# United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted February 23, 2021 *

Decided February 26, 2021

Before

FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

DAVID F. HAMILTON, Circuit Judge

THOMAS L. KIRSCH II, Circuit Judge
No. 20-1742

WILLIAM RICHTER, Plaintiff-Appellant
,

v

.
WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, INC., et al., Defendants-Appellees

. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.

No. 19 C 4681

Gary Feinerman
, J udge

.

O R D E R William Richter, an Illinois inmate, appeals the district court’s dismissal of his complaint, principally contesting the denials of his motions to recruit counsel. Because the district court reasonably found that Richter could proceed without counsel and had in any case abused the privilege of recruited counsel, we affirm.

* The appellees were not served with process in the district court and are not participating in this appeal. We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the brief and record adequately pres ent the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not significantly aid the court. F ED

. R. A PP

. P. 34(a)(2)(C). NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION To be cited onl y in accordance with Fed. R. A pp . P. 32.1No. 20-1742 Page 2

Richter’s complaint, which alleged delibe rate indifference to his medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment, grouped to gether nine claims, four defendants, and assertions about two prisons. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. He alleged that Wexford Health Sources, Inc., failed to train staff adequately and wrongfully denied him access to outside specialists to treat scrotal, chest, abdominal, cough, and vascular problems. The other defendants (individual doctors) allegedly failed to treat numbness, back pain, testicular pain, and swollen ankles and wrists. He claimed that they also recklessly withheld a bottom-bunk permit and wron gfully allowed his prison transfer.
At screening, the district court dismi ssed the complaint without prejudice and denied Richter’s request for counsel. It e xplained that Richter had improperly joined unrelated defendants and claims, and it gave him a month to amend his complaint with only properly joined claims. The court th en denied his request for counsel for two reasons: The quality of his writing reflected that Richter was competent to litigate the case at the pleading stage, and he had not shown an effort to secure counsel on his own.
Rather than amend his complaint, Richter moved to reconsider the denial of his request for counsel, providing evidence of hi s efforts to retain counsel. The court again rejected his request, adding another reason: The pool of recruitable counsel is limited, Richter had “fired” his recruited counsel in an earlier case ( Richter v. Wexford Health Sources, Inc. , No. 14 C 6480, 2017 WL 2813658 (N.D. Ill. June 29, 2017)) for objectively unjustifiable reasons, and it would “not risk subjecting another attorney” to Richter’s “unacceptable” behavior. Richter then aske d for a different judge and “emergency” counsel, arguing that the judg e was biased against him. Th e court denied those motions as well. In the meantime, the court had gran ted Richter a four-month extension of time to amend the complaint (warning Richter th at a failure to amend could result in dismissal) and, sua sponte, a second extens ion of four weeks. When Richter did not amend his complaint, despite the extensions and warning, the court dismissed the case for lack of prosecution.
On appeal, Richter primarily contests the di strict court’s refusal to recruit counsel for him. He argues that the court was biased against him, he had attempted to retain counsel on his own, he was unable to prosec ute his case himself, and the court should not have relied on his decision to fire recruited counsel in another case.
All of Richter’s arguments fail. First, Richter’s contention of bias is based on the adverse rulings that he received from the di strict court and its reference to his past litigation. But a finding of bias cannot be supported merely by an adverse ruling, see Thomas v. Reese , 787 F.3d 845, 849 (7th Cir. 2015), or a reference to past litigationNo. 20-1742 Page 3

conduct. See In re City of Milwaukee , 788 F.3d 717, 722 (7th Cir. 2015); see also Liteky v. United States
, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994).
Second, we will assume that Richter attempted but failed to retain counsel, but that effort did not entitle him to recruited counsel. See Olson v. Morgan , 750 F.3d 708, 711 (7th Cir. 2014). To be eligible for a favorable exercise of discretion in a request for counsel, a plaintiff must make reasonable efforts to obtain counsel and be unable to litigate the case. Id. (quoting Pruitt v. Mote , 503 F.3d 647, 654 (7th Cir. 2007) (en banc)). The court properly considered the demands of the case at the pleading stage as well as Richter’s demonstrated ability to express hims elf in writing, and it reasonably found that Richter was able to draft an amen ded complaint without recruited counsel. See Romanelli v. Suliene , 615 F.3d 847, 852–53 (7th Cir. 2010). So the court reasonably denied the requests for counsel at the pleading stage. In any case, the district court properly exercised its discretion in denying the motion to recruit counsel for the independ ent reason that Richter had unjustifiably “fired” his recruited lawyer in another case. There, the court found that his firing was “not objectively reasonable.” Order at 2, Richter v. Obaisi , No. 14 C 6480 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 27, 2019). Richter responds that he had a sound reason for firing his attorney, but he has not shown that the judge’s decision to th e contrary was clear error—the standard by which we assess such decisions. Webster v. Watson , 975 F.3d 667, 683 (7th Cir. 2020) (citing Anderson v. Bessemer City , 470 U.S. 564, 573 (1985); F ED

. R. C IV

. P. 52(a)(6)). The court did not abuse its discretion by deciding not to reward an uncooperative litigant with more pro bono legal assistance. See Cartwright v. Silver Cross Hospital , 962 F.3d 933, 936–37 (7th Cir. 2020).
Finally, we note that Richter does not challenge on appeal the district court’s ruling that Richter had impermissibly br ought several claims against unrelated defendants in one case. See George v. Smith , 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). Nor could he. We have explained that district courts sh ould prohibit prisoners from attempting to join unrelated claims and defendants. Id. Because the court permissibly required Richter to limit his complaint to one set of properly joined claims, gave him several chances to amend, and warned him that failure to do so could lead to dismissal, it reasonably dismissed the case for Richter’s failure to amend. See F ED

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. P. 41(b); Nelson v. Schultz , 878 F.3d 236, 239 (7th Cir. 2017); see also Cady v. Sheahan , 467 F.3d 1057, 1061 (7th Cir. 2006) (even pro se litigants must follow procedural rules).

AFFIRMED.