### M arsh Island Old Town Island Indian Island Cow Hemlock Little Birch Lewey Snake Sapiel Sugar Olamon Ground Socks Goose Crag’s Long Gordon Half Moon

Orono Birch Nicoli’s Mattanawcook Hockamock

Orson White Squaw

Teal text: island name circa 1835 Black text: island name post-1835 Thorofare Islands Fiddler Tomar

Hog

Grass Nicolar Houston

Little Nelson Chokecherry

Freese (Freeze, also Mussquash) Thorofare Jackson Foster Horse Beatham Mohawk (Mahockanock)

Bride (Socs Islands)

(No Name Island) Tarbox (Craig)

Socks Twin Islands Boom Islands Black Hersey Snow Brown Islands

Maine P as

s a d u m

k e a g

R i v e r 

### M a t t a w a m k e a g R i v e r



### P i s c a t a q u i s R

i v e r Penobscot River 5 mi 5 km 0 

### Penobscot land



## Calais



# Baring 

# New Brunswick
Maine Head of Tide 

## St. Stephen

Mill Road Road 

### Mill

International boundary Disputed island Salmon Falls

Bailey’s Rips Sprague’s Falls

S a i n t C r o i x

R i v e r 1 mi 1 km 0 10 mi 10 km 0 Gouldsboro No. 1

No. 10 No. 11 No. 12 No. 13 Harrington No. 3

No. 17 No. 21 No. 19 No. 18 No. 26

No. 25 No. 24 No. 23

No. 22 No. 27 No. 15 No. 6 No. 10 No. 9 No. 8 No. 4 No. 5 No. 14

No. 13 No. 12 Machias No. 18 No. 19 No. 23 No. 24 No. 25 No. 29 No. 30 No. 31 No. 35 No. 36 No. 37 No. 41 No. 42 No. 43 No. 4 No. 5
Granted to Machias Academy No. 7 HANCOCK COUNTY WASHINGTON COUNTY


### Princeton St. Stephen Calais St. Andrews Robbins Town Pleasant Point Eastport Lubec St. George Peter Dana Point

Machias M a g a g u a d a u i c R i v e r


### P 

### a 

### s 

### s 

### a 

### m



### a 

### q

### u od d y B

a y 

### 1798 Boundary

DISPUTED TERRITORY 1783–98 Boundary New Brunswick

Deer Island Campobello Island Grand Manan Island Passamaquoddy land Campobello

Island Lubec

West Quoddy Head Carrying Place Cove



### Carrying

rights, 50 acres 1 mi 1 km 0 

### See detail map, left See detail map below



## LAND OPEN FOR AMERICAN SETTLEMENT Eel rights 

## Nemcass Point (Governor’s Point) 100 acres JB Lacoute’s land 100 acres

Pleasant Point 10 acres (100 acres by 1801) 

## Indian Twp 23,000 acres Lewy Island 10 acres Pine Island (White Island) 150 acres 15 islands in the Saint Croix River between head of tide and mouth of West Branch Nemcass Point (Governor’s Point) 100 acres JB Lacoute’s land 100 acres Eel rights One additional eel right granted on northern Saint Croix

Eel rights Eel rights 

## Pleasant Point 10 acres (100 acres by 1801) 

## Indian Twp 23,000 acres Schoodic Reserve 1786-1801 Lewy Island 10 acres Pine Island (White Island) 150 acres 15 islands in the Saint Croix River between head of tide and mouth of West Branch



# HANCO CK COUNTY Hampden Bangor Orrington Eddington

Frankfort Buckston
Penobscot Blue Hill Trenton Sullivan Eden Mount Desert Sedgwick

Deer Isle Swan Isle Cranberry Isles Prospect No. 2 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 8 No. 14 No. 20 No. 26 No. 32 No. 38 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 5

No. 1 No. 1

No. 1 No. 1
No. 15 No. 21 No. 27 No. 33 No. 39 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2

No. 2 No. 16 No. 22 No. 28 No. 34 No. 40 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3
No. 41 No. 4 No. 4 No. 4 No. 5

No. 4 No. 4 Bingham’s Purchase Howard Pease King N O R T H D I V I S I O N M I D D L E D I V I S I O N One million acres in these divisions

sold to Wm. Bingham Esq.
No. 9 Penobscot River West Branch East Branch

P e n o b s c o t B a y F r e n c h m a n B a y 

### M

a t t a w

a m

k e a g R i v e r

P 

### a 

### s 

### s 

### a 

### d 

### um

k e a g 

### R



### i v

e r P i s c a t a q 

### u 

### i 

### s 

### R 

### i v e r



### Orono

Brewer Bangor

Castine Head of tide



### N o. 3 N o. 4 N o. 1 N o. 2 

## LAND OPEN FOR AMERICAN SETTLEMENT Upper four townships

1786 Treaty: Black (Conary) & White Island Penobscot River West Branch East Branch

P e n o b s c o t B a y F r e n c h m a n B a y P i s c a t a q 

### u 

### i 

### s 

### R 

### i v e r 

### M a t t a w

a m

k e a g R i v e r

P 

### a 

### s 

### s 

### a 

### d 

### um

k e a g 

### R



### i v

e r

Hampden Bangor

Buckston
Penobscot Blue Hill Trenton Mount Desert

Isle au Haut Deer Isle Sullivan

Sedgwick Indian Lands Indian Lands

No. 2 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 14 No. 20 No. 26 No. 32 No. 38 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1

No. 1 No. 1

No. 1 No. 1
No. 15 No. 21 No. 27 No. 33 No. 39 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2

No. 2 No. 2 No. 16 No. 22 No. 28 No. 34 No. 40 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 4 No. 4 No. 4 No. 5

No. 4 Bingham’s Purchase



# HANCO CK COUNTY Howard Pease King N O R T H D I V I S I O N M I D D L E D I V I S I O N One million acres in these divisions

sold to Wm. Bingham Esq.
No. 9 

### Majabigwaduce Castine Bangor Head of tide S t a t e L i n e 

## LAND OPEN FOR AMERICAN SETTLEMENT

1786 Treaty: Black (Conary) & White Island Penobscot River West Branch East Branch

P e n o b s c o t B a y F r e n c h m a n B a y P 

### a 

### s 

### s 

### a 

### d 

### um

k e a g 

### R



### i v

e r M a t t a w

a m

k e a g R i v e r
P i s c a t a q 

### u 

### i 

### s 

### R 

### i v e r



## Penobscot land

Fort Pownall 1759–77 Majabigwaduce Castine
Deer Isle Mount Desert

Isle au Haut THIRTEEN TOWNSHIPS 10 mi 10 km 0 

### Head of tide


## LAND OPEN FOR SETTLEMENT 

# e United States and Great Britain contested the territory lying east of the Penobscot River in the American Revolution (1775–1783) and again in the War of 1812 (1812–1816). e Saint Croix boundary agreement (1798) conrmed American possession of the area west of the Saint Croix River (the Schoodic) and Chiputneticook Lakes. To consolidate American control over the area, the governments of Massachusetts and Maine (aer 1820) encouraged settlement. However, before land could be granted to incoming settlers, Native title had to be extinguished, a process that gradually whittled Penobscot and Passamaquoddy lands to almost nothing. To secure the loyalty of the Penobscots during the American Revolution, Massachusetts ocials met with tribal leaders at Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1775. e government forbade settlers from trespassing on Indian land and recognized Penobscot lands as consisting of a strip of territory six miles wide on both sides of the Penobscot River beginning at the head of tide (north of present-day Bangor) extending into the interior along the river’s course. Massachusetts would later interpret this description of land as constituting the extent of Penobscot lands, a position the Penobscots would contest. ey asserted that the corridor was simply to protect Indian land, and was not limited to the river valley. Aer the war, Massachusetts tried to reach a land treaty with the Penobscots, but negotiations in 1784 and 1786 failed. Ten years later, in 1796, the Penobscots signed a treaty. In return for annual provisions to the tribe, the Penobscots ceded almost all of their land on either side of the Penobscot River in a corridor beginning at the head of tide on both sides of the Penobscot River stretching thirty miles upriver to the “state line.” e tribe retained numerous islands in the Penobscot River and their interior hunting territories above the thirty-mile mark. Surveyors soon incorporated the acquired lands into townships. In 1818, a second treaty dealt with the Penobscot land in the interior. In return for ceding their vast interior hunting grounds, the tribe retained what was referred to as the “upper four Indian townships,” as well as the islands agreed upon in the 1796 treaty. In 1833, aer years of state pressure on the Penobscots to sell the townships, a controversial sale occurred. A number of tribal signers did not fully understand the agreement. Penobscot leaders petitioned the state government for a fair and just resolution, but the legislature did not grant the petitioners’ request. e Passamaquoddies had a dierent treaty experience than the Penobscots. At the close of the American Revolution, the Passamaquoddies witnessed a sudden wave of British Loyalists and Americans settling their homeland. In1792, Passamaquoddy leaders, along with their Maliseet and Mi’kmaq neighbors, petitioned Massachusetts expressing concern about American settlement in their homeland. e petitioners requested two portions of land, one located along the Saint Croix River, the other on the seashore. Massachusetts granted the petitioners’ request in the 1794 Treaty, which created reserves at IndianTownship and Pleasant Point. In contrast to Penobscot treaties, the Passamaquoddy treaty did not mention annual provisions, but it did secure land and usufruct rights at signicant places where Passamaquoddy engaged in cultural activities, including een islands in the Saint Croix River and West Branch, and y acres at West Quoddy for carrying rights. e treaty secured eel shing rights on the West and North Branch of the Saint Croix River. In 1798, boundary commissioners determined the Saint Croix River as the international boundary between the District of Maine (Massachusetts) and New Brunswick; the river lay at the heart of the Passamaquoddy homeland. e Passamaquoddy people, some of whom testied to the boundary commissioners, did not recognize this imposed division over their lands and continued to inhabit the eastern portions of their homeland. Nevertheless, the process of dening Native space in eastern Maine had signicantly reduced their traditional territory.

e Penobscots understood the 1775 resolve as a pledge to support the Americans in return for the protection of the corridor which stretched six miles on each side of the river, but Massachusetts later interpreted the resolve as relinquishing Penobscot title to land outside the corridor. Aer a failed attempt at a treaty in 1786, the Penobscots agreed to a treaty in 1796. e tribe retained islands in the Penobscot River from the head of tide at Bangor to the state line thirty miles upriver. In the 1818 treaty, the Penobscots relinquished most of their hunting territories in the interior, but the tribe retained the river islands, the newly created upper four townships, and two acres on the riverfront in Brewer. Aer 1833, the Penobscot land base was further reduced to islands in the Penobscot River. e process of naming the islands ocurred gradually, and some of the names changed. Names in teal refer to appellations in 1835. Island names in black were applied later in the nineteenth century.

e Passamaquoddy retained by treaty right een islands in the Saint Croix River that stretched from the head of tide at Calais, Maine, north to the mouth of the West Branch. By the 1830s, the islands were

in dispute with adjacent settlers on both sides of the river. To further complicate matters, dam construction changed the river’s hydrography. e river’s main channel moved, altering some of the islands’ international jurisdiction between Maine and New Brunswick. In Granger v. Avery (1878), the Maine Supreme Court ruled against the

Passamaquoddy claim to these islands, but many Passamaquoddy

people today still contend that their tribe is the rightful owner. 

# 1818 Penobscot Treaty with Massachusetts 1796 Penobscot Treaty with Massachusetts 1775 Resolve, Passed by the Massachusetts Provincial Congress 1794 Passamaquoddy Treaty with Massachusetts

Disputed Islands in the Saint Croix River, 1836 1833 Penobscot Treaty with Maine 

# Part II Plate 

# 23 De ning Native Space Micah A. Pawling, Donald G. Soctomah

Map Area Map Area Map Area 

### M arsh Island Old Town Island Indian Island Cow Hemlock Little Birch Lewey Snake Sapiel Sugar Olamon Ground Socks Goose Crag’s Long Gordon Half Moon

Orono Birch Nicoli’s Mattanawcook Hockamock

Orson White Squaw

Teal text: island name circa 1835 Black text: island name post-1835 Thorofare Islands Fiddler Tomar

Hog

Grass Nicolar Houston

Little Nelson Chokecherry

Freese (Freeze, also Mussquash) Thorofare Jackson Foster Horse Beatham Mohawk (Mahockanock)

Bride (Socs Islands)

(No Name Island) Tarbox (Craig)

Socks Twin Islands Boom Islands Black Hersey Snow Brown Islands

Maine P as

s a d u m

k e a g

R i v e r 

### M a t t a w a m k e a g R i v e r



### P i s c a t a q u i s R

i v e r Penobscot River 5 mi 5 km 0 

### Penobscot land



## Calais



# Baring 

# New Brunswick
Maine Head of Tide 

## St. Stephen

Mill Road Road 

### Mill

International boundary Disputed island Salmon Falls

Bailey’s Rips Sprague’s Falls

S a i n t C r o i x

R i v e r 1 mi 1 km 0 10 mi 10 km 0 Gouldsboro No. 1

No. 10 No. 11 No. 12 No. 13 Harrington No. 3

No. 17 No. 21 No. 19 No. 18 No. 26

No. 25 No. 24 No. 23

No. 22 No. 27 No. 15 No. 6 No. 10 No. 9 No. 8 No. 4 No. 5 No. 14

No. 13 No. 12 Machias No. 18 No. 19 No. 23 No. 24 No. 25 No. 29 No. 30 No. 31 No. 35 No. 36 No. 37 No. 41 No. 42 No. 43 No. 4 No. 5
Granted to Machias Academy No. 7 HANCOCK COUNTY WASHINGTON COUNTY


### Princeton St. Stephen Calais St. Andrews Robbins Town Pleasant Point Eastport Lubec St. George Peter Dana Point

Machias M a g a g u a d a u i c R i v e r


### P 

### a 

### s 

### s 

### a 

### m



### a 

### q

### u od d y B

a y 

### 1798 Boundary

DISPUTED TERRITORY 1783–98 Boundary New Brunswick

Deer Island Campobello Island Grand Manan Island Passamaquoddy land Campobello

Island Lubec

West Quoddy Head Carrying Place Cove



### Carrying

rights, 50 acres 1 mi 1 km 0 

### See detail map, left See detail map below



## LAND OPEN FOR AMERICAN SETTLEMENT Eel rights 

## Nemcass Point (Governor’s Point) 100 acres JB Lacoute’s land 100 acres

Pleasant Point 10 acres (100 acres by 1801) 

## Indian Twp 23,000 acres Lewy Island 10 acres Pine Island (White Island) 150 acres 15 islands in the Saint Croix River between head of tide and mouth of West Branch Nemcass Point (Governor’s Point) 100 acres JB Lacoute’s land 100 acres Eel rights One additional eel right granted on northern Saint Croix

Eel rights Eel rights 

## Pleasant Point 10 acres (100 acres by 1801) 

## Indian Twp 23,000 acres Schoodic Reserve 1786-1801 Lewy Island 10 acres Pine Island (White Island) 150 acres 15 islands in the Saint Croix River between head of tide and mouth of West Branch



# HANCO CK COUNTY Hampden Bangor Orrington Eddington

Frankfort Buckston
Penobscot Blue Hill Trenton Sullivan Eden Mount Desert Sedgwick

Deer Isle Swan Isle Cranberry Isles Prospect No. 2 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 8 No. 14 No. 20 No. 26 No. 32 No. 38 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 5

No. 1 No. 1

No. 1 No. 1
No. 15 No. 21 No. 27 No. 33 No. 39 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2

No. 2 No. 16 No. 22 No. 28 No. 34 No. 40 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3
No. 41 No. 4 No. 4 No. 4 No. 5

No. 4 No. 4 Bingham’s Purchase Howard Pease King N O R T H D I V I S I O N M I D D L E D I V I S I O N One million acres in these divisions

sold to Wm. Bingham Esq.
No. 9 Penobscot River West Branch East Branch

P e n o b s c o t B a y F r e n c h m a n B a y 

### M

a t t a w

a m

k e a g R i v e r

P 

### a 

### s 

### s 

### a 

### d 

### um

k e a g 

### R



### i v

e r P i s c a t a q 

### u 

### i 

### s 

### R 

### i v e r



### Orono

Brewer Bangor

Castine Head of tide



### N o. 3 N o. 4 N o. 1 N o. 2 

## LAND OPEN FOR AMERICAN SETTLEMENT Upper four townships

1786 Treaty: Black (Conary) & White Island Penobscot River West Branch East Branch

P e n o b s c o t B a y F r e n c h m a n B a y P i s c a t a q 

### u 

### i 

### s 

### R

### i v e r 

### M a t t a w

a m

k e a g R i v e r

P 

### a 

### s 

### s 

### a 

### d 

### um

k e a g 

### R



### i v

e r

Hampden Bangor

Buckston
Penobscot Blue Hill Trenton Mount Desert

Isle au Haut Deer Isle Sullivan

Sedgwick Indian Lands Indian Lands

No. 2 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 14 No. 20 No. 26 No. 32 No. 38 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1 No. 1

No. 1 No. 1

No. 1 No. 1
No. 15 No. 21 No. 27 No. 33 No. 39 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2 No. 2

No. 2 No. 2 No. 16 No. 22 No. 28 No. 34 No. 40 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 3 No. 4 No. 4 No. 4 No. 5

No. 4 Bingham’s Purchase



# HANCO CK COUNTY Howard Pease King N O R T H D I V I S I O N M I D D L E D I V I S I O N One million acres in these divisions

sold to Wm. Bingham Esq.
No. 9 

### Majabigwaduce Castine Bangor Head of tide S t a t e L i n e 

## LAND OPEN FOR AMERICAN SETTLEMENT

1786 Treaty: Black (Conary) & White Island Penobscot River West Branch East Branch

P e n o b s c o t B a y F r e n c h m a n B a y P 

### a 

### s 

### s 

### a 

### d 

### um

k e a g 

### R



### i v

e r M a t t a w

a m

k e a g R i v e r
P i s c a t a q 

### u 

### i 

### s 

### R 

### i v e r



## Penobscot land

Fort Pownall 1759–77 Majabigwaduce Castine
Deer Isle Mount Desert

Isle au Haut THIRTEEN TOWNSHIPS 10 mi 10 km 0 

### Head of tide


## LAND OPEN FOR SETTLEMENT 

# e United States and Great Britain contested the territory lying east of the Penobscot River in the American Revolution (1775–1783) and again in the War of 1812 (1812–1816). e Saint Croix boundary agreement (1798) conrmed American possession of the area west of the Saint Croix River (the Schoodic) and Chiputneticook Lakes. To consolidate American control over the area, the governments of Massachusetts and Maine (aer 1820) encouraged settlement. However, before land could be granted to incoming settlers, Native title had to be extinguished, a process that gradually whittled Penobscot and Passamaquoddy lands to almost nothing. To secure the loyalty of the Penobscots during the American Revolution, Massachusetts ocials met with tribal leaders at Watertown, Massachusetts, in 1775. e government forbade settlers from trespassing on Indian land and recognized Penobscot lands as consisting of a strip of territory six miles wide on both sides of the Penobscot River beginning at the head of tide (north of present-day Bangor) extending into the interior along the river’s course. Massachusetts would later interpret this description of land as constituting the extent of Penobscot lands, a position the Penobscots would contest. ey asserted that the corridor was simply to protect Indian land, and was not limited to the river valley. Aer the war, Massachusetts tried to reach a land treaty with the Penobscots, but negotiations in 1784 and 1786 failed. Ten years later, in 1796, the Penobscots signed a treaty. In return for annual provisions to the tribe, the Penobscots ceded almost all of their land on either side of the Penobscot River in a corridor beginning at the head of tide on both sides of the Penobscot River stretching thirty miles upriver to the “state line.” e tribe retained numerous islands in the Penobscot River and their interior hunting territories above the thirty-mile mark. Surveyors soon incorporated the acquired lands into townships. In 1818, a second treaty dealt with the Penobscot land in the interior. In return for ceding their vast interior hunting grounds, the tribe retained what was referred to as the “upper four Indian townships,” as well as the islands agreed upon in the 1796 treaty. In 1833, aer years of state pressure on the Penobscots to sell the townships, a controversial sale occurred. A number of tribal signers did not fully understand the agreement. Penobscot leaders petitioned the state government for a fair and just resolution, but the legislature did not grant the petitioners’ request. e Passamaquoddies had a dierent treaty experience than the Penobscots. At the close of the American Revolution, the Passamaquoddies witnessed a sudden wave of British Loyalists and Americans settling their homeland. In1792, Passamaquoddy leaders, along with their Maliseet and Mi’kmaq neighbors, petitioned Massachusetts expressing concern about American settlement in their homeland. e petitioners requested two portions of land, one located along the Saint Croix River, the other on the seashore. Massachusetts granted the petitioners’ request in the 1794 Treaty, which created reserves at IndianTownship and Pleasant Point. In contrast to Penobscot treaties, the Passamaquoddy treaty did not mention annual provisions, but it did secure land and usufruct rights at signicant places where Passamaquoddy engaged in cultural activities, including een islands in the Saint Croix River and West Branch, and y acres at West Quoddy for carrying rights. e treaty secured eel shing rights on the West and North Branch of the Saint Croix River. In 1798, boundary commissioners determined the Saint Croix River as the international boundary between the District of Maine (Massachusetts) and New Brunswick; the river lay at the heart of the Passamaquoddy homeland. e Passamaquoddy people, some of whom testied to the boundary commissioners, did not recognize this imposed division over their lands and continued to inhabit the eastern portions of their homeland. Nevertheless, the process of dening Native space in eastern Maine had signicantly reduced their traditional territory.

e Penobscots understood the 1775 resolve as a pledge to support the Americans in return for the protection of the corridor which stretched six miles on each side of the river, but Massachusetts later interpreted the resolve as relinquishing Penobscot title to land outside the corridor. Aer a failed attempt at a treaty in 1786, the Penobscots agreed to a treaty in 1796. e tribe retained islands in the Penobscot River from the head of tide at Bangor to the state line thirty miles upriver. In the 1818 treaty, the Penobscots relinquished most of their hunting territories in the interior, but the tribe retained the river islands, the newly created upper four townships, and two acres on the riverfront in Brewer. Aer 1833, the Penobscot land base was further reduced to islands in the Penobscot River. e process of naming the islands ocurred gradually, and some of the names changed. Names in teal refer to appellations in 1835. Island names in black were applied later in the nineteenth century.

e Passamaquoddy retained by treaty right een islands in the Saint Croix River that stretched from the head of tide at Calais, Maine, north to the mouth of the West Branch. By the 1830s, the islands were

in dispute with adjacent settlers on both sides of the river. To further complicate matters, dam construction changed the river’s hydrography. e river’s main channel moved, altering some of the islands’ international jurisdiction between Maine and New Brunswick. In Granger v. Avery (1878), the Maine Supreme Court ruled against the

Passamaquoddy claim to these islands, but many Passamaquoddy

people today still contend that their tribe is the rightful owner. 

# 1818 Penobscot Treaty with Massachusetts 1796 Penobscot Treaty with Massachusetts 1775 Resolve, Passed by the Massachusetts Provincial Congress 1794 Passamaquoddy Treaty with Massachusetts

Disputed Islands in the Saint Croix River, 1836 1833 Penobscot Treaty with Maine 

# Part II Plate 

# 23 De ning Native Space Micah A. Pawling, Donald G. Soctomah

Map Area Map Area Map Area