53

49

116

57

952

1,106

536

420

76

77

86

75

106

309

159

150

2,814

3,313

143

127

216

260

250

78

92

113

345

213

305

343

167

197

464

2,037

200

205

405

259

213

94

117

108

138

536

99

94

105

104

134

366

192

174

3,766

4,419

153

132

225

321

303

119

100

174

461

315

416

440

220

324

716

2,573

228

243

507

332

268

111

158

161

187

15
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Butteress Range

King Salmon headwaters

Becharof Lake

Region total

Lower Kuskokwim-Yukon Rivers

Yukon River Delta—

Atchuehnguk River

East Fork

Pastol River

Andreafsky River

Nageethluk River

St Marys

Ihvit Mountains

Kuskokwim River Delta—

Aniak

Bethel

Aniak River headwaters

Kilbuck Mountains

Kwethluk River

High Lake

Ahklun Mountains

Togiak Lake

Togiak

Kulukak River

Region total

Northwest Alaska

West coastal (Norton Sound)

Bering Strait—

Agiapuk River

Noxapaga River

Kuzitnn River

Kigluaik Mountains

Seward Peninsula—

Eldorado River

Niukluk River

Darby Mountains

Koyuk River

Seed

zone codea

080210

080211

080212

090000

090100

090101

090102

090103

090104

090105

090106

090107

090200

090201

090202

090203

090204

090205

090206

090207

090208

090209

090210

100000

100100

100101

100102

100103

100104

100200

100201

100202

100203

100204

Forests

Alaska

4

25

51

1 642

1,260

20

71

242

48

161

488

230

637

131

161

69

15

16

99

9

37

61

39

1,897

110

20

35

30

25

648

24

50

89

105

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

1,642

1,260

637

1,897

110

648

Nonforestb

103

78

88

132

5,350

2,052

122

218

349

165

223

746

229

2,632

229

645

234

341

167

212

296

158

160

190

4 684

1,302

248

417

430

207

1 598

187

324

174

245

Total

82

113

183

6,992

3,312

142

289

591

213

384

1,234

459

3 269

360

806

303

356

183

311

305

195

221

229

6 581

1 412

268

452

460

232

2,246

211

374

263

350

Footnotes on page 25

16
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Tubutulik River

Norton Bay

Shaktoolik River

Stephens Pass—

North River

Unalakleet River

Golsovia River

Pikmiktalik River

Region total

Interior Alaska

Central Alaska basins

Yukon River—

Melozitna River headwaters

Tozina River

Tanana to Rampart

Bean Ridge

Tanana

Little Melozitna River

Melozitna River

Kokrine Hills

Big Mud River

Chitanana River

Titna River

Nowitna River

Susulatna River

Sulatna River

Yuki River

Koyukuk River—

Hogatza River

Purcell Mountains

Huslia River

Dubli Flats

Dubli River

Natlaratlen River

Kateel River

Nulato River

Kaiyuh Lakes

Whakatna (Bear) Creek

Seed

zone codea

100205

100206

100207

100300

100301

100302

100303

100304

110000

110100

110101

110102

110103

110104

110105

110106

110107

110108

110109

110110

110111

110112

110113

110114

110115

110200

110201

110202

110203

110204

110205

110206

110207

110208

110209

110210

Forests

Alaska

113

135

132

408

69

214

56

69

1,166

3,349

129

287

181

128

232

229

197

403

207

200

247

126

189

227

367

2,166

168

121

133

409

196

291

202

238

327

81

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

408

1,166

3,349

2,166

Nonforest

1<P

147

231

290

578

114

189

119

156

3,478

1,300

12

75

41

59

107

71

34

176

91

160

60

153

129

60

72

1,365

40

43

63

318

68

289

116

82

340

6

Total

260

366

422

986

183

403

175

225

4,644

4,649

141

362

222

187

339

300

231

579

298

360

307

279

318

287

439

3,531

208

164

196

727

264

580

318

320

667

87

Footnotes on page 25

17
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Innoko River—

Little Mud River

Kaiyuh Mountains

Mud River

North Fork Innoko

Dishkakat Flats

Innoko River headwaters

Dishna River

Beaver Mountains

Yetna River

Shageluk Slough

Anvik River headwaters

Bonasila River Basin

Stuyahok River

Holy Cross

Reindeer River

Iditarod River

Paimiut Hills

Region total

Kuskokwim Mountains

Upper Kuskokwim River—

Haystack Mountain

Bearpaw River

Lake Minchumina

East Fork Kuskokwim

North Fork Kuskokwim

South Fork Kuskokwim

Post River

Big River headwaters

McGrath

Nixon Fork Kuskokwim

Takotna River

Central Kuskokwim Basin—

Lyman Hills

Swift River

George River

Sleetmute

Stony River

Gagaryah River

Footnotes on page 25

Seed

zone codea

110300

110301

110302

110303

110304

110305

110306

110307

110308

110309

110310

110311

110312

110313

110314

110315

110316

110317

120000

120100

120101

120102

120103

120104

120105

120106

120107

120108

120109

120110

120111

120200

120201

120202

120203

120204

120205

120206

Forests

Alaska

2,982

82

217

318

185

194

164

126

122

310

234

149

101

147

125

173

198

137

8,497

2,288

190

159

234

348

149

534

20

33

300

148

173

2,953

181

269

304

226

150

95

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

2,982

8,497

2,288

2 953

Nonforestb

103

2,126

80

175

218

74

126

115

71

55

366

157

143

50

79

197

42

62

116

4,791

2 128

90

114

361

370

53

546

229

120

94

124

27

1 304

56

37

45

115

57

33

Total

5,108

162

392

536

259

320

279

197

177

676

391

292

151

226

322

215

260

253

13,288

4,416

280

273

595

718

202

1,080

249

153

394

272

200

4,257

237

306

349

341

207

128

18
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

North Fork Swift

Lime Hills

Telaquana Lake

Whitefish Lake

Hoholitna River

South Fork Hoholitna

Holitna River

Chukowan-Kogrukluk Rivers

Holokuk and Oskawalik Rivers

Region total

Tanana Valley

Kantishna River—

Rampart

Hess Creek

Tolovana River

Chatanika River

Minto Flats

Hutlinana Creek

Manley

Chitsia Creek

Toklat River

Kantishna Hills

Healy

Totatlanika River

Nenana

Fairbanks

Blair Lakes

Delta Creek

Shaw Creek

Delta Junction

Healy Lake

White Mountains—

Beaver Creek

Preacher Creek

Birch Creek headwaters

Chatanika River headwaters

Chena River

Salcha River

Salcha River headwaters

Seed

zone codea

120207

120208

120209

120210

120211

120212

120213

120214

120215

130000

130100

130101

130102

130103

130104

130105

130106

130107

130108

130109

130110

130111

130112

130113

130114

130115

130116

130117

130118

130119

130200

130201

130202

130203

130204

130205

130206

130207

Forests

Alaska

120

137

86

118

153

164

357

302

291

5,241

3,821

232

173

226

171

433

111

270

234

163

76

101

73

353

438

166

161

131

222

87

1,770

262

139

181

131

408

226

116

Estimated

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

5,241

3 821

1,770

area

Nonforestb

103

85

122

105

47

33

148

179

81

161

3,432

994

38

14

40

18

151

27

94

12

17

170

19

70

30

66

67

16

16

54

75

767

108

60

126

2

40

32

74

Total

205

259

191

165

186

312

536

383

452

8,673

4,815

270

187

266

189

584

138

364

246

180

246

120

143

383

504

233

177

147

276

162

2,537

370

199

307

133

448

258

190

Footnotes on page 25

19
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Goodpaster River

Charley River headwaters

Tanana Valley—

Lake George

Dot Lake

Tanacross

Tetlin Lake

Nabesna (Northway)

Cheslina River

Chisana River

Region total

Ruby Range

White River—

White River headwaters

Region total

Wellesley Lake

Wellesley Mountain—

Scottie Creek

Snag River

Region total

Dawson Range

Prindle Volcano—

Sixty Mile River

North Ladue River

West Fork Ladue

Ladue River

Region total

Klondike River

Forty Mile RiverNorth Fork

Middle Fork

Footnotes on page 25

Seed

zone codea

130208

130209

130300

130301

130302

130303

130304

130305

130306

130307

140000

140100

140101

150000

150100

150101

150102

160000

160100

160101

160102

160103

160104

170000

170100

170101

170102

Forests

Alaska

166

141

875

166

63

164

187

149

75

71

6,466

43

43

43

85

21

64

85

295

22

56

138

79

295

1,118

157

364

Estimated

or potential

Canada

forests

Total

Hectares x

14

14

14

210

134

76

210

185

52

43

90

185

101

101

875

6,466

57

57

57

295

155

140

295

480

74

99

138

169

480

1,219

258

area

Nonforestb

: 103

153

172

493

88

39

72

96

85

49

64

2,254

230

230

230

66

19

47

66

91

33

19

18

21

91

437

79

113

Total

319

313

1,368

254

102

236

283

234

124

135

8,720

287

287

287

361

174

187

361

571

107

118

156

190

571

1,656

337

477

20
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Mosquito Fork

South Fork

West Fork

East Fork

Region total

Old Crow Basin

Old Crow River—

Old Crow River headwaters

Schaefer Creek

Rapid River

Region total

Northern Mountains

British Mountains—

Joe Creek

Firth River

Region total

Yukon River

Brooks RangeDavidson Mountains

Sheenjek River headwaters

Sheenjek River

Junjik River

Arctic Village

Wind River

Middle Fork Chandalar

North Fork Chandalar

Chandalar Lake

Chandalar River

East Fork Chandalar

Smoke Creek

Christian River headwaters

Koness River

Porcupine River—

Coleen River

Pass Creek

Footnotes on page 25

Seed

zone codea

170103

170104

170105

170106

180000

180100

180101

180102

180103

190000

190100

190101

190102

200000

200100

200101

200102

200103

200104

200105

200106

200107

200108

200109

200110

200111

200112

200113

200114

200200

200201

200202

Forests

Alaska

128

214

123

132

1,118

422

121

31

270

422

64

9

55

64

1,226

47

25

72

50

86

43

75

27

33

97

172

91

158

150

2,160

228

210

Estimated a

or potential

Canada

forests

Total

Hectares x

101

100

10

67

23

100

75

64

11

75

282

1,219

522

131

98

293

522

139

73

66

139

1,226

2,442

area

Nonforest

103

100

68

43

34

437

110

8

6

96

110

317

160

157

317

2,753

200

177

231

432

253

242

255

158

126

215

120

36

127

181

993

102

115

Total

228

282

166

166

1,656

632

139

104

389

632

456

233

223

456

3979

247

202

403

482

339

285

330

185

159

312

292

127

285

331

3,435

330

325

21
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Shoulder Mountains

Black River

Fish Creek

Salmon Village

Tetthajik Creek

Salmon Fork Black River

Wood River

Yukon Flats—

Christian River

Venetie

Hadweenzic River

Hodzana River

Ray River

Birch Creek

Little Black River

Central

Takoma Bluff

Paddle Creek

Woodchopper Creek

Kandik River

Nation River

Eagle

Tatonduk River

Region total

Central Brooks Range

Endicott Mountains—

Dietrich River

Gates of the Arctic

John River

Alatana River headwaters

Alatana River

Allen River

Middle Fork Koyukuk

South Fork Koyukuk

Jim River

Upper Koyukuk River—

Bettles

Sozhekla River

Struk Creek

Footnotes on page 25

22

Seed

zone codea

200203

200204

200205

200206

200207

200208

200209

200300

200301

200302

200303

200304

200305

200306

200307

200308

200309

200310

200311

200312

200313

200314

200315

210000

210100

210101

210102

210103

210104

210105

210106

210107

210108

210109

210200

210201

210202

210203

Forests

Alaska

187

409

302

403

46

117

258

3,697

202

327

150

163

262

1,066

439

154

73

210

256

98

159

137

1

7,083

567

14

21

44

34

94

53

118

74

115

1,825

102

109

205

Estimated area

or potential

Canada

forests

Total

Hectares x

161

121

264

68

56

41

99

546

207

238

3,961

166

215

178

100

7,629

567

1,825

Nonforestb

103

92

203

26

185

180

74

16

2,503

33

75

37

140

126

983

253

67

50

67

199

53

111

196

113

6,249

1,890

288

174

250

326

187

204

184

138

139

631

43

31

11

Total

279

612

328

588

387

312

274

6,464

235

402

187

303

388

2,049

692

221

123

277

455

219

326

374

213

13,878

2,457

302

195

294

360

281

257

302

212

254

2,456

145

140

216
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Hogatza River headwaters

Hughes Creek

Indian River

Allakaket

South Fork Koyukuk Flats

Kanuti Flats

Kanuti River headwaters

Kilolitna River

Upper Kobuk River—

Walker Lake

Reed River

Mauenluk River

Lockwood Hills

Pah River Flats

Region total

Northwest Arctic Noatak River—

Trail Creek

Kelly River

Kaluktavik River

Eh River

Igichuk Hills

Kobuk River—

Ambler River

Shungnak Flats

Kiana to Ambler

Hunt River

Salmon River

Squirrel River

Kobuk River Delta

Kotzebue Sound—

Selawik River headwaters

Kugarak River

Waring Mountains

Selawik River Flats

Tagagawik River

Buckland River headwaters

Kouk River

West Fork Buckland

Kiwalik River

Footnotes on page 25

Seed

zone codea

210204

210205

210206

210207

210208

210209

210210

210211

210300

210301

210302

210303

210304

210305

220000

220101

220102

220103

220104

220105

220200

220201

220202

220203

220204

220205

220206

220207

220300

220301

220302

220303

220304

220305

220306

220307

220308

220309

Forests

Alaska

242

147

258

246

133

270

98

15

420

35

122

57

131

75

2,812

365

38

19

100

190

18

497

75

63

197

19

11

78

54

718

27

21

60

179

106

59

9

195

27

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

420

2,812

365

497

718

Nonforestb

103

41

34

57

40

69

146

56

103

845

82

139

386

139

99

3,366

919

176

131

233

257

122

1,508

221

181

235

110

169

334

258

2,585

149

188

214

325

141

186

250

260

209

Total

283

181

315

286

202

416

154

118

1,265

117

261

443

270

174

6,178

1,284

214

150

333

447

140

2,005

296

244

432

129

180

412

312

3,303

176

209

274

504

247

245

259

455

236

23
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Kugruk River

Region total

Arctic AlaskaBeyond Arctic limits of Picea glauca

North Slope—

Kongakut River

Romanzof Mountains

Hulahula River

Canning River

Marsh Fork Canning

Phillip Smith Mountains

Sagavanirktok River

Toolik River

Coville River—

Anaktuvuk River

Chandler River

Anaktuvuk Pass

Killik River headwaters

KilliK River

Kuparuk River

Nigu River

DeLong Mountains—

Aniuk River

Noatak River headwaters

Cutler River

Nanelik River

Anisak River

Nimiuktuk River

Aklumayuak Creek

Tundra--Salix species only

Region total

Beyond southwest coastal limits of

Picea species

Kuskokwim Bay—

Beyond tree limits (no trees reported

except Alnus and Salix spp.)

Footnotes on page 25

24

Seed

zone codea

220310

230000

230100

230101

230102

230103

230104

230105

230106

230107

230108

230200

230201

230202

230203

230204

230205

230206

230207

230300

230301

230302

230303

230304

230305

230306

230307

230308

240000

240100

240101

Forests

Alaska

35

1,580

105

20

15

15

15

5

5

5

25

120

22

20

5

8

25

35

5

110

15

10

15

10

15

25

20

335

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

1,580

105

120

110

335

Nonforestb

103

663

5,012

3,496

326

396

380

440

314

695

517

428

3,377

724

599

505

421

293

489

346

21,650

332

386

322

105

237

199

264

19,805

28,523

4,274

4,274

Total

698

6,592

3,601

346

411

395

455

319

700

522

453

3,497

746

619

510

429

318

524

351

21,760

347

396

337

115

252

224

284

19,805

28,858

4,274

4,274
Table 3—continued

Geographic area

Bristol Bay—

Arolik River

Goodnews River

Osviak River

Kulukak Bay

Nushagak Bay

Kuichak Bay

North coast, Alaska peninsula—

Beyond tree limits (no native trees

reported except Alnus and Salix spp )

Aleutian Range

Region total

Seed

zone codea

240200

240201

240202

240203

240204

240205

240206

240300

240301

Forests

Alaska

210

25

35

25

30

40

55

200

200

410

Estimated area

or potential forests

Canada Total

Hectares x

210

200

410

Nonforestb

103

1,105

183

214

261

60

237

150

5,033

5,033

10,412

Total

1,315

208

249

286

90

277

205

5,233

5,233

10,822

a Region subregions and seed zones are coded with 2 digits each Seed zone codes follow subregion codes which in turn follow the

region code

b Includes all rivers fjords and lakes and all glaciers or permanent snowfields less than about 20 000 ha (50 000 acres)

25
Discussion The climate of major geographic areas and seed regions with potential for forest

development in Alaska is summarized in table 1. Seed regions 01 to 03 are confined

entirely to the coastal maritime climate of the Gulf of Alaska (fig. 2). Seed region 01

is in the northern maritime temperate zone of North America. The climate is colder

and growing seasons are shorter in regions 02 and 03 than in region 01. The heights

of forests in regions 02 and 03 are less than predicted from latitude, growing season

temperature, and soil productivity (Farr and Harris 1979).

Between the coastal seed regions and the Alaska Range (regions 04 to 07), the

climate changes from cold maritime to subarctic continental. Subarctic continental

climates are characterized by warm dry summers and long cold winters. In interior

Alaska, the subarctic continental climate extends from the Alaska Range in the south

to the Brooks Range in the north and includes regions 11 to 21. At the western limit

of trees in interior Alaska (regions 08 to 10), the climate changes to maritime subarctic. Seed regions 22 and 23 and subregion 2103 are north or west of the Continental Divide and include rivers flowing from the Brooks Range and Seward Peninsula into the Arctic Ocean. Subregions and seed zones were delineated for balsam

poplar in region 23, which has an arctic climate and is north of spruce tree limits.

Subregions and seed zones were not delineated in region 24 which is beyond the

natural limits of all trees except Salix species, although seeds have been harvested

from Sitka spruce introduced to the Shumagin and Aleutian Islands during the 19th

and early 20th centuries.

The productivity of forest and potential forest land in Alaska can be enhanced with

cultivation and introduction of adapted tree species and provenances. The geographic

areas and seed regions in table 1 can serve as introduction zones or provenance

test zones for indigenous and exotic species with well known environmental requirements. The procedure for introducing potential species is to test many provenances

at as many sites as possible in a designated test region or introduction zone. Based

on test results, similar sites can be grouped into plantation zones, and similar provenances within the natural range of the species can be grouped into provenance zones

for intensive sampling. A provenance zone is the area within the natural range of a

species where provenances have potential for adaptation to a plantation zone. Plantation zones may or may not be in the natural range of the species (Campbell 1974).

A breeding zone is the geographic area in which productivity of a population or strain

of trees will be improved (Johnson 1984). Plantation zones are refined seed zones;

they can serve as breeding zones for genetic improvement of adapted populations of

either indigenous or exotic species. Provisional seed zones with relatively homogeneous environments within physiographic features (genetic barriers) can serve as breeding zones for genetic improvement of indigenous tree species.

26
Recommendations

Transfer Guidelines

Provisional seed zones and transfer guidelines for each species need revision after

long term stability of many provenances is determined for a variety of habitats

Habitats can be grouped into seed-use or plantation zones when provenances (and

their genotypes) express provenance (genotype) x environment interaction for adaptative and growth traits and cause genetic correlations to depart from perfect relations

(Burdon 1977, Wellendorf and others 1986) Genotype x environment interaction is

the differential response of provenances, populations, families, and genotypes to environmental conditions Losses from seed transfer may be less if habitats are grouped

into seed-use zones by genotype x environment interactions than if provenances are

selected for fitness to a wide range of sites (Shelborne and Campbell 1976) Seed

transfer effects and provisional seed-use or plantation zones can also be modeled

from mortality rates in relation to severity of test sites (Campbell 1974 Eriksson and

others 1980) Environmental and associated genetic variation are extreme in moun

tainous regions of Alaska, and financial resources are inadequate for numerous long

term field trials Provisional seed zones can be refined economically from relations of

the genetic (clinal) variation in adaptative traits of genotypes grown in short-term

common environment studies and location variables of their provenances following

the methods of Campbell (1986), Campbell and Sugano (1987), and Campbell and

others (1989)

Seed transfer guidelines are necessary to maintain the genetic integrity and diversity

of forest tree species and reduce the risk of maladaptation in artifical reforestation

programs The following procedures are recommended for harvest and use of tree

seeds in Alaska

1. Record the geographic source (provenance) of each cone and seed collection

The exact geographic origin (provenance) of the first-generation seed parents is

needed to transfer seeds among similar habitats within seed zones and to meet

source-identified certification standards for domestic and world trade Minimium seed

certification standards are established by the Association of Official Seed Certifying

Agencies of the United States and Canada for domestic use in all States and Provinces and by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in world

trade (Rudolf 1974) Minimum standards for source-identified seeds of each provenance in Alaska include the name of the collection area or nearest landmark, latitude

and longitude to the nearest minute of arc (or township, range, and section), and

altitude to the nearest 10 meters (about 30 ft) above m s I

Assign a six digit seed zone identification code to each collection

Physiographic and climatic region = xx

Physiographic subregion = yy

Seed zone number = zz

Complete seed zone code = xxyyzz

2. Collect seeds from at least 30 well-distributed trees (unrelated trees) for reforestation of each local population Record the number of seed trees in each collection to

document the genetic base

3. Transfer seeds only from natural populations in environments that are similar to

the environment of the planting sites

27
4 Avoid transfer of seeds from upland populations to flood-plain sites and from

flood-plain populations to upland sites

5. Restrict transfer of seeds to 100 meters (330 ft) in altitude of its indigenous source

in upland and montane zones

6. Transfer seeds among similar habitats within seed zones as first priority, among

similar habitats and seed zones within subregions as second priority, and among

similar sites and subregions within seed regions as last priority Always observe rules

1 through 5, above, when transferring seeds to new habitats Transfer of seeds between zones along seed region and subregion boundaries with continuous populations is preferable to long distance transfer of seeds within seed regions and subregions Transfer of seeds across major genetic barriers, for example mountains

above treelines, should be avoided

These guidelines apply to the transfer of all forest reproductive materials, such as

ortets of cuttings or other vegetative propagules from native populations, used in

forestation and commercial trade in Alaska

An index (base map) for Alaska seed zones on 1 250,000-scale (1 inch = 4 miles)

U S Geological Survey Alaska Boundary Series and Department of Energy, Mines

and Resources, Ottawa, Canada, topographic maps is inserted in the back cover of

this report Contour intervals are 200 feet (61 meters) Reprints from 1 250,000-scale

Mylar overlays can be obtained from the USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region, P O

21628, Juneau Alaska 99802-1628 USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, 201 E 9th Avenue, Suite 206, Anchorage, Alaska 99501-3687, and Alaska

State Division of Forestry, 3601 C Street, Suite 1008, Anchorage, Alaska 99503

Orders for the maps should contain the seed zone names and numbers and latitude

and longitude of each quadrat

A standard labeling system is needed for a common understanding of the genetic

identity of seed sources used for forestation and to record the native geographic

A Standard Labeling origin and other information for each collection at harvest, during propagation, and

System after forestation A labeling system adopted by the Alaska State Forest Nursery and

similar to the 'standardized labeling system" of Buck and others (1970) is recommended for seed zones and transfer guidelines in Alaska This system provides for

identification of species, collection whether from seed parent or ortet, seed orchard, a

genetic cross seed zone, elevation and aspect of the native source, and the year of

collection

Tree species is the first entry in the labeling system Codes for major tree species,

varieties, and hybrids indigenous to Alaska are summarized for each seed region in

table 4 Species are coded with the first two letters of the scientific names for the

genus and species The first letter of a variety follows the species code as a lower

case subscript and hybrids are coded with the first letter of each species after the

two-letter genus code

28
Table 4—Major tree species of Alaska

Speciesa

Abies amabilis Dougl ex Forbes

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook ) Nutt

Acer glabrum Torr var douglasii (Hook ) Dipp

Alnus crispa (Ait) Pursh

Alnus rubra Bong

Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb

Alnus tenuifolia Nutt

Betula papyrifera Marsh •

var commutata (Regel) Fern

var kenaica (W H Evens) Henry

var neoalaskana (Sarg ) Raup

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D Don) Spach

Juniperus communis L c

Juniperus honzontalis Moenchc

Larix laricina (Du Roi) K Koch

Malus fusca (Raf) Schneid

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss

Picea x lutzii Little

Picea mariana (Mill) B S P

Picea sitchensis (Bong ) Carr

Picea sitchensis x mariana (new hybrid)

Pinus contorta Dougl ex Loud

var contorta

var latifolia Engelm

var contorta x var latifolia

Populus balsamifera L

Populus balsamifera x trichocarpa

Populus tremuloides Michx

Populus trichocarpa Torr & Gray

Salix alaxensis (Anderss ) Cov

Salix arbusculoides Anderss

Salix bebbiana Sarg

Salix hookerana Barratt

Salix scoulerana Barratt ex Hook

Salix sitchensis Sanson ex Bong

Taxus brevifolia Nutt

Thuja plicata Donn ex D Don

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf) Sarg

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong ) Carr

Standard

code

ABAM

ABLA

ACGLd

ALCR

ALRU

ALSI

ALTE

BEPAc

BEPAK

BEPAn

CHNO

JUCO

JUHO

LALA

MAFU

PIGI

PILU

PIMA

PISI

PISM

PICOc

PICOi

PlCOd

POBA

POBT

POTE

POTI

SAAL

SAAR

SABE

DAHD

SASC

SASI

TABR

THPL

TSHE

TSME

a

 Nomenclature follows Little (1979) and Viereck and Little (1972)

b

 Species distribution is from Viereck and Little (1975)

c

 Coniferous shrubs in Alaska J communis has circumpolar distributions

1979)

Common name

Pacific silver fir

Subalpine fir

Douglas maple

American green alder

Red alder

Sitka alder

Mountain alder

Western paper birch

Kenai birch

Alaska paper birch

Alaska cedar

Common juniper

Creeping juniper

Tamarack

Oregon Crab apple

White spruce

Lutz spruce

Black spruce

Sitka spruce

Shore pine

Lodgepole pine

Balsam poplar

Quaking aspen

Black cottonwood

Feltleaf willow

Littletree willow

Bebb willow

Hooker willow

Scouler willow

Sitka willow

Pacific yew

Western redcedar

Western hemlock

Mountain hemlock

Seed region

01

01

01

03-24

01

01-09, 11, 13, 24

01, 02, 04-09, 11-17, 20, 21, 24

01

02-05

06-18, 20-22

01, 02

01, 02, 04-08, 10-23

06

07, 09, 11-13, 20, 21

01, 02

04-22

01, 02, 04-06

04-07, 10-18, 20-22

01-05

04

01

01

01

03-24

01, 03-06

01,04-18,20-22

01-06

01-24

04-24

01-09, 11-13, 15, 17, 18, 20-22, 24

01, 02

01-08, 11-18

01-04, 06

01

01

01, 02

01, 02, 04, 05, 08

and is the most widely distributed natural conifer in the world (Little

29
Conclusions

Acknowledgments

The seed collection, seed parent or ortet, orchard, or hybrid identification number is

for certification purposes The identification number is separated with one space from

the species code and a six-digit seed zone code Altitude above m s I x 10 meters

(about 30 ft) is a three-digit code and is preceded by a decimal after the seed zone

number Aspect is the azimuth or clockwise angle measured in degrees from true

north to south to north, 0 to 360° It is a three-digit code following the slant line after

altitude A level surface is coded as 000 and true north is coded as 360° Year of

collection is two digits following a dash after aspect The example,

PiSi 17 010603 045/270-88 ,

represents a Sitka spruce seed collection from tree 17 in seed zone 010603 (Mitkof

island) at 450 meters (1,476 ft) above m s I The aspect is 270° or due west, and

the collection was made in 1988 Other provenance and transfer information may be

added to the label as desired

Four hundred and eighty-six seed zones and 72 subregions were mapped in 24

physiographic and climatic seed regions for Alaska and western Yukon Altitudinal

limits of spruce species ranged from sea level to about 1200 meters (3,900 ft) in the

southeast and 1500 meters (4,900 ft) in the interior of Alaska Estimated forest and

potential forest land in Alaska was 51 853 000 hectares (128,130,000 acres) including 1 297 000 hectares (3 200,000 acres) beyond coastal and Arctic spruce limits

Seed zone's transfer guidelines, and a standard labeling system that can record the

genetic integrity and diversity of indigenous tree species were described Provisional

seed zones will reduce the risk of maladaptation from seed transfer and can be used

to identify populations for tree improvement, stratify geographic test regions for species and provenance introductions, and identify regions for resolution of genetic difference among populations and genotypes Provisional seed zones can be revised

from improved environmental data for physiographic regions, from relations of genetic

variation determined in short-term, common-environment trials and the geographic

and environmental differences in seed origins and from the effects of seed transfer

in long term field trials

Seed transfer guidelines are needed to maintain the genetic purity of seeds and

propagules and to ensure that reproductive materials will perform as well as the

parental populations before them Standard labels will provide a common reference

for the geographic source of seed collections maintained in long-term reforestation

records Long-term reforestation records are needed to certify the genetic origin,

purity and performance of future seed crops

James Smith and Christian Teutsch measured the potential forest and total land

areas of each seed zone The labeling standards for seed collections were recommended by Joseph Stehik, nursery manager Alaska State Forest Nursery Forestry

staffs of the USDA Forest Service, Juneau and Fairbanks, Alaska, the Bureau of

Indian Affairs, U S Department of the Interior, Juneau, Alaska, the State Division of

Forestry and Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage, Alaska, and the University of

Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska, reviewed the seed zone map and seed transfer guidelines

30
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ment of white spruce, Picea glauca var albertiana (S Brown) Sarg , and Sitka

spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong ) Carr, seed collection and provenance progeny

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Alden, J.; Bruce, D. 1989. Growth of historical Sitka spruce plantations at Unalaska

Bay, Alaska Gen Tech Rep PNW-GTR-236 Portland, OR U S Department of

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Burdon, R.D. 1977. Genetic correlation as a concept for studying genotype-environment interaction in forest tree breeding Silvae Genetica 26(5-6) 168-175

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264 p plus map

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in southwest Oregon Silvae Genetica 35(2-3) 85-96

Campbell, Robert K. 1974. A provenance-transfer model for boreal regions Meddelelserfra Norsk Institutt For Skogforskning 31(10) 542-566

Campbell, Robert K.; Pawuk, William A.; Harris, Arland S. 1989. Microgeographic

genetic variation of Sitka spruce in southeastern Alaska Canadian Journal of

Forest Research 19 1004-1013

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Forlag 50 p

35
Alden, John N. 1991. Provisional tree seed zones and transfer guidelines for Alaska

Gen Tech Rep PNW-GTR-270 Portland, OR U S Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station 35 p

Four hundred and eighty-six provisional tree seed zones were delineated within 24

physiographic and climatic regions of Alaska and western Yukon Territory Estimated

forest and potential forest land within altitudinal limits of tree species in Alaska was

51 853 000 hectares (128,130,000 acres) Seed transfer guidelines and standard labeling

of seed collections are recommended to reduce losses from maladaptation and maintain

the genetic identity and productivity of future forests in Alaska

Keywords Alaska, seed zone, seed transfer and labeling guidelines, tree distribution, tree

limit, forest area, genetic diversity, climate, physiography

The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of

Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple

use management of the Nation's forest resources

for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife,

and recreation Through forestry research,

cooperation with the States and private forest

owners, and management of the National Forests

and National Grasslands, it strives — as directed by

Congress — to provide increasingly greater service

to a growing Nation.

The U S. Department of Agriculture is an Equal

Opportunity Employer. Applicants for all Department

programs will be given equal consideration without

regard to age, race, color, sex, religion, or national

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