NO. 07-11-00055-CV 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS 

AT AMARILLO 

PANEL A 

AUGUST 16, 2011 

PERRY JOHNSON, APPELLANT 

v. 

LISA A. CONNER, ET AL., APPELLEES 

FROM THE 69TH DISTRICT COURT OF HARTLEY COUNTY; 

NO. 4622-H; HONORABLE RON ENNS, JUDGE 

Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ. 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

 Appellant, Perry Johnson, an inmate proceeding pro se, sued Texas Department 

of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) officials, Lisa A. Conner and Sandra Murphy, alleging their 

actions deprived him of his constitutional right to due process of law. The trial court 

dismissed his claims against Conner and Murphy on the basis that those claims were 

frivolous. He maintains the trial court abused its discretion by so finding. We will affirm. 
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Factual and Procedural History 

According to Johnson, he was convicted of a disciplinary violation in case 

number 2010026065. At some point after the decision was rendered in that case, 

Johnson listened to a recording of that hearing. He understood the timetable for 

appealing that decision to permit him to appeal the conviction by filing a grievance 

within fifteen days of listening to the recording. He says that he attempted to appeal his 

disciplinary conviction by filing grievance number 2010182233. According to his 

petition, his attempted appeal was returned to him unprocessed. 

Johnson filed suit alleging that Conner, unit grievance investigator at the Dalhart 

Unit, and Murphy, administrator of the TDCJ Offender Grievance Program, interpreted 

and applied the TDCJ policy in such a way as to deprive him of due process of law. 

The trial court dismissed his appeal as frivolous, which, on appeal, Johnson contends 

was an abuse of discretion. 

Applicable Law and Standard of Review 

Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code applies to an 

inmate’s suit in which an affidavit or unsworn declaration of inability to pay costs is filed 

by the inmate. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.002 (West 2002). Among 

the several grounds on which a trial court may dismiss such a suit is the finding that the 

inmate’s suit is frivolous or malicious. See id. § 14.003(a)(2) (West 2002). In 

determining whether a claim is frivolous or malicious, the trial court may consider 

whether (1) the claim’s realistic chance of ultimate success is slight, (2) the claim has no 

arguable basis in law or in fact, (3) it is clear that the party cannot prove facts in support 
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of the claim, or (4) the claim is substantially similar to a previous claim filed by the 

inmate because the claim arises from the same operative facts. Id. § 14.003(b). A 

claim has no arguable basis in law if the inmate has failed to exhaust his administrative 

remedies. Hamilton v. Williams, 298 S.W.3d 334, 339–40 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2009, 

pet. denied) (citing Leachman v. Dretke, 261 S.W.3d 297, 311 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 

2008, no pet.), and Retzlaff v. Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Justice, 94 S.W.3d 650, 653 

(Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied)). If an inmate fails to exhaust his 

administrative remedies, we may affirm a dismissal even if that ground was not 

presented in a motion to dismiss. Id. at 340 (citing Retzlaff, 94 S.W.3d at 653). 

We review a trial court’s dismissal of a lawsuit brought by an inmate who had 

filed an affidavit or declaration of inability to pay costs for an abuse of discretion. In re 

Douglas, 333 S.W.3d 273, 293 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. denied). 

Under this standard of review, the appellant inmate must show that the trial court’s 

action was arbitrary or unreasonable in light of all the circumstances in the case. Id. 

While, generally, we review a dismissal of inmate litigation under Chapter 14 for an 

abuse of discretion, we review de novo the specific question whether there was an 

arguable basis in law for an inmate’s claims. Id. 

Analysis 

 Johnson maintains that the trial court abused its discretion by dismissing his suit. 

In four sub-issues, he presents two bases for his contention: (1) the trial court could not 

have granted the Office of the Attorney General’s “advisory” because the Office of the 

Attorney General (OAG) identified itself as amicus curiae in the litigation, and (2) the 
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trial court abused its discretion when it concluded that Johnson’s suit was frivolous due, 

in part, to the trial court’s misinterpretation of the relief he requested. 

OAG as Amicus Curiae

 Johnson contends that the trial court did not have the authority to dismiss his 

claim based on the “advisory” submitted to the trial court by the OAG. He maintains 

that, because the OAG identified itself as amicus curiae, the trial court could not have 

acted on its “advisory.” From the combined answer and motion to dismiss or “advisory,” 

it is unclear the OAG’s intended role. The OAG did identify itself as amicus curiae, but 

then it goes on to identify the document as defendant’s answer and motion to dismiss 

and signs the document as “Attorney for Defendants.” 

As Johnson ably points out, a true amicus curiae is without interest in the 

proceeding in which it appears. See In re Wingfield, 171 S.W.3d 374, 381 (Tex.App.—

Tyler 2005, orig. proceeding) (citing Burger v. Burger, 298 S.W.2d 119, 120–21 (Tex. 

1957)). An amicus curiae is a “bystander” whose mission is to aid the court, to act only 

for the benefit of the court. Id. An amicus curiae is a person or entity “who is not a 

party to a lawsuit but who petitions the court or is requested by the court to file a brief in 

the action because that person has a strong interest in the subject matter.” BLACK’S LAW 

DICTIONARY 98 (9th ed. 2009). 

The OAG had the statutory authority, if not the duty, to represent Conner and 

Murphy, as public servants. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 104.004 (West 

2011); Mason v. Wood, 282 S.W.3d 189, 192 (Tex.App.—Beaumont 2009, no pet.). If 

the OAG filed the combined answer and motion in furtherance of such representation, 
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then the trial court could have granted the motion to dismiss. If, on the other hand, the 

OAG was acting as amicus curiae, then the trial court could have entertained the issues 

it raised as friend of the trial court. See Mason, 282 S.W.3d at 191 (concluding that trial 

court could consider issues raised in OAG’s “advisory,” filed as amicus curiae per trial 

court’s order, but ultimately observing that OAG’s submission was, in fact, an answer 

and motion to dismiss on behalf of defendants). So, the trial court could have granted a 

motion to dismiss filed by the OAG on behalf of a defendant, and it could have 

entertained issues or questions raised by the OAG as friend of the court. However, 

neither scenario must necessarily present itself to invest the trial court with the authority 

to dismiss Johnson’s claims. 

The trial court’s exercise of its discretionary power to dismiss sua sponte under 

Chapter 14 does not depend on a defendant filing a motion to dismiss. See Gross v. 

Carroll, 339 S.W.3d 718, 722 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (citing TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003(a)); Wilson v. TDCJ-ID, 107 S.W.3d 90, 92 (Tex. 

App.—Waco 2003, no pet.) (citing McCollum v. Mt. Ararat Baptist Church, 980 S.W.2d 

535, 537 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.)). Simply put, without regard to 

the motion to dismiss or “advisory,” the trial court had the authority to dismiss Johnson’s 

claims as frivolous. Any error associated with considering the OAG’s submission after it 

identified itself as amicus curiae would not have caused the rendition of an improper 

judgment. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a). 

While it initially strikes us as curiously inconsistent that the OAG would identify 

itself as amicus curiae in the trial court at the same time it purported to represent one of 
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the defendants, we note that the instant case presents a situation in which the trial court 

has been granted specific authority to dismiss an inmate’s litigation under Chapter 14 

either before or after service and on a party’s motion or the trial court’s own motion. 

See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.003(a), (c). With that, we need not 

determine the precise capacity in which the OAG participated in this litigation or the 

propriety of considering anything submitted by the OAG in such capacity. Regardless of 

the capacity in which the OAG appeared before the trial court, the trial court was 

authorized to dismiss Johnson’s suit as frivolous. 

The Trial Court’s Determination that Claims Were Frivolous

 According to Johnson’s petition, he was found to have committed a disciplinary 

violation in disciplinary case number 2010026065. Under his interpretation of TDCJ 

policy, he had fifteen days after he listened to the recording of the hearing in that case 

to appeal his disciplinary conviction. Based on that interpretation, Johnson sought to 

appeal his disciplinary conviction in case number 2010026065 by filing grievance 

number 2010182233. But, he claims, according to TDCJ’s application of the policy, his 

attempted appeal was returned to him unprocessed as untimely. Johnson claims that 

Conner and Murphy persisted in their misinterpretation and misapplication of TDCJ 

policy and, in doing so, denied him due process of law by depriving him of his ability to 

appeal his disciplinary conviction in case number 2010026065. 

Johnson has failed to establish that he exhausted his administrative remedies 

with respect to the factual basis for his allegations. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE 

ANN. § 14.005(a) (West 2002). In his claims against Conner and Murphy, Johnson 
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maintains that he was denied the right to appeal the disciplinary conviction in case 

number 2010026065 by TDCJ official’s “refusal to process” his grievance number 

2010182233. Included in the record before us are a number of completed grievance 

forms and correspondence advancing Johnson’s interpretation of TDCJ policy in 

relation to those grievances. However, we do not find in the record any copy of the 

grievance at issue, number 2010182233. 

An inmate may not file a claim in state court regarding operative facts for which 

the TDCJ grievance system provides the exclusive administrative remedy until the 

inmate receives a written decision issued by the highest authority provided for in the 

grievance system, or the 180th day after the date the grievance is filed, if the inmate 

has not received a written decision. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 501.008(d) (West 2004). 

An inmate who files a claim that is subject to the grievance system must file an affidavit 

stating the date a grievance was filed and the date a written decision was received,1

along with a copy of the written decision. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 

14.005(a); Bishop v. Lawson, 131 S.W.3d 571, 574 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. 

denied). If the inmate fails to file a claim within thirty-one days of receiving a final 

decision from the grievance system, the trial court must dismiss the suit. Id. § 

14.005(b); Wolf v. Tex. Dep’t of Crim. Justice, 182 S.W.3d 449, 450 (Tex.App.—

Texarkana 2006, pet. denied). 

 1 We note that Johnson’s affidavit concerning exhaustion of administrative 

remedies fails to provide all of the information required by Section 14.005(a). While he 

does include relevant dates regarding correspondence he alleges to have sent to 

Murphy, he does not refer to any relevant dates regarding the filing or disposition of 

grievance number 2010182233.
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Here, though Johnson claims to have been denied the right to appeal case 

number 2010026065, from the record neither we nor the trial court could determine 

whether he sought or received a final administrative decision on the particular issues on 

which he based his allegations against Conner and Murphy. Based on the information 

and record provided, a court could not determine when the identified grievance was 

filed, the subject matter of that grievance, and when or if there was a final administrative 

ruling on the matters raised. Therefore, it was impossible for the trial court to conclude 

that Johnson had exhausted his administrative remedies or had filed his lawsuit within 

thirty-one days of receipt of a final administrative determination. Regardless of whether 

the trial court misinterpreted the nature of the relief Johnson requested, the trial court 

could have concluded that Johnson failed to establish that he exhausted his 

administrative remedies. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by 

dismissing the suit. See Hamilton, 298 S.W.3d at 340. We overrule Johnson’s point of 

error. 

Conclusion 

 Having overruled Johnson’s point of error, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

 Mackey K. Hancock 

 Justice