## .................................................... I



## . EnvironmentalRisk Conclusions 1



## .................................................... .Riskto TerrestrialAnimals 1



## .............................. Riskto Freshwater and Estuarine Fish andInvertebrates 1



## .................................................... RisktoNon-TargetPlants :1

11



## . Introduction



## ................................................................... 2



### ......................................................... ProblemFomulation 2 IncidentDatabase



## ............................................................ 3 Usecharacterization



## ......................................................... 3



### .......................................... Application rates fromtheLUIS 4



## ................................. Acreage and Poundage ofBenfluralin Usage 4



## .................................... GeographicalUsage Area 

### for Benfluralin 4 Turf



## ......................................................... 4 

### GolfCourses



## .................................................. 5



## ....................................................... Lettuce 5 Alfalfa



## ....................................................... 5



## ........................................ 111



## . IntegratedEnvironmentalRisk Characterization 

### 6 Relative Risks from Granular and SprayFormulations



## ................................6



## .............................................. Characterization ofTerrestrialRisk 6



## ......................................... Risk From Granular Applications 6



## ................................ ChronicRisk to Birds and Mammals 6



## ........................................ ChronicRisk to Mammals 7 

### Uncertaintiesin Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin



## ................. 8 Acute Riskto Birds andMammals



## ................................... 8 

### Food-ChainEffects



## ....................................................8 

### Risk From Incorporated SprayApplications (Alfalfa andLettuce)



## ................. 9 

### ChronicRisk to Birds



## ............................................9



## ........................................ Chronic Risk toMammals 9 

### Uncertaintiesin Chronic Risk from SprayApplication



## .................... 9 

### Acute risk toBirds and Mammals



## ................................... 9 RisktoBees



## .......................................................... 9



## ............................................... CharacterizationofAquatic Risk 10 Acute and Chronic ToxicityComparison with Trifluralin andEthallluralin



## ......... 10



## ........................................ Chronic Risk to Aquatic Animals 11



## .................................... Chronic risk to freshwaterfish 11



### ................................ Chronic risk to aquaticinvertebrates 11



## ..................................... Chronic risk to estuarinefish 11



## .............................. Chronic risk to Estuarine Invertebrates 11



## .................................... Acute risk to Aquatic Animals 11



## ...................................... Acute risk to freshwaterfish 12



## .................................. Acute risk to aquaticinvertebrates 12



## ....................................... Acute risk to estuarine fish 12



## .............................. Acute Riskto Estuarine Invertebrates, 12 RisktoNon-Target Plants



## .............................................. 12 Risk to 

### Nontarget TerrestrialPlants



### ................................ 12



## ................................. Risks toNontargetAquatic Plants 12 Characterizationof Risk fromBenfluralinUse Sites



## .................................13 Turf



## ..............................................................13

-:Environmental FateandEcologicalRisk Assessment 1


### 201 0049

### Vineyards. Fruit andNut Trees. Citrus. Berries

. 

### All ofwhich arebearing



## . Christmas



## .............................. Trees. and Non-AgriculturalUse Sites 13



## .................................. Alfalfa (Clovers and Trefoils) and Lettuce 14



## ......................................... Characterizationof Drinking Water Risk 14



## ................................................... GranularBroadcast 15



### ................................................... Incorporated Spray 15



## .................................................. IV



## . EnvironmentalFate Assessment 16 Non-incorporateduses



## ...................................................... 16



## .......................................... .......... IncorporatedSprayUses 

# - 16



## ............................................... PersistenceandBioaccumulation 17



## ...................................................... V



## . Drinking Water Assessment 18



## ........................... Concentrations for Human Health Risk Assessment 18



## ...................................... Acute concentration(surfacewater) 18



## ............................ Non-cancer chronicconcentration (surface water) 18



## ............................... Cancer chronic concentration (surfacewater) 18



## ....................................................... Groundwater 18



## ................................................................. Modeling 18 Results



## ................................................................... 19 Groundwater



## ....................................................... 19 Surfacewater



### ....................................................... 19



## ................................................ SurfaceWater Monitoring Data 20



## ............................................... Ground Water Monitoring Data 21



## ............................................ VI



## . Aquatic Exposure and Risk Assessment 22



## ................................................ Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms 22



## .................................... Endpoints to be used in risk assessment 22



## ..................................................... Freshwater Fish 22



## ................................................ Freshwater Invertebrate 22



## ................................................. EstuarineMarineFish 22



## .......................................... EstuarineMarineInvertebrates 22 Aquaticplants



## ...................................................... 23



## ......................................... Expected Environmental Concentrations 23



## ................................... SurfacewaterMonitoring and Modeling 23



## ............................................. RisktoNontargetAquaticAnimals 24 

# -

....................................................... Risk toAquaticPlants 27



## .......................................... W



### . TerrestrialExposure and RiskAssessment 27



## ......................................... Endpoints to be used in risk assessment 23 ToxicitytoTemestrialOrganisms



## .............................................. 27 Avian



## ............................................................. 27 Mammals



## .......................................................... 28 Bees



## .............................................................. 28 TerrestrialPlants



## ..................................................... 28



### ............................ Exposure ofTerrestrialOrganisms to SprayApplications 28 Exposure ofTerrestrialOrganisms: GranularApplications



## ........................... 28 Risk Quotients from Sprayformulationsfor Birds



### ..................................29 Risk Quotients from Granular Formulations for Birds



## ............................... 29 Food-ChainEffects



## ................................................... 30 Risk Quotients from SprayFormulationsfor Mammals



## .............................. 30

Benfluralin KEL) Chapter: EnvironmentalFateand Ecological Risk Assessment 2

## ............................ Risk Quotients from Granular Formulations for Mammals 31



## ................................................. Vm



## . Endangered SpeciesAssessment 32



## .................................................. Appendix I: Ecological ToxicityData 33



## ................................................ Toxicityto TerrestrialAnimals 33



## ................................................ Toxicityto FreshwaterAnimals 35 ToxicitytoPlants



## .......................................................... 39



## ............................ Appendix 

### TI: PRZM.EXAMS. GENEEC and SCIGROWResults 41



## ....................................... PRZM-EXAMS Scenarios (surfacewater) 41



## ........................ Appendix



## . Aquatic EstimatedEnvironmental Concentrations(EECs 43



## .................................... AppendixIV: PRZM-EXAMS Drinking Water Results 

### 69



## ................................... GENEEC 2.0 Results for Non-agricultural areas 97



## ..................... SCI-GROWResults forRights-of-way andNon-agricultural areas 98



## ........................... AppendixV: ELL-Fate Results and TerrestrialExposure Estimates 99



## .......................... AppendixVI



## . ChronicRisk -&om Number of Granulars Ingested 103



## ................................... Avian Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin 103



## ................................. Mammal Chronic Risk fromGranularBenfluralin 104



## ........................... Appendix 

### W Fugacity Model for Chronic Risk with Granulars 105



## ..................................... Appendix

### Vm: Exposure andRisk Characterization 111



## .................................... . Appendix 

### IX EnvironmentalFate Study summaries 113



## ........................................................ Physical properties 113



## ......................................... Laboratory EnvironmentalFate Studies 114



### ................................................. . Appendix

### X Degradate Structures 122



## ............................................. Simplified Degradation Pathways 134



## ...................................... Appendix

### XI: EcotoxicityData RequirementTable 134



## ................................... 

## . Appendix

### XTI EnvironmentalFateData Requirements 137

AppendixXm



## . Bibliography



## ....................................................... 139



## ........................................ Appendix XIV



## . BenfluralinUse ClosureMemo 144

### I. Environmental Risk Conclusions



### Risk to Terrestrial Animals

There is cause for concern about reproductive effects in birds and small mammals from labeled uses of benfluralin. However, there are currently no approvedmodels for determining chronic exposure from granular formulations, so we are unable to quantify this risk. Based on some qualitative assumptions, EFED predicts that the potential for chronic risk to birds and small mammals including endangered species from granular application is likely. The chronic levels of concern (LOC) are also exceededfor birds and small mammals feeding on three types of food items when benfluralin is inadvertently sprayed
at edges of alfalfa and lettuce fields (transition area). Due to uncertainties in the data, there is reason to believe that potential chronic risk to birds may be greater than calculated.

Unacceptable acute risk to non-endangered and to endangered species of birds and smallmammals is unlikely, as the 

### LC,, and LD,, endpoints were "greater than" values with no mortalities seen at the highest dose. 

# ,

may potentially be at risk. Modeled calculations indicate that there may be a potential in birds that consume fish containing benfluralin residues. However, there is due to inadequate data.



### Risk to ~reshdater and Estuarine Fish and Invertebrates

The potential dor reproductive effects is a concern for freshwater and estuarine fish and invertebrates. Estimated benhuralin concentrations in water 60 days after treatment with granular benfluralin in the
range of 

### 9 to 

### 1 

# h lbs ailacrelseason, exceed the chronic endpoint of 

### 1.9ppb. The potential for these effects from the incorporated uses of benfluralin appearto be unlikely.

for acute risk to freshwater fish and invertebrates from variability in test concentrations as well as tests compound. Nevertheless, the PRZM-EXAMS model predicts that are above the predicted endangered species LOC of 

### 5 ppb (0.05 x 100 Sincewe may be underestimating acute toxicity, it is important

data on freshwater and estuarine fish and invertebratesin order
to reduce this 4ncertainty.



### Risk to

### on-~drget Plants

Because of ina equate data, there is much uncertainty in the non-target plant risk assessment. The plant toxicity studie 

# ! were conducted with technical benfluralin. While these studies showedthat the plant species tested beretolerant of technical benfluralin, the uncertainties from the use of a technical active ingredient on tkrrestrial plants, versus formulated product, are very great. Adjuvants (e.g., surfactants) are normally ubed with herbicides to enhance penetration of the chemical into the plant. It is for this

reason that the Agency generally requests that terrestrial plant studies be done with formulated products 

# I

that have the highest percentage of active ingredient. Therefore, we are requestingthat seedling emergence an vegetative vigor studies be conducted with a typical end use product. 

# d

BenfluralinRED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 1 

### ~~~-_"-.".-~,__I^_-

---- -

- --- -7----
- - -- ---------

### 11. Introduction

Problem Formulation

A literature searchwas conducted and pertinent data and information were brought into the discussion of potential risk to organisms from the use of benfluralin. In addition, the ECOTOX database from USEPA/ORD/NHEERL,Mid-Continent Ecology Division was accessed for additional toxicity endpoints.

The following conclusions were drawn from the available information:

Benfluralin is practically non-toxic to birds and mammals on an acute basis;

Avian and mammalian reproduction data suggest that mammals and birds may be sensitiveto benfluralin;

Exposure to birds and mammals will be greater from the use of granular products than fromthe spray formulation, which is incorporated into the soil.

Freshwater fish and aquatic invertebrate life stage studies suggestthat benfluralin may cause reproductive effects in aquatic animals;

There may be potential food-chain effects as a result of accumulated residues in aquatic organisms;

Benfluralin is practically non-toxic to bees;

Since benfluralin is a herbicide, an assumption is made that some non-target plants may be sensitiveto benfluralin. Data using a formulated product are unavailable, therefore there is uncertainty about the
extent and magnitude of phytotoxicity;

The assessment of risks to aquatic and terrestrial organisms will focus on those use sites where granular products are used (turf and ornamentals, non-agricultural areas, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards, and berries, Christmas tree farms). This is because these products are usually broadcast on the soil surface, which should result in greater exposureto organisms than the soil incorporated liquid spray used on alfalfa, lettuce and clovers.

The assessment of risks to aquatic and terrestrial animals will focus on chronic toxicity, since these animals appearto have sensitive chronic endpoints.

Acute toxicity to aquatic organisms is uncertain. Much of the aquatic toxicity data came from studies that were conducted under outdated methods and procedures. Most of the studies were conducted under static conditions with dose concentrations several times above the solubility limit. Mortality was observed in the studies, though the concentrations resulting in death are uncertain. It is also uncertain whether the deaths were the result of the chemical or the undissolved materials clogging the gills ofthe fish. This reduces the usefulness of the data for risk assessment purposes. An attempt was made to salvage what useful data could be found in these studies.

Benfluralin is a member ofthe dinitroaniline class ofherbicides. Two other dinitroaniline herbicides, trifluralin and ethalfluralin, have very similar chemical structures to benfluralin. Aquatic toxicity data from these two similar chemicals were used to compare with benfluralin data with regards topotential for risk to aquatic organisms and the need for additional data.

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 2

### Incident Database.

There is one aquatic animal incident for Benfluralin in the Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS) data base. This incident (1006258-001)occurred in 1997. Benfluralin was applied to a lawn up to the edge of a pond and rainfall later resulted in a fish kill.

There are two plant incidents in 1994in which benfluralin mixed with sulfonylurea herbicides drifted

over to non-target plants and caused plant damage.



### Use Characterization

Benfluralin is the dinitroanline herbicide,

### N-ethyl-N-butyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine and an isomer ofthe herbicide trifluralin. It is a growth inhibiting (mitotic disruptor) herbicide designed
to control grasses including johnsongrass seedlings, chickweed, lambsquarters, purslane, knotweed, clover, pigweed, and plantain. Benfluralin is also registered as an insecticide and for the control of

### Poa

annua decline disease (a fungal disease) on turf.

The structure of Benfluralin is given in Figure 1.

Figure 

### 1. Structure of benfluralin.

Benfluralin formulations include:



### 60% dry flowable powder for use on turf, alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil, and lettuce (Balan DF)



### 2.5% granule for turf (Balan 2.5G)

1% granule combined with 1% oryzalin for use on landscape ornamentals, container grown ornamentals, ornamental ground covers, established flower beds, warm season turf grasses, nursery stock, ornamental bulbs, non-bearing fruit and nut trees, non-bearing vineyards, non-bearing berries, Christmas tree plantations, and non-cropland (XL*2G and XL*2GR)

with fertilizer granules in combination with oryzalin (0.85% each,Excel-S-Plus) or in combination with trifluralin (0.61% in SuperTeam*0.92%and 0.82% in SuperTeam*l.25%).

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 3Methods of application include broadcast (granules and fertilizer impregnated) and soil incorporation (liquid spray) during dormant, pre-plant, pre-transplant, and pre-emergence time periods.

Benfluralin may be formulated as a co-active ingredientin products containing chlorpyrifos,2,4-D, diazinon, dicamba, oryzalin, oxadiazon, or trifluralin and may also be tank mixed with metolachlor or

vernam.

Application rates from the LUIS report of 612012000 are in Table 1:

rable 1. Application rates of Benfluralin

Nonagricultural uncultivated areas



### - (industrial, ROW, fencerow, recreationareas) 

# I I I

----- Site Name

Maximum Year Application Rate (Ib ai/A)

Ornamentaltree, shrubs 

## 1 1
----- Max. Single

Ornamentalgroundcover Typical Singlenear

ChristmasTree 

### I s 

### 1 1 ----- I I I - 11.8 

### -----

Non-bearingfruit trees, nut trees, vineyards, berries

Turf - -


### -----

I I I Alfalfa 3 3 1.1 11.1 9 3

Clover, trefoil

Lettuce broadcast



### ------ ------ Max. Number ofApplic. per Crop CycleNear

- 0.7 12.0

1.5

1.5 Minimal Interval Days of Treatment

3

3

1 

## 1
------ 

## 1 incorporated 

## I Application Method

2

2

1.5

1.5 20,90

60

1.111.1

1.2 broadcast

broadcast

60

56

1

Acreage and Poundage ofBenfuralin Usage. Data from BEADIOPP for the period 1991-2000reports that 8 

### - 13 % of the lettuce grown in the U.S. is treated with benfluralin. The greatest agriculture acreage treated with benfluralin is alfalfa (44,000 to 108,000 A) and lettuce (23,000to 33,000 A). Of all use sites, the greatest amount of benfluralin used is by lawn care operators (430,000to 830,000 Ibs). The remaining use sites in decreasing acreage are turf (100,000to 200,000 lbs), landscape (85,000to 170,000 Ibs), alfalfa (47,000 to1 12,000Ibs), and lettuce (42,000to 79,000 Ibs). broadcast

broadcast

1

Geographical UsageArea for Benfuralin. 

### ------

Turf. The use area for turf and similar use sites is not well-defined, and must include at least the entire 

## - U.S. east of the Mississippi River. The major use (72% ofpounds applied annually from 1991-2000) for benfluralin is for turf, landscape, golf courses, and by lawn care operators. The OPPIBEAD Quantitative Usage Assessment (51112002) does not give the locations of these uses, except for golf courses. DowAgroscienceshas stated (S. McMaster, SMART meeting, 1012312002)that the major use area for turf (including landscape and lawn care operators) will be in the northeastern U.S., with some use in the southeast on warm season turf. 86% of non-golf course turf usage (55,000 1b annual average) is in New Jersey, and may represent sod farms. - incorporated



### -----

Golf Courses. The major use area for benfluralin on golf courses appearstobe in coastal states, including states on the Great Lakes. The QUA states that 5.4% of annual usage is on golf courses, with 60% of that being in TX, SC, PA, NC, 

### MN, and WA. Five of these states are on the coast or have an incorporated

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 4

### estuary (PA- Delaware Bay), and the other 

### (MN) is on the Great Lakes. The other 40% of the use on golf courses must be divided between other coastal states, and interior states.

Lettuce. 100% of the estimatedusage (43,000 lb. annual average) on head and leaf lettuce is in California and Arizona. Leaf and iceberg lettuce are grown in three principal regions in California, with the major in the coastal areas of Salinas, Watsonville, and Santa Maria. Spring and fall production occurs for brief periods in the San Joaquin Valley. Winter production is primarily in the desert (and therefore irrigated with water from the Colorado River), includingYuma and La Paz counties in SW Arizona, and Imperial county in California. The coastal counties of Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, San Benito, Monterey, San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara account for a high percentage of CA production. (Source: USDA crop profiles for lettuce in Arizona and head and iceberg lettuce in California).

Alfalfa. The QUA 

### states that an average of47,000 lb was used annually on alfalfa from 1991-2000. This is 6.6% of total annual usage. Of the 47,000 Ib, 69% was used in CA, 

### MT, NM, CO, WA, and 

### ID.

The EFED Science Chapter for re-registration of benfluralin will focus onthe uses for alfalfa, lettuce, turf, berries, nonagricultural uncultivated areas (industrial, Rights ofWay, fence row, recreation areas), and non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards.

BenfluralinRED Chapter Environmental Fate and EcologicalRisk Assessment 5



# - --- I ---- 7--- - --111. Integrated Environmental 

### Risk Characterization.

Relative Risks-fromGranular andSprav Formulations

Risks to wildlife are expected to be greater from granular formulations than from spray formulations, as explained below.

Spray formulations are incorporated into the soil before planting or at the time of planting because of the volatile nature of benfluralin. Alfalfa and lettuce fields are the only use sites in which benfluralin is incorporated into the soil. The spray incorporated lettuce and peanut field dissipation studies show half lives of 79 and 62 days, respectively. Benfluralin residues on food items for mammals and birds may be
more prone to volatilization when exposed above the ground than the half-lives indicate.

Granular formulations are appliedto all ofthe other use sites, either as impregnated fertilizer or as benfluralin granules. A turf field dissipation study showed a benfluralin half-life of 22 days. The granules areusually broadcast over the soil (Christmas trees, ornamentals, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards, berries, turf, or rights-of-way.)

It is assumed that benfluralin would volatilize more slowly from granular formulations than from aboveground spray formulationsthat are on food items. It is also assumed that the granules on the surface are more exposed than the spray formulations. Therefore, it is reasonableto assume that benfluralin
exposure to wildlife would be greater from the granular formulations than from the spray formulations. In addition, use sites with granular formulations tend to have higher amounts of active ingredient applied
per acre than the lettuce or alfalfa sites. Therefore, risk to wildlife would be greater from granular formulations than from spray formulations.

Characterization of Terrestrial Risk

RiskFrom GranularApplications

Chronic Risk to Birds and Mammals. EFED is currently unable to quantify chronic risk to birds from granular formulations. However, it is reasonable to assume that there is chronic risk to birds (including endangered species) for the following reasons:



### 1) A NOAEC was not found in the avian reproduction study 

### (MRID42145502). The current endpoint for reproductive effects is the LOAEC of less than 96 ppm. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the chronic risk assessment is not conservative.

Calculations based on average granule size and weight plus the results of the avian reproduction study on bobwhite indicate that forthe fertilizer blend using benfluralin, 

### 5 to 6 granules contain the equivalent amount of benfluralin to represent 96 ppm in the bobwhite reproduction study. It is reasonable to assume that a bobwhite consumes at least 6 granules per day as part of a daily intake of grit since severalbird species are known to consume <I8 granulesper day. One example is the 20-gram savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) whose median consumption is 11 granulesper day. (Fisher and Best, 1995). (Calculations are in Appendix VI)

3) Smaller avian species such as passerines and songbirds (20

### - 40 gm) usually are affected by smaller amounts of pesticide than the bobwhite quail (230 

### gm in study) due to lower body weight. It is reasonable to assume that there is a greater chronic risk to these birds from benfluralin granules than to bobwhite quail.

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 6

### 4) Over a period of time, the granular formulation will break down in the soil. A fugacity model was used to attempt to quantify exposure in the soil to birds. The selection of avian weight and food ingestion rates are based on averages, which is not the most conservative approach. The table below captures the results ofthe fugacity model.

The avian chronic endpoint for benfluralin is less than 96 ppm. The following table shows the calculated value in at each ofthe application rates.

Table 2

Based on exceeded

was donethe fugacity model, the Agency's level of concern for chronic effects to birds is



## . Appendix 

### V contains the assumptions and calculations for the fugacity modeling that
to ascertain potential for chronic risk to birds.

5) A field dissipation study on turf using granular benfluralin yielded a half-life of 22 days. It is therefore reasonable to assume that sufficient benfluralin concentrations over time may exist to chronically affect bobwhite quail. When the fugacity model was run for 20 weeks, the immediate and 20-week concentrations were the same - soil contribution is negligible and the major exposure is from invertebrates. Therefore, we will assume that concentration values for 20 weeks also reflect those immediately after application.

6) Actual chronic effects may be worse, since benfluralin is often combined with other dinitroaniline active ingredients, such as trifluralin and oryzalin, which may have similar toxicity and modes of action in birds.

However, there are uncertainties built into this assumption of potential risk to birds. Other exposure routes for terrestrial organisms include dermal exposure from puddles, water ingestion, and preening. The fugacity model does not take into account depuration ofthe food items.

Chronic Risk to Mammals. EFED is currently unable to quantify chronic risk to mammals from granular formulations. However, it is reasonable to assume that there is chronic risk to mammals (including endangered species) for the following reasons:

1) The rat reproductive endpoint (NOAEC) is 7.2 mglkg-bwlday (100 ppm) (MRID 43628701). Calculations based on average granule size and weight plus the results of a 2-generation rat reproductive study indicate that for the fertilizer blend using benfluralin, from one to seven granules contain the equivalent amount of benfluralin to represent 100
ppm for meadow vole, common mole, and least shrew. It is reasonable to assume that the small mammals consume at least 1to 7 granules per day as part of a daily inadvertent intake from granules attached to food items (soil invertebrates and seeds), licking fur, and soil ingestion. Some mammals are known to ingest soil. For example, Beyer et al. (1994) reported that soil composes up to 15% ofthe diet of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus).

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 72) Over a period of time, the granular formulation will break down in the soil. A fugacity model was used to attempt to quantify exposure from the soil and invertebrates to small mammals. The selections of a mammalian weight and a food ingestion rate were based

on averages, which is not the most conservative approach. The table below captures the results of the fugacity model.

The mammalian chronic endpoint for benfluralin is 5 mglkg-bwlday. The following table shows the calculated value at each ofthe application rates.

Table 3

Based on the fugacity model, the Agency's level of concern for chronic effects to small mammals is exceeded. Appendix VII has the assumptions and calculations for the fugacity model that was used to ascertain potential for chronic risk to birds.

3) A field dissipation study on turf using granular benfluralin yielded a half-life of 22 days. It is therefore reasonable to assume that sufficient benfluralin concentrations over time may exist to chronically affect small mammals. When the fugacity model was run for 20 weeks, the immediate and 20-week concentrations were the same - soil contribution is negligible and the major exposure is from invertebrates. Therefore, we will assume that concentration values for 20 weeks also reflect those immediately after application. 

### 4) Actual chronic effects may be worse, since benfluralin is often combined with other dinitroaniline active ingredients, such as trifluralin and oryzalin, which may have similar toxicity and modes of action in small mammals. J --,?$$$ dwt 

## - 

# !Ik;+: I:l..s&iil &deG1!'~lb &/Az

Uncertainties 

### in Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin. Estimating long term exposure from granular applications is difficult, since the granules are not expected to remain intact over extended periods. The chemical is expected to become distributed in the soil or grass leaf as the granules break down. b*""

alb.ai/~

61

7 0

Acute Risk to Birds and Mammals. Because there are no mortalities at the highest concentration tested (LD>2000 mg/kg), and the chemical is considered to be practically non-toxic to birds and mammals on an acute basis. The likelihood of acute risk to non-endangered and endangered species of birds and mammals is low. 31

3.7 Deer Mouse Oral Dose (mgkg-bwlday)



### Food-Chain Effects. '4 i I' 9Olb d/A

9 1

10 5 I cm

7.6 cm

Benfluralin residues may bioconcentrate (BCF = 1,580)in fish near high benfluralin use areas such as non-agricultural sites or orchards. Fish-eating birds that consume fish containing 30 to 48 ppm (North Carolina apple scenario) benfluralin residues may suffer chronic effects (NOAEC <

### 96 ppm). The risk quotient (0.3 to 0.5) for birds eating benfluralin-contaminated fish is uncertain, due to the uncertainty in the chronic no-effect concentration for birds (NOAEC <96ppm), and due tothe uncertainty of the water concentrations estimated by PRZM-EXAMS. The RQ may be lower if actual water concentrations are lower, but may be higher ifthe NOAEC proves to be much lower when new data are submitted. Based on the data in hand, it is reasonable to conclude that benfluralin exposure in fish-eating birds (in use areas such as non-agricultural areas, rights-of- way, or orchards) may approach levels causing chronic toxicity. A valid avian reproduction study is needed to reduce the uncertainty ofthis risk. -s?"&F- * 

### LI~;?~/A

120

14 0

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 8Fugacity calculations (Appendix VII) indicate that earthwormsmay accumulate concentrations of benfluralin approximately fifteen (15) times what is found in the soil. For instance, the earthworm will accumulate 180ppm of benfluralin from soil containing 12ppm (Table VII-B). These concentrations are well above the concentrations required to cause chronic effects in mammals and birds that consume earthworms.



### Risk From Incorporated SprayApplications (AlfalfaandLettuce).

Chronic Risk to Birds. The chronic RQ values for birds exposedto benfluralin used on alfalfa and lettuce exceed the Level of Concern (LOC). Because the no-effect level is a "less than" value of 96 ppm, the actual risks may be greater than the RQs indicate. The endpoints in these tests were egg set, percent eggs cracked, etc., indicating that reproduction may be adversely affected. It is reasonable to assume exposure to birds from an incorporated application because, a) inadvertent residues may be found on food items at the edge of field from tractor turns, b) residues may be found on soil invertebratefood items, and c) residues may be found on soil and in puddles. Chronic risk tobirds (including endangered species) cannot be ruled out.

Chronic Risk to Mammals. The chronic LOC for small mammals feeding on short grass, broadleaf plants/insects, and tall grassllarge insects near alfalfa and lettuce fields is exceeded. It is reasonableto assume exposure to mammals from incorporated application because, a) inadvertent residues may be found on food items at the edge of field from tractor turns, b) residues may be found on soil invertebrate food items, licking soiled fur, and c) residues may be found on soil and in puddles. Chronic risk to small mammals (including endangered species) cannot be ruled out.

Uncertainties in Chronic Risk from SprayAuulication. There is uncertainty in the chronic risk
assessment for birds and mammals from spray application for the following reasons, 1)benfluralin is volatile and degrades rapidly in the presence of light. It is uncertain how long sufficient amounts of benfluralin residues may exist on plant surfacesto cause chronic effects. 2) The inadvertent foliar exposure area is expected to be only at the edge of the field from tractor turns. It is uncertain as to how much benfluralin is inadvertently sprayed on plants at edge ofthe field. 3) The exposure area is an inadvertent area that may have minimal residues. These uncertainties may overestimate the amount of
exposure to small mammals and birds. However, chronic risk to small mammals and birds (including endangered species) cannot be ruled out.

Acute risk to Birds and Mammals. Unacceptable acute risk to non-endangered and endangered birds and mammals from exposure to benfluralin near alfalfa and lettuce fields is unlikely. The likelihood of acute risk is very low because benfluralin is practically non-toxic on acute basis and no mortalities were observed at the highest dose tested (4360 ppm).



### Risk toBees. Unacceptable acute risk to bees is not likely since benfluralin is non-toxicto bees.

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 9Characterizationof Aquatic Risk

Acute and Chronic Toxicity Comparison with Trzjluralinand EthalJluralin

The risk assessment for aquatic and estuarine/marineanimals (fish and invertebrates) is incomplete, due
to the lack of core acute and chronic toxicity data on technical benfluralin. The following data gaps are identified:

rn Acute toxicity of technical on bluegill and trout 

## - there are supplemental data which have a degree of uncertainty

rn Acute toxicity of technical on Daphnia magna



# . Acute toxicity of technical on oyster

• Acute toxicity of technical on sheepshead minnow

• Chronic toxicity of technical on sheepsheadminnow Chronic toxicity of technical on mysid shrimp

Because ofuncertain aquatic toxicity data, alternative methods were used to ascertain the potential for acute and chronic risk to aquatic species. Onemethod was to analyze the data from other very similar dinitroaniline herbicides, trifluralin and ethalfluralin. There are some similarities in aquatic toxicity data between trifluralin, ethalfluralin, and benfluralin. There are uncertainties in this approach 

### - the solubility for benfluralin (100 ppb) is one-thirdthat oftrifluralin and ethalfluralin 

### (300 ppb). This may affect the amount of exposure in water bodies and perhaps the toxicity of the chemicalto the organisms. Another uncertainty is that the toxicity of other herbicides may not accurately reflect similar trends oftoxicity of benfluralin. Table 4 provides a comparison of acute and chronic toxicity data for benfluralin, trifluralin and ethalfluralin.

Table 4: Com~arative Eco Toxicitv Data Among.Similar Dinitroanline herbicides

Trout

Bluegill

Sheepshead Minnow

Fathead minnow

Daphnia magna

oyster

shrimp 288 (19.9 %)

420 (20.1 %)

- - ChronicNOAEC (ppb) NIA

NIA

2180(20.1%)

NIA

NIA

Trout 1.9 (ELS)

' Sheepshead Minnow

Fathead minnow

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 10 81

69.7

0.4 (ELS) " 1.14 (ELS) l3

Daphnia magna NIA

NIA

NIA

NIA

43

NIA

N/A NIA

210 (36.5 % ai)

1MRID 40094602, 2 MRID 42449901, 3 MRID 40098001, 4 MRID 42449902, 5 MRID 94769, 6 MRID 41613904, 7 MRID 41613905, 8 MRID41613906, 9 MRID42176401, 10 MRID 42176402, 11 MRID41994901, 12MRID42930101, 13MRID 41386202, 14MRID 05008271, 15MRID 94770, 16MRID 135183 15.5(supplemental dueto loss of neonates in control population) N/A

NIA

18.1 (36.5 % ai) lo

N/A

NIA

NIA

NIA 37 l6

32

4.8 (ELS)

1.9 (full life stage) l4

24 " 240

NIA

60 l5

loo7

230

2.4 l4 10(46%ai)'

NIA 41'

58

N/A

N/A

NIA

N/A

NIA 190

### '

105

560

96

37 

### 'Chronic data for the three herbicides are similar, especially for the trout early life stage study. The supplemental daphnia chronic toxicity test for benfluralin (NOAEC 15.5 ppb) appears to be between that of trifluralin (2.4 ppb) and ethalfluralin (24 ppb). The table does tell us that in most cases, the chronic endpoint may be in the low parts-per-billionrange, where the chronic levels of concern have potential to be exceeded. This would indicate the need for chronic data to assess chronic risk.



### ChronicRisk toAquatic Animals

Chronic risk to freshwater fish. Adverse reproductive effects to freshwater fish from benfluralin appear likely, because the NOAEC from the early life stage (ELS) test is very low (1.9 ppb), and because modeled aquatic EECs are above 1.9ppb for long periods of time (GA peaches, 60-day average EEC 2.3 ppb; FL citrus, 90-day average EEC 2.6 ppb; NC apples, 365-day average EEC 2.6 ppb). Since benfluralin is often combined with other dinitroaniline herbicides that have similar effects (length and weight of larvae) in the fish early life stage test, at similar levels (trifluralinNOAEC = 1.14ppb), the adverse chronic reproductive effects appearto be even more likely for freshwater fish.

Chronic risk to aquatic invertebrates. Adverse reproductive effects to aquatic invertebrates appear likely from the use on non-agricultural land, because the NOAEC from the supplemental

### Daphnia magna life cycle test is low (15.5 ppb), and because GENEEC modeled aquatic EECs are above this concentration for a long time (21-day average of 22.5 ppb from single application and 37.2 ppb from two applications). Since benfluralin is often combined with other dinitroaniline herbicides that have similar effects (trifluralin NOAEC =

### 2.4 ppb, ethalfuralin NOAEC =24 ppb), the chronic reproductive effects are even more likelyto adversely affect freshwater fish. However, there are some uncertainties in this conclusion. The negative control in 

### Daphnia life cycle study appearedto have far less neonates due to loss of neonates from the unusual test design. This creates much uncertainty as to what the actual control population is which creates much uncertainty on the reproductive effect from exposure to benfluralin. Since the controls were affected, there may be more chronic sensitivity of Daphnids exposedto benfluralin than the faulty test study indicates. It is worthwhileto note that the 

### Daphnia NOAEC for trifluralin is 2.4 ppb, which may indicate that potentially, the benfluralin chronicNOAEC may also be
very low. Uncertainties in the 

### Daphnia life cycle study appearto underestimate the potential chronic risk
to aquatic invertebrates. An updated Daphnia life cycle study will reduce much ofthis uncertainty.

Chronic risk to estuarine fish. Chronic risk to estuarine fish from benfluralin exposure can not be assessed due to lack of data. Table 4 shows that trifluralin, in an early life-stage study of a sheepshead minnow, has a NOAEC of 4.8 ppb. GENEEC modeled aquatic EECs are above this NOAEC concentration for long periods of time (two applicationsto nonagricultural areas, 60-day averageEEC 37.2 ppb). Since the primary use of benfluralin is on turf, and that turf sites are near many important estuaries, an early life stage study on sheepshead minnow is important for determining chronic risk to estuarine fish from benfluralin exposure.

Chronic risk to Estuarine Invertebrates. There are no chronic estuarine aquatic invertebrate data for any of the closely related dinitroaniline herbicides (benfluralin, trifluralin, ethalfluralin). EFED is unable to assess chronic risk to estuarine invertebrates.



### Acute Risk toAquatic Animals

There is much uncertainty in assessing the potential for acute risk to freshwater fish and invertebrates due to uncertain toxicity data. Toxicity data from closely related dinitroaniline herbicides indicates that the formulated products tend to be less toxic than the technical active ingredient. The aquatic animal LD,,s for formulated benfluralin products are greater than the limits of solubility (100 ppb).

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 11The aquatic studies submittedto the Agency show mortality at several of the higher concentrations. If one assumes that the LC,, value for aquatic invertebrates is at the level of solubility (100 ppb), and there are mortalities at higher concentrations, then the Agency's Level of Concern for endangered aquatic invertebrate species (0.05) would be at 5 ppb (100 x 0.05). The PRZM-EXAMS model predicts environmental concentrations above the LOC of 5 ppb for endangered species. Therefore, it is important that the Agency receives updated toxicity data on freshwater invertebrates.

Acute risk to freshwater fish. Although there are benfluralin data for trout and bluegill, there is much uncertainty associated with the data due tothe way the studies were conducted. The supplemental benfluralin bluegill study shows the LC,, to be 

### 69.7 ppb. Using this value, the LOC for acute risk and for endangered species is exceeded for non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards & berries, and nonagricultural use sites.

Acute risk to aquatic invertebrates. There are no available toxicity data for daphnids. Acute Daphnia data 

### in Table 4 for the two closely related dinitroaniline herbicides, trifluralin and ethalfluralin, suggest that the benfluralin Daphnia LC,, may be higher than the freshwater fish LC,,. Since the LOC has been exceeded for endangered species of fish, we can assumethat the LOC may be exceeded for endangered species of aquatic invertebrates. Updated acute toxicity data for the Daphnia magna are needed to conduct a risk assessment for freshwater invertebrates.

Acute risk to estuarine fish. There are no adequate acute toxicity data (technical grade) availableto conduct a risk assessmentfor estuarine fish. Since the major use site of benfluralin (turf) is near many important estuaries, a risk assessment for estuarine fish is valuable. Acute toxicity data are needed to conduct this risk assessment.

Acute Risk to Estuarine Invertebrates. Acute risk to estuarine invertebrates is likely as a result of the use of granular benfluralin on non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards & berries, and non-agricultural use sites. The endangered species LOC (0.05) is exceeded for all granular uses.

Risk to Non-Target Plants

Risk to Nontarget Terrestrial Plants We are unableto assess risk to non-target plants due to a lack of toxicity data. Terrestrial plant phytotoxicity data were submitted for technical benfluralin only. These data showed that non-target plants will not be at risk from spray drift and runoff. However, there is great uncertainty in this conclusion because the data were based on the technical active ingredient and not the formulated product, which contains the adjuvants that are necessary forthe chemicalto be biologically availableto nontarget terrestrial plants. Adjuvants, such as surfactants and other chemicals, are frequently used so that penetration of the active ingredient into the plant can take place. Phytotoxicity data using the typical end use product is needed to assess risk to nontarget plants.

Plant toxicity data from two closely related dinitroanline herbicides, ethalfluralin and trifluralin, were examined and found to be incomplete. As in the case with benfluralin, the plant species were tested with the technical active ingredient, not a typical end use product. The results show that plant species are tolerant of the non-formulated herbicides. There are outstanding plant data requirements for trifluralin and ethalfluralin. The severity and spectrum of non-target plant risk from benfluralin is very uncertain without additional data.

Risks to Nontaraet Aquatic Plants. We are unableto assess risk to non-target aquatic plants due to a lack of toxicity data. Only data on Selenastrum capricornutum were submitted, which showed the EC,, to be greater than the solubility limit. Data on four additional species are needed to completethe data set for a screening level risk assessment.

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 12

### Characterizationof 

### Riskfrom Benfluralin UseSites

TurJ: Turf use sites are many and varied across the U.S. All of the benfluralin appliedto turf-type use areas (turf, landscapes, lawns, golf courses) is formulated as fertilizer granules. The reason for this is to reduce volatilization. Benfluralin granules are applied on the fairways of golf courses, but not the putting greens. The fairways constitute the largest turf area of golf courses. Eighty percent of these granules are formulated with a second active ingredient, which is most often another dinitroaniline herbicide such as trifluralin (in 2: 

### 1ratio) or oryzalin (1:1ratio). Approximately 34% of the fertilizer granule market applied by lawn care operators has benfluralin (S. McMaster, SMART meeting, 10/23/2002).

Because of the amount of benfluralin used for turf and the widespread use of benfluralin on turf nationally, the largest direct benfluralin granule exposuretobirds may come from turf use sites including golf courses. The application of benfluralin to turf is made in the spring during the time of greatest avian reproductive activity. The chronic LOC for small birds and mammals (including endangered species)
appears to be exceeded from exposure on turf sites. Therefore, turf use sites may pose the greatest risk to birds from benfluralin.

Run-offto water bodies is expected from use in urban and suburban areas (such as the turf-type uses) because of the large area percentage ofpaved surfaces and direct conduits to water bodies. The run-off is most often directed via storm sewers to local streams and lakes. Thus, contamination of water bodies in urban and suburbanuse areas is likely. For instance, treatment ofhome lawns is known to be a significant contributor to contamination of streams and lakes in urban and suburban areas.

The acute LOC for endangered species of fish and estuarinelmarine invertebrates is exceeded. Based on the foregoing characterization of the use on turf-type areas, we believe it is likely that these organisms will be exposedto benfluralin ifthey inhabit water bodies near urban and suburban areas. It is also likely that these endangered organisms will be simultaneously exposed to trifluralin or oryzalin, as well as benfluralin, resulting in an increased potential of risk. Most of the benfluralin usage on golf courses appears to be in states bordering estuaries and the Great Lakes. Therefore, the potential for exposure of benfluralin from golf courses to estuarinelmarine invertebrates is ofparticular concern, especially since there are numerous golf courses located near estuaries.



### Vineyards, Fruit andNut Trees, Citrus, Berries 

### -All ofwhich are bearing. Christmas Trees,andNonAgricultural UseSites.

On average, non-bearing fruit and nut trees and vineyards remain non-bearing for the first 4 to 

### 6 years of life. They are found in nurseries as well as established orchards. Berries are varied and range from caneberries to strawberries, blueberries, currants, gooseberries and others. Christmas trees are conifers that are usually grown up to 

### 6 years. These groups of plants can be found in every state and are grown in diverse soils and conditions. Much of the production of the fruits, berries, and vineyards are in mountains and hills of all the regions in the U.S., although there is some acreage grown in agricultural level soils. Citrus production is mostly limitedto Florida, California, and Texas. One common characteristic (except for the Christmas trees) of these sites is that the plants are small, young and provide an open type ofhabitat in areas where they are planted. Wildlife is known to frequent areas of fruit trees and berries and other sites. Non-agricultural sites such as rights-of-way are transitional meadow-areas with heavy frequency of wildlife use. Unacceptable acute risk to mammals and birds is unlikely but reproductive or chronic risk to small mammals and birds have not been ruled out from all of these sites.

Benfluralin RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 13



## ----- ---- - -- 

### ------

- - - - - -Due to the lack of usage data at these sites, it is difficult to determine the magnitude of potential chronic risk that benfluralin may pose to birds and mammals. However one can assume that at the most, there is about 199,000 lbs aiper year in these use sites (BEAD 5/14/02 QUA for Benfluralin; 1,602,000 lbs total



### - 1,402,000 lbs other than these use sites). If average application of 3 lb ai/A will be assumed, then about 470,000 acres maximum would be the result of most acreage used per year for all ofthe non-bearing fruits, nuts and berries, non-agriculture and Christmas trees sites in the U.S. The potential magnitude of such use may be great. However, there is uncertainty in these assumptions in that the BEAD QUA report may not be able to accurately reflect usage in these sites.

Application of benfluralin granules will be during times of avian and mammalian reproductive activity. Therefore, potential reproductive risk to birds and mammals at these sites can be likely.

These use sites also are near freshwater bodies and estuaries. Runoff from the use sites has exceeded
acute LOCs for freshwater fish and estuarine animals. It is likely that such runoff can reach estuaries and freshwater bodies.



### Alfalfa (Cloversand Trefoils)and Lettuce. Benfluralin is incorporated in alfalfa and lettuce fields. All of the benfluralin use for lettuce is in 

### CA and AZ. The largest production ofthe winter lettuce crop is located in the Yuma, AZ area near the CA state line. This area has very good control ofrunoff. Benfluralin is applied in the fall in this area. Although there may be some reproductive RQ exceedances for birds on food items, it is not likelythat there is unacceptable reproductive risk to birds since the time of benfluralin application is not at time where most birds have a lot of reproductive activity.

Most (69%) ofthe benfluralin that is incorporated in alfalfa fields is located in arid western states. In these states, the alfalfa is usually under irrigation. If one uses the typical rate of application for alfalfa (1.1 lb ai/A), the amount ofbenfluralin applied in alfalfa acreage in the six large western states would be about 29,500 acres (47,000 lb ailyr 

### x 0.69 +- 1.1lb ai/A). The remaining 13,300 acres are in other parts ofthe U.S. Thus, the magnitude of the acreage affected is not great. Chronic LOC for birds feeding on benfluralin residues on food items at edge of field are exceeded. The culture practices of alfalfa dictate that benfluralin would be incorporated only once every 3 to 6 years depending on the yield of alfalfa fields. Exposure of the birds to benfluralin would occur during avian reproductive activity. The food items having benfluralin would be limited to edge of fields where tractors may have inadvertently sprayed on some foliage during their turning as well as any soil invertebrates in the soil. It seemsthat there may be limited plant food items bearing benfluralin residues for wildlife.



### Characterizationof Drinking Water Risk

There is some risk of drinking water contaminationby benfluralin or its degradates. However, the available monitoring data, which are forthe parent only, indicate that surface and ground water contamination is rare. In the San Joaquin Valley, where benfluralin is used on lettuce and alfalfa, the detection rate was 2% and concentrations were below 0.1 ppb (USGS Circular 1159,Water Qualityin the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins, California, 1992-5).There is also some possibility that benfluralin could be mistaken for its more widely used isomer trifluralin in monitoringprograms.

Concentrationsofpesticides in surface drinking water are estimated using the tier 

### 11model 

### PRZMEXAMS. The EXAMS scenario models the drinking water reservoir at Shipman, Illinois, which is known to be vulnerable to contamination. The PRZM-EXAMS drinking water analysis was done for parent benfluralin only. However, it is more likely that the photodegradates rather than the parent will be found in surface water, since aqueous photolysis is so rapid, and since the parent binds so strongly to sediment.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 14

### Granular Broadcast. The granular broadcast uses cause the greatest concern for surface drinking;water contamination, since the top three use categoriesby pounds used are lawn care, turf, and landscape. The ill-defined and potentially wide-spread use area for these three use categoriesmake it more likelythat some surface drinking water source will become contaminated. The broadcast application method leaves chemical on the surface of the ground and makes it available for run-off. The modeled drinking water concentrations were highest for several granular use sites with 9 

### to12 lblacre application rates.

Ground water contamination from the granular broadcast method of application is not likely, because degradation and volatilization at the surface are more rapid than soil metabolism and leaching.

Incorporated Spray. The two incorporated spray uses (lettuce and alfalfa) are of less concern for surface water contamination because the application rates are lower and soil incorporation limitsboth volatilization and run-off. Also, since alfalfa is generally not planted every year (a crop may be planted every three to six years or so), there is less chance for contamination of water. Therisk of contamination from the use on lettuce is limitedto the lettuce-growing areas of California and Arizona. The major

source of drinking water in this area is the Colorado River. Benfluralin may be more rapidly photolyzed and volatilized in these southern latitudes, further reducing the risk of contamination. Irrigation run-off in Imperial County, California flows in part to the Salton Sea, which is not used as a source of drinking
water.

Ground water contaminationby parent benfluralin from soil-incorporated sprays is unlikely due to its immobilityin soil. However, ground water contaminationby the mobile phenolic degradate

### B 12is more likely because the incorporated spray application method may promote leachingby mixing the chemical deeper in the soil.

Benfluralln RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 15

-%hM*-a--
-----=- --= 

## ------ -- - -- - -- 

### - 

### -.- -". ---

- - -- - -.

### -IV. 

### Environmental Fate Assessment

Table 5 summarizes the fate properties of benfluralin. Structures of the principal degradates are given in Appendix 

### X.

Table 5: Fate Pro~ertv Surnmarvfor Benfluralin
Fate parameter Half-life or Value

I 

## I Hydrolysis 

# I stable 

## I 

# I Aqueous Photolysis 

# I 5.5 to 9.9 hours 

# I I Soil Photolysir 

# I 12.5days 

# I I Aerobic Soil Metabolism 

# I 20 to 86 days 

# I I Anaerobic Soil Metabolism 

# 1 12days 

# I IAnaerobic Aquatic Metabolism 

# I 38 hours 

# I I ~dsomtion-Desorption, batch 

# I Koc 9840 to 11,660Lkg 

# I I Adsorption-Desorption,column leaching 

# I Parent immobile; I312 leaches 

# I

Atmospheric Oxidation 11.5hours (structure-activity estimate)

I



### 1 Fish Bioconcentration 

### 1 BCF 1580mL/e 

### I

Field Dissipation half-life

Non-incorporated Uses. The fastest transformation process for benfluralin is photolysis in water (9.9- hour half-life). Oxidationby hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere (estimated half-life on the order of 10 hours) is rapid. Given benfluralin's tendency to volatilize, oxidation in the atmosphere has the potential
to be a major fate process; the degradates will be similarto those from aqueous photolysis. (We were not able to model this process in PRZM-EXAMS.) Volatilization may be important for non-soilincorporated uses such as granular applicationsto turf. However, the formulation of benfluralin as granules is intendedto suppress volatilization, so this process may only be important if the granules disintegrate quickly. CA lettuce79 days (spray incorp) GA peanuts 62 days (spray incorp) CA turf 22 days (granular broadcast)

The metabolism of the fraction remaining in the soil can be relatively fast (20-day half-life) to relatively slow (86-day half-life), and does not result in any major degradates. A field dissipation study on turf
gave a half-life of 22 days in soil. Soil photolysis (12%-day half-life) may also contributetothe dissipation of benfluralin from soil, and results in the same set of degradates as aqueous photolysis,but in different proportions.

Parent benfluralin is not expected to leach to ground water. Degradate

### B 12, a phenol, was formed at about 6% of parent in the soil metabolism study, and is a potential ground water contaminant. The only major (> 10% of parent) degradates are due to photolysis in water and soil, and anaerobic metabolism. The first two anaerobic metabolites (B36 and B37) are reduction products, and could be re-oxidized to the parent upon desorption from bottom sediments.

IncorporatedSprav Uses. Volatilization and run-off will be lesser factors in soil-incorporated uses of benfluralin. Soil metabolism (20 to 86-day half-life) will be the major fate process in soil-incorporated uses. Field dissipation studies in lettuce and peanuts yielded half-lives of 79 and 62 days, respectively. The agreement of the field half-lives with the laboratory values indicates the importance of soil

Benfluralin RED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and EcologicalRisk Assessment 16metabolism as a fate process for incorporateduses. The only major (>lo% of parent) degradates are due
to photolysis.

Persistence andBioaccumulation. Based on its measured bioaccumulation factor in whole fish (1580), parent benfluralin is consideredto be bioaccumulative. Its half-lives in terrestrial field dissipation studies (22, 62, and 79 days) indicate that benfluralin is borderline persistent in soil, where a half-life of 60 days or greater is considered persistent. The short estimated half-life of benfluralin in air (< '/z day), however, indicates that it may not be persistent in air (where a half-life of 

### >2 days is considered persistent). Long-range transport of benfluralin may therefore not be a problem, depending on the total mass used; however its isomer trifluralin has been listed as a PBT (persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic) compound by EPA's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)program, with an annual reporting threshold of 100 pounds per year (64 

### FR 58666, Oct. 29, 1999). Benfluralin itself was also proposed for inclusion on the TRI list (59 FR 1788, Jan. 12, 1994).

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Env~ronmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 17



## -- "% I -- -" -- 

### --

### -------

### V. Drinking Water Assessment

This section provides Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for drinking water for the use of benfluralin on alfalfa in five states, on turf in Pennsylvania and Florida, on Oregon Christmas tree farms, and, to represent Non-bearing agricultural areas, Georgiapeaches, California almonds, Florida citrus, North Carolina apples, Oregon apples, Oregon berries, and Oregon hazelnuts (filberts). We have not calculated EECs for use on lettuce, because currently we have no approved PRZM scenarios for lettuce.

The ground water assessment was done for the use on rights-of-way or non-agricultural areas, as this use has the maximum annual use rate (12 Iblacre).

In all cases, the results are for parent benfluralin only. The degradatesmost likelyto be found in surface
water sources are the photolysis products (LY-48800, LY-51783, LY-50030, LY-65138, LY-67255, LY274766). See Appendix VII for structures. The most likely degradateto be found in ground water

sources is B12, a phenol (See Appendix 

### X for structure).

The modeled scenario is for a small reservoir such as the one at Shipman City, Illinois. Concentrations in flowing water bodies or larger reservoirs are likelyto be lower due to dilution and transport.

The modeling was done with the EFED shell for PRZM-EXAMS, version pe3.ply which was the officially approved version at the time. The later approved version of the EFED shell, pe4.pl, gives results that are approximately 10% higher in all cases.

Volatility was not modeled in the drinking water analysis, because incorporation of spray applications and use of granular formulations are both intendedto suppress volatilization. Modeling of volatility with EFED shell version pe4.pl confirms that there is no reduction of water concentrations for incorporated spray applications (alfalfa), as expected. For granular formulations, modeling of volatility would result in considerable reductions in water concentrations. The results presented, however, do not account for volatilization because the granular formulation is intended to suppress this process.

Concentrations for Human HealthRisk Assessment

Acute concentration (surface water). The highest (90" percentile) acute concentration was for North Carolina apples (61 ppb), followedby Georgia peaches (38 ppb) and Florida citrus (26 ppb). All of these scenarios were granular applications, at 3 lb ailacre, applied three times at 60-day intervals.

Non-cancer chronic concentration (surface water). The highest (90" percentile, 1 -in-10year) chronic concentration is 3.5 ppb (NC apples), followedby 2.0 ppb (FL citrus) and 1.4 ppb (GA peaches).

Cancer chronic concentration (surface water). The mean ofthe 25 or 30 yearly 90th percentile concentrations is used for cancer risk assessment. The highest results were 2.3 ppb (NC apples) followed by 1.5 ppb (FL citrus) and 0.85 ppb (GA peaches).

Ground Water. Acute, chronic and cancer chronic concentrations for ground water are calculated with the Tier 1model SCI-GROW. The calculated concentration is 0.07 ppb for the use on rights-of-way.

Modeling

The PRZM-EXAMS modeling for surface water was conducted in accordance with the policy established in a November 6,2002 memorandum from Steven Bradbury, Director of EFED. This includesPRZM version 3.12, EXAMS version 2.98.04, and EFED shell version 1.2(pe3.pl).

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 18The major pathway for contamination of surface water for spray applications appears to be spray drift (alfalfa and other incorporated spray uses). For turf and other granular uses, higher application rates and multiple applications result in higher drinking water concentrations than for incorporated sprayuses, despite the lack of spray drift.

The degradation processes modeled included soil metabolism and aqueous photolysis. Degradation in bottom sediments of water bodies was not modeled, because two of the major degradates from the anaerobic aquatic metabolism study (B36 and B37) are merely reduction products of the parent, and could be re-oxidizedto the parent. No aerobic aquatic metabolism study was submitted;based on benfluralin's stabilityto hydrolysis and the relatively long soil half-life input parameter (65 days), it was considered stable in aerobic water-sediment systems. Thus, to a large degree, the sediments are acting as a reservoir forthe parent compound. An aerobic aquatic metabolism study (guideline 162-4)would help
to clarify this issue.

A degradation pathway that is not accounted for in the drinking water analysis is photo-oxidationby hydroxyl radicals in air (benfluralin is known to have significant volatility). This is expectedto be a rapid process (half-life on the order of hours), and to produce degradates LY-48800 (B35), LY-51783 (B34) and LY-50030, all of which 

### are dealkylation products. The formertwo products may also feed back into the aqueous photolysis pathway upon deposition of the spray drift/volatilized chemicalto water, ultimately yielding LY-65 138,LY-67255, and LY-274766 (all benzimidazoles).

Ground water modeling was performed with the Tier 1model SCI-GROW version 2.2. Input parameters

are as follows: application rate, 12 lblacre (rights-of-way); applicationsper year, 1;median soil KO,, 10750; average soil metabolic half-life, 49 days. The values for 

### KO, and half-life were taken from the same studies as in Table II-B, Appendix 11.



### Results. Details of the PRZM-EXAMS modeling, with complete outputs are given in Appendix 11. The results are summarized here.



### Ground Water. The calculated result from SCI-GROWis 0.07 ppb for rights-of-way. This number is to be used for both acute and chronic risk assessments. Parent benfluralin is not expected to leach due to its high Koc (10,750 Llkg), and the soil column leaching and field studies support this expectation. The
very low concentration predicted by SCI-GROW (0.07ppb) indicates that benfluralin is not likely to be detected at all in ground water.

The highest concentration (5.7% of applied) degradate seen in the soil metabolism studies (B12, a phenol) was also noted in the leachate from the aged soil column leaching study (at 

### 1to 3% of applied). B 12 is thus mobile and a potential ground water contaminant.Based on its structure (a phenol with two nitro groups), it is possible that B12 will be an anion under normal environmental conditions, and therefore more mobile than the structure of the neutral compound would indicate.



### Surface Water. The following results for surface water were obtained (Table 6). The EECs represent the
upper 90' percent confidence limit on the concentrations obtained over a time period of 1961to 1990 or 1965to 1990. The EECs represent raw drinking water, before treatment in a drinking water plant.

Benfluralin RED Chapter.Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological RiskAssessment 19

------- - I - -."-------

- - -----Table 6. One-in-Ten Year Return Frequency EECs for Benfluralin (Drinking Water, surface), parts-ver-billion.



### I ALFALFA 

### I Wlth Percent Cropped Area actor 

### bf0 8jApplied 

### -

Scenar~o

CA spring alfalfa

MN alfalfa 3.0 0.09 0.09

I I I

Peak, ppb ACUTE Yearly NON-CANCER CHRONIC

3.0 0.10 0.10

CA fall alfalfa

NC alfalfa 

## 1 3.0 

### ( 0.15 

## I 0.12 

# I Avg ofyearly avgs CANCER CHRONIC

I I I 

# I

3.0 0.11 0.10

PA spring alfalfa

PA fall alfalfa

TURF 

### I TX alfalfa 3.0

3.0

3.1

FL turf

PA turf

UT TREES, VINEYARDS & BERRIES 

# I 0.12

0.12

CHRISTMAS TREE FARMS



### Surface WaterMonitorinn Data. USGS has performed monitoring for parent benfluralin under the 

### NAWQA program 

### (httr>://ca.water.us~s.gov/~nsp/allsu~n/index.html#tl~. 0.10

0.10

0.17

11.6

7.5

OR Xmas tree 3.2 0.17

In 5196 samples from 1058 surface water sites, benfluralin was detected in 92 samples at a maximum concentration of 0.097 ppb. In 1000samples taken from 40 agriculture-impacted streams, benfluralin was detected in 5 samples at a maximum concentration of 0.007ppb. In 327 samples from 11urban streams, benfluralin was detected in 1 1 samples at a maximum concentration of 0.0 11ppb. 

### In 245 samples from 14 "integrator" sites, benfluralin was detected 

### in 4 samples at a maximum of 0.009 ppb. 0.13

0.13

In each ofthe four NAWQA sampling efforts above, benfluralin was detected less than 5% of the time (0.5 to 3.4%), so the 95" percentile concentration in each case is "below detection limit" (0.002 ppb). The concentrations detected by USGS are in the same range as predicted by 

### PRZM-EXAMS for chronic concentrations for the major uses (alfalfa, turf) or slightly lower. This is consistent with the somewhat conservative assumptions used in the modeling. 0.64

0.35

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 20 0.37

0.21

### No monitoring for benfluralin degradateswas done. Many ofthe anticipated degradates will be the same as for trifluralin and similar dinitroaniline herbicides, especially those resulting from dealkylation ofthe amide group.

Ground WaterMonitoring Data 

### USGS NAWQA ground water data downloaded from the data warehouse on 311812002 

### (httv:/lwater.usp;s.aovlnawaa/data~ shows that parent benfluralin has been detected in only a handful of wells (eleven)in eight states (CA, 

### FL, MD, MO, MT, NJ, PA, TX and VT). The highest reported concentration was 0.006ppb (detection limit 0.002 ppb) in a 40-foot well in an urban area ofDauphin county, PA. This is a factor of 10 less than the SCI-GROW screening concentration.

The EPA Pesticides in Ground Water Databasereport (EPA 734-12-92-001, Sept. 1992) indicates that benfluralin (benefin)was not detectedin 471 samples in CA (1984-88), one sample in OK 

### (1986) and 188 samplesin TX (1987-8).

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal R~sk Assessment 21



# - - 

# -- -*= 

# - " 

### -- -- - -

### - --- --- -

### - a-VI. 

### Aquatic Exposure and Risk Assessment



### Toxicity toAquatic Oraanisms

Endpoints to be used in risk assessment

### - Freshwater fish acute LC,, = 69.7 ppb


### ,chronic NOAEC = 1.9 ppb Freshwater invertebrate

## - no adequate acute or chronic data on technical EstuarineJMarineFish 

## - no adequate acute or chronic data on technical EstuarinelMarine Invertebrates EC 

# ,, =43 ppb, no chronic data Aquatic plants 

## - incomplete data set, EC,, > solubility limit (100 ppb ai)



### Freshwater Fish. Based on TEP data, benfluralin is very highly toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis with rainbow trout and bluegill 96-hr. LC,, 

### > 100 ppb ai (MRID 42419202,42390801). The TGAI is more toxic (LC,, = 69.7 ppb) based on a supplemental study on bluegill (Acc.#234214).

A freshwater fish early life stage study was conducted using the rainbow trout (MRID41613805). The NOAEC was found to be 1.9 ppb ai. The endpoint affected was larval weight.



### FreshwaterInvertebrate. Based on TEP, benfluralin is highly toxic to freshwater aquatic invertebrates on an acute basis with a daphnidLC,, 

### > 100 ppb ai (MRID42390802). This study is for a formulated product, however there are currently no adequate daphnid acute data using technical grade benfluralin.

A freshwater aquatic invertebrate life-cycle study using technical grade benfluralin was conducted (MRZD 41 6 13806). The NOAEL for this study was 15.5ppb a.i. It is classified as supplemental and not upgradable because the negative control appearsto have far less neonates due to loss of neonates, which could have been the result of the unusual test design. This creates much uncertainty as to what is the actual control population. Since the controls were affected, there may be more chronic sensitivityof Daphnids exposedto benfluralin than the faulty test study indicated. It is worthwhile to note that the 

### Daphnia NOAEC for trifluralin is 2.4 ppb, which may indicatethat potentially, the benfluralin chronic NOAEC may also be very low. Uncertainties in the 

### Daphnia life cycle study appearto underestimate the potential chronic risk to aquatic invertebrates. An updated Daphnia life-cycle study will reduce much of this uncertainty.



### Estuarine/MarineFish. The acute toxicity data for estuarine fish 

### (MRID424 19202) were found to be invalid upon re-examination. The study exceeds the Agency's guidance of a 1.5variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2). The measured concentrations ranged from 6% to 8% of the nominal concentrations. Precipitation was observed at the three highest concentration levels. The LC,, is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time of exposure are not well understood. The Agency is unable to provide a risk assessment for estuarine fish because of the lack of adequate data.



### Estuarine/MarineInvertebrates. Benfluralin is highly toxic to estuarinelmarine invertebrates. The 96- hr. flow-thru mysid study (MRID 4 1613804) yielded an EC,, =43 ppb ai and NOAEC = 16ppb.

The eastern oyster flow-thru shell deposition study (MRID41613803) is invalid since the control oysters demonstrated lower shell growth (under 2.0 mm) than shouldbe expected (i.e., 1.7 and 1.4 mm, respectively) by test termination. In addition, the measured concentrations increased considerably during the 96-hour exposure. The Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommendedby the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2) was exceeded at the
two highest dose concentrations. The LC,, is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time of exposure are not well understood.

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 22Aquatic Plants. There are currently phytotoxicity data (MRID4 1613809) on only one species

## - Selenastrum capricorntum, a green algae. This study was performed with the technical product, and yielded a 49% response at greater than the solubility limit (100 ppb ai). Data for four other species are outstanding. The Agency is unable toprovide an aquatic non-target plant risk assessment until additional data on the other four required species are provided.

Ex~ected Environmental Concentrations

This section provides Estimated Environmental Concentrations in surface water (farm pond). Because of benfluralin's high organic carbon partitioning coefficient 

### (KO, = 10,750), it has a strong tendencyto bind
to soil rather than dissolve in water. Thus, any transport to water from the soil to which it is applied is probably due to transport of suspended soil particles. Modeling results indicate that spray drift dominates the inputto water for spray applications. Benfluralin may also be transported from soil to
water by volatilization and re-condensation,but this phenomenon cannot be quantified at this time.

As stated above, spray drift plays a strong role in the surface water EECs for spray a~vlications. If the spray drift is setto zero in PRZM-EXAMS (normally it is I%), the peak concentration in the pond for the California spring alfalfa scenario falls from 0.77 ppb to 0.3 1 ppb. Thus, spray drift accounts for 60% of the surface water peak EEC.

The modeling was done with the EFED shell for PRZM-EXAMS, version pe3.pl, which was the officially approved version at the time. The later approved version of the EFED shell, pe4.pl, gives results that are approximately 10% higher in all cases.

Volatility was not modeled in the farm pond analysis, because incorporation of spray applications and use of granular formulations are both intended to suppress volatilization. Modeling of volatility with EFED shell version pe4.pl confirms that there is no reduction of water concentrations for incorporated spray applications (alfalfa), as expected. For granular formulations, modeling of volatility would result in considerable reductions in water concentrations. The results presented, however, do not account for volatilization because the granular formulation is intendedto suppressthis process.

Surface- Water Monitoring andModeling. The Expected Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for benfluralin in surface water were calculated using PRZM-EXAMS modeling with the farm pond scenario. Input parameters (Table 11-B, Appendix 11) were the same as used for the Drinking Water section, except for spray drift, which was 1%for ground spray applicationsto alfalfa. Spray drift for granular applications was the same as in the drinking water analysis (0%). The results of the PRZMEXAMS analysis are given in Table 7.

BenfluralinRED Chapter EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 23



# --------- -- - ----*- - - - -
-Table 7. One-in-Ten Year Return Frequency EECs for Benfluralin (Farm Pond scenario) in Parts-Per-Billion

Scenario Peak, ppb 96-hr 21 -day 60-day

ALFALFA

0.77 0.65 CA spring alfalfa1

CA fall alfalfa1

MN alfalfa

NC alfalfa

PA spring Alfalfa

PA fall alfalfa

- -- TX alfalfa 0.96 0.76

FL turf

FL turf, 2 apps

PA turf

PA turf, 2 apps

- CHRISTMAS TREE FARMS

1.5 1.3 OR Xmas trees

& BERRIES 

# s

- NON-BEARING FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES,VINEYARD!

GA peaches

CA almond

FL citrus

NC apples

OR apples I 18.3

2.5

13.1

OR berries

OR filberts



### 'The EEC values for lettucewill be approximately one-halfofthe alfalfa values since lettuce is applied at one-half rate of alfalfa and California alfalfa scenarios appearto reflect lettuce scenarios. 13.0

2.0

10.2

30.3

3.9

GENEEC

Risk toNontarpetAauatic Animals 24.0

3.0

3.6

3.7

Non-Ag areas

### - 1 app
Non-Ag areas

### - 2 app

PRZM-EXAMS was used to calculate acute and chronic exposure concentrations for uses of benfluralin

on turf, alfalfa, Christmas tree farms, and non-bearing agricultural areas. Acute risk assessments are performed using peak EEC values for single and multiple applications. Chronic risk assessments are performed using the 2 1-dayEECs for invertebrates and 60-day EECs for fish. 2.7

2.9

BenflurallnRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Rlsk Assessment 24

**.a'm-*-- 

# - -- 

## --PA----.*-----

- 

# - 30.4

50.2 29.0

47.9 22.5

37.2 13.9

23.0GENEEC, a Tier 

### I screening exposure program, was used to calculate acute and chronic exposure concentrations for benfluralin use on non-agricultural land such as rights-of-way, because there is no PRZM scenario for these uses. Acute risk assessments are performed using peak EEC values for single and multiple applications. Chronic risk assessments are performed using the 21-day EECs for invertebrates and 56-day EECs for fish.

The RQs and LOCs for acute risk from benfluralin for both freshwater and estuarine organisms are in Table 

### 8.

Table 8. Acute Risk Quotients for Freshwater Fish (bluegill LC,, = 69.7 ppb), Aquatic Invertebrates (Daphnia rnagna LC,, > 100 ppb), and Estuarine Invertebrates (mysid shrimp LC,, =43 ppb).

. -

.. . . 

### -

. -" -.

.
Site 'I'ypeof AcutcRQ LOC AcuteRQ LOC Acute KQ LOC Application Freshwater Exceeded' Aquatic Exceeded Estuarine Exceeded Fish Invertebrate' Invertebrate

NON-AGRICULTURALAREAS (GENEEC)

Non-Agricultural areas broadcast (lx) 0.44 RU, ES 0.29 RU, ES 0.71 AR, RU, ES

broadcast (2x) 0.72 AR, RU, 0.48 AR,RU, 1.17 AR, RU, ES ES ES

ALFALFA

alfalfa

### - all sites incorporated <0.05 

### -- <0.05 

### -- <0.05 

### --

CHRISTMAS TREE FARMS

Christmastrees 

### - OR broadcast (2x) < 0.05 -- <0.05 

### -- < 0.05 

### --

TURF

turf 

### - FL broadcast (lx) < 0.05 - <0.05 

### -- 0.06 ES

broadcast (2x) 0.08 ES <0.06 ES 0.13 RU, ES

turf - PA broadcast (lx) < 0.05 

### --- <0.05 

### -- <0.05 

### --

broadcast (2x) 0.05 ES <0.05 

### -- 0.09 ES

NON-BEARING FRUIT TREES, NUT TREES, VINEYARDS & BERRIES

Peaches

### - GA broadcast 0.26 RU, ES 0.18 RU, ES 0.43 RU, ES

almonds

### - CA broadcast < 0.05 

### --- <0.05 

### -- 0.06 ES

citrus 

### - FL broadcast 0.19 RU, ES 0.13 RU, ES 0.30 RU, ES

apples

### -NC broadcast 0.43 RU, ES 0.30 RU, ES 0.70 AR, Ru, ES

apples

### - OR broadcast 0.06 ES <0.05 

### -- 0.09 ES

berries 

### - OR broadcast 0.05 ES <0.05 

### -- 0.08 ES

filberts

### - OR broadcast 0.05 ES <0.05 

### -- 0.09 ES

1)AR= Acute risk (LOC 0.5); RU =RestrictedUse (LOC 0.1); ES =Endangered Species (LOC 0.05) 2) The aquatic invertebrateLC,, value is based on TEP formulation. The TEP LC,, values appear to be consistentlyless sensitive than the technical active ingredient. There is great uncertainty in these risk quotients and therefore a high value is placed on receiving LC,, data for the TGAI..

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 25

-- - --" 

### ------ 

### ------- ----*--"The LOC for acute risk (0.5) to non-endangered freshwater fish was exceeded for second application on non-agricultural areas. Presumption of restricted use LOC (0.1) was exceeded for freshwater fish in nonagricultural areas and non-bearing fruit trees. The endangered species LOC (0.05) was exceeded for freshwater fish for the non-agricultural areas, non-bearing fruit trees, vineyards and berries, and second application on turf.

The LOCs for risk to non-endangered species was exceeded for freshwater invertebrates at nonagricultural areas 

### (2X application). Presumption of restricted use LOC (0.1) was exceeded for freshwater invertebrates at non-agricultural areas, non-agricultural areas, non-bearing fmittrees, nut trees, vineyards and berries. The endangered species LOC (0.05) was exceeded for freshwater invertebrates for the non-agricultural areas, turf, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards and berries.

The LOC for acute risk (0.5) to non-endangered estuarine invertebrates was exceeded for nonagricultural areas, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards and berries. Presumption of restricted use LOC (0.1) was exceeded for estuarine invertebratesin non-agricultural areas, turf, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards and berries. The endangered species LOC (0.05) was exceeded for estuarine invertebrates for the non-agricultural areas, turf, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards and berries.

No LOCs were exceeded for any of the alfalfa scenarios or for Christmas Trees.

The RQs for chronic risk for freshwater fish are presented in Table 

### 9.

Table 9. Chronic Risk Quotients for Freshwater Fish Early Life Stage Toxicity using Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) (NOAEC 1.9ppb) Based on 56-day EEC.

Site Chronic RQ Freshwater Fish 

### '

Christmas trees 

### - OR 

### - 2

Non-Agricultural areas

### - 1

Non-Agricultural areas

### - 2

alfalfa

### - all sites

turf

### - PA 

### - all sites

Peaches

### - GA

almonds

### - CA

citrus 

### - FL

apples

### -NC

apples

### - OR

berries 

### - OR

filberts

## - OR

Bold Type indicates that Chronic LOC of 1.0 was exceeded. The chronic LOC is exceeded for non-agricultural areas, non-bearing fruit trees, nut trees, vineyards and berries when comparedto the 60-day average EEC. No chronic LOCs were exceeded for alfalfa or turf uses sites.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 26

### Risk toAauatic Plants.

The LOC for acute risk and endangered aquatic plant species is 1.O. Using the 96-hour

### EEC as the exposure concentration, and 100ppb (solubility limit) as the concentration causing 49% growth inhibition in a green alga, there are no LOC exceedances. A new study of all four recommended aquatic plant species would help to clarify what concentration is toxic to these plants.

VII. TerrestrialExposure and Risk Assessment



### TerrestrialExposure- Terrestrial exposure has been modeled for two methods of application

## - spray incorporated and granular broadcast. The spray application used the ELL-Fate Version 1.2, July 19, 2001, spreadsheet. This spreadsheet-basedmodel calculates the decay of a chemical appliedto foliar surfaces for single or multiple applications. It uses the same principle as the batch code models FATE and TERREEC for calculating terrestrial estimated exposure concentrations (TEEC) on plant surfaces following application. A first-order decay assumption is used to determine the concentration at each day after initial application based on the concentration resulting from the initial and additional applications. The decay is calculated from the first-order rate equation.

For the spray application, it is assumed that the exposureto wildlife food items would be from edge of the field where the tractor turns around. The default half-life used in modelingEECs on terrestrial food items (plants and insects) is 35 days. The default half-life was not chosen because 

### 1)benfluralin is volatile (vapor pressure = 6.6 

### x rnrn Hg @ 25C and Henry's Constant =2.91 

### x Atm m3/ mol) and 2) the main route of degradation is photolysis. The half-life due to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere is estimated to be 10hours. The half-life used for the model in this case is the soil photolysis half-life of 12.5 days, since there is adequate evidencethat the default value is inappropriate. For the broadcast application of granular formulation, the field dissipation study (MRID 41778901) on turf using granular formulation was used. The half-life is 22 days.



### Enduoints to be 

### used in risk assessment

### -

Bobwhite and Mallard LD,, 

### >2000 mg/kg for acute Bobwhite and Mallard LC,, >4360 pprn for acute Bobwhite NOAEC 

### <96 pprn for chronic Rat LD,, 

### > 10,000mg/kg for acute Rat NOAEC = 100pprn for chronic Bee LD,,>10 pg/bee Terrestrial plants 

### - no data for TEP available



### Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms

Avian. Benfluralin is categorized as practically nontoxicto avian species on 

### an acute oral and dietary basis. The LD,, in both bobwhite quail and mallard is 

### >2,000 mg/kg. The 5-day subacuteLC,, is 

### > 4360 ppm.

Avian reproduction studies were conducted with the bobwhite quail and the mallard duck. The bobwhite quail study 

### (MRID 42145502) found effects at the lowest concentration tested (96 pprn ai). Therefore the study was not able to determine the NOAEC level. The endpoints affected included survivors, egg set, and 14day survivors weight. The mallard duck study (MRID 42145501) found the NOAEC levelto be 288 pprn ai. The endpoint affected is percentage of eggs cracked. Another study using the bobwhite

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 27quail will need to be done to assess benfluralin chronic effectsto birds. Reproductive effects can be expected below 96 ppm for birds.



### Mammals. Based on the results of acute oral toxicity testing (accession numbers 266539,24255, 243848) with the rat, benfluralin is categorized as practically non-toxic to smallmammals on an acute oral basis (LD,, rat >10,000 mglkg). In a rat 2-generation reproduction study 

### (MRID 43628701), the NOAEC for benfluralin was 100ppm ai and the LOAEC was 1000ppm ai. The endpoints affected were decreased body weight, food consumption and body weight, liver and kidney enlargement, deadlmissing pups, hyaline droplets in the kidney, and decreasedpup size.



### Bees. Based on the results of a honey bee acute contact toxicity test, Benfluralin is categorized as practically non-toxic to bees (LD,,> 10 pglbee; 

### MRID 000 18842,41613812).



### TerrestrialPlants. Seedling emergence and vegetative vigor studies using the technical grade of benfluralin were conducted 

### (MRID 43599201). The results of these studies indicate that benfluralin does not have any adverse acute effects on the 10 crop species tested. However, all terrestrial plant studies shouldbe conducted with the Typical End Product (TEP) instead of the technical grade product. The TEP is formulated with adjuvants such as surfactants that affect plant uptake and toxicity. The data generated fromthis study using the technical grade of benfluralin is of limited value in assessing risk to non-target terrestrial plants. It is important that seedling emergenceand vegetative vigor studiesbe conducted using the TEP so that risk can be assessed to non-target plants from runoff and spray drift.



### Exposure ofTerrestrial Oraanisms to SprayApplications

Terrestrial exposure was evaluated using estimated environmental concentrations generated from ELLFATE. The model assumes initial concentrations on plant surfacesbased on Kenaga predicted maximum residues as modified by Fletcher 

### et al. (1994) and assumes first-order dissipation. Explanation of the model and sample output are presented in Appendix

### V.

Table 10. Estimated maximum environmental concentrations for turf and lettuce (ppm).

Broadleaf Plantsf Site Short Grass Tall Clrass Insects Seeds

Alfalfa (3 lb ai/A, one application) 720 330 405 45

Lettuce (1.5 lb ai/A: one application) 360 165 203 23



### Exposure ofTerrestrial Organisms: Granular Applications

Benfluralin granules are broadcast on turf (golf courses and residential lawns), Christmas trees, nonagricultural areas, and ornamental use sites. We assumed 100% of the application was present on the surface of the soil and turf grass. At the present time, procedures for estimating chronic risk have not been developed for exposureto granular formulations.

Estimating long term exposure from granular applicationsis difficult, since the granules are not expected
to remain intact over extended periods. The chemical is expected to become distributed in the soil as the granules dissipate. However, a qualitative risk assessment is presented in Appendix VII, using the chronic endpoint (reproduction) for the chronic risk to mammals and birds. The persistence on turf (22- day half-life) is considered long enough that small birds and mammals that eat a large percentage of their body weight per day will suffer chronic exposure. The fugacity model was also used to describe exposure from granules that have broken down in soil. See Appendix VII.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 28

### Risk Quotientsfrom Swayfovmulationsfor Birds

Since the acute avian LC,, (>4360 ppm)and LD,, (>2000 mg/kg-bw) are greater than the highest dose tested and there is no mortality observed at the highest concentration dose, it is assumed that unacceptable risk to birds is not likely. Therefore, no RQs were calculated for acute risk to birds.

Table 12. Avian Chronic Level of Concern Exceedancesfor BenfluralinBased on a BobwhiteNOAEC of <96 vvm



### ..
Use Sitcs Short

### grass TallGrass Rroadleaf Plants/lnsccts Seeds-

- 7- -7 -- I - 

### - -- 1- 

### -

Risk Quotientsfrom GranularFormulationsfor Birds Alfalfa

Lettuce

Birds may be exposed to granular pesticides ingesting granuleswhen foraging for food or grit. They also
may be exposedby other routes, such as by walking on exposed granules or drinking water contaminated by granules. After the granules are broken down in the soil, the birds may also be exposedby eating soil and invertebrates containing benfluralin.

Since the acute avian LC,, (>4360 ppm)and LD,, (>2000 mglkg-bw) are greater than the highest dose tested and there is no mortality observed at the highest concentration dose, it is assumed that unacceptable risk to birds is not likely. Therefore, no RQs were calculated for acute risk to birds. The avian chronic LOC is exceeded on all food items except seeds at lettuce and alfalfa use sites. Maximum Residue

7.5

3.75

Currently, EFED does not have a standard procedure for assessing chronic risk to avian species from granular products. Estimating long term exposure from granular applications is difficult, since the granules are not expected to remain intact over extended periods. The chemical is expected to become distributed in the soil as the granules dissipate. However, 

### EFED has explored two approachesto assessing granular exposure using chronic endpoints (reproductive study) for qualifying the risk to mammals and birds. One method is to determine the number of granules needed to approach the avian chronic endpoint of 

### 96 ppm. The calculations and assumptions are in Appendix

### VI. Another method is
to calculate the amount of benfluralin residues in soil and invertebrate food items for avian dietaryby using a fugacity model. The calculations and assumptions are in Appendix

### VII. The table below show the avian chronic RQs calculated from the fugacity model.

BenfluralinRED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 29

* - - ----*--aMaximum Residue

3.44

1.72 Maximum Residue

4.22

2.11 Maximum Residue

< 1

< 1

### Food-Chain Effects. The concentration of benfluralin in whole fish in the bioaccumulation studyranged from 5 to 7 ppm when it was tested in water at 4 ppb. The calculated bioconcentration factor for whole fish was 1,580. Ifthe BCF is applied to water concentrationsfrom the NC apple scenario (which gave the highest EECs of all ofthe PRZM-EXAMS scenariosused), the following concentrations result.

Tahle 14 BinconcentratinnRiqk O~lntient IJqin~ Avian T OAFC nf < 96 nnm

. . . .-..
. ..-..
. . -.
. ..-

. .- - --

. . Day ish Conc (ppm) RQ(fish concLOAEC)

I 1 I

The modeled water concentrations are about equal to the LC,, in bluegill (69.7 ppb). This means that fish exposedto this concentration may be dead or dying, and therefore easier prey for fish-eating scavengers such asthe bald eagle. 7

Average

Fish-eating birds chronically exposed to fish containing these levels of benfluralin may exceed the chronic Level of Concern (RQ = 1). TheNOAEC for birds is 

### <96 ppm, yielding an RQ of > 0.41 for the 7-day average concentration in water (benfluralin required 

### 7 daysto reach equilibrium in the fish bioconcentration study). The endpoints of concern for chronic exposure 

### in birds were survivors and 14- day survivor weight. At higher concentrations, endpoints of concern are also egg set and percent cracked eggshells. Fish-eating populations of birds exposed at these levelsmay thus be at reproductive risk.



### Risk Quotientsfrom Surav Formulationsfor Mammals Notes: LOAEC <96 ppm. Bold water concentrations are PRZM-EXAMS results. Otherwater concentrations were calculated using decay rate of 1.59ppblday derived from peak and 4-day concentrations. 19.20

24.77

No acute LOC exceedances were seen for mammals with the labeled use of benfluralin for lettuce and alfalfa as incorporated spray formulations.

The mammalian chronic LOC exceedences (Table 15) follow the same pattern as for birds (Table 13). LOCs are exceeded for all food items for the lettuce and alfalfa use except for seeds. 30.34

39.13

Table 15. Mammalian Chronic Risk Quotient Exceedances for Spray-Incorporated BenfluralinBased on a Rat ChronicNOAEC of 100

vom >0.32

>0.41



### . .

BenfluralinRED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 30 L'rop

3se Sites

Ufalfa

>ettuce Short Ciass

maximum residues

7.2

3.6 Tall Grass

maximum residues

3.30

1.65 Broadleaf Plants/lnsects

maximum residues

4.05

2.03 Seeds

maximum residues

< 1

< 1

### Risk Quotientsfiom Granular Formulationsfor Mammals

Mammals may be exposed to granular pesticides by ingesting granules when foraging for food or licking their fur. They also may be exposed by other routes, such as by walking on exposed granules or drinking water contaminated by granules. After the granules are broken down in the soil, the mammals may also be exposed by eating soil and invertebrates containing benfluralin.

Since the acute rat 

### LD,, (10,000 mg/kg-bw) is greater than the highest dose tested and there was no mortality observed at the highest concentration dose, it is assumedthat unacceptable risk tomammals is not likely. Therefore, no RQs were calculated for acute risk to mammals.

Currently, EFED does not have a standard procedure for assessing chronic risk tomammalian species from granular products. Estimating long term exposure from granular applications is difficult, since the granules are not expected to remain intact over extended periods. The chemical is expected tobecome distributed in the soil as the granules dissipate. However, granular exposure using chronic endpoints (reproductive study) are calculated in Appendix 

### VII for qualifying the risk to mammals and birds. The table below shows the mammalian chronic RQs calculated from the fugacity model.

BenflurallnRED Chapter. EnvironmentalFate and EcologicalRlsk Assessment 3 1



### -------- - - - -- -

### VIII. Endangered Species Assessment

The Agency's level of concern for endangered and threatened birds, mammals, fish, and aquatic invertebrates, is exceeded for the use of benfluralin on the use sites listed in Table 17.

Acute Risk freshwater fish freshwater fish freshwater fish freshwater invertebrates freshwater invertebrates freshwater invertebrates estuarine invertebrate estuarine invertebrate estuarine invertebrate 1

able 17. Summary of Endangered SpeciesLOC Fxceedances

Usc Sltes

Granule spray

Chronic Risk Freshwater fish, birds, birds, mammals Freshwater fish, birds, birds, 

# I birds, mammals mammals mammals mammals Non-Agriculturalhas Turf Non-BearingV~neyards, Chr~stmas Fru~t Trees, Nut Trees, Tree Farms and Berrles

There are currently no available data to assess acute risk to endangered species of estuarine fish, freshwater invertebrates, aquatic plants, and terrestrial plants. In addition, there are no available data to assess chronic risk to freshwater invertebrates, estuarine fish, and estuarine invertebrates. Additional acute data are needed to reduce uncertainty of risk to freshwater fish and chronic data for bobwhite quail. Alfalfa, Lettuce

The Agency has determined that acute risk to endangered species of birds and mammals are not likely.

The Agency has developed the Endangered Species Protection Programto identify pesticides whose use may cause adverse impacts on endangered and threatened species, and to implement mitigation measures that address these impacts. The Endangered Species Act requires federal agenciesto ensure that their actions are not likelytojeopardize listed species or adversely modify designated critical habitat. To analyze the potential of registered pesticide uses to affect any particular species, EPA puts basic toxicity and exposure data developed for REDSinto context for individual listed species and their locationsby evaluating important ecological parameters, pesticide use information, the geographic relationship between specific pesticide uses and species locations, and biological requirements and behavioral aspects of the particular species. This analysis will take into consideration any regulatory changesrecommended in this RED that are being implementedat this time. A determination that there is a likelihood of potential impactto a listed species may result in limitations on use of the pesticide, other measuresto mitigate any potential impact, or consultations with the Fish and Wildlife Service and/or the National Marine Fisheries Service as necessary.

The Endangered Species Protection Program as described in a Federal Register notice (54 FR 27984- 28008, July 

### 3, 1989) is currently being implemented on an interim basis. As part of the interim program, the Agency has developed County Specific Pamphlets that articulate many of the specific measures outlined in the Biological Opinions issued to date. The Pamphlets are available for voluntary use by pesticide applicators on EPA's website at www.epa.gov/espp. 

### A final Endangered Species Protection Program, which may be altered from the interim program, is scheduledto be proposed for public
comment in the Federal Register in 2002.

BenfluralinRED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 32

-= 4. - -- --- - - 

## -------

### Appendix I: Ecological ToxicityData



### 1. Toxicity to Terrestrial Animals

a. Birds, Acute and Subacute

An acute oraltoxicity study using the technical grade ofthe active ingredient (TGAI) was required to establish the toxicity of Benfluralin to birds. The preferred test species is either mallard duck (a waterfowl) or bobwhite quail (an upland gamebird). Results of this test are tabulated below.

Table I 

### - A Acute Oral Toxicity to Birds

MRIDNo. Study Species % ai LD,, (mgkg) Toxicity Category AuthorJYear Classification'

Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)

Mallard (Anasplatyrhynchos)

Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) 97.2 >2000 practically 00024273 supplemental non-toxic Broddle, 1973

97.2 >2000 practically 00160000 non-toxic Tucker, 1984

97.2 >2000 practically 00160875 non-toxic Secat, 1985 core

core

Mallard 97.2 >2000 practically 00024273 supplemental (Anas ulatvrhvnchos) non-toxic Broddle, 1973 

### ' Core (study satisfies guideline). Supplemental (study is scientifically sound, but does not satisfy guideline)

Since the 

### LD,, is greater than 2000 mglkg, benfluralin is practically non- toxic
to avian species on an acute oral basis. No mortalities were observed.

Two subacute dietary studies using the TGAI are required to establish the toxicity of Benfluralin
to birds. The preferred test species are mallard duck and bobwhite quail. Results of these tests are tabulated below.

Northern bobwhite quail (Colinusvirginianus) 96.4 >4360 practically 00024635 core non-toxic West, 1977

Mallard duck 96.4 >4550 practically 00026954 core (Anasplatyrhynchos) non-toxic West, 1977 

## ' Test organismsobserved an additional three days while on untreated feed. No mortalitieswere observed.

Since the 

### LC,, is greater than 4360 ppm, Benfluralin is practically non- toxic to avian species on a subacute dietary basis.

b. 

### Birds, Chronic

Avian reproduction studies using the 

### TGAI were required for Benfluralin because the following conditions were met: 

### (1) birds may be subject to repeated or continuous exposuretothe pesticide, especially preceding or during the breeding season, (2) the pesticide is stable in the environmentto the extent that potentially toxic amounts may persist in animal feed, 

### (3) the pesticide is stored or accumulated in plant or animal tissues, and/or, (4) information derived from mammalian reproduction

BenfluralinRED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 33studies indicates reproduction in terrestrial vertebrates may be adversely affectedby the anticipated use of the product. The preferred test species are mallard duck and bobwhite quail. Results of these tests are tabulated below.

Table I 

### - C Reproductive Toxicity to Birds
Species/ NOAEL LOML MRIDNo. Study StudyDurat~on %a1 (ppm ai) (ppm a~) LOAFL Endpoints A~rthortYear Classification

Northern bobwhite quail 95.6 <96 96 survivors,egg set and 14 day 42145502 Supplemental (Colinusvirginianus) survivors weight Murray, 1991

Mallard duck 95.6 288 Percentage eggs cracked 42145501 Core (Anas ~lalwhynchos) Murray, 1991

Adverse reproductive effects to quail are expected below 96 ppm ai. Another quail study is needed to access reproductive effects to quail.



### c. Mammals, Acute and Chronic

Wild mammal testing is required on a case-by-case basis, depending on the results of lower tier laboratorymammalian studies, intended use pattern and pertinent environmental fate characteristics. In most cases, rat or mouse toxicity values obtained from the Agency's Health Effects Division (HED) substitute for wild mammal testing. These toxicity values are reported below.

Table I

# - D Toxicitv to Mammals

- -~ --..

~ .-
.
Affected Species % ai Test Type ToxicityValue Endpoints MRID or Acc. No.

Rat (Rattus nowegicus)

Rat (Rattus nowegicus)

Rat (Rattus nowegicus)

Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Rat (Rattus nowegicus)

Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Rat (Rattus nowegicus)

Rat (Rattus nowegicus)

Rat (Rattus nowegicus)

Rat (Rattus nowegicus) 2.5

16.5

2.0

1.33

17.65

19.4

technical

25.0

19.1

95.8 Acute oral

Acute oral

Acute oral

Acute oral

Acute oral

Acute oral

Acute oral

Acute oral

Acute oral
Reproduction 2-generation LD,, > 5000 mdkg

LD,, >542

LD,, > 500

LD,, >500

LD,, > 595

LD,, >98.7

LD,, > 10,000

LD,, > 5000

LD,, > 5010 mgkg

NOAEL = 100ppm LOAEL = 1000ppm Mortality
Mortality
Mortality
Mortality
Mortality
Mortality
Mortality
Mortality
Mortality

Decreased body weight, body weight gains and food consumption. Liver and kidney enlargement, deadlmissingpups, hyaline droplets

The results indicate that benfluralin is practically non-toxicto small mammals on an acute oral basis. Reproductive effects may be seen above 100ppm for smallmammals.

d. 

### Insects

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 34A honey bee acute contact study using the TGAI was required for Benfluralin because its use on alfalfa, berries, and clover will result in honey bee exposure. Results of this test are tabulated below.

Table I 

## - E Acute Contact Toxicity to Nontarget lnsects

LDSO MRID NO. Study Species % a1 (pg'bee) Toxic~ty Category AulhorJYear Classification

Honey bee tech. 14.5 practicallyno;-toxic 00018842 (Apis mellijeru) Atkins, 1969 core

Honey bee 96.5 >lo1 practically non-toxic 41613812 core {Apismelliferuj Hoxter, 1990

The results indicate that Benfluralin is practically non-toxicto bees on an acute contact basis.

2. Toxicity to FreshwaterAnimals

a. Freshwater Fish, Acute

Two freshwater fish toxicity studies using the TGAI were required to establish the toxicity of Benfluralin to fish. The preferred test species are rainbow trout (a coldwater fish) and bluegill sunfish (a warmwater fish). Results of these tests are tabulated below.

Table I 

### - F Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

96-hour Spcciesl LC, (PP~ ail MRlD No. Study Classification (Flow-throughor Static) 96 a1 (measured) Author/Year

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) static
Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Flow-thru

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss) static
Bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) 97.3 81 00145756 supplemental (NOAEC = 17 ppb) Hamelink, 1985

96.4 69.7 (96 hr.) 00026955 (NOAEC=13.6 ppb) Kehr, 1977

288 42419201 Brock, 1992

420 42390801 Brock, 1992 supplemental

core

core

static
Since the benfluralin formulated product LC,, falls in the range of 0.288ppm aito 0.42 ppm ai, it is very highly toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis.

MRID 00145756 and 00026955 are supplemental studies because these studies exceed the Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2). The data is still useful for risk assessment sincemuch of the test concentrations are below the solubility limit of 100 ppb and the LC,, can be determined. The guideline studies should nonetheless be repeated using updated testing proceduresto create more confidence in the 

### LC,, value. The concentrations in the study are below:



### MRID 00026955 Bluegill Acute LC,, with 96.4%ai; Nominal concentrations (ppb) 

## - 20, 36, 64, 112, 200 28-day Measured concentrations (ppb)- 6.6, 13.6, 27.2, 55.1, 100.4

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 35Measured conc. S.D. Dead fish at 96 hrs. 

## - 1.4, 4.3, 10.1, 19.5, 8.3 None, none, none, 1, 10



### MRID 00145756 Trout Acute LC,, with 97.3% ai Nominal conc.(ppb) Mean Measured Std D. Dead fish at 96 hrs 5 6 17 4 None 90 40 8 None 140 52 3 1 225 77 11 3 330 84 19 8

MRID 41613801 is considered to be an invalid study because the study exceed the Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2). In addition, only one test concentration (13 ppb) was below the solubility limit (100 ppb). The LC50 is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time of exposure of benfluralin to the organisms are not well understood. The concentrations in the study are below: Nominal concentrations (ppb) 

### - 100, 10000 20000 30000 50000 Measured mean conc.- "old" (ppb)- 11, 1500, 800, 1200, 1000 Measured mean conc.- "new" (ppb)- 16, 9000, 12700*, 22200*, 41800* Measured mean conc. 

### - 13, 5300, 6800, 11700, 21400 Measured conc. Std Deviation 3 4400 8400 14800, 28800 

## * half of reps were not measured since all of animals died after 24 hrs.

b. Freshwater Fish, Chronic

A freshwater fish early life-stage test using the TGAI was required for Benfluralin because the end-use product is expected to be transported to water from the intended use site, and the following conditions are met: 

### (1) the pesticide is intended for use suchthat itspresence in water is likelytobe continuous or recurrent regardless of toxicity, (2) any aquatic acute LC,, or EC,, is less than 1mg/L, and (3) studies of other birds and smallmammals indicate the reproductive physiology of fish may be affected. The preferred test species is rainbow trout. Results ofthis test are tabulated below.

Rainbow trout 95.9 0.0019 0.005 41613805 core lOncorhvnchusmvkiss) larval length Cocke. 1990

At 1.9 ppb, no significant differences were noted in larval length, larval survival and larval weight when comparedto controls. Significant reductions occurred in larval length at 5.0ppb and larval survival and larval weight at 14.8 ppb.

c. Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute

Benfluralin RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 36



## -

-A 

### -- - -- - 

### -

. *--* -a-A freshwater aquatic invertebrate toxicity test using the TGAI was required to establish the toxicity of Benfluralin to aquatic invertebrates. The preferred test species is

### Daphnia rnagna. Results of this test are tabulated below.

Table I 

## - H Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

Species, 48-hourEC,, MRIDNo. Study Classification Study Type %ai (ppm ai) AuthorNear

Waterflea (Daphniamagna) 20.1 2.18 42390802 core' static Newsted, 1992 Core only for formulated product.

Since the EC,, is 2.18 ppm ai, Benfluralin formulated product classifies as moderately toxic to freshwater invertebrates on an acute basis.

Acc# 257844 is considered to be an invalid study because it exceeds the Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2). The LC50 is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time of exposure of benfluralin to the organisms are not well understood. Guideline 72-2a testing of aquatic invertebrate with technical grade benfluralin is outstanding. The concentrations in the study are below: Accession 257844 

### (MRID 00415757) Daphnia Acute EC50 with 97.3% ai Nominal concentrations (ppb) 

## - 25000, 50000, 100000 Measured concentrations (ppb)- (unfiltered) 3900, 4700, 7200 Measured concentrations (ppb) 

### - (filtered) 110, 100, 70



### d. Freshwater Invertebrate, Chronic

A freshwater aquatic invertebrate life-cycle test using the TGAI was required for benfluralin since the end-use product may be applied directlyto water or is expected to be transported to water from the intended use site, and the following conditions are met: (1) the pesticide is intended for use such that itspresence in water is likelyto be continuous or recurrent regardless of toxicity, (2) any aquatic acute LC,, or EC,, is less than 1mg/L, or, (3) the EEC in water is equal to or greater than 0.01 of any acute EC,, or LC,, value, or, (4)the actual or estimated environmental concentration in water resulting from

use is less than 0.0 1 of any aquatic acute EC,, or LC,, value and any of the following conditions exist: studies of other organisms indicate the reproductivephysiology of invertebratesmay be affected, physicochemical properties indicate cumulative effects, or the pesticide is persistent in water (i.e., halflife greater than 4 days). The preferred test species is

### Daphnia nzagna. Results of this test are tabulated below.

Waterflea 95.9 0.0155 0.0308 reproduction 41613806 supplemental (Daphniamagna) Mohr, 1990

The guideline (72-4'0) is supplemental and not upgradable because the negative control had far less neonates than the positive control or the other test concentrations. In addition, there was a loss of neonates in the control and othertest concentrations due to the unusual test design. This creates much uncertainty as to what the actual reproductive effect was from exposureto benfluralin. However, the

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 37study results provide some useful information that indicates that Benfluralin can cause reproductive effects at low concentrationsto 

### Daphnia 

### magna.

3. Toxicity to Estuarine and Marine Animals

a. Estuarine and Marine Fish, Acute

Acute toxicity testing with estuarinelmarine fish using the TGAI was required for Benfluralin because the end-use product is expected to reach this environment because of its use in coastal counties. The preferred test species is sheepshead minnow.



### MRID 416 13802is consideredtobe an invalid study because it exceeds the Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM 

### E729, p. 392, l l .9.3.4(2). The measured concentrations range from 6% to 8% ofthe nominal concentrations. Precipitation was observed at the three highest concentration levels. The LC,, is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time of exposure of benfluralin to the organisms

are not well understood. The concentrations in the study are below: Nominal concentrations (ppb) 

## - 1900, 3200, 5400, 9000, 15000 Measured concentrations (ppb)- 160, 2 10, 330, 850, 1100

c. Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates, Acute

Acute toxicity testing with estuarinelmarine invertebrates using the TGAI was required for Benfluralin because the end-use product is expected to reach this environment because of its use in coastal counties. The preferred test species are mysid shrimp and eastern oyster. Results ofthese tests are tabulated below.

Table I 

## - J Acute Toxicity to EstuarineIMarine Invertebrates

Species, 96-hourEC,, MRID No. Study Type of Study %al. (pp~n ai) Toxic~ty Category AuthorIYear Classification

Mysid (Americamysis 96.6 0.043 very highly toxic 41613804 core

Since the EC,, for the mysid is less than 0.1 ppm ai, Benfluralin is classified as very highly toxic
to estuarinelmarine invertebrates on an acute basis.

The eastern oyster study (MRID 41613803) is invalid due to the control oysters demonstrated lower shell growth 

## - under 2.0 mm 

### - than should be expected (i.e., 1.7and 1.4mm, respectively)by test termination. 

### In addition, the measured concentrations increased considerably during the 96-hour exposure. The Agency's guidance of a 1.5 variability limit for test concentrations as recommended by the Rejection Rate Analysis and ASTM E-729, p. 392, 11.9.3.4(2) was exceeded atthe two highest dose concentrations. The LC,, is too uncertain to be used since actual test concentrations and time of exposure of benfluralin to the organisms are not well understood. The concentrations in the study are below: Nominal concentrations (ppb) 

## - 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, Measured concentrations (ppb)- 44, 59, 100, 120, 260 Measured concentration S.D.

# - 35, 45, 52, 68, 20

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate and EcologicalR~sk Assessment 38

".'- -*- -

### -------- -- - --- -----------a&d. 

### Estuarine and Marine Invertebrate, Chronic

An estuarine/marine invertebrate life-cycle toxicity test using the TGAI should be required for benfluralin because the end-use product is expectedto be transported to the estuarine environmentfrom the intended use site (turf, peaches, citrus), the mysid LC,, is less than 1mg/l, the EEC in water is equal
to or greater than 0.01 of the acute mysid LC,, of 43 ppb and studies of birds and mammals indicate the reproductive physiology may be affected. The preferred test species is mysid shrimp. Data from this guideline is needed to assess risk to estuarine invertebrates.



### 3. Toxicity to Plants

i. 

### Terrestrial Plants

Terrestrial plant testing was required for Benfluralin because it is an herbicide with outdoor terrestrial use patterns, and it may pose hazards to endangered or threatened plant species. The required testing consists of seedling emergence and vegetative vigor tests with ten plant species. Six of the species must be dicotyledonous and represent at least four families. One of these species must be soybean (Glycine

### max)and a second must be a root crop. The remaining four speciesmust be monocotyledonous and represent at least two families. One of these species must be corn (Zea 

### mays).

DowElancohad tested Benfluralin on the germination of ten crop species in 1989. Since that time, the Agency has waived the germination data requirements due to high uncertainty associated with the data from germination studies and the low value such studies offer since the seedling emergence studies also provide emergence information.The citation for the germination studies submitted in 1989 is 

### MRID 41613808, Waldrep, 1989.

Tier I1 tests measure the response of plants, relative to a control, and five or more test concentrations. Results of Tier I1toxicity testing on the technical material are tabulated below.

Table I 

## - K Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Seedling Emergence Toxicity (Tier 11)

Ec25 NOAEC MRID No. Study Class~fication Species % ai (Ib adA) (Ib ai/A) AuthorIYear

Monocot-Corn

Monocot- Sorghum

Monocot- onion

Monocot-wheat

Sunflower

Cabbage

Cotton

Cucumber

Radish 95.6technical >3

1.3

>3

>3

>3

>3

>3

>3

>3 0.375 43599201 Supplemental Schwab, 1995 0.75

BenfluralinRED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 39



# -- *

# ---"

"* -"--*--- - - -

### ------
----=Table I 

### - L Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Vegetative Vigor Toxicity (Tier 11)

EC2$ EC", MRlD No. Species %ai (Ibs ai/A) (Ib ai/A) Authorffear Study Classification

Corn 95.6 >3 3 43599201 supplemental Schwab, 1995
Onion >3 3
Sorghum >3 0.05

Wheat >3 3
Cabbage >3 1.5

Cotton >3 3

Cucumber 23 0.38

Radish >3 3
Soybean 2.3 0.38

Sunflower >3 0.05

The seedling emergenceand vegetative studies are both classified as supplemental because the TGAI and not the TEP was tested. Another seedlingemergence and vegetativevigor studies will need to be presented in order that risk assessments on terrestrial plants may be done.

2. Aquatic Plants

Aquatic plant testing isrequired for any herbicide that has outdoor non-residential terrestrial uses and that can runoff into nearby water bodies.

Results of Tier 

### I toxicity testing on the technical material are tabulatedbelow.

Table I 

### - M Toxicity to Aquatic Plants (Tier I)

conc. LURID No Species 96 ai (ppm) % Response AuthorIYear Study Classification

Green algae (formerlySelenastrum 95.9 0,100 49 41613809 core capricorntum)Kirchneria Cocke, 1990



### Lemna gibba, Skeletonema costatum, AnabaenaJlos-aquae, and a freshwater diatom (usually 

### Navicula sp.)have not been tested. These species are outstanding.

Benflural~n RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological R~sk Assessment 40



### ."
-** - -.

- -- ----"m----L "

### Appendix 11: PRZM-EXAMS,GENEEC and SCIGROW Results

PRZM-EXAMS Scenarios (surface water)

PRZM-EXAMS standard scenarios for established turf in Florida and Pennsylvania were used with an application date of April 

### 10. The Oregon Christmas tree farm scenario was used with an application date of April 15. The 

### 9 Ib ailacre granular use areas (non-bearing vineyards, fruit trees, nut trees, and berries) were represented by GA peaches, CA almonds,

### FL citrus,NC apples, OR apples, OR berries, and OR filberts. A default first application date of April 

### 1was used for these scenarios.

The PRZM-EXAMS standard scenarios for alfalfa were altered to reflect the following application, emergence, maturation, and harvest dates. All dates were set to reflect seeding dates for newly planted, rather than established, alfalfa. References are given in Table 11-A. PRZM-EXAMS input parameters are given in Table 11-B.

Table II-A. Alfalfa Scenarios

I I I I 

## ( Scenario 

# 1 Reference 

# 1 Application 

# 1 Emergence

CA spring http://alfalfa.ucdavis.edu Feb 10 Feb 15 /SUBPAGES/2001Symp 

# I I osiumlProceedingsl 

# I
Nov 1 

# I NOV 6

CASO1 timing5.pdf
http://www.rnda.state. May 10 May 15 mn.us/crp/forage.htm 

# I Martin, J, Leonard, W, 

# I Sep I 

# I S~P 6 Stamp, D, Principles of Field Crop Production,

PA fall 1976,p. 633 Aun 20 Aug 25 Maturation Harvest

Feb 25 Apr 21

Nov 16

Aug 10

Sep 16 Nov 10

Oct 29

Benflural~n RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and EcologicalRlsk Assessment 41



# -

.>- -- -- -" 

## ---- -
- -- -- --

### able 11-B. 

### PRZM-EXAMSInput Par;

Parameter
Application date, interval

Depth of Incorporation (cm)

ChemicalApplication Method (CAM)

Application Rate

Application Efficiency

SprayDrift

Foliar extraction

Decay rate on foliage

Volatilization rate from foliage
Plant uptake factor

Decay rate in soil (aerobic soil metabolism rate)

Soil-water Distribution coefficient (Koc)

Henry's Law constant

Aqueous degradation rate (aerobic aquatic metabolism)

Aqueous photolysis

Hydrolysis
Molecular weight
Solubility

Vapor Pressure 

### neters

Value

Alfalfa: One application. See above for dates. Turf: Two applications, spaced at 56 days. First app April 1. Xmas tree; Two applications, spaced at 60 days. First app. April 15. Non-bearing agricultural areas: Three applications,spaced at 60 days; first app. April 1.

5 cm (alfalfa) 1cm (turf,Xmas trees, non-bearing ag)

4 (soil applied, user-definedincorp. depth, uniform with depth

1.68kglhectare(alfalfa)(=1.5 lblacre) 3.37 kglhectare (turf, non-bearingag) (= 3.0 lblacre) 4.48 kglhectare(Xmas tree) (= 4.0 lblacre)

0.99 (ground spray, alfalfa) 1.0 (granular, turf, non-bearing ag, Xmas tree)

0.064 (ground spray, alfalfa) 0.0 (granular, turf, Xmas tree, non-bearing ag) 

# -

- 0 (default)

0 (default)

0 (default)

0 (default)
65-day half-life (upper 90%ile ofmean on 6 values) (Addendum 1to ACC. No.257843) (Addendum 1to MRID 4 175 17-03) (Zimdahl & Gwynn 1977,DER dated 10121102)

10750 (avg of4 values) MRID 416138-16

0.000291 atrn-m3.mol-'(Wauchope, Rev Environ Contam Toxic01 1992, 123: 1-1 55) (=VP/solubility)

no data, assumed stable

half-life =9.9 hours (Acc.No. 404572-01, 1986) (MRID 416138-14)

stable at all pH (Acc.No. 257843)

335.29 dm01

0.1 mgL @ 25°C (Tomlin,The PesticideManual World Compendium, 1994)

0.000066rnmHg (Tomlin,The PesticideManual World Compendium, 1994)



### Appendix 111: 

### Aquatic Estimated Environmental Concentrations

(EECs)

Benfluralin RED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and EcologicalRisk Assessment 421) California Spring alfalfa

stored as CA-spr Koc.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: CAspringalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:10:00 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 197 9 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 0.7244 1.058 0.7478 0.7444 0.7414 0.7428 0.7412 0.7424 0.7429 0.7481 0.744 0.7419 0.7573 0.7439 0.7417 0.7447 0.7409 0.8559 0.7456 0.7424 0.7461 0.7423 0.7442 0.7445 0.7415 0.7752 0.7468 0.7435 0.7421 0.7425

Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.032 1.058 0.064 0.8559 0.096 0.7752 0.129 0.7573 0.161 0.7481 0.193 0.7478 0.225 0.7468 0.258 0.7461 0.290 0.7456 0.322 0.7447 0.354 0.7445 0.387 0.7444 0.419 0.7442 0.451 0.744 0.483 0.7439 0.516 0.7435 21 Day 0.1761 0.2989 0.2053 0.1926 0.1897 0.191 0.1895 0.1949 0.2676 0.2054 0.1922 0.1901 0.2355 0.1921 0.1901 0.1901 0.1893 0.2327 0.2019 0.2568 0.1942 0.1907 0.2022 0.1924 0.1896 0.2708 0.207 0.1933 0.1929 0.1909

21 Day 0.2989 0.2708 0.2676 0.2568 0.2355 0.2327 0.207 0.2054 0.2053 0.2022 0.2019 0.194 9 0.1942 0.1933 0.1929 0.1926 60 Day 0.08081 0.1439 0.1082 0.09472 0.1061 0.09326 0.09713 0.09855 0.1421 0.1103 0.09479 0.09237 0.1179 0.09677 0.0929 0.09214 0.09256 0.1258 0.1008 0.1321 0.09872 0.1013 0.1072 0.09458 0.09208 0.1407 0.1076 0.09573 0.102 0.09313

60 Day 0.1439 0.1421 0.1407 0.1321 0.1258 0.1179 0.1103 0.1082 0.1076 0.1072 0.1061 0.102 0.1013 0.1008 0.09872 0.09855 90 Day 0.06239 0.1129 0.0895 0.0751 0.08441 0.07373 0.08058 0.07811 0.1139 0.0881 0.07651 0.07289 0.093 0.07677 0.07331 0.07259 0.07295 0.101 0.08009 0.1046 0.0791 0.0808 0.08856 0.07496 0.07259 0.1111 0.08569 0.07856 0.08103 0.07454

90 Day 0.1139 0.1129 0.1111 0.1046 0.101 0.093 0.0895 0.08856 0.0881 0.08569 0.08441 0.08103 0.0808 0.08058 0.08009 0.0791 Yearly 0.05082 0.0485 0.04808 0.04604 0.04469 0.04115 0.04069 0.04057 0.04041 0.0395 0.03749 0.03648 0.03629 0.03625 0.03606 0.03606

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 43

v*m--- -- - - ---- -- ----dm--0.1 0.77341 0.64703 0.26652 0.13984 0.11045 0.047876 Average of yearly averages: 0.0373273333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

2) California Fall alfalfa

stored as CA fall Koc.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: CAfallalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:11:18 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 196 9 1970 197 1 1972 1973 1974 1975 197 6 1977 197 8 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 0.7229 0.739 0.7402 0.7395 0.7398 0.7393 0.7415 0.7396 0.7489 0.7431 0.7415 0.7395 0.7415 0.7402 0.7395 0.7401 0.7392 0.7423 0.7401 0.7412 0.7399 0.74 0.7451 0.7409 0.7397 0.7417 0.7413 0.7395 0.7401 0.74 21 Day 0.1774 0.1857 0.1975 0.1894 0.1909 0.1876 0.1902 0.2102 0.198 0.1898 0.1884 0.2159 0.1888 0.1869 0.1862 0.1911 0.1859 0.191 0.1889 0.1879 0.1869 0.1952 0.1971 0.1878 0.197 0.1884 0.188 0.1894 0.1868 0.1867 60 Day 0.0891 0.09002 0.09705 0.09284 0.09449 0.103 0.09449 0.1051 0.1008 0.1068 0.09408 0.1063 0.09432 0.09459 0.09042 0.09343 0.09601 0.09582 0.09256 0.09222 0.091 0.1064 0.1026 0.09648 0.09854 0.1007 0.09252 0.09649 0.09187 0.09147 90 Day 0.05974 0.06409 0.06925 0.06618 0.06743 0.07293 0.06796 0.07447 0.07733 0.07681 0.06776 0.07522 0.06794 0.06757 0.06451 0.06681 0.0683 0.06914 0.06619 0.06633 0.06508 0.07547 0.07468 0.0691 0.07006 0.07228 0.06659 0.06863 0.06573 0.06541 Yearly 0.01473 0.03359 0.03662 0.03415 0.03506 0.03562 0.03796 0.03653 0.05488 0.04378 0.03779 0.03665 0.0382 0.03607 0.03382 0.03585 0.03444 0.0404 0.03558 0.03788 0.03503 0.03759 0.04684 0.03728 0.03561 0.03992 0.03765 0.03483 0.03521 0.03536

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 44Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 0.7489 0.574 0.064 0.7451 0.5437 0.096 0.7431 0.5401 0.129 0.7423 0.5399 0.161 0.7417 0.5379 0.193 0.7415 0.537 1 0.225 0.7415 0.5365 0.258 0.7415 0.5363 0.290 0.7413 0.5363 0.322 0.7412 0.5363 0.354 0.7409 0.5361 0.387 0.7402 0.536 0.419 0.7402 0.5357 0.451 0.7401 0.535 0.483 0.7401 0.535 0.516 0.7401 0.5349 0.548 0.74 0.5349 0.580 0.74 0.5348 0.612 0.7399 0.5348 0.645 0.7398 0.5347 0.677 0.7397 0.5347 0.709 0.7396 0.5346 0.741 0.7395 0.5345 0.774 0.7395 0.5342 0.806 0.7395 0.5342 0.838 0.7395 0.5342 0.870 0.7393 0.534 0.903 0.7392 0.534 0.935 0.739 0.5338 0.967 0.7229 0.5161 21 Day 0.2159 0.2102 0.198 0.1975 0.1971 0.197 0.1952 0.1911 0.191 0.1909 0.1902 0.1898 0.1894 0.1894 0.1889 0.1888 0.1884 0.1884 0.188 0.1879 0.1878 0.1876 0.1869 0.1869 0.1868 0.1867 0.1862 0.1859 0.1857 0.1774 60 Day 0.1068 0.1064 0.1063 0.1051 0.103 0.1026 0.1008 0.1007 0.09854 0.09705 0.09649 0.09648 0.09601 0.09582 0.09459 0.09449 0.09449 0.09432 0.09408 0.09343 0.09284 0.09256 0.09252 0.09222 0.09187 0.09147 0.091 0.09042 0.09002 0.08 91 90 Day 0.07733 0.07681 0.07547 0.07522 0.07468 0.07447 0.07293 0.07228 0.07006 0.06925 0.06914 0.0691 0.06863 0.0683 0.06796 0.06794 0.06776 0.06757 0.06743 0.06681 0.06659 0.06633 0.06619 0,06618 0.06573 0.06541 0.06508 0.06451 0.06409 0.05974 Yearly 0.05488 0.04684 0.04378 0.0404 0.03992 0.0382 0.03796 0.03788 0.03779 0.03765 0.03759 0.03728 0.03665 0.03662 0.03653 0.03607 0.03585 0.03562 0.03561 0.03558 0.03536 0.03521 0.03506 0.03503 0.03483 0.03444 0.03415 0.03382 0.03359 0.01473

0.1 0.74302 0.54008 0.19795 0.10618 0.075445 0.043442 Average of yearly averages: 0.0368306666666667

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

3) Minnesota alfalfa

stored as MN alf Koc.out Chemical: benfluTalin PRZM environment: MNalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:13:10 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: ~14914. dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:52 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 Peak 0.7208 0.735 0.7401 0.7386 0.7405 0.7377 0.7376 0.7361 0.7359 0.7396 0.7385 0.739 0.738 21 Day 0.1851 0.2178 0.1881 0.1819 0.185 0.1812 0.1809 0.1795 0.1804 0.1836 0.1926 0.2112 0.1815 60 Day 0.08363 0.1152 0.09343 0.1106 0.09076 0.08701 0.08717 0.08628 0.08778 0.09321 0.09559 0.1013 0.0872 90 Day 0.06507 0.09139 0.07357 0.08762 0.0737 0.0706 0.06831 0.06756 0.08313 0.07341 0.07564 0.08028 0.06924 Yearly 0.02447 0.03988 0.03713 0.0407 0.03564 0.0337 0.03128 0.03018 0.03733 0.03632 0.03675 0.03685 0.03462

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 45Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 0.7846 0.5705 0.064 0.7438 0.5631 0.096 0.7426 0.561 0.129 0.7406 0.5341 0.161 0.7406 0.533 0.193 0.7405 0.5317 0.225 0.7405 0.531 0.258 0.7401 0.5309 0.290 0.7401 0.5305 0.322 0.74 0.5305 0.354 0.7396 0.5304 0.387 0.7392 0.5302 0.419 0.739 0.53 0.451 0.7389 0.5296 0.483 0.7387 0.5291 0.516 0.7386 0.5289 0.548 0.7385 0.5289 0.580 0.7381 0.5285 0.612 0.738 0.5284 0.645 0.738 0.5284 0.677 0.7378 0.5282 0.709 0.7378 0.5282 0.741 0.7377 0.5281 0.774 0.7376 0.528 0.806 0.7376 0.528 0.838 0.7373 0.5277 0.870 0.7361 0.5264 0.903 0.7359 0.5263 0.935 0.735 0.5254 0.967 0.7208 0.5201 21 Day 0.2224 0.2178 0.2112 0.2082 0.1961 0.194 0.1926 0.1881 0.1869 0.1858 0.1851 0.185 0.1842 0.184 0.184 0.1836 0.1835 0.1833 0.1832 0.1821 0.182 0.1819 0.1815 0.1814 0.1813 0.1812 0.181 0.1809 0.1804 0.1795 60 Day 0.1282 0.1152 0.111 0.1106 0.1096 0.1052 0.1043 0.1019 0.1014 0.1013 0.09932 0.09559 0.09418 0.09388 0.09343 0.09329 0.09321 0.09252 0.09221 0.09076 0.08899 0.08854 0.08778 0.08771 0.0872 0.08717 0.08701 0.08683 0.08628 0.08363 90 Day 0.1044 0.09139 0.08986 0.08762 0.08704 0.0863 0.08433 0.08313 0.08262 0.08219 0.08128 0.08118 0.08028 0.07715 0.07581 0.07564 0.0752 0.0737 0.07357 0.07341 0.0731 0.0706 0.06993 0.0694 0.06936 0.06924 0.06831 0.06805 0.06756 0.06507 Yearly 0.04952 0.04327 0.04148 0.0407 0.04025 0.04019 0.04003 0.03988 0.03878 0.03733 0.03722 0.03717 0.03713 0.03685 0.03675 0.03668 0.03651 0.03632 0.03564 0.03557 0.03554 0.03486 0.03466 0.03462 0.03435 0.0337 0.03281 0.03128 0.03018 0.02447

0.1 0.7424 0.55831 0.2109 0.11096 0.089636 0.041402 Average of yearly averages: 0.0367913333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

4) North Carolina alfalfa

stored as NC alf Koc.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: NCalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:14:52

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and EcologicalRisk Assessment 46EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w03812.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:50 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 0.7187 0.7426 0.7508 0.8366 0.7464 0.7416 0.7436 0.7483 0.7546 0.7502 0.849 0.7584 0.7498 0.7656 0.7551 0.7542 0.7448 0.7452 0.7448 0.7559 0.745 0.7431 0.7783 0.7496 0.7455 0.7565

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.037 0.849 0.6576 0.074 0.8366 0.6147 0.111 0.7783 0.6057 0.148 0.7656 0.5976 0.185 0.7584 0.5867 0.222 0.7565 0.5677 0.259 0.7559 0.5527 0.296 0.7551 0.5455 0.333 0.7546 0.5431 0.370 0.7542 0.543 0.407 0.7508 0.5422 0.444 0.7502 0.5417 0.481 0.7498 0.5414 0.518 0.7496 0.5406 0.555 0.7483 0.5373 0.592 0.7464 0.5369 0.629 0.7455 0.5354 0.666 0.7452 0.5335 0.703 0.745 0.5326 0.740 0.7448 0.5323 0.777 0.7448 0.5319 0.814 0.7436 0.5319 0.851 0.7431 0.5308 0.888 0.7426 0.5298 0.925 0.7416 0.5288 0.962 0.7187 0.5046 21 Day 0.1649 0.2547 0.2098 0.2106 0.189 0.1828 0.1951 0.1902 0.2012 0.2053 0.254 0.2173 0.3997 0.2491 0.2172 0.195 0.1913 0.1862 0.2662 0.1965 0.1855 0.2 632 0.3779 0.23 0.2122 0.2297

21 Day 0.3997 0.3779 0.2662 0.2632 0.2547 0.254 0.2491 0.23 0.22 97 0.2173 0.2172 0.2122 0.2106 0.2098 0.2053 0.2012 0.1965 0.1951 0.195 0.1913 0.1902 0.189 0.1862 0.1855 0.1828 0.1649 60 Day 0.1189 0.1516 0.1147 0.1322 0.1122 0.1043 0.1394 0.1449 0.1106 0.1122 0.2012 0.1434 0.2329 0.1357 0.1377 0.1227 0.09911 0.1051 0.152 0.1093 0.09471 0.1412 0.1891 0.1299 0.1685 0.1645

60 Day 0.232 9 0.2012 0.1891 0.1685 0.1645 0.152 0.1516 0.1449 0.1434 0.1412 0.1394 0.1377 0.1357 0.1322 0.1299 0.1227 0.1189 0.1147 0.1122 0.1122 0.1106 0.1093 0.1051 0.1043 0.09911 0.09471 90 Day 0.09322 0.1311 0.09663 0.1097 0.09207 0.09623 0.1168 0.1262 0.09453 0.09275 0.1742 0.1187 0.213 0.1139 0.1445 0.1021 0.08087 0.09087 0.1284 0.09466 0.08318 0.1235 0.1553 0.108 0.1443 0.1401

90 Day 0.213 0.1742 0.1553 0.1445 0.1443 0.1401 0.1311 0.1284 0.1262 0.1235 0.1187 0.1168 0.1139 0.1097 0.108 0.1021 0.09663 0.09623 0.09466 0.09453 0.09322 0.09275 0.09207 0.09087 0.08318 0.08087 Yearly 0.0263 0.06134 0.05895 0.06015 0.05471 0.05078 0.06112 0.06756 0.06872 0.06075 0.07756 0.07968 0.09411 0.08834 0.08293 0.06657 0.04934 0.05698 0.06908 0.0674 0.05035 0.05718 0.07739 0.06362 0.06769 0.0807

Yearly 0.09411 0.08834 0.08293 0.0807 0.07968 0.07756 0.07739 0.06908 0.06872 0.06769 0.06756 0.0674 0.06657 0.06362 0.06134 0.06112 0.06075 0.06015 0.05895 0.05718 0.05698 0.05471 0.05078 0.05035 0.04934 0.0263

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and EcologicalRisk Assessment 47Average of yearly averages: 0.0653576923076923

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

5) Pennsylvania Spring alfalfa

stored as PA spr alf-Koc.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: PAspringalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 12:43:16 EXAMS environment: pond298.e~~ modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:,06:12 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 0.7224 0.7407 0.7436 0.85 0.7443 0.7423 0.744 0.748 0.7493 0.7665 0.747 0.7519 0.7573 0.7529 0.751 0.7515 0.748 0.7692 0.7501 0.7494 0.7429 0.7445 0.7546 0.7474 0.7552 0.7584 0.7465 0.7503 0.751 0.7524

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 0.85 0.613 0.064 0.7692 0.5582 0.096 0.7665 0.5555 0.129 0.7584 0.5548 0.161 0.7573 0.5506 0.193 0.7552 0.5501 0.225 0.7546 0.548 0.258 0.7529 0.547 0.290 0.7524 0.5457 0.322 0.7519 0.5452 0.354 0.7515 0.5449 0.387 0.751 0.5444 0.419 0.751 0.5439 0.4510.7503 0.5439 21 Day 0.1714 0.1855 0.1885 0.2331 0.1889 0.1979 0.2107 0.2655 0.2019 0.2014 0.1926 0.2006 0.204 0.1972 0.2028 0.1976 0.1938 0.1962 0.1992 0.2047 0.1939 0.1981 0.2028 0.2216 0.2383 0.201 0.193 0.1949 0.2368 0.2006

21 Day 0.2655 0.2383 0.2368 0.2331 0.2216 0.2107 0.2047 0.204 0.2028 0.2028 0.2019 0.2014 0.201 0.2006 60 Day 0.07813 0.09537 0.09244 0.117 0.09345 0.09751 0.1136 0.1557 0.1029 0.1025 0.113 0.1278 0.1172 0.1137 0.1153 0.1009 0.09988 0.1167 0.1166 0.1086 0.1177 0.1271 0.106 0.1572 0.1282 0.1089 0.09584 0.1411 0.1478 0.135

60 Day 0.1572 0.1557 0.1478 0.1411 0.135 0.1282 0.1278 0.1271 0.1177 0.1172 0.117 0.1167 0.1166 0.1153 90 Day 0.065 0.07769 0.07313 0.09427 0.07419 0.07684 0.1049 0.1238 0.08324 0.08286 0.09024 0.1276 0.1112 0.09453 0.0981 0.08162 0.08027 0.09636 0.09557 0.08681 0.097 0.1091 0.08954 0.1422 0.1052 0.08902 0.08322 0.1139 0.1237 0.113

90 Day 0.1422 0.1276 0.1238 0.1237 0.1139 0.113 0.1112 0.1091 0.1052 0.1049 0.0981 0.097 0.09636 0.09557 Yearly 0.02881 0.04018 0.04056 0.04505 0.03854 ' 0.04029 0.05153 0.05837 0.05442 0.0477 0.05494 0.06792 0.06205 0.05624 0.05616 0.04947 0.04499 0.05295 0.05455 0.04375 0.04552 0.06007 0.04948 0.06927 0.06507 0.0509 0.05179 0.06012 0.0633 0.06231

Yearly 0.06927 0.06792 0.06507 0.0633 0.06231 0.06205 0.06012 0.06007 0.05837 0.05624 0.05616 0.05494 0.05455 0.05442

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 480.1 0.76569 0.55543 0.23643 0.14713 0.12379 0.064893 Average of yearly averages: 0.05221

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002

6) Pennsylvania Fall alfalfa

stored as PA fall alf Koc.out Chemical: benfluralinPRZM environment: PAfallalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 12:45:24 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 196 9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 197 6 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Peak 0.7174 0.7347 0.7378 0.7446 0.7393 0.7413 0.7427 0.7407 0.7385 0.7376 0.7433 0.7499 0.7497 0.7492 0.7451 0.7479 0.7441 0.7464 0.7416 0.7437 0.7381 0.7385 0.7375 0.7434 1.075 0.7527 1.001 0.7489 0.744 21 Day 0.1665 0.1873 0.1776 0.1844 0.2187 0.1866 0.2034 0.1847 0.1835 0.1942 0.2927 0.2122 0.1927 0.2156 0.1858 0.1873 0.2069 0.1945 0.2179 0.1835 0.1781 0.1843 0.1774 0.1848 0.2853 0.2065 0.282 0.2406 0.1866 60 Day 0.07526 0.09693 0.1303 0.09746 0.123 0.1234 0.1014 0.09429 0.09362 0.1033 0.1694 0.1118 0.1324 0.1327 0.1403 0.1216 0.115 0.1003 0.1545 0.09274 0.09229 0.09073 0.08757 0.09321 0.182 0.109 0.1903 0.1268 0.1241 90 Day 0.05827 0.08618 0.1133 0.07884 0.09858 0.1017 0.08682 0.08064 0.07495 0.1011 0.1457 0.1139 0.1111 0.1087 0.1267 0.1054 0.101 0.08106 0.1254 0.07871 0.07488 0.07616 0.0786 0.08277 0.1522 0.0918 0.1547 0.1037 0.1062 Yearly 0.01846 0.0404 0.0525 0.05152 0.04909 0.05199 0.05074 0.04604 0.04057 0.04866 0.06895 0.06905 0.06735 0.06174 0.06473 0.06194 0.0573 0.05099 0.06107 0.04869 0.04013 0.04006 0.04501 0.04822 0.06642 0.06452 0.06956 0.06387 0.05575

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 49Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 1.075 0.7715 0.064 1.001 0.7201 0.096 0.7527 0.575 0.129 0.7499 0.5737 0.161 0.7497 0.558 0.193 0.7492 0.5415 0.225 0.7489 0.5393 0.258 0.7479 0.5349 0.290 0.7464 0.534 8 0.322 0.7451 0.5347 0.354 0.7446 0.5339 0.387 0.7441 0.5328 0.419 0.744 0.5317 0.451 0.7437 0.5312 0.483 0.7434 0.5303 0.516 0.7433 0.5296 0.548 0.7427 0.5292 0.580 0.7427 0.5288 0.612 0.7416 0.5284 0.645 0.7413 0.5278 0.677 0.7407 0.5267 0.709 0.7393 0.5261 0.741 0.7385 0.5257 0.774 0.7385 0.5235 0.806 0.7381 0.5233 0.838 0.7378 0.5232 0.870 0.7376 0.5231 0.903 0.7375 0.5228 0.935 0.7347 0.5225 0.967 0.7174 0.5137 21 Day 0.2927 0.2853 0.282 0.2406 0.2187 0.2179 0.2156 0.2122 0.2069 0.2065 0.2034 0.1945 0.1942 0.1927 0.1873 0.1873 0.1866 0.1866 0.1858 0.1848 0.1847 0.1844 0.1843 0.1837 0.1835 0.1835 0.1781 0.1776 0.1774 0.1665 60 Day 0.1903 0.182 0.1694 0.1545 0.1403 0.1327 0.1324 0.1303 0.1268 0.1241 0.1234 0.123 0.1216 0.115 0.1118 0.109 0.1033 0.1014 0.1003 0.09746 0.09693 0.0948 0.09429 0.09362 0.09321 0.09274 0.09229 0.09073 0.08757 0.07526 90 Day 0.1547 0.1522 0.1457 0.1267 0.1254 0.1139 0.1133 0.1111 0.1087 0.1062 0.1054 0.1037 0.1017 0.1011 0.101 0.09858 0.0918 0.08751 0.08682 0.08618 0.08277 0.08106 0.08064 0.07884 0.07871 0.0786 0.07616 0.07495 0.07488 0.05827

0.1 0.75242 0.57487 0.27786 0.16791 0.1438 0.06879 Average of yearly averages: 0.0535193333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

7) Texas alfalfa

stored as TX alf Koc.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: TXalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:16:36 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w13958.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:24 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 Peak 0.7187 0.7461 0.7485 0.7422 1.095 0.7 623 0.7475 0.7641 0.7548 0.9012 0.7443 21 Day 0.291 0.2354 0.2031 0.2651 0.3244 0.2451 0.3008 0.2831 0.1974 0.2286 0.1899 60 Day 0.1365 0.1551 0.1049 0.208 0.2274 0.1301 0.2039 0.1478 0.1091 0.1453 0.1019 90 Day 0.1142 0.1249 0.08535 0.1874 0.1926 0.1068 0.1879 0.1253 0.08942 0.1193 0.09116 Yearly 0.03236 0.05907 0.05522 0.07576 0.1087 0.07709 0.08017 0.08972 0.06503 0.06477 0.05411

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 50Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 1.218 0.9949 0.064 1.095 0.7911 0.096 0.9669 0.7653 0.129 0.9012 0.7173 0.161 0.8607 0.6941 0.193 0.8302 0.6434 0.225 0.8067 0.6199 0.258 0.7935 0.6131 0.290 0.7741 0.5789 0.322 0.7641 0.5757 0.354 0.7623 0.5604 0.387 0.7598 0.5526 0.419 0.7548 0.5495 0.451 0.7544 0.5482 0.483 0.7532 0.5472 0.516 0.7519 0.5467 0.548 0.7513 0.5415 0.580 0.7509 0.539 0.612 0.7485 0.5384 0.645 0.7475 0.5381 0.677 0.7461 0.5356 0.709 0.7457 0.5329 0.741 0.7453 0.5324 0.774 0.7443 0.5322 0.806 0.7438 0.5315 0.838 0.7432 0.531 0.870 0.7422 0.5302 0.903 0.7414 0.5294 0.935 0.74 0.5272 0.967 0.7187 0.5046 21 Day 0.6023 0.3494 0.3245 0.3244 0.3008 0.291 0.2853 0.2831 0.2803 0.2 651 0.2465 0.2454 0.2451 0.2408 0.2354 0.2347 0.2286 0.2282 0.2229 0.2126 0.2115 0.2031 0.2026 0.2015 0.1974 0.1922 0.1899 0.1883 0.1863 0.1839 60 Day 0.3372 0.2358 0.2274 0.208 0.2039 0.2027 0.1837 0.1792 0.1712 0.1687 0.161 0.1551 0.1478 0.1453 0.1365 0.1359 0.135 0.1342 0.1301 0.1272 0.1238 0.117 6 0.114 0.1091 0.1088 0.1074 0.1064 0.1049 0.1019 0.0946 90 Day 0.2739 0.1943 0.1926 0.1879 0.1874 0.1654 0.1543 0.154 0.1464 0.1415 0.1361 0.1352 0.1269 0.1253 0.1249 0.1195 0.1193 0.1178 0.1142 0.1121 0.1068 0.1043 0.0987 0.09554 0.09116 0.08942 0.08795 0.08677 0.08535 0.07988 Yearly 0.1087 0.1025 0.099 0.09568 0.09215 0.08972 0.08135 0.08017 0.07892 0.07879 0.07762 0.07709 0.07576 0.06671 0.06503 0.06477 0.06406 0.06341 0.06334 0.06223 0.05927 0.05907 0.05838 0.05667 0.05522 0.05411 0.05389 0.0538 0.04563 0.03236

0.1 0.96033 0.7605 0.32449 0.22546 0.19213 0.098668 Average of yearly averages: 0.0705133333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

8) Florida Turf, one application

stored as FL turf Koc.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: FLturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:44:48

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 51EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w12834.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 197 7 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 0.8341 0.9473 1.844 1.875 1.057 2.798 0.9383 2.273 0.8975 0.1451 0.8067 1.287 0.2611 0.7013 0.4138 2.734 0.5059 1.406 2.421 0.2741 0.5439 1.58 1.007 2.22 0.685 0.981 0.1419 0.2981 1.082 0.2062

Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.032 2.798 0.064 2.734 0.096 2.421 0.129 2.273 0.161 2.22 0.193 1.875 0.225 1.844 0.258 1.58 0.290 1.406 0.322 1.287 0.354 1.082 0.387 1.057 0.419 1.007 0.451 0.981 0.483 0.9473 0.516 0.9383 0.548 0.8975 0.580 0.8341 0.612 0.8067 0.645 0.7013 0.677 0.685 0.709 0.5439 0.741 0.5059 0.774 0.4138 21 Day 0.2276 0.268 0.592 0.6135 0.4176 0.981 0.322 0.7367 0.2985 0.1253 0.2167 0.3639 0.1222 0.224 0.1419 0.746 0.1981 0.3754 0.6419 0.1486 0.2282 0.42 0.4001 0.5834 0.2128 0.3288 0.07306 0.09294 0.2966 0.07784

21 Day 0.981 0.746 0.7367 0.6419 0.6135 0.592 0.5834 0.42 0.4176 0.4001 0.3754 0.3639 0.3288 0.322 0.2985 0.2966 0.268 0.2282 0.2276 0.224 0.2167 0.2128 0.1981 0.1486 60 Day 0.1252 0.1863 0.3288 0.3538 0.2403 0.6299 0.2088 0.4938 0.2428 0.1166 0.1332 0.1944 0.09894 0.1795 0.09719 0.4201 0.1565 0.256 0.3321 0.1398 0.128 0.2517 0.2143 0.3132 0.1293 0.218 0.06985 0.05079 0.1486 0.05758

60 Day 0.6299 0.4938 0.4201 0.3538 0.3321 0.3288 0.3132 0.256 0.2517 0.2428 0.2403 0.218 0.2143 0.2088 0.1944 0.1863 0.1795 0.1565 0.1486 0.1398 0.1332 0.1293 0.128 0.1252 90 Day 0.1308 0.1711 0.2686 0.3409 0.2008 0.5206 0.184 0.4193 0.2141 0.1097 0.12 0.2073 0.09233 0.1558 0.09998 0.3407 0.1338 0.2198 0.3482 0.1321 0.1057 0.2075 0.1987 0.262 0.1252 0.1801 0.06612 0.04729 0.117 0.05455

90 Day 0.5206 0.4193 0.3482 0.3409 0.3407 0.2686 0.262 0.2198 0.2141 0.2075 0.2073 0.2008 0.1987 0.184 0.1801 0.1711 0.1558 0.1338 0.1321 0.1308 0.1252 0.12 ' 0.117 0.1097 Yearly 0.04918 0.08962 0.1439 0.2222 0.1367 0.2442 0.1454 0.2075 0.1599 0.06916 0.07565 0.1206 0.07373 0.08684 0.07391 0.1592 0.1018 0.1321 0.2 0.09909 0.06078 0.1045 0.1247 0.152 0.1013 0.09607 0.04984 0.03357 0.06144 0.04279

Yearly 0.2442 0.2222 0.2075 0.2 0.1599 0.1592 0.152 0.1454 0.1439 0.1367 0.1321 0.1247 0.1206 0.1045 0.1018 0.1013 0.09909 0.09607 0.08962 0.08684 0.07565 0.07391 0.07373 0.069161

BenfluralinRED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 520.1 2.4062 1.8155 0.72722 0.41347 0.34747 0.20675 Average of yearly averages: 0.113922333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

9) Florida Turf, two applications

stored as FLturfX2.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: FLturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:44:48 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w12834 .dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 196 6 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 198 6 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 2.443 2.7 5.696 3.442 2.995 8.428 2.728 4.202 2.656 0.3872 2.344 3.839 0.7555 2.03 0.966 8.866 1.491 2.083 2.716 0.7433 1.57 4.887 2.931 2.366 2.033 2.798 0.4051 0.8611 3.157 0.5955

Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.032 8.866 0.064 8.428 0.096 5.696 0.129 4.887 0.161 4.202 0.193 3.839 0.225 3.442 21 Day 0.6655 0.7657 1.793 1.269 1.166 2.902 0.9123 1.378 0.8308 0.33 0.6051 1.059 0.3523 0.6442 0.3715 2.227 0.5684 0.716 1.181 0.3477 0.648 1.276 0.8749 0.6948 0.5806 0.9326 0.2049 0.2686 0.8557 0.2236

21 Day 2.902 2.227 1.793 1.378 1.276 1.269 1.181 60 Day 0.3651 0.5326 0.9764 0.9301 0.6608 1.837 0.5641 1.084 0.665 0.307 0.3661 0.5498 0.285 0.5144 0.2664 1.12 0.4447 0.4325 0.7154 0.3194 0.3571 0.7539 0.4922 0.4332 0.3397 0.6158 0.1957 0.1468 0.4235 0.1596

60 Day 1.837 1.12 1.084 0.9764 0.9301 0.7539 0.7154 90 Day 0.3809 0.4889 0.7918 0.875 0.5494 1.511 0.5099 0.9512 0.581 0.2888 0.3238 0.5912 0.2621 0.4457 0.2301 0.8952 0.3782 0.4396 0.6762 0.3016 0.2933 0.6187 0.4811 0.3898 0.32 0.5079 0.1853 0.1367 0.3311 0.1513 Yearly 0.1416 0.2573 0.3985 0.5142 0.3584 0.6667 0.3953 0.4965 0.3905 0.1802 0.1929 0.3288 0.2104 0.2421 0.1927 0.4244 0.2788 0.2886 0.4104 0.2252 0.1544 0.2935 0.3292 0.3019 0.2315 0.2636 0.137 0.09517 0.1606 0.1201

90 Day Yearly 1.511 0.6667 0.9512 0.5142 0.8952 0.4965 0.875 0.4244 0.7918 0.4104 0.6762 0.3985 0.6187 0.3953

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 530.1 5.6151 4.0465 1.7515 1.07324 0.89318 0.48929 Average of yearly averages: 0.289349

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

10) Pennsylvania Turf, one application

stored as PA turf Koc.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: PAturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:27:02 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 197 0 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Peak 0.5656 0.4762 0.308 0.1792 0.04983 0.1269 1.094 0.9464 1.389 0.1628 0.5163 1.758 1.162 0.447 0.3287 0.6729 0.08438 0.5148 0.5019 0.06924 0.3709 1.021 0.7703 21 Day 0.1832 0.1277 0.08992 0.08758 0.02358 0.0523 0.3095 0.2974 0.38 9 0.0681 0.1753 0.4984 0.3316 0.1451 0.1087 0.1751 0.04051 0.2003 0.1625 0.04739 0.1175 0.3264 0.3119 60 Day 0.09343 0.07906 0.05426 0.05349 0.01933 0.03217 0.1624 0.2104 0.1948 0.05823 0.1431 0.3422 0.2089 0.1006 0.07921 0.1037 0.03832 0.1095 0.09733 0.04425 0.06787 0.1991 0.171 90 Day 0.07524 0.06736 0.04758 0.04685 0.01782 0.02725 0.1329 0.174 0.1564 0.05498 0.1202 0.2785 0.1767 0.08946 0.06756 0.0894 0.03789 0.09075 0.08602 0.04218 0.0549 0.1918 0.1512 Yearly 0.03642 0.03919 0.0273 0.02856 0.01264 0.0139 0.06205 0.08744 0.07387 0.04349 0.06043 0.1344 0.1158 0.07551 0.05107 0.04762 0.03014 0.0513 0.06285 0.02941 0.02712 0.08651 0.08789

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 54Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 2.241 1.618 0.064 1.766 1.279 0.096 1.758 1.275 0.129 1.389 0.9937 0.161 1.244 0.901 0.193 1.216 0.8762 0.225 1.162 0.8474 0.258 1.094 0.8242 0.290 1.021 0.798 0.322 0.9971 0.7848 0.354 0.9464 0.6961 0.387 0.9306 0.6757 0.419 0.7703 0.5674 0.451 0.6729 0.4922 0.483 0.5656 0.416 0.516 0.5163 0.405 0.548 0.5148 0.3925 0.580 0.5019 0.3858 0.612 0.4939 0.3854 0.645 0.4762 0.3439 0.677 0.447 0.3338 0.709 0.3709 0.2681 0.741 0.3287 0.2479 0.774 0.308 0.222 0.806 0.1792 0.1356 0.838 0.1628 0.1233 0.870 0.1269 0.09286 0.903 0.08438 0.066 0.935 0.06924 0.05805 0.967 0.04983 0.04108 21 Day 0.5898 0.4984 0.4769 0.389 0.3469 0.3316 0.3264 0.3262 0.3183 0.3119 0.3095 0.2974 0.2675 0.2511 0.2003 0.1832 0.1753 0.1751 0.1625 0.1451 0.1277 0.1175 0.1087 0.08992 0.08758 0.0681 0.0523 0.04739 0.04051 0.02358 60 Day 0.3422 0.3067 0.302 0.2104 0.2089 0.205 0.1991 0.1948 0.1931 0.1907 0.1742 90 Day 0.2785 0.2571 0.255 0.1918 0.1767 0.174 0.1737 0.1603 0.1595 0.1587 0.1564 0.1512 0.1483 0.1329 0.1202 0.09075 0.08946 0.0894 0.08602 0.07524 0.06756 0.06736 0.05498 0.0549 0.04758 0.04685 0.04218 0.03789 0.02725 0.01782 Yearly 0.1344 0.1272 0.1237 0.1162 0.1158 0.09652 0.09306 0.08892 0.08789 0.08744 0.08651 0.07782 0.07551 0.07387 0.06285 0.06205 0.06043 0.0513 0.05107 0.04762 0.04349 0.03919 0.03642 0.03014 0.02941 0.02856 0.0273 0.02712 0.0139 0.01264

0.1 1.7211 1.24687 0.46811 0.29284 0.24868 0.12295 Average of yearly averages: 0.0669443333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002

11) Pennsylvanis Turf, two applications

stored as PAturfX2.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: PAturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:27:02 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 1961 1.726 1.228 0.5385 0.2642 0.2095 0.08212 1962 1.398 1.009 0.3725 0.2295 0.1953 0.1105 1963 0.8997 0.6486 0.263 0.1588 0.1393 0.07957 1964 0.2167 0.1716 0.1236 0.08787 0.08204 0.06231 1965 0.1365 0.1106 0.05919 0.04581 0.042 0.03084 1966 0.3779 0.2767 0.1565 0.0963 0.08165 0.04007

BenfluralinRED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 55Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 5.56 4.004 0.064 4.192 2.992 0.096 3.658 2.649 0.129 3.646 2.622 0.161 3.6 2.591 0.193 3.379 2.54 0.225 3.151 2.416 0.258 2.366 1.729 0.290 2.012 1.472 0.322 1.896 1.376 0.354 1.853 1.364 0.387 1.726 1.228 0.419 1.587 1.182 0.451 1.576 1.172 0.483 1.398 1.009 0.516 1.118 0.9147 0.548 1.037 0.7698 0.580 1.017 0.7607 0.612 0.9683 0.73 0.645 0.9097 0.6751 0.677 0.8997 0.6723 0.709 0.884 0.6486 0.741 0.7074 0.5346 0.774 0.4912 0.3705 0.806 0.3944 0.2889 0.838 0.3779 0.2767 0.870 0.2454 0.1924 0.903 0.2167 0.1716 0.935 0.1195 0.1106 21 Day 1.499 1.157 0.999 0.9852 0.9712 0.9588 0.9368 0.6788 0.616 0.5954 0.5399 0.5385 0.5253 0.523 0.4214 0.4092 0.4043 0.3725 0.3694 0.3517 0.3191 0.3125 0.263 0.2021 0.1565 0.1339 0.1236 0.1221 0.05919 60 Day 0.8427 0.5744 0.5693 0.5613 0.5517 0.5504 0.4852 0.4818 0.4269 0.3803 0.3461 0.3135 0.3112 0.283 0.2688 0.2666 0.2642 0.2572 0.2542 0.253 0.2319 0.2295 0.1635 0.1588 0.1154 0.109 0.09826 0.0963 0.04581

0.1 3.6568 2.6463 0.99762 0.5685 Average of yearly av
Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002

12) Oregon Christmas Tree farm 90 Day 0.6932 0.5211 0.4972 0.465 0.461 0.4538 0.4114 0.3916 0.3572 0.3528 0.2927 0.2681 0.2566 0.2563 0.2518 0.235 0.2266 0.2261 0.217 0.2095 0.1976 0.1953 0.1544 0.1393 0.1139 0.104 0.08204 0.08178 0.042 Yearly 0.3538 0.311 0.2498 0.2273 0.2264 0.2161 0.2049 0.1907 0.1854 0.1845 0.1825 0.1744 0.1692 0.1683 0.1614 0.1459 0.1432 0.1415 0.1391 0.1267 0.1245 0.1105 0.09016 0.08212 0.07957 0.06984 0.06231 0.04746 0.03084

Benfluralin RED Chapter EnvironmentalFate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 56



## ----- - - - --- -- - - - -----stored as 0RXmas.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: 0RXmasTree.txt modified Friday, 3 May 2002 at 09:26:00 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: met2.met modified Tueday, 11 August 1992 at 12:05:28 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 196 6 1967 1968 1969 1970 197 1 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Peak 0.4167 1.048 1.502 2.046 0.2273 0.5487 0.3553 2.131 0.5506 0.5736 0.3938 0.445 1.325 0.5513 0.7517 1.421 1.525 0.5085 0.5672 0.4193 0.7749 0.5974 0.384 0.8141 0.6816 1.151 0.6557 0.3211 0.1639 0.4277 0.691 0.8149 0.9076 0.6255 0.3567 0.296

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.027 2.131 1.532 0.054 2.046 1.486 0.081 1.525 1.395 0.108 1.502 1.219 0.135 1.421 1.148 0.162 1.325 0.9618 0.189 1.151 0.8415 0.216 1.048 0.7648 0.243 0.9076 0.7025 0.270 0.8149 0.5906 0.297 0.8141 0.5865 0.324 0.7749 0.5858 0.351 0.7517 0.5838 0.378 0.691 0.5522 0.405 0.6816 0.551 21 Day 0.1203 0.2956 0.5751 0.5848 0.1771 0.2418 0.1728 0.5428 0.3088 0.1648 0.1843 0.2188 0.3593 0.2086 0.2164 0.441 0.4193 0.2151 0.187 0.1524 0.2509 0.2299 0.1588 0.216 0.2288 0.4089 0.2787 0.1201 0.07797 0.1831 0.2284 0.2076 0.2833 0.2599 0.1752 0.1296

21 Day 0.5848 0.5751 0.5428 0.441 0.4193 0.4089 0.3593 0.3088 0.2956 0.2833 0.2787 0.2599 0.2509 0.2418 0.2299 60 Day 0.09507 0.1647 0.3176 0.3567 0.1665 0.1712 0.1391 0.3122 0.2277 0.09422 0.1044 0.1462 0.173 0.1373 0.1177 0.231 0.193 0.1661 0.1277 0.1009 0.1809 0.153 0.1414 0.1328 0.1429 0.2486 0.1845 0.08375 0.06455 0.1149 0.1239 0.1226 0.1913 0.1881 0.1314 0.09536

60 Day 0.3567 0.3176 0.3122 0.2486 0.231 0.2277 0.193 0.1913 0.1881 0.1845 0.1809 0.173 0.1712 0.1665 0.1661 90 Day 0.0785 0.1467 0.2672 0.3133 0.1558 0.1355 0.1256 0.2774 0.2022 0.0788 0.07872 0.1231 0.1262 0.1227 0.1024 0.1873 0.1397 0.1488 0.1157 0.09034 0.169 0.1291 0.127 0.1145 0.1217 0.1732 0.1634 0.07723 0.05924 0.08139 0.1018 0.1043 0.1355 0.1909 0.1215 0.08942

90 Day 0.3133 0.2774 0.2672 0.2022 0.1909 0.1873 0.1732 0.169 0.1634 0.1558 0.1488 0.1467 0.1397 0.1355 0.1355 Yearly 0.02217 0.09753 0.1398 0.1671 0.1017 0.09041 0.07933 0.093 0.1187 0.06538 0.05912 0.06502 0.05336 0.07594 0.06109 0.1142 0.08807 0.1036 0.07954 0.06322 0.0911 0.1094 0.0842 0.07994 0.07913 0.0756 0.101 0.05467 0.03358 0.0273 0.06909 0.05937 0.07177 0.1083 0.08456 0.068

Yearly 0.1671 0.1398 0.1187 0.1142 0.1094 0.1083 0.1036 0.1017 0.101 0.09753 0.093 0.0911 0.09041 0.08807 0.08456

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 570.1 1.5089 1.2718 0.47154 0.26768 0.2217 0.11555 Average of yearly averages: 0.0815358333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

13) California almonds

stored as CAalmond.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: CAalmondC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:30:38 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:22 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 196 6 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 197 9 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Peak 4.69 34.61 4.362 3.609 0.9598 1.925 4.401 0.8428 2.314 7.809 0.5322 1.947 1.854 0.8836 0.2525 0.614 1.326 3.123 1.954 1.427 6.193 5.804 3.347 0.7914 3.336 21 Day 1.356 8.634 1.966 1.712 0.6661 0.908 2.131 0.3674 1.359 2.461 0.5104 0.7622 1.235 0.2408 0.1348 0.1638 0.5633 1.926 1.057 0.8975 1.833 2.731 1.085 0.6262 0.9267 60 Day 0.5147 3.631 1.348 0.8084 0.4278 0.5089 0.9576 0.2191 0.7323 0.993 0.38 92 0.3538 0.7175 0.1683 0.1135 0.07057 0.3058 1.079 0.5753 0.5228 0.955 1.411 0.6814 0.4454 0.3635 90 Day 0.3431 2.638 1.157 0.6232 0.341 0.345 0.7216 0.177 0.5459 0.6758 0.3349 0.2663 0.547 0.1443 0.1104 0.05223 0.2065 0.8164 0.4433 0.4033 0.6701 1.087 0.5566 0.3649 0.2459 Yearly 0.0846 0.802 0.5966 0.3065 0.1609 0.1358 0.2683 0.07963 0.2161 0.3094 0.1579 0.1026 0.2397 0.09277 0.04532 0.02136 0.08173 0.3186 0.1883 0.1511 0.2668 0.6782 0.4111 0.1571 0.08846

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 58Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.032 34.61 0.064 7.809 0.096 6.193 0.129 5.804 0.161 4.69 0.193 4.401 0.225 4.367 0.258 4.362 0.290 3.706 0.322 3.609 0.354 3.347 0.387 3.336 0.419 3.123 0.451 3.048 0.483 2.314 0.516 1.954 0.548 1.947 0.580 1.925 0.612 1.854 0.645 1.47 0.677 1.427 0.709 1.326 0.741 0.9598 0.774 0.8836 0.806 0.8428 0.838 0.7914 0.870 0.614 0.903 0.5988 0.935 0.5322 0.967 0.2525 21 Day 8.634 2.731 2.461 2.131 1.966 1.926 1.833 1.811 1.712 1.359 1.356 1.235 1.085 1.08 1.057 0.9994 0.9267 0.908 0.8975 0.7622 0.6661 0.6262 0.5633 0.5104 0.4133 0.367 4 0.2408 0.1865 0.1638 0.1348 60 Day 3.631 1.411 1.348 1.079 0.993 0.9576 0.955 0.9118 0.8084 0.7323 0.7175 0.6814 0.5753 0.5228 0.5147 0.5115 0.5089 0.488 0.4454 0.4278 0.3892 0.3635 0.3538 0.3058 0.2191 0.1874 0.1683 0.1426 0.1135 0.07057 90 Day 2.638 1.157 1.087 0.8164 0.7216 0.6802 0.6758 0.6701 0.6232 0.5566 0.547 0.5459 0.4433 0.4132 0.4033 0.3962 0.3649 0.345 0.3431 0.341 0.3349 0.2663 0.2459 0.2065 0.177 0.1443 0.1392 0.123 0.1104 0.05223 Yearly 0.802 0.6782 0.5966 0.4111 0.3186 0.3094 0.3065 0.3054 0.2683 0.2668 0.2397 0.2161 0.1883 0.1609 0.1585 0.1579 0.1571 0.1511 0.1358 0.1265 0.1026 0.09277 0.08846 0.0846 0.08284 0.08173 0.07963 0.05293 0.04532 0.02136

0.1 6.1541 4.9656 2.428 1.3211 1.05994 0.57805 Average of yearly averages: 0.222901333333333

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002



### 14)

### Florida citrus

stored as FLcitrus.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: FLcitrusC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:39:50 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w12842.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 1961 2.405 1.938 0.9449 0.7173 0.6094 0.2552 1962 6.66 4.938 2.141 1.769 1.491 0.7084 1963 4.042 3.132 1.849 1.414 1.283 0.8815 1964 7.52 5.603 3.105 2.741 2.39 1.388 1965 10.76 7.965 4.122 2.733 2.389 1.497 1966 7.739 6.033 2.656 1.952 1.791 1.226

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 59Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 22.48 16.35 0.064 17.73 12.88 0.096 13.18 10.34 0.129 12.15 9.058 0.161 10.76 8.564 0.193 10.31 7.965 0.225 9.82 7.262 0.258 9.343 6.943 0.290 8.448 6.849 0.322 8.003 6.171 0.354 7.739 6.033 0.387 7.52 5.603 0.419 7.191 5.36 0.451 6.98 5.358 0.483 6.945 5.179 0.516 6.66 5.039 0.548 5.918 4.938 0.580 5.656 4.351 0.612 5.555 4.212 0.645 5.55 4.138 0.677 4.435 3.524 0.709 4.042 3.132 0.741 3.819 3.078 0.774 3.733 2.972 0.806 3.325 2.557 0.838 3.296 2.554 0.870 2.769 2.206 0.903 2.454 1.938 0.935 2.405 1.893 0.967 1.518 1.192 21 Day 6.178 -5.356

4.494 4.363 4.122 4.095 4.063 3.906 3.333 3.105 3.09 3.064 2.789 2.705 2.656 2.639 2.467 2.393 2.385 2.264 2.141 2.109 2.074 1.849 1.7 97 1.768 1.557 1.157 0.9449 0.8216 60 Day 3.325 3.273 2.995 2.793 2.747 2.741 2.733 2.658 2.635 2.489 2.4 68 2.45 2.259 2.063 2.05 2.025 1.952 1.878 1.839 1.769 1.733 1.611 1.465 1.427 1.414 1.387 1.271 0.9706 0.7173 0.6862 90 Day 2.828 2.801 2.601 2.595 2.517 2.42 2.39 2.38 9 2.245 2.241 2.235 2.144 2.099 1.995 1.988 1.839 1.791 1.761 1.744 1.74 1.491 1.391 1.338 1.315 1.283 1.22 1.206 0.9138 0.6477 0.6094 Yearly 1.8 1.634 1.549 1.497 1.47 1.445 1.437 1.419 1.398 1.388 1.381 1.378 1.351 1.299 1.293

0.1 13.077 10.2118 4.4809 2.9748 2.6004 1.5438 Average of yearly averages: 1.19654666666667

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 6015) Georgia peaches

stored as GApeach.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: GAPeachesC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:59:56 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w03813.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:32 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 197 8 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 96 hr 4.992 3.577 6.971 5.033 3.589 2.627 15 10.85 23.36 17.45 11.34 8.199 4.469 3.274 3.582 2.624 4.065 2.921 14.54 10.43 2.408 1.86 3.056 2.273 5.912 4.323 5.919 4.265 7.94 5.806 6.958 5.918 1.737 1.301 5.184 3.775 4.586 3.396 3.592 2.625 26.88 19.24 5.269 3.997 10.59 7.595 11.89 10.09 2.743 2.042 18.68 13.24 1.997 1.519 2.774 2.036 3.181 2.341 13.28 9.517

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 26.88 19.24 0.064 23.36 17.45 0.096 18.68 13.24 0.129 15 10.85 0.161 14.54 10.43 0.193 13.28 10.09 0.225 11.89 9.517 0.258 11.34 8.199 0.290 10.59 7.595 0.322 7.94 5.918 0.354 6.971 5.806 0.387 6.958 5.033 0.419 5.919 4.323 0.451 5.912 4.265 0.483 5.269 3.997 0.516 5.184 3.775 0.548 4.992 3.577 0.580 4.586 3.396 21 Day 1.265 1.846 1.423 3.942 6.003 2.954 1.318 1.072 1.083 3.604 1.037 1.029 1.975 1.646 2.222 2.293 0.5463 1.405 1.376 1.025 6.824 1.864 3.044 3.826 0.9961 4.437 0.7794 1.138 0.9489 3.257

21 Day 6.824 6.003 4.437 3.942 3.826 3.604 3.257 3.044 2.954 2.293 2.222 1.975 1.864 1.846 1.646 1.423 1.405 1.37 6 60 Day 0.6404 0.9785 0.8193 2.318 3.263 1.525 0.8349 0.5967 0.7326 1.94 0.8962 0.5895 1.444 1.329 1.285 1.198 0.4825 0.743 0.8338 0.5906 3.483 1.244 1.597 2.032 0.7699 2.108 0.7169 0.8154 0.6403 1.565

60 Day 3.483 3.2 63 2.318 2.108 2.032 1.94 1.597 1.565 1.525 1.444 1.329 1.285 1.244 1.198 0.9785 0.8962 0.8349 0.8338 90 Day 0.5745 0.8302 0.6839 1.847 2.626 1.228 0.8456 0.4984 0.5938 1.402 0.8287 0.4767 1.196 1.098 1.249 0.971 0.4611 0.65 0.7248 0.5878 2.907 1.177 1.291 1.687 0.7149 1.781 0.6744 0.6892 0.5974 1.155

90 Day 2.907 2.626 1.847 1.781 1.687 1.402 1.291 1.249 1.228 1.196 1.177 1.155 1.098 0.971 0.8456 0.8302 0.8287 0.7248 Yearly 0.3105 0.5425 0.4834 0.954 1.159 0.792 0.5946 0.3538 0.3053 0.5411 0.6741 0.4237 0.7206 0.64 0.8071 0.6807 0.3245 0.3889 0.4284 0.3599 1.47 0.8381 0.7482 0.9345 0.5321 0.662 0.5178 0.4123 0.3941 0,4766

Yearly 1.47 1.159 0.954 0.9345 0.8381 0.8071 0.792 0.7482 0.7206 0.6807 0.6741 0.662 0.64 0.5946 0.5425 0.5411 0.5321 0.5178

BentluralinRED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 610.1 18.312 13.001 4.3875 2.297 1.8404 0.95205 Average of yearly averages: 0.61566

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

16) North Carolina apples

stored as NCapple.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: NCappleC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:09:36 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w03812.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:50 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 197 9 1980 198 1 1982 1983 1984 1985 198 6 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 96 hr 3.455 2.606 20.33 14.62 29.52 24.53 10.71 8.106 14.06 10.21 4.805 3.761 5.238 3.883 21.01 15.17 22.55 16.52 15.79 11.61 12.74 9.474 8.581 6.966 11.67 8.639 18.2 13.21 6.541 5.022 5.926 4.511 14.11 12.04 10.38 7.69 5.336 4.096 6.571 4.968 24.81 17.7 16.86 12.09 37.27 26.83 3.493 2.799 17.63 12.91 32.25 23.71 21 Day 1.637 6.072 10.78 4.602 4.027 1.774 1.857 5.642 6.78 5.246 4.133 3.436 5.735 5.484 2.516 2.21 5.42 4.378 2.269 2.917 6.417 4.821 10.69 2.133 6.259 9.167 60 Day 0.9933 3.903 6.032 3.131 2.833 1.173 1.349 3.44 4.486 3.274 2.917 2.974 3.703 3.386 1.987 1.749 2.919 2.659 1.58 2.17 3.332 2.725 5.792 1.978 4.276 5.459 90 Day 0.8504 3.394 5.051 3.002 2.493 1.137 1.17 2.854 3.919 2.841 2.541 2.836 3.445 2.845 1.92 1.723 2.382 2.233 1.477 1.934 2.746 2.427 4.694 1.862 3.875 4.772 Yearly 0.4172 1.66 2.762 2.274 1.647 0.9862 0.9096 1.684 2.6 2.255 1.956 1.967 2.092 1.942 1.676 1.249 1.236 1.403 1.257 1.389 1.381 1.386 2.639 1.343 2.164 2.625

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 0.037 37.27 26.83 10.78 6.032 5.051 2.762 0.074 32.25 24.53 10.69 5.792 4.772 2.639 0.111 29.52 23.71 9.167 5.459 4.694 2.625

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 620.1 30.33 23.956 9.6239 5.5589 4.7174 2.6292 Average of yearly averages: 1.72692307692308

Inputs generated,bype3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

17) Oregon apples

stored as 0Rapple.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: 0RappLeC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17 : 16:34 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w24229.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 196 9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 197 6 1977 197 8 197 9 1980 1981 1982 Peak 1.251 2.325 1.616 3.105 1.935 1.947 1.505 1.747 2.763 1.31 2.693 1.37 4.159 1.75 0.8858 0.5336 4.257 0.7045 0.7203 3.89 2.156 3.847 21 Day 0.4374 1.174 0.6285 1.061 0.637 0.868 0.5104 0.8809 1.009 0.862 0.9249 0.715 1.604 0.8782 0.6324 0.3255 1.238 0.6147 0.4387 1.437 1.036 1.181 60 Day 0.3275 0.7379 0.4763 0.5824 0.553 0.664 0.4452 0.7558 0.8254 0.7228 0.5945 0.4772 0.9807 0.6854 0.5489 0.2856 0.7836 0.5717 0.3198 1.03 0.7361 0.9508 90 Day 0.2471 0.5645 0.45 0.4271 0.5086 0.5043 0.4196 0.6557 0.6803 0.6627 0.5145 0.4487 0.7097 0.6292 0.5014 0.2702 0.6321 0.5374 0.2933 0.7313 0.6904 0.9095 Yearly 0.1035 0.2771 0.3597 0.2889 0.3986 0.3616 0.298 0.4079 0.4791 0.4323 0.4382 0.3232 0.3587 0.4468 0.3247 0.1839 0.2897 0.3603 0.2066 0.3788 0.5443 0.5747

BenfluralinRED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and EcologicalRisk Assessment 63Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 4.257 3.129 0.064 4.159 3.109 0.096 3.89 3.058 0.129 3.847 2.829 0.161 3.522 2.785 0.193 3.421 2.639 0.225 3.253 2.4 95 0.258 3.105 2.451 0.290 3.075 2.381 0.322 2.763 2.106 0.354 2.693 2.076 0.387 2.683 2.036 0.419 2.591 1.998 0.451 2.325 1.852 0.483 2.156 1.786 0.516 1.947 1.761 0.548 1.935 1.633 0.580 1.75 1.492 0.612 1.747 1.427 0.645 1.616 1.24 0.677 1.505 1.209 0.709 1.37 1.131 0.741 1.31 1.121 0.774 1.251 0.9754 0.806 1.02 0.8014 0.838 0.8858 0.8006 0.870 0.7203 0.6733 0.903 0.7045 0.6358 0.935 0.6256 0.5759 0.967 0.5336 0.4179 21 Day 1.604 1.581 1.437 1.238 1.218 1.181 1.174 1.068 1.061 1.046 1.036 1.009 1.006 0.9981 0.9249 0.8809 0.8782 0.868 0.862 0.715 0.637 0.6324 0.6285 0.6147 0.5104 0.4387 0.4374 0.4211 0.3798 0.3255 60 Day 1.03 0.9807 0.9508 0.8682 0.8254 0.8242 0.7836 0.7558 0.7379 0.7361 0.7228 0.717 0.7108 0.6854 0.664 0.658 0.6042 0.5945 0.5824 0.5717 0.553 0.5489 0.4772 0.4763 0.4452 0.3662 0.3275 0.3198 0.319 0.2856 90 Day 0.9095 0.7313 0.7097 0.6904 0.685 0.6803 0.6734 0.6627 0.6557 0.6474 0.6321 0.6292 0.5919 0.5659 0.5645 0.537 4 0.5281 0.5145 0.5086 0.5043 0.5014 0.45 0.4487 0.4271 0.4196 0.3566 0.2933 0.2882 0.27 02 0.2471 Yearly 0.5747 0.5443 0.5306 0.5255 0.4975 0.4791 0.4649 0.4468 0.4382 0.4323 0.4079 0.3986 0.3788 0.3636 0.3616 0.3603 0.3597 0.3587 0.3327 0.3247 0.3232 0.298 0.2897 0.2889 0.2771 0.2669 0.2066 0.2055 0.1839 0.1035

0.1 3.8857 3.0351 1.4171 0.94254 0.70777 0.53009 Average of yearly averages: 0.36746

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

18) Oregon berries

stored as 0Rberry.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: 0RberriesC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:17:16 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 16:33:30 Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 1961 0.9965 0.7429 0.287 0.149 0.1151 0.03622 1962 2.338 1.754 0.7779 0.4656 0.4154 0.1941 1963 2.589 2.152 0.9772 0.611 0.5245 0.4073 1964 2.877 2.419 0.9689 0.5433 0.4143 0.3104

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 64Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.032 4.577 0.064 3.746 0.096 3.654 0.129 3.263 0.161 3.235 0.193 3.12 0.225 3.089 0.258 2.877 0.290 2.777 0.322 2.603 0.354 2.589 0.387 2.579 0.419 2.338 0.451 2.254 0.483 1.889 0.516 1.802 0.548 1.691 0.580 1.69 0.612 1.588 0.645 1.489 0.677 1.458 0.709 1.455 0.741 1.452 0.774 1.331 0.806 1.261 0.838 1.197 0.870 1.086 0.903 0.9965 0.935 0.9501 0.967 0.5075 21 Day 1.635 1.471 1.369 1.235 1.169 1.151 1.14 1.08 1.068 0.9772 0.9689 0.9249 0.8996 0.8545 0.8011 0.7942 0.7882 0.7779 0.7478 0.7433 0.7196 0.6566 0.642 0.6155 0.5504 0.5162 0.5146 0.4722 0.3561 0.287

1.3556 Average 60 Day 1.002 0.9001 0.8934 0.8792 0.856 0.8046 0.7 958 0.7473 0.7453 0.7171 0.6736 0.6725 0.6668 0.638 0.6119 0.611 0.5615 0.544 0.5433 0.5423 0.5255 0.4776 0.4656 0.4456 0.4312 0.4153 0.3689 0.3244 0.3066 0.149 90 Day 1.003 0.8102 0.803 0.7042 0.7005 0.6821 0.6647 0.6308 0.6186 0.6179 0.6097 0.599 0.5857 0.5778 0.5245 0.513 0.5003 0.4794 0.4734 0.4643 0.4248 0.4154 0.4143 0.4042 0.4006 0.348 0.3059 0.3017 0.2839 0.1151

0.89198 0.79312 of yearly averages: 0. Yearly 0.6265 0.6226 0.529 0.4931 0.4529 0.4474 0.4376 0.4314 0.4175 0.4162 0.4149 0.4073 0.4057 0.3727 0.3627 0.3529 0.3464 0.3372 0.3349 0.3104 0.2995 0.2969 0.2877 0.2826 0.2496 0.2442 0.1941 0.1821 0.1163 0.03622

BenflurallnRED Chapter. Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 65

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### -Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

19) Oregon filberts

stored as 0Rfilbrt.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: 0RfilbertsC.txt modified Satday, 17:18:04 EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Thuday, 16:33:30 Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 1961 1.241 1962 2.445 1963 3.713 1964 3.182 1965 1.959 1966 1.979 1967 1.384 1968 3.43 1969 2.456 1970 1.729 1971 4.86 1972 1.815 1973 3.683 1974 1.773 1975 1.402 1976 0.6091 1977 1.722 1978 1.538 1979 2.41 1980 3.237 1981 2.627 1982 1.459 1983 1.214 1984 2.664 1985 1.763 1986 1.161 1987 3.706 1988 2.004 1989 3.369 1990 1.848

Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.032 4.86 0.064 3.713 0.096 3.706 0.129 3.683 0.161 3.43 0.193 3.369 0.225 3.237 0.258 3.182 0.290 2.664 0.322 2.627 0.354 2.456 0.387 2.445 0.419 2.41 0.451 2.004 0.483 1.979 0.516 1.959 21 Day 0.385 0.8229 1.344 1.125 0.7369 0.8565 0.671 1.119 1.027 0.842 1.519 0.9597 1.5 65 1.005 0.6334 0.4318 0.8268 0.6098 0.7274 1.195 1.303 0.875 0.6729 1.075 0.7203 0.6461 1.644 0.8176 1.056 0.7471

21 Day 1.644 1.565 1.519 1.344 1.303 1.195 1.125 1.119 1.075 1.056 1.027 1.005 0.9597 0.875 0.8565 0.842 60 Day 0.2144 0.5007 0.8133 0.6558 0.6041 0.6446 0.4841 0.861 0.8472 0.7365 1.018 0.7 627 1.04 0.77 0.49 0.3891 0.5287 0.3996 0.5579 0.8588 1.057 0.7809 0.5503 0.8426 0.5044 0.369 0.7857 0.6414 0.5927 0.5613

60 Day 1.057 1.04 1.018 0.861 0.8588 0.8472 0.8426 0.8133 0.7857 0.7809 0.77 0.7 627 0.7365 0.6558 0.6446 0.6414 12 October 2002 at

29 August 2002 at

90 Day 0.1567 0.4334 0.6915 0.49 0.5534 0.51 95 0.4473 0.8366 0.7219 0.6751 0.9164 0.7036 0.7488 0.705 0.4564 0.3651 0.3842 0.3611 0.5062 0.6372 0.9774 0.7287 0.5162 0.6778 0.4756 0.3225 0.587 0.5916 0.4613 0.4935

90 Day 0.9774 0.9164 0.8366 0.7488 0.7287 0.7219 0.705 0.7036 0.6915 0.6778 0.6751 0.6372 0.5916 0.587 0.5534 0.5195 Yearly 0.04796 0.2118 0.4868 0.3674 0.4024 0.3794 0.3276 0.4984 0.5673 0.4617 0.6527 0.4849 0.4005 0.4868 0.3443 0.2158 0.1486 0.3198 0.3335 0.4283 0.6297 0.522 0.396 0.4618 0.3947 0.2444 0.3447 0.416 0.3009 0.3638

Yearly 0.6527 0.6297 0.5673 0.522 0.4984 0.4868 0.4868 0.4849 0.4618 0.4617 0.4283 0.416 0.4024 0.4005 0.396 0.3947

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 660.1 3.7037 2.9425 1.5015 1.0023 0.82782 0.56277 Average of yearly averages: 0.387998666666667

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 67

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### -----.--

### APPENDIX IV: PRZM-EXAMS DRINKING WATER RESULTS

1) California Spring alfalfa

stored as Ca spr Koc DW.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: 

### CAspringalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:10:00 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Yeas 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 96 hr21 

### Day 3.4622.6290.9456 4.2493.35 1.192 3.5012.683 0.9825 3.503 2.676 0.975 3.5 2.6730.9725 3.5032.6750.9743 3.5012.673 0.9727 3.5012.672 0.9833 3.4812.6171.116 3.5062.677 0.9989 3.503 2.676 0.9749 3.5 2.67 0.9691 3.5012.9141.071 3.503 2.676 0.9753 3.5012.674 0.9734 3.489 2.622 0.9186 3.4992.672 0.9717 3.7612.8951.033 3.5032.674 0.9926 3.4882.6361.112 3.5052.6750.9743 3.5012.674 0.9737 3.498 2.668 0.9798 3.5032.672 0.9712 3.5 2.67 0.969 3.4862.9811.148 3.5042.7051.004 3.5012.672 0.9751 3.5012.672 0.9776 3.5012.67 0.9698

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr21 Day 0.032 4.2493.35 1.192 0.064 3.7612.9811.148 0.0963.5062.9141.116 0.1293.5052.8951.112 0.1613.5042.7051.071 0.1933.5032.6831.033 0.2253.5032.6771.004 0.258 3.5032.6760.9989 0.2903.5032.6760.9926 60 Day 0.3859 0.4987 0.4264 0.4066 0.438 0.4058 0.4172 0.4187 0.4987 0.4379 0.4073 0.4032 0.4562 0.4129 0.4062 0.3814 0.4059 0.4619 0.4174 0.4823 0.4133 0.4258 0.4288 0.4051 0.4031 0.5026 0.4321 0.4092 0.4269 0.4038

60 Day 0.5026 0.4987 0.4987 0.4823 0.4619 0.4562 0.438 0.4379 0.4321 90 Day 0.2781 0.3632 0.3189 0.2958 0.3198 0.2951 0.3127 0.305 0.3667 0.3195 0.2996 0.293 0.3323 0.3007 0.2952 0.2772 0.2948 0.3405 0.304 0.352 0.3025 0.3113 0.321 0.2948 0.2929 0.3667 0.3151 0.3043 0.3113 0.2959

90 Day 0.3667 0.3667 0.3632 0.352 0.3405 0.3323 0.321 0.3198 0.3195 Yearly 0.08797 0.1213 0.1091 0.0999 0.1077 0.09974 0.1055 0.103 0.1248 0.1095 0.1018 0.09869 0.1117 0.1021 0.0993 0.09377 0.0989 0.1154 0.1032 0.1187 0.1028 0.1058 0.1098 0.09956 0.09846 0.1235 0.1083 0.1028 0.1052 0.1014

Yearly 0.1248 0.1235 0.1213 0.1187 0.1154 0.1117 0.1098 0.1095 0.1091

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 68

### 0.1 3.50 2.91 1.1156 0.49706 0.36208 0.12104 Average of yearly averages: 0.105656333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

2) California Fall alfalfa



### stored as CA fall Koc DW.out Chemical: benfluralin

### PRZM environment: CAfallalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:11:18 

### EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15: 34:12 Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:24 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 Peak 96 hr21 Day 3.4442.5790.9091 3.4822.6310.9331 3.481 2.624 0.9544 3.4822.6290.9403 3.4822.627 0.9412 3.4822.63 0.9367 3.4842.63 0.9376 3.4782.7170.9844 3.4922.64 0.949 3.48 2.6180.9205 3.4842.6330.9356 3.476 2.625 0.992 3.4842.6330.9365 3.4842.6330.9346 3.4832.632 0.9339 60 Day 0.3911 0.3887 0.4006 0.394 0.3968 0.4209 0.3951 0.4187 0.4016 0.4183 0.3948 0.4181 0.3954 0.3991 0.3894 90 Day 0.2616 0.2656 0.274 0.2694 0.2715 0.2873 0.2708 0.2859 0.278 0.287 0.2707 0.2855 0.2712 0.2731 0.2663 Yearly 0.06449 0.108 0.1126 0.1079 0.1103 0.1128 0.1147 0.1126 0.1493 0.1268 0.1125 0.1127 0.1144 0.114 0.1084

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 69

### Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr21 Day 0.0323.4922.7170.992 0.0643.4852.64 0.9844 0.0963.4852.634 0.9544 0.1293.4852.6340.9508 0.1613.4852.633 0.949 0.1933.4842.6330.9439 0.2253.4842.6330.9421 0.258 3.4842.6330.9412 0.2903.4842.6320.9403 0.3223.4842.6320.9399 0.3543.4842.632 0.9398 0.3873.4832.6310.9377 0.4193.4832.6310.9376 0.4513.4832.6310.9373 0.4833.4832.63 0.9367 0.5163.4832.63 0.9365 0.5483.4822.63 0.9356 0.5803.4822.63 0.9356 0.6123.4822.6290.9356 0.6453.4822.6290.9355 0.6773.4822.628 0.9346 0.7093.4822.628 0.9346 0.7413.482 2.627 0.9339 0.774 3.4812.627 0.9339 0.806 3.48 2.625 0.9336 0.8383.4792.624 0.9331 0.8703.4782.62 0.9329 0.9033.4782.6180.9304 0.9353.4762.6150.9205 0.9673.4442.5790.9091 60 Day 0.4214 0.4209 0.4187 0.4183 0.4181 0.4116 0.4073 0.4038 0.4037 0.4035 0.4016 0.4006 0.4 0.3991 0.3968 0.3968 0.3954 0.3951 0.3948 0.394 0.3939 0.3926 0.3918 0.3914 0.3913 0.3911 0.3911 0.3899 0.3894 0.3887 90 Day 0.2883 0.2873 0.287 0.2859 0.2855 0.282 0.2803 0.278 0.2762 0.2759 0.2758 0.274 0.2737 0.2731 0.2723 0.2715 0.2712 0.2708 0.2707 0.2695 0.2694 0.2687 0.2686 0.2683 0.2678 0.2678 0.2668 0.2663 0.2656 0.2616 Yearly 0.1493 0.1321 0.1268 0.1208 0.1182 0.1177 0.1167 0.115 0.1147 0.1144 0.114 0.113 0.1128 0.1127 0.1126 0.1126 0.1125 0.1118 0.1112 0.1112 0.1104 0.1104 0.1103 0.1102 0.1102 0.1101 0.1084 0.108 0.1079 0.06449

0.1 3.4852.634 0.95404 0.41866 0.28689 0.1262 Average of yearly averages: 0.113349666666667

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

Benfluralin RED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 703) Minnesota alfalfa



### stored as 

### MN Koc DW.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: MNalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:13:10 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w14914.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:52 Water segment concentrations (ppb)



### Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 3.421 3.444 3.456 3.457 3.459 3.457 3.457 3.456 3.454 3.457 3.454 3.452 3.457 3.567 3.461 3.461 3.431 3.458 3.458 3.457 3.449 3.457 3.458 3.457 3.449 3.458 3.455 3.456 3.456 3.457

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.0323.567 2.638 0.0643.461 2.63 0.096 3.461 2.621 0.129 3.459 2.565 0.1613.458 2.563 0.1933.458 2.563 0.2253.458 2.56 0.258 3.458 2.56 0.2903.457 2.56 0.322 3.457 2.56 0.3543.457 2.559 21 Day 0.8807 0.9402 0.8742 0.8 67 0.8713 0.8665 0.8665 0.8652 0.8658 0.867 0.888 0.9279 0.8666 0.897 0.8704 0.8708 0.8019 0.8678 0.8682 0.8673 0.9186 0.8676 0.8696 0.8666 0.9419 0.8 677 0.8906 0.8662 0.8732 0.867

21 Day 0.9419 0.9402 0.9279 0.9186 0.897 0.8906 0.888 0.8807 0.8742 0.8732 0.8713 60 Day 0.3519 0.4127 0.3626 0.407 0.358 0.3531 0.3542 0.3541 0.3567 0.3646 0.3695 0.3782 0.3531 0.3658 0.4415 0.3568 0.3667 0.3835 0.3648 0.3566 0.3793 0.3542 0.3652 0.4045 0.3938 0.3791 0.3643 0.3529 0.3567 0.3931

60 Day 0.4415 0.4127 0.407 0.4045 0.3938 0.3931 0.3835 0.3793 0.3791 0.3782 0.3695 90 Day 0.2545 0.301 0.2621 0.295 0.2641 0.2607 0.2557 0.2558 0.2906 0.2636 0.2684 0.2755 0.257 0.2888 0.326 0.2584 0.2745 0.2824 0.2726 0.2576 0.2784 0.2572 0.2696 0.2925 0.2913 0.2809 0.2683 0.2548 0.2575 0.2845

90 Day 0.326 0.301 0.295 0.2925 0.2913 0.2906 0.2888 0.2845 0.2824 0.2809 0.2784 Yearly 0.07875 0.1039 0.09726 0.1043 0.09488 0.0934 0.08939 0.08834 0.1006 0.09682 0.09793 0.09687 0.09483 0.1092 0.1166 0.09378 0.09768 0.1017 0.09782 0.09443 0.09689 0.09518 0.09596 0.104 0.1031 0.1003 0.09497 0.09181 0.09513 0.09931

Yearly 0.1166 0.1092 0.1043 0.104 0.1039 0.1031 0.1017 0.1006 0.1003 0.09931 0.09793

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 71

### Average of yearly averages: 0.0975043333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 

### 15-October-2002

4) North Carolina alfalfa



### stored as NC Koc DW.out Chemical: benfluralin 

### PRZM environment: NCalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:14:52 

### EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w03812.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:50 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 19 8 2 Peak 3.406 3.441 3.458 3.674 3.459 3.456 3.452 3.445 3.462 3.457 3.42 3.465 3.414 3.462 3.451 3.455 3.456 3.461 21 Day 0.8067 1.005 0.9081 0.9136 0.8653 0.8595 0.8723 0.8288 0.8791 0.8917 0.827 0.9099 1.259 0.9651 0.887 0.8444 0.8724 0.8634 60 Day 0.4296 0.4795 0.3969 0.4421 0.398 0.3859 0.4619 0.4585 0.3798 0.3884 0.5615 0.4511 0.6001 0.4134 0.4294 0.402 0.3671 0.3858 90 Day 0.3117 0.3753 0.3008 0.3314 0.2955 0.315 0.3495 0.3593 0.2891 0.2895 0.4427 0.3357 0.5022 0.3109 0.3881 0.3004 0.2715 0.2978 Yearly 0.08277 0.144 0.1331 0.1369 0.1275 0.1278 0.1463 0.1492 0.1447 0.1382 0.1665 0.1657 0.1869 0.1648 0.1716 0.1354 0.1146 0.1429

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 72

### Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.0373.674 0.0743.466 0.111 3.466 0.1483.465 0.185 3.462 0.2223.462 0.259 3.461 0.296 3.459 0.3333.458 0.3703.458 0.4073.457 0.4443.456 0.4813.456 0.518 3.456 0.5553.455 0.5923.452 0.629 3.451 0.666 3.45 0.7033.445 0.7403.445 0.7773.441 0.8143.433 0.851 3.426 0.888 3.42 0.9253.414 0.962 3.406 21 Day 1.259 1.254 1.038 1.031 1.005 0.9651 0.9522 0.9136 0.9099 0.9081 0.8917 0.887 0.8791 0.8724 0.8723 0.8692 0.868 0.8653 0.8634 0.8605 0.8595 0.8444 0.8288 0.827 0.8067 0.7902 60 Day 0.6001 0.5615 0.5247 0.5034 0.4999 0.4795 0.4765 0.4619 0.4599 0.4585 0.4511 0.4421 0.4296 0.4294 0.4276 0.4134 0.402 0.398 0.3969 0.3884 0.3859 0.3858 0.3798 0.3777 0.3671 0.3587 90 Day 0.5022 0.4427 0.3958 0.3883 0.3881 0.3831 0.3753 0.3649 0.3626 0.3593 0.3495 0.3357 0.3314 0.3212 0.315 0.3117 0.3109 0.3008 0.3004 0.2978 0.2955 0.291 0.2895 0.2891 0.2792 0.2715 Yearly 0.1869 0.1716 0.1665 0.1657 0.1648 0.1635 0.1606 0.1562 0.1492 0.1474 0.1463 0.1447 0.144 0.1429 0.1401 0.1382 0.1376 0.1369 0.1366 0.1354 0.1331 0.1278 0.1275 0.1202 0.1146 0.08277

0.1 3.466 2.6959 1.1028 0.53574 0.40987 0.16803 Average of yearly averages: 0.143887307692308

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 

### 15-October-2002

5) Pennsylvania Spring alfalfa



### stored as 

### PA spr Koc DW.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: 

### PAspringalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 12:43:16 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 73Year 

### 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 197 8 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 

### 3.426 3.464 3.473 3.714 3.473 3.469 3.472 3.46 3.473 3.486 3.474 3.477 3.467 3.471 3.465 3.469 3.464 3.529 3.474 3.472 3.47 3.468 3.451 3.458 3.48 3.468 3.461 3.477 3.478 3.477

Sorted results Prob. Peak 

### 96 hr 

### 0.032 3.714 2.743 0.064 3.529 2.636 0.096 3.486 2.628 0.129 3.48 2.606 0.1613.478 2.604 0.1933.477 2.601 0.225 3.477 2.601 0.258 3.477 2.596 0.2903.474 2.596 0.322 3.474 2.596 0.3543.473 2.596 0.3873.473 2.596 0.419 3.473 2.592 0.4513.472 2.591 0.4833.472 2.588 0.5163.471 2.586 0.548 3.47 2.583 0.5803.469 2.58 0.6123.469 2.576 0.6453.468 2.576 0.6773.468 2.568 0.7093.467 2.567 21 Day 

### 0.8497 0.8808 0.8985 0.9758 0.898 0.9192 0.9487 1.046 0.9133 0.8537 0.8984 0.9042 0.8774 0.8839 0.8933 0.8868 0.8784 0.9083 0.9038 0.9181 0.9062 0.9076 0.849 0.9248 1.002 0.8 65 0.8753 0.8963 0.9987 0.9028

21 Day 

### 1.046 1.002 0.9987 0.9758 0.9487 0.9248 0.9192 0.9181 0.9133 0.9083 0.9076 0.9062 0.9042 0.9038 0.9028 0.8985 0.8984 0.898 0.8963 0.8933 0.8868 0.8839 60 Day 

### 0.3417 0.3742 0.369 0.4099 0.3701 0.3801 0.4137 0.4917 0.3812 0.3553 0.4099 0.4306 0.3901 0.396 0.4008 0.3681 0.3696 0.4184 0.4117 0.3934 0.4243 0.4425 0.3581 0.485 0.432 0.3715 0.3596 0.4646

60 Day 

### 0.4917 0.485 0.4777 0.4646 0.4499 0.4425 0.432 0.4306 0.4243 0.4184 0.4137 0.4117 0.4099 0.4099 0.4008 0.396 0.3934 0.3901 0.3812 0.3801 0.3742 0.3715

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 

### 90 Day 

### 0.2567 0.2769 0.2672 0.3017 0.2684 0.275 0.3349 0.3576 0.2779 0.2602 0.2979 0.368 0.324 0.2961 0.3045 0.2696 0.2 696 0.3124 0.3045 0.2861 0.3167 0.3384 0.2713 0.3906 0.319 0.2736 0.2777 0.3398 0.3604 0.3386

90 Day 

### 0.3906 0.368 0.3604 0.3576 0.3398 0.3386 0.3384 0.3349 0.324 0.319 0.3167 0.3124 0.3045 0.3045 0.3017 0.2979 0.2961 0.2861 0.2779 0.2777 0.2769 0.275 Yearly 

### 0.08618 0.1051 0.105 0.1091 0.1005 0.1048 0.1224 0.128 0.1216 0.106 0.1242 0.1414 0.1275 0.122 0.1223 0.1115 0.1066 0.122 0.1226 0.1044 0.1118 0.1337 0.107 0.1415 0.1359 0.109 0.1171 0.1305 0.1355 0.133

Yearly 

### 0.1415 0.1414 0.1359 0.1355 0.1337 0.133 0.1305 0.128 0.1275 0.1242 0.1226 0.1224 0.1223 0.122 0.122 0.1216 0.1171 0.1118 0.1115 0.1091 0.109 0.107

### 0.1 3.4854 2.6258 0.99641 0.47639 0.36012 0.13586 Average of yearly averages: 0.118272666666667

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

6) Pennsylvania Fall alfalfa



### stored as PA fall Koc DW.out Chemical: benfluralinPRZM environment: PAfallalfa1faMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 12:45:24 

### EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 19 68 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 Peak 3.409 3.427 3.437 3.451 3.435 3.441 3.439 3.445 3.44 3.441 3.393 3.447 3.449 3.419 3.445 3.423 3.437 3.406 3.444 3.449 3.444 3.392 3.438 3.445 3.439 3.447 3.42 3.446 3.444 21 Day 0.8243 0.8329 0.8161 0.8423 0.9156 0.8346 0.8753 0.8466 0.8389 0.8719 0.9941 0.8928 0.8436 0.838 0.8312 0.7835 0.8748 0.7759 0.9164 0.8407 0.8346 0.748 0.8235 0.8365 0.8546 0.8 65 0.9767 0.9649 0.8353 60 Day 0.3305 0.3584 0.433 0.3592 0.4171 0.416 0.3613 0.3547 0.3535 0.3778 0.4728 0.3753 0.4237 0.4025 0.4462 0.3855 0.389 0.3261 0.4821 0.3472 0.3541 0.3091 0.3389 0.3454 0.5435 0.3649 0.5191 0.4116 0.4136 90 Day 0.2387 0.2849 0.3391 0.263 0.3053 0.3104 0.2782 0.2716 0.2585 0.3209 0.3708 0.3302 0.3204 0.2995 0.3586 0.2992 0.3058 0.2392 0.356 0.2635 0.2 614 0.2358 0.2681 0.2714 0.4105 0.275 0.3865 0.3041 0.3176

Benflural~n RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 75

### Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.0323.451 0.0643.449 0.096 3.449 0.129 3.447 0.1613.447 0.193 3.446 0.2253.445 0.2583.445 0.2903.445 0.3223.444 0.354 3.444 0.3873.444 0.4193.441 0.4513.441 0.483 3.44 0.5163.439 0.5483.439 0.580 3.438 0.612 3.437 0.645 3.437 0.677 3.435 0.7093.427 0.7413.423 0.774 3.42 0.8063.419 0.838 3.418 0.8703.409 0.9033.406 0.9353.393 0.967 3.392 21 Day 0.9941 0.97 67 0.9649 0.9164 0.9156 0.8928 0.8753 0.8748 0.8719 0.865 0.8546 0.8466 0.8436 0.8423 0.8407 0.8389 0.838 0.8365 0.8353 0.8346 0.8346 0.8329 0.8312 0.8243 0.8235 0.8161 0.7835 0.7829 0.7759 0.748 60 Day 0.5435 0.5191 0.4821 0.4728 0.4462 0.433 0.4237 0.4171 0.416 0.4136 0.4116 0.4025 0.389 0.3855 0.3778 0.3753 0.3649 0.3613 0.3592 0.3584 0.3547 0.3541 0.3535 0.3472 0.3454 0.3389 0.3305 0.3295 0.3261 0.3091 90 Day 0.4105 0.3865 0.3708 0.3586 0.356 0.3391 0.3302 0.3209 0.3204 0.3176 0.3104 0.3058 0.3053 0.3041 0.2 995 0.2992 0.2849 0.2782 0.275 0.2716 0.2714 0.2692 0.2681 0.2635 0.263 0.2614 0.2585 0.2392 0.2387 0.2358 Yearly 0.1495 0.144 0.1438 0.1418 0.1398 0.1397 0.1392 0.1318 0.131 0.1296 0.1289 0.1268 0.1264 0.1237 0.1225 0.1208 0.1206 0.1187 0.1185 0.1135 0.1132 0.1129 0.1117 0.1115 0.1107 0.1085 0.1033 0.1023 0.09907 0.06833

0.1 3.4488 2.5598 0.96005 0.48117 0.36958 0.1436 Average of yearly averages: 0.121736666666667

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

7) Texas alfalfa



### stored as TX Koc DW.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: TXalfalfaMDavy.txt modified Wedday, 29 January 2003 at 11:16:36 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w13958.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:24 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 1961 3.397 2.443 1.098 0.4495 0.3461 0.09227 1962 3.448 2.513 0.9556 0.4865 0.3581 0.1368

I Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological RiskAssessment 76Sorted results Prob. Peak 

### 96 hr 

### 0.032 3.824 3.063 0.064 3.644 2.954 0.0963.606 2.868 0.129 3.596 2.804 0.1613.476 2.697 0.1933.465 2.63 0.2253.464 2.617 0.258 3.461 2.593 0.290 3.46 2.581 0.322 3.458 2.57 0.3543.458 2.568 0.3873.457 2.554 0.4193.457 2.55 0.4513.457 2.547 0.4833.454 2.545 0.516 3.454 2.544 0.548 3.453 2.544 0.5803.451 2.543 0.612 3.45 2.539 0.645 3.45 2.528 0.6773.449 2.521 0.7093.449 2.518 0.7413.448 2.513 0.774 3.442 2.513 0.806 3.44 2.502 21 Day 

### 1.305 1.169 1.142 1.098 1.075 1.065 1.044 1.039 0.9899 0.9672 0.9666 0.9623 0.9556 0.9448 0.9295 0.9157 0.9143 0.9034 0.8918 0.8836 0.8807 0.8803 0.8773 0.8726 0.8719 60 Day 

### 0.8048 0.6358 0.587 0.576 0.5753 0.574 0.5332 0.5281 0.4999 0.4985 0.4865 0.4729 0.4633 0.4495 0.4381 0.4379 0.4266 0.425 0.4199 0.4127 0.4043 0.4036 0.3785 0.3765 0.3757

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 

### 90 Day 

### 0.5931 0.4785 0.4749 0.4718 0.4519 0.4268 0.4106 0.3987 0.3885 0.3801 0.3662 0.3629 0.3588 0.3581 0.3572 0.3471 0.3461 0.3454 0.3323 0.3211 0.317 0.313 0.298 0.297 0.2928 Yearly 

### 0.2032 0.2014 0.1878 0.172 0.1713 0.1686 0.1674 0.1656 0.1642 0.1633 0.1569 0.1543 0.1476 0.1425 0.1421 0.1402 0.1381 0.1368 0.1368 0.1364 0.1352 0.1329 0.1304 0.1295 0.1265

### 0.1 3.605 2.8616 1.1376 0.5859 0.47459 0.18622 Average of yearly averages: 0.147405666666667

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

8) Florida Turf, one application



### stored as 

### FL turf Koc DW.out Chemical: benfluralin
### PRZM environment: FLturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:44:48 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w12834.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 1961 2.003 1962 2.211 1963 4.336 1964 4.427 1965 2.433 1966 6.308 1967 2.101 1968 5.336 1969 2.006 1970 0.2232 1971 1.888 1972 3.018 1973 0.5589 1974 1.575 1975 0.9285 1976 6.452 1977 1.121 1978 3.339 1979 5.713 1980 0.5363 1981 1.266 1982 3.725 1983 2.37 1984 5.217 1985 1.551 1986 2.254 1987 0.2818 1988 0.6928 1989 2.555 1990 0.4568 21 Day 0.5535 0.5782 1.317 1.431 0.8759 2.064 0.6215 1.625 0.5417 0.2209 0.4822 0.8042 0.2334 0.4275 0.2814 1.649 0.3782 0.8757 1.451 0.272 0.5171 0.9373 0.923 1.313 0.4213 0.685 0.1331 0.2003 0.6276 0.1523 60 Day 0.2698 0.3884 0.6403 0.6285 0.4085 1.207 0.35 0.9697 0.4121 0.176 0.2605 0.3971 0.1698 0.3425 0.1548 0.8852 0.2733 0.5308 0.6386 0.2061 0.2456 0.4942 0.4144 0.5992 0.2057 0.42 0.1075 0.08985 0.2685 0.0929 90 Day 0.2772 0.3178 0.5168 0.6241 0.3126 0.9632 0.2809 0.7522 0.3367 0.1486 0.2225 0.3866 0.1417 0.2893 0.165 0.6581 0.2128 0.4217 0.6542 0.1755 0.1863 0.3898 0.3711 0.4689 0.1954 0.3217 0.09137 0.08492 0.1984 0.07974 Yearly 0.09059 0.1455 0.2266 0.3454 0.1717 0.372 0.1826 0.3108 0.2208 0.07196 0.1198 0.1913 0.09381 0.1369 0.1026 0.2503 0.1388 0.2058 0.3133 0.1142 0.08485 0.1662 0.195 0.2275 0.1376 0.1445 0.06039 0.05092 0.1052 0.05506

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 78

### Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 6.452 4.63 0.064 6.308 4.574 0.0965.713 4.255 0.129 5.336 4.234 0.161 5.217 3.83 0.1934.427 3.296 0.225 4.336 3.135 0.258 3.725 2.705 0.2903.339 2.489 0.322 3.018 2.246 0.354 2.555 1.876 0.3872.433 1.792 0.419 2.37 1.748 0.4512.254 1.625 0.4832.211 1.61 0.5162.101 1.538 0.5482.006 1.465 0.5802.003 1.459 0.6121.888 1.385 0.645 1.575 1.151 0.677 1.551 1.148 0.709 1.266 0.9234 0.7411.121 0.8238 0.774 0.9285 0.7054 0.806 0.6928 0.5173 0.8380.5589 0.4666 0.8700.5363 0.4205 0.9030.4568 0.3392 0.9350.2818 0.2231 0.967 0.2232 0.2149 21 Day 2.064 1.649 1.625 1.451 1.431 1.317 1.313 0.9373 0.923 0.8759 0.8757 0.8042 0.685 0.6276 0.6215 0.5782 0.5535 0.5417 0.5171 0.4822 0.4275 0.4213 0.3782 0.2814 60 Day 1.207 0.9697 0.8852 0.6403 0.6386 0.6285 0.5992 0.5308 0.4942 0.42 0.4144 0.4121 0.4085 0.3971 0.3884 0.35 0.3425 0.2733 0.2698 0.2685 0.2605 0.2456 0.2061 0.2057 0.176 0.1698 0.1548 0.1075 0.0929 0.08985 90 Day 0.9632 0.7522 0.6581 0.6542 0.6241 0.5168 0.4689 0.4217 0.3898 0.3866 0.3711 0.3367 0.3217 0.3178 0.3126 0.2893 0.2809 0.2772 0.2225 0.2128 0.1984 0.1954 0.1863 0.1755 0.165 0.1486 0.1417 0.09137 0.08492 0.07974 Yearly 0.372 0.3454 0.3133 0.3108 0.2503 0.2275 0.2266 0.2208 0.2058 0.195 0.1913 0.1826 0.1717 0.1662 0.1455 0.1445 0.1388 0.1376 0.1369 0.1198 0.1142 0.1052 0.1026 0.09381 0.09059 0.08485 0.07196 0.06039 0.05506 0.05092

0.1 5.6753 4.2529 1.6076 0.8 6071 0.65771 0.31305 Average of yearly averages: 0.167732666666667

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

9) Florida Turf, two applications



### stored as FLDWx2.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: FLturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:44:48 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w12834.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 1961 5.864 4.272 1.62 0.7891 0.8081 0.2604 1962 6.298 4.586 1.649 1.109 0.9066 0.417 1963 13.45 9.711 4.049 1.916 1.446 0.6257

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 79Sorted results Prob. Peak 

### 96 hr 

### 0.03220.91 14.98 0.06419.08 13.82 0.09613.45 9.711 0.129 11.55 8.379 0.161 9.78 6.99 0.193 9.043 6.721 0.2257.614 6.424 0.258 7.471 5.483 0.290 6.946 5.11 0.322 6.865 5.045 0.354 6.448 4.654 0.387 6.298 4.649 0.419 6.216 4.586 0.4516.154 4.493 0.4836.039 4.391 0.5165.864 4.272 0.548 5.526 4.044 0.5805.403 3.989 0.6124.786 3.534 0.6454.707 3.467 0.677 4.572 3.339 0.7093.679 2.681 0.7413.338 2.446 0.7742.144 1.6 0.8062.003 1.496 0.838 1.623 1.324 21 Day 

### 6.202 4.912 4.049 2.892 2.886 2.516 2.489 2.416 2.382 1.976 1.958 1.828 1.795 1.649 1.62 1.571 1.522 1.494 1.422 1.383 1.238 1.233 1.109 0.7236 0.6777 0.6455 60 Day 

### 3.599 2.172 2.08 1.916 1.594 1.51 1.305 1.201 1.188 1.153 1.109 1.041 0.9925 0.923 0.9051 0.8326 0.7975 0.7891 0.7769 0.7408 0.705 0.6716 0.5669 0.4927 0.488 0.4813

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 

### 90 Day 

### 2.755 1.722 1.636 1.593 1.446 1.19 1.159 1.129 0.9629 0.9198 0.9066 0.8864 0.8797 0.8361 0.8081 0.7769 0.7759 0.6334 0.6224 0.6183 0.5716 0.5441 0.5312 0.4153 0.4113 0.4062 Yearly 

### 1.016 0.7819 0.7409 0.6627 0.6486 0.6257 0.5454 0.5251 0.5123 0.4929 0.4717 0.4622 0.438 0.4324 0.417 0.4095 0.3843 0.3817 0.3269 0.307 0.2744 0.2716 0.2661 0.2622 0.2604 0.2249

### 0.1 13.26 9.5778 3.9333 2.0636 1.6317 0.73308 Average of yearly averages: 0.426823333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 

### 15-October-2002

10) Pennsylvania Turf, one application



### stored as 

### PA turf Koc DW.out Chemical: benfluralin

### PRZM environment: PAturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:27:02 

### EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 1.349 1.13 0.7278 0.4193 0.1056 0.3029 2.616 2.235 3.315 0.3499 1.227 4.141 2.696 1.011 0.7562 1.6 0.1767 1.23 1.18 0.1249 0.886 2.4 1.803 4.205 2.872 2.329 2.848 5.36 1.135 2.199 96 hr 21 Day 0.983 0.4303 0.8335 0.292 0.5351 0.2051 0.3191 0.2008 0.08628 0.04479 0.2252 0.1227 1.912 0.7274 1.668 0.6633 2.378 0.8993 0.2612 0.1255 0.9102 0.3686 3.014 1.097 1.983 0.7098 0.76 0.2881 0.5657 0.2211 1.194 0.4023 0.1371 0.08147 0.9217 0.4524 1.002 0.3687 0.09992 0.09427 0.6578 0.2811 1.932 0.6962 1.354 0.7204 3.086 1.127 2.042 0.7207 1.908 0.7084 2.046 0.6858 3.937 1.372 0 :8963 0.5914 1.628 0.5697 60 Day 0.1895 0.1584 0.1067 0.1042 0.03593 0.07144 0.3317 0.4555 0.3885 0.09423 0.2927 0.7124 0.4045 0.1665 0.1393 0.2084 0.06319 0.2084 0.188 0.07177 0.1409 0.4173 0.3276 0.6419 0.3579 0.3533 0.3864 0.6 0.3287 0.3043 90 Day 0.1422 0.1266 0.08861 0.08522 0.02932 0.05547 0.2675 0.3453 0.29 0.08061 0.2279 0.537 0.3122 0.1389 0.11 0.1684 0.05791 0.1619 0.1563 0.06192 0.1051 0.4075 0.2739 0.5028 0.2996 0.2689 0.2934 0.4781 0.2585 0.3076 Yearly 0.06643 0.06289 0.04167 0.04514 0.01688 0.02339 0.1082 0.1396 0.1125 0.05648 0.09971 0.2179 0.1684 0.1056 0.07347 0.07348 0.04083 0.08592 0.1025 0.03553 0.04103 0.1497 0.1317 0.1966 0.178 0.1341 0.1179 0.1973 0.1332 0.1369

Sorted results

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 81

### Prob. Peak 0.032 5.36 0.0644.205 0.096 4.141 0.129 3.315 0.1612.872 0.1932.848 0.225 2.696 0.2582.616 0.290 2.4 0.322 2.329 0.3542.235 0.387 2.199 0.4191.803 0.451 1.6 0.4831.349 0.516 1.23 0.5481.227 0.580 1.18 0.612 1.135 0.645 1.13 0.677 1.011 0.7090.886 0.741 0.7562 0.774 0.7278 0.8060.4193 0.838 0.3499 0.870 0.3029 0.903 0.1767 0.9350.1249 0.967 0.1056 21 Day 60 Day 1.372 0.7124 90 Day 0.537 0.5028 0.4781 0.4075 0.3453 0.3122 0.3076 0.2996 0.2934 0.29 0.2739 0.2689 0.2675 0.2585 0.2279 0.1684 0.1619 0.1563 0.1422 0.1389 0.1266 0.11 0.1051 0.08861 0.08522 0.08061 0.06192 0.05791 0.05547 0.02932 Yearly 0.2179 0.1973 0.1966 0.178 0.1684 0.1497 0.1396 0.1369 0.1341 0.1332 0.1317 0.1179 0.1125 0.1082 0.1056 0.1025 0.09971 0.08592 0.07348 0.07347 0.06643 0.06289 0.05648 0.04514 0.04167 0.04103 0.04083 0.03553 0.02339 0.01688

0.1 4.0584 2.9504 1.07723 0.58555 0.47104 0.19474 Average of yearly averages: 0.103098333333333

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

11) Pennsylvania 

### Turf, two applications



### stored as PAturfDWx2.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: PAturfC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:27:02 

### EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w14737.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:12 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 1961 4.156 3.019 1.299 0.5611 0.4169 0.1515 1962 3.327 2.454 0.86 0.4662 0.3728 0.1822 1963 2.126 1.564 0.6002 0.313 0.2599 0.1226

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 82Sorted 

### results Prob. Peak 

### 96 hr 

### 0.03213.22 9.597 0.064 10.06 7.213 0.096 8.575 6.29 0.129 8.521 6.081 0.161 8.461 6.043 0.193 8.116 6.012 0.225 7.47 5.925 0.258 5.54 4.088 0.290 4.788 3.574 0.3224.438 3.26 0.354 4.323 3.18 0.3874.156 3.019 0.4193.809 2.846 0.4513.799 2.815 0.4833.327 2.454 0.516 2.481 2.05 0.5482.335 1.75 0.580 2.33 1.729 0.6122.236 1.673 0.645 2.126 1.564 0.677 2.076 1.538 0.7091.951 1.488 0.7411.567 1.176 0.7741.069 0.7981 0.8060.9194 0.6853 0.838 0.9042 0.6729 21 Day 

### 3.413 2.724 2.236 2.213 2.15 2.1 2.041 1.469 1.383 1.299 1.283 1.208 1.17 1.131 0.8722 0.86 0.831 0.8204 0.7403 0.7218 0.6559 0.6377 0.6002 0.3832 0.3691 0.2985 60 Day 

### 1.748 1.257 1.173 1.149 1.02 1.011 1.008 1.001 0.8903 0.6817 0.678 0.6265 0.6216 0.5611 0.5147 0.4666 0.4662 0.4639 0.4633 0.4467 0.4181 0.4139 0.313 0.2809 0.2159 0.1945

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 

### 90 Day 

### 1.337 1.08 0.8775 0.8742 0.8739 0.8321 0.7997 0.771 0.692 0.6109 0.5866 0.5066 0.4721 0.4184 0.4169 0.4053 0.3979 0.3885 0.3875 0.3728 0.3724 0.3273 0.2599 0.2402 0.1767 0.1681 Yearly 

### 0.5744 0.4571 0.4023 0.4013 0.3378 0.3322 0.3291 0.2985 0.2952 0.2788 0.2769 0.2669 0.2637 0.2422 0.2384 0.2322 0.221 0.2125 0.2099 0.2027 0.1822 0.1697 0.1515 0.1229 0.1226 0.09446

### 0.1 8.5696 6.2691 2.2337 1.1706 0.87717 0.4022 Average of yearly averages: 0.239387666666667

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

12) Oregon Christmas Tree farm



### stored as 0RXmasDW.out Chemical: benfluralin
PRZM environment: 0RXmasTree.txtmodified Friday, 3 May 2002 at 09:26:00 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: met2.met modified Tueday, 11 August 1992 at 12:05:28 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Peak 1.005 2.483 3.64 4.929 0.568 1.537 0.9556 5.147 1.541 1.337 0.9608 1.293 3.215 1.291 1.78 3.451 3.689 1.177 1.328 1.065 1.816 1.411 0.9001 1.941 1.786 2.807 1.724 0.7643 0.355 1.034 1.675 1.954 2.204 21 Day 0.2837 0.6772 1.316 1.383 0.4131 0.7976 0.4858 1.324 1.023 0.3546 0.4435 0.8205 0.9015 0.4509 0.5105 1.041 1.005 0.6607 0.6669 0.4502 0.545 0.4992 0.4888 0.556 0.8101 1.008 0.9653 0.2868 0.2202 0.4631 0.5332 0.4988 0.6726 60 Day 0.2206 0.315 0.6889 0.7336 0.3177 0.4286 0.3514 0.6824 0.626 0.1632 0.2175 0.4667 0.3959 0.3087 0.2543 0.4 608 0.4384 0.4385 0.3748 0.2457 0.3674 0.2901 0.3404 0.3227 0.4177 0.5608 0.5036 0.1933 0.1596 0.2856 0.2436 0.2575 0.4407 90 Day 0.184 0.3016 0.5457 0.6117 0.2668 0.3245 0.2821 0.5872 0.493 0.125 0.154 0.3538 0.2838 0.2546 0.2089 0.3473 0.3024 0.3469 0.3099 0.1958 0.3356 0.2287 0.2713 0.2534 0.3196 0.3815 0.3976 0.1582 0.1309 0.1975 0.1854 0.2051 0.3016 Yearly 0.05116 0.1744 0.2894 0.2923 0.1373 0.1832 0.1335 0.175 0.209 0.09997 0.09973 0.1351 0.1021 0.1217 0.1056 0.1914 0.1643 0.1836 0.1578 0.1095 0.1743 0.1884 0.1398 0.1573 0.1541 0.1498 0.1831 0.09014 0.05214 0.05615 0.1244 0.101 0.1422

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 84

-%-.-"------a- - -- - - ----- -

### --

### Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.0275.147 0.054 4.929 0.0813.689 0.108 3.64 0.1353.451 0.162 3.215 0.189 2.807 0.2162.483 0.2432.204 0.2701.954 0.297 1.941 0.3241.816 0.3511.786 0.378 1.78 0.4051.724 0.432 1.675 0.4591.541 0.486 1.537 0.5131.477 0.5401.411 0.5671.337 0.5941.328 0.6211.293 0.648 1.291 0.675 1.177 0.702 1.065 0.7291.034 0.7561.005 0.7830.9608 0.810 0.9556 0.837 0.9001 0.8640.8174 0.8910.7643 0.918 0.6715 0.9450.568 0.972 0.355 21 Day 1.383 1.324 1.316 1.041 1.023 1.008 1.005 0.9653 0.9015 0.8205 0.8101 0.7976 0.6772 0.6726 0.6669 0.6607 0.5889 0.556 0.545 0.5332 0.5105 0.4992 0.4988 0.4888 0.4858 0.4631 0.4509 0.4502 0.4435 0.4131 0.3965 0.3546 0.2868 0.2837 0.2807 0.2202 60 Day 0.7336 0.6889 0.6824 0.626 0.5608 0.5036 0.4667 0.4608 0.4407 0.4385 0.4384 0.4286 0.4177 0.3959 0.3843 0.3748 0.3674 0.3514 0.3404 0.3227 0.3177 0.315 0.3087 0.2915 0.2901 0.2856 0.2575 0.2543 0.2457 0.2436 0.2242 0.2206 0.2175 0.1933 0.1632 0.1596 90 Day 0.6117 0.5872 0.5457 0.493 0.397 6 0.3949 0.3815 0.3538 0.3473 0.3469 0.3356 0.3245 0.3196 0.3099 0.3024 0.3016 0.3016 0.2838 0.2821 0.2713 0.2668 0.2546 0.2534 0.2401 0.2287 0.2089 0.2051 0.1975 0.1958 0.1871 0.1854 0.184 0.1582 0.154 0.1309 0.125

0.1 3.6547 3.0826 1.1235 0.64292 0.50881 0.20235 Average 

### of yearly averages: 0.146621944444444

Inputs generaged by pe3.pl 1.2 - 

### 15-October-2002

13) California almonds

stored as almondDW.out Chemical: benfluralin

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 85PRZM environment: CAalmondC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:30:38 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w23232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:22 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 196 9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 198 1 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 4.69 34.61 4.362 3.609 0.9598 1.925 4.401 0.8428 2.314 7.809 0.5322 1.947 1.854 0.8836 0.2525 0.614 1.326 3.123 1.954 1.427 6.193 5.804 3.347 0.7914 3.336 3.048 0.5988 1.47 4.367 3.706

Sorted results Prob. Peak 0.032 34.61 0.064 7.809 0.096 6.193 0.129 5.804 0.161 4.69 0.193 4.401 0.225 4.367 0.258 4.362 0.290 3.706 0.322 3.609 0.354 3.347 0.387 3.336 0.419 3.123 0.451 3.048 0.483 2.314 0.516 1.954 0.548 1.947 0.580 1.925 0.612 1.854 0.645 1.47 0.677 1.427 0.709 1.326 0.741 0.9598 21 Day 1.356 8.634 1.966 1.712 0.6661 0.908 2.131 0.3674 1.359 2.461 0.5104 0.7622 1.235 0.2408 0.1348 0.1638 0.5633 1.926 1.057 0.8975 1.833 2.731 1.085 0.6262 0.9267 0.9994 0.1865 0.4133 1.08 1.811

21 Day 8.634 2.731 2.461 2.131 1.966 1.926 1.833 1.811 60 Day 0.5147 3.631 1.348 0.8084 0.4278 0.5089 0.9576 0.2191 0.7323 0.993 0.38 92 0.3538 0.7175 0.1683 0.1135 0.07057 0.3058 1.079 0.5753 0.5228 0.955 1.411 0.6814 0.4454 0.3635 0.5115 0.1426 0.1874 0.488 0.9118

60 Day 3.631 1.411 1.348 1.079 0.993 0.9576 0.955 0.9118 0.8084 0.7323 0.7175 0.6814 0.5753 0.5228 0.5147 0.5115 0.5089 0.488 0.4454 0.4278 0.3892 0.3635 0.3538 90 Day 0.3431 2.638 1.157 0.6232 0.341 0.345 0.7216 0.177 0.5459 0.6758 0.3349 0.2663 0.547 0.1443 0.1104 0.05223 0.2065 0.8164 0.4433 0.4033 0.6701 1.087 0.5566 0.3649 0.2459 0.4132 0.123 0.1392 0.3962 0.6802

90 Day 2.638 1.157 1.087 0.8164 0.7216 0.6802 0.6758 0.6701 0.6232 0.5566 0.547 0.5459 0.4433 0.4132 0.4033 0.3962 0.3649 0.345 0.3431 0.341 0.3349 0.2663 0.2459 Yearly 0.0846 0.802 0.5966 0.3065 0.1609 0.1358 0.2683 0.07963 0.2161 0.3094 0.1579 0.1026 0.2397 0.09277 0.04532 0.02136 0.08173 0.3186 0.1883 0.1511 0.2668 0.6782 0.4111 0.1571 0.08846 0.1585 0.05293 0.08284 0.1265 0.3054

Yearly 0.802 0.6782 0.5966 0.4111 0.3186 0.3094 0.3065 0.3054 0.2 683 0.2668 0.2397 0.2161 0.1883 0.1609 0.1585 0.1579 0.1571 0.1511 0.1358 0.1265 0.1026 0.09277 0.08846

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment0.1 6.1541 4.9656 2.428 1.3211 1.05994 0.57805 Average of yearly averages: 0.222901333333333

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 - 15-October-2002

14) Florida citrus

stored as citrusDW.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: FLcitrusC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:39:50 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w12842.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:28 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 196 6 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 197 9 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 5.637 15.05 8.707 16.4 23.96 17.17 29.75 12.38 20.46 12.03 17.41 21.58 18.91 39.3 15.68 12.62 5.108 3.182 50.35 7.365 15.44 13.48 9.023 6.95 27.09 5.564 6.953 21.99 7.815 12.15 21 Day 2.067 4.398 3.673 5.71 8.498 5.089 8.84 4.319 7.702 4.571 6.085 7.472 6.048 10.18 5.371 4.883 2.046 1.528 10.12 3.427 5.073 5.611 3.877 3.301 7.694 2.772 3.44 7.934 4.579 3.918 60 Day 1.535 3.367 2.47 4.875 4.811 3.267 4.479 3.099 4.806 2.606 4.501 4.148 4.393 4.934 3.73 3.379 1.524 1.163 4.955 2.578 3.482 4.764 3.292 2.434 4.883 2.14 2.437 5.87 3.07 2.266 90 Day 1.226 2.636 2.138 4 .I92 4.086 2.863 3.704 3.043 4.093 2.07 3.835 3.863 3.447 4.123 3.536 3.17 1.289 1.05 4.208 2.608 2.763 4.293 3.134 2.1 4.38 1.848 2.146 4.584 2.883 1.834 Yearly 0.4755 1.187 1.31 2.119 2.182 1.678 1.747 1.874 2.264 1.439 1.865 2.058 1.788 1.945 2.046 1.939 0.9552 0.6978 2.54 1.793 1.648 2.39 2.01 1.343 2.044 1.396 1.315 2.07 1.768 1.138

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 0.032 50.35 33.37 10.18 5.87 4.584 2.54 0.064 39.3 27.11 10.12 4.955 4.38 2.39 0.096 29.75 23.03 8.84 4.934 4.293 2.264 0.129 27.09 19.66 8.498 4.883 4.208 2.182 0.161 23.96 17.97 7.934 4.875 4.192 2.119 0.193 21.99 17.67 7.702 4.811 4.123 2.07

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 870.1 29.484 22.693 8.8058 4.9289 4.2845 2.2558 Average of yearly averages: 1.70081666666667

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

15) Georgia Peaches

stored as peachDW.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: GAPeachesC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 16:59:56 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w03813.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:04:32 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 196 9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 197 8 1979 1980 1981 1982 Peak 96 hr 11.96 8.787 16.62 12.31 8.416 6.292 36.06 26.63 55.79 42.17 26.85 19.69 10.28 7.61 8.324 6.192 9.611 7.054 34.77 25.2 5.152 3.939 7.173 5.407 14 10.45 13.92 10.25 18.74 14.01 16.62 14.16 3.945 3.009 12.35 9.25 10.94 8.135 8.409 6.292 64.02 46.42 11.72 8.924 21 Day 3.006 4.322 3.223 9.374 13.76 6.625 2.719 2.324 2.448 8.771 2.736 2.301 4.554 3.577 5.046 5.146 1.125 3.314 3.17 2.294 15.54 3.593 60 Day 1.303 1.966 1.558 4.829 6.598 2.832 1.414 1.04 1.559 4.186 1.97 1.147 3.015 2.696 2.452 2.231 0.7485 1.467 90 Day 1.328 1.544 1.191 3.559 4.962 2.105 1.455 0.7946 1.157 2.934 1.6 0.9073 2.312 2.037 2.325 1.66 0.6465 1.302 1.387 1.15 5.424 1.961 Yearly 0.5972 1.018 0.8162 1.592 1.815 1.15 0.8306 0.4908 0.4849 1.026 1.045 0.6852 1.203 1.015 1.309 1.048 0.39 0.6536 0.7424 0.5416 2.451 1.164

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 88Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 64.02 46.42 0.064 55.79 42.17 0.096 44.94 32.45 0.129 36.06 26.63 0.161 34.77 25.2 0.193 31.9 24.36 0.225 28.55 23.24 0.258 26.85 19.69 0.290 25.18 18.41 0.322 18.74 14.16 0.354 16.62 14.01 0.387 16.62 12.31 0.419 14 10.45 0.451 13.92 10.25 0.483 12.35 9.25 0.516 11.96 8.924 0.548 11.72 8.787 0.580 10.94 8.135 0.612 10.28 7.61 0.645 9.611 7.054 0.677 8.416 6.292 0.709 8.409 6.292 0.741 8.324 6.192 0.774 7.438 5.581 0.806 7.173 5.407 0.838 6.426 4.78 0.870 6.103 4.523 0.903 5.152 3.939 0.935 4.391 3.364 0.967 3.945 3.009 21 Day 15.54 13.76 10.51 9.374 8.944 8.771 7.736 7.062 6.625 5.146 5.046 4.554 4.322 3.593 3.577 3.314 3.223 3.17 3.006 2.736 2.719 2.541 2.448 2.324 2.301 2.294 2.09 1.949 1.614 1.125 60 Day 6.814 6.598 4.829 4.337 4.186 4.036 3.238 3.156 3.015 2.832 2.696 2.452 2.231 2.165 1.97 1.966 1.72 1.649 1.559 1.558 1.467 1.414 1.323 1.303 1.288 1.222 1.147 1.099 1.04 0.7485 90 Day 5.424 4.962 3.559 3.478 3.47 2.934 2.366 2.325 2.312 2.295 ' 2.105 2.037 1.961 1.66 1.6 1.544 1.455 1.387 1.334 1.328 1.302 1.191 1.157 1.15 1.098 1.096 1.031 0.9073 0.7946 0.6465 Yearly 2.451 1.815 1.592 1.493 1.309 1.203 1.203 1.164 1.15 1.118 1.048 1.045 1.026 1.018 1.015 0.8306 0.8245 0.8162 0.7424 0.6944 0.6861 0.6852 0.6536 0.6507 0.6322 0.5972 0.5416 0.4908 0.4849 0.39

0.1 44.052 31.868 10.3964 4.7798 3.5509 1.5821 Average of yearly averages: 0.979013333333333 Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

16) North Carolina apples

stored as appleDW.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: NCappleC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:09:36 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w03812.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:05:50 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly 1965 8.188 6.229 3.737 2.099 1.746 0.7985 1966 47.87 34.86 13.65 7.778 6.356 2.887 1967 67.93 55.91 22.31 10.71 8.489 4.344 1968 23.36 17.55 8.984 5.103 4.971 3.139 1969 32.21 23.12 8.137 5.054 4.178 2.322 1970 10.75 8.424 3.564 1.921 1.696 1.348

BenfluralinRED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 89



# -------- -- 

### ---. --- --

### ---Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.037 87.43 62.67 0.074 75.05 55.91 0.111 67.93 55.1 0.148 58.66 42.29 0.185 51.47 37.7 0.222 49.27 35.66 0.259 47.87 34.86 0.296 42.31 30.97 0.333 40.23 29.63 0.370 39.67 28.87 0.407 35.78 28.84 0.444 33.76 26.37 0.481 32.21 23.12 0.518 28.71 21.46 0.555 26.16 19.05 0.592 23.44 17.55 0.629 23.36 17.44 0.666 19.04 15.2 0.703 14.44 10.83 0.740 14.16 10.64 0.777 12.87 9.687 0.814 12.02 9.132 0.851 11.97 8.934 0.888 10.75 8.424 0.925 8.188 6.229 0.962 7.157 5.641 21 Day 22.93 22.31 19.47 14.41 13.65 13.59 13.32 12.44 12.18 11.8 11.74 10.85 10.62 9.488 8.984 8.409 8.137 6.751 5.751 4.554 4.46 4.445 4.011 3.905 3.737 3.564 60 Day 10.71 90 Day 8.489 8.217 8.087 7.437 7.105 6.356 5.802 5.139 4.971 4.935 4.8 94 4.762 4.554 4.435 4.27 4.178 4.123 4.057 3.347 2.97 2.829 2.752 2.305 1.943 1.746 1.696 Yearly 4.344 4.064 4.014 3.958 3.515 3.275 3.229 3.139 2.977 2.908 2.887 2.794 2.732 2.497 2.322 2.305 2.144 2.132 2.129 1.894 1.825 1.734 1.666 1.432 1.348 0.7985

0.1 70.06 55.343 20.322 10.215 8.126 4.029 Average of yearly averages: 2.61778846153846

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

17) Oregon apples

stored as appleDW.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: 0RappleC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:16:34 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w24229.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 90Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 197 8 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 198 9 1990 Peak 96 hr 2.987 2.4 5.488 4.205 3.719 2.881 7.335 6.316 4.45 3.811 4.687 4.207 3.462 2.634 4.456 3.389 6.342 4.898 3.601 3.295 6.252 4.794 3.185 2.832 9.948 7.474 3.592 3.478 2.509 2.316 1.057 1.007 10.28 7.583 1.788 1.747 1.612 1.432 9.172 7.344 4.78 4.163 9.038 6.751 7.525 5.739 6.012 4.616 7.092 5.544 8.163 6.077 8.528 6.853 5.874 4.555 2.302 1.83 1.686 1.558

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 10.28 7.583 0.064 9.948 7.474 0.096 9.172 7.344 0.129 9.038 6.853 0.161 8.528 6.751 0.193 8.163 6.316 0.225 7.525 6.077 0.258 7.335 5.739 0.290 7.092 5.544 0.322 6.342 4.898 0.354 6.252 4.794 0.387 6.012 4.616 0.419 5.874 4.555 0.451 5.488 4.207 0.483 4.78 4.205 0.516 4.687 4.163 0.548 4.456 3.811 0.580 4.45 3.478 0.612 3.719 3.389 0.645 3.601 3.295 0.677 3.592 2.881 0.709 3.462 2.832 0.741 3.185 2.634 0.774 2.987 2.4 0.806 2.509 2.316 0.838 2.302 1.83 0.870 1.788 1.747 21 Day 1.052 2.723 1.434 2.404 1.893 2.314 1.439 1.839 2.138 2.507 1.992 1.669 3.7 2.556 1.921 0.9074 2.7 92 1.706 0.9387 3.062 2.27 2.591 2.644 2.168 2.179 2.331 3.731. 2.04 0.9551 1.169

21 Day 3.731 3.7 3.062 2.792 2.723 2.644 2.591 2.556 2.507 2.404 2.331 2.314 2.27 2.179 2.168 2.138 2.04 1.992 1.921 1.893 1.839 1.706 1.669 1.439 1.434 1.169 1.052 60 Day 0.7534 1.556 1.106 1.269 1.442 1.458 1.033 1.436 1.592 1.683 1.115 1.118 2.015 1.633 1.345 0.6581 1.594 1.324 0.6353 2.194 1.807 1.801 1.558 1.66 1.137 1.188 1.522 1.301 0.7397 0.812

60 Day 2.194 2.015 1.807 1.801 1.683 1.66 1.633 1.594 1.592 1.558 1.556 1.522 1.458 1.442 1.436 1.345 1.324 1.301 1.269 1.188 1.137 1.118 1.115 1.106 1.033 0.812 0.7534

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 90 Day 0.5576 1.175 0.9397 0.8842 1.185 1.182 0.8769 1.213 1.298 1.388 0.9919 0.9414 1.421 1.347 1.098 0.5586 1.227 1.121 0.5573 1.515 1.519 1.737 1.331 1.24 0.9272 1.143 1.064 1.124 0.6533 0.652

90 Day Yearly 0.2189 0.5396 0.6093 0.5222 0.7189 0.7019 0.4979 0.7437 0.8441 0.7099 0.7829 0.5448 0.6658 0.7673 0.5495 0.2871 0.5556 0.5838 0.3306 0.7654 0.9631 0.9964 0.8679 0.8876 0.7399 0.5448 0.6359 0.8494 0.4068 0.3602

Yearly 0.9964 0.9631 0.8876 0.8679 0.8494 0.8441 0.7829 0.7673 0.7654 0.7437 0.7399 0.7189 0.7099 0.7019 0.6658 0.6359 0.6093 0.5838 0.5556 0.5495 0.5448 0.5448 0.5396 0.5222 0.4979 0.4068 0.36020.1 9.158 7.2949 3.035 1.8064 1.5056 0.88563 Average of yearly averages: 0.639706666666667

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

18) Oregon berries

stored as berryDW.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: 0RberriesC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:17:16 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 197 1 1972 197 3 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 197 9 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 198 6 1987 1988 1989 1990 Peak 96 hr 2.409 1.862 5.495 4.203 6.081 5.047 6.813 5.736 3.769 2.938 4.332 3.559 2.953 2.705 5.82 4.383 6.261 4.881 2.687 2.598 10.77 8.203 4.268 3.82 7.782 5.899 3.814 3.604 2.448 1.951 1.168 1.118 3.483 2.832 2.893 2.234 6.204 4.636 7.356 5.85 5.915 4.696 2.436 2.388 2.993 2.259 7.201 5.471 7.505 5.841 2.123 1.637 8.954 7.174 4.161 3.288 8.649 6.642 3.361 2.639

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 10.77 8.203 0.064 8.954 7.174 0.096 8.649 6.642 0.129 7.782 5.899 0.161 7.505 5.85 0.193 7.356 5.841 0.225 7.201 5.736 0.258 6.813 5.471 0.290 6.261 5.047 0.322 6.204 4.881 21 Day 0.7157 1.789 2.108 2.172 1.838 2.208 1.565 1.867 2.185 2.245 3.311 2.437 3.161 2.459 1.32 1.023 1.594 1.099 1.729 2.543 2.731 2.154 1.268 2.543 2.292 1.14 3.797 2.523 2.656 1.851

21 Day 3.797 3.311 3.161 2.731 2.656 2.543 2.543 2.523 2.459 2.437 60 Day 0.3626 1.013 1.141 1.153 1.31 1.41

60 Day 1.994 1.821 1.722 1.676 1.67 1.664 1.658 1.655 1.642 1.618 90 Day 0.2788 0.8776 0.9571 0.8955 1.076 1.169 0.8519 1.306 1.541 1.349 1.399 1.258 1.262 1.241 0.8288 0.6398 0.6843 0.6655 1.026 1.188 1.935 1.387 0.8315 1.279 0.9577 0.6251 1.207 1.384 0.9841 1.152

90 Day 1.935 1.541 1.399 1.387 1.384 1.349 1.306 1.279 1.2 62 1.258 Yearly 0.08413 0.3921 0.7104 0.5496 0.6441 0.6429 0.5145 0.7679 0.9302 0.7199 1.123 0.7015 0.5996 0.706 0.5006 0.2784 0.2154 0.4461 0.5153 0.7458 1.13 0.7827 0.5632 0.7635 0.7369 0.3719 0.6541 0.722 0.5107 0.6755

Yearly 1.13 1.123 0.9302 0.7827 0.7679 0.7635 0.7458 0.7369 0.722 0.7199

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 920.1 8.562 6.5677 3.118 1.7174 1.3978 0.91545 Average of yearly averages: 0.623264333333333

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

## - 15-October-2002

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 9319) Oregon filberts

stored as filbrtDW.out Chemical: benfluralin PRZM environment: 0RfilbertsC.txt modified Satday, 12 October 2002 at 17:18:04 EXAMS environment: ir298.exv modified Thuday, 29 August 2002 at 15:34:12 Metfile: w24232.dvf modified Wedday, 3 July 2002 at 09:06:10 Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 197 3 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 198 9 1990 Peak 96 hr 3.017 2.324 5.771 4.377 8.785 7.255 7.442 6.289 4.577 3.599 4.513 3.845 3.241 2.883 8.128 6.159 5.516 4.276 3.93 3.089 11.33 8.55 4.551 4.057 8.69 6.564 4.514 4.232 3.205 2.523 1.439 1.36 4.132 3.439 3.521 2.713 5.665 4.252 7.599 5.995 5.907 4.586 3.229 2.57 2.689 2.118 6.138 4.644 3.917 3.33 2.762 2.205 8.867 7.089 4.666 3.696 7.99 6.113 4.25 3.283

Sorted results Prob. Peak 96 hr 0.032 11.33 8.55 0.064 8.867 7.255 0.096 8.785 7.089 0.129 8.69 6.564 0.161 8.128 6.289 0.193 7.99 6.159 0.225 7.599 6.113 0.258 7.442 5.995 0.290 6.138 4.644 0.322 5.907 4.586 0.354 5.771 4.377 0.387 5.665 4.276 0.419 5.516 4.252 0.451 4.666 4.232 0.483 4.577 4.057 0.516 4.551 3.845 0.548 4.514 3.696 0.580 4.513 3.599 0.612 4.25 3.439 21 Day 0.948 1.883 2.958 2.431 2.004 2.484 1.663 2.435 2.142 2.324 3.321 2.626 3.5 2.799 1.425 1.235 1.986 1.371 1.627 2.67 2.656 2.195 1.493 2.246 1.403 1.47 3.762 2.421 2.421 1.784

21 Day 3.762 3.5 3.321 2.958 2.799 2.67 2.656 2.626 2.484 2.435 2.431 2.421 2.421 2.324 2.246 2.195 2.142 2.004 1.986 60 Day 0.5258 1.058 1.524 1.357 1.433 1.549 1.099 1.748 1.565 1.613 1.925 1.673 2.093 1.706 1.083 0.8988 1.218 0.9993 1.089 1.751 1.955 1.678 1.211 1.585 1.07 0.7259 1.631 1.5 63 1.286 1.354

60 Day 2.093 1.955 1.925 1.751 1.748 1.706 1.678 1.673 1.631 1.613 1.585 1.565 1.563 1.549 1.524 1.433 1.357 1.354 1.286 90 Day 0.382 0.9095 1.224 1.017 1.178 1.278 0.9151 1.561 1.291 1.33 1.639 1.39 1.459 1.407 0.9074 0.757 0.8569 0.8249 0.9665 1.238 1.865 1.411 1.014 1.23 0.906 0.5929 1.164 1.294 0.9405 1.108

90 Day 1.865 1.639 1.561 1.459 1.411 1.407 1.39 1.33 1.294 1.291 1.278 1.238 1.23 1.224 1.178 1.164 1.108 1.017 1.014 Yearly 0.1123 0.4204 0.8435 0.6299 0.6871 0.7166 0.5524 0.9054 0.9574 0.7332 1.175 0.7638 0.7033 0.7877 0.5632 0.32 63 0.2747 0.5751 0.5912 0.7724 1.119 0.8232 0.6358 0.8006 0.6193 0.3813 0.635 0.7148 0.5303 0.6515

Yearly 1.175

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 940.1 8.775 7.0365 3.2847 1.9076 1.5508 0.9522 Average of yearly averages: 0.666723333333333

Inputs generated by pe3.pl 1.2 

### - 15-October-2002

Benfluralin RED Chapter EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 95

--sAhw-------- ---------, --- - - - 

### ----

## GENEEC 2.0 Results for Non-agricultural areas

RUN No. 1 FOR benfluralin ON ROW 

### * INPUT VALUES 

### *

....................................................................

RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

ONE (MULT ) INTERVAL Koc (PPB ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

.................................................................... 6.000( 6.000) 1 1 10750.0 100.0 GRANUL( .O) .O .O

FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS)

.................................................................... METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) (POND-EFF) ( POND) (POND)

.................................................................... 65.00 2 N/A .41- 51.15 .OO 51.15

GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001



### .................................................................... PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 21 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

.................................................................... 30.37 28.97 22.53 13.89 10.34

RUN No. 2 FOR benfluralin ON ROW 

### * INPUT VALUES 

### *

....................................................................

RATE (#/AC) No.APPS & SOIL SOLUBIL APPL TYPE NO-SPRAY INCORP

ONE (MULT ) INTERVAL Koc (PPB ) (%DRIFT) (FT) (IN)

.................................................................... 6.000( 9.917) 2 40 10750.0 100.0 GRANUL( .O) .O .O

FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIEE VALUES (DAYS)

.................................................................... METABOLIC DAYS UNTIL HYDROLYSIS PHOTOLYSIS METABOLIC COMBINED (FIELD) RAIN/RUNOFF (POND) ( POND-EFF) (POND) ( POND)

.................................................................... 65.00 2 N/A .41- 51.15 .OO 51.15

GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB)) Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

PEAK MAX 4 DAY MAX 2 1 DAY MAX 60 DAY MAX 90 DAY GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC AVG GEEC

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 96

### SCI-GROW Results for Rights-of-way and Non-agricultural areas, 12 

### lblacre application rate



### SCIGROW

VERSION 2.2: 

### NOVEMBER 1, 2001



### RUN No. 1 

### FOR benfluralin 

### ** INPUT VALUES 

### **

........................................................



### APP 

### RATE APPS/ TOTAL/ SOIL AEROBIC 

### SOIL 

### METAB

(LBS/AC) 

### YEAR SEASON KOC 

### HALEL 

### IFE ( 

### DAYS)

........................................................ 

### 12.000 1 12.000 10750.0 49.00



### GROUND-WATER SCREENING CONCENTRATION (IN UG/L 

### - PPB)

........................................................ .068894

........................................................



### RUN No. 

### 2 FOR benfluralin 

### ** INPUT VALUES 

## **

........................................................ 

### APP RATE APPS/ TOTAL/ SOIL 

### AEROBIC SOIL 

### METAB

(LBS/AC) YEAR SEASON KOC HALELIFE (

### DAYS)

........................................................ 

### 6.000 2 12.000 10750.0 49.00



### GROUND-WATER SCREENING CONCENTRATION (IN UG/L 

### - PPB)

----_--_-------_---------------------------------------- 

### .068894

........................................................

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate andEcolog~cal Risk Assessment 97

-.-----=-- - - -- 

# ---

- 

### - 

# -

ew-w

### Appendix V: ELL-Fate Results and 

### TerrestrialExposure Estimates

Estimated environmental terrestrial concentrationsof benfluralin on wildlife food items are based on Kenaga maximum and mean predicted values as shown below.

Normalized estimated environmental concentrations(based on 1 lb. aila single application) for avian and mammalian food items. Values are from Hoerger and Kenaga (1972) 

### , as modifiedby Fletcher et 

### al. 

### (1994)

Table V 

### - A

- 

### EEC (PP~) 

### EEC (PP~) Food Items PredictedMaximum PredictedMean Residue Residue
Short grass 240 

### 85

Tall grass 110 36 Broadleaf plants and small insects 135 45 Fruits, pods, seeds, and large insects 15 7



### SPREADSHEET-BASED TERRESTRIAL EXPOSURE VALUES

A first order decay assumptionis used to determine the concentrationat each day after initial applicationbased on the concentration resulting from the initial and additional applications. The decay is calculated from the first order rate equation:

or in integrated form:

Where:



### CT = concentrationat time T on day zero



### Ci = concentration in parts per million (ppm) present initially (on day zero) on the surfaces. Ci is calculated based on Kanega and Fletcher by multiplying the application rate, in pounds active ingredientper acre, by 

### 240 for short grass, 110for tall grass, and 135for broad-leaf plantslinsects and 15 for seeds. Additional applications are converted from pounds active ingredient per acre to PPM on the plant surface and the addition mass added to the mass of the chemical stillpresent on the surfaces on the day of application.



### k = degradationrate constantdetermined from studiesof hydrolysis,photolysis,microbial degradation, etc. Since degradation rate is generally reported in terms ofhalf-life, the rate constant is calculated from the input half-life 

### (k = In 2lT112) instead of being input directly. Choosing which process controls the degradation rate and which half-life to use in terrestrial exposure calculationsis open for debate and should be done by a qualified scientist.

T= time, in days, since the start ofthe simulation. The initial application is on day 0. The simulation is
set to run for 365 days.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 98The program calculates concentration on each type of surfaceon a daily intervalforone year.Themaximum concentration during the year and the average concentration during the first 56 days are calculated.

The definitions of the labeled application of the pesticide is



### Application Rate: The maximum label application rate (in pounds ailacre) 

### Half-life: The degradation half-life for the dominateprocess(in days) 

### Frequency ofApplication: The interval between repeated applications, from the label (in days) 

### Maximum # 

### Application per year: From the label, the maximum number of applicationsper season

The calculated concentrations are used to calculate Avian and Mammalian RQ (Risk Quotient) values. The maximum calculated concentration is dividedby user input values of ChronicNOAEC (No Observable Adverse Effects Level) and acute LC,, to give RQs for each type of plant surface.

The rat LC 50 is calculated by dividing the mammalian LD 50 by 0.05 (to correct for actual food consumption). For 15g, 35g and 1000g mammals the RQ values are calculated by dividing the maximum concentration for each surface by the LD 50 or NOAEL corrected for consumption (0.95,0.66 and 0.15 body weight for herbivores and insectivores).

The number of days that the input value of ChronicNOAEL and acute LC,, are exceeded in the first 56 days is calculated by comparing the input value to the calculated concentration.

BenflurallnRED Chapter EnvironmentalFate and Ecolog~cal Rlsk Assessment 99



# -- -- - --
- - - 

## --

- - 

### -- - -- -Benfluralin RED Chapter. EnvironmentalFate and Ecological R~sk Assessment 100

-------.--------- - 

## ----

- -- 

### -

### ---.I Chemical Name:
i Use

eaf planWlnsects

Benfluralin RED Chapter Env~ronmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 101

-" 

### ------ -- -- -- - - ------

### Appendix 

### VI. Chronic Risk from Number of Granulars Ingested

Avian Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin

Data from bobwhite reproduction study 

### - MRID 42145502 average weight of bird is male= 229 g and female= 2258 average consumption pre-reproductive =24.6 g per bird per day

bird eats 24.61229 = 10.74% of body weight (Male) 24.6/225= 10.93%ofbody weight (female)

Information from Registrant distribution ofmesh size mesh size 8 (38.5% of total granule sizes) mesh size 10 (17.6% oftotal granule sizes) mesh size 12 (15.7 % oftotal granule sizes) weight per particle clay =4080 pg 

## - (8 mesh) clay = 1525ug 

### - (10 mesh) clay = 927 pg 

### - (12 mesh)

weighted ave wt.1 granule = 3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3)

## - 2.5% ai 5.06 mg fert blend (55 Ib/ft3)

## - 10%ai 5.30mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai 3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai

LOAEC = 96 ppm (MRID 42145502)



### 96 mgl 1,000,000mg =

### X / 24,600 mg total food amount of benfluralin ai in foodldaylbirdintaketo reach 96 ppm =2.36 mg

amt of ai per granule (%ai 

### X mg granule) 3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3)

## - 2.5% ai



### ....................... 0.08 mg ai in granule 5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3)

## - 10%ai



### .................... 0.5 1mg ai in granule 5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai 

### ------------------- 0.53 mg ai in granule 3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 1b/ft3) 

## - 10%ai ------0.40 mg ai in granule

Number of granules to reach 2.36 mg ai (the LOAEC of 96 ppm) (2.361wt of ai granule ) 3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3)

## - 2.5% ai



### ....................... 3 0 5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai 

### ------------------- 5 5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3)

### - 10% ai 

### ------------------ 5 3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai 

### ------ 6

Mammal Chronic Risk from Granular Benfluralin

Benfluralin RED Chapter:Environmental Fate andEcological Risk Assessment 102Data from Davis and Golly, 1963.

## - A grazingmeadow vole (46 gm) consumes 6 1% of own weight per day. An insectivore common mole (46.5 gm) consumes 62% of own weight per day.

, An insectivore least shrew (5.0 gm) consumes 110% of own weight per day.

rat reproductive endpoint is 100pprn 

### (MRID4362870 1)

amt of ai per wanule (%ai 

### X mg granule) 3.27 mg (clay) (37 Ib/ft3)

### - 2.5% ai



### ....................... 0.08 mg ai in granule 5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3)

## - 10%ai



### .................... 0.5 1mg ai in granule 5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3)

### - 10% ai 

### -------------------0.53 mg ai in granule 3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai ------0.40 mg ai in granule

Meadow vole 100mgl 1,000,000 mg =

### X / 28.1 

### gm total food for meadow vole amount of benfluralin ai in food/day/voleintaketo reach 100pprn =2.81 mg

Number of granulesto reach 2.81 mg (the NOAEC of 100ppm) (2.811wt of ai granule above) 3.27 mg (clay) (37 1b/ft3) 

## - 2.5% ai



### ....................... 3 5 5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai 

### ------------------- 5.5 5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3) 

### - 10% ai 

### ------------------ 5 3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai 

### ------ 7

Common mole 100mg/ 1,000,000 mg =

### X / 28.8 gm total food for common mole amount of benfluralin ai in food/day/moleintaketo reach 100pprn =2.88 mg

Number of granules to reach 2.88 mg (theNOAEC of 100ppm) (2.881wt of ai granule above) 3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3)

## - 2.5% ai



### ....................... 36 5.06mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai 

### -------------------6 5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3)

### - 10% ai 

### ------------------ 6 3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 1b/ft3) 

### - 10% ai 

### ------ 7

Least shrew 100 mgl 1,000,000 mg =

### X / 5.5 

### gm total food for least shrew
amount ofbenfluralin ai in food/day/shrew intaketo reach 100pprn = 0.55 mg

Number of granules to reach 2.81 mg (theNOAEC of 100 ppm) (0.551wt of ai granule above) 3.27 mg (clay) (37 lb/ft3)

### - 2.5% ai



### ....................... 7 5.06 mg fert blend (55 lb/ft3)

### - 10% ai 

### ------------------- 1 5.30 mg fert blend (60 lb/ft3)

### - 10%

### ai 

### ------------------I 3.97 mg homogenous fertilizer (45 lb/ft3)

## - 10% ai 

### ------ 1

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and EcologicalRiskAssessment 103

### Appendix 

### VII Fugacity Model for Chronic Risk with Granulars

Terrestrial Chronic Ex~osure Estimates for Granular Applications



### EFED has no standard methodology for assessing chronic risk to terrestrial organisms from granular applications. Appendix 

### VI estimates the number of consumed granules required to reach the chronic dietary exposure equivalent to the LOAEC of 96 ppm for bobwhite quail and three small mammals (meadow vole, common mole, and least shrew).

Other exposure routes for terrestrial organisms include direct ingestion of soil and consumption of soil invertebrates that have bioconcentrated pesticide residues. The following exposure estimates are based

on methodology developed by E. Odenkirchen (Fipronilfj3 Registration).



### Direct Ingestion ofSoil

Table 

### VII 

### - A summarizesthe estimated immediate post treatment soil concentrations of benfluralin, assuming 1cm or 7.6 cm (3-inch) averaging depth, and a soil density of 1.3 g/cm3.



### Table VII

# - A. Estimated Soil Concentrationsfor Benfluralin (Immediately Post treatment)

Application Rate, Soil Concentration (mglkg) Soil Concentration (mg/kg) Ib/A ca 1 cm ca 7.6 cm

A basic chemical intake model for wildlife species to average daily dietary exposure dose for a given chemical of concern and a given receptor species may be summarized as follows:

where: 

## - I~h,i,, isthe species-specific total rate of intake of chemical by ingestion (mglkg-bwlday)



### - Ci is the chemical concentration in medium 

### I (mglkg) (e.g., soil, water, and dietary components)



## - Mi is the rate of ingestion of medium 

### I (kglday)



## - Ai is the gastrointestinal absorption efficiency ofthe chemical in medium 

### I relative to absorption in laboratory toxicity tests



## - W is the body weight of the receptor species (kg)

This basic model was used to estimate oral dose exposures for the four receptor species selected for risk assessment (American robin, bobwhite quail, meadow vole, deer mouse). Because of a lack of data regarding absorption efficiencies both in the available toxicity studies and for free-living receptors, the absorption efficiency (Ai)for all four receptor species was conservatively assumed to be 100% or 1.O.

Nagy (1987) calculated dry food ingestion rates for all birds (where wt =body weight of the birds and mammals in grams) to be 0.648 wt O.'" g, passerines to be 0.398 wt0.850 g, all rodents to be 0.621 wt 0.564 g, and herbivores to be .577 wt 0.727 g. The weights of an American robin averages to 81 gram, northern

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 104bobwhite quail to 174 gram, deer mouse to 21 gram, and meadow vole to 33 gram (USEPA, 1993). Soil invertebrates are assumedto be 80% water. The organism's concentration are shown in mglkg-bwlday.

The model used for estimating oral dose exposure for the robin was based on a simple two-component model that considered incidental ingestion of soil and consumption of soil invertebrates (i.e., earthworms). The equation describing this model is as follows

robin exposurein mglkg-bwlday =

# m,,, m~g)(0.54)(0.0082 kg foodlda~) 

### + (C,. maka)(0.00082 krr soilldav) 0.081 kg body weight

where: 

### - C,, is the estimated concentration in earthworms as calculatedby fugacity relationships and the predicted concentration of chemical over a 15 cm soil profile (see explanation below)



## - 0.54 is the fraction of robin diet attributableto soil invertebrates (USEPA 1993)



### - 0.0082 kg foodlday is the food ingestion rate for adult robins as calculated using allometric relationships from Nagy (1984)



## - C,, is the predicted concentration of chemical in the upper 1cm of soil. The chemical concentration over the lcm soil depth was selected as the reasonable depth-integrated concentration available for incidental soil ingestion



### - 0.00082 kg soillday is calculated from the fraction of diet (0.1) that consists of incidentally ingested soil as per data for soil invertebrate feeding birds (Beyer et al. 1994,USEPA 1993) and the estimated daily dietary intake as per Nagy (1987)



### - 0.081 kg body weight is the average ofmean body weights of adult robins for data reported in (USEPA 1993)

The model used for estimating oral dose exposure for the quail was based on a simple two-component model that considered incidental ingestion of soil and consumption of soil invertebrates (i.e., earthworms). Since other soil invertebrate data are lacking, the earthworm will represent other soil invertebrates. The model is as follows:

quail exposurein mgkg-bwlday = (C., mrr/kg)(0.21)(0.01474kg food/day)+(C,, mdKg)(0.00139 kg soillday) 0.174 kg body weight

where: 

### - C,, is the predicted concentration of chemical in the upper 

### 1cm of soil. The benfluralin concentration over the Icm soil depth was selected as the reasonable depth-integrated concentration available for incidental soil ingestion



## - 0.21 is the fraction of quail diet attributableto soil invertebrates (USEPA 1993)



### - 0.00139 kg soillday is an assumed fraction of diet that consists of incidentallyingested soil as per data for gallinaceous birds 0.094 of daily diet mass (Beyer et al. 1994,USEPA 1993) and a calculated dietary intake of 14.74 g as per Nagy (1987)



## - 0.174 kg body weight is the averagemean body weight of adult quail for data reported in (USEPA 1993)

The model used for estimating oral dose exposure for the deer mouse was based on a simpletwocomponent model that considered incidental ingestion of soil and consumption of soil invertebrates (i.e., earthworms). Since other soil invertebrate data are lacking, the earthworm will represent other soil invertebrates. The model is as follows:

deer mouse exposure (mgkg-bwlday)

=(CWO,~+ke;s, mdKg)(0.000075kg soillday) 0.021 kg body weight

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 105where: 

## - C,, is the predicted concentration of chemical in the upper 1 or 7.6 cm of soil. The benfluralin concentration over the lcm soil depth was selected as the reasonable depthintegrated concentration available for incidental soil ingestion



## - 0.387 is the fraction of deer mouse diet attributable to soil invertebrates (USEPA 1993)



### - 0.000075 kg soillday is an assumed fraction of diet that consists of incidentally ingested soil as per data for deer mouse 0.02 of daily diet mass (Beyer et al.al. 1994,USEPA 1993) and a calculated dietary intake of 4.0 g as per (USEPA 1993).



## - 0.021 kg body weight is the mean averagebody weights of adult deer mouse for data reported in (EPA 1993).

The meadow vole exposure model considers incidental ingestion of soil only. Available data in (USEPA 1993) suggest that meadow voles do not routinely consume earthworms or soil invertebrates. The exposure model is as follows: meadow vole exposurein mglkg-bwlday=&, mg/Ka)(.00031kg soillday) 0.033 kg body weight

where: 

### - C,, is the predicted concentration of chemical in the upper 

### 1cm of soil. The Benfluralin over the lcm soil depth was selected as the reasonable depth-integrated concentration available for incidental soil ingestion



### - 0.0003 1kg soiVday is an assumed fraction of diet that consists of incidentallyingested soil as per data for meadow voles 0.024 of daily diet mass (Beyer et al. 1994,USEPA 1993) and a calculated dietary intake of 13.05 g as per (USEPA 1993)



## - 0.033 kg body weight is the averagebody weight of adult meadow voles (USEPA 1993)

An estimation of benfluralin concentrations potentially accumulated in the tissues of earthworms was required to complete the exposure estimates for robins, quail, and deer mouse. This estimation of earthworm concentration was calculated using a fugacity-based (equilibrium partitioning) approachbased on the work of Trapp and McFarlane (1995) and Mackay and Paterson (1981). Earthworms dwelling within the soil are exposed to contaminants in both soil pore water and via the ingestion of soil (Belfroid et al. 1994). The concentration ofbenfluralin in earthworms was calculated as a combination ofuptake from soil pore water and gastrointestinal absorption from ingested soil:

where: Cs0,, is the concentration of chemical in bulk soil (note: a chemical concentration averaged over a 7.6-cm soil depth was used to reflect a concentration across the earthworm occupied area of soil) Zeasthwom is the fugacity capacity of chemical in earthworms =

(li~id>(KO~>(P,arthWO,)/H Z,,,, is the fugacity capacity of chemical in soil = (K,)(pso,)/H Zwak, is the fugacity capacity of chemical in water = 11H Cs0,, is the concentration of chemical in soil water =Cso,,/Kbw Kbwis the bulk soil-to-water partitioning coefficient = (~so~l)(~d)'~ +(~-~)(~aw) KaW is the air-to-water partitioning coefficient =WRT 

### H =Henry's Constant specific to benfluralin 

### R =universal gas constant, 8.3 1Joules-m3/mol-0K T =temperature OK, assumedto be 298 OK Kd= soil partitioning coefficient = (chemical KO, )(0.02 assumed fraction of soil organic carbon) ps0,, =bulk density of soil, assumed to be 1.3 g/cm3

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 106

## 0 =volumetric fraction ofthe soil, assumed to be 

### 0.30

E =volumetric total porosity of the soil, assumed to be 

### 0.50 lipid =fraction of lipid in organism 0.01 (Cobb et al. 

### 1995) 

### KO, =benfluralin octanol to water partitioning coefficient 

### pearthWo, =the density ofthe organism g/cm3,assumed to be 

### 1g/cm3

Table 

### VII 

## - B summarizesthe model inputs and exposure estimates for robins, bobwhite quail, and meadow voles.



### Table VII

# - B. Model Input Parameters and Dietary Exposure Estimates for Avian and Mammalian ~ece~iors (for Soil concentrations

## immediately Posttreatment)

Parameter 

### I 3 IblA 

### I 6 IblA 

## I 9 IbfA 

### 11 12 1bfA
I I I

C, (mg/kg @ 7.6 cm depth) 3 6 9

0.100 0.200 0.300

Earthworm Concentration (mg/kg)

Robin Oral Dose (mgtkgbwtday)

Quail Oral Dose (mgikg-bwlday)

Deer Mouse

Meadow Vole Oral Dose (mglkg-bwiday)

ZdWom ((li~id*&~* ~~~,~~d~)

P,, (g/cm3)

PPsllhwom (g/cm3)

8 (unitless)

For chronic benfluralin oral dose exposures to the robin, bobwhite quail, deer mouse, and meadow vole, a 20-week average concentrationof each compound immediately following application was calculated in soil over 1 cm and 7.6 cm depth profiles. Twenty weeks was selected as the averagingperiod to be consistent with the exposure durations encounteredin available rat multi-generationand avian reproduction toxicity studies. Table VII- C summarizes these estimated soil concentrations. 66.1

1.3

1

0.3

E (unitless)

Kaw (WRT)

Kbrv((Pso,~*Kd)+@+(~-@)(Kaw))

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 107 0.5

5 0.012

260.3I' I I '1 * 20-week average assumest,,of 65 days Table VII

## - C. Estimated Soil ConcentrationsforBenfluralin (20-Week Average Soil Concentrations*)

Using the 20-week average soil concentrationsin the avian and mammalian receptors yields the following estimated maximalyear one chronic oral dose estimates (TableVIl 

### - D). ".",9P:-- " ' SOB co2&atrdL (mpna)

3 16

Table VII 

### - D. Chronic OralDose Estimates forAvian Receptors ' %oil ii6~cEa~raf.toa crng&~ &i7.G%m~ 

# -

%
1.8

(Notice that the immediate and 20-week numbers are the same as the immediately applied --soil contribution is negligible). Therefore,we will assume that values for 20 weeks also reflect the immediately after application. Robin

In order to be comparedto the chronic endpoints which is in pprn for birds, a conversion should be made. To put the mglkg-bwlday into ppm, the following formula is used:

pprn =(toxicant mdka-bwldav) (bodyweight ofbird (a)) Food intakeper day (g) lcm

7.6 cm

Robin pprn intake from 

### 3 lb ai/A benfluralin in soil =(22 maka-bwldav) (8 1 a) =217 pprn 8.2 glday

Quail ppm intake from 

### 3 lb ai/A benfluralin in soil =J7 mdka-bwldav) (174 a) = 82.6 pprn 14.74 glday 21

2.6

The avian chronic endpoint for benfluralin is <96 ppm. The following table shows the calculatedpprn value for robin and quail at each of the application rates:

Table VTT 

## - E 43

5.0

- --- -- . -- 

### -

Species depth in soil 3Ib ai/A 6IbdA 9 Ib ailA 12IbdA 64

7.4

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 108 85

9.9

Y

Robin

Robin

Quail

Quail 1cm

7.6 cm

1cm

7.6 cm 217

26.7

82.6

10.2 425

49.4

165

18.9 642

74.1

247

28.3 850

99

330

37.8

### The mammalian chronic endpoints for benfluralin is 5 mglkg-bwlday. The following table shows the calculated value at each of the application rates.

Table VII 

### - F

Soil depth 3 Ib ai/A 6 Ib ailA 9 Ib aUA 12 Ib ailA
II I I I IG. References

Deer Mouse Oral Dose (mglkg-bwtday)



### Belfroid, A., 

### M. Sikkenk, W. Seinen,K.V. Gestel, J. 

### Hermens. 1994. The toxicokinetic behavior of chlorobenzenes in earthworm (Eisenia andrei) experimentsin soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13: 93-99

Beyer, W.N., E.E. Connor, S. 

### Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestionby wildlife. 

### J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382. 1cm

76cm



### Dunning, 

### J.B. 1984. Body Weights of 686 Species ofNorthAmerican Birds. Monograph Number 1. Western Bird Banding Association.

Mackay, D. And S. Paterson. 1981. Calculating fugacity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15: 1006-1 014. 3 1

3 7



### Nagy, K.A. 1987. Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. Ecol. Monogr. 57: 111-128.

Trapp, S.

### And J.C McFarlane (eds.). 1995. Plant Contamination Modeling and Simulation of Organic Chemical Processes. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida. 61

7 0



### United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. EPA/600/9-931187a. Office of Research and Development. Washington,DC. 10 5

BenfluralinRED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 109

,--*-- -- 

# ----- -- - ------,-

### Appendix VIII: Exposure and Risk Characterization

Risk characterization integrates the results ofthe exposure and ecotoxicity data to evaluate the likelihood of adverse ecological effects. The means of this integration is called the quotient method. Risk quotients (RQs) are calculatedby dividing exposure estimatesby acute and chronic ecotoxicity values.

RQs are then comparedto OPP's levels of concern (LOCs). These LOCs are used by OPP to analyze potential risk to nontarget organisms and the need to consider regulatory action. The criteria indicate that a pesticide used as directed has the potentialto cause adverse effects on nontarget organisms. LOCs currently address the followingrisk presumption categories: (1) acute high 

### - potential for acute risk is high; regulatory action may be warranted in additiontorestricted use classification, (2) acute restricted use 

## - the potential for acute risk is high, but may be mitigated through restricted use classification, 

### (3) acute endangered species 

### - endangered speciesmay be adversely affected, and (4) chronic risk 

## - the potential for chronic risk is high regulatory action may be warranted. Currently, EFED does not perform assessments for chronic risk to plants, acute or chronic risks to nontarget insects, or chronic risk from granularlbait formulationsto birds or mammals.

The ecotoxicitytest values (measurement endpoints)used in the acute and chronic risk quotients are derived from required studies. Examples of ecotoxicity values derived from short-term laboratory studies that assess acute effects are: 

### (1) 

# ,,,, (fish and birds), (2) LD,, (birds and mammals), (3)EC,, (aquatic plants and aquatic invertebrates) and (4) 

### EC,, (terrestrial plants). Examples of toxicity test effect levels derived from the results of long-term laboratory studies that assess chronic effects are: (1) 

### LOEL (birds, fish, and aquatic invertebrates) and (2) NOAEL (birds, fish and aquatic invertebrates).For birds, mammals, fish and aquatic invertebrates the NOAEL generally is used as the ecotoxicity test value in assessing chronic effects, although other values may be used whenjustified. Risk presumptions and the correspondingRQs and LOCs, are tabulated below.

Table VIII

# - A. Risk presumptions for terrestrial animals based on risk quotients (RQ) and levels ofconcern (LOC).
Risk Presumption RQ LOC

Birds

Acute Risk EEC1/,,,, or LD5,/ft2. or LD,,/day3 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EEC/LC,, or LD,,/ft2 or LD,,/day (or LD,, < 

### 50 mg/kg) 0.2 Acute Endangered EECLC,, or LD,dft2or LD,,/day Species

Chronic Risk EECNOAEC 

### 1

Wild Mammals

Acute Risk EECLC,, or LD,,/ff or LD,,/day 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EECLC,, or LD5,/ft2 or LD5,/day (or LD,, 

### <50 mg/kg) 0.2 Acute Endangered EECLC,, or LD5,/ft2or LD,dday Species

Chronic Risk EECNOAEC 

### 1

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 110Table VIII

# - A. Risk presumptions forterrestrial animals based on risk quotients 

### (RQ) and levels of concern 

### (LOC).
Risk Presumption RQ 

### LOC
abbreviation for Estimated Environmental Concentration (ppm) on avian/mammalian food items mg/ft2

3 

### mg of toxicant consumed/day LD,, 

## * wt. 

### of bird LD,, 

## * wt. 

### of bird

Table VIII

## - B. Risk presumptions for aquatic animals based on risk quotients 

### (RQ) and levels of

concern 

### (LOC).
Risk Presumption RQ 

### LOC

Acute Risk EEC1/LC5,or EC,, 0.5

Acute Restricted Use EECLC,, or EC,, 0.1 Acute Endangered Species EECILC,, or EC,, 0.05

Chronic Risk EEC/ orNOAEC 

### 1 EEC = 

### (ppm or ppb) in water

Table VIII

# - C.Risk presumptions forplants based on risk quotients 

### (RQ) and levels of concern 

### (LOC).

Risk Presumption RQ 

### LOC
Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Plants

Acute Risk
Acute Endangered Species EEC1/EC2,
EECEC,, or NOAEC Aquatic Plants

AcuteRisk EEC2/EC5, 

### 1
Acute Endangered Species EEC/EC, or NOAEC 

### 1 EEC =

### lbs ai/A EEC = 

### (ppblppm) in water

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate and EcologicalRlsk Assessment 111

-m-* 

### -

--I I*&. -
- ---- --- -- ----"

## Appendix 

## IX. Environmental Pate Study summaries

Physical properties

Benfluralin is a dinitroaniline compound 

### (N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluro-2,6-dinitro-ptoluidine). Benfluralin is an isomer ofthe herbicide trifluralin 

### (N,N-dipropyl-a,a.a-trifluro-2,6-dinitrop-toluidine). The physical properties of Benfluralin are given in Table IX 

### - A.

Table 

### M 

## - A. Physical Properties ofBenfluralin

Physicalproperty

Molecularweight



# I PhysicalForm 

# IYellow-orange crystalline solid (Merck Index, 1983) 

# 1 Value, units, reference

335.29 glmole (Merck Index, 1983)

Molecular Formula I C,,H,,F,N,O, (Merck Index, 1983)

I

- - Solubilityin water

Vapor Pressure

CalculatedHenry's Law Constant
Boiling Point

Log Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient 5.29 (Hansch, Leo, Hoekman, 1995)

I 

# I

0.1 mg/L @ 25°C (Tomlin, 1994)

< 1mg/L @ 25°C (Merck Index, 1983) 0.3 mg/L (calc., subcooled liquid at 25°C)

0.000066 mmHg @ 25°C (Tomlin, 1994) 0.000028mmHg @ 25°C (Farm Chemicals Handbook, 2000) 0.000389 mrnHg @ 30°C (Merck Index, 1983)

0.000291 atm.m3-mol-' (Wauchope, 1992)

148-9°C @ 7 mmHg (Tomlin, 1994) 121-2°C @ 0.5 mmHg (WSSA, 1983)
Melting Point

Stability 

# 1 Decomposedby ultraviolet light (Merck Index, 1983) 65-66.5"C (Merck Index, 1983)

Solubilitv of the Sub-cooled Liauid. The solubility figure in Table IX-A (0.1 mgL)is given at 2S°C, well below the melting point of 65-66.5"C. This indicatesthat the solubility figure is forthe crystalline solid. The solubility of a compound that is a solid at room temperature must be adjusted by the ratio, fugacity ofthe solid : fugacity of the sub-cooled liquid (fs/fL) to account for the heat of fusion (melting), because the solute exists in a liquid state at the temperature of interest (Schwarzenbach, Gschwend & Imboden, 1993, p. 81; 

### AM Carmo, LS Hundal & 

### ML Thompson, 2000).

The fugacity ratio of the solid and sub-cooled liquid may be calculated by the following equation:

where 

### AH,,, is the heat of fusion, 

### R is the universal gas constant, Tm is the melting temperature 

### (K), and T is thetemperature of interest (here, 25°C). Using the heat of fusion (22.32 kJ/mol) for the closely related compound, trifluralin (Acree, 1991, found in NIST Chemistry WebBook, 

### htt~://webbook.nist.aov/chemistrv/~, the fugacity ratio (fs/fL)is 0.34. To adjust the solubility, the following equation is used:

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 112where SsCL is the subcooled liquid solubility, and S, is the solubility of the solid at room temperature. The resulting subcooled liquid solubility for benfluralin is 0.3 ppm, rounded to one significant figure.

Laboratory Environmental Fate Studies

Hvdrolvsis. Benfluralin is stable to hydrolysis in the dark at pH 5, 7, and 9 (MRID 001488-74). Chemically pure benfluralin was maintained in sterile buffer solutions (pH 5, 7, and 9) at 0.5 ug/mL in the dark at 26OC for 30 days. No degradation of benfluralin was observed at any pH studied.

Aqueous Photolvsis. Benfluralin is rapidly decomposed by visible light (xenon arc lamp) in aqueous solution, with a half-life of 9.9 hours at pH 5 (MRID 4 16138-14). Ring-labeled (14-C) benfluralin (radiochemical purity 97.9%) at approximately0.09 ug/mL, photodegraded with a registrantcalculated half-life of 9.9 hours in a sterile aqueous 0.2 M acetate buffer solution (pH 5) that was continuously irradiated at 25

# * 1°Cwith a xenon arc lamp that had an intensity of approximately half that of sunlight. In the irradiated solutions, 14-Cbenfluralin was 54.8% of the applied at 7 hours, 3 1 .O% at 14.1 hours, and 7.6% at 47.8 hours. In the dark control, 14-Cbenfluralin did not degrade in a similar solution during 47.8 hours of incubation. During the study, the material balances for the irradiated solutions were 2 98.9% of the applied and for the dark control solutions were 85.5-101%. In the irradiated solution, extractable 14-Cresidues decreased fiom 94.9% ofthe applied immediately posttreatmentto 54.1% at 47.8 hours. Four degradates were identified in the 47.8-hour irradiation solution used for characterizatio:

5-trifluoromethyl-3-nitro-l,2-benzenediamine (LY-50030; 15.4% of the extracted radioactivity); 2-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro-1 H-benzimidazole(LY-67255; 13.3%); 4-nitro-2-propyl-6-trifluoromethyl- 1H-benzimidazole (LY-274766; 11.5%); 

### 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole (LY-65 138; 3.9%).

Five 14-Ccompounds, present at up to 12.2% of the extractable radioactivity (7% ofthe applied), were isolated from the sample extracts but were not identified. During the experiment, extractable 14-C residues remaining at the origin [of the TLC plate] increasedto 11.5 % of the recovered.

An earlier study of aqueous photolysis (Acc.No. 404572-01, 1986)gave half-lives of 6.9 hours (pH 5), 5.5 hours (pH 7) and 6.2hours (pH 9).

Benfluralin is also known tobe decomposedby ultraviolet light (Merck Index, 1983). Its orangeyellow color indicates that it absorbs visible light in the blue-violet range. The photodegradatesare LY50030 (15.4% at 48hr), LY-67255 (13.3% at 48hr), LY-274766 (1 1.5%at 48hr), and LY-65138 (3.9% at 48 hr). See Appendix 

### X for structures of the degradates.

Soil Photolvsis. Benfluralin decomposed with a half-life of 12.5 days on air-dried sandy loam soil irradiated with a xenon arc lamp for 30 days at 25OC. The soil was composed of 66% sand, 22% silt, 12% clay, 1.4% organic matter, pH 5.7, with a cation exchange capacity of 4.9 meq/100 cc. Ring-labeled 14-Cbenfluralin (radiochemical purity 97.8%) at 83.1 ug/g, photodegraded with a half-life of 12.5 days

on a sandy loam soil that was continuously irradiated at 25 h 1°Cwith a xenon arc lamp that had an intensity of approximately half that of sunlight. In the irradiated soil, 14-Cbenfluralin comprised 70.8% of the applied at 6.79 days, 45.6% at 14 days, and 21.8% at 30 days. In the dark control, 14-Cbenfluralin did not degrade during 30 days of incubation. During the study, material balances for irradiated soil were 88.7-102.9% of the applied with no discernable pattern and for the dark control soil was 94.0-104%. In the irradiated soil, acetonitri1e:waterextractable 14-Cresidues decreased from 99.8% ofthe applied

Benfluralin RED Chapter:Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 113immediately posttreatment to 73.5% at 21 and 30 days; and additional 10.8%was extractable from the soil at 30 days using more rigorous extraction procedures. The three identified photodegradates were:



### N-(N-butyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzenemine (LY-5 1783; 14.5% at 30 days) 

### 2,6-dinitro-N-ethyl-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine (LY-48800; 23.5% at 30 days) 4-nitro-2-propyl-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole (LY-274766; 17.3 % at 2 1 days)

See Appendix X for structures of the degradates. Two 14-Ccompounds, present at up to 4.8% of extractable radioactivity, were isolated from sample extracts but were not identified, and up to 11%of the extractable radioactivity (primarily distributed randomly on the TLC plate) was not identiifed. At day 30, 12.4% of applied radioactivity remained in the soil after exhaustive extractions; 7.8% fulvic acid, 2.2% humic acid, and 2.5% humin.

Aerobic Soil Metabolism. Laboratory studies of the metabolism of benfluralin in aerobic soil yield half-lives ranging from 20 to 86 days. No major (>lo% of parent) degradates were formed.

(MRID 4 17517-03) Benfluralin, uniformly labeled in the aromaticring, was incorporated into sandy loam soil at a concentration of 3.1 ppm. The moisture content of the treated soil was adjusted to 75% of the 0.33 bar moisture capacity and the soil was placed into an apparatus that was frequentlypurged with moist, fresh air and was designed for the collection of C02and volatile organic compounds. This apparatus was incubated at 24OC in the dark. At predetermined intervals over a 9.2 month period, samples of soil were analyzed for total radioactivity, benfluralin, and its metabolites. Identities of the metabolites were established by chromatography with authentic reference standards in two thin-layer chromatography systems andby NMR, IR and MS analysis. The traps used for collection of C02and volatile compounds were analyzed for radioactivity whenever soil samples were taken. Benfluralin degraded with a half-life of 36 days [recalculatedby reviewer]. After 9.2 months, only 2.7% of 0 time radioactivity remained as benfluralin. A total of nine metabolites were identified, none ofthem at >lo% of the applied radioactivity. Nonextractable radioactivity increasedto 48.3% of 0 time radioactivity at 6.2 months; 67% ofthis could be extracted with base and was found to be associated with the humic acid, humus, and fulvic acid fractions of the soil. Only 2.6% of the 0 time radioactivity was found as C02, and 9.7% was found adsorbed to charcoal traps, and condensed on the walls of the apparatus at 9.2 months.

(Acc. No. 257843) Uniformly labeled 14-Cbenfluralin (3.77 uCi/mg, radiopurity of 96.1%) was incorporated into sieved sandy loam, silty loam, and clay loam soils (see tablev-B) at a nominal concentration of 1ppm. The treated soils were well mixed, placed in loosely covered glass jars and maintained at 75% or 0.33 bar moisture in the dark at 24OC for 24 weeks.

The half-lives in the DERs for Acc.No. 257843 and MRID 4 17517-03were recalculated using non-linear regression to make them consistent with each other and to rationalize the results with the terrestrial field dissipation studies. Benfluralin degraded with half-lives of 20 days in a sandy loam, 34 days in a silty loam, and 86 days in a clay loam (Addendum 1to Acc. No. 257843). The half-life in a sandy loam soilwas 36 days (1.21 months) (Addendum 1to 

### MRlD 4175 17-03). A literature study (Zimdahl and Gwynn, 1977,DER dated 10121/02) yielded half-lives of 

### 1 71 days (15OC) and 53 days (30°C) in Ascalon sandy loam, and 141 days (15OC) and 36 days (30°C) in Weld loam soil. The interpolated half-lives at 25OC are 69 days in the Ascalon soil and 48 days 

### in the Weld soil. The average half-life was 49 days (n=6), with a 90% upper confidence limit on the mean of 65 days.

The soils used in Acc. No. 257843 and 

### MRID 4 175 17-03 are described below.

Table IX- B. SoilsUsed in Aerobic Soil Metabolism Studies

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 114(Zimdahl & Gwynn, 1977) Authors' Abstract "These studies were conducted in the laboratory on two soils at two temperatures to define the rate of degradation and the associated rate law for trifluralin 

### (a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), benefin 

### (N-butyl-N-ethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-ptoluidine), and 

### 2,6-dinitro-N-(3-pentyl)-a,a,a-trifluro-p-toluidine (hereafter referred to as Unnamed). Rate of degradation was directly correlated with temperature and moisture content. First order kinetics adequately described the rate of degradation at 15 OC, but the simple first order assumption was not sufficientto describe degradation at 30 OC. The implication of our interpretation is that at 30 OC two rate processes may operate in the soil degradation of these three dinitroaniline herbicides. The data show an initial rapid first order rate of degradation with a subsequent changeto a slower first order process. First half lives ranged from 0.4 to 1.8 months at 30 OC and were consistently lower in a loam than in a sandy loam soil."

Study1 Soil

4 17517-03

Acc. No. 257843

Zimdahl & Gw~nn, 1977

Two soils were used. These were Ascalon sandy loam (pH 7.6, 64% sand, 20% silt, 14% clay, 1.6% organic matter, and cation exchange capacity 11.4meqI100 g soil) and Weld loam (pH 6.6,35% sand, 45% silt, 20% clay, 2.2% organic matter, and cation exchange capacity 19.4meqI100 g soil). The data in the original publication were re-analyzed using Sigmaplot. Non-linear regressions were performed on the original data expressed as % of day zero concentration. 

### A 2-parameter exponential decaymodel with no data weighting was used. The following results were obtained. Soiltype

Sandy loam
Sandy loam
Silty loam
Clay loam

Ascalon sandy loam

Weld loam

rable 

### IX- C

Weld 30°C 

# 1 107 

# 1 0.5801 

# I .r0.0001 %sand

66

62.8

34.8

29.6

64

35

Soil, temperature

Ascalon 15°C

Ascalon 30°C

Weld 15°C half-life (months)

Rate constants at 25OC were estimatedby plotting the results at 15OC and 30°C (reciprocal absolute temperature versus rate constant k). The estimated rate constants were obtained by interpolating k onthe graph at 25OC =298K (11T =0.00336). The interpolated rate constants at 25OC Intercept (% of initial concentration)

115

103

9 1

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate andEcological Risk Assessment 115 %silt

2 1

23.6

50.4

37.2

20

45 %clay

13

13.6

14.8

33.2

14

20 %organic
matter

1.5

2.7

3.2

3.1

1.6

2.2

slope (rate constant) 1 /months

-- 0.1217

0.3949

0.1474 p-value on slope

<0.0001

<0.0001

.rO.OOOl bulk density,

1.37

1.020

1.012

1.016



## --

-- PH

7.1

7.2

6.8

6.4

7.6

6.6 Cation exchange capacity, meq1100
g

8.8

10.4

14.1

19.0

11.4

19.4are 0.3 /month for Ascalon soil (half-life 2.3 1 months = 69 days) and 0.43/month for Weld soil (half-life 1.61 months =48 days).

Anaerobic Soil Metabolism. A study (MRID 4 17517-04) of the soil metabolism of benfluralin under anaerobic conditions yielded a half-life of 12 days (Addendum 1to MRID 4 175 17-04). The system consisted of a Greenfield,

### IN sandy loam adjusted to 75% of the 0.33 bar moisture capacity, and incubated in the dark at 24OC for 30 days aerobically, then 60 days anaerobically at 2g°C. No major (>lo% of parent) degradates were formed. Degradation mechanisms included reduction of nitro groups
to amino groups, dealkylation, and formation of benzimidazole rings.

Benfluralin was incorporated into sandy loam soil (same as used in MRID 4 175 17-03, see table V-B), at a concentration of 3.1 ppm, adjusted to 75% of the 0.33 bar moisture capacity, and incubated in the dark at 24OC for 30 days aerobically. The system was then convertedto anaerobic conditions by flooding with water in an apparatus designed for the collection of C02and volatile compounds, and incubated at 29OC in the dark for 60 days. Soil samples were analyzed at 0,30, and 60 days during the anaerobic incubation period for total radioactivity, benfluralin and metabolites. Metabolites were identified by TLC,

### NMR, and MS.

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism. A study 

### (MRID 43 1060-01) of the metabolism of benfluralin in an anaerobic loam sediment-water system yielded a half-life of 38 hours. The system was incubated anaerobicallyfor 365 days at 25-+2'C in darkness. Parent benfluralin was tightly bound to the sediment. Degradates included B36 (41.3% on Day 0), B37 (23.4% on Day 3), X1 and X2 (total 14.8%on days 3- 7). Structures for the degradates are given in Appendix VIII. The sequence of degradation is due to reduction of nitro groupsto amino groups, followedby ring closure to form benzimidazoles.

Uniformly labeled 14-C benfluralin applied at 0.12ppm degraded with a calculated half-life of 1.6 days in flooded loam sediment thgat was incubated under anaerobic conditions in darkness at 25h2OC for 365 days. The sediment (28% sand, 48% silt, 24% clay, 9.7% om, 

### pH 4.6, CEC 27.3 meq/100 g) and flood water were collected from Burdette Lake Farm in Burdette, Mississippi. 34-g wet weight portions were placed into 500-mL biometer flasks, flooded with water (86 mL per flask, pH 7.8-7.9) purged with nitrogen, and incubated in darkness for one month at 25 h 1°Cto establish anaerobic conditions. The sediment-water flasks were treated with 14-C labeled benfluralin (radiochemical purity >99%, specific activity 77.2 uCi1mg). Duplicate flasks were removed for analysis at zero, 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60,90, 120, 180,270, and 365 days. 14-Cbenfluralin was 35% of the applied radioactivity immediately posttreatment, 3.4% at 1 day, 0.9% at 3 and 7 days, and was not detected (<0.01 ppm) thereafter. The degradates identified were:



### N-butyl-N-ethyl-2-nitro-6-amino-(4-trifluoromethyl) benzenearnine (B36,41.3% at day 0, not detected after day 7); 

### N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-diamino-(4-trifluoromethyl)benzeneamine (B37,23.4% at day 3, 1.5% at 365 days); 1 

### -ethyl-2-propyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1 H-benzimidazol-7-amine (X 1 ), and 1



### -butyl-2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl- 1 H-benzimidazol-7-amine (X2), maximum 14.7-14.8%at 3-7 days, and 7.3% at 365 days.

Adsorption-Desomtion and Leaching. Based on batch adsorption experiments (MRID 4 1613 8- 16),benfluralin was determined to be immobilein a sand (Koc = 10,S00), a sandy loam (Koc = 10,700), a loam (Koc = 9840), and a clay loam (Koc = 11,660). Ring-labeled 14-Cbenfluralin (radiochemical purity >99%) at 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, or 0.002 ug/mL was equilibrated in soil:calcium choride solution slurries (1:S or 1:200 ratio) for 22 hours at 25 k 1°C. Relatively little of the adsorbed 14-Cbenfluralin desorbed from the soil, with 1/Nvalues of 0.292 to 0.747 except for two negative values for the lowest concentrations in the loam and clay loam soils. Benfluralin was the only compound in the soil solutions following desorption. Material balances at the completion of the experimentwere, in general, >95% of the applied. These results indicatethat benfluralin behaves accordingto the organic carbon partitioning

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 116model. The Kd values are also correlated with clay content ofthe soil 

### (12 = 0.898) and with cation exchange capacity (r2= 0.755). These correlations indicate that benfluralin also behaves as a cation (positively charged molecule) in its partitioning. This behavior is expected, since benfluralin is an amide.

In an aged soil leaching study (MRID 4 18662-01) 86 to 90% of benfluralin remained in the top 6

cm of 30-cm Neuces (TX) sand or Crosby 

### (IN) loam soil columns eluted withjust under 2 column volumes of 0.1M CaCI,. A total of 1.1% (loam) to 3.1% (sand) of the applied radioactivity was recovered in the leachate. The degradate identified in the leachate at up to 3.08% of applied radioactivity

was B12, or 

### 2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethy1)-phenol.

A sandy loam soil was fortified with the equivalent of 3.0 lblacre of ring-labeled 14-C benfluralin, maintained at 75% of 0.33 bar moisture content at 25 rt 1°C and aged 30 days. Volatile radioactivity was trapped using activated charcoal and C02using Harvey 14-C cocktail. Portions ofthe aged soil were analyzed for benfluralin and metabolites at the end of the 30-day aging period. Four additional portions were placed at the top of 3.6 cm dia x 30 cm columns containing a sand or loam soil. The columns were maintained at 25 rt 1°C and were leached with the equivalent of more than 50.8 cm of 0.01 M calcium chloride. The leachate was collected in four portions and analyzedby liwuid scintillation counting. At the end of the leaching portion of the study, the columns were divided into five 6.0 cm sections and the 14-C content determinedby extraction, LSC, and radiochemical combustion analysis. Leachate was also extracted and the nature of the radioactivity determinedby TLC. 0.14% of applied radioactivity was found in the C02trap, and 3.88% in the charcoal trap as parent benfluralin. The aged soil contained 93.65% of the initial radioactivity, and the total material balance following aging was 97.66%. Analysis of the aged soil indicatedthat 81% of the applied benfluralin remained, with 8% as metabolites.

Table IX

## - D. Soil physicochemical characteristics and adsorptionldesorption study results for Benfluralin (MRID

SoilNameISource 

## -- -- -- --
Texture
clay (%)

Silt% sand (1) sandy loam (2) loam (3) clay loam (4)

5.2 12 24 32

5.6 22 48 44

%organic carbon 0.25 0.7 0.9 1 .O

c.e.c (meq1100g) 3.5 4.9 10.5

Bulk density (glee) 1.48 1.28 1.11

Kd(ads) 27.0 74.9 88.6

Slope (IN) 1.027 1.024 0.953 0.918

Laboratow Volatilitv. A study for the isomeric compound trifluralin (MRID 4391 57-0 1) indicates that volatilization may be a major route of dissipation for benfluralin if not incorporated into the soil. Trifluralin incorporated into Barnes clay loam, Canadian loam and Alda sandy loam volatilized
to the extent of 8.1%, 5.7%, and 9.0% of applied radiation, respectively, at the end of 30 days. Unincorporated trifluralin volatilized to the extent of 3 1.2% of applied radiation at 15days when tested

on the clay loam soil. Thus the half-life for volatilization from this soil would be greater than 15 days.

BenfluralinRED Chapter:Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 117The Henry's Law constant for benfluralin is about the same as for dichloro- or triclorobiphenyls, indicating that it has about the same tendency to evaporate from water.

The EPIWIN v. 3.10 software (EPAIOPPTS) estimates volatilization half-lives for two water bodies: a river, 1 meter deep with a current of 1meter/sec, and a wind speed of 5 meterslsec; and a lake, 1 meter deep with a current of 0.05 meterslsec and a wind speed of 0.5 meterslsec. The software uses molecular weight, solubility, vapor pressure and Henry's law constant as inputs. The calculated volatilization half-lives are 5.6 hours for the river, and 2 14hours for the lake.

The information in the preceding paragraphs indicates that volatilization is likelyto be a major fate process for non-soil-incorporated benfluralin.

Atmos~heric Oxidation. EPIWIN 

### v 3.10, a strucure-activityrelationship program developedby EPA/OPPTS and Syracuse Research Corporation, estimates rates of reaction of organic molecules with

ozone, hydroxyl radicals, and nitrate radicals in the atmosphere. EPIWIN estimatesthat the second-order
rate constant for reaction of benfluralin with hydroxyl radicals is 22.2703 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec, primarily for hydrogen abstraction. Assuming a concentrationof 1.5 E+6 molecules OH-/cm3 air 

### ,the first-order rate constant is 3.34 E-5 sec-I. Further assuming a 12-hour period of sunlight, the half-life of benfluralin in air is 0.48 days (11.5hours). This is comparableto the half-life for aqueous photolysis (5.5 to 9.9hours). The half-life of trifluralin in the presence of 1.5ppm ozone and light (the combination ofwhich produces hydroxyl radicals) is about 47 minutes in the laboratory, and 21 minutes in a field spray drift experiment conducted under August noontime conditions (Woodrow,JE, Crosby, DG and Seiber, 

### JN, "Vapor-Phase Photochemistry of Pesticides," Res. Rev., 

### 85, 

### 111 (1983)).

This information indicates that volatilized benfluralin is likelytobe rapidly oxidized in the atmosphere. The major product ofthe oxidation of trifluralin is the double dealkylation product, 2,6- 

### dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine. This is most likely the same product that would be formed from the photo-oxidation ofbenfluralin (and other dinitroaniline herbicides sharing this moiety). In the aqueous photolysis, this degradate led directlyto the formation ofthe major degradate LY-50030 (see Appendix VI for structure). The single dealkylation products (B34, B35) are also expectedto be products of the photo-oxidation in air.

Field Dissipation Two field dissipation studies have been submitted for benfluralin. One (MRID 417789-02) was for California lettuce and Georgiapeanuts (no longer a supported use) and the other 

### (MRID4 17789-0 1)was for turf in California.

Lettuce and Peanuts. Field dissipation studies with Benefin 1.5 EC (emulsifiable concentrate,1.5 lb a.i./gal) and Benefin 60DF (dry flowable, 60 lb a.i. per 100 lb product) were conducted in Fresno, CA and Shellman,GA. An application rate of 2.1 lb a.i./acre was made to bare soil, disc incorporated, and planted with head lettuce (CA) or peanuts (GA). The application rate used was 1.4 times the maximum labeled rate (1.5 lb a.i./acre) to "ensure that no less than the maximum labeled rate would be present at zero time sampling of the treated plot." (MRID 417789-02). This procedure was presumably to compensate for volatilization losses.

Soil residue samples were taken from treated and control plots immediately after application and for a period of 526 days (CA) or 468 days (GA). The plots were sampledto a depth of 24 inches in 6- inch incrementsfor 188 days (CA) or 185days (GA) and to a depth of 36 inches thereafter. Benfluralin was not detected below the top six inches, except in one sample at 6-12 inches in the CA study, just at the detection limit at time zero (this was probably a samplingerror).

Half-lives were recalculated (Addendum 1to MRID 417789-02) for these two studiesto rationalize the results with aerobic soil metabolism studies. The recalculated results are 79 days (CA lettuce, DT50 > 68 days) and 62 days (GA peanuts, DT50 = 53 days). These half-lives are within the

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 118range seen in aerobic soil metabolism studies (20 to 86 days), indicating that dissipation in the field is controlled by soil metabolism ifbenfluralin is incorporated into the soil. The lack of movement below the top 6 inches of soil confirms that benfluralin does not leach to ground water.

Turf. Field dissipation studies with Balan 2.5G (granular, 2.5 lb a.i. per 100 lb product) were 

## - conducted in Fresno, CA on the practice field at Fresno State College. One or two broadcast applications of 3.0 Ib a.i. per acre were made, with an interval of 63 days for the two-application study. Soil residue samples were taken from treated and control plots immediately after application, and for a period of 385 days following the last applicationto each plot. The plots were sampledto a depth of 24 inches in 6-inch increments. On day 385, the soil was sampledto a depth of 36 inches.

The calculation ofhalf-lives for these studies was problematic, due to sampling variability. The average day-zero concentrations were 6.19 pprn for the one-application study (over two times the nominal rate of 3 pprn), and 5.00pprn for the two-application study. Average residues (n=7) in the oneapplication study were greater on day 32 (1.85 ppm) than on day 14 (1.28pprn).

The average concentration on the day ofthe second application (5.33 ppm) was only slightly

more (I 11%) than expected (total 4.79 ppm) from the nominal application rate (3 lblacre or 3 ppm) plus the residue remaining from the first application (1.79 pprn). Therefore, the residue data from the second application of the two-application study was used to calculate a half-life by non-linear regression. The resulting half-life is 22 days (Addendum 1to MRID 417789-01). This half-life is shorterthan those obtained in the field dissipation studies for incorporated uses (62 to 79 days). The shorter half-life is probably due to volatilization and photolysis, which can occur when the chemical is left on the surface as with a granular, broadcast application. This is consistent with predictions from the laboratory studies.

Bioaccumulation The bioaccumulation of benfluralin at 0.004pprn 

### (4 ppb) was studied 

### (MRID 402874- 0 1) injuvenile bluegill sunfish for 28 days, followedby a depurationperiod of 14days. The average bioconcentration factor was 65 1 (edible tissue), 2604 (non-edible tissue), and 1580 (whole fish). Kinetic
rates for uptake were 287, 1541, and 849 mglglday, respectively. Steady-state was obtained at seven days. At steady state, residue levels were in the range of 2 to 3 pprn for edible tissue, 9 to 12pprn for non-edible tissue, and 5 to 7 pprn for whole fish. Depuration rates were 0.43, 0.60, and 0.54per day for edible, non-edible, and whole fish, respectively. Approximately 60% of the accumulated 14-Cresidues were eliminated from both edible and nonedible tissue within 24 hours. Less than 3% of the accumulated 14-Cresidues remained after 14 days of depuration.

Benfluralin was the primary residue in all tissues. All metabolites identified were the result of N-dealkylation or oxidation ofthe terminal carbon of the butyl sidechainto an alcohol (see Appendix - for structure). Conjugates of the two alcohol metabolites, together with parent benfluralin, accounted for 85-90% of the total residues in fish. The metabolite spectrum was the same in edible and nonedible tissues.

Juvenile bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) weighing less than 1.0 g each were exposed to a 0.004pprn concentration of 14-Cbenfluralin in water for 28 days under continuous flow-through conditions. Followingthe uptake period, fish were transferred to water containing no benfluralin and the depuration of accumulated 14-Cresidues followed for 14 days. At regular intervals duringboth phases ofthe study, fish were collected, dissected into edible and nonedible (head and viscera) portions, and assayed for total radioactivity by combustion. Additional fish were collected at 2 1 and 28 days of the uptake phase and used for characterization of residues. Radioactive residue levels in the fish plateaued within seven days after initiation of exposure. Depuration was rapid, with 60% of accumulated 14-C residues eliminated from both edible and nonedible tissues. Less than 3% of the accumulated residues remained after 14 days of depuration.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 119

### This study indicates that there is a potential for bioaccumulation of benfluralin in fish (BCF 

### > 1000).

BenfluralinRED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal R~sk Assessment 120



# ----- "-----

-- --- - 

### --

### Appendix 

## X. Degradate Structures

LY-48800 or B35 

### (parent minus 

### butyl sidechain). 

### 2,6-dinitro-N-ethyl-4-trifluoromethyl-benzeneamine. Product of 

### Soil photolysis.

BenfluralinRED Chapter:Env~ronmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 121

-------- - --

### LY-5 1783or 

### B34 (parent minus ethyl sidechain). 

### N-(N-buty1)-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoroemthylbenzeneamine. Product of Soil photolysis.

BenfluralinRED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 122

------a 

### -----. -- -- - - 

### .---.-

- - --- - 

# -

### LY-65

### 138. 

### 1 

### -hydoxy-2-methyl-4-nitro-6-trifluoromethyl- 1 H-benzimidazole. Product of Aqueous photolysis.

HiC

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 123

### B36. 

### Parent with one nitro group reduced to amino. Product of Anaerobic soil metabolism.

BenfluralinRED Chapter. Envtronmental Fate and EcologicalRlsk Assessment 124

-

### B 12. Product 

### of Soil column leaching 

### (3% of parent). 

### 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl-phenol.

Benflural~n RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 125

wm--* 

### - -- -
-- -- -- 

### --- -- - - - - - --- p-

### LY-50030.Parent minus both sidechains and one nitro group reduced to amino. 5-trifluoromethyl-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine. Product of Aqueous photolysis.

Benfluralin RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 126



## ------ - 

# - -- - -

### LY-274766. 4-nitro-2-propyl-6-trifluoromethyl- 1 H-benzimidazole. Product of Aqueous and 

### Soil photolysis.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 127

### LY-67255. 2-methyl-6-trifluoromethyl-4-nitro-

### 1H-benzimidazole. Product of Aqueous photolysis.

BenflurallnRED Chapter. EnvironmentalFate and EcologicalR~sk Assessment 128

*pa---- ------- - -

### B37. Both nitro groups reduced to amino. N-ethyl-N-butyl-2,6-diamino-4-trifluoromethyl

### benzeneamine. Product ofAnaerobic aquatic metabolism.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 129

-*-

-

# ------

--X1. 

### Product of Anaerobic aquatic metabolism. 

### l-ethyl-2-propyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimid~ol-7- amine. Isomer ofX2.

BenfluralinRED Chapter EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 130



# ---- ---- 

### - - - - 

### --- --."--*-

### X2. Product of Anaerobic aquatic metabolism. 

### l-butyl-2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazol7-amine. Isomer of 

### XI.

BenflurallnRED Chapter Environmental Fate and EcologicalR~sk Assessment 131



# --- - -- - 

### --

-- - -- A - --

### C/BM2. Alcohol formation on butyl sidechain. Product ofFish bioaccumulation.

Benflural~n RED Chapter. Environmental Fate and Ecolog~cal Risk Assessment 132

&--.--- 

## - --*m----"v-- - - - -- 

### --- -- - - - 

### -"

# --

### Simplified Degradation Pathways for Benfluralin, showing Major Products

1)Aqueous and Soil Photolysis (showing major products only)

parent

I( 

### L LY-48800(B35) LY-5 1783(B34)

2) Aerobic Soil (showing initial products only; no major products formed)

parent



### 3) Anaerobic Soil and Aquatic Metabolism (showing major products only)

parent 

# 1

B36 (soil, aq) 

# 1

B37 (aq only) 

# 1

XlIX2 (aq only)

4) Photo-oxidation in Air

parent 

# 1

LY-5 1783 (B34), LY-48800 (B35) 

# 1

LY-50030 (in water)


### Appendix 

### XI: Ecotoxicity Data Requirement Table

Table XI 

## - A

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 133Additional Data Required

Under FIFRA 3(~)(2)(B)? Does EPA Have Use Data To Satisfy Patter This Data Requirement n1 Requirement?

5158.490

### WILDLIFE AND AQUATIC ORGANISMS Bibliographic Citation

7 1-1(a) Acute Avian Oral, QuailIDuck 1,3 Yes

7 1 -2(a) Acute Avian Diet, Quail 1,3 Yes

7 1 -2(b) Acute Avian Diet, Duck 173 Yes Acc. 234214

Acc. 234214

7 1-3 Wild Mammal Toxicity

7 1 -4(a)Avian Reproduction Quail 1,3 No 

### Yes

No 7 1-4(b)Avian Reproduction Duck 1 ,3 Yes

7 1-5(a) Simulated Terrestrial Field Study
71-5(b)Actual Terrestrial Field Stud

72-1 (a) Acute Fish Toxicity Bluegill lY3 No Acc. 234214 Acc. 257844 

### Yes

72-1 (b) Acute Fish Toxicity (TEP) Yes

173 No No



### Yes 72-1(c)Acute Fish Toxicity Rainbow Trout Acc. 257844

72-l(d) Acute Fish Toxicity Rainbow Trout (TEP) Yes

72-2(a) Acute Aquatic Invertebrate 1,3 No

Yes 

### Yes

No 72-2(b) Acute Aquatic Invertebrate (TEP)
72-3(a) Acute EstMar Toxicity Fish 

### Yes

Yes 72-3(b) Acute EstIMar Toxicity Mollusk

72-3(c) Acute Est/Mar Toxicity Shrimp 173 Yes

72-3(d)Acute EstMar Toxicity Fish (TEP)
72-3(e)Acute Est/Mar Toxicity Mollusk (TEP)
72-3(f) Acute Est/Mar Toxicity Shrimp (TEP)

-- -- BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 134Does EPA Have Use Data To Satisfy Patter This Bibliographic Data Requirement n1 Requirement? Citation

72-4(a) Early Life Stage Fish 1,3 Yes 41613805

72-4(b) Life Cycle Aquatic 1,3 

### No 41613806 Invertebrate

72-5 Life Cycle Fish lY3 

### No

72-6 Aquatic Organism Accumulation

72-7(1) Simulated Aquatic Field Study
72-7(b) Actual Aquatic Field Study

5158.540 

### PLANT PROTECTION

122-1 (a) Seed Germ.,Seedling Enmergence
122-2 Aquatic Plant Growth 1,3 

### No 41613809

122-1 (a) Seed Germ./SeedlingEmerg. 1,3

122-1 (b) Vegetative Vigor lY3

123-l(a) Seed Germ./SeedlingEmerg.
123-l(b)Vegetative Vigor

123-2Aquatic Plant Growth 

### No

124-1Terrestrial Field Study

124-2Aquatic Field Study

$158.490 

### NONTARGET INSECT TESTING

14 1-1 Honey Bee Acute Contact 1,3 Yes 00018842 41613812

14 1-2Honey Bee Residue on Foliage

14 1-5Fueld Test for Pollinators Additional Data Required

Under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?

No



### Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Benfluralin RED Chapter Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 135

----.- - -- -- ---.- - - - - 

### -

### --

# --Appendix 

### XII. Environmental Fate Data Requirements

Table 

### XI1 

### - A Environmental Fate Data Requirements for Benfluralin

Is Data Requiremen MRID Study Guideline # Data Requirement t Satisfied? #'s Classificatio

n

I I I I
Hydrolysis

Photodegradation in Water

Photodegradation on Soil

Photodegradation in Air

Aerobic Soil Metabolism

Anaerobic Soil

Metabolism not required

417517- 03 Acc No. 257843 acceptable

supplemental supplemental

supplemental

acceptable

acceptable

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 136

### Appendix 

### XIII. Bibliography

Appendix: Bibliography of Fate Studies acceptable

acceptable acceptable

acceptable acceptable

acceptable

1 6 1 

### - 1 (Hydrolysis) 43 1060- 0 1

416138- 16 4 18662- 0 1

4 17789- 02 4 17789- 0 1

402874- 0 1

Hvdrolvsis of the Herbicide Benefin in Aqueous Buffer Solution, DG Sanders, SK Smith, and JW Mosier, 1985. Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield, 

### IN.MRID 001488-74. EPA Acc. No. 257843. Yes

no

Yes

not required

not required

Yes

not required

not required

not required

Yes

not required

not required

reserved

reserved 162-3 835.44 00

162-4 835.43 

## 1 00

163-1 

### i 835.12 40 835.12

30

163-2 

## i 835.14 i 10

163-3 835.81 

## I 00

164-1 i 835.61 00

164-2 

## i 835.62 00

164-3 835.63 

## i 00

164-4 

## i 835.64
00

165-4 850.17 

## ; 30

165-5 

## i 850.19 

## 1 50

166-1 835.71 i 00

201-1 840.11 00

202-1 840.12 00

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 137 Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism

LeachingAdsorptionIDesorpti

on

Laboratory Volatility

Field Volatility

Terrestrial Field Dissipation

Aquatic Field

Dissipation

Forestry Dissipation

Combination Products and Tank Mixes Dissipation

Accumulation in Fish

Accumulationaquatic non-target

Ground Water- small prospective

Droplet Size

Spectrum

Drift Field Evaluation161-2 (Aqueous Photolysis)

Determination of photolvsis rate of 14C-Benefinin aqueous solution, M Carpenter, and M Fennesey, 1988. Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Columbia, MO. Second amended report No. 36866. MRID 416138-14.

Photolysis of Benefin in Aaueous Solution, JW Moran and DG Saunders, 1985. Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield,

### IN. Laboratory report No. AAC8518. TRID 470208-027. EPA Acc. No. 257843.

161-3 (Soil Photolysis)

Determination of the Photolysis rate of Benefin on the surface of soil, 

### J Dykes, 1989. AnalyticalBiochemistry laboratories, Columbia, MO. Amended final report No. 3 6867. MRID 4 16 13 8-1 5.

1

62-1 (Aerobic Soil Metabolism)

Aerobic metabolism of 14CBenefin on Sandyloam Soil, LK Graper, 1991. DowElanco, Greenfield,

### IN. MRID 4 17517-03.

Addendum 1to MRID# 417517-03, 

### WP Eckel, Oct. 18,2002. Recalculation of half-life.

Dissipation of 14CBenefin in Soils Maintained Under Aerobic Conditions, DF Berard, 1985. Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield,

### IN. ReportNo. ABC-0289. EPA Acc. No. 257843.

Addendum 1 to EPA Acc. No. 257843, 

### WP Eckel, Oct. 24,2002. Recalculation of half-life.

162-2 (Anaerobic Soil Metabolism)

Anaerobic metabolism of 14CBenefin on Sandv Loam Soil,LK Graper, 1991. DowElanco, Greenfield, IN. MRlD417517-04.

Addendum 1to MRID# 4175 17-04,

### WP Eckel, Oct. 18,2002. Recalculation of half-life.

162-3 (Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism)

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism of 14CBenefin, BL Lawrence, A Kesterson and 

### RH Atkins, 1994. PTRI, East, Richmond, KY. Laboratory project Nos. 65 1, 1540. MRID 43 1060-01.

163-1 (Adsorption-Desorption)

Adsorption and Desorption of Benefin on Soil,DG Saunders and FL Powers, 1987. Eli Lilly, Greenfield, IN. Project ID No. EWD8724. MRID 416138-16.

Benefin Aged Soil Leaching Study, DG Saunders and FL Powers, 1991. DowElanco, Greenfiled,IN Project IDNo. AAC908. MRID 4 18662-0 1.

163-2 (Laboratory Volatility)

Laboratory Volatility of rl4C1-Trifluralin formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate and as Granules, W Skinner, 1996. PTRL, West, Richmond, CA. Laboratory project ID No. 552W. Submittedby DowElanco, Indianapolis,IN. MRID 439 157-01.

164-1 (Terrestrial Field Dissipation)

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 138

### Field Dissipation of Benefin Following Application of Balan to Bare Soil and Seeded with Lettuce or Peanuts, OD Decker, 1991. DowElanco, Greenfield, IN. 

### MRID 4 17789-02.

Supplemental Report for MRID 41778902 Titled "BenefinTerrestrial Lettuce and Peanut Field Dissipation Studies" and MRID 41778901 Titled "Benefin Terrestrial Turf Dissipation Studv, OD Decker, 1994, DowElanco Indianapolis,

### IN. MRID 433 749-01.

Addendum 1to MRID# 417789-02,

### WP Eckel,Nov. 18,2002. Recalculation of half-life.

Field Dissipation of Benefin Following One or Two Applications of Balmto Turf, OD Decker, 1991. DowElanco, Greenfield, IN. 

### MRID 4 17789-0

### 1.

Addendum 1to MRID# 417789-0 1,

### WP Eckel, Feb. 27, 2003. Recalculation of half-life and upgrade to acceptable.

165-4 (Fish Bioaccumulation)

Laboratow Studies of 14C Benefin Accumulation in Fish, JD Magnussen and DP Rainey, 1987. Lilly Research Laboratories, Greenfield,

### IN. MRID 402874-0 1.

Other

Acree, W.E., Jr. Thermochim. Acta, 1991,37

Carmo, A.M., Hundal. L.S., and Thompson, M.L., "Sorption of Hydrophobic Organic Compoundsby Soil Materials: Application of Unit Equivalent Freundlich Coefficients," Environmental Science & 

### Technology, 2000,34,4363-4369.

Determination of Benefin in Agricultural Crops and Soil, OD Decker and RD Griggs, Lilly Research Laboratories, 1980. EPA Acc. No. 255775.

The Merck Index, 10" Ed., M. Windholz, ed., 1983. Merck & 

### Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ. Monograph 1038: Benfluralin.

Farm Chemicals Handbook, vol. 86, 2000. Meister Publishing Company, Willoughby, OH. Page C47, Benefin.

Soil Degradation of Three Dinitroanilines, RL Zimdahl and SM Gwynn, 1977. Weed Science, vol. 25,

no. 3, pp. 247-251

Processes of Retention and Loss ofBenefin in Soil, BJ Simoneaux, 1969. Ph.D. dissertation, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

Upgrading Benfluralin Photolvsis Studies, July 9,2002 memorandum from I. Kennedy, EFEDto R. Kendall, SRRD

Drinking Water Estimates for Benfluralin (PC# 0843011, Jan. 3 1,2003memorandum from 

### WP Eckel, EFED to M. 

### Rice, SRRD. DP Barcode 288082

Addendumto Drinking Water Estimates for Benfluralin (PC# 084301): Multiple Applicationsto Turf, Christmas Tree Farms, Rights-of-Wav, March 5,2003 memorandum from WP 

### Eckel, EFEDto M. Rice, SRRD. DP Barcode D288082.

Deaadates Identified in Benfluralin Fate Studies,Memorandum to file, WP 

### Eckel, Jan. 22,2003.

Benfluralin RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 139

### Wauchope 

### RD et al., Rev Environ Contam Toxic01 123: 

### 1-1 55 (1992)

Tomlin, CDS (ed.) The PesticideManual- World Compendium 10" ed. Surrey,UK:The British Crop Protection Council, 1994.

Weed Science Society of America. Herbicide Handbook, 5" ed. Champaign, IL., 1983.

C Hansch, A Leo, D Hoekrnan, Exploring QSAR 

### - Hydrophobic, Electronic, andSteric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1995.

Woodrow, JE, Crosby, DG and Seiber, 

### JN, "Vapor-Phase Photochemistry ofPesticides," Res. Rev., 

### 85, 111 (1983).

Schwarzenbach,

### RP, Gschwend,PM, and Imboden, DM, Environmental Organic Chemistry, John Wiley & 

### Sons, New York, 1993.

Bibliography Ecological Risk Assessment



### 000135183 Sleight,B. (1973) Acute Toxicity of 94961to Bluegill 

### ..., Rainbow Trout 

### ..., and Goldfish (Carassius auratus). (Unpublished study received Aug 24, 1978 under 147 1 -EX-63; prepared by Bionomics, Inc., submittedby Elanco Products Co., Div, of Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis,

### IN; CDL:097325-F)

00094769 Hamelink, J.L.; Kehr, C.C.; Adams, E.R.; et al. (1978) The Toxicity of Compound 94961 (El-161)to Bluegills in a 96 Hour Soil-water Static Test: Study No. 21 11-78.Includes procedureno. 5801633 dated Sep 24, 1976. (Unpublished study received Feb 4, 1982 under 1471-122; submittedby Elanco Products Co., Div. of Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis,Ind.; CDL:070677-N)

00094770 Karnak, R.E.; Kehr, C.C.; Hamelink, T.L.; et al. (1980) The Toxic- ity of Compound 94961 (Ethalfluralin) to-Daphnia magna-in a 48- hour Static Study: StudyNo. 5044-78.Includes procedure no. 5801633 dated Sep 24, 1976. (Unpublished studyreceived Feb 4, 1982 under 1471-122;submitted by Elanco Products Co., Div. ofEli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, Ind.; CDL:070677-0)

05008271 Macek, K.J.; Lindberg, M.A.; Sauter, S.; Buxton, K.S.; Costa, P.A. (1976) Toxicity of Four Pesticides to Water Fleas and Fathead Minnows. Duluth, Minn.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory. (EPA report no. EPA-60013-76-099; available from:NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-262 9 12)

40094602 Johnson, W.; Finley, M. (1980) Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicalsto Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates: Resource Publi- cation 137.US Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 106p.

40098001 Mayer, F.; Ellersieck, M. (1986) Manual ofAcute Toxicity:

## inter- pretation and Data Base for 410 Chemicals and 66 Species of Freshwater Animals. US Fish & 

### Wildlife Service, Resource Publication 160. 579 p.


### 41386202 Adams, E.; Cocke, P. and Gunnoe, M. (1990) The Toxicity of Triflu- ralin to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a 48-Day Early Life- stage Study:Lab ProjectNumber: F02489. Unpublished study pre- pared by Lilly Research Laboratories. 86 p.

4 1613904 Sousa,J. (1 990) Ethalfluralin--Acute Toxicity to Sheepshead Min- now (Cyprinodon variegatus) under Flow-through Conditions: Lab Project Number: SLI 90-7-3404: 1982. 1289.6108.505. Unpub- lished study prepared by SpringbornLabs, Inc. 56 p.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 140

### 4 16 13905 Dionne, E. (1990) Ethalfluralin--Acute Toxicityto Eastern Oysters under Flow-through Conditions:Lab Project Number: SLI 90-07-338 1: 

### 1982. 1289. 6 107. 504. Unpublished studyprepared by Spring-born Labs, Inc. 54 p.

4 16 13906 Sousa,

### J. (1990) Ethalfluralin--Acute Toxicityto Mysid Shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) under Flow-through Conditions:Lab Project Number: SLI 90-7-3405: 1982. 1289. 6106. 515. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs, Inc. 56 p.

4 199490 1 Murray, A.; Meyerhoff, R.; Adams, E. (1991) The Toxicity of Ethal- fluralin to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) in a 50-Day Early Life-Stage Study: Lab Project Number: F02690. Unpublished study prepared by Lilly Research Labs. 108 p.

42176401 Murray, A.; Grothe, D.; Adams, E. (1992) The Acute Toxicity of Sonalan (FN 0802), a Formulation Containing Ethalfluralin (EL-161, Compound 09496I), to Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in a Static Renewal Test System: Lab Project Number: F02391.Unpublished studyprepared by Lilly Research Labs. 46 p.

42176402 Grothe, D.; Adams, E. (1992) The Acute Toxicity of SonalanEC (FN 

### 0802), a Formulation Containing Ethalfluralin (EL-16 1, Compound 09496 1 ), 

### to Daphnia magna in a Static-Renewal Test System:Lab Project Number: C01191.Unpublished studyprepared by Lilly Research Labs. 37 p.

42449901 Parrish, P.; Dyer, E.; Enos, J.; et al. (1978) Chronic Toxicity of Chlordane, Trifluralin, and Pentachlorophenolto Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus): Lab Project Number: EPA-60013-78-010. Unpublished study prepared by EG&G Bionomics 69 p.

42449902 Liu, D.; Lee, J. (1975) Toxicity of Selected Pesticides to the Bay Mussel (Mytilus edulis): Lab Project Number: EPA-66013-75-016. Unpublished studyprepared by Stanford Research Institute. 114p.

42930101 Milazzo, 

### D.; Servinski, M.; Kirk, H.; et al. (1993) Ethalfluralin: Evaluation of the Chronic Toxicity to the Daphnid, Daphnia magna Straus: Lab Project Number: 0233-3655:DECO-ES-2666. Unpublished study prepared by Dow Chemical Co. 49 p.

Balcomb, R. C.A. Bowen 11, D. Wright, and M. Law. 1984Effects on Wildlife of at-planting corn applications of granular carbofuran.

Belfroid, A., M. Sikkenk, W. Seinen, K.V. Gestel, J. 

### Hermens. 1994. The toxicokinetic behavior of chlorobenzenes in earthworm (Eisenia andrei) experimentsin soil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13: 93-99

Beyer, W.N., E.E. Connor, S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestionby wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.

Dunning, J.B. 1984. Body Weights of 686 Species of North American Birds. MonographNumber 1. Western Bird Banding Association.

Fisher, D.L. and L.B. Best. 1995. Avian Consumptionof Blank Pesticide Granules Applied at Planting
to Iowa Cornfields. Environ. Tox. Chem. 14:1543-1549.

Mackay, D. And S. Paterson. 198 1. Calculating fugacity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15: 1006-1014.

Nagy, K.A. 1987. Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. Ecol. Monogr. 57: 111-128.

Trapp, S. And J.C McFarlane (eds.). 1995. Plant Contamination Modeling and Simulation of Organic Chemical Processes. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida.

Benfluralin RED Chapter: EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 141

### United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. EPAl60019-931187a. Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 142APPENDIX XIV. Benfluralin Use Closure Memo



### UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES 

### MEMORANDUM

Date: April 1,2003

To: Benfluralin RED Team

From: Diane Isbell, Chemical Review Manager Special Review and Reregistration Division

Subject: Benfluralin Use Closure Memo

This memo serves as the benfluralin use closure memo and clarifiesbenfluralin uses for the Reassessment EligibilityDecision (RED) risk assessment.

Background:



### The SMART meeting for benfluralin was held on October 23,2002. During the SMART meeting,Dow AgroSciences (thetechnical registrant) presented current benfluralin use and usage information as requested by the Agency.

Benfluralin is an herbicide ofthe dinitroaniline family, that is applied pre-emergence to control weeds. Benfluralin is predominantlyused on turf (residential and commercial, including golf courses),and also on ornamental plants, Christmas trees, non-bearing berries, non-bearing vineyards, non-bearing hitand nut trees and right-or-way areas. Benfluralin isregistered for

use on the followingfood crop: lettuce; and feed crops: alfalfa; clover; and bird's foot trefoil. Benfluralin is often combined with trifluralin and fertilizers.

Applications:



### Benfluralin can be applied dormant, pre-plant, pre-transplant, pre-emergence, and as a 

### soil incorporated treatment. In addition, it can be applied in liquid sprays of water or liquid fertilizer,or impregnated on dry bulk fertilizeror clay granules.

Current formulations include:emulsifiable concentrate, granular, and water dispersible granules (dry flowable). The registrant for the pressurized liquid formulation has recently requested voluntary cancellationofthis product; therefore, it will not be included in the risk
assessments. Most lawn applicationsare made with granular products, watering in is recommended. For agricultural,mostly emulsifiable concentrate (dry flowable)and granular formulationsare used.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 143

*- -- 

## --

### Benfluralin is generally applied once per growing season, but may be applied a second time in turf; ornamentals; non-bearing berries, hit and nut trees; and non-bearing vineyards. For crop use, benfluralin must be soil incorporated into the top 2-3 inches of soil within 

### 4 

## - 8 

### hours ofapplication. For the right-of-way use, benfluralin may be applied up to three times per year.

The table below represents the benfluralin label use rates that arebeing supported forreregistration. The risk assessments will be based on these formulations,use rates, retreatment intervals, and application methods, as presented in the table below. After the issuance ofthe RED, all end use products will have to conform with these parameters, and otherrisk mitigationidentified through the reregistration process. Updated labeling must be submitted after the RED is issued.

SupportedUses ofBenfluralin 

### Yearly Maximum Rate (lb ai/A) Crop Minimum Retreatment Interval Application Method Range of

Single Application Rates (lb ai/A) Maximum Applications

Per Year Application Current Timing 

### RE1 (hours)



### 56 - 70 days1 70 

### - 84 days broadcast or
spray ~pring,~,~ fall 

# 1

12'

,~

none alfalfa4

clover

bird's foot trefoil

lettuce4

nonbearing berries

nonbearing fruit trees spring 

# I 12 

### 1.2

### - 

### 1.5

1.2 

### - 

### 1.5

1.2 

### - 

### 1.5

1.2 - 

### 1.5

2-3

2-3 spring
spring

spray (band) none



### 2 

## - 4 months spring
spring, fall 

### 1



### 3 broadcast

broadcast 2 

### - 4 months spring, fall 

# -I 3

ornamental 

# I

2-3

S 

### 2 

## - 4 months 

# I broadcast spring, fall 

# I 24

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 144Bcntluralin REL) Chapter: Envin)nrnzntal Fate and Ecological Risk Assessnient 145 

### Crop

Christmas
trees

warm season turf

nonbearing nut trees

nonbearing vineyards
right-ofway 

# ' Benfluralin

For cool season established turf, a second applicationcan be made after 8 

### - 10weeks. For warm season established turf, a second applicationcan be made after 10 

### - 12weeks. No 

### PHI specified. 5 24-hour 

### RE1 is forproducts that also contain oryzalin; other products with benfluralin or benfluralin and trifluralin have a 12-hour

### REI. Range of

Single Application Rates (lb ai/A)

2-4

1

## - 1.5

2-3

2-3

2 

### - 6

is not for use on turf 

### Minimum Retreatment Interval

2 months

60 

### - 90 days

2 

### - 4 months

2 

### - 4 months

2 

### - 8 months

grown for sod, turf 

### Maximum Applications

Per Year

4

2

3

3

3

grown for seed. 

### Yearly Maximum Rate (lb ai/A)

8

4-6

9



### 9

12 

### Application Method

broadcast

broadcast

broadcast

broadcast

broadcast 

### Application Timing

spring, fall

spring, fall

spring, fall

spring, fall

spring, fall 

### Current RE1 (hours)

24

24'

24

24

24Rotational Crop Restrictions

In arid areas (Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming), the crops listed below must not be planted for 12 months following an application of benfluralin. It should be noted that on current labels, the time-frame for planting following treatment with benfluralin is 10 months; however, the Residue Chemistry chapter indicates that a 12-monthinterval is required.



## - wheat, barley oats, rye or other grasses;



### - onions;



## - corn, milo (sorghum);



## - spinach; and



### - red beets, sugar beets or other root crops.

Crops/Formulations/UseSites Not Being Supported

peanuts tobacco pressurized liquid liquid products for homeowners greenhouses

Follow-up

Since the SMART meeting, Dow AgroScienceshas provided the Agency with additional information pertaining to questions raised by EPA staff.

Institutional turf includes the following: turf in and around cemeteries,parks, educational institutions, parks, and playing fields..



# . Turf uses pre-dominate benfluralin use with approximately 

### 75%of use on turf occurring in the North, 20% in the South, and 

### 5% used elsewhere.

For incorporation of dry flowable formulations, a tandem disc or PTO operated tillage equipment such as a cultivator is used.

Remaining Issues

There are some products that are listed as dust formulations, the registrant has indicated that these products are granular and are not dust. The Agency is in the process of determining what information needs to be submittedto clarify this issue.

Some benfluralin products may be sold to either commercial applicators or homeowners. These products may have personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements listed on them that would not be listed on a homeowner product.

The risk assessment for benfluralin will be based on the use sites listed in this memorandum, the Biological and Economic Analysis Division's (BEAD) Quantitative Usage Analysis (QUA), current benfluralin labels, as well as other pertinent use information maintained within the Agency's database systems.

BenfluralinRED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 146

### cc: SteveMcMaster,Dow AgroSciences Harold D. 

### Coble, USDA

Benfluralin RED Chapter:EnvironmentalFate and Ecological Risk Assessment 147

## a

Appendix 

### XII. Quantitative Usage Analysis for Benfluralin
Case Number:2030 PC Code:84301
Date: May 14, 2002 Analyst: Jihad Alsadek 

## 1 Based on available pesticide survey usage information for the years of 1991 through 2000, an annual estimate of benfluralin's total domestic usage 

## i averaged approximately 831,000 pounds active ingredient (a.i.) for 172,000 acres treated. Most of the acreage is treated with one pound a.i. or less per 

# 1 application and almost two pounds a.i. or less per year. Benfluralin is a broad spectrum herbicide with its largest markets in terms of total pounds activ ingredient allocated to lawn care operators (52%),-landscape (lo%), turf (7%), alfalfa and peanuts (6% each), and golf (5%). The remaining usage is 

# i primarily on lettuce, corn, and seed crops. Crops with a high percentage of the total U.S. planted acres treated include lettuce (8-9%),peanuts (3%). Most of the usage is in MI, CA, AZ, MD, NC, GA, AL, WA, and ID.

Site

Cherries Grapes, Wine Lettuce, Head Lettuce, Other Sweet Corn Corn, First Year Rice Wheat, Winter Hay, Other Alfalfa
Peanuts Soybeans Cotton Tobacco Setaside Acres Other* Turf, except golf Landscape
Lawn Care Operators Golf Courses Horticultural Nurseries Range and Pasture Acres Acres Ttd (000) %Crop Ttd Lb A1 Appl (000) Average Application Rates States of Most Usage (000) 

### ------------- ------------- 

### -------------------
....................... (% of total lb ai Grown Weighted Est Weighted Est Weighted Est lbai/ #appl lbai/A used on this site) Average Max Average Max Average Max acre/yr /year /appl



### 1 Total 128 205 783 1,192 i

I Weighted average--the most recent years and more reliable data are weighted more heavily.
Est Max = Estimated maximum, which is estimated from available data. 1 Average application rates are calculated from the weighted averages. 

# / Usage data primarily covers 1991 - 2000. I (-) indicates that information on this site is NOT available in EPA sources or is insufficient. 

### / * Other includes ornamental, popcorn, rapeseed/canola, and safflower. I
SOURCES: EPA data (91-001, USDA/NASS (91-OO), CAL EPA (93-95)and National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (92 and 97).

Benfluraliti RED Chapter: Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment 148