1

Technical Support Document (TSD) 

for the Transport Rule 

Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0491 

Non-EGU Emissions Reductions Cost and Potential

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

Office of Air and Radiation 

May 2010 
2

1. Introduction

The purpose of this document is to discuss the currently available information on 

emissions and control measures for sources of SO2 and NOX other than electric 

generating units (EGUs). We discuss relative contributions of nonEGU categories to 

emissions inventories, control measures for the most important categories, and finally the 

effect of current and future rulemakings on emissions from nonEGU sources. 

In section 2, we present and discuss 2012 emissions totals and inventory percentages for 

non-EGU stationary sources categories. We present contribution percentages across the 

eastern half of the United States, and for individual states. 

In section 3, we discuss available information on SO2 controls for sources with the 

greatest contributions to the regional or state-specific inventories. 

In section 4, we discuss available information on NOx controls for sources with the 

greatest contributions to the regional or state-specific inventories and also present 

estimates of available NOx reductions using EPA's Control Strategy Tool (CoST). 

Section 5 is a brief discussion of SO2 and NOX emissions and control measures for 

mobile sources. 
3

2. Discussion of NonEGU Contributions to Overall Regional and State-by-State 

Emissions Inventories

a. SO2

EPA reviewed its emissions inventory for 2005 and 2012 for stationary sources. 

Generally the emissions from the nonEGU sector were similar for these two years, both 

in terms of tons/year of emissions and in terms of the percentage of the stationary source 

inventory contributed by a given category. 

Table 1 shows the contributions from point source categories for 2012 over the 37-state 

region of the United States addressed by the proposed rule. Categories are identified in 

the first column by EPA Source Classification Code (SCC), and in the second column by 

name. For each of the point source categories included in the table, we list the 2012 SO2 

emissions (tons/yr), and the percentage that a given tons/year represents over the entire 

37-state stationary source total. Because the 37-state total is 2,926,000 tons, as indicated 

in the second row, each percentage listed in the table is a percentage of this value. For 

some categories, the percentages are provided only by a more disaggregated 3-digit SCC 

level. For the largest contributing 3-digit SCCs, we provide for breakdowns to a more 

disaggregated level. 

Observations from table 1: 

-- The largest contributors to the point source inventory are external combustion boilers, 

chemical manufacturing (particularly carbon black and sulfuric acid manufacturing), 

minerals production (particularly cement), petroleum industry sources, and pulp and 

paper (particular Kraft pulp mills). 

-- The emissions inventory breakdowns in this table are very similar to those EPA found 

at the time of CAIR, and which are summarized in a document entitled “Identification 

and Discussion of Sources of Regional Point Source NOx and SO2 emissions 

other than EGUs. EPA OAQPS and CAMD, January 2004. 

-- In EPA’s current inventories nonpoint sources are a significant contributor the overall 

stationary source inventory. For the 2012 inventory, point sources account for only 

about 60% of the overall stationary source total. 

At this time, EPA has not prepared a detailed breakdown of the 2012 nonpoint SO2

inventory. We do, however, have such a breakdown for the 2005 inventory as identified 

in Table 2. Table 2 indicates that the largest contributors to the 2005 nonpoint SO2 

inventory are nonpoint industrial, commercial and institutional fuel combustion and 

residential heating. EPA notes there is significant uncertainty in the nonpoint estimates 

in the inventory, particularly regarding those estimates for nonpoint coal combustion. 

Table 3 provides information on individual state contributions to the SO2 inventory for 

those States affected by the Transport Rule. In table 3, we list source category emissions 

in each state “linked” to a downwind nonattainment PM2.5 nonattainment area. Source 

categories, including stationary (point and nonpoint) and mobile source categories, are 

included in table 3 if the contribute more than 1 percent of the total non fire emissions in 
4

a given state. EGU emissions are included in the “total nonfire” amount, but are not 

listed in the table. Observations from table 3: 

-- the source categories that have the greatest emissions contributions regionally as shown 

in tables 1 and 2 are generally the same categories that comprise more than 1 percent of a 

given state’s SO2 inventory. 

-- in a few states (generally those with low EGU emissions) nonEGU sources are a 

significant portion of the overall state inventory. For example, in MA and CT, 

residential fuel combustion represents 32 and 47 percent, respectively, of those’s states 

total 2012 SO2 inventory. In LA, carbon black and other chemical plants represent more 

than 30 percent of the non-EGU point emissions inventory. 
5

Table 1. 20121 Point Source SO2 Contributions for 37 Eastern States 

scc Sccdesc 

2012 SO2 

emissions 

at 3-digit 

level 

 2012 SO2 

Emissions 

more 

detailed 

breakdown 

Perce37-Stof noStatistate inclunonp

 GRAND 37-state sum of Non-EGU Stationary Inventory = 2,926,000 tons  Unclassified NonEGU Point 5,025 5,025 0.2% 101 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Total 46,071 1.6% 101XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Other 1,161 101002 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 40,068 101004 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Residual Oil 1,533 101009 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Wood/Bark Waste 1,675 101012 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Solid Waste 1,634 102 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Total 711,687 24.3% 102XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Other 1,134 102001 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Anthracite Coal 2,382 102002 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 483,005 102003 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Lignite 7,104 102004 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Residual Oil 98,007 102005 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Distillate Oil 6,872 102006 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Natural Gas 28,126 102007 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Process Gas 34,401 102008 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Petroleum Coke 17,840 102009 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste 24,242 102012 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Solid Waste 4,703 102013 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Liquid Waste 2,613 102014 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: CO Boiler 1,257 

1 For all of the 2012 point source emissions presented in this document, the source of the emissions estimates is EPA’s 2012 base case i

transport rule. Further documentation of the 2012 inventory is available in another Technical Support Document entitled “Federal Tra

Emissions Inventory for Air Quality Modeling” 
6

scc Sccdesc 

2012 SO2 

emissions 

at 3-digit 

level 

 2012 SO2 

Emissions 

more 

detailed 

breakdown 

Perce37-Stof noStatistate inclunonp

103 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Total 87,528 3.0% 103XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Other 1,758 103002 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 61,444 103004 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Residual Oil 11,507 103005 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Distillate Oil 11,579 103006 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Natural Gas 1,240 105 External Combustion Boilers: Space Heaters: Total 343 343 0.0% 201 Internal Combustion Engines: Electric Generation: Total 2,656 2,656 0.1% 202 Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Total 3,567 3,567 0.1% 203 Internal Combustion Engines: Commercial/Institutional: Total 1,191 1,191 0.0% 204 Internal Combustion Engines: Engine Testing: Total 373 373 0.0% 260 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway 2-stroke Gasoline Engines: Total 14 14 0.0% 270 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway Diesel Engines: Total 10 10 0.0% 273 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway LPG-fueled Engines: Total 0 0 0.0% 275 Internal Combustion Engines: Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust: Total 0 0 0.0% 276 Internal Combustion Engines: Rotary Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust: Total 0 0 0.0% 288 Internal Combustion Engines: Fugitive Emissions: Total 12 12 0.0% 301 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Total 216,652 7.4% 301XXXXX Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Other 4,622 301005 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Carbon Black Production 74,153 301016 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Phosphoric Acid: Wet Process 8,687 301018 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Plastics Production 1,529 301023 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Sulfuric Acid (Contact Process) 88,153 301032 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Elemental Sulfur Production 5,775 301035 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Inorganic Pigments 1,342 301900 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Fuel Fired Equipment 6,325 301999 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Other Not Classified 26,066 302 Industrial Processes: Food and Agriculture: Total 6,629 6,629 0.2% 303 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Total 136,612 4.7% 
7

scc Sccdesc 

2012 SO2 

emissions 

at 3-digit 

level 

 2012 SO2 

Emissions 

more 

detailed 

breakdown 

Perce37-Stof noStatistate inclunonp

303XXXXX Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Other 419 303001 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Aluminum Ore (Electro-reduction) 34,135 303003 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: By-product Coke Manufacturing 21,500 303006 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Ferroalloy, Open Furnace 2,876 303008 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel MACT) 9,757 303009 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Steel Manufacturing (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel MACT) 5,671 303010 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Lead Production 41,840 303023 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Taconite Iron Ore Processing 3,475 303024 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Metal Mining (General Processes) 2,305 303030 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Zinc Production 3,804 303900 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Fuel Fired Equipment 10,829 304 Industrial Processes: Secondary Metal Production: Total 26,630 26,630 0.9% 305 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Total 241,590 8.3% 305XXXXX Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Other 3,546 305001 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Asphalt Roofing Manufacture 1,023 305002 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Asphalt Concrete 4,929 305003 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Brick Manufacture 11,094 305006 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) 84,812 305007 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) 59,767 305009 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Clay and Fly Ash Sintering 4,303 305010 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) 1,793 305012 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Fiberglass Manufacturing 1,228 305014 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Glass Manufacture 16,533 305016 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Lime Manufacture 31,923 305017 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Mineral Wool 2,565 305029 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Lightweight Aggregate Manufacture 3,119 305092 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Catalyst Manufacturing 1,181 305150 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Calcining 11,623 
8

scc Sccdesc 

2012 SO2 

emissions 

at 3-digit 

level 

 2012 SO2 

Emissions 

more 

detailed 

breakdown 

Perce37-Stof noStatistate inclunonp

305999 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Other Not Defined 2,151 306 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Total 119,849 4.1% 306XXXXX Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Other 1,558 306001 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Process Heaters 11,953 306002 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Catalytic Cracking Units 29,570 306004 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Blowdown Systems 3,463 306006 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Vacuum Distillate Column Condensors 788 306008 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Fugitive Emissions 7,373 306009 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Flares 12,794 306014 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Petroleum Coke Calcining 28,321 306033 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Desulfurization 2,787 306099 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Incinerators 11,327 306888 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Fugitive Emissions 939 306999 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Petroleum Products - Not Classified 8,977 307 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Total 56,601 1.9% 307XXXXX Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Other 1,272 307001 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping 52,768 307002 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Sulfite Pulping 2,561 308 Industrial Processes: Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products: Total 11 11 0.0% 309 Industrial Processes: Fabricated Metal Products: Total 148 148 0.0% 310 Industrial Processes: Oil and Gas Production: Total 43,686 1.5% 310XXXXX Industrial Processes: Oil and Gas Production: Other 1,136 310002 Industrial Processes: Oil and Gas Production: Natural Gas Production 39,580 310003 Industrial Processes: Oil and Gas Production: Natural Gas Processing Facilities 2,971 312 Industrial Processes: Machinery, Miscellaneous: Total 10 10 0.0% 313 Industrial Processes: Electrical Equipment: Total 210 210 0.0% 314 Industrial Processes: Transportation Equipment: Total 32 32 0.0% 315 Industrial Processes: Photo Equip/Health Care/Labs/Air Condit/SwimPools: Total 5 5 0.0% 316 Industrial Processes: Photographic Film Manufacturing: Total 0 0 0.0% 
9

scc Sccdesc 

2012 SO2 

emissions 

at 3-digit 

level 

 2012 SO2 

Emissions 

more 

detailed 

breakdown 

Perce37-Stof noStatistate inclunonp

330 Industrial Processes: Textile Products: Total 8 8 0.0% 360 Industrial Processes: Printing and Publishing: Total 0 0 0.0% 385 Industrial Processes: Cooling Tower: Total 39 39 0.0% 390 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Total 25,855 25,855 0.9% 399 Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: Total 28,160 28,160 1.0% 401 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Solvent Evaporation: Total 11 11 0.0% 402 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Surface Coating Operations: Total 129 129 0.0% 403 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Petroleum Product Storage at Refineries: Total 260 260 0.0% 404 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Petroleum Liquids Storage (non-Refinery): Total 18 18 0.0% 405 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Printing/Publishing: Total 15 15 0.0% 406 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products: Total 204 204 0.0% 407 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Chemical Storage: Total 70 70 0.0% 408 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Chemical Transportation: Total 5 5 0.0% 490 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Solvent Evaporation: Total 382 382 0.0% 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Total 9,445 9,445 0.3% 502 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional: Total 3,419 3,419 0.1% 503 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial: Total 2,588 2,588 0.1% 504 Waste Disposal: Site Remediation: Total 30 30 0.0% 625 MACT Source Categories: Food and Agricultural Processes: Total 132 132 0.0% 646 MACT Source Categories: Vinyl-based Resins: Total 0 0 0.0% 648 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Polymers: Total 0 0 0.0% 682 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Processes: Total 1 1 0.0% 684 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Processes (Chemicals): Total 0 0 0.0% TOTALS 1,772,888 1,772,888 60.6% 
10

Table 2. Nonpoint contributions to 2005 SO2 Stationary Source Inventory from 37 Eastern 

SCC Nonpoint Category 

2005 SO2 Emissions

from the category 

S

2102 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: Industrial 675,124 2103 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: Commercial/Institutional 209,583 2104 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: Residential 164,398 2199 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: Total Area Source Fuel Combustion 25,241 
11

Table 3. 2012 SO2 Annual Emissions for NonEGU Point, Nonpoint, and Mobile Source Categories That C

1 Percent of Total Non-Fire Emissions from States Significantly Contributing to PM2.5 Under the Propo

 State in Eastern US 

SCC Source Category Percentage of 

State’s Entire non-Fire Inventorya

(%) 

Percentage of 

State’s Entire 

non-Fire 

Inventorya

(%) – more 

detailed 

breakdown 

2012 

Emissi

3-digit 

level (

per Y

Alabama 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

8.6 

 310 Oil and Gas Production 3.5 15,8 310002 Oil and Gas Production – Natural Gas 2.9  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 3.2 14,6 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion - 

Industrial 

 2.7 

 307 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products 2.6 11,7 307001 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products – Kraft 

Pulping 

 2.6 

 305 Mineral Products 1.6 8,3 304 Secondary Metal 1.4 6,2 301 Chemical Manufacturing 1.2 5,7 303 Primary Metal 1.1 4,8Connecticut  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 46.9 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 22.1 

 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal – Govt. 2.8 73 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 2.6 68 102004 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Residual Oil 

 2.5 
12

 103 External Combustion 

Boilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers 

1.4 36

 Onroad Mobile 1.3 33Delaware  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 35.1 8,6 102002 External Combustion 

Boilers:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 19.9 

 102004 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Residual Oil 

 12.5 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 12.5 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

7.1 

 306 Petroleum Industry 5.7 1,4 306009 Petroleum Industry – Flares 1.9  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 

 3.9 

 301 Chemical Manufacturing 1.0 27District of Columbia  210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

 51.4 

 210400 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – Residential 15.1 

 103 External Combustion 

Boilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers 

3.0 6

 103005 External Combustion 

Boilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers – Distillate Oil 

 2.9 

 Onroad 1.8 4
13

Florida  301 Chemical Manufacturing 9.5 34,0 301023 Chemical Manufacturing - Sulfuric Acid 

Plants 

 9.3 

 219 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – Area 

Source 7.0 25,1

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 6.9 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

5.5 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 3.6 13,0 102004 External Combustion 

Boilers:Industrial:Residual Oil 

 1.6 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 1.4 

 307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 1.2 4,4Georgia  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 

8.2 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.1 40,9 102002 External Combustion 

Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

3.7 

24,9

Illinois 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.3 54,2 102002 External Combustion 

Boilers:Industrial :Bituminous/Subbituminous 

Coal 

 6.1 

 306 Petroleum Industry 3.0 25,5 301 Chem. Manufacturing 1.4 12,5

103 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional 

1.1 9,3

 103002 External Combustion Boilers: 1.1 
14

Commercial/Institutional: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

Indiana  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 

 5.2 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 3.0 29,5 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 1.7 

 303 Primary Metals 2.6 25,6 103 Commercial/Institutional Boilers 1.9 18,9 103002 Commercial/Institutional Boilers – 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 1.2 

 305 Mineral Products 1.0 10,3Iowa  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 13.5 33,9 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 13.1 

 305 Mineral Products 6.4 16,0 305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing 

(Dry Process) 

 6.2 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

4.3 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 

2.4 

 103 External Combustion 

Boilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers 2.2 5,3

 103002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

2.1 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 1.1 

Kansas  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 22.2 
15

Industrial 

 280 Agricultural Production – Crops 10.0 10,9 305 Mineral Products 4.7 5,1 305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing 

(Dry) 

 2.1 

 305007 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing 

(Wet) 

 1.2 

 306 Petroleum Industry 3.0 3,3 301 Chem. Manufacturing 2.0 2,2 301005 Chem. Manufacturing – Carbon Black 

Production 

 1.9 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 1.0 1,0Kentucky  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 

14.8 

 303 Primary Metal 1.1 8,2Louisiana  301 Chem. Manufacturing 34.6 90,9 301005 Chem. Manufacturing – Carbon Black 

Production 

 17.7 

 301023 Chem. Manufacturing – Sulfuric Acid 

Production 

 7.3 

 306 Petroleum Industry 7.4 19,4 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.5 16,9 102008 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Petroleum Coke 

 3.2 

 304 Secondary Metal 3.7 9,8 305 Mineral Products 2.5 6,4 307 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products 2.1 5,4 307001 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products – Kraft 

Pulping 

 2.1 
16

Maryland  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 

 21.7 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 17.2 21,5 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 15.2 

 303 Primary Metals 4.7 5,8 303001 Primary Metals – Aluminum Ore 2.6  303008 Primary Metals – Iron Production 2.1  210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

3.9 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 3.5 

 305 Mineral Products 3.1 3,9Massachusetts  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 

 32.7 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 19.0 11,7 102004 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial : 

Residual Oil 

 16.5 

 103 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional Boilers 7.2 4,4

 103004 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional Boilers: Residual Oil 3.9 

 103005 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional: Distillate Oil 2.6 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

5.7 

 305 Mineral Products 1.3 81 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal – 

Government 

1.2 

78
17

 203 Internal Combustion Engines - 

Commercial/Institutional 

1.2 73

Michigan  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 

9.5 

 305 Mineral Products 7.2 29,2 305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing 

(Dry) 

 4.8 

 305007 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing 

(Wet) 

 1.7 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.6 26,7 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 5.5 

 303 Primary Metals 1.5 6,1Minnesota  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 12.6 11,8 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 6.7 

 102004 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 

External Combustion Boilers:Industrial : Residual Oil 

 2.8 

 102008 External Combustion Boilers: Petroleum Coke 2.7 

210200 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – Industrial 

7.0 

 390 Industrial Processes: In-Process Fuel Use 

2.9 2,7

 305 Mineral Products 2.4 2,2 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 

1.5 

 304 Secondary Metal 1.9 1,7 103 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional 1.7 1,6

 399 Miscellaneous Manufacturing 1.6 1,4
18

 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal – 

Government 

1.0 97

Missouri  303 Primary Metal 8.1 46,3 303010 Primary Metal – Lead Production 7.3  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 5.8 

 305 Mineral Products 2.9 16,4 305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing 

(Dry) 

 1.4 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 1.7  102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 1.6 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

1.6 

Nebraska  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 

18.1 

 305 Mineral Products 3.1 

4,8

 305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing 

(Dry) 

 3.0 

New Jersey  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 12.3 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

6.0 

 301 Chemical Manufacturing 3.9 2,1 301023 Chemical Manufacturing – Sulfuric Acid 3.8 
19

Manufacturing 

 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal – 

Govt. 

1.9 1,0

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 1.4 81 399 Misc. Industrial Processes 1.3 75 305 Mineral Products 1.3 73New York  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 12.9 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 10.6 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

10.5 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 8.2 27,0 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial : 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 7.0 

 305 Mineral Products 5.9 19,4 305007 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing 

(Wet) 

 5.5 

North Carolina  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 14.2 30,5 102005 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Distillate Oil 

 7.5 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 4.8 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 4.9 

 301 Chemical Manufacturing 3.6 7,8 301023 Chemical Manufacturing – Sulfuric Acid 

Production 

 3.1 

 305 Mineral Products 1.9 4,1 307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 1.2 2,5
20

Ohio  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.8 73,0 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 6.3 

 305 Mineral Products 1.2 14,3Pennsylvania  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 2.7 30,7 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial : 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 1.8 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 2.6 

 305 Mineral Products 2.0 22,3 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 1.7 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 1.6 

South Carolina  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 12.0 

 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 7.3 15,4 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial: 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 4.1 

 305 Mineral Products 3.6 7,6 305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing 

(Dry) 

 2.0 

 307 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products 2.1 4,5 307001 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products – Kraft 

Pulping 

 2.1 

 303001 Primary Metals (All from Aluminum Ore) 1.5 
21

Tennessee  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.7 47, 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial : 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 5.7 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 

 4.4 

 103 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional 2.1 

14,5

 103002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional Boilers Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

2.0 

Virginia  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 13.9 34,4 102002 External Combustion 

Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 8.0 

 102004 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: 

Residual Oil 

 4.0 

 2102002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 7.3 

 399 Misc. Industrial Processes 3.6 8,8 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Commercial/Institutional 

3.2 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 2.6 

 305 Mineral Products 2.2 5,3 303 Primary Metal Production 2.0 4,9 303003 Primary Metal Production – By-Product Coke 

Manufacturing 

 1.9 

 307 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products 2.0 4,8 307001 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products – Kraft 

Pulping 

 1.9 
22

 301 Chem. Manufacturing 1.0 2,3West Virginia  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 3.6 22,9 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 3.3 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Industrial 1.4 

 306 Petroleum Industry 1.3 8,6 306014 Petroleum Industry – Petroleum Coke 

Calcining 

 1.3 

Wisconsin  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 32.7 59,1 102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial : 

Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 28.0 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 

Residential 1.9 

a The non-fire emissions inventory refers to all emissions in the NEI except those from fires (natural wildfires an
23

b. NOX 

Table 4 shows the contributions from point source categories for 2012 over the 37-state 

region of the United States addressed by the proposed rule. Categories are identified in 

the first column by EPA Source Classification Code (SCC), and in the second column by 

name. For each of the point source categories included in the table, we list the 2012 

NOX emissions (tons/yr), and the percentage that a given tons/year represents over the 

entire 37-state stationary source total. Because the 37-state total is 3,205,261 tons, as 

indicated in the second row, each percentage listed in the table is a percentage of this 

value. For some categories, the percentages are provided only by a more disaggregated 

3-digit SCC level. For the largest contributing 3-digit SCCs, we provide for breakdowns 

to a more disaggregated level. Observations from table 4: 

-- the largest emitting point source categories are: external combustion (industrial, 

commercial and institutional) boilers, IC engines, chemical manufacturing (from a variety 

of different SCCs), primary metals production, mineral products (especially cement 

production), petroleum industry, kraft pulp mills, and municipal incineration. 

-- As was the case for SO2, the emissions inventory breakdowns in this table are very 

similar to those EPA found at the time of CAIR, and which are summarized in a 

document entitled “Identification and Discussion of Sources of Regional Point Source 

NOx and SO2 emissions other than EGUs. EPA OAQPS and CAMD, January 2004. 

Table 5 provides information on individual state contributions to the NOX inventory for 

those States affected by the Transport Rule. In table 5, we list source category emissions 

in each state “linked” to a downwind nonattainment PM2.5 or ozone nonattainment area. 

Source categories, including stationary (point and nonpoint) and mobile source 

categories, are included in table 5 if the contribute more than 1 percent of the total non 

fire emissions in a given state. EGU emissions are included in the “total nonfire” 

amount, but are not listed in the table. Observations from table 5: 

-- the source categories that exceed 1 percent of individual states’ entire inventory (from 

table 5) are generally the same as those the are the largest emitting categories in table 4. 

A few additional categories exceed 1 percent in some states; for example, residential fuel 

combustion in a number of states, and agricultural crop production in Kansas. 

-- the largest contribution to the inventory in most states is onroad and nonroad mobile 

sources. 
24

Table 4. 2012 Point Source NOx Contributions for 37 Eastern States 

scc Sccdesc 

2012 NOX emissions at 3-

digit SCC level (tons/yr) 

2012 NOX 

emissions,more 

detailed breakdown 

(tons/yr) 

PercStat

 GRAND 37-state sum of Non-EGU Stationary Inventory 3,205,261  Unclassified NonEGU Point 51,893 51,893 101 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Total 34,914 101XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Other 1,037 101002 

External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 11,135 

101006 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Natural Gas 9,945 101007 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Process Gas 891 101009 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Wood/Bark Waste 5,832 101012 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Solid Waste 6,074 102 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Total 419,006 102XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Other 1,754 102002 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 156,479 102003 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Lignite 5,535 102004 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Residual Oil 37,431 102005 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Distillate Oil 4,206 102006 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Natural Gas 109,595 102007 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Process Gas 28,426 102008 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Petroleum Coke 3,442 102009 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste 57,560 102011 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Bagasse 2,319 102012 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Solid Waste 5,520 102013 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Liquid Waste 3,344 102014 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: CO Boiler 3,395 103 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Total 49,539 103XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Other 966 103002 

External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 15,988 
25

scc Sccdesc 

2012 NOX emissions at 3-

digit SCC level (tons/yr) 

2012 NOX 

emissions,more 

detailed breakdown 

(tons/yr) 

PercStat

103004 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Residual Oil 5,549 103005 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Distillate Oil 6,661 103006 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Natural Gas 16,192 103009 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Wood/Bark Waste 4,183 105 External Combustion Boilers: Space Heaters: Total 4,008 201 Internal Combustion Engines: Electric Generation: Total 29,931 202 Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Total 491,743 202XXXXX Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Other 1,315 202001 Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Distillate Oil (Diesel) 8,867 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Natural Gas 472,777 202004 Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Large Bore Engine 8,784 203 Internal Combustion Engines: Commercial/Institutional: Total 21,899 204 Internal Combustion Engines: Engine Testing: Total 6,412 260 

Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway 2-stroke Gasoline Engines: Total 5 

270 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway Diesel Engines: Total 77 273 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway LPG-fueled Engines: Total 21 275 Internal Combustion Engines: Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust: Total 1 276 

Internal Combustion Engines: Rotary Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust: 

Total 5 

288 Internal Combustion Engines: Fugitive Emissions: Total 330 301 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Total 78,456 301XXXXX Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Other 8,043 301003 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Ammonia Production 9,583 301005 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Carbon Black Production 11,421 301006 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Charcoal Manufacturing 1,605 301013 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Nitric Acid 7,539 301018 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Plastics Production 1,955 301023 

Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Sulfuric Acid (Contact Process) 1,596 

301035 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Inorganic Pigments 1,190 301197 

Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Butylene, Ethylene, Propylene, Olefin Production 2,770 

301900 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Fuel Fired Equipment 20,935 
26

scc Sccdesc 

2012 NOX emissions at 3-

digit SCC level (tons/yr) 

2012 NOX 

emissions,more 

detailed breakdown 

(tons/yr) 

PercStat

301999 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Other Not Classified 11,819 302 Industrial Processes: Food and Agriculture: Total 4,847 303 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Total 57,332 303XXXXX Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Other 935 303002 

Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Aluminum Hydroxide Calcining 1,028 

303003 

Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: By-product Coke Manufacturing 11,142 

303006 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Ferroalloy, Open Furnace 1,882 303008 

Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel MACT) 4,197 

303009 

Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Steel Manufacturing (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel MACT) 15,135 

303023 

Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Taconite Iron Ore Processing 16,132 

303900 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Fuel Fired Equipment 6,881 304 Industrial Processes: Secondary Metal Production: Total 11,920 305 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Total 301,826 305XXXXX Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Other 5,443 305002 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Asphalt Concrete 5,621 305003 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Brick Manufacture 2,843 305006 

Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) 120,385 

305007 

Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Cement Manufacturing (Wet 

Process) 54,555 

305008 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Ceramic Clay/Tile Manufacture 1,119 305009 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Clay and Fly Ash Sintering 2,763 305010 

Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Coal Mining, Cleaning, and 

Material Handling (See 305310) 2,245 

305012 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Fiberglass Manufacturing 4,718 305014 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Glass Manufacture 59,999 305016 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Lime Manufacture 36,970 305020 

Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Stone Quarrying - Processing (See also 305320) 1,092 

305029 

Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Lightweight Aggregate Manufacture 1,556 
27

scc Sccdesc 

2012 NOX emissions at 3-

digit SCC level (tons/yr) 

2012 NOX 

emissions,more 

detailed breakdown 

(tons/yr) 

PercStat

305900 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Fuel Fired Equipment 2,517 306 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Total 69,753 306XXXXX Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Other 2,406 306001 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Process Heaters 44,577 306002 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Catalytic Cracking Units 13,449 306003 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Catalytic Cracking Units 480 306004 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Blowdown Systems 2,022 306009 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Flares 2,441 306014 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Petroleum Coke Calcining 2,834 306999 

Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Petroleum Products - Not Classified 1,546 

307 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Total 72,069 307XXXXX Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Other 3,296 307001 

Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping 58,833 

307002 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Sulfite Pulping 2,545 307007 

Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Plywood Operations 2,050 

307010 

Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Oriented Strandboard (OSB) Manufacture 1,753 

307013 

Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Miscellaneous Paper Products 1,740 

307900 

Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Fuel Fired Equipment 1,853 

308 Industrial Processes: Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products: Total 1,926 309 Industrial Processes: Fabricated Metal Products: Total 2,121 310 Industrial Processes: Oil and Gas Production: Total 26,132 312 Industrial Processes: Machinery, Miscellaneous: Total 80 313 Industrial Processes: Electrical Equipment: Total 99 314 Industrial Processes: Transportation Equipment: Total 434 315 

Industrial Processes: Photo Equip/Health Care/Labs/Air Condit/SwimPools: Total 7 

316 Industrial Processes: Photographic Film Manufacturing: Total 105 320 Industrial Processes: Leather and Leather Products: Total 1 330 Industrial Processes: Textile Products: Total 305 
28

scc Sccdesc 

2012 NOX emissions at 3-

digit SCC level (tons/yr) 

2012 NOX 

emissions,more 

detailed breakdown 

(tons/yr) 

PercStat

360 Industrial Processes: Printing and Publishing: Total 4 385 Industrial Processes: Cooling Tower: Total 19 390 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Total 47,781 390XXXXX Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Other 3,238 390002 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Bituminous Coal 3,791 390004 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Residual Oil 1,014 390006 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Natural Gas 35,418 390007 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Process Gas 4,321 399 Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: Total 32,528 399XXXXX Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: Other 204 399007 

Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: Process Heater/Furnace 2,830 

399900 

Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries 3,297 

399999 

Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: Miscellaneous Industrial Processes 26,197 

401 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Solvent Evaporation: Total 13 402 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Surface Coating Operations: Total 5,212 403 

Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Petroleum Product Storage at Refineries: Total 197 

404 

Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Petroleum Liquids Storage (nonRefinery): Total 392 

405 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Printing/Publishing: Total 384 406 

Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products: Total 356 

407 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Chemical Storage: Total 160 408 

Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Chemical Transportation: 

Total 24 

490 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Solvent Evaporation: Total 263 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Total 62,001 501XXXXX Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Other 77 501001 

Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Municipal Incineration 57,454 

501004 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Landfill Dump 2,512 501005 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Other Incineration 1,958 
29

scc Sccdesc 

2012 NOX emissions at 3-

digit SCC level (tons/yr) 

2012 NOX 

emissions,more 

detailed breakdown 

(tons/yr) 

PercStat

502 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional: Total 4,329 503 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial: Total 5,038 504 Waste Disposal: Site Remediation: Total 417 625 MACT Source Categories: Food and Agricultural Processes: Total 142 646 MACT Source Categories: Vinyl-based Resins: Total 30 648 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Polymers: Total 1 651 MACT Source Categories: Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing: Total 0 682 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Processes: Total 7 
30

Table 5. NOx Annual Non-EGU Point, Nonpoint, and Mobile Emissions in Categories with More Than 1 

Emissions in the Transport Rule Region – from 2012 Inventory (NEI v2) 

State in Transport Rule Region 

 SCC Source Category Percentage of 

State’s Entire non-Fire Inventory (%) at 3-digit SCC level 

Percentage of State’s 

Entire non-Fire 

Inventory (%) – more 

detailed breakdown 

201

Emiss

digit 

(Tons 

Alabama Onroad Mobile 24.7  Nonroad Mobile 6.5  305 Mineral Products 5.6  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 3.2 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

5.1 5.1 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

5.0 

 102009 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste 

2.3 2.3 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

4.7 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 4.6 

 307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 2.5  307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products – 

Kraft Pulping 

 2.3 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

2.3 2.3 

 303 Primary Metal Production 1.3 Arkansas Onroad Mobile 27.7  Nonroad Mobile 12.1  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

9.1 9.1 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 6.7 
31

Industrial 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

4.0 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: Natural 

Gas 

4.0 4.0 

 305 Mineral Products 3.3  305 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Wet) 

2.3 2.3 

 307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 2.8  307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: 

Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping 

2.2 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 1.8 

 399 Miscellaneous Manufacturing 

Industries 

1.7 

 399990 Miscellaneous Manufacturing 

Industries: Miscellaneous Industrial Processes 

1.7 

Connecticut Onroad Mobile 52.9  Nonroad Mobile 17.6  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 6.9 

 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal 

– Government; Total 

5.6 

 501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal 

– Government; Municipal Incineration 

 5.5 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

5.1 

Delaware Onroad Mobile 38.0  102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

16.0 
32

 102014 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: CO Boiler 

5.2 5.2 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

4.5 

 Nonroad Mobile 14.2  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 6.2 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 3.9 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 2.9 

District of Columbia Onroad Mobile 52.1  Nonroad Mobile 23.9  210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 5.7 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 5.2 

 103 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional: Total 

3.2 

 103006 Commercial/Institutional Boilers: 

Total: Natural Gas 

 1.6 

Florida Onroad Mobile 42.4  Nonroad Mobile 14.6  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 2.6 

 305 Mineral Products 1.6  501 Waste Disposal : Solid Waste Disposal 

- Government 

1.5 

 501001 Waste Disposal : Solid Waste Disposal 

– Government – Municipal Incineration 

 1.5 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

1.4 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

1.0 
33

Georgia Onroad Mobile 42.9  Nonroad Mobile 11.2  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 4.1 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

4.9 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 2.7 

 307 

Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 2.8 

10,343 

 307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: 

Kraft Pulping 

2.2 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 2.0 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

1.4 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 1.3 

 305 Mineral Products 1.4 Illinois Onroad Mobile 18.3  Nonroad Mobile 9.4  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 3.4 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

2.6 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 2.6 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

1.9 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 1.1 
34

 305 Mineral Products 1.9  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 1.1 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 1.3 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

1.2 

Indiana Onroad Mobile 24.5  Nonroad Mobile 9.6  102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

3.3 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 3.1 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

2.8 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 2.7 

 305 Mineral Products 2.7  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 1.5 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 1.9 

 303 Primary Metal Production 1.9  103 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional: Total 

1.8 

Iowa Onroad Mobile 25.9  Nonroad Mobile 21.1  202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

6.1 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 6.0 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

5.0 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 4.1 
35

 305 Mineral Products 3.6  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 3.0 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 2.3 

 210400 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: Residential 

 2.3 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

1.4 

Kansas  202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

19.5 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 19.2 

 Onroad Mobile 16.7  Nonroad Mobile 13.6  Miscellaneous Area Sources: 

Agriculture Production - Crops 11.0 

 305 Mineral Products 3.5  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 1.8 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 2.4 

 306 Petroleum Industry 1.7  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 1.6 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

1.1 

Kentucky Onroad Mobile 24.1  Nonroad Mobile 7.8  202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

2.9 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 2.8 
36

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 2.7 

 305 Mineral Products 2.2  102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

2.0 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 1.5 

 399 Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries 

1.0 

Louisiana Onroad Mobile 20.0  202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

18.4 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 17.8 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

11.0 

 102006 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 4.7 

 Nonroad Mobile 7.0  301 Industrial Processes: Chemical 

Manufacturing 

5.9 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 5.5 

 306 Petroleum Industry 5.1  306001 Petroleum Industry: Process Heaters 5.1  307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 2.0  307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: 

Kraft Pulping 

 1.8 

 301005 Industrial Processes: Chemical 

Manufacturing: Carbon Black Production 

 2.0 

 399 Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries 

1.2 

 310 Industrial Processes: Oil and Gas 

Production 

1.0 
37

Maryland Onroad Mobile 43.2  Nonroad Mobile 14.1  305 Mineral Products 4.8  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 3.1 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 4.6 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 4.5 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

3.5 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 2.5 

 501 

Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government 

2.8 

 501001 

Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Municipal Incineration 

2.8 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 2.3 

 303 Primary Metal Production 1.9  303008 Primary Metal Production: Iron 

Production 

1.2 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

1.0 

Massachusetts Onroad Mobile 

41.7 

 Nonroad Mobile 15.5  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 11.5 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 9.8 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 3.7 
38

Industrial 

 102004 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Residual Oil 

 2.3 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

3.7 

 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal: 

Government 

3.3 

 501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal: 

Government- Municipal Incineration 

3.3 

 103 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional: Total 

1.9 

Michigan Onroad Mobile 36.3  Nonroad Mobile 11.8  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 4.2 

 305 Mineral Products 4.0  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 2.8 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

3.7 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 2.1 

 303 Primary Metal Production 3.0  303023 Primary Metal Production: Taconite 

Iron Ore Processing 

 2.0 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

3.1 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 2.9 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 2.8 

 310 Oil and Gas Production 2.7 Minnesota Onroad Mobile 27.8  Nonroad Mobile 16.8 
39

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 8.1 

 390 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel 

Use 

6.5 

 390006 In-process Fuel Use: Natural Gas 6.5  102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

3.9 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 2.9 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

2.7 

 303 

Primary Metal Production 2.3 

 303023 Primary Metal Production: Taconite 

Iron Ore Processing 

2.3 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

1.4 

 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal 

– Government 

1.4 

 501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal 

– Government: Municipal Incineration 

 1.3 

 399 Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries 

1.0 

Mississippi Onroad Mobile 30.8  202 Internal Combustion Engines 17.2  202002 Internal Combustion Engines: Natural 

Gas 

 16.9 

 Nonroad mobile 9.6  102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

5.2 

 102009 Industrial Boilers: Wood/Bark Waste 2.6  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 2.9 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 2.1 

 307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 2.0 
40

 307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: 

Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping 

1.8 

 305 Mineral Products 2.0  305007 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Wet) 

 1.4 

 306 Petroleum Industry 1.3  306001 Petroleum Industry: Process Heaters 1.0  301 Chemical Manufacturing 1.0 Missouri Onroad Mobile 36.8  Nonroad mobile 13.7  305 Mineral Products 7.1  305007 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Wet) 

 2.7 

 305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 2.6 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 3.8 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 2.8 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

3.0 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 2.8 

Nebraska Onroad Mobile 23.7  Nonroad Mobile 21.4  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 4.4 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

2.9 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 2.5 

 305 Mineral Products 2.6  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry Process) 

2.6 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 1.8 
41

 102 

External Combustion Boilers: Industrial 

1.0 

New Jersey Onroad Mobile 45.6  Nonroad Mobile 18.1  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

9.2 9.2 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

5.4 

 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - 

Government: 2.0 

 501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - 

Government: Municipal Incineration 

2.0 

 399 Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries 

1.7 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

1.2 

 305 Mineral Products 1.0 New York Onroad Mobile 40.5  Nonroad Mobile 15.3  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 9.8 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 7.9 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

4.7 

 102006 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 3.0 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 1.3 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 3.6 

 305 Mineral Products 3.0  305007 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Wet) 

 2.2 
42

 501 

Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government 2.5 

 501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - 

Government: Municipal Incineration 

2.4 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

1.0 

North Carolina Onroad Mobile 43.0  Nonroad Mobile 14.4  102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

7.3 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 2.7 

 102009 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste 

 2.0 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 2.5 

 305 Mineral Products 1.6  307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 1.5  307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: 

Kraft Pulping 

 1.3 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

1.1 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

1.0 1.0 

Ohio Onroad Mobile 31.0  Nonroad Mobile 12.8  210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 4.3 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

4.3 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous 

 2.6 
43

Coal 

 305 Mineral Products 3.9  305016 Mineral Products: Lime Manufacture 2.1  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 2.0 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

1.8 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

1.7 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 1.7 

Oklahoma Onroad Mobile 20.5  Nonroad Mobile 13.0  202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

11.7 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

11.7 11.7 

 Miscellaneous Area Sources: 

Agriculture Production – Crops 5.5 

 305 Mineral Products 2.0  305014 Mineral Products: Glass Manufacture 1.4 1.4  102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

1.9 

 306 Petroleum Industry 1.4  301 Industrial Processes: Chemical 

Manufacturing 

1.3 

 390 

In-process Fuel Use 

1.2 

Pennsylvania Onroad Mobile 27.5  Nonroad Mobile 8.3  305 Mineral Products 6.0  305014 Mineral Products: Glass Manufacturing 2.0  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 1.9 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 4.4 
44

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

2.8 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

2.7 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 2.2 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

1.6 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 1.5 

 501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal 

– Government 

1.3 

 501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal 

– Government: Municipal Incineration 

1.3 

 303 Primary Metal Production 1.2 South Carolina Onroad Mobile 39.3  Nonroad Mobile 10.6  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 6.6 

 305 Mineral Products 5.0  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 305007 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Wet) 

 1.3 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

4.8 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 1.9 

 102009 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste 

 1.2 

 102006 

External Combustion Boilers : Industrial: Natural Gas 

 1.0 
45

307 

Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 

2.9 5,518 

307001 

Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Kraft Pulping 

2.8 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

1.4 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 1.3 

Tennessee Onroad Mobile 41.8  Nonroad Mobile 9.8  102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 8.1  102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 5.0 

 102006 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

2.1 2.1 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 2.9 

 305 Mineral Products 2.8  305014 Mineral Products: Glass Manufacture 1.5 1.5  305006 Mineral Products: Cement Manufacture 

(Dry) 

 1.1 

 103 External Combustion Boilers: 

Commercial/Institutional Boilers 

2.1 

 103002 External Combustion Boilers : 

Commercial/Institutional Boilers: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

1.9 

202 Internal Combustion Engines 

1.8 
46

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: Natural 

Gas 

 1.8 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 1.5 

 307 

Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 

1.0 

Texas Onroad Mobile 26.7  202 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial 

11.2 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 11.1 

 310 Industrial Boilers: Oil and Gas 

Production 

12.4 

 Nonroad Mobile 9.7  305 Mineral Products 3.6  305006 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Dry) 

 1.7 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 3.2 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

2.9 

 102006 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

1.1 

 301 

Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing 

2.0 

 

 301900 Industrial Processes: Chemical 

Manufacturing: Fuel Fired Equipment 

 1.5 

 306 Industrial Processes: Petroleum 

Industry 

1.8 

 306001 Industrial Processes: Petroleum 

Industry: Process Heaters 

 1.2 
47

Virginia Onroad Mobile 38.1  Nonroad Mobile 10.9  210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 7.9 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

7.1 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 4.1 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 1.7 

 202 Internal Combustion Engines 2.8  202002 Internal Combustion Engines: Natural 

Gas 

 2.5 

 301 Industrial Processes: Chemical 

Manufacturing 

2.5 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

1.4 

 305 Mineral Products 1.7  501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal 

- Government 1.5 

 501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal 

– Government: Municipal Incineration 

1.4 

 307 

Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 

1.5 

 307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: 

Kraft Pulping 

 1.2 

West Virginia Onroad Mobile 14.8  202 Internal Combustion Engines: 5.7 
48

Industrial 

 202002 Internal Combustion Engines: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

5.7 

 102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

4.6 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 

 3.1 

 203 

Internal Combustion Engines: Commercial/Institutional 

4.0 

 203002 

Internal Combustion Engines: Commercial/Institutional: Natural Gas 

4.0 

 210200 

Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: Industrial 

 4.0 

 Nonroad Mobile 3.3  305 Mineral Products 2.6  305007 Mineral Products: Cement 

Manufacturing (Wet) 

 1.8 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 1.8 

Wisconsin Onroad Mobile 36.3  Nonroad Mobile 16.5  102 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial 

11.0 

 102002 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial : Bituminous/Subbituminous 

 7.2 
49

a The non-fire emissions inventory refers to all emissions in the NEI include EGU, nonEGU point, mobile, and n

except for those associated with fires (natural wildfires and prescribed burning). 

Coal 

 102006 External Combustion Boilers: 

Industrial: Natural Gas 

 1.8 

 210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Residential 

 4.7 

 210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Commercial/Institutional 

 2.7 

 210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: 

Industrial 

 1.6 
50

3. Discussion of control measures for SO2 by source category 

From the inventory information for SO2 presented in section 2 above, the highestemitting categories of non-EGU SO2 emissions are: (1) industrial, commercial, and 

institutional (ICI) boilers, (2) Portland cement manufacturing, (3) petroleum refining, and 

(4) sulfuric acid manufacturing. 

a. SO2 Controls for ICI Boilers 

For ICI boilers, most of the SO2 emissions are from coal-fired boilers, and to a 

lesser degree from residual or distillate oil-fired boilers. Possible ways to reduce SO2

emissions from ICI boilers include fuel switching, flue gas desulfurization, and dry 

sorbent duct injection. SO2 controls for ICI boilers are discussed in detail in a document 

prepared for the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) 

entitled “Applicability and Feasibility of NOx, SO2, and PM Emissions Control 

Technologies Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional (ICI) Boilers.” NESCAUM, 

November 2008 (revised January 2009). This report is available online at: 

www.nescaum.org/documents/ici-boilers-20081118-final.pdf . 

Fuel switching possibilities evaluated by NESCAUM included switching from 

high sulfur residual oil to lower sulfur residual oil, or to distillate oil. NESCAUM 

estimated, based on 2007 fuel prices that switching from 3 % sulfur residual oil to 1% 

residual oil would cost $771/ton (2005 dollars, $823/ton in 2006 dollars2), while 

switching from 3 % sulfur oil to 0.2% distillate oil would cost over $5000/ton. EPA 

notes that this calculation is sensitive to the actual percent sulfur for a given residual-oil 

fired boiler (i.e., sulfur contents less than 3% would have a higher cost/ton), as well as the 

capacity factor (that is, the fraction of boiler capacity that is used in a year). Moreover, 

for most states (and for the eastern half of the United States overall) residual oil use 

constitutes at ICI boilers represents a relatively low fraction of the overall SO2 inventory. 

Emissions are a relatively higher percentage in a few northeast states. 

The NESCAUM study did not evaluate fuel switching from higher to lower sulfur 

coal. EPA finds it difficult to generalize these costs because of variability in operations 

variation in boiler fuel capabilities, and variations in capacity factor. 

The NESCAUM study evaluated several types of add-on equipment including wet 

FGD scrubbers, dry scrubbing (spray dryers) and duct injection of sorbents. Wet and 

dry FGD costs ranged from about $1600 per ton to over $5000/ton (2006 dollars), and 

these calculations were made for relatively large boilers. The NESCAUM study 

provided example calculations for various boiler sizes, and did not attempt calculations of 

actual reductions of the overall emission inventory at varying cost levels. 

 

2

 Escalation of costs from 2005 to 2006 year dollars accomplished by using the Chemical Engineering Plant 

Cost Index (CEPCI) annual values. The 2005 annual value is 468.2; the 2006 annual value is 499.6. The 

escalation factor in this case is 499.6/468.2 = 1.07. For more information, refer to the Chemical 

Engineering magazine, April 2010 or www.che.com. 
51

The NESCAUM study discusses duct sorbent injection of reagents such as 

hydrated lime, trona, and sodium bicarbonate. While the report presents information on 

estimated capital costs per million BTU of boiler capacity, operating costs are not 

presented. EPA believes that overall annualized costs for sorbent injection are likely to 

be highly dependent on reagent costs, and the amount of reagent used, and addition are 

dependent on whether the reagent is milled (smaller particle size of reagent) or nonmilled (larger particle size of reagent). Control efficiencies for milled and unmilled 

trona varied from 30-80 % depending on the amount of reagent used per unit of SO2

emitted. 

b. SO2 controls for Portland cement manufacturing 

For Portland cement manufacturing, information from a 2006 report prepared by 

the Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO) estimated costs for SO2 

scrubbing to be between $2,211 - 6,917 per ton (in year 2003$, or $2,745 – 8,577 per ton 

in year 2006$3

). The LADCO “white papers” discussion is available from the following 

website: 

http://www.ladco.org/reports/control/final_reports/identification_and_evaluation_of_can

didate_control_measures_ii_june_2006.pdf. 

c. SO2 controls for petroleum refining 

For petroleum refining, the largest sources of SO2 emissions are from catalytic 

cracking, sulfur recovery units, and process heaters. A good discussion of petroleum 

refinery emissions sources and controls can be found as chapter 11 of “Controlling Fine 

Particulate Matter Under the Clean Air Act: A Menu of Options.” STAPPA/ALAPCO 

(now NACAA). March 2006. For example, refineries currently make widespread use 

of (1) wet scrubbing technology for simultaneous control of particulates and sulfur 

dioxide from catalytic cracking units. 

 For each of the sources in the petroleum refining sector, EPA believes that SO2

controls are generally more limited at refineries covered by the recent settlement 

agreements EPA has entered into with numerous petroleum refineries. Moreover, such 

agreements cover 88 percent of U.S refining capacity, and will lead to up to 250,000 tons 

of SO2 emissions reductions annually. Compliance with these agreements has already 

taken place at most affected refineries, and these reductions are generally reflected in our 

2012 base case emissions inventory for the transport rule. 

d. SO2 controls for sulfuric acid manufacturing 

For sulfuric acid manufacturing, the SO2 emissions are related to the percent 

recovery of sulfuric acid product. Because the percent recovery is plant-specific, the 

 

3

 Escalation of 2003 to 2006 year dollars accomplished using the CEPCI. The 2003 CEPCI annual value is 

402.0; the 2006 annual value is 499.6. The escalation factor between the two years is 499.6/402.0 = 1.24. 

For more information, refer to the Chemical Engineering magazine, April 2010, or www.che.com. 
52

available emissions reductions and the cost per ton of controls are highly variable. At the 

time of the CAIR, EPA made rough calculations that the then-existing 126,000 tons of 

SO2 would be reduced by about one-half if all of the sulfuric acid manufacturing in the 

eastern U.S. was controlled to meet the NSPS level of 4 pounds of SO2 per ton of 

product. EPA did not develop cost estimates for these approximate reductions and such 

cost estimates are still not available. EPA notes, however, that it has entered into a 

number of settlement agreements with sources in the sulfuric acid production industry, 

and a significant amount of the estimated available reductions has already been realized. 

Over 36,000 tons of SO2 reductions have taken place at 22 plants in the U.S. by 2012 as a 

result of 6 settlement agreements. More than half of these plants are in states affected by 

this proposal. 

e. Effects on SO2 from recent rulemakings 

 The recently proposed ICI boilers MACT is estimated to reduce 340,000 tons per 

year of SO2 nationwide by 2013 as a co-impact of this standard. In addition, the 

proposed Portland cement MACT is estimate to reduce 120,000 tons per year of SO2 

nationwide by 2013 as a co-impact of that standard. The ICI boilers MACT is expected 

to be promulgated in December 2010, and the Portland cement MACT is expected to be 

promulgated in the summer of 2010. Thus, non-EGU source categories identified as 

important emissions sources from various States in this report will be affected by these 

MACT standards once they are implemented. 
53

4. Discussion of control measures for NOX by source category

In order to identify source categories for further discussion for NOX, we 

conducted an additional step. In addition to reviewing the emissions inventory 

contributions, EPA conducted an analysis of potential NOX emission reductions using its 

Control Strategy Tool (CoST). CoST is the tool EPA uses for regulatory impact 

analyses (RIAs) and other analyses. Further discussion of the CoST tool is available on 

EPA’s website at http://www.epa.gov/ttnecas1/cost.htm 

For purpose of identifying a preliminary list of potential nonEGU NOx categories 

of interest, EPA used the results of CoST with an average cost cutoff of $5000 per ton (in 

year 2006 dollars) for the 37 Eastern US States. The results of this analysis are 

displayed in table 6. In this table, we display the source categories the contributed more 

than 1 percent of the emission reductions as shown by CoST. From this preliminary 

analysis, it appears that the following source categories comprise the greatest potential 

for nonEGU stationary source emissions reductions: external combustion ICI boilers, 

internal combustion (IC) engines, Portland cement manufacturing, glass manufacturing, 

petroleum refining, kraft pulp mills (nonboiler sources), iron and steel production. We 

discuss each of these categories in greater detail in this section. 

a. ICI boilers 

Similar to EGU boilers, ICI boiler control measures included combustion 

controls, low-NOx burners and add-on controls such as selective catalytic reduction 

(SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). These measures are described in a 

recent report entitled “Applicability and Feasibility of NOx, SO2, and PM Emissions 

Control Technologies for Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional (ICI) Boilers.” 

NESCAUM, November 2008. 

For ICI boilers, costs will vary depending on a number of factors, including the 

plant’s capacity utilization, the boiler size, and plant configuration issues affecting 

retrofit costs. 

b. IC engines 

The term “internal combustion engines” encompasses both (1) “reciprocating” IC 

engines such as the natural gas and diesel engines covered the stationary reciprocating 

internal combustion engines (RICE) MACT standards, and (2) other types of internal 

combustion engines such as gas turbines. 

For diesel compression-ignition (CI) IC engines, a variety of NOx control 

measures are available. Among them are exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), SCR, lean 

NOx catalyst, and NOx adsorbers,. EGR works by circulating a portion of an engine’s 

exhaust gas back to the combustion air fed to the engine cylinders. The exhaust 

gas/combustion air mixture lowers the temperature and also the oxygen content in the 
54

combustion cylinder. This leads to reduced formation of NOx in the combustion 

cylinder. Reduction of NOx often ranges from 25 to 50 percent for EGR, and an EGR is 

often found with a diesel particulate filter (DPF) system on mobile diesel engines. SCR 

is an add-on device placed in the exhaust stream of the engine. SCR can reduce NOx up 

to 90 percent from a diesel IC engine. Ammonia or, more commonly, urea is injected 

into the exhaust stream of the engine and reacts with NO and NO2 in the presence of a 

catalyst to form N2 and water. Lean NOx catalyst and NOx adsorbers are newer control 

technologies for diesel IC engines. A lean NOx catalyst controls NOx by injecting a 

small amount of diesel fuel or other hydrocarbon into the exhaust upstream of a catalyst. 

The fuel or hydrocarbon serves as the reducing agent for the catalytic conversion of NOx 

into N2. Currently, peak NOx reduction efficiencies range from 10 to 30 percent. 

Finally, NOx adsorbers or lean NOx traps operates by trapping NOx emissions in the 

form of a metal nitrate during lean operation of the engine. The NOx adsorbers store 

NOx under lean conditions and release and catalytically reduce stored NOx under rich 

conditions. Reductions of up to 90 percent have been claimed by vendors, but no studies 

or examples have been found for stationary diesel engines. For more information on 

these controls, please refer to the ACT for Stationary Diesel Engines released in March 

2010 by US EPA. 

For natural gas-fired spark-ignition (SI) IC engines, the primary technology for 

NOx controls is non-selective catalytic reduction (NSCR). NSCR has been commercially 

available for many years and has been widely used on stationary IC engines. The 

technology can be applied to rich burn stationary engines and is capable of significantly 

reducing NOx emissions from stationary RICE. The technology is also capable of 

considerably reducing CO and HAP emissions from rich burn stationary RICE. Based on 

available information, NSCR appears to be technically feasible for rich burn engines 

down to 25 hp. Up to 90 percent reduction is available from NSCR. 

 Industries with SI IC engines will be required to meet emissions limits for HAPs 

in a coming final MACT standard proposed in March, 2009 and to be promulgated by 

EPA on August 10, 2010. NSCR is expected to be the technology necessary for SI 

engines (4 stroke lean burn, in particular) to meet the requirements of the proposed 

standard. This proposed standard will also have requirements for 2 stroke and 4 stroke 

lean-burn SI engines as well. Reductions in NOx will likely be a co-impact of the 

MACT. This final rule will be implemented by mid-2013. 

c. Portland cement manufacturing 

 At cement kilns, NOx emissions are typically reduced through process (or 

combustion) controls such as burner design and staged combustion in the calciner (SCC). 

Such measures can achieve up to 30 percent NOx reduction from a kiln. Add-on (or 

post-combustion) controls used to reduce NOx emissions include selective non-catalytic 

reduction (SNCR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In an SNCR, ammonia, urea, 

or another reagent is injected in the flue gas into an appropriate temperature zone and at 

an appropriate ratio of ammonia to NOx. If the ratio is very high, some ammonia may 

not react with NOx and will be emitted (ammonia slip). SNCR can reduce NOx from 

about 30 to 60 percent on average. SCR has been used worldwide on three cement kilns 
55

as an add-on NOx control, but not in the U.S. However, a consent decree entered into on 

January 20, 2010 between the U.S. Department of Justice and Lafarge Cement Company 

requires the installation of an SCR in the next several years at Lafarge’s Kiln 1 located at 

Joppa, Illinois, the first instance of an SCR installation at a cement kiln in the U.S. For 

more information, refer to 

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/civil/caa/lafarge-infosht.html. SCR is 

capable of reducing NOx emissions at cement kilns by about 80 percent. 

 Cement kilns are a non-EGU source category covered under the NOx SIP call 

issued in September 1998, and an ACT for new cement kilns was published in November 

2007. At present, the NSPS for cement kilns is under review, and a revised NSPS will 

be promulgated in June, 2010. A NOx emissions limit will be included in the revised 

NSPS. 

d. Glass manufacturing 

 There are a large variety of NOx control measures available for glass 

manufacturing furnaces. Low NOx burners, staged firing, and fuel reburn are three 

combustion control measures that can be used depending on the type of furnace. Low 

NOx burners are designed to reduce peak flame temperature with slower mixing of fuel 

and air, and minimum injection velocities. Reduction of 30 40 percent can take place 

from this measure. Staged firing, or air staging, is a staged combustion process where 

combustion air is reduced initially in order to reduce NOx formation followed by an 

oxygen-enriched second stage to complete combustion with no additional NOx formed. 

This measure is applicable to regenerative furnaces, and can achieve 75 to 85 percent 

NOx reduction. Fuel reburn involves injection of fuel after the combustion zone in the 

furnace to create a reducing atmosphere for converting NO to N2. This measure can 

achieve 50 to 65 percent reduction of NOx, and is applicable to regenerative furnaces. 

 

 Two other measures are batch preheat and electric boost. Batch preheat involves 

preheating the raw materials and cullet before adding to the furnace. The preheat of these 

materials reduces the furnace heat-load thereby reducing NOx emissions. NOx 

reductions can range from 10 to 20 percent, but energy savings from reduced fuel usage 

and lower furnace temperature are almost equal to the percent of NOx reductions. Also, 

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be reduced due to the lower furnace temperatures. 

Electric boost is a measure in which an electric cullet passed through the glass mixture in 

the furnace to provide, thus reducing fuel requirements and associated NOx generation. 

This measure is currently used in most container glass plants and in more than half of 

regenerative furnaces. Reductions of NOx can range from 10 to 30 percent. 

 A fairly new type of furnace technology, Oxy-firing, can yield NOx reductions as 

well as more efficient furnace operation. Oxy-firing is a furnace technology in which the 

combustion air is replaced with pure oxygen which reduces nitrogen (and hence NOx) 

during combustion. Reduced air volumes yield higher energy efficiency. Used in oil and 

gas-fired furnaces, it is now available in more than 25 percent of glass furnaces, and is 

being required upon rebuild in Northeast States. Reductions range from 75 to 85 percent. 
56

 

 Add-on controls such as SNCR and SCR are also available for glass furnaces. 

The operation of these controls for glass furnaces is similar to their operation for cement 

kilns. SNCR can yield from 20 to 60 percent reduction from glass furnaces, and SCR can 

yield 60 to 90 percent reductions. While SCR has not been applied on glass furnaces in 

the US, a recent consent decree will require Saint-Gobains Containers, Inc. to install SCR 

on three container glass furnaces at their Dolton, Illinois facility by 2018. Refer to 

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/cases/civil/caa/saintgobain-infosht0110.html

for more details. 

 More information on these controls can be found in the LADCO Interim White 

Paper on candidate control measures for the glass manufacturing industry published in 

December 2005 and found at 

http://www.ladco.org/reports/control/white_papers/glass_fiberglass_manufacturing_plant

s.pdf. 

e. Petroleum refining 

Petroleum refinery combustion sources with controllable NOX emissions include 

process heaters and catalytic cracking units. EPA notes that while emission reductions 

estimates were applied using CoST for table 6, no rigorous attempt was made to 

determine whether plants being controlled were already subject to refinery enforcement 

settlements. Because such settlements affect about 90 percent of refining capacity in the 

U.S., EPA believes that controls for refinery sources are likely to be limited in their 

applicability. 

f. Kraft pulp mills 

The source categories and controls from the CoST tool listed for pulp mills in 

Table 6 are those that are applicable to sources other than power boilers. EPA generally 

considers the power boilers to be the largest source of controllable NOX at kraft pulp 

mills, and EPA considers these estimates to be uncertain. Further work is needed to 

refine these preliminary estimates in determining whether cost-effective controls are 

available for non-boiler sources at kraft pulp mills. 

g. Iron and steel production 

NOX controls are available for combustion sources at steel mills such as reheat 

and annealing furnaces and other gas-fired equipment. The most common controls in 

use are low-NOX burners. Other potentially controllable sources in the industry include 

coke plant underfiring stacks, sinter plants, and steelmaking furnaces such as electric arc 

furnaces. Available references for describing NOX controls in this industry are available 

from references including: 
57

-- Midwest RPO. Boiler Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) 

Engineering Analysis. Prepared for LADCO, March 30, 2005. 

-- Alternative Control Techniques Guidance Document (ACT) – NOX emissions 

from Iron and Steel Mills. EPA September 1994. 

-- “Proper Application of Low-NOX Technology to Reheating Furnaces – 

Environmental and Efficiency Advantages.” April 2005. David G. Schalles and John C. 

Dormire, Bloom Engineering col Inc, Pittsburgh, PA. Published in AIST’s “Iron and 

Steel Technology.” 

-- “Fuel Savings and Reduced Emissions: Experience from 80 Oxy-fuel 

Installations in Reheat Furnaces.” May 2005 . Per Verterberg, J. von Scheele, G. 

Moroz. Published in AIST’s “Iron and Steel Technology.” 
58

Table 6. NOx Control Measures identified as part of Preliminary Potential Control Analyses in 37 

 Using EPA’s Control Strategy Tool (CoST) 

Category SCCs with most of the reductions Measure Current estimate o

NOx cost/ton, baseanalysis from CoS2012 (in 2006 dolla

ICI boilers (40% of overall nonEGU NOx reduction estimate) 

102002XX, 103002XX Coal 102004XX , 103004XX Residual Oil 102006XX , 103006XX Natural Gas 10200701 Refinery Gas 10200704 Blast Furnace Gas 10200707 Coke oven gas 102009XX, 103009XX Wood/bark 102011XX Bagasse 102012XX Solid waste (?) 102003XX Liquid waste (?) 

SCR SCR SCR SCR SCR SCR SNCR SNCR SNCR SCR 

$ 960-2,400 $1,300-1,900 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $2,800 $1,500-2,300 $2,300 $2,600 $1,900 

Industrial/commercial Internal combustion engines and combustion turbines (25% of overall nonEGU NOx reduction reduction estimate) 

20200101 diesel turbines 20200102 diesel reciprocating 20200201 natl gas turbines 20200202 natl gas reciprocating 20200203 natl gas turbine co-gen 20200204 natl gas recip co-gen 20200252 2 cycle lean burn 20200253 4 cycle rich burn 20200254 4 cycle lean burn 20200401 large bore diesel 20300101 diesel recip commercial 20300201 natl gas recip commercial 

SCR/water injection NSCR SCR/ steam injection NSCR SCR/steam injection NSCR SCR/steam injection SCR/steam injection SCR/steam injection NSCR NSCR NSCR 

$3,600  $540 $2,900 – 3,200 $620 $3,200 $620 $2,500 – 3,200 $1,600 – 3,200 $2,400- 3,200  $ 410  $ 540  $ 620 
59

Category SCCs with most of the reductions Measure Current estimate o

NOx cost/ton, baseanalysis from CoS2012 (in 2006 dolla

Cement (8% of overall nonEGU NOx reduction estimates) 

30500606 dry process kilns 30500622,30500623 preheater precalciner 30500706 wet process kilns 

SCR Biosolid injection Mid kiln firing 

$4,200  $ 402  $ 72 

Glass (5%) 30501402 container glass melting furnace 

30501403 flat glass melting furnace 30501404 pressed blown glass melt fce 

SCR Oxy-firing SCR 

$3,500 $3,000 $4,000 

Non-boiler Pulp mill (5%) 

30700104 Digester 30700106 Recovery furnace direct contact 30700110 Recovery furnace indirect cont 

SCR LNB SCR 

$2,800  $ 900 $2,800 

Petroleum refining (2 %) 

30600104 process heaters 30600106 process heaters 30600201 cat cracking 

ULNB, ULNB+SNCR ULNB LNB + FGR 

$2,400- 4,200 $2,400 $3,900 

Iron and steel (1.5%) 

30300306 coke oven underfire stack 30300933 steel reheat furnaces 30300934 steel heat treating/annealing 30390003 fuel fired eq: natl gas 30390004 fuel fired eq: process gas 

SNCR LNB + FGR LNB + SNCR ULNB LNB + FGR 

$2,600 $600 $2,700 $2,400 $900 
60

 5. Mobile source controls

EPA has undertaken a comprehensive program to tighten emissions standards for 

both on-road and non-road mobile sources and to reduce the sulfur content of gasoline 

and on- and non-road diesel fuel used in these vehicles and engines. With the 

introduction of these cleaner fuels and the turnover of the fleets of vehicles and engines 

to new vehicles and engines that meet the more stringent standards, emissions of NOX

and SO2 (as well as direct PM and HAPs) decline significantly. In addition to those 

national standards, control measures are available to States reduce NOX and SO2 from 

mobile sources. These types of measures include (1) application of retrofits to existing 

engines and (2) programs to reduce vehicle miles traveled. In 2007, EPA prepared a 

list of mobile source measures in summary tables of emissions control measures for 

PM2.5 and its precursors. These tables are available at EPA’s website at: 

http://epa.gov/pm/measures/pm_control_measures_tables_ver1.pdf . While for most of 

the measures there are wide ranges for the cost estimates, the cost of the measures is well 

above the cost levels considered for the proposed transport rule. 

 Most recently in December 2009 EPA finalized a rule to regulate NOX, SO2, and 

PM emissions from ocean-going vessels. This regulation applies to diesel engines in US 

flagged and registered Category 3 (C3) vessels. Beginning in 2010 NOx emissions from 

in-use engines are to be reduced by 15-20 percent. In 2011 NOx emissions from new C3 

engines must be reduced by 20 percent and in 2016 NOx emissions from new engines 

must be reduced by 80 percent. In addition, the sulfur content of the fuel used in these 

marine engines bu be reduced by 30 in 2012 and 97 percent in 2015. This means that the 

sulfur content of these fuels will be reduced from the current 35,000 ppm to 1000 ppm in 

2015. This will result in substantial reductions in SO2 from C3 marine vessels. 

Reductions in PM will also take place as a co-impact of this rule. This rulemaking is in 

tandem with the establishment of an Emissions Control Area (ECA) for North America 

by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The IMO established this ECA in 

March 2010Enforcement of emission limits for the North American ECA will begin in 

August, 2012. 

 On an annual basis beginning in 2010, the NOx controls are expected to cost 

about $510 per ton of NOx reduced, and SO2 controls are expected to cost $930 per ton 

of SO2 reduced (2006 dollars).4 PM reductions will occur along with reductions in either 

NOx and SO2. These reductions will continue to 2030 and beyond. More information 

on this final rule and its Regulatory Impact Analysis can be found at 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/oceanvessels.htm#regs. 

 

4

 It should be noted that the costs of these controls are estimated using a net present value (NPV) approach 

that is different than how the non-EGU costs are estimated in this report. For more information on how the 

costs of the C3 controls are estimated, please refer to the RIA found at 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/oceanvessels.htm.