Technical Report 447

CROSS-VALIDATION OF PREDICTOR EQUATIONS

FOR ARMOR CREWMAN PERFORMANCE

Anthony J. Maitland, Newell K. Eaton, and Janet F. Neft

ARI FIELD UNIT AT FORT KNOX, KENTUCKY

DTIC

ELECTE

~\ MAR 0 219813

E

'4-U.S. Army

Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

January 1980

Approved for public release; distribu tion unlimited.

( 27 
Or, '. A

U. S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

A Field Operating Agency under the Jurisdiction of the

Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

FRANKLIN A. HART

JOSEPH ZEIDNER Colonel, US Army

Technical Director Commander

N OT ICE S

DISTR1IBUTION Primary distribution of this report hus been made by ARI. Please address correspondenct concerning distribution of reports to- U. S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences,

ATTN: PEFII.TP, 5001 Eisenhovver Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22333.

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BFRE COMTRLETINSOR

I. REP-Q1rT MUMBER 2.GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER 9 Technical Ap~t,447 NI 14 '

T~~tN,~Etw06 - doI IS- 

-ROSS- ALIDATION OF-FRDICTOR EQUATIONS FOR,

7MOR TREWMAN PERFORMNCES -

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

Anthony J/Maitland. Newell K/EatorV. and B OTATO RN UBR.

9- PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS I0. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT. TASK

Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and AE OKUI UBR

5001 Eisenhower Ave., Alexandria, VA 22333 2(_162722A766 6 1I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS ZaZ2T A.

Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, U.S. Army // ) January' 19Vj

Washington, DC 20310 "t. +msER a r0AG&S--_

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. T .T inclasbified

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

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IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IS. KEY WORDS (Coninue. on r.*,er. aide if necesary and Identity by block numnber)

Predicting performance Assignment testing

Performance prediction Aptitude testing

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery .420.1 ABSTRACT I(Ce"0s nt rev~rs .1dii Ff nery md ide.ntfy by block number)

- 'Cross-validation of armor crewman performance predictor equations was

carried out on a sample of 335 trainees of the First Training Brigade, Fort

Knox, Ky. Testing took place during and immediately following training. Some

3 trainees were retested at their unit of first assignment. The predictor

equations were algo used with a sample of experienced tank crewmen, who were

* tested at the time of the trainee retesting.

(Continued)

DO , FJOAM 473 EDITION OF I NOV 6 S ,OSOLETE 1UNCLASSIFIED i 2.6

SECURITY CLASSIFICATIONF OF THIS PAGE (Whart Data fnierd)

wo We " ~ 
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGK(WmW Date interd)

20. The predictor measures were computed from subtest scores of the Armed

Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, which were available in each enlistee's

personnel records. Criterion measures were hands-on tests designed to measure

crewmen's ability to perform the basic tasks (either driving the tank or firing

the gun) as well as other MOS-specific tasks in maintenance and weapons preparation. A total of 130 drivers and 205 gunner/loaders were tested in Phase I,

and 20 drivers and 60 gunner/loaders were retestd in Phase II.

Phase I results indicated that the predictors were valid for driver and

gunner/loader performance at the end of training. Phase II results indicated

that the predictors were successful in most portions of the criterion measures

for former trainees who were retested. Use of the predictors for the performanc(

of experienced crewmen showed mixed results.

J

.1

.

ii UNCLASSIFIED

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Li ... V

- -, ii i i i .. . . . .
Technical Report 447

CROSS-VALIDATION OF PREDICTOR EQUATIONS

FOR ARMOR CREWMAN PERFORMANCE

Anthony J. Maitland, Newell K. Eaton, Accession For

and Janet F. Neff NTIS GRA&I

DTIC TAB C

Unannounced

Justification_

ByDistribution/

Submitted by: Availability Codes

Donald F. Haggard, Chief Avail and/or

ARI FIELD UNIT AT FORT KNOX, KENTUCKY Dist Special

Approved by:

E. Ralph Dusek, Director

PERSONNEL AND TRAINING

RESEARCH LABORATORY

U.S. ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

5001 Eisenhower Avenue, Alexandria, Virginia 22333

Office, Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel

Department of the Army

January 1980

Army Project Number Armor Training

2Q162722A776

i ii

Approved foi public elease dstribution unlimited.

' - .... .. .... . . ,-= ..
ARI Research Reports and Technical Reports are intended for sponsors of

R&D tasks and for other research and military agencies. Any findings ready

for implementation at the time of publication are presented in the last part

of the Brief. Upon completion of a major phase of the task, formal recommendations for official action normally are conveyed to appropriate military

agencies by briefing or Disposition Form.

iv
FOREWORD

A major research area for the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) is performance-oriented individual training.

The ARI Field Unit at Fort Knox, Ky., in its work unit area "Individual Readiness in Armor Training and Performance" (Army Project 2Q162722A766), is concerned with improving methods used to assign personnel to training and service

in tank crew duty positions. The long-range program includes developing and

validating predictor tests to improve assignment practices and to enhance

tank crew combat proficiency.

This report describes the cross-validation of predictor equations that

can be used to assign tank crewmen to the positions of tank commander, gunner/

loader, and driver on the basis of objective measures of their aptitudes and

performance. ARI Technical Report 391 describes the development and initial

validation of these predictors, which use subtests from the Armed Services

Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), other selected paper-and-pencil tests,

and interim training performance measures. ARI Research Report 1240 describes

the usefulness of these predictors and shows how to use them to aid assignment

decisions.

The project was designed in response to requests by the USA Armor Center

and the USA Armor School.

(OEPH ZE ER

enical Director

jv
CROSS-VALIDATION OF PREDICTOR EQUATIONS FOR ARMOR CREWMAN PERFORMANCE

BRIEF

Requirement:

To cross-validate previously developed predictors of tank driver and

gunner/loader performance using a new, larger sample of Army enlistees. The

validation was to be conducted at the end of training and again in the unit of

first assignment.

Piocedure:

The predictor scores were computed from subtest scores of the Armed Service Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB), available in each enlistee's personnel

records. Criterion measures were hands-on tests designed to measure crewmen's

ability to perform the basic tasks of driving or firing the tank's guns as well

as other MOS-specific tasks in maintenance and weapons preparation.

In Phase I, 335 trainees were tested immediately following training (130

drivers and 205 gunner/loaders), and in Phase II, 20 drivers and 60 gunners

were tested in their units of first assignment.

Findings:

The results of Phase I indicate that two of the predictors evaluated

(labeled driving UMO and gunnery UMO) were valid predictors of driver and

gunner performance at the end of training and would be useful in assigning

* ienlistees to training programs.

The results of Phase II indicate that the performance of trainees who were

retested in the field was again successfully predicted by the combination of

iASVAB subtest scores being used. An attempt to extend the predictors to experienced crewmen (those in service approximately 3 years) met with mixed success

and indicated the need for further research.

Utilization of Findings:

The predictor formula is potentially useful for allowing an early determination of those enlistees who would most benefit from training as a driver or a

gunner/loader. Since the formulas use available test scores, the benefits of

more efficient assignment to training programs are achieved at no additional

.cost to the government.

0

vii
CROSS-VALIDATION OF PREDICTOR EQUATIONS FOR ARMOR CREWMAN PERFORMANCE

CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION ............ ............................ .

OBJECTIVES ............. ............................. 3

PHASE I .................. .............................. 6

Method ......... .. ... .. .. ............................. 6

Participants ............... ......................... 6

Test Material ............... ........................ 6

Test Procedures .............. ....................... 7

d esults .............. .. ............................. 8

Predictor Variables ........ ..... ..................... 8

Criterion Variables ........ ..... ..................... 8

Predictor-Criterion Relationships ........ .............. 10

Discussion of Phase I ............. ...................... 10

PHASE II ............. .............................. 13

Method ............. ............................. 15

Participants .......... ......................... 15

Testing ........... ........................... 15

Results ............. ............................. 16

Criterion Variables ........ ..................... 16

Predictor-Criterion Relationships .... .............. 16

Discussion of Phase II ........ ..................... 17

C GENERAL DISCUSSION .......... ......................... 20

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......... ...................... 22

REFERENCES ............. ............................. 25

APPENDIX A. SCORE SHEETS ............ ..................... 27

B. INTERCORREATION MATRICES FOR COMPONENTS OF

COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE SCORES ... ............. 73

C. CORRECTION OF CORRELATIONS OF RESTRICTION IN RANGE 79

D. INTERCORRELATIONS BETWEEN ARMED SERVICES VOCATIONAL

APTITUDE BATTERY (ASVAB) SUBTEST SCORES AND

CRITERION MEASURES ...... .................. 81

E. INTERCORRELATIONS BETWEEN ALL PREDICTORS AND ALL

CRITERION MEASURES ...... .................. 87

F. INTERCORRELATIONS BETWEEN ALL CRITERION MEASURES

IN PHASE I AND PHASE II ..... ................ 91

DISTRIBUTION ............ ............................ 99

~ix
Page

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Formulas based on multiple-regression analyses ... ...... 4

2. Formulas based on unit-weighted model ..... ........... 5

3. Comparison of predictor scores between enlistees

assigned to gunner/loader and driver training....... 9

4. Driver intercorrelation matrix .. .............. .11

5. Gunner/loader intercorrelation matrix .......... .12

6. Comparison of correlation coefficient in

standardization and cross-validation samples ....... .14

7. Follow-up and add-on driver correlations ......... .. 18

8. Follow-up and add-on gunner correlations ......... .. 19

x

i ,

7.2

K
CROSS-VALIDATION OF PREDICTOR EQUATIO"iS FOR ARMOR CREWMAN PERFORMANCE

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this research was to determine whether specific paper-andpencil test predictors of tank driver and tank gunner/loader job performance

would cross-validate from previous research to a new, larger sample of armor

trainees. The research was in response to the continuing need of the armor

community to assign personnel to the duty position in which they can best perform. The need for such research has been expressed to the Army Research Institute (ARI) each year since 1975. In response, ARI has conducted several

projects, both with armor trainees at Fort Knox, Ky., and with armor crewmen

in operational units.

Greenstein and Hughes (1977) used a battery of aptitude tests, taken from

Kaplan (1965) and Thomas (1964), as potential predictors of Armor Advanced Individual Training (AIT) driving and gunnery performance. In addition, they

obtained Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) and Army Classification Battery

(ACB) Combat, Field Artillery, and Motor Maintenance aptitude area scores for

their research participants. They found numerous suggestive relationships

between their aptitude measures and driving and gunnery performance. None was

of sufficient magnitude, however, to permit their use without further validation.

The primary finding of their research was the independence of driving and

gunnery measures.

Eaton (1978) administered a battery of paper-and-pencil aptitude tests

chosen from tests suggested by Kaplan (1965), Thomas (1964), and Greenstein

and Hughes (1977). He also measured performance on a training simulator

(Burst-on-Target Trainer DVC 17-58, DA Pamphlet 310-12), subcaliber firing

(Mini-Tank Range Complex, Training Circular TC 17-12-6), and critical performance component (or "job sample") tests, such as ranging and gun-laying. The

paper-and-pencil aptitude measures and the simulator, subcaliber firing, and

job sample measures were then tried as predictors of later Table VIII tank

gunnery performance. Data analysis provided a potentially useful equation relating gunnery performance to tank commander's scores on four aptitude tests.

For gunners and drivers, several individual aptitude tests showed some promise

of predictive success. Further, both simulator and job sample measures showed

potential for tank commanders and gunners. Because of the relatively small

size of the sample (fewer than 40 crewmen in each position) the research could

best suggest the potential for objective, test-based assignment rather than

specify the contents of the test battery to be used.

Eaton, Bessemer, and Kristiansen (1979) evaluated the relationship

between paper-and-pencil predictor tests and performance of trainee tank

drivers and gunners at Fort Knox and armor gunners and tank commanders in operational units. At Fort Knox, predictor variables included Armed Services

Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) subscores, additional paper-and-pencil

tests (Eaton, 1978), and performance measures from the training program. In

the operational units only the additional paper-and-pencil tests were used.

ASVAB scores were not on record for the gunners and tar-k commanders because

the ASVAB had not been routinely administered when most of them ntered the

Army; at that time, the ASVAB could not be administered in the field due to

personnel and support restraints.

410-

{= I II l I • |I II I III II "' II 

I

." Il I . ..... I I I I --....
The research with gunners and tank commanders yielded disappointing results

and did not confirm the previous results with armor crewmen. The research with

armor trainees, however, provided many potentially useful predictor/performance

relationships. The relationships were evaluated between a set of predictor

variables and two measures of criterion performance: a tank driving course and

a main-gun tank gunnery exercise. The predictor variables included ASVAB subscores, additional paper-and-pencil tests, and performance measures from the

training program.

The analysis considered the set of ASVAB scores alone, ASVAB plus additional tests, and ASVAB plus additional tests plus performance variables.

This three-step procedure was chosen to help determine the cost of adding the

tests and performance measures to the readily available ASVAB scores would

markedly improve predictive efficiency. The results indicated some gain from

additional paper-and-pencil tests, b,,t little gain from the performance measures. Although a follow-up projec' (Phase II) did not confirm the Phase I

results, the presence of numerous -ontrol problems prevented any clear interpretation of results.

In January 1978, the need for armor performance predictors was again indicated. A major change in the initial training of armor crewmen was instituted. In place of the former concept--to produce a soldier who was a licensed

driver and a familiarized gunner/loader--the training program was changed to

produce a soldier who was a proficient driver or a proficient gunner/loader.

Rather than have all trainees follow the same path through basic armor training to a Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) of lIE (Armor crewman), two

tracks were established: one leading to an MOS of 19E (M60Al gunner/loader)

and the other to an MOS of 19F (tank driver).

The concept of position-specific training for gunner/loaders and drivers

required that enlistees be separated for differential training before training began. To support this requirement, the Office of the Deputy Chief of

Staff for Personnel tasked ARI to establish and validate a technique for predicting driver and gunner/loader performance and to test the prediction

technique in the unit of first assignment.

The best predictors available appeared to be those from Phase I of the

previous research (Eaton, Bessemer, & Kristiansen, 1979). Consideration of

their results suggested the potential for two cross-validation strategies.

The first was to attempt to cross-validate the selection formulas which they

had derived by multiple-regression techniques. The second strategy was to

attempt to cross-validate selection formulas derived from a unit-weighted

model and the same data.

Unit-weighted formulas are simply the composites of standardized scores

of tests where the direction of the correlation is known. (Use of raw scores

me would weight the variables in proportion to the ratio of their standard devia4 tions.) Unit weight models have received some attention recently as alternatives to multiple-regression procedures when predictor-to-subject ratios are

relatively small (see Cascio, Valenzi, & Silbey, 1978; Einhorn & Hogarth,

1975; and Schmidt, 1971 for detailed discussion of this topic).

2

i 2

o ! 12
In this discussion and throughout this report, the following conventions

have been adopted to label formulas. Formulas based on multiple-regression

techniques will begin with MR, while those based on unit-weighted models will

begin with UM. Formulas incorporating only ASVAB tests will end in 0, for

"only," while those including ASVAB and additional tests will end in A, for

"additiona'." Thus the driving MRA formula will predict driving performance

based on a multiple-regression analysis of ASVAB and additional tests. To

understand the text, the reader must remember only four combinations: MRA,

MRO, UMA, and UMO.

The multiple-regression (MR) formulas from Eaton et al. (1979) are shown

in Table 1, with one modification. Their driving MRA formula had included a

fifth test that was time consuming to administer and score. Further, the test

increased the R by only .03 (from .50 to .53). Consequently, that test is

omitted from the driving formula shown in the table, and appropriate b-weight

corrections were made.

The unit-weighted (UM) formulas based on the previous research are shown

in Table 2. In developing these formulas, only tests with significant positive correlations with the criteria were considered. The formulas deviate

from those shown by Eaton et al., in that two of their additional tests were

dropped from consideration, one because it was correlated with both driving

and gunnery, and the other because it required a relatively long time to administer and score. From the remaining tests, unit-weighted formulas were

developed to correspond with those developed from the multiple-regression

analyses. These formulas and their correlations with the criteria data from

Eaton, Bessemer, and Kristiansen (1979) are shown in Table 2.

By comparing Tables 1 and 2, one can see that for the Eaton et al. data

the correlations between the multiple-regression formulas and the criteria

(Table 1) were numerically higher than those based on the unit-weighted model

(Table 2). The research by Einhorn and Hogarth (1975) and Schmidt (1971),

however, suggests that in a cross-validation with a larger sample size the

formulas from the unit-weighted model would yield higher correlations. It

was therefore decided to use all available predictors derived from the Eaton

Phase I data and to test the efficiency of both sets of predictors in the

new and larger sample.

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this research were (a) to provide validity coefficients

for predictor equations developed in earlier research and (b) to determine the

validity of the predictors in soldiers' unit of first assignment. These objectives are addressed in Phases I and II, respectively.

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Me thod

Participants

All participants were enlisted personnel undergoing basic armor training

in the 1st AIT/One Station Unit Traininq (OSUT) Brigade, Armor, Fort Knox, Ky.

From the 10 companies available for testing between January and August 1978,

research participants were chosen who met three criteria: (a) all scores

necessary to compute predictor variables were available, (b) the participant

was scheduled for initial assignment to either Fort Hood, Tex., or Europe

(for ease in follow-up research), and (c) the participant was available for

testing during the appropriate period of training. A total of 205 participants were tested as gunner/loaders and 130 were tested as drivers.

Test Material

Predictors. The formulas for computing predicted driver and gunnery

scores required ASVAB subscores and scores on two additional tests: PT 5088

Lateral Perception and PT 5089 Visual Recognition. All enlistees destined

for training as M60AI crewmen were administered the additional tests by personnel at the Fort Knox Armed Forces Examining and Entrance Station (AFEES),

who supplied those scores to ARI researchers along with the ASVAB worksheet

(Form DD 1304) containing the needed subtest scores. Variable lists and

methods of computation are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Performance. Trainees who had received driver training were tested for

driving skills as they negotiated Tank Obstacle Course A (Area 6, Fort Knox).

They were tested for other driver skills during administration of the Tank

Crewman Readiness Test. Obstacle course performance was scored on a specially

developed check sheet that included a subjective rating of how well the

driver negotiated each obstacle and an overall rating of the driver's ability

in relation to his peers. Briefly, the obstacles were start tank, drive in

reverse, cross shallow water, descend vertical wall, cross ditch, run at high

speed, and park.

Gunners were tested for main gun firing skills on a specially designed

gunnery exercise (Table VI) that required firing at moving and stationary

targets from a stationary tank. Scores were number of hits on four two-round

engagements. The engagements were chosen to test a variety of gunnery situations and included firing at a stationary target at 1,000m using the telescope,

a moving target at 700m using the periscope, a stationary target at 1,400m

using the periscope, and a moving target at 700m using the telescope. Other

gunner/loader skills were tested during administration of the Tank Crewman

Readiness Test.

The Tank Crewman Poadiness Test (O'Brien, Crum, Healy, Harris, & Osborn,

1978) was used to evaluate hands-on performance of subtasks in a selected group

of standard operating procedures required of tank crew members in specific

duty positions. The driving skills portion tested the following: vehicle

pre-operation checks, target acquisition, .45 caliber pistol, M3AI submachine

6

a 0 -
gun, and first-aid. The gunnery skills portion included: M219 machine gun,

load/misfire procedures, breech-block, boresight procedures, .45 caliber pistol, M3AI submachine gun, and first-aid. Trained evaluators scored participants as GO/NO GO on each. subtask.

Copies of the obstacle course check sheet, the Table VI score sheet, and

the skills check sheet for drivers and for gunners/loaders are in Appendix A.

Test Procedures

Assignment Procedures. Prediction equations (using driving MRA and gunnery MRA) for driver and gunner/loader positions were used by the Reception

Station at Fort Knox. Prediction scores for both positions were computed for

each trainee during the early days of his stay at the Reception Station, and

these scores, together with U.S. Military Personnel Center (MILPERCEN) requirements for drivers and gunner/loaders at the trainee's post of first assignment,

were used to designate the type of training the enlistee was to receive.

Criterion Data Collection. To minimize the disruption to training schedules, driving and gunnery tests were conducted while the trainees were at those

ranges as part of their normal training cycle. Driver testing took place during the llth week of training on the third day of drivers' experience on the

course. Gunner testing took place during the 12th week of training and was

the first time the gunner-trainee had fired the main gun with full-caliber

ammunition. Readiness testing was administered during the week after trainees

graduated from their training program.

Scorers. Driver performance on the tank obstacle course was scored by

hree experienced armor noncommissioned officers (NCOs) assigned to the ARI

iort Knox Field Unit for the duration of the research. These NCOs and one ARI

researcher were also responsible for scoring gunnery performance on Table VI.

Also, four experienced tank crewman NCOs were assigned to the field unit to

assist in the skills tests. Scoring personnel and technique, therefore, were

constant across the 10 companies sampled in the study.

Ranges. Driver testing took place on Tank Obstacle Course A. Although

course content varied from week to week due to weather and terrain difficulties,

scores were tabulated and analyzed only for obstacles that were common to

drivers in all 10 companies tested (the high-speed run was dropped).

Gunnery testing took place on Steele's Range (except for one company,

which used Boydston Range). Targets were 6' x 6' plywood panels for the

stationary engagements and 21' flank tank silhouettes (also plywood) for the

moving engagements. Rounds were scored from raised stands behind the firing '3 tanks where scorers, who were in voice contact with the firing tank, sensed

rounds using binoculars (scorer A) and BC scopes (scorer B). When the scorers

agreed on the sensing of each round, the sensed score was recorded.

Skills testing took place in a designated area of Potts Motor Park, where

three tanks and a small indoor area for written testing were available.

7

7177 7i "V ..
Results

Predictor Variables

All necessary subscores were collected from AFEES worksheets (Form DD

1304). For each trainee who completed testing, eight predictor variables were

computed, four for gunnery performance and four for driving performance

(multiple-regression model with and without additional tests, and unit-weighted

model with and without additional tests). Summary statistics for the two groups

of trainees are presented in Table 3.

Examination of the differences between trainees in the two training programs on the gunnery MRA predictor and the driving MRA predictor indicated

that the Reception Station selection procedure resulted in statistically significant differences in the groups on those measures. However, the three other

gunner predictors did not differentiate between the two groups. All driver

prediction equations, on the other hand, showed significant differences between

those chosen for driver training and those chosen for gunner/loader training.

Criterion Variables

Drivers. Driver criterion scores were gathered at the obstacle driving

course during training and the motor pool testing after training. Scores from

the driving course were based on subjective judgments made by the scorers as

the trainee traversed each obstacle. The subjective judgments were made on a

10-point scale, which reflected the adequacy of the trainee's performance on

each obstacle. These judgments were summed across obstacles for each trainee

and converted to a standard score among all trainees. Each trainee also was

judged on a 7-point scale for overall performance. This score was standardized across all trainees and added to the standard score for the individual

obstacles. This sum of standardized judgments was designated as the driving

course score in the analysis. Summary statistics for all judgments and an

intercorrelation matrix are in Appendix B.

Driver performance on the driving skills test was measured on the percentage of GO ratings on the tasks attempted in the two stations of the test,

subject to equipment availability and useability. This percentage was converted to a standard score across all drivers tested. Standardized driving

skills test scores were added to standardized driving course scores to yield

a driving composite score.

Gunner/Loaders. Gunnery skill was evaluated on Tank Table VI, where main

gun hits were scored. Two measures were used: gunnery hits was a count of

the number of hits each gunner achieved with the eight rounds of ammunition

fired, while gunnery score was a computed score that assigned double weight to

first-round hits in the four two-round engagements. This computation reflects

the Army doctrine that stresses first-round hits and requires correction of

firing procedures based on visual sensing of first-round effect. Mean and

standard deviations and a correlation matrix for hits on each round of the

Table VI are in Appendix B.

8
Table 3

COMPARISON OF PREDICTOR SCORES BETWEEN

ENLISTEES ASSIGNED TO GUNNER/LOADER AND DRIVER TRAINING

Predictor

Labela Type of Training Received

Gunner/Loader Driver

N X s N s t

Gunnery MRA 202 203.618 20.745 130 188.437 18.799 6.886*

Gunnery MRO 204 194.912 12.120 130 192.481 12.635 1.740

Gunnery UMA 203 401.561 40.373 130 399.341 43.101 0.469

Gunnery UMO 205 295.966 35.452 130 297.528 39.029 0.036

Driving MRA 204 189.932 22.565 130 209.468 22.154 7.793*

Driving MRO 196 191.996 24.888 128 210.014 25.358 6.298*

Driving UMA 196 587.884 49.072 128 614.537 48.126 4.835*

Driving UMO 196 490.695 44.147 128 513.350 46.651 4.364*

f *

p < .01.

aMR indicates formula based on multiple-regression model, while UM

indicates formula based on unit-weighted model. Suffix 0 indicates

formula uses ASVAB only; A indicates formula uses ASVAB and additional

tests.

A9

*1

I.o

1- 9
Performance of gunner/loaders on the four stations of the gunnery skills

test was calculated as the percentage of GO ratings each trainee re.eived, expressed as a standard score across all trainees. A composite gunnery score

was computed by adding standardized skills test scores to standardized gunnery

scores.

Predictor-Criterion Relationships

The set of predictor variables and criterion variables was entered into

a Pearson Product Moment correlational anaysis using the SPSS package through

the ARI computer center. The resulting intercorrelation matrices, containing

the full set of predictors and criterion variables for drivers and gunners

separately, are presented in Tables 4 and 5.

Because there was evidence of differences between groups on several predictors (Table 3), the possibility existed that restriction in range may have

attenuated the correlations. This effect was evaluated by applying a correction for restriction in range to the primary analyses. Because the correction

did not change the value of the correlations more than ±.01 (see Appendix C),

the effect was deemed too small to warrant further consideration. More complete intercorrelation matrices will be found in the appendixes; Appendix D

contains the correlations between ASVAB subtests and performance variables,

and Appendix E contains the intercorrelations between all predictors and

criterion variables.

Examination of the driver results, shown in Table 4, does not support

the use of the formulas based on the multiple-regression analysis as a predictor of driver performance. All correlations between those predictors and

the various criterion variables are too low to allow rejection of the null

hypothesis. The predictors based on the unit-weighted model, however, show

a pattern of consistently higher correlations. Five of the six allow rejection of the null hypothesis at the .01 level of significance.

Results from the gunner analyses yield similar observations. Both predictors based on the unit-weighted model correlate significantly with all

criteria. Only one variable based on the multiple-regression model (gunnery

MRO) correlated siqnificantly with a gunnery criterion (the gunnery skills

test). However, it failed to reach significance with gunnery score or the

gunnery composite.

Discussion of Phase I

This research attempted to cross-validate on a new and larger group the

prediction equations developed on an earlier sample. The use of more than

300 trainees provided an adequate sample for this purpose.

Trainees assigned to gunner/loader training had a significantly higher

mean value on the previous gunnery predictor (gunnery MRA) than did driver

trainees, while those assigned to driver training had a significantly higher

mean on the previous driving predictor (driving MRA) than did gunner/loaders.

a This indicated that assignment to appropriate training programs apparently

can be made in the context of ongoing military operations.

10
Table 4

DRIVER INTERCORRELATION MATRIX

Predictor DVR DVR DVR DVR DVR DVR

Labela MRA MRO UMA UMO COURSE SKILLS

Driving MRA

Driving MRO 756**

Driving UMA 683** 477**

Driving UMO 631** 480** 983**

Driving Course 092 081 199 216*

Driving Skills 150 036 245* 243* 148

Driving Composite 098 010 267* 278* 765** 750**

,

< .01.

p < .001.

aMR indicates formula based on multiple-regression model, while UM

indicates formula based on unit-weighted model. Suffix 0 indicates

formula uses ASVAB only; A indicates formula uses ASVAB and additional

tests.

N = 130.

L - 1

1 *1

,C.
Table 5

GUNNER/LOADER INTERCORRELATION MATRIX

Predictor GNR GNR GNR GNR GNR GNR GNR

Label a NIRA MRO UMA UMO HITS SCORE SKILLS

Gunnery MRA

Gunnery MRO 719**

Gunnery UJMA 558** 609**

Gunnery UNO 484** 637** 953**

Gunnery flits 072 072 234** 198*

Gunnery Score 072 055 235** 189* 980**

Gunnery Skills 052 187* 239** 252** 025 020

Gunnery Corn- 083 159 325** 294** 697** 709** 719**

posite

p < .01.

p < .001.

aMR indicates formula based on multiple-regression model, while UM

indicates formula based on unit-weighted model. Suffix 0 indicates

formula uses ASVAB only; A indicates formula uses ASVAB and additional

tests.

N = 205.

4

3

11

........
Analysis of the relationship between criterion measures ard predictor scores based oil the multiple-regression model indicated thlaL those predictors

were not valid. Iin Table 6, the results of Eaton, Bessemer, and Kristiansen

(1979) are compared to those of this research. The predictors based on the

unit-weighted model showed statistically significant correlation with criterion

performance in both samples, but the predictor<i b-)-sed or) the multiple-regression

ana]ysi., failed 'o repli.:-at their pr(_vious hi h -nrrelations with performance.

These results indicate that the unit-weighted formulas are to be preferred for

prolictini enlistee porformance durin and immediately following basic armor

td] niIIC.

it would be more economical to use the driving and gunnery unit-weighted

pid/ctnr formulas based on ASVAB only (driving UMO and gunnery UMO) than

,--heir counterparts based on AS%;AB plus additional tests (driving UMA and

q1icL:! ry UMA) . Fortunately, the data revealed only a minor, inconsequential

70.<. - in prediction when the additional tests were used (.29 to .32 for

un,,en:vs rv, ani .28 to .27 for driving) . it would appear, therefore, that the

urnit-wciihtd pzdiction equatiolis without additional tests (driving UMO and

,gun: erIy 'NO) pLo'.du 1 .e best method availible for prcdicting performance of

trainees in pos t. - cific tank cretniun traiiing prolrams.

PHIASE f I

Ste w atPtC o-odtThi. rOvesea rti i nit wores c atterhed aecs

t t i S:, rsio. of: t-1r 1oe,-, ,Qt thsthe continental United States and Europe

ths And lmiteg orource.- for -te- ing, it was decided that only places with

numbger of Frt Kna t-i of res ht tanoes would be effective follow-up sites.

was thr. es, thite,. Iest concentdation of armor tained crewmen in the United

S _ates .. ; Lt P-rt Hood, Tex. Overseas participints were scattered across

West b)It rereany, noot tlseci the Grafenwoehr training area for annual tank

tunnr x rci::id :. Therefore, these two locations were chosen for the

rotes;tn ,eam pto ts

As planning for- ;rafenwoehr testinq progressed, it became clear that the

ntumber of Fort Kno,x tiinees who could be tested in a reasonable amount of time

~was extremely limited!. It was decided that the battalions of the 8th Infantry

, Division, who were to useo the Grafenwoehr training area during the follow-up

• ' test period and who ;o former Fort Knox trainees were to he retested, would also

supply several more exp~erienced tank crewmen for testing in the crossvalidation. Test results for these "add-on" personnel would serve as an additional cross-validation sample, one representing crewmen from various backqrounds and time in service. This sample would provide an opportunity to test

the predictors on soldiers in an operational armor unit and evaluate their

potential usefulness outside the training environment.

13,

r- A
Table 6

COMPARISON OF CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS IN STANDARDIZATION

AND CROSS-VALIDATION SAMPLES

Standardization Cross-Validation

Predictor Label Sample Sample

(N = 95) (N = 205 GNR,130 DVR)

Multiple-Regression Formulas

Gunnery MRA .46** .08

Gunnery MRO .30** .16

Driving NRA .50** .10

Driving MRO .53** .01

Unit-Weighted Formulas

Gunnery UMA .33** .32**

Gunnery UMO .29** .29**

Driving UMA .44** .27*

Driving UMO .40** .28*

n < .01.

P < .001.

a MR indicates formula based on the multiple-regression model, while

UM indicates formula based on unit-weighted model. Suffix A indicates

formula uses ASVAB and additional tests, while 0 indicates ASVAB only.

"14
Me thod

Participants

At Fort Hood, the retested soldiers were drawn from units of the 1st

Cavalry Division and the 2d Armored Division. A total of 22 driver-trained

and 36 gunner/loader-trained individuals who had been tested in Phase I of

this research were located and retested.

At Grafenwoehr, the soldiers tested were drawn from units of the 8th

Infantry Division during their annual tank gunnery training. A total of 8

driver-trained and 28 gunner/loader-trained individuals from Phase I of this

research were retested along with 24 experienced drivers and 46 experienced

gunners. The latter drivers and gunners were selected by the battalions in

response to a request for 5 drivers and 10 gunners per battalion who had between 1 and 3 years of Army service. These individuals were job incumbents

who were experienced at the duties for which they were to be tested.

Testing

Predictors. Sample predictor scores were available from Phase I of this

research for all persons in the follow-up test. For those in the add-on

group, the nonavailability of their ASVAB subtest scores, with which to compute

the. predictors, required administration of the 3-1/2 hour ASVAB test. The

ASVAB tests were adinistered tie the adl-on crewmen by ART personnel at

J;,ifenwoehr, West ',erm, ny.

Rang es. At Port lood and ';ra enwoehr, driving courses and Table VI

Iric; ranges were established that closely approximated the conditions at

!'ort Knox. Driving course obstacles and difficulty, andl firing distances

and targTets, wore similar to those of the initial test nq.

Scorers. At i-'rt flood, a cadre of experienced tank crewmen scorers was

made available by the ist Cavalry Division Training Assistance Team. Scorers

wore constant across all testing. At Grafenwoehr, scorers were supplied by

the Combined Arms Training Directorate. Due to other requirements during the

test period, different scorers were used with different battalions.

Timing. Testinq at Fort Hood took place durinc the week of 21 November

1978, at which time follow-up personnel had been in their units an average of

24 weeks.

Testinq at Grafenwoehr took place from 16 October to 30 November 1978,

at which time fol]ow-up personnel had been in their units a mean of 21 weeks.

Add-on crewmen had a mean of 36 months of Army experience.

"4 Materials. Score sheets and testing procedures used in Phase I of this

research were used again. All efforts were made to make Phase II testing

identical to Phase I testing.

15
.-- IPA

1 e suIts 

Critoerion \kari aLl ] c

Drivers. 1'ci fanis.cc measures for drivers in Phase II were computed in

exactly the same manner as in Phase I. A diiver's score on the follow-up

driving; course was the sum of the total value of judgments received on the

obstacle course (expro sced as a standard score among all soldiers tested on

that course) iand tie overall judgment received at that same testing (also expresstud as a staIldardl score) . A driver's score on the follow-up skills test

was a standardize d score representing the individual's performance on the two

applicable stations of the Tank Crewman's Readiness Test. The follow-up driving composite was the sum of the driver's follow-up driving course score and

follow-up skills test score.

In addition to the follow-up performance measures, a composite measure

was created to reflect both test occasions: end of training and follow-up.

The total driving course score was the sum of driver's course performance at

Fort Knox and in the field, either at Fort Hood or Grafenwoehr; the total driving skills score was the sum of skills test scores at both sites; and the total

driving composite was the sum of end-of-training and follow-up composites.

Gunner/Loaders. Performance measures for gunner/loaders were also similar

in Phases I ond Ir. Wollow-up hits, gunnery score, gunnery skills, and gunnery

composite had the same meaning as they did in Phase I. The sum of end-oftraining and fo low-up performance measures was designated total hits, total

gunnerv ore, total gunnery skills score, and total gunnery composite.

Tle set of Iredictor variables previously computed and follow-up performance variab les wore entered into a Pearson Product Moment correlational

a il,'is for sor.c and guiiers wr1ho were retested in the field.

Add-on Drivers- ind ,iunner, Loaders. Criterion variables for additional

crewmen in Eurae were o(mputed in the same manner as those of the follow-up

crewmen. In i]I cases, standardization af criterion variables was accomplished

within comparable group' only; Europe follow-up drivers, Europe add-on drivers,

and Fort Hood follow-up drivers formed three separate standardization groups.

The same procedure was used %.--n gunners.

Predictor-Critorion Re l a tionships

The results of the correlational analyses for follow-up and add-on drivers

are presented in Table 7. The correlations between driver predictors and Fort

Knox performance were recomputed for drivers who were retested in their unit

of first assignment. The driving UMO predictor again showed a consistent pattern of siciifi cant correlation with the criteria. When driving UMO was corrolatod withl fIllow-u *;Coros, an even higher degree of relationship with

4 orformanco wa:; foulvi. IDrivini liMA also showed some consistency in its sig-

"4 vi fii ('aidno I: loo~ii i to o me Fort Knox and follow-up performance measures

woe ~ic dtr t vil.l 1-, 1i(1 <A were inconsistent, , Iatilnq only to some follow-up

-i

(, 16

,..
Almost all correlations for add-on drivers were too small to allow rejection of the null hypothesis. The two exceptions achieved only the .05 level

of significance.

Pearson Product Moment correlations for follow-up and add-on gunners' predictors and criteria are presented in Table 8. Although gunnery UMO was significantly related to all Fort Knox performance criteria, in the follow-up

performance measures only gunnery skills scores were significantly related to

that predictor. Within the add-on sample of gunners, gunnery UMO was significantly related to both the gunnery skills and composite.

When performance measures from Fort Knox were added to similar measures

in the soldiers' unit of first assignment (total performance), a high degree

of interrelationship was found between driving UMO and the driver criteria

and between UMO and the gunnery criteria.

Complete intercorrelation matrices for Phase I (Knox) and Phase II (followup) performance of both drivers and gunners are provided in Appendix F. Testretest reliability of scores on driving course (Kno>.:follow-up) was r = .07,

n= 33; gunnery score (Knox:follow-up) was r = .06, n = 64. Reliability of

the hands-on testing was much greater: driving skills (Knox:follow-up) r = .36;

gunnery skills (Knox:follow-up) r = .37. It may be noted that the more

reliable follow-up tests (the driving skills and gunner! skills tests) were

successfully predicted by driving UMO and gunnery UMO.

Discussion of Phase II

Efforts to retest the 130 drivers and 205 gunner/loaders of the first

phase of this research in their unit of first assignment resulted in a followup sample of approximately 20 drivers and 60 gunners. Although the driver

sample size is smaller than needed for an adequate follow-up, the gunner sample

is sufficient to indicate the usefulness of the predictors in a field setting.

The addition of 17 drivers and 46 gunners to the field testing permitted an

evaluation of the predictor-performance relationships with the experienced

crewmen. Although the analysis of their performance was comparable to that

of the follow-up crewmen, it was not possible to combine the groups because

the add-on crewmen had an average 36 months of service, presumably in armor,

and had achieved their current duty positions through a process of selection

and training.

The results with the unit-weighted ASVAB-only predictor of driving performance (driving UMO) indicated a significant relationship with all of the criteria for the crewmen in the follow-up testing. This would indicate that it is

possible to use that formula to predict an enlistee's performance when he

reaches his first unit of assignment following driver training. The failure

of driving UMO to predict the performance of experienced drivers would appear

.to limit the generalizability of the driver predictor to recent basic armor

training graduates.

17 i - 7
Table 7

FOLLOW-UP AND ADD-ON DRIVER CORRELATIONS

CRITERION VARIABLE DRIVING PREDICTOR VARIABLE a

ERA MRO UMA UMO

FOLLOW-UP SIMPLE (N = 20)

Knox Performance

Driving course 184 051 301* 319*

Driving skills 059 -061 255 293*

Driving composite 075 -109 329* 369*

Follow-Up Performance

Driving course 364* 537** 289 366*

Driving skills 346* 178 332* 375** Driving composite 515** 376* 427* 489**

Total Performance

Driving course 465* 562** 544** 594**

Driving skills 251 013 386* 425**

Driving composite 570** 354 633** 665**

ADD-ON SAMI:Li (N = 17)

Driving course 571* 404* 267 159

Driving skills -127 -099 036 035

Driving composite 351 321 318 275

• E < •05.

p .01.

a MR indicates predictor formula based on multiple-regression model,

while UM indicates formula based on unit-weighted model. Suffix A

indicates formula includes ASVAB and additional tests; 0 indicates

ASVAB only.

1

~18

-,
Table 8

FOLLOW-UP AND ADD-ON GUNNER CORRELATIONS

CRITERION VARIABLE GUNNERY PREDICTOR VARIABLE a

MRO UMA UMO

FOLLOW-UP SAMPLE (N = 60)

Knox Performance

Gunnery score 175 06S 361*** 257**

Gunnery skills 271** 301** 312** 329**

Gunnery composite 343*** 275** 491*** 423***

Follow-Up Performance

Gunnery score 070 139 041 042

Gunnery skills 155 200 305** 242*

Gunnery composite 132 212* 198 168

Total Performance

Gunnery score 154 098 290** 202*

Gunnery skills 260* 315** 409*** 378**

Gunnery composite 308** 307** 491*** 404***

ADD-ON SAMPLE (N = 46)

Gunnery score 116 121 216 210

Gunnery skills 295* 217 305* 322*

Gunnery composite 274 219 357* 346*

< .

** < .01.

£ < .001.

a MR indicates predictor formula based on multiple-regression model,

while UM indicates formula based on unit-weighted model. Suffix A

indicates formula includes ASVAB and additional tests; 0 indicates

ASVAB only.

19 iA
Among follow-up gunners, the gunnery predictor was less successful. The

unit-weighted ASVAB-only gunnery predictor (gunnery UMO) showed no relationship with follow-up gunnery scores, only a moderate relationship to follow-up

gunnery skills, and a nonsignificant relationship with the follow-up gunnery

composite scores. For add-on gunners, however, that formula successfully predicted gunnery skills test scores and the gunnery composite score.

Interpretation of these results requires consideration of the sample size,

length and reliability of the test, and the size of the demonstrated relationship. In the case of the follow-up and add-on drivers, the sample size is too

small to allow confidence in any results. The fact that a significant degree

of relationship is found among one small sample of drivers and no relationship

among another small sample only indicates that the validity of the driver predictor in operational units must be considered uncertain until a more adequate

sample can be attempted.

The sample sizes ,monq the follow-up (60) and add-on gunners (46) are more

adequate for generalization, but the reliability of the test may be questioned.

Gunnery score is the crtrion score based on a very short (8-item) test.

This test is unreliable, s seen in the test-retest orrelation of .06. The

inability of the gLunnery M1O formula to predict the follow-up gunnery score

may be due to this weakness. When both administrations of the Table VI tests

were combined (total gunnery score), making a 16-item test, the relationship

between predictor and criterion reached significance. For the add-on sample

only the 8-item test score was available, and an insignificant result was

obtained.

The skills test is a lengthy and relatively reliable procedure (testretest r = .37) and was successfully predicted in both gunner samples.

The results of Phase II testing, therefore, must be considered with

caution for the driver predictors because of the inadequate sample size, but

the results can be considered for the gunner predictor when an adequately reliable test is used (e.g., the skills test). The gunner predictor is seen

to be effective in both a follow-up sample of recent OSUT graduates and an

add-on sample of experienced gunners.

GENERAL DISCUSSION

An accurate interpretation of the research results rests on an evaluation

of some seemingly inconsistent results. Accepting the findings at face value

would lead to the following statements:

1. With a sample of 130 newly trained drivers, the predictor called

driving UMO proved to be a valid predictor of the driving course (.216), driving skills (.243), and a driving composite (.278).

2. With a sample of 205 newly trained gunners, the predictor called

-gunnery UMO proved a valid predictor of gunnery score (.189), gunnery skills

(.252), and gunner composite (.294).

2

j - 2
iI

3. With a sample of 20 follow-up drivers, driving UlMO proved a valid

predictor of follow-up driving course (.366), follk;..-u .-irving ski ls (. 315),

and a follow-up driving composite (.489).

4. With a sample of 60 follow-up gunners, gunnery UMO wa:; a vatid r,-

dictor of follow-up gunnery skills (.242) but was not a valid pr,dict:, et

follow-up gunnery score or of a follow-up gunnery comr,:i tce.

5. With a sample of 17 exj, rienced drivers, dr'ivine (MO was not a VA IL !

predictor of the driving coorb.t, skills, or compositie.

6. With a sample of 46 experienced gunners, qunnery UMO was not a valid

rredictor of gunnery score but was a valid predictor of gunnery skills (.322)

and a valid predictor of the gunnery composite criterion (.316)

These results would lead us to believe that driving UMo is a valid predicLoe of driver performance in training (I) and unit of first assignment (3) but

not [or experienced drivers (5), arid that gunnery UMO is a valid predictor of

gunner performance in trainino (2) but an invalid predictor Of gunnery ;core

in unit of first assignment (4) and not a valid predictor -1 gunnery score for

experienced gunners (6). The inconsistency ot statements 4, 5, and 6 reguires

further analysis.

Two important considerations affect, the interpretit ion i results of any

research: the reliabiiitv of the sampling and relial:li i ,y (A the testing.

In the case of (4) and (6) we find problems in predict 11g gunnery score, and

it (5) we find a problem prdictinq the performance cU 1 7 experienced drivers.

Quite possibly, tie problems i.n tjhose statements are iiot brought about by the

lack of a relationsnip between the predictor and the criteria but by sampling

ir tenting inadejuacy.

Gunnery score is a performance score based on an individual's ability to

hit targets in main-gun tank gunnery. The score is based on the results of

eight rounds fired, making it an 8-item test. It is well established that

the reliability of a test is proportional to its length (Gulliksen, 1950)

While the same short test was adequately predicted in Phase I of this research,

the failure of prediction in Phase 1I ned not be considered evidence against

the efficacy of the predictor. Note that when the two administrations of the

test are summed (thereby creating a ]0-item test) , the validity coefficient

lumps to .202, which is significant at the .05 level. With this in mind, we

could change (4) and (6) to read:

4a. With a sample of 60 follow-up gunners, gunnery UMO was found to be

a valid predictor of follow-up gunnery skills (.2,12) and indeterminate with

respect to follow-up qunnery score and composite.

Ga. With a sample of 46 experienced gunners, gunnery UMO was a valid

predictor of follow-up gunnery skills (.322) and indeterminate with respect to

follow-up (gunnery score and composite.

In the case of (5), the lack of a significant validity coefficient may

be due to inadequate sample size. With only 17 drivers, the power of a .05

level test is only about one-third when the true population correlation (rho)

is .30 (Cohen, 1977). Consequently, even with rho= .30, sample r's would not

21

-. S !
have permitted rejecting the null hypothesis in two out of three samples with

N = 17. A larger sample size would increase the power of tests and perhaps

result in a significant coefficient. Our result, therefore, may be restated as :

5a. Due to an inadequate sample size, the relationship was indeterminate

between driving UMO and the follow-up criteria for experienced drivers.

The findings of this research may, therefore, be stated as follows:

" The performance of newly trained drivers can be predicted both in

training and in the field by the predictor formula labeled driving UMO.

" The performance of newly trained gunner/loaders can be predicted both

in training and in the field by gunnery UMO, provided a sufficiently

reliable criterion test is used (e.g., gunnery skills).

" The performance of experienced tank crewmen may be predicted by the

formulas tested, but sample size and criteria test problems preclude

definitive statements. The gunner/loader predictor (gunnery UMO) shows

a promising relationship to gunnery skills.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Prediction equations were developed for tank drivers and gunner/loaders

to predict their level of performance after suitable training. The evaluation

of tank crewman performance was attempted, using first a short and very direct

test (e.g., drivers drive a tank over obstacles and gunners sh9ot at targets),

and second, a more lengthy and comprehensive test (e.g., of,other skills not

directly related to driving or shooting). It was believed that together these

would encompass the range of skills required and yielda composite score indicating the crewman's ability. To that end, the scores were combined to form

a driving composite and a gunnery composite. These Iscores represent our best

estimate of the crewman's ability.

The results of the research to cross-validate the predictor equations indicated that the predictor of driver performance labeled driving UMO (based on

the unit-weighted model, using only readily available ASVAB scores) was a valid

predictor of driver performance immediately following training, and in the

follow-up test (r = .278 and .489, respectively). The gunner predictor equation

labeled gunnery UMO (also based on the unii-weighted model and ASVAB scores

only) was a valid predictor of gunner performance immediately following training and of follow-up gunnery skills (r = .294 and .242) but was indeterminate

with respect to overall performance in the follow-up. Prediction of the performance of experienced crewmen appears to be a promising additional use of

the equations, but their validity has not yet been sufficiently demonstrated

in the samples and methods employed in this research.

22
These results indicate the potential usefulness of the predictor formulas

for determining which enlistees would benefit most from training as a driver or a gunner/loader and for providing a rational basis for assignment to training programs before training has started. These formulas allow existing information (ASVAB subtest scores) to be used to predict future performance (both

immediately following training and in the unit of first assignment) and

represent a powerful tool for personnel selection at no additional cost to the

Army.

The success of the predictors with newly trained crewmen and the partial success with experienced crewmen indicates the fruitfulness of this line of

research and the need for additional testing in operational armor units with

adequate sample sizes. Utilization of the predictors is discussed in ARI

Research Report 1240, "Using Predictor Equations to Assess Potential Performance of Armor Enlistees" (Maitland, 1980).

23
REFERENCES

Cascio, W. F., Valenzi, E. R., & Silbey, V. Validation and statistical

power: Implications for applied research. Journal of Applied Psychology,

1978, 63, 589-595.

Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York:

Academic Press, 1977.

Eaton, N. K. Predicting tank gunnery performance. ARI Research Memorandum

78-6, February 1978.

Eaton, N. K., Bessemer, D. W., & Kristiansen, D. M. Tank crew position

assignment. ARI Technical Report 391, February 1979.

Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. Unit weighting schemes for decision making.

Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1975, 13, 171-192.

Gulliksen, H. Theory of mental tests. New York: Wiley, 1950.

Greenstein, R. B., & Hughes, R. G. The development of discriminators for

predicting success in Armor crew positions. ARI Research Memorandum

77-27, December 1977.

Kaplan, H. Prediction of success in Army aviation training. ARI Technical

Report 11.42, June 1965.

Maitland, A. J. Using prediction equations to assess potential performance

of Armor enlistees. ARI Research Report 1240, January 1980.

O'Brier, R. E., Crum, W. J., Healy, R. D., Harris, J. H., & Osborn, W. C.

Trial implementations of the Tank Crewman Skills Training Program

LTCST). ARI Technical Report 78-A29, September 1978.

Schmidt, F. L. The relative efficiency of regression weights and simple unit

predictor weights in applied differential psychology. Educational and

Psychological Measurement, 1971, 31, 699-714.

Thomas, J. A. Construction of an experimental selection battery for Armor

systems. ARI Research Memorandum 64-2, April 1964.

PflNUEIG Nm PAz 5u-OT F"4w

25

A'V
APPENDIX A

SCORE SHEETS

A-I DRIVING COURSE 28

A-II TABLE VI 31

A-Ill DRIVER STATION 1 32

A-IV GUNNER/LOADER STATION 1 37

A-V GUNNER/LOADER STATION 2 44

A-VI GUNNER/LOADER STATION 3 53

A-VII STATION 4, COMMON TO 62

BOTH GUNNER/LOADERS AND

DRIVERS

27
APPENDIX A-I

DRIVING COURSE A

SCORE SHEET

DRIVER NAME LAST 4 SSAN

SCORER N.XME TC NAME

DATE___________

WEATHER CONDITIONS GROUND CONDITIONS

PREPARE TANK BEFORE ARRIVAL OF DRIVER:

1. Transmission lever in "N"

2. Master battery switch "OFF"

3. Master fuel pump switch "OFF"

4. Driver seat "ON THE FLOOR"

5. Open crew compartment drain valve

Done Done Not

TASK 1. Start Tank and Move Out Smoothly Poorly Done

Cleans vision blocks

Adjust driver's seat

Shift to "P"

Closed crew compartment drain valve

Turn on Master Battery switch

Turns on gas particulate switch

Turn on fuel pump switch

Starts engine

Idle at 750 rpm

Release brake

Shift to "R"

Accelerate in reverse

On a 10 scale, how well did Driver perform in this task?

TASK 2. Back Through Barrels

Keeps constant speed

Follows command left 4Follows command right

Stops tank

Shifts to "L"

Accelerate forward

On a 10 scale, how well did Driver perform in this task?

28

I.'
l-; 3 .Shal low Water (mo-s ing hole l)out Not

>H Ioot h I PorI v 1hone

Come to stop

Move emervigency heater, s Wi h to '(OlL'

(lOS(-h II I- turret seoal air valvc

1 r_"la to hu i I- t urret ;calI to 5- lI

Chock that cr_,Nco: iopartnieni drain valv1 e closeod

(heckA that engine com11pa rtmen ranvov coe

-:hck opert it'l of ilge pum-pRP---- II CIrCa soC Cng i o -speed to ZahOllt I00(1RI

ate red mater slIowlyx

iindlow speed-hligh rpml through t0:1 t or

IoI E Ct hul trotWd i n va 1 ve t hen I-CC lose

)1(- u H c ojsmirtment 1p:i in valve then rec I use

lK A C r o s'A

. fo 1 tI lk t o h r icdige

T !i le-et 5lOV oil t ij',t ; I' 'i~t

S ei hrw

iI J

IT) N i o) ca I, os c. 11 d idL Pri copr perf'orm i n t h i s tas?

'L\ S K3S. 1 cort ilt Wil I eOscent

IiH L11p tanik to ohstace

La~sed tan1k to hot tcm of wa 111

Acc I erltct S lowly after taInk touched hottom

On a P! scal e. how w~el 1 did Drivxer perform in th is task?

Il \,It\(. 61 toP C rose i ug

iiecelerated as tank entered ditch

IP:sed tajnk to hottom 4 Ml hott on of ditch with 1)0th tracks

\ccclIerait as tank reachedt bottom

(it a I si ;c I , how vse I I di id (ri ver pcrform i n th is ta s k?.

I 29)
Done Done Not

TASK 7. High Speed Run Smoothly Poorly Done

Accelerated

Shifted to "I"

Maintained constant speed after acceleration

Controlled tank's forward motion

Maintained high rpm on turn

Shift to "L"

On a 10 scale, how well did Driver perform in this task? A

TASK 8. Park Tank

Follow direction for parking place

Stops tank

Locks parking brake

Shift to "P"

Idle at 1000-1200 for 2-5 minutes

L ift fuel shut-off switch

Turn off electrical equipment

Turn off Master Fuel Pump switch

Turn Master Battery Switch "OFF"

Open crew compartment drain valve

Exit driver's seat

Dismount of tank

On a 10 scale, how well (lid l)river perform in this task? 1

Of all the trainees you have seen, where would you rate this man based on

the experience you just had in the tank he was driving. (Circle one)

.\mong Much Worse ..\bout Better Much Among

the worse than average than better the

worst than most most than best

m1O1 st most

1 2 34 S 6

w

30

i - - " . -' 
APPENDIX A-1l

TABLE

GUNNER AE_________ SCORER N!\W

DATE ___ ____ WEATHER 'IAN F

TARGET (RANGE) S 0 BI:I Ui SIA) (At'O)

1. ZERO PANEL (1200m) PERISCOPE (IHIEAT)

-I ,

/4

2. S:.'T XJNARY YiANK (1000~m) i S

Rd I --.- * 2

3. MOVING '\NK (i IIGHT )

1 -T , 'ISCP S\G

Rd1

4. STATIONARY TANK (1400m) PERISCOPE

Rd 1 Rd 2

H

M N

S. MOVING TANK (700m) niELESCOPE ( HAT )

Rd 1 lRd 2

First Round Hits Second Round Hits

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5

Total Number of Hits Verified by Hole Count?

YES NO

3]

,, .. ... . .
.,IPPENDIX A-III

DRIVER

STATION 1

S SAN

SCORER NAMI; _____________

DATE _________________ _

32
TANK CREWMAN READINESS TEST

DRIVER

STATION 1

CONDITIONS. Fully operational M60Al situated on level ground with main

gun over rear deck and drain valves open. Tank has following deficiencies: track tension loose; M24 and M27 periscopes dirty.

INSTRUCTIONS TO DRIVER. "Prepare the tank for driving on a night mission

in an NBC environment. Your activities will include (read list of

tasks). Perform each task when I instruct you to do so. You may use your TM. I will observe your performance and serve as the other crew members as needed. Do you have any questions? Work quickly, but

carefully. Ready... begin."

TASKS.

1. Perform before-operation checks and services on M27 periscope. -

2. Remove M27 periscope.

3. Perform before-operation checks and services on M24 (IR)

periscope.

4. Install M24 (IR) periscope.

5. Place M24 (IR) periscope into operation.

6. Perform before-operation checks and services on the gas

particulate unit.

7. Perform main gun prepare-to-fire checks from Driver's station.

8. Check track tension (Driver requirements.)

PERFORMANCE MEASURES.

Yes No

1. PERFORM BEFORE-OPERATION MAINTENANCE CHECKS AND

SERVICES ON THE M27 PERISCOPE.

Inspected M27 periscope and spare for cracks

and dirty lenses.

. Cleaned dirty lenses.

2. REMOVE TdE M27 PERISCOPE.

Loosened wing nuts on both sides of the

periscope.

Rotated retainers until clear of the periscope

mounting lugs.

. Removed periscope from the bracket.
Yes No

3. PERFORM BEFORE-OPERATION MAINTENCE CHECKS AND

SERVICES ON THE M24 (IR) PERISCOPE.

Pulled periscope holder lid handle down,

o Opened lid.

. Unlatched both catches on IR periscope

stowage box.

. Removed the periscope from stowage box.

• Inspected the M24 (IR) periscope and spare head

for cracked or dirty lenses and completeness. - -

* Cleaned dirty lenses.

4. INSTALL THE M24 (IR) PERISCOPE.

. Closed the Driver's hatch.

• Placed the Master Battery switch in the OFF

position.

Instructed crew member to rotate the turret

so the gun tube is forward.

o Pulled up (rearward) on the elevation adjustment

lever to insure bind (tension) has been released

on elevation clamp and elevation clamp pivots.

. Loosened the jam nut on the front (forward)

inside of the elevation clamp. -

Positioned the periscope in the periscope holder.

Pushed up on periscope until it locked in the

holder. (Insured the periscope was locked in

the holder before released.) -

Insured the elevation clamp is positioned in the

periscope holder detent.

. Tightened the adjustment screw on the front right

hand inside of the elevation clamp until the

elevation clamp was firmly seated in the

periscope holder detent.

. Tightened the elevation clamp adjustment

screw jam nut.

. Pushed elevation adjustment lever downward

(forward) and locked periscope. - -

Unscrewed dust cap from power receptacle

(cetiLer) location.

Unscrewed power cable connecting plug from stowage

receptacle on right-hand side of compartment. - -

Threaded power cable connecting plug into

periscope receptacle and hand tightened. - - • CONFIRM: Did soldier expose periscope to direct

sunlight?

5. PLACE THE M24 (IR) PFRISCOPE INTO OPERATION.

Turned the Master Battery switch ON.

Placed the Blackout Selector switch in BO DRIVE.

34

* _ ,-cj.
Yes No 

4

* Turned the IR switch ON.

* Turned the Lighting Control switch handle

to the left.

Pulled the elevation adJ.iqtment lever up. 

-

-

Adjusted periscope elevation angle to 

a

comfortable position.

* Pushed elevation adjustment lever down to

lock the periscope in position. 

-

* Loosened the two inner wingnuts on the headrest

until the proper eye distance is obtained, then

retightened (handtight) both wingnuts.

* Bent headrest to fit head contour by pulling,

pushing, or twisting on each side of the

headrest.

• Allowed periscope to warm up for 5 minutes

before adjusting focus.

Unscrewed left and right dust caps from bottom

focus controls.

Rotated left and right focus control knobs

until the view through each eyepiece appeared

with maximum sharpness.

* Screwed left and right dust covers back over

focus control knobs and tightened finger tight.

6. PERFORM BEFORE-OPERATIONS CHECKS AND SERVICES

ON THE GAS PARTICULATE UNIT.

Inspected precleaner, particulate filter unit,

housing, gas filter cannisters and air header

for dents, missing or loose control knob,

pinched or blocked air hose.

Wiped precleaner, particulate filter unit

housing, gas filter cannisters and airheater

clean with a damp rag.

, Tightened hose assemblies and electrical

cables.

• Removed spring clip from air inlet openings. 

-

Turned Gas Particulate switch ON.

* Disconnected air duct hose from Driver's

orifice connector and checked air flow.

Rotated air heater knob to ON and checked for

indicator lamp operation. 

--

. Checked air flow through the hose.

• Allowed air to warm u at least five minutes.

Checked air temperature.

Adjusted protective mask and attached air hose.

Requested other crew members to check gas

particulate operation.

* Removed and stowed air hose and protective mask,

* 35

-11
Yes No

* Rotated air heater knob to OFF.

* Turned Gas Particulate switch OFF.

• Replaced spring clip to air inlet openings.

7. PERFORM PREPARE-TO-FIRE CHECKS FROM DRIVER'S STATION

Started engine on TC's command, "CHECK

FIRING SWITCHES."

* Reported "DRIVER READY" on TC's command,

"REPORT".

8. CHECK TRACK TENSION.

Moved vehicle forward on level hard surface, and

when signaled by Loader, coasted to a stop

without applying brakes.

Make final forward adjustments (without applying brakes) in response to Loader signals. -

SCORING.

To pass, a solder must have:

a. Installed the M24 (IR) periscope without exposing

it to direct sunlight. (CONFIRM - "NO")

b. Been checked "YES" on each performance item.

AY

PASS I~L

426

! J6
APPEND)I% _-V

LOADER/GUNNER

STATION 1I

INAME______ _

S SAN____

SCORER NAME_________ _____

DATE _________________ _

.1 371
TANK CREWMAN READINESS TEST

LOADER/GUNNER

STATION 1

CONDITIONS. M6OAI tank complete with BII, situated on level ground. An

ammunition stowage plan and dummy rounds (including 3 APDS, 3 HEP,

2 HEAT and 1 APERS) are located next to tank. All ammunition stowage

areas are blocked off with exception of 7 slots in the ready rack,

1 slot in the tubular stowage rack and 1 in the turret bustle; empty

slots should correspond to stowage plan and types of dummy rounds.

Tank has track tension loose. Dummy 7.62-mm round loaded by hand in

chamber of coax with belt of dummy rounds loaded on top so that

chambered round won't extract when weapon is charged. Rounds will be

passed to the loader base down unless told otherwise by the loader.

INSTRUCTIONS TO LOADER/GUNNER. "This test will be given in two parts.

Part 1 is a test of your ability to prepare the tank for a combat

mission in an NBC envirornment; part 2 tests your ability to perform

the duties of a loader under simulated conditions of an extended fire

mission. During part 1, you are to perform the following loader

tasks:

1. Perform before-operations checks and services on engine and

transmission oil levels. (I will ask you whether the oil levels

are acceptable.)

2. Check track tension.

3. Adjust track tension.

4. Check operation of M3 heater (gas particulate unit).

5. Stow main gun rounds.

I realize you would normally perform some additional tasks as the

loader in this situation, but these are the ones you are being tested

on today. Perform each task when I instruct you to do so. You may

use your TM. I will observe your performance and serve as the other

crew members as needed. Do you have any questions? Work quickly, but

carefully. Ready... begin."

PART ONE

PERFORMANCE MEASURES. Yes No

1. PERFORM BEFORE-OP7RATiONS CHECKS AND SERVICES ON

TANK ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION OIL LEVELS.

Checked engine ol level.

Responded c-i.rectly when asked if engine oil level

wasi acceptabl e. Checked transmission oil level.

Responded correctly when asked if transmission

oil level was acceptable.

Told DriveL to start engine and idle at 700-750 RPM.

Waited until engine was warm.

38 'I
[T

Yes No

• Checked engine oil level.

. Responded correctly when asked if engine oil

level was acceptable.

. Checked transmission oil level.

. Responded correctly when asked if transmission oil

level was acceptable.

2. CHECK TRACK TENSION.

" Directed Driver to coast to a stop so that a

track link was centered on the #2 support roller.

" Coordinated with Driver by arm and hand signals

so that tank coasted to a stpp with track link

in proper position.

• Removed dirt and mud from outboard end connectors

between first and second support rollers.

" Placed string with weights on both ends over the -

end connectors. -

" Measured the distance between the string and the

end connector at the mid point between support

rollers to ensure that the distance is between

7/16 to 1/2 inches.

3. ADJUST TRACK TENSION.

. Removed the track and adjusting link screw and

washer from the top of the track adjusting link. . Used the track adjusting wrench on the track

adjusting link and pulled up to increase track

tension (right side) or pushed down to decrease

track tension (right side). (Reversed directions

for the left side.) [Track adjusting link must

not extend beyond the red painted groove.] -

. Adjusted track tension to 1/4-5/16 inch in

tolerance.

• Installed lockwasher and lockscrew and tightened

with wrench until fully seated on the shoulder.

4. CHECK OPERATION OF M3 HEATER (GAS PARTICULATE UNIT).

On Driver's request, "CHECK GAS PARTICULATE UNIT":

. Rotated air heater knob to ON.

. Checked air flow through hose.

. Allowed air to warm up for at least five minutes.

. Adjusted protective mask and attached air hose. . Removed and stowed air hose and protective mask.

. Rotated air heater switch to OFF.

. Reported status of M3 Heater to the driver.

39

j U

II Il I l
Yes No

5. STOW MAIN GUN RioN!1)S !N THE TANK.

* De':eIrined, b'.' ef:erence to Ammunition Stowage

Plan and prea;eut load, how many of each type

of round is needed,

• Called out to as;isting crewman how many of a

given type of round is wanted.

• Insisted thaiL ound be handed in through

turret nose down.

* Stowed round in:

- Ready rack by placing primer end down, swinging

hingeof holder up and to the left, pulling out

spring loaded knob on rod of holder, sliding

hinge slot over rod behind knob, and releasing

the knob.

- Tubular stowage rack by pushing round in nose

first, swinging handle lock over primer end

of round, and rotating handle lock securely

in place.

- Turret bustle by seating round with nose toward

inside of turret, swinging hinge up and to the

left, pulling up clamp and slotting hinge in

place below clamp, and pulling clamp down.

* Completed stowage of rounds one type at a time.

PART TWO

INS71RUCTIONS TO LOADER/GUNNER. "Remember, Part 2 is a test of your abilitr

to perform The duties of a loader under simulated conditions of an

extended f~re missron. We will be carrying APDS in the tube for

battlesigilt e;,,age,mnts, so you will begin by loading a SABOT round.

From then on, listen to the fire commands and react accordingly. Since

you will be working with dummy rounds, you will have to unload rounds

between firings. But wait until I give you the command to unload, then

quickly remove the round and be ready for the next command. O.K....,

take up your position in the Loader's Station and load a round of SABOT.

I will observe your performance and serve as the other crew members as

needed. Do you have any questions? Work quickly, but carefully.

Ready... begin.

TASKS.

6. Load main gun in response to fire commands.

7. Ready coax in response to fire commands.

8. Rotate round in main gun misfire procedure.

9. Unload risfire3 main gun round.

10. Apply imanediate action to reduce stoppage of an M219 machinegun.

ti 40

- I el I• I I I
NOTES.

a. For Performance Measures 6 and 7, give the following fire commands,

at about 15 second intervals:

1. Gunner, SABOT tank.

2. Gunner, HEP, antitank.

3. Gunner, HEAT, tank.

4. Gunner, COAX, troops.

5. Gunner, IIEP, antitank,... MISFIRE.

Note. Reload SABOT for battlesight.

6. Gunner, BEEHIVE, TIME 1000 METERS troops.

7. Gunner, SABOT, tank (NO "CEASE FIRE").

8. Gunner, SABOT, tank.

9. Gunner, HEAT, tank.

10. Gunner, COAX, troops,... STOPPAGE.

b. The MISFIRE command provides a break in the sequence. After you go

through MISFIRE checks, tell Loader to rotate the round. Next,

tell Loader to unload the round, and assist him in doing so.

c. Loading should be timed with a stop watch. Timing should begin

with announcement of ammunition element and end with Loader's

announcement of "UP". Time should be cumulated for each series

of five commands.

Yes No

PERFORMANCE MEASURES.

6. LOADS MAIN GUN IN RESPONSE TO FIRE COMMANDS.

a. Battlesight, SABOT Loaded.

* Stood clear of path of recoil.

Placed firing safety switch in FIRE.

* Announced "UP".

• Prepared to load a second round in case no

"CEASE FIRE" is given.

b. Main Gun Not Loaded.

Placed firing safety switch in SAFE position. -

ICheck replenisher tape.] -

* Opened breech.

Selected announced ammunition.

Unlocked ammunition ready rack.

* ISet range on APERS ammunition fuze when "BEEHIVE

TIME" is announced in fire command.]

. Inserted appropriate round into chamber by placing

the round 2/3rds into chamber and pushing it the

4rest of the way with the heel of the fist,

swinging arm up and away from closing breech.

Stood clear of path of recoil.

. Placed firing safety switch in FIRE position. -

Announced "UP".

''or
Yes No

* Prepared to load a second round in case no "CEASE FIRE" is given.

c. SABOT Loaded, Different Ammunition Element Given.

* Placed firing safety switch in SAFE position. - -

[Checked replenisher tape.] 

* Unloaded SABOT round.

• Placed and locked SABOT round in ready rack.

• Selected announced ammunition.

• Unlocked ammunition ready rack.

[Set range on APERS ammunition fuze when

"BEEHIVE TIME" is announced in fire command.]

Inserted appropriate round into chamber by

placing round 2/3rds into chamber, and pushing it

the rest of the way with the heel of the fist,

swinging arm up and away from closing breech.

* Stood clear of path of recoil.

* Placed firing safety switch in FIRE position. - -

Announced "UP".

Prepared to load a second round in case no

"CEASE FIRE" is given.

7. READY COAX IN RESPONSE TO FIRE COMANDS.

Placed coax safety in FIRE position. - -

Announced "UP".

8. ROTATED ROUND IN MAIN GUN MISFIRE PROCEDURE.

On Gunner's command "ROTATE ROUND":

* Placed firing safety switch in SAFE position. - -

* Opened breech slowly enough to extract round

about 1/2 way.

* Rotated round 1/2 turn. • Pushed round into chamber with heel of the fist,

swinging arm ur' and away from closing breech.

Stood clear of path of recoil.

Placed firing safety switch in FIRE position. - -

• Announced "UP."

9. UNLOAD MISFIRED MAIN GUN ROUND.

Told Gunner to turn main gun turret power

switches OFF.

Placed firing safety switch in SAFE position. - -

Opened breech.

Held breech operating handle down while TC

(Gunner) pried round out of chamber.

Returned breech operating handle to latched

position.

42

4: ,
Yes No

10. APPLY IMMEDIATE ACTION TO REDUCE STOPPAGE OF AN

M219 MACHINEGUN.

On Command "STOPPAGE":

• Waited 5 seconds to allow for a hangfire.

* Charged the machinegun, locking the recoiling

parts to the rear.

• Checked to see if the ammunition is feeding into

the weapon.

• Announced "UP."

On Command "STOPPAGE":

* Pulled barrel extension to the rear.

• Placed safety in SAFE.

• Raised cover and removed the ammunition.

• Removed "misfired" round from chamber.

* Placed safety in FIRE and hand functioned the

weapon one cycle. - .

Reloaded the weapon.

Announced "UP."

SCORING.

To pass, soldier must have:

a. Correctly responded to engine and transmission dip stick reading.

b. Detected that track tension was loose and adjusted it.

c. Stowed dummy rounds according to ammunition stowage plan.

d. Executed the first five fire commands in a total time of 35 seconds,

and the second five commands (five loading reactions) in 1 minute

35 seconds.

Elapsed Time:

Commands 1 - 5 --seconds

Commands 6 - 10 seconds

e. Responded to "MISFIRE", including unloading the misfired round,

within 2 1/2 minutes.

Elapsed Time: seconds

f. Responded to STOPPAGE by removing misfired round within 10 seconds

of command, and completing procedure within 15 seconds.

Elapsed Time:

Removed round seconds

Announced UP seconds

g. Selected the correct round in response to each fire command.

h. Checked replenisher tape at least once during the test.

i. Correctly responded to replenisher reading.

. Added oil if tape indicated two rough edges.

.4. Continued to load if tape indicated one rough and one smooth edge.

-4 . Drained oil if tape indicated two smooth edges.

J. Set correct range on BEEHIVE round.

k. Been checked "YES" on each performance measures.

PASS FAIL

43
APPENDIX A -V

LOADER! GUNNER

STATION 2

NAME _____________________

SSAN

SCORER NAME__________ _____

DATE ___________________

.4

44
71' II

TANK CREWMAN READINESS TESY

LOADER/GUNNER

STATION 2

CONDITIONS. Fully operational M60AI situated on ho')>

machinegun is mounted and loaded with dummy .u.. . Aa coiuiete

gun-tool roll is stowed according to unit loading i doresight

panel is at appropriate range (1200 meters). G1,1 above ms 

horizontal.

INSTRUCTIONS TO LOADER/GUNNEP . "The test at this stt ;'v v'ill -onr kicted

in two parts. During Part I you wijl perform s.!-,- r' t oks; in

Part 2 you will perform some gunner tasls. As Iou c,- ' you ore to

:3 ear, lemove, di:;asseuh 1 oscmble mount, -'e-'. - " 2 9 

gun, then aisassemblL and assemble the 0J ,

-he tasks

will be timed. You will have 30 seccnd. o , .n 2

minutes Lo disasseii.:r e the machinegl.-, and -. ; it..

You will 1h-ivt 10 minutes to remove -in di.;.s,_ en ci1bo c(-k,

and 10 minutes to assemble. and install I, ivu-n T

instruct you to Liu so. I will alert you bh .- o_, ea~l

of these task- . I will not assist yo)u mr '.',t fou may use

your '711, but cemeruocte, y.-,;. vi i be timed on i,, " i i observ,!

your perfcuncc! and serve a. the ether crew me!,,"' ' ecded. Do

you hav any qaust ions? Wor, quickly, bi, cReafu Iy Reodv,.. begin.'

TASKS.

i. Clear M219 machinegun.

2. Remove M219 machinegun from tank.

3. Disassemble M219 machinegun.

4. Assemble M219 machinegun.

5. Check operation of an M219 machinegun.

6. Mount M219 machinegun in tank.

7. Load an M219 machinegun.

8. Disassemble breechblock.

9. Assemble breechblock.

PART ONE

Yes No

PERFORMANCE MEASURES

1. CLEAR AN M219 MACHINEGUN (30 SECONDS).

Place safety in FIRE position. -- -.

Charged weapon to lock moving parts to the rear.

Directed gunner to place machinegun switch

in the OFF position.

Placed safety in the SAFE position. -

Open cover assembly.

Removed ammunition belt from the machinegun.

45

4,. .
Yes No

* Raised feed tray.

• Looked for ammunition.

* Place safety in FIRE position. - -

* Move bolt forward.

* Place safety in SAFE position. -

. Close feed tray and cover.

Elapsed Time: seconds.

2. REMOVE M219 MACHINEGUN FROM TANK (NOT TIMED).

Disconnected electrical lead from solenoid.

Loosened three support set screws in collar

on gun mount cover shield.

Removed machinegun retainer..

Removed the machinegun. Removed the spent cartridge bag. • Removed the case ejection shield.

3. DISASSEMBLE M219 MACHINEGUN (2 MINUTES).

* Removed barrel and jacket assembly from receiver.

* Separated barrel from jacket assembly. -

Removed cover assembly.

* Removed feed tray.

* Removed guide rod springs while holding barrel

extension forward.

Separated guide rods from guide rod springs. - -

Removed backplate assembly.

Retracted barrel assembly.

Depressed buffer support lever and removed

barrel extension.

• Removed breechblock from barrel extension assembly. -

Removed retainer clip and charger assembly from

projecting stud,

Elapsed Time: seconds.

4. ASSEMBLE M219 MACHINEGUN (2 MIN1UTES).

• In',talled charger assembly.

. Placed breechblock assembly in barrel extension.

. Installed barrel extension.

Installed backplate assembly. - -

• Joined guide rods and guide rod springs. - -

Installed feed tray.

• Installed cover assembly.

Joined barrel to the jacket assembly. - -

Joined barrel and jacket assembly with the receiver.

Elapsed Time: seconds. r

46

a
Yes No

5. CHECK OPERATION OF M219 MACHINEGUN (NOT TIMED).

• Placed safety in FIRE position. - -

* Charged weapon to lock moving parts to the rear.

Allowed barrel extension to ease forward by

keeping tension on the charging handle and

depressing the manual firing trigger. - -

6. MOUNT M219 MACHINEGUN IN TANK (NOT TIMED).

" Backed-off the three support set screws on the

gun mount cover shield flush with the collar

of the gun port.

" Had the gunner depress the gun tube so that it

was horizontal or slightly below.

Placed the shell ejection shield on the shield

support and fastened the six snap fasteners

which hold it in place.

Installed the spent cartridge bag on the empty

cartridge bag support by fastening the eight snap

fasteners which hold it in place. -

Slid the machinegun into the machinegun port until

the rearmost portion of the jacket assembly (the

disconnector holes) were flush with the machinegun

bracket assembly.

* Inserted the two cap screws and lock washers in

their respective holes and tightened them down.

Plugged in the machinegun electrical lead to the

solenoid on the machinegun's backplate assembly. - -

7. LOAD M219 MACHINEGUN (NOT TIMED).

. Pushed forward on the rear of the left cover

latch rod assembly and raised the cover.

• Raised the feed tray.

. Placed the machinegun safety in the FIRE position. -

. Charged (cocked) the machinegun by pulling the

charger handle to the rear. • Inspected the chamber for obstructions by looking

and feeling in the chamber.

. Placed aafety in the SAFE position. -

. Lowered feed tray. • Fed ammunition belt through chute of ammunition box. • Placed first round of ammunition belt in feed

.tray slot with the open side of ammunition link

loops facing down.

• Closed machinegun cover assuring that lock rod

is engaged.

47

('S
Yes No

8. DISASSEMBLE JAIN GUN BREECHBLOCK (10 MINUTES).

a. Removal:

* Placed the main gun safety switch in

the SAFE positicn.

Placed breechblock crank stop

in the "EAR position.

Opened the breech arid looked for

obstruction.

Closed the breech manually by tripping the

extractors with an empty cartridge case or

a woodea block..

Removed firing pin spring by depressing plunger,

moving plunger to the iight, twisting firing

pin spring retainer counter-clockwise until

the lug aliucd with the groove in the breechblock, and removiag the retainer and spring. - -

Removed firing pin and retractor guide with

firing pin retractor by inserting screwdriver

blau into retractor guide slot and prying

ou tward.

Screwed eye bolt into top of breechblock.

Suspended chain hoibt from hook on the turret

ceiling and connected chain hoist to eye bolt.

Took up slack with the chain hoist to support

brec'hblock.

Applied tension on closing spring by turning

adjuster clockwise with spanner wrench.

* Removed tension from the closing spring by

depressing plunger from its notch with a

screwdriver and allowing adjuster to turn

counterclockwise under control of the spanner

wrench.

* Inserted small screwdriver into hold in breechblock crank stop and slid stop forward.

• Started breechblock downward by rotating

operating handle rearward and down, and with

chain hoist let the breechblock begin descending. - -

Returned the operating handle to the latched

position.

Lowered the breechblock until breechblock

crank pivot was free of the T-slot, and removed

pivot.

.4. Lowered breechblock until breechblock was on

the turret floor.

* Released chain hoist from the eye bolt.

Removed right and left extractors from the

breech ring.

J)

-1

A. .
Yes No

b. Disassembly:

Depressed firing contact plate plunger and turned

firing contact plate counterclockwise until

arrows on plate and breechblock were alined

with each other.

Removed firing contact plate, firing contact

plate plunger, and spring. -

Removed plastic washer, firing contact, and

firing contact sleeve,

* Removed retractor pivot pin and firing pi,

retractor from retractor guide.

* Removed screw, washers, and clamp securing the

retractor driver to the bottom of the breechblock. (Use Allen wrench to remove screws.)

. Removed retractor driver, retractor driver

shaft, and spring. -

Elapsed Time: minutes.

9. ASSEMBLE MAIN GUN BREECHBLOCK (10 MINUTES).

a. Assembly:

. Installed retractor driver spring, shaft, and retractor driver into the bottom of the breechblock.

Affixed the retractor group to the bottom of

breechblock by installing securing clamp, washers,

and screw with the Allen wrench.

Inserted firing contact sleeve, firing contact,

plastic washer, spring, and firing contact plate

plunger into the breechblock.

Installed firing pin retractor into retractor

guide and secured it with the retractor pivot

pin.

Replaced firing contact plate by alining the arrow

and depressing and rotating the plate clockwise

until firing contact plate plunger engaged

locking note in plate.

b. Installation:

• Installed right and left extractors into extractor pivots in the breech ring. -

Inserted chain hoist into eye bolt on breechblock.

Raised breechblock and guided it into breech ring

until breechblock came in contact with extractor

plungers.

Depressed plungers and moved breechblock upward.

Installed breechblock crank Divots in breechblock crank.

• Inserted pivot in hreechblock T-slot.

Tripped extractors with the screwdriver and

raised the breechblock to the closed position. -

4WW
Yes No

" Inserted small screwdriver or rod into the hole

in breechblock crank stop and slid stop to

the rear position.

• Jiggled the crank stop back and forth to assure

that the plunger was seated in its recess.

" Released the tension on the chain hoist.

• Turned adjuster clockwise until plunger

entered the first recess.

• Removed chain hoist and eye bolt.

• Installed retractor guide with firing pin

retractor and firing pin in its well by pushing

guide forward until it was flush with inner

surface of the well.

• Installed firing pin spring and firing pin

spring retainer.

" Depressed plunger, and twisted retainer clockwise until plunger was seated in its recess.

• Opened and closed breech several times to test

for binding or shock.

" Adjusted tension on the closing spring to

counteract any binding or shock in breech

operation.

Elapsed Time: minutes.

SCORING.

To pass, soldier must have:

a. Checked operation of the M219 (without being told) after

assembling it.

b. Cleared the M219 within the time specified.

c. Completed disassembly and assembly of the M219 and breechblock

within the time specified.

d. Been checked "Yes" on all performance measures.

PASS FAIL

U

.4

, 5o

/

~~. -' •
PART TWO

INSTRUCTIONS TO LOADER/GUNNER. "In Part 2 of this test, you will perform

the following tasks from the Gunner's station to prepare the tank

for a tactical mission in a nuclear environment:

10. Check operation of M3 heater (gas particulate unit).

11. Charge manual elevation system.

12. Place turret into power operation.

13. Prepare Gunner's telescope for operation.

14. Prepare Gunner's periscope for daylight operation.

Perform each task when I instruct you to do so. You may use your TM.

I will observe your performance and serve as other crew members as

needed. Do you have any questions? Work quickly, but carefully.

Ready... begin."

Yes No

PERFORMANCE MEASURES.

10. CHECK OPERATION OF M3 HEATER.

On Driver's request, "CHECK GAS PARTICULATE UNIT":

Rotated air heater knob to ON and check for

Indicator lamp operation.

Checked air flow through hose.

Allowed air to warm up for at least five minutes.

Checked air temperature.

* Adjusted protective mask and attached air hose.

Removed and stowed air hose and protective mask.

Rotated air heater switch to OFF and listened

for audible click.

. Reported status of M3 heater to Driver.

11. CHARGE MANUAL ELEVATION SYSTEM.

Rotated the manual elevation handle to depress

the main gun until the handle could no longer

be rotated with one hand.

12. PLACE TURRET INTO POWER OPERATION.

. Performed zero pressure check to insure

accumulator charge of 450-500 PSI.

. Checked hydraulic power pack oil level.

A. Insured the tank and surrounding area are

clear of obstruction.

• Insured crew is in safe position and Driver

has lowered his seat and has his head down.

. Instricted Loader to release gun tube from

travel lock.

Unlocked turret lock.

Announced POWER to alert the crew. - -

51

e Im/
Yes No

* Asked driver it engine was running and set at

800 to 900 RPM.

* Placed manual traversing handle locking lever

in the detent position.

* Turned TURRET POWER switch ON.

. Squeezed magnetic brake switch and rotated

Gunner's control handle to traverse turret.

* Rotated handles rearward and forward to elevate

and depress gun. - -

13. PREPARE GUNNER'S TELESCOPE FOR OPERATION.

Tightened eyepiece hanger and screws.

Seated pin on the telescope and the slot on

the holder assembly.

Adjusted headrest by loosening adjusting nut

and sliding headrest to desired position and

tightening nut.

* Cleaned lenses.

* Focused eyepiece by rotating diopter to th

maximum plus reading and then rotating back.

Set reticle illumination by rotating the

rheostat knob on instrument light M50.

Removed filters from filter box.

Attached filter to telescope eyepiece.

° Viewed through eyepiece and moved reticle

selector to each position checking to see

that both reticles are visible.

14. PREPARE GUNNER'S PERISCOPE FOR DAYLIGHT OPERATION.

Adjusted the daylight and IR headrest for

proper fit.

Opened ballistic shield.

Adjusted diopter on the daylight sight by

rotating the diopter to the maximum-plus reading

and then back.

Set the reticle illumination by rotating the

light source control knob until reticle appears

with desired brightness.

SCORING.

To pass, soldier must have been checked "Yes" on

each performance item.

PASS FAIL

9

'. ,}52

I

.*-,.1.-,-w------ ~~-

¢~.--.-.
AP~PLN DT X A V VI

LOADER/GUJNNER

STATI ON

NAME ___________________ _

S S AN__

SCORER NAME ____________

DATE ___________________ _

53
TANK CRWAN READINESS TEST

LOADER/GUNNER

STATION 3

CONDITIONS. Fully ope. tional M60A1 situated on level ground wiLh coaxial

machinegun mountcd. Boresight panel is at appropriate range (1200

meters). Gun tube is aimed at boresight target, but slightly out of

alinenent with respect to target. Gunner's direct fire sights are dirty

and instrument lights are inoperative.

INSTRUCTIONS TO LOADER/GUNNER. "This test will be conducted in two parts.

During Part 1 you will perform some loader tasks; in Part 2 you will

perform some gunner tasks. As the loader you will.

1. Prepare tank for boresighting.

2. Boresight M219 machinegun.

3. Check boresight alinement of main gun.

4. Perform main gun prepare-to-fire checks from Loader's station.

Perform each task when I instruct you to do so. You may use your TN.

I will observe your performance and serve as the other crew members as

needed. Do you have any questions? Work quickly, but carefully.

Ready... begin."

PART ONE

Yes No

PERFOR.NCE MEASURES.

1. PREPARE TAjK FOR BORESIGHTING.

Placed bkck thread over witness lines on muzzle

end of main gun and secured thread tautly. -

Removed firing mechanism from breechblock.

2. BORESIGHT M219 MACHINEGUN MOUNTED ON TANK.

Removed the solenoid electrical lead from the

machinegun backplate assembly by pulling the

solenoid plug down.

Pulled the right disconnector ring rearward to

disengage the disconnector pin from the

disconnector hole.

Rotated the receiver downward and pulled rear- a ward until disengaged from mounting block.

'.4 . Loosened support setscrews located in the gun

mounted cover shield collar approximately

1 1/2 turns.

Selected the target employed to boresight the

main gun.

54

C. S .
Yes No H . Alined the machinegun bore vertically on target

while viewing the aiming point through the

right binocular Ml7Al so as to adjust the

machinegun elevation alinement with the bore

of the maia gun by loosening or tightening the

adjusting screws.

. Alined the machinegun bore horizontally while

viewing the aiming point through the right

binocular M17AI so as to adjust the machinegun

azimuth alinement with the bore of the main

gun by loosening or tightening the front end

and rear horizontal adjusting screws.

• Tightened all lock and jam nuts.

• Adjusted support setscrews in the gun mount

cover shield collar until they contact the

flash suppressor body then backed them off

1/4 to 1/2 turn.

3. CHECK BORESIGHT ALINEMENT OF MAIN GUN.

On request from Gunner to confirm that muzzle cross

threads are on aiming point:

* Checked alinement of main gun by sighting through

firing pit hole with M17Al binocular to see if

cross threads lay on aiming point.

•Rcported gun out of alinement and assisted Gunner

to aline it.

4. PERFORM MAIN GUN PREPARE-TO-FIRE CHECKS FROM

LOADER'S STATION.

On command P'PREPARE TO FIRE":

. Checked recoil oil by feeling replenisher indicator

tape for one rough and one smooth edge. . Opened breech and looked in chamber for obstruction.

W Tightened M219 machinegun mounting bolts.

• Plugged electrical lead into solenoid.

On command "CHECK FIRING SWITCHES":

, Placed main gun safety switch in FIRE POSITION.

* Installed circuit tester between breechblock

and face of chamber.

9

55

"
Yes No

* Observed for lighting of circuit tester bulb

each time Gunner or TC announced "ON THE WAY", and

announced "NO FIRE" any time bulb failed to light.

* Closed the cover on the coaxial machinegun, charged

it, and listened for forward action of barrel and.

barrel extension when Gunner and TC activated

firing switches (recharging coax before each check.)

* Removed and stowed circuit tester.

On command "REPORT":

• Reported "LOADER READY."

SCORING.

To pass, soldier must have:

a. Reported that maiin gun was not alined with boresight

target and correctly assisted the Gunner to aline it.

b. Alined M219 with boresight target.

c. Been checked "Yes" on all performance measures.

PASS FAIL

A

*41

56
PART TWO

INSTRUCTIONS TO LOADER/GUNNER. "In Part 2 of this test you will perform

the following tasks from the Gunner's station:

5. Perform main gun prepare-to-fire checks from Gunner's

station.

6. Prepare tank for boresighting.

7. Prepare azimuth indicator for operation.

S. Operate elevation quadrant (elevate main gun to +15).

9. Boresight Gunner's telescope.

10. Boresight daylight sight of Gunner's periscope during

daylight.

11. Boresight IR sight of Gunner's periscope during daylight

12. Boresight tank searchlight using alternate method.

13. Boresight M219 machinegun.

Perform each task when I instruct you to do so. You may use your 7M.

I will observe your performance and serve as the other crew me: ers as

needed. Do you have any questions? Work quickly, but carefully.

Ready... begin."

Yes No

PERFORMANCE MEASURES.

5. PERFORM PREPARE-TO-FIRE CHECKS FROM GUNNER'S STATION.

On command PREPARE-TO-FIRE:

Cleaned interior direct fire sights.

* Opened and closed ballistic shield.

Checked instrument lights and indicated they

were inoperative.

On command CHECK FIRING SWITCHES:

Turned main gun switch ON.

Depressed firing trigger on power control handle

and trigger on manual elevating control handle.

Rotated main gun manual firing device T-handle.

Note: Announced ON THE WAY each time a trigger

is checked for the main gun or the manual

.firing device is actuated.)

* Turned main gun switch OFF.

• Turned coaxial machinegun switch ON.

* Depressed firing trigger on manual elevating

control handle.

Turned coaxial machinegun switch OFF,

I 5-7
Yes No

On command CHECK FIRING CONTROLS:

* Set range correction knob of ballistic computer

at zero.

* Turned superelevation handcrank.

* Pushed RESET button on computer -

* Index various ranges into computer. -

* Turned range correction knob of ballistic

computer to proper setting.

* Reported GUNNER READY on command REPORT.

6. PREPARE TANK FOR BORESIGHTING.

After "LOADER" removed firing mechanism from

breechblock:

* Centered right telescope of binocular MI7AI over

firing pinhole.

SAlined axis of 105mm gun bore on right angle of

aiiing point by operating the manual traversing

and elevating handles according to the Loader's

directions.

7. PREPARE AZIMUTH INDICATOR FOR OPERATION.

* Rotated rheostat knob until desired brightness

is obtained.

• Placed the auning cross of the periscope on

the refe-ence point.

* Pertorm.ed accuracy tests by manually traversing

turret 360 dLrees to return to original

reference p :t.

I et t:.e :,,,ter and azimuth points on zero.

,zrr.,,u s. pp.g' test yv traversing the turret

" wid'vr ,,md stopping suddenly. -

epeatv,: , .perat ion two or more times in

Save, ' :",a v :opposite direction

I .- :,terence point.

.,.rL• '.,,. :" h mirometer and azimuth

.8. , ,, -%\ E,.EVA7E MAIN GUN

,' *,.

* . : ter o: the target

w, tabe by

,111 ,,nt the bubble

lb e:ltor .. . .eVC, ve V il.,

p. k

,a
,

Yes No

• Announced elevation by reading from the elevation

and micrometer scales.

CONFIRM +15

9. BORESIGHT GUNNER'S TELESCOPE.

• Set superelevation counter on the ballistic

computer to zero.

• Moved reticle selector switch until reticle

corresponding to type of ammunition that will

bc used to zero can be seen through the eyepiece. __ _

* Unlocked telescope mount elevation and deflection

boresight knobs.

• Rotated the boresight knobs until the boresight

aiming point is in the same position as the

muzzle cross threads.

Moved elevation and deflection knob locking

levers to the lock position.

Rotated slip scales on the elevation and

deflection knobs to read 3 and 3.

Told Loader to confirm that the muzzle cross

threads are on the aiming point. - -

CONFIRM

10. BORESIGHT PAYLIGHT SIGHT OF GUNNER'S PERISCOPE.

Sighted through the eyepiece, disengaged the

elevation and deflection boresight knobs, and

rotated the knobs until the aiming cross is

on the same aiming point as the muzzle cross

threads.

* Rotated slip scale on the elevation and

deflection boresight knobs to read 4 and 4.

Placed daylight sight reticle on the aiming

point.

. Told Loader to confirm that the muzzle cross

threads are on the aiming point.

CONFIRM

4

59

4,
Y es ."o_ _ I

11. BORESICUT IR SIGHT OF GUNNER'S PERISCOPE DURING

DAYLIGH1T.

• Opened the ballistic shield.

• Placed opaque material over the periscope

head assembly with a 3/4 inch hole in line

with the IR body. f

* Placed t-ie 1, switch in the 1.5 volt position.

• Viewed through the IR eyepiece and rotated the

IR diopter to the maximum plus reading then

back until the grain on the converter tube

surface as seen through the eyepiece appears

clear and sharp.

* Rotated the light source control until the

reticle illumination has the desired brightness.

Sighted through the eyepiece and rotated focusing

ring until the target appears with the maximum

sharpness.

• Disengaged and rotated the elevation and deflection boresight knobs until the aiming cross of

the reticle is alined on the same aiming point

as the muzzle cross threads.

Rotated slip scale on the elevation and deflection boresight knobs to read 4 and 4.

Placed aiming cross on the reticle of

the daylight scope on the aiming

point.

Told Loader to confirm that the muzzle cross

th r e a d s a r e o n t h e a im i n g p o i n t . C O N I R

CONFIRM

12. SORESIGHT TANK SEARCHLIGHT USING THE ALTERNATE

METHOD.

After "TC" laid the bottom of the searchlight beam

above and just touching the reference mark:

Removed superelevation from fire control system

using compiter's handcrank.

*oresighted main gun of lower cross.

Centered the bubble on the elevation quadrant

w using the micrometer knob.

A._pplied plus 5 mils to elevation quadrant using

the micrometer knob.

Manually elevated the gun until the bubble is

centered.

CONFIRM

4-
YC' No

3. EORESKChiT AN M219 NACiiINLGUN MOUNTED ON A TANK.

After "LOADER" tightened both horizontal adjustment

screws;

Rotated, either to tho left or right, the rheostat

knob on the infinity sight M44C for periscope

M31 or the rheostate knob of the light source

control for periscope M32 in order to adjust

brightness of reticle.

Rotated both the elevation and deflection

boresight knobs on the infinity sight so as

to aline the center reticle on aiming point

of target.

CONFIRM

SCORING.

To pass:

a. The soldier must have been checked "Yes" on each

performance measure.

b. The scorer must verify that optics and weapons are boresighted

by confirming that reticle aiming crosses are on same aiming

points as muzzle cross threads.

c. The main gun must be elevated to +15.

PASS FAIL

w

1, 1 •," " - .-- 

--
APPENDIX A - VII

STATION 4

NAME

SSAN

SCORER NAME

DATE

62

- - -,,~ ~ -~

I|

I

4.,1
STATION 4

ACTIVITY 1: Target Acquisition

CONDITIONS. Give each soldier an answer sheet, a test booklet, and a

pencil. A chair and a writing surface must be available for each

soldier. A stopwatch will be necessary to time the task,

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER. "During this activity you will take a written

test on some target acquisition subjects. These include: 'Target

Acquisition Scanning Techniques', 'Locating and Reporting Targets',

and 'Target Range Estimation'. Write all your answers on the

separate answer sheet. You will have 15 minutes to complete the

test. If you have any questions during the test, raise your hand.

Before we begin, write your name, your SSAN, and the date in the

spaces on your answer sheet . . . . Are there any questions about

what you are to do? . . . . You have 15 minutes . . . Begin."

PERFORMANCE MEASURES.

This written test covers three target acquisition subjects:

1. Target Acquisition Scanning Techniques (8 Questions,

15 Answers).

2. Locating and Reporting Targets (3 Questions, 14 Answers).

3. Target Range Estimation (5 Questions, 13 Answers).

SCORING.

A PASS/FAIL score will be given for each target acquisition

subject. The PASS/FAIL cutoff for each is:

1. Target Acquisition Scanning Techniques (12 correct

answers, 80%).

2. Locating and Reporting Targets (11 correct answers,

80%).

3. Target Range Estimation (9 correct answers, 70%).

V

4-4
STATION 4

AJ. I IiIY 2 Releisher %ape

CON iT 1N , Rcolenish>.r . tapc iock-.up positioned forward if the sodier

,,c sawe reiative position as in the loader's station. The :ar)e

ca.,= set in any one of four positions: (1) one rough edge and one

m (2) two rough edges (3) two smocth edges, and (4) two long

,,taucs. Present each ,)L ', four settinogs twice in a series of

im-iettings in random order to soldier.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER. "In this part of the test i am going te give

you some different setti,igs of the replenisher tape, and vou arc

to feel thce tape and te] me what action you would take if yoi got

tibat reading (a) during firing, and (b) before firing (duriir.

misaiot preafration). 7 w-il s,, up th: -apt and say "Before

firin;' ("During f. cing ), 'R-ady,' you should then reach up into

the mock-up, feel the tape and immediately report what action is

called for."

TASK.

Detorine corrective action required by replenisher tape.

PEU'OR\NcE N1,X \ uS .. Y's No

• Reached up with left hand behind the. rangefinder.

and to the left end of the replenisher cylinder

and felt tape.

* Took no action if felt one rough edge and one

smooth edge.

Added oil to replenisher (after announci-ng "CEASE FIRE," if during firing) if felt rough edges on

both sides of tape.

Continued to check tape fr ,iuencly during firing,

if felt smooth edges on both sides of tape, but

drained oil from replenisher at first opportunity.

Drained oil from replenisher (after announcing

"CEASE FIRE," if during firing) if felt two

long notches in tape.

WSCORING.

To pass, soldier must have:

a. Stated the correct action for each of the eight test trials for

during-firing and before-firing conditions.

b. Responded in each trial without hesitation, inmdiatelyvtcr if'

feeling the tape.

lPASS FAIL

-' I 
STATION 4

ACTIVITY 3: Caliber .45 Pistol

CONDITIONS. Caliber .45 pistol and magazine loaded with dummy

caliber .45 ammunition is on a table in front of the soldier.

'The weapon is cleared. These conditions are necessary for the

first performance measure. The conditions for the remaining

performance measures follow from each preceding one. If the

soldier performs a performance measure incorrectly, set dp

the test conditions for the next one.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER. "You will perform five tasks during this

activity. They are:

1. Load the caliber .45 pistol.

2. Clear the caliber .45 pistol.

3. Disassemble the caliber .45 pistol.

4. Assemble the caliber .45 pistol.

5. Perform immediate action on caliber .45

I will give you specific instructions for each task. Located

in front of you is a loaded magazine and a cleared caliber .45

pistol. You must load the pistol. You will have five seconds.

Do you have any questions concerning this requirement?

Ready . . . begin."

PERFORMANCE MEASURES. Yes No

1. LOAD THE CALIBER .45 PISTOL.

Inserted magazine.

Pulled slide to the rear then released.

Elapsed Time: seconds

NOTE: Tell soldier to put pistol down. If soldier did

not load pistol correctly, you must do so.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "four next requirement is to clear

the weapon. You will have ten seconds. Do you have u any questions concerning this requirement? Ready . . . .4begin."

' 5

4-.
2. CLEAR THE CALIBER .45 PISTOL. Yes No

• Kept weapon in RAISED PISTOL position.

• Removed magazine.

• Pulled slide to the rear and locked slide.

• Looked and felt into chamber.

* Allowed slide to go forward.

• Pulled trigger.

Elapsed Time: seconds

NOTE: Tell soldier to put pistol down. If soldier did not

clear pistol correctly, you must do so.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "You have one minute to field

disassemble the weapon. Do you have any questions

concerning this requirement? Ready . . . begin."

3. DISASSEMBLE THE CLAIBER .45 PISTOL. Yes No

Removed recoil spring plug.

Removed slide top.

Removed receiver group.

Removed recoil spring and recoil spring guide.

Removed barrel bushing.

Removed barrel and slide group.

Elapsed Time: seconds

NOTE: If soldier did not disassemble pistol correctly, you

must do so.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "Now assemble the pistol and perform

a function check. You will have two minutes. Do you

have any questions concerning this requirement?

Ready . . . begin."

4. ASSEMBLE THE CALIBER .45 PISTOL. Yes No

Inserted barrel in slide group.

Inserted barrel bushing.

Replaced recoil spring and recoil spring guide.

Replaced receiver group.

•Replaced slide stop.

Inserted magazine.

Performed a function check.

Elapsed Time: seconds

NOTE: If soldier did not assemble pistol correctly, you

must do so.

66

'. 66
INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "Pick up the weapon and point it down

range as in firing. 'Assume the weapon failed to fire.

Perform immediate action required when the slide is

forward. Be sure you wait the required time for the

hang fire. You will have 20 seconds. Do you have any

questions concerning this requirement? Ready . . .

begin. "

5. PERFORM IMMEDIATE ACTION ON CALIBER .45 PISTOL. Yes No

* Recocked hazuer and attempted to fire.

• Waited ten seconds for hang fire.

• Pulled slide to the rear.

• Allowed slide to go forward.

* Attempted to fire.

Elapsed Time: seconds

SCORING.

To pass, soldier must have:

a. Completed each task within the time specified.

b. Been checked "Yes" on all performance measures.

.4

67 >-7

- / 00
STATION 4

ACTIVITY 4: M3AI Submachinegun

CONDITIONS. M3Al Submachinegun and magazine loaded with dummy

caliber .45 ammunition is on a table in front of the soldier.

The weapon is cleared. These conditions are necessary for the

first performance measure. The conditions for the remaining

performance measures follow from each preceding one. If the

soldier performs a performance measure incorrectly, set up

the test conditions for the next one.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER. "You will perform five tasks during this

activity. They are:

1. Load the M3AI Submachinegun.

2. Clear the M3A1 Submachinegun.

3. Disassemble the M3Al Submachinegun.

4. Assemble the M3Al Submachinegun.

5. Perform immediate action on the M3Al

Submachinegun.

I will give you specific instructions for each task. Located

in front of you is a loaded magazine and a cleared M3AI Submachinegun. You must load the submachinegun. You will have

five seconds. Do you have any questions concerning this

requirement? Ready . . . begin."

PERFORMANCE MEASURES. Yes No

1. LOAD THE M3Al SUBMACHINEGUN.

Opened cover.

Pulled bolt to the rear.

Closed cover.

Inserted magazine.

w Elapsed Time: seconds

NOTE: Tell soldier to put submachinegun down. If soldier

did not load submachinegun correctly, you must do so.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "Your next requirement is to

clear the submachinegun. You will have ten seconds.

Do you have any questions concerning this requirement?

Ready . . . begin." (

I
2. CLEAR THE M3AJ. SUBMACFVLEGUN. Yes No

Pressed magazine catch and removed magazine.

• Opened cover.

Pulled bolt to rear, looked and felt into chamber.

• Squeezed trigger and allowed bolt to go forward.

Closed cover.

Elapsed Time: seconds

NOTE: Tell soldier to put submachinegun down. If soldier

did not clear submachinegun correctly, you must do so.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "You have one minute to field disassemble

the submachinegun. Do you have any questions concerning

this requirement? Ready . . . begin."

3. DISASSEMLE THE M3A. SUBMACHINEGUN. Yes No

Removed stock. - -

Removed trigger guard.

Removed housing assembly.

Removed magazine catch assembly.

Removed barrel.

Removed bolt and guide group.

Removed sear pin.

Removed trigger pin.

Removed trigger and sear group.

Elapsed Time: seconds

NOTE: If soldier did not disassemble submachinegun correctly,

you must do so.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "Now assemble the submachinegun and

perform a function check. You will have two minutes.

Do you have any questions concerning this requirement?

Ready . . . begin."

4. ASS&MBLE THE M3Al SUBMACHINEGUN. Yes No

Connected trigger and sear group.

Inserted trigger pin.

Inserted sear pin.

Inserted bolt and guide group.

Inserted barrel.

Inserted magazine catch assembly.

W Inserted housing assembly. A Inserted trigger guard.

Inserted stock.

Performed a function check.

Elapsed Time: seconds

NOTE: TF ;oldltcr (11A not anonemble submuichinegun correctly,

you mWtIt do :O.

=M
INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "Pick up the submachinegun and point

it down range as in firing. Assume the weapon failed

to fire. Perform immediate action required when the

slide is forward. Be sure you wait the required time

for the hang fire. You will have 20 seconds. Do you

have any questions concerning this requirement?

Ready . . . begin."

5. PERFORM IMMEDIATE ACTION ON M3Al SUBMACHINEGUN. Yes No

• Removed the magazine.

. Retracted the bolt.

Looked and felt into chamber.

* Closed the cover, replaced the magazine, opened the

cover and attempted to fire.

Elapsed Time: seconds

SCORING.

To pass, soldier must have:

a. Completed each task within the time specified.

b. Been checked "Yes" on all performance measures.

VI

Ai

9

I

.

lot
STATION 4

ACTIVITY 5; First Aid

CONDITIONS. A first aid dummy and first aid kit will be

provided.

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "You are a member of a tank crew and

your company is conducting a main gun firing exercise. One

of the other men in the crew was burned on the thigh when

a hot shell casing was ejected from the main gun. Tell

me and show me on the dummy what the proper first aid

treatment is for this burn. You will have three minutes.

Any questions? Ready . . . begin."

PERFORMANCE MEASURES. Yes No

1. GIVE FIRST AID TO BURN VICTIM.

Soldier must say or do the following:

* Cut and gently lift away clothing covering burn

without touching burn.

• Avoid removing clothing touching burn and avoid

cleaning burn.

Avoid pulling clothing over burn area.

Avoid breaking blisters.

Avoid putting ointments or medications on burn.

Place and secure sterile dressing over burned area.

. If casualty is conscious, prepare and give salt

solution over 1-hour period.

Stop giving solution if casualty becomes nauseated.

Elapsed Time: seconds

INSTRUCTIONS TO SOLDIER: "You are still a member of a tank

crew and your company is conducting a main gun firing

bexercise. A member of your crew received a broken

arm when a main gun shell case was ejected from the

main gun. Tell me and show me on the dummy what the

* proper first aid treatment is for this injury. You

will have three minutes to complete this requirement.

4Any questions? Ready . . . begin."

71

p*
T

2. GIVE FIRST A-D lu FRA',UE VICTILM. Yes 'o

Soldier must ,-.ay or do the followi-,g:

• Avoid moving tie casualty.

-se av-ilaL e. marerial to pad splints.

• Place a minimum of two ticrs above the break and

t.wo tiers below the break.

. Place a splint on e ach sid: of tle break to immobilize

fracture and adjacent joints.

Secure splints with tiers, ensuring t;.at knots are

on splints and not on casualty's limb.

Ensure that no tiers are directly over break.

Elapsed Time: _ _ econds

CCORING.

To pass, soldier must:

a. Perform each task within the time specified.

b. Have been checked 'Yes' on each performance measure.

U

E A

p

i /.j
APPENDIX B

INTERCORRELATION MATRICES FOR COMPONENTS

OF CONTOSITE PERFORMI{NCE SCORES

PHASE I

B-I DRIVERS 74

B-Il GbNNERS 76

73

91

i 73

P~
APPENDIX B - I

ABBREVIATIONS

START OBSI - START TANK AND MOVE OUT

BACK OBS2 - BACK THROUGH BARRELS

WATER OBS3 - SHALLOW WATER CROSSING

WALL OBS4 - VERTICAL WALL DESCENT

DITCH OBS5 - DITCH CROSSING

SPEED OBS6 - HIGH SPEED RUN

PARK OBS7 - PARK TANK

OVERALL - OVERALL DRIVING RATING

DVRCRS - DRIVING COURSE SCORE

ST I - DRIVING SKILLS SCORE - STATION 1

ST 4 - DRIVING SKILLS SCORE - STATION 2

DVRCRT - DRIVING SKILLS SCORE

These variables correspond to those show"

in score sheets provided in Appendix A.

714

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/
APPENDIX B - II

ABBREVIATIONS

EIRI - ROUND ONE OF 1000m TELESCOPE ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST STATIONARY TARGET

ElR2 - ROUND TWO OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENT

L2 RI - ROLND ONE OF 700m BATTLESUC "T ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST MIOVING TARGET

E2]2 - ROUND "40 OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENT

E3RI - ROUND ONE OF 1400m PERISCOPE ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST STATIONARY TARGET

E3R2 - ROUND T40 OF ABOVE ENG GEMENT

E4RI - ROUND ONE OF 700m TELESCOPE ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST MOVING TARGET

E4R2 - ROUND 1TO OF ABOVE ENCAGEMENT

(;NR ilT - GUNNERY rITS

GR SCORE - GUNNERY SCORE

ST I - STATION ONE OF GUTNNERY SKILLS TEST

ST 2 - STATION T4O OF GUNNERY SKILLS TEST

ST 3 - STATION TI{REE OF GUNNERY SKILLS TEST

ST 4 STATION FOUR OF GUNNERY SKILLS TEST

GNR SKILLS - GUNNERY SKILLS SCORE

7(,

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APPENDIX D

1imF RCORRELATIONS B ETW7EEN ARMD SERVICES VOCATIONAL APTI TUDE

I-ATTEPY (Sb)SUBTESqI SCORES AND CRITERION MEASGRES

PHASE I

D-I DRIVERS b

D-11 GUNNERS 85

Pii~al4G P4~S1 BIJ.M(-NoT 71 £&D
APPENDIX D

ABBREVIATIONS

AqVAB SUBTESTS

GI - GENERAL INFORMATION

NO - NUMERICAL OPERATIONS

AD - ATTENTION TO DETAIL

WK - WORD KNOWLEDGE

AR - ARITHMETIC REASONING

SP - SPACE PERCEPTION

M - MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE

El - ELECTRONICS INFORMATION

MC - MECHANICAL COMPREHENSION

GS - GENERAL SCIENCE

SI - SHOP INFORMATION

Al - AUTOMOTIVE INFORMATION

GSB - GENERAL SCIENCE/BIOLOGY

CM - CLASSIFICATION INVENTORY - MAINTENANCE SCALE

CA - CLASSIFICATION INVENTORY - ATTENTIVENESS SCALE

CE - CLASSIFICATION INVENTORY - ELECTRONICS SCALE

CC - CLASSIFICATION INVENTORY - COMBAT SCALE

.4

82

482
I4

I

CRITERION ME ASURES

DVRCRS - DRIVING COURSE SCORE

DVRCRT - DRIVING SKILLS SCORE

DVRCOM - DRIVING COMPOSITE SCORE

GNRHIT - GUNNERY HITS

GNRT6 - GUNNERY SCORE

GNRCRT - GUNNERY SKILLS SCORE

GNRCOM - GUNNERY COMPOSITE SCORE

PREDICTOR FORMULAE

DVRUMO - DRIVING PREDICTOR BASED ON UNIT WEIGHTED

MODEL OF ASVAB TESTS ONLY

GNRUMO - GUNNERY PREDICTOR BASED ON UNIT WEIGHTED

MODEL OF ASVAB TESTS ONLY

.4

83
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APPENDIX E

INTERCORRELATIONS BETWEEN ALL PREDICTORS

AND ALL CRITERION MEASURES

PHASE I

E-I DRIVERS 88

E-II GUNNERS 89

.4

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.4l
APPENDIX F

INTERCORRELATI ONS B ET14EEN ALL CRITERION

MEASURES IN PHASE I AND PHASE II

F-I DRIVERS 9)2

F-Il GUNNERS 95

PKWE.Dl'G PiLGE BLAW~-IvOT FJ IA-D
APPE'NDIX F-I

DRIVING-VARIABLE ABBREVIATIONS

>fl1ASURES FROM FT KNOX

KSTART - START TANNK ANT) MOVE OUT

KB ACK - BACK THROUGH BARRELS;

KWATER - SHIALLOW W4ATER CROSSING

KWAL- - VERTICAL WALL DE7SCENT

KDITCH - DITCH CROSSING

KSPEED - HTIH SPEED RUN

KPARK - P ARK TANK

Ko\ERALL - OVERALL DRIVING RATING.

KT)VRCRS - DR IVING COURSE SCORE

V DV RC:T - DRIVING SKILLS SCORE

KDVR(:OM' - DRIVING CONPOSITE SCORE

\iTANURES FROM FOLLOWUP

'START- START TANK AND MO(-VE O'L'T

FHACK - BACK THROUGH BARRELS

7,4ATERP - SHALLOW W ATER r'ROSS INC,

AVLB - AR MORED VEH-II CLE ) NIE BRI DGE C;ROSSING

WAL 1, - VERTI GAL IvAIl. DESCENT

1011(21i - DITCH E.RO",SINE.
FSPEED - HIGH SPEED RUN

FPARK - PARK TANK

FOVERALL - OVERALL DRIVING RATING

FDVRCRS - DRIVING COURSE SCORE

FDVRCRT - DRIVING SKILLS SCORE

FDVRCOM - DRIVING COMPOSITE SCORE

PREDICTOR FORMULA

DVRUMO - DRIVING PREDICTOR BASED ON UNIT-WEIGHTED

MODEL AND ASVAB TESTS ONLY

93
DVRUMO

FDVRCOM I

FDVRCRT

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APPENDIX F -II

GUNNERY-VARIABLE ABBREVIATIONS

MEASURES FROM FT KNOX

KEIRI - ROUND ONE OF 1000m TELESCOPE ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST STATIONARY TARGET

KEIR2 - ROUND TWO OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENT

KE2R1 - ROUND ONE OF 700m BATTLESIGHT ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST MOVING TARGET

KE2R2 - ROUND TWO OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENT

KE3RI - ROUND ONE OF 1400m PERISCOPE ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST STATIONARY TARGET

KE3R2 - ROUND TWO OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENT

KE4R1 - ROUND ONE OF 700mn TELESCOPE ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST MOVING TARGET

KE4R2 - ROUND TWO OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENT

KHIT - TOTAL NUMBER OF HITS

KT6 - GUNNERY SCORE

* KCRT - GUNNERY SKILLS SCORE

KCOM - GUNNERY COMPOSITE SCORE

MEASURES FROM FOLLOWL'P

FEIRI - ROUND ONE OF 1000m TELESCOPE ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST STATIONARY TARGET

FEIR2 - ROUND TWO OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENT

95

"'- - - . . II ..
FE2R1 - ROUND ONE OF 700m BATTLESIGHT ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST MOVING TARGET

FE2R2 - ROUND TWO OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENTS

FE3R1 - ROUND ONE OF 1400m PERISCOPE ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST STATIONARY TARGET

FE3R2 - ROUND TWO OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENT

FE4RI - ROUND ONE OF 700m TELESCOPE ENGAGEMENT

AGAINST MOVING TARGET

FE4R2 - ROUND TWO OF ABOVE ENGAGEMENT

FHIT - TOTAL NUMBER OF HITS

FT6 - GUNNERY SCORE

FCRT - GUNNERY SKILLS SCORE

FCOM - GUNNERY COMPOSITE SCORE

PREDICTOR FORMULA

GNRUMO - GUNNERY PREDICTOR BASED ON UNIT-WEIGHTED

MODEL AND ASVAB TESTS ONLY

:i

,j

96

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I HWIA A TTN: P'MA;:

I IA*,/IAICLN ATTN: iUAA,-kLU

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