2011 Minerals Yearbook

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

CEMENT [ADVANCE RELEASE]

Revised June 2013
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.1

Cement

By Hendrik G. van Oss

Domestic survey tables were prepared by Richard H. Kraft, statistical assistant, and the world production table was 

prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator.

Production of portland and masonry cement in the United 

States increased by 2.2% in 2011 to a total of 67.9 million 

metric tons (Mt) (table 1). Although welcomed as an 

improvement by the industry, the 2011 output was the third 

lowest since 1992 and was 31.4 Mt less than the record output 

in 2005. As measured by sales to domestic final customers, 

U.S. consumption of cement increased by 2.6% to 72.3 Mt in 

2011 (table 9) after 5 years of consecutive declines; this was 

also the third lowest volume since 1992, and 55.7 Mt less than 

the record level in 2005. Despite the modest increase in sales 

volumes, the average unit price declined in 2011 by about $2.50 

per metric ton on an ex-factory basis and the overall value of 

sales declined slightly to $6.44 billion as a result (tables 1, 

11–13). Again because of much lower sales volumes and unit 

prices, the overall value of sales in 2011 was one-half that of the 

record sales of $12.90 billion in 2006. Based on typical portland 

cement mixing ratios in concrete, the delivered value of concrete 

(excluding mortar) in the United States was estimated to be at 

least $39 billion in 2011. World production of cement increased 

10.4% to 3.61 billion metric tons (Gt).

Percentage or other changes expressed in this report compare 

activity in 2011 with that of 2010 unless specified otherwise. 

Except where otherwise indicated, data and trends in this report 

exclude those in Puerto Rico. Cements covered in this report are 

limited to those hydraulic varieties broadly classified as portland 

cement (including blended cement and other varieties listed 

in table 15) and masonry cement (including portland-lime and 

plastic cements); these are the binding agents in concrete and 

most mortars. A few other types of hydraulic cement (notably 

aluminous cement) are included in some of the trade data 

(tables 16–18 and 21; some also include data for clinker) and 

within the world production data (table 22). This report’s 

tables exclude supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), 

such as fly ash, other pozzolans, and ground granulated blast 

furnace slag (GGBFS), except to the degree that the SCM are 

incorporated within finished portland (blended) or masonry 

cements or are used as raw feed for clinker manufacture. 

Sales data for blended (also called composite) cements listed 

separately from portland cement are available in the monthly 

Mineral Industry Surveys reports of the U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS).

Most of this report is based on data compiled from USGS 

annual questionnaires sent to cement and clinker manufacturing 

plants and associated distribution facilities and import terminals 

and certain terminals that are independent of U.S. cement 

manufacturers. For 2011, questionnaires were received for 153 

of 157 sites canvassed, a response rate of 97%, which included 

all of the active production facilities. Not all forms were 

returned fully completed, but the data received included 100% 

reporting for production of cement and clinker. Likewise for 

2010, questionnaires were received from 154 of 159 facilities 

canvassed, also a response rate of 97%, which included all of 

the production sites and 100% of production data. Missing 

data were estimated based on monthly data or past annual 

reporting. For both years, the data exclude a few importers that 

did not participate in the surveys. To the degree that they are 

independent of the participating companies, sales by the missing 

importers are estimated at no more than an additional 0.2% of 

the total portland cement sales in 2011 and no more than an 

additional 0.6% in 2010. General background information on 

cement and its manufacture and on the USGS cement canvasses 

is given in van Oss (2005).

Government Programs and Environmental Issues

A variety of Government programs provide funding and 

direction for public sector construction and are thus of 

importance to concrete, and hence cement, consumption 

levels. By comparison to some other construction materials, 

concrete commonly is less sensitive to rapid swings in 

construction spending levels, mainly because of lead times 

preparatory to concrete construction and the common need 

to coordinate between State and Federal agencies. Lackluster 

cement consumption levels in 2011 for public projects, as in 

the preceding 2 years, continued to indicate that little of the 

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 “stimulus” 

funding had been spent on concrete projects. Government 

funding of highway projects was considered inadequate to 

address the need for major repairs and upgrades to the country’s 

infrastructure, but renewed or enhanced-level funding for such 

projects was not attained by yearend 2011.

Past issues of dumping of foreign cement into the U.S. market 

have declined in importance in recent years owing to the major 

recession-related downturn in cement consumption levels 

overall, and a substantial collapse in cement import levels. 

Nevertheless, following a “sunset” review of antidumping duties 

against gray portland cement and clinker imports from Japan, 

the U.S. International Trade Commission (2011) in December 

recommended retention of the duties.

Environmental issues pertaining to the cement industry mostly 

result from the manufacture of the intermediate product called 

clinker. In making clinker, the consumption of large amounts 

of carbonate raw materials and fuels leads to large emissions 

of carbon dioxide (CO2), and can yield significant emissions 

(if not scrubbed out) of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides 

(SOx), mercury and some other metals, volatile organic carbon 

compounds, and particulates. Increasingly, these emissions are 

regulated or are being considered for regulation or reregulation.

The largest volume emissions by far are of CO2; the 

cement industry is one of the leading industrial emitters of 

this greenhouse gas (GHG). Overall, unit emissions CO2 by 
16.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

the U.S. cement industry in 2011 were calculated to be in the 

range of 0.86 to 0.93 metric ton (t) of CO2 per ton of clinker 

produced; the average unit emission was 0.89 t. The high-end 

estimate incorporates fuel combustion emissions calculated 

using “standard” heat values for the fuel quantities consumed 

(table 7), the low-end estimate incorporates heat values actually 

reported by the individual plants. These ratios are significantly 

unchanged from those of 2010, and include a standard emissions 

factor from calcination of limestone of 0.51 t of CO2 per ton of 

clinker as detailed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change (Hanle and others, 2006), but exclude any correction for 

cement kiln dust (CKD) not recycled to the kiln (for which data 

are lacking). The calcination component of CO2 emissions can 

be reduced in the calculation in proportion to the calcium oxide 

contributed by noncarbonate alternative raw materials such as 

ferrous slags and coal combustion ashes. This incorporation 

would allow a reduction of calcination-related emissions 

of about 2.7% (0.8 Mt) in 2011 and 2.5% in 2010. This is 

equivalent to removing the total emissions (including from 

fuels, and without adjustments) of 1.5 “average” U.S. cement 

plants for each year. Relative reductions can be significantly 

larger for the subset of individual plants that actually burn these 

alternative raw materials. Certain fuels, including alternative or 

waste fuels, can either directly reduce plant-level CO2 emissions 

or may be allowed to be deducted from reported combustion 

emissions because they are lower in carbon content per unit 

heat, the fuels are considered to be carbon-neutral (certain 

biofuels), or because credits may be allowed for their use 

(certain waste fuels). Fuel deductions have not been made in 

the averages noted above. Apart from substitution of alternative 

raw materials, plant-level emissions from combustion can 

be reduced through upgrading to more fuel-efficient kiln line 

technology. Unit emissions on a finished product basis can also 

be reduced by use of SCM and crushed limestone or other fillers 

in finished cement and in concrete to reduce the clinker content 

of these products.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) applies 

emissions factors similar to those noted above to USGS data 

on clinker production to calculate and report GHG emissions 

associated with the U.S. cement industry. However, the EPA 

was evaluating transitioning to direct GHG emissions reporting 

for its GHG reporting obligations; beginning in 2011 (2010 

emissions year), the cement industry was required to directly 

report its annual GHG emissions to the EPA. The published 

results of the 2011 emissions year mandatory reporting 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013), combined with 

USGS data for clinker production, calculate, as in 2010, to an 

average unit emission of 0.90 t CO2 per ton of clinker, excluding 

the reported, but very minor, CO2-equivalent emissions of 

methane and nitrous oxide (N2O). This national average is in 

close agreement with the USGS estimate noted above.

A variety of other emissions from cement plants have come 

under stringent regulation in recent years. In 2010, the EPA 

issued (then) final rules pertaining to the national emissions 

standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP), in which new, 

very low, limits on individual plant emissions of mercury, total 

hydrocarbons, particulate matter (as a surrogate for nonvolatile 

metal pollutants), and hydrochloric acid were established 

for cement plants that do not burn hazardous wastes, and, 

separately, published performance standards and emissions 

guidelines for commercial and industrial waste incinerator 

(CISWI) units. The cement industry argued that no U.S. cement 

plants could meet all of the NESHAP standards, that there 

would be confusion as to whether certain waste-burning plants 

would be governed by NESHAP or CISWI standards, and that 

compliance with the new regulations by the stipulated deadline 

(2013) would be essentially impossible for many plants, which 

would then, presumably, have to close. Pertaining to “waste” 

materials, the industry argued that many alternative materials, 

not hitherto classified as wastes, would be reclassified as 

solid wastes and that the plants currently burning them would 

have to either go through the lengthy process of obtaining 

waste-burning permits or would have to cease consuming 

the materials. In March 2011, the EPA published guidance 

as to which nonhazardous materials would be considered to 

be solid wastes and, separately, issued the final rule for the 

CISWI standards (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

2011a, b). Although certain industry (and industry opponent) 

objections to the NESHAP were addressed by the EPA in May 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011c), the Portland 

Cement Association (PCA) issued a challenge to the combined 

new regulations in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of 

Columbia. In the meantime, the U.S. House of Representatives 

issued an act supporting the cement industry (U.S. House of 

Representatives, 2011). In early December, the U.S. Court of 

Appeals ruled in the PCA case that the EPA should reconsider 

some aspects of the NESHAP, but the court left major sections 

of the regulations intact. It was anticipated that some technical 

objections would be resolved by the EPA, but the most 

anticipated change was a 2-year delay in the compliance date to 

September 2015.

Production

In 2011, U.S. production of portland cement increased by 

2.5% to 66.1 Mt (table 3). The increase reflected stronger 

cement sales during the year combined with a continued decline 

in cement imports. Still, with the exception of 2009–10, output 

in 2011 was the lowest since 1991. Production increases and 

declines among districts were mixed, but most declines were 

relatively small. Output declines in the Maine and New York, 

Pennsylvania, and Illinois districts were because of continued 

idle status or outright closure of one plant in each of these 

districts in 2010 or 2011. A major production increase in 

Missouri was because of the continued ramp up of output to 

near capacity levels of one large plant; this facility was able to 

service customers throughout the Mississippi River system and 

thereby offset the loss of production capacity resulting from 

closures or idlings in 2009 of three plants in the same large 

market area. 

 Overall annual production capacity in 2011 declined by 

nearly 1.5 Mt, reflecting permanent closures of the production 

lines at three plants in the districts noted above (the facilities 

continued to act as distribution terminals), and the partial offset 

by a new plant coming online in Arizona; the 2011 plant counts 

reflect these developments. In reality, the plant counts and 

capacities in several districts remain somewhat inflated because 
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.3

of the existence of idle capacity for which no formal closures 

had been announced by yearend 2012. Most idle production 

facilities, however, remained active as distribution terminals. 

Although still very low, production capacity utilization for 

the country increased modestly to 54.3%. Only one district 

(southern Texas) had a capacity utilization approaching “full 

practicable” levels (taken to be 85%). 

Housing construction continued to decline in 2011, which 

again adversely affected sales of masonry cement, and caused 

production of masonry cement to decline by 7.5% to 1.8 Mt 

(table 4), the lowest level since at least 1954 (levels prior to this 

are not comparable owing to incomplete data). 

With multiple subsidiaries of common parents combined 

under the larger subsidiary’s name and with joint ventures 

apportioned, the 10 leading companies at yearend 2011 were, in 

descending order of portland cement production, Holcim (US) 

Inc., CEMEX, Inc., Lehigh Cement Co., Lafarge North America 

Inc., Buzzi Unicem USA Inc. (including Alamo Cement Co.), 

Ash Grove Cement Co., Texas Industries, Inc. (TXI), Essroc 

Cement Corp., Eagle Materials Inc., and CalPortland Co. The 

U.S. industry remained heavily consolidated, with the 5 leading 

cement companies, combined, contributing 57% of total U.S. 

portland cement production, and the 10 leading companies 

accounting for 80% of total production. Of the above named 

companies, all except Ash Grove, Eagle Materials, and TXI 

were foreign owned as of yearend. For the U.S. industry overall, 

about 80% of total cement output and capacity was by foreignowned companies.

Clinker production in 2011 increased by 2.4% to 61.2 Mt 

(tables 1, 5) but, except for 2009−10, was the lowest output 

since 1985. Monthly production (not tabulated in this report) 

was erratic overall, showing year-over-year gains of more 

than 10% in March, November, and December, but declines 

or essentially stagnant outputs in the other months. Apparent 

annual capacity fell by 2.8% to 106 Mt. The apparent decline 

was in part because of the “closure” of plants in New York, 

Pennsylvania, and Illinois, as noted above; the formal closure 

in 2011 of the kilns (idle since 2009) at a plant in California; 

the 2010 closure (credited in 2011) of three wet kilns at a plant 

in Arkansas; and the late 2010 closure of the kilns at a plant 

in Washington. The overall decline was partially offset by 

the opening of a new plant in Arizona. Utilization of capacity 

increased to 58% (from about 55% in 2010), but the utilization 

statistic is heavily dependent on the reported number of days 

of downtime for routine maintenance. As in 2010, many plants 

reported much longer than normal downtimes for this purpose 

in 2011; where this was obvious, corrections were made in both 

years (after consultation with the plants) to remove the extra 

downtime (a result of slow sales) from the statistic. With the 

exception of the southern Texas district (87.5%), all districts 

continued to show capacity utilization rates well below the 

presumed “full practicable” capacity utilization rates of 85% or 

more that have been experienced during years of high cement 

sales volumes. Many plants continued to have one or more kilns 

idle for all or much of the year, and to operate “active” kilns 

on a more intermittent basis than would be expected normally. 

Yearend clinker stockpiles declined by nearly 3% to 4.6 Mt 

(table 5). Along with the strong increases in clinker production 

toward yearend noted above, the stockpile decline could be 

interpreted as largely demand driven, or at least in line with the 

continued idle status of many kilns. However, plants normally 

try to build clinker stockpiles at yearend in anticipation of 

temporary shutdowns for maintenance (typically performed in 

the first 2 months of the following year), and stocks actually 

increased, perhaps for this reason, in a majority of districts. 

In terms of plant (kiln) technology, the count for wet plants 

declined by two owing to closure of plants or their kilns in New 

York and Seattle. The dry plant count dropped by one owing to 

plant closures in California, Pennsylvania, and Illinois being 

offset by a new plant in Arizona and the closure in 2010 of wet 

kilns at a combination (“Both”) plant in Arkansas; the latter 

resulted in the plant being reclassified as dry for 2011.

Table 6 lists the nonfuel raw materials consumed to make 

clinker and cement. Although the ratios among the raw 

materials, and between them and the total cement and clinker 

produced, appear broadly similar for the 2 years shown, the 

consumption for clinker of ferrous feeds appeared to have 

increased significantly, some aluminous feeds appear to have 

declined, and steel slag appears to have increased significantly. 

A significant decline in fly ash for clinker appears partly offset 

by an increase in other combustion ashes and this may merely 

represent misidentification of some of the material. It should 

be noted, however, that apparent changes or substitutions may 

reflect consumption shifts at a relatively small number of plants. 

The significant increase in consumption of fly ash for cement, 

and a strong decrease in consumption for cement of granulated 

blast furnace slag appear to reflect changes in the equivalent 

blended cement sales (table 15).

The consumption data in table 6 for fly ash and other ash 

(for clinker and cement combined) have long been similar 

to those published by the American Coal Ash Association 

(ACAA) regarding fly ash and bottom ash sales to the cement 

industry for making blended cement and clinker. However, 

for fly ash, the ACAA sales in 2010 were 26% lower, and in 

2011 were 36% higher, than the tonnages in table 6 (American 

Coal Ash Association, 2012). For bottom ash, the ACAA 

sales were 18% higher in 2010 and 14% lower in 2011, than 

the comparable tonnages in table 6. It is unclear whether the 

differences represent the timing difference between actual sales 

and consumption (including from stockpiles), or if a significant 

component is misidentified within the USGS survey responses. 

The “Gypsum and anhydrite” data in table 6 include 0.801 Mt 

of synthetic gypsum in 2010 and 0.816 Mt in 2011, but this 

likely underrepresents actual use of the synthetic material 

because the USGS canvass does not require that the two types 

of gypsum be differentiated. In recent years, the USGS data for 

synthetic gypsum have exceeded those reported by the ACAA, 

likely because the ACAA does not survey the cement plants’ 

own production of the synthetic material. However, the ACAA 

reported 1.03 Mt of synthetic gypsum sales to the cement 

industry in 2010 and 0.938 Mt in 2011.

Fuel consumption by the cement industry is shown in table 7. 

Data shifts can reflect activities at just a few plants. In terms of 

overall mass ratios among fuels in total and relative to clinker 

production, a significant decline in 2011 was evident in the ratio 

of petroleum coke to coal consumed. Both wet and dry plants 
16.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

boosted their consumption of natural gas as a running fuel (as 

opposed to use mainly for kiln warm ups) in response to low gas 

prices. The natural gas data for both years include a component 

of landfill gas at two plants. Wet plants appeared to have 

substituted more liquid wastes (including used oils) for fuel oil 

in 2011.

Although not shown in table 7, overall unit heat consumption 

(gross heat basis) in 2011 was about 4.1 billion joules (GJ) per 

metric ton of clinker, significantly unchanged from consumption 

in 2010. Wet kiln plants averaged 7.0 GJ per ton of clinker, up 

by about 4%, and dry kiln plants averaged 3.9 GJ in 2011, down 

by about 2%. It remained unclear whether or not the industry 

overall was experiencing any heat efficiency penalties for the 

common practice in 2010 and 2011 of operating kilns on an 

intermittent basis and with longer overall downtimes than would 

be customary in busy years. Overall, coal continued to supply 

the largest share of total heat consumed (64%), followed by 

petroleum coke (about 17%), and waste fuels (about 10%).

Average unit electricity consumption declined slightly overall 

and for dry plants, but was significantly lower for the remaining 

wet plants (table 8). The improvement appears to reflect the 

higher rate of grinding (cement) capacity utilization noted 

earlier. 

In early October, Argos USA, the U.S. subsidiary of the 

Colombian cement producer Cementos Argos S.A., completed 

the purchase of most of Lafarge’s southeastern U.S. cement 

and concrete assets (Argos USA, 2011). Included within this 

purchase were the 1.6-million-metric-ton-per-year (Mt/yr) 

Roberta, AL, integrated cement plant; the 0.5 Mt/yr Atlanta, GA, 

grinding plant; the 1.1 Mt/yr Harleyville, SC, integrated cement 

plant; and a variety of terminals. Not included in the purchase, 

however, was Lafarge’s cement import terminal at Charleston, 

SC. 

Early in 2011, Drake Cement LLC recorded its first 

production of cement and clinker from its new Drake, AZ, 

integrated plant, completed in late 2010. This was the only new 

producer during 2011. At midyear, CalPortland Co. formally 

closed the production facilities of its Colton, CA, integrated 

plant; the plant’s kilns had been idle for more than a year, but 

its finish mill had remained active. The site was to continue to 

act as a terminal. In June, Holcim indefinitely idled its Catskill, 

NY, integrated plant. Because this plant recorded no production 

in 2011 and was formally announced as closed in March 2012, 

it was removed from the plant count (tables 3, 5) for 2011. In 

October 2011, Lafarge announced the closure of its Fredonia, 

KS, integrated plant in early 2012 (Lafarge North America, Inc., 

2011).

A number of plant upgrade or expansion projects were 

underway during 2011, but no major projects (new or upgraded 

kiln lines or similar) were announced as completed during the 

year nor were new such projects announced. Many plants were 

upgrading their emissions control and monitoring systems ahead 

of the EPA emissions limitations noted earlier. In particular, 

whereas 49 plants reported having some or all kilns without a 

continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) in 2010, only 

12 plants reported having kilns lacking a CEMS in 2011.

Consumption 

This report presents data on cement sales to domestic final 

customers from both the USGS annual canvass (tables 1, 11, 12, 

and 14) and monthly surveys (table 9). Despite close agreement 

in the national totals between the annual and monthly data, 

only table 9 regional breakout tonnages represent State-level 

consumption. The regional breakouts in tables 11, 12, and 14 

simply pertain to the locations of the reporting entities (chiefly 

the production sites), not the locations of consumption. It is very 

common for shipments to cross State lines. 

Sales of portland cement in 2011 increased in all months 

except March and April, relative to the same months in 

2010, and essentially continued a growth trend that began 

in March 2010. The 2.8% rate of increase in domestic sales 

for 2011 overall (table 9) was similar to the 3.1% growth in 

sales for March through December 2010 relative to 2009. 

Notwithstanding the gains, total consumption in 2011 was still 

52 Mt (42%) less than in the peak year of 2005. Only 16 States 

showed consumption declines of 1% or more in 2011; the largest 

decline was in Louisiana (down by 14.4%) and likely reflected, 

in part, severe rainfall from tropical storm Lee. Several States 

showed consumption gains of 10% or more; the largest relative 

increases were in the District of Columbia, a 63% increase, and 

North Dakota, up by 46%. Per-capita consumption of portland 

cement was 221 kg in 2011, significantly unchanged from 

that of 2009–10. This remained the lowest level since 1947 

and was well below the 413 kg per capita level for the record 

consumption year of 2005. Masonry cement consumption 

decreased by 4.1% to 1.8 Mt (table 9), the lowest level 

since 1946 and only about one-third the level in the record 

consumption year of 2005.

As noted earlier, a few importers do not participate in the 

USGS annual cement canvass, and their sales—to the degree 

that they were made to final customers and not to other 

(reporting) cement companies—are missing from the data in this 

report. An estimate of the missing sales volumes can be made 

by comparing the U.S. Census Bureau trade data (tables 17 and 

21) with the USGS data for import origins of sales (table 9). 

Excluding imports from France—largely into Norfolk, VA, and 

likely all aluminous cement or its clinker—the Census “excess” 

for 2011 was only about 0.03 Mt. However, this result appears 

to be too small, based on known gaps in the USGS sales data 

relating to the imports (table 18) from, especially, the Republic 

of Korea into the Philadelphia, PA, customs district, and lesser 

amounts of cement into other districts from other countries. 

Adjusting for these, and for stockpile changes at importers, it is 

estimated that the annual sales tables are missing about 0.2 Mt 

(about 0.2%) of portland cement sales in 2011 and about 0.4 Mt 

(about 0.6%) in 2010.

Regional breakouts of price data (as mill net values) are 

listed in tables 11 and 12; again, table 9 gives a better indication 

of State-level consumption tonnages. As in table 9, regional 

portland cement sales tonnages in table 11 reveal a mix of 

increases and decreases in 2011, but show a modest increase 

overall. Price changes commonly lag changes in sales volumes 
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.5

because of the common existence of long-term pricing contracts. 

Despite the higher sales volumes, unit prices in 2011 fell in 

all but three districts and the overall price for the country 

declined by 3.3%. Although modest compared with the nearly 

7% decrease ($6.50 per metric ton) in 2010 relative to 2009, 

the price decline in 2011 completely offset the sales tonnage 

increase in terms of overall revenues. Price shifts for masonry 

cement (table 12) are difficult to evaluate because of the high, 

but variable, percentage of sales that are in bag or package form 

rather than the much cheaper bulk form; the split between bag 

and bulk sales is not reported to the USGS. As listed, the unit 

price for masonry cement increased by nearly 2% despite a 5% 

decline in sales volumes.

Table 10 lists sales of portland cement by mode of 

transportation. Major changes evident in 2011 are a greater 

reliance on rail and barge transport for the loading of terminals 

by the plants and, in terms of sales to final customers, greater 

reliance on terminals. Assuming correct reporting, waterborne 

shipments from terminals were significantly higher in 2011 than 

in recent years. In contrast, shipments by rail to final customers 

declined significantly.

Within a given category of construction, cement consumption 

levels broadly reflect levels of construction spending, but 

significant time lags may exist between the onset or cutoff of 

spending and changes in the consumption of cement. In terms of 

1996 constant dollars, overall construction spending in 2011 fell 

by 5.4% to about $476 billion (Portland Cement Association, 

2013). Public sector construction remained the largest share 

of the total at $163 billion, down by 10.5%; within this sector, 

construction spending for buildings declined by 6.9% to $63 

billion, spending for roads decreased by 9.0% to $44 billion, 

and sewage and waste disposal expenditures declined by 13.5% 

to about $14 billion. With single-family housing starts stagnant, 

residential construction spending was $160 billion, down by 

2.6%, and nonresidential building construction spending was 

$88 billion, down by 6.7%. Given these spending declines, 

the higher cement sales tonnages noted above for 2011 point 

to an apparent increase in cement or concrete “intensity” 

of construction. Higher cement intensity can result from 

shifts in spending from repairs to new construction (more 

concrete-intensive), more projects in their actual concrete-use 

phase, or less expensive cement or concrete or other perceived 

advantages of concrete over competing construction materials. 

Although the statistic is fraught with variables (including 

variation among types of construction), a crude indicator of 

overall cement intensity would simply divide total construction 

spending by the total tons of portland and masonry cement 

consumed overall; in 2011, this would calculate to 152 t of 

cement consumed per million dollars, compared with 140 t in 

2010. The ratio for 2011 significantly exceeds those of the peak 

(total tonnage) consumption years of 2005 (146 t) and 2006 

(145 t).

Portland cement sales in 2011 are broken out by customer 

type in table 14. Ready-mixed concrete producers, as listed, 

accounted for 70% of total shipments, but the true percentage 

to this customer type was larger (probably about 75%) 

because some sales were reported under other types, such as 

airport and road paving contractors, which also made use of 

ready-mixed concrete; likewise, sales to these contractors could 

be underreported. As listed on table 14, sales to ready-mixed 

customers increased by 3.8%, sales to airport contractors 

declined by 39%, and sales to road paving contractors declined 

by nearly 10%. Sales to contractors overall declined by 11%. 

Among concrete product manufacturers, sales to brick and block 

makers decreased by 12%, those to precast and prestressed 

slab makers increased by nearly 14%, and sales to pipe 

manufacturers decreased by nearly 7%; these shifts are difficult 

to evaluate because of a 6% increase in sales to “Other and 

unspecified” product manufacturers and the increase is likely 

mainly in the “unspecified” characterization. Sales to the smaller 

categories of customers may be underrepresented because some 

respondents seem to report only broad categories. As listed, 

sales into the mining sector decreased by nearly 3%, in contrast 

to generally higher commodity (and mine output tonnages) 

during the year. Sales into the mining sector were reported by 

relatively few respondents and the decline may reflect sales 

tonnage shifts at just a few locations. Sales of cement for oil 

well (and gas well) drilling increased by 26%; this is in line with 

a 21.5% increase in the average weekly rig count in 2011 

(Baker Hughes, 2013). Cement sales for waste stabilization 

increased by 19%, in contrast to the decline in spending for the 

category “sewage and waste disposal” noted above.

Table 15 lists the sales breakout of the various cements 

included within “portland cement” in this report. As in past 

years, sales in 2011 were dominated by Types I and II cements 

and sulfate-resistant varieties of cement (Type V and Type II/V 

hybrids reported as Type V); these also included equivalent 

cements sold under the specifications of ASTM C–1157. 

Assignment between “General use and moderate heat” cements 

and “Sulfate resisting” categories is somewhat artificial because 

some hybrid cements are listed as meeting the standards for 

both Type II (or I, II) and Type V (such as II, V) cements; these 

are supposed to be included under “Sulfate resisting” cements 

but may not always be so reported. As listed, “Type V” sales 

increased by 8%. Oil well cement sales increased by nearly 

35%, which is a higher relative increase than the sales to oil 

(and gas) well drillers noted above and may imply an increase 

in the proportion of deep wells requiring specialized oil well 

cements; shallower wells can make use of ordinary grades of 

portland cement. 

Sales of blended cements declined by 15% to 1.33 Mt overall 

in contrast with a 21% increase in 2010. However, USGS 

monthly data show blended cement sales in 2011 of 1.43 Mt, 

down by 23%. It remains uncertain why this difference 

exists, but it most likely relates to continued inconsistencies 

in characterizing cement sold under the general performance 

standard ASTM C–1157, which at one time applied only to 

blended cements but which now applies to hydraulic cements 

in general, and which allows for cements having limestone 

additions to be variously classified. There can be reporting 

uncertainties related to the classification of ternary blended 

cements (those containing more than one type of SCM). As 

listed in table 15, sales of blends with GGBFS declined by 

nearly 29%, and this is in line with an overall 4% decline 

in granulated slag sales, including direct sales of unblended 

GGBFS directly to the concrete industry, noted in the 2011 
16.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

USGS iron and steel slag survey. In contrast, sales of fly ash 

blends increased by nearly 23%.

Foreign Trade

Trade data supplied from the U.S. Census Bureau are listed 

in tables 16–21. Exports (table 16) increased in 2011 by 20% to 

about 1.4 Mt, the highest level in more than 60 years. Despite 

the increase, exports remained a very small part of total sales by 

the U.S. industry and continued to be small compared to cement 

imports. Canada remained the main destination for U.S. exports, 

accounting for 71% of the 2011 total. 

Total imports of cement and clinker in 2011 decreased by 

3.1% to 6.4 Mt (tables 1, 17), continuing a trend of decline 

since the record importation year of 2006 (35.6 Mt). Most of 

the imports were of gray portland cement, and major tonnage 

declines were seen in the imports from China, Colombia, Greece 

(nil in 2011), and Taiwan. Imports from the Republic of Korea 

increased significantly. As in 2010, Canada remained by far the 

largest import source. 

Official imports of white cement are listed in table 20. In 

many past years, and based on unexpectedly low unit values, the 

data appeared to have included some gray cement or clinker; the 

apparent errors likely were because of the use of the wrong tariff 

code by importers. Although unit value data for 2010 indicate 

the possible inclusion of some gray cement in the “white” 

imports from China, no low-unit-value anomalies are evident in 

the data for 2011. Overall, imports of white cement increased 

by 8.7%; this increase was expected given that the United States 

has only had two white cement plants in operation since 2008, 

but the increase is in contrast to relatively stagnant white cement 

sales indicated in table 15 and little change in white cement 

production. The apparent excess in imports is partly explained 

by white cement also being used for some masonry cement (not 

included in table 15) and as a basis for some colored cement that 

may have been included as gray portland.

Imports of clinker declined slightly to 0.61 Mt (table 21), 

but the data are incomplete with regard to overland imports 

from Canada; the tonnages listed are insufficient to have 

fully supplied Canadian-clinker-dependant grinding plants in 

Michigan and Washington. The annual deficit is estimated to be 

about 0.2 Mt in both 2010 and 2011. The unreported Canadian 

clinker appears mostly to have come in by truck, at a value of 

less than $2,000 (customs value) per truckload; such shipments 

are classified as “informal entries” and data on them are not 

routinely transmitted by the U.S. Customs Service to the U.S. 

Census Bureau for recordation into the official trade data 

(reproduced in tables 17–21). This problem presumably does not 

exist for imports by rail or by ship because these shipments are 

larger. 

For cement and clinker combined, the 10 busiest customs 

districts of entry in 2011 were, in descending order of tonnage, 

Seattle, WA; Detroit, MI; Houston-Galveston, TX; Buffalo, NY; 

Cleveland, OH; Columbia-Snake, ID, OR, and WA; Honolulu, 

HI; El Paso, TX; Pembina, ND; and Ogdensburg, NY (table 18). 

These leading districts accounted for about 77% of the total 

imports for the year. 

World Review

World hydraulic cement production data are provided in 

table 22. The data for most countries include all forms of 

hydraulic cement; however, the data for the United States 

are for portland and masonry cement only and data for some 

other countries may be incomplete. For some countries, the 

production data may include exports of clinker.

World cement output in 2011 was an estimated 3.6 Gt, up by 

10.4%. Production was from more than 150 countries. China 

continued to be by far the world’s leading producer, with an 

output of almost 2.1 Gt, up by about 15%, and accounting for 

58% of the world total. 

The remaining top 20 producers in 2011 were, in descending 

order, India, the United States, Brazil, Turkey, Iran, Vietnam, 

Russia, Japan, Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Korea, Egypt, 

Thailand, Mexico, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, Indonesia, Spain, 

and Algeria. Cumulatively, the top 5 countries accounted for 

70% of total world output; the top 10 countries, about 78%; and 

the top 20 countries, about 87%. 

Regionally, Asia and the Pacific accounted for 74% of world 

production, including 8 of the 20 leading producing countries, 

and had the highest growth rate of all regions. The Middle East 

(including Turkey) was the next ranked producing region, with 

6.5% of the 2011 total, and was followed by Western Europe, 

at 4.7%; Africa, at 4.0%; Central and South America (including 

the Caribbean), 3.7%; North America (including Mexico), 3.2%; 

the Commonwealth of Independent States, 2.6%; and Eastern 

Europe, 1.3%.

Outlook 

Although cement sales in 2011 rose only modestly, portland 

cement sales for the fourth quarter were up by 7.5% and, 

together with increases in housing starts late in the year and 

some other economic indicators of recovery from the recession, 

it was anticipated that cement sales might increase by as much 

as 10% in 2012. This would still be well below the consumption 

level in 2008, and a return to consumption levels similar to the 

record years of 2005 and 2006 was not expected for at least a 

decade and only if the housing market and tax revenues to States 

(and hence public sector construction) recovered substantially. 

However, at such time that annual consumption returned to 

levels of 110 Mt or more, it was unclear if there would be 

sufficient remaining domestic production capacity to meet the 

higher demand given that stringent emissions restrictions were 

likely to lead to a large number of older plants closing and to 

discourage the construction of new plants. It was likely that an 

increasing share of domestic consumption would thus need to be 

met with imported cement. Domestic capacity was expected to 

be given an artificial boost by a broadening of cement standards 

to allow for more incorporation of SCM and other additions. 

Recent acceptance in Canada of portland-limestone cements 

(containing up to 15% ground limestone addition) was expected 

to lead to U.S. cement standards being revised to allow for 

such cements as well. Limestone addition was viewed as a 

relatively easy way to boost cement production capacity, using 
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.7

an abundant, low “carbon-footprint,” resource, without having 

to increase clinker production capacity.

Given their recent rapid rise in production, Brazil, Iran, 

Russia, Turkey, and Vietnam all appeared poised to possibly 

overtake the United States in cement output within the next 5 

years.

References Cited

American Coal Ash Association, 2012, 2011 coal combustion product (CCP) 

production and use survey report: Farmington Hills, MI, American Coal Ash 

Association fact sheet, 1 p. (Accessed January 25, 2013, at

http://www.acaa-usa.org/associations/8003/files/Final2011CCPSurvey.pdf.)

Argos USA, 2011, Argos creates leading integrated southeastern U.S. cement 

and ready mix platform with $760 million purchase: Houston, TX, Argos 

USA press release, May 1, 1 p. (Accessed March 8, 2013, at http://

www.argos-us.com/newsflash/indivArticle.asp?Mode=View&articleid=11&C

ategory=All&id=251.)

Baker Hughes, 2013, North America rotary rig counts through 2012: North 

America rig count archive. (Accessed March 1, 2013, at http://

phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=79687&p=irol-reportsother.)

Hanle, Lisa, Maldonado, Pedro, Onuma, Eiichi, Tichy, Milos, and van Oss, 

H.G., 2006, Mineral industry emissions, chap. 2 in Eggleston, Simon, 

Buenda, Leandro, Miwa, Kyoko, Ngara, Todd, and Tanabe, Kiyoto, eds., 

Industrial processes and product use: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 

Change, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 

v. 3, CD-ROM.

Lafarge North America, Inc., 2011, Lafarge announces plans to close its 

Fredonia, KS cement plant: Fredonia, KS, Lafarge North America press 

release, October 14, 1 p. (Accessed March 8, 2013, at http://

www.lafarge-na.com/wps/portal/na/en/1_8_2-Archive_NewsDetail?WCM_

GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connectlib_na/Site_na/AllPR_Archives/

PressRelease_1320178916305/PR_Header.)

Portland Cement Association, 2013, Construction put in place: Monitor, v. 23, 

no. 2, February, p. 10.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011a, 40 CFR Part 241—Identification 

of non-hazardous secondary materials that are solid waste: Federal Register, 

March 21, v. 76, p. 15456−15551.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011b, 40 CFR Part 60—Standards of 

performance for new stationary sources and emissions guidelines for existing 

sources—Commercial and industrial solid waste incinerator units (Final rule): 

Federal Register, March 21, v. 76, p. 15704−15790.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011c, 40 CFR Parts 60 and 63—

National emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants from the portland 

cement manufacturing industry and standards of performance for portland 

cement plants: Federal Register, May 17, v. 76, p. 28318−28326.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013, Greenhouse gas reporting 

program—2011 data sets: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (Accessed 

February 28, 2013, via http://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/ghgdata/

2011data.html.)

U.S. House of Representatives, 2011, Cement sector regulatory relief act of 

2011: U.S. House of Representatives, September 26, Report 112–227, 22 p.

U.S. International Trade Commission, 2011, Gray portland cement and cement 

clinker from Japan: U.S. International Trade Commission, Investigation No. 

731–TA–461 (Third review), December, Pub. 4281, 118 p.

van Oss, H.G., 2005, Background facts and issues concerning cement and 

cement data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1152, 88 p. 

(Accessed January 2, 2012, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1152/.)

GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

U.S. Geological Survey Publications

Cement. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual.

Cement. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly.

Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in 

the United States, Data Series 140.

Other

American Coal Ash Association, annual survey.

Cement. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau of 

Mines Bulletin 675, 1985.

Cement Americas, bimonthly.

Concrete Products, monthly. 

European Cement Association, The.

Global Cement Magazine, monthly.

International Cement Review, monthly.

North American Cement Directory, Cement Americas, annual.

Portland Cement Association:

 Monitor, The, monthly.

 North American Cement Industry Annual Yearbook. 

 U.S. and Canadian Portland Cement Industry, Plant 

 Information Summary, annual.

Rock Products, monthly.

Slag Cement Association, annual survey.

World Cement, monthly.
16.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Production:

Cement3 95,464 86,310 63,907 66,447 r 67,895

Clinker 86,130 78,382 56,116 59,802 61,241

Shipments from mills and terminals:3, 4, 5

Quantity 114,000 96,700 71,000 70,300 72,100

Value6 thousand dollars 11,900,000 9,990,000 7,020,000 6,490,000 r 6,440,000

Average value6 dollars per metric ton 104.00 103.50 99.00 92.00 89.50

Stocks, yearend:

Cement 8,890 8,360 6,080 6,180 6,270

Clinker 6,550 7,070 5,130 4,760 4,620

exports 886 7 823 884 1,178 1,414

Imports:8

Cement 21,496 10,744 6,211 6,013 5,812

Clinker 972 621 556 613 606

total9 22,468 11,365 6,767 6,626 6,418

Consumption, apparent10 116,550 96,760 71,510 71,180 r 72,200

World productione, 11 2,810,000 2,850,000 3,030,000 3,270,000 r 3,610,000

tABLe 1

SALIent Cement StAtIStICS FOR tHe UnIteD StAteS1, 2 

(thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

e

estimated. rRevised. 1

Unless otherwise indicated, data are for portland (including blended) and masonry cements only. even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be

accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

excludes Puerto Rico.

3

Includes cement made from imported clinker. Includes a double-counted component (less than 0.5% per year) of portland cement subsequently converted at the 

plants to masonry cement; because of the involvement of stockpiles, the precise amount converted from actual production 

cannot be determined.

9

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

10Production (including that from imported clinker) of cement plus imports of hydraulic cement minus exports of hydraulic cement minus the change in yearend 

cement stocks. 

11total hydraulic cement. may include clinker exports for some countries.

4

Includes imported cement.

5

Shipments to final domestic customers. Data are from an annual survey of plants and terminals and may differ from the totals in table 9, which are based on 

consolidated monthly surveys from companies.

6

Value free on board mill or independently reporting terminal.

7

Official export data for 2007 have been corrected to remove an apparent excess of 653,255 metric tons of aluminous cement from Laredo, tX. 

8

All forms of hydraulic cement or clinker.

State subdivision Defining counties

California, northern Alpine, Fresno, Kings, madera, mariposa, monterey, tulare, tuolumne, and all counties farther north.

California, southern Inyo, Kern, mono, San Luis Obispo, and all counties farther south.

Illinois, excluding Chicago All counties other than those in metropolitan Chicago.

Illinois, metropolitan Chicago Cook, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Lake, mcHenry, and Will Counties in Illinois.

new York, eastern Delaware, Franklin, Hamilton, Herkimer, Otsego, and all counties farther east and south, except those within 

metropolitan new York.

new York, western Broome, Chenango, Lewis, madison, Oneida, St. Lawrence, and all counties farther west.

new York, metropolitan new York City (Bronx, Kings, new York, Queens, and Richmond), nassau, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester.

Pennsylvania, eastern Adams, Cumberland, Juniata, Lycoming, mifflin, Perry, tioga, Union, and all counties farther east.

Pennsylvania, western Centre, Clinton, Franklin, Huntingdon, Potter, and all counties farther west.

texas, northern Angelina, Bell, Concho, Crane, Culberson, el Paso, Falls, Houston, Hudspeth, Irion, Lampasas, Leon, Limestone,

 mcCulloch, Reagan, Reeves, Sabine, San Augustine, San Saba, tom Green, trinity, Upton, Ward,

 and all counties farther north.

texas, southern Brazos, Burnet, Crockett, Jasper, Jeff Davis, Llano, Madison, Mason, Menard, Milam, Newton, Pecos, Polk, 

Robertson, San Jacinto, Schleicher, tyler, Walker, Williamson, and all counties farther south.

tABLe 2

COUntY BASIS OF SUBDIVISIOn OF StAteS In Cement tABLeS
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.9 number Grinding Percentage Yearend number Grinding Percentage Yearend District2 of plants Production3 capacity4 utilized5 stocks6 of plants Production3 capacity4 utilized5 stocks6 maine and new York 5 2,122 4,236 50.1 198 4 1,981 3,687 53.7 203 Pennsylvania 9 3,382 6,790 7 49.8 7 346 8 3,270 6,020 7 54.3 7 311 Illinois 3 1,620 2,755 58.8 235 2 1,398 2,017 69.3 225 Indiana 4 2,473 3,745 66.0 219 4 2,292 3,745 61.2 190 michigan 4 3,482 5,530 63.0 230 4 3,475 5,530 62.8 302 Ohio 2 627 1,166 53.8 56 2 636 1,166 54.6 26 Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota 5 2,677 5,840 7 45.8 7 257 5 2,930 5,824 50.3 7 313 Kansas 3 1,824 3,572 r 51.1 r 240 3 1,568 3,572 43.9 237 missouri 5 6,469 10,817 59.8 661 5 7,054 11,319 62.3 748 7 Florida 8 r 3,380 r, 8 9,970 r, 7 34.0 r, 7 306 8 3,306 8 9,970 7 33.2 7 264 Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 6 4,305 7,906 54.5 418 6 4,786 8,225 58.2 322 South Carolina 3 2,048 5,085 40.3 114 3 2,482 5,085 48.8 100 Alabama 5 3,286 7,292 45.1 266 5 5,217 9 10,594 9 49.2 9 514 9 Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 4 2,193 3,702 59.2 268 4 W 9 W 9 W 9 W 9 Arkansas and Oklahoma 4 2,012 4,078 49.3 165 4 1,933 3,655 52.9 148 texas, northern 6 3,867 7,765 49.8 176 6 3,983 7,765 51.3 220 texas, southern 6 5,000 6,185 80.9 214 6 5,220 6,334 82.4 257 Arizona and New Mexico 3 1,244 3,116 39.9 98 4 1,243 3,715 33.5 126 Colorado and Wyoming 4 2,333 4,517 51.7 114 4 2,437 4,517 54.0 166 Idaho, montana, nevada, Utah 6 2,055 3,725 55.2 146 6 2,184 3,728 58.6 136 Alaska and Hawaii -- -- -- -- 66 -- -- -- -- 97 California 10 6,945 12,851 54.0 422 7 10 7,730 12,851 60.1 431 7 Oregon and Washington 4 1,200 2,435 49.3 269 4 1,012 2,435 41.5 235 Importers10 -- -- -- -- 269 7 -- -- -- -- 302 7 total11 109 r 64,546 r 123,000 r, 7 52.4 r 5,750 7 107 66,136 122,000 7 54.3 7 5,860 7 Puerto Rico 2 755 1,780 42.4 49 2 744 1,780 41.8 23 Grand total11 111 r 65,301 r 125,000 r, 7 52.3 r 5,800 7 109 66,880 124,000 7 54.1 7 5,880 7 involvement of cement stockpiles, but is less than 0.5% of the grand totals listed. tABLe 3 PORtLAnD AnD BLenDeD Cement PRODUCtIOn, CAPACItY, AnD StOCKS In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY DIStRICt1 (thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified) 2010 2011

rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in “total.” -- Zero.

1even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. Includes data for white cement. Includes cement made from imported clinker.2District assignation is the location of the reporting facilities. Specific districts include importers where district assignations were possible.3Production data include a small amount of portland cement subsequently consumed at the plant to make masonry cement; the amount thus double-counted cannot be determined precisely because of the 4Grinding capacity is based on fineness needed to produce a plant’s normal output mix, including masonry cement, and allowing for downtime for routine maintenance.8Production data have been adjusted to avoid double-counting of portland cement supplied by one plant to another for the sole purpose of conversion to blended and masonry cement.9For 2011, data for Kentucky, mississippi, and tennessee are included with those for Alabama. 10Data include only those importers or terminals for which district assignations were not possible.

11Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

5Calculated relative to portland cement output; utilization would be higher if calculated to include output of masonry cement.6Includes imported cement and stocks of domestic and imported cement at mills, terminals, and in transit.7Data include estimates for nonrespondents or incompletely reporting facilities.
16.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

number number

of active Yearend of active Yearend

District2 plants Production3 stocks4 plants Production3 stocks4

maine and new York 4 40 14 3 39 15

Pennsylvania 8 147 41 7 141 44

Indiana and Ohio 6 260 59 6 232 42

michigan 3 83 24 3 61 22

Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota 1 W W -- W W

Kansas 2 W W 2 W W

missouri 1 W W 1 W W

Florida 6 198 42 6 188 43

Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 6 251 42 6 233 43

South Carolina 3 152 17 3 143 15

Alabama 4 191 47 4 211 5 57 5

Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 3 W W 3 W 5 W 5

Arkansas and Oklahoma 4 92 17 3 82 15

texas 8 199 22 7 187 20

Arizona and New Mexico 3 W W 3 W W

Colorado and Wyoming 2 W W 1 W W

Idaho, montana, nevada, Utah 1 W W 1 W W

California 6 178 32 6 6 170 36

Importers7 -- -- 9 6 -- -- 3 6

total8 71 1,901 427 6 65 1,759 396 6

tABLe 4

mASOnRY Cement PRODUCtIOn AnD StOCKS In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY DIStRICt1

(thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

2010 2011

5

For 2011, data for Kentucky, mississippi, and tennessee are included with those for Alabama.

6

Data include estimates for nonrespondents or incompletely reporting facilities.

7

Data include only those importers or terminals for which district assignations were not possible.

8

Data may not add totals shown because of independent rounding.

W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in “total.” -- Zero.

1

Includes masonry, portland-lime, plastic, and stucco cements. even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than 

three significant digits.

2

District assignation is the location of the reporting facilities. Specific districts include importers where district assignations were possible.

3

Includes cement produced from imported clinker.

4

Includes imported cement.
Cement—2011 [ADVAN

CE RELEASE] 16.11

Daily Average Apparent annual Yearend

capacity4, 5 days of capacity4, 7 Production Percentage stocks

number (thousand routine (thousand (thousand of capacity (thousand

District Wet Dry Both3 total of kilns4 metric tons) maintenance6 metric tons) metric tons) utilized metric tons)

maine and new York 1 2 -- 3 4 9.6 30.6 3,225 1,897 58.8 160 8Pennsylvania 2 5 -- 7 11 16.9 24.5 8 5,650 8 3,145 55.7 8 279Illinois -- 2 -- 2 3 6.4 22.1 2,180 1,337 61.3 145

Indiana 1 3 9 -- 4 8 10.2 24.0 8 3,490 8 2,254 64.7 8 117

michigan -- 2 -- 2 6 11.2 32.7 8 3,690 8 2,622 71.1 8 167

Ohio 1 1 -- 2 3 3.4 11.9 1,192 560 47.0 31

Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota -- 4 1 5 9 14.1 15.3 8 4,830 8 2,693 55.8 8 158

Kansas 1 2 -- 3 5 8.5 24.2 2,894 1,631 56.4 72

missouri -- 5 -- 5 5 28.8 31.0 9,558 6,445 67.4 215

Florida -- 7 -- 7 10 26.1 10.2 8 9,280 8 3,029 32.6 8 341

Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia -- 5 -- 5 5 19.4 27.0 8 6,570 8 4,557 69.3 8 292South Carolina -- 3 -- 3 3 12.2 32.7 8 4,070 8 2,363 58.1 8 265Alabama, Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 1 8 -- 9 9 27.9 20.4 9,577 4,989 52.1 240

Arkansas and Oklahoma 1 3 -- 4 8 9.9 21.7 3,379 1,643 48.6 99

texas, northern 2 4 -- 6 12 19.0 18.1 6,591 3,580 54.3 235

texas, southern -- 5 -- 5 6 16.1 19.0 8 5,600 8 4,900 87.5 8 272

Arizona and New Mexico -- 4 -- 4 8 10.4 12.9 3,589 1,204 33.6 220

Colorado and Wyoming -- 4 -- 4 5 11.5 16.6 3,927 2,277 58.0 264

Idaho, montana, nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington 3 5 -- 8 10 13.4 25.0 * 4,516 2,922 64.7 315

California -- 8 -- 8 9 34.8 23.6 11,836 7,193 60.8 621

total10 13 82 1 96 139 309.9 21.4 8 106,000 8 61,241 58.0 8 4,620 8

Puerto Rico -- 2 -- 2 2 5.3 42.5 8 1,731 8 662 38.2 8 89

Grand total10 13 84 1 98 141 315.2 21.7 8 107,000 8 61,903 57.7 8 4,710 8

9Includes one semiwet kiln.

10Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

*Correction posted June 12, 2013.

-- Zero.

1even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.2Includes white cement plants and all plants (gray or white) that produced clinker for at least 1 day during the year.3Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year.4Includes kilns active for at least 1 day during the year. For kilns idle all year, excludes those that cannot be restarted, fully permitted, in less than 6 months.5Sum of reported kiln capacities for all plants in a district.6total days of routine maintenance (summed for all kilns) divided by the number of kilns.7Sum of apparent annual capacities for all kilns. For each kiln, the statistic is calculated as 365 days minus days reported for routine maintenance and then multiplied by the unrounded daily capacity.8Data contain estimates for some facilities and have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.

Process used

tABLe 5

CLInKeR CAPACItY AnD PRODUCtIOn In tHe UnIteD StAteS In 2011, BY DIStRICt1

number of active plants2
16.12 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

 materials Clinker Cement3 Clinker Cement3

Calcareous:

Limestone (aragonite, chalk, coral, marble) 78,500 1,550 80,000 1,500

Cement rock (includes marl) 7,500 30 8,070 23

Cement kiln dust (CKD)4 256 141 391 131

Lime4 20 17 17 53

Other 47 13 86 8

Aluminous:

Clay 2,830 -- 2,820 --

Shale and schist 2,370 13 2,250 36

Other5 478 -- 387 --

Ferrous:

Iron ore 501 -- 544 --

mill scale 522 -- 659 --

Other6 19 -- 15 --

Siliceous:

Sand, calcium silicates 2,830 -- 2,850 --

Sandstone, quartzite, soils, nonpozzolanic rocks 506 -- 481 --

Fly ash 2,430 85 2,380 118

Other ash, including bottom ash 727 -- 891 --

Granulated blast furnace slag7 70 235 47 217

Other blast furnace slag 30 -- 42 --

Steel slag 238 -- 296 --

Other slag 165 2 47 5

Natural rock pozzolans8 -- 20 -- 33

Other pozzolans9 9 1 18 1

Other:

Gypsum and anhydrite (10) 3,550 (10) 3,640

Other11 62 61 57 59

total12 100,000 5,720 102,000 5,820

Clinker, imported, raw materials equivalent13 -- 1,190 -- 1,190

Grand total12 100,000 6,910 102,000 7,010

tABLe 6

RAW mAteRIALS USeD tO PRODUCe CLInKeR AnD Cement In tHe UnIteD StAteS1, 2

(thousand metric tons)

2010 2011

-- Zero.

1

excludes Puerto Rico.

2

Data have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.

3

Includes portland, blended, and masonry cements.

4

Data are probably underreported.

5

Includes alumina, aluminum dross, bauxite, spent catalysts, and other aluminous materials.

12Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

13Converted as 1.7 times the weight of foreign clinker consumed.

6

Includes iron sludges, pyrite, and other ferrous materials.

7

Includes both ground (GGBFS) and unground material.

8

Includes pozzolana and burned clays or shales (except where directly reported as clay or shale).

9

Includes diatomite, silica fume, other microcrystalline silica, and other pozzolans, even if not used as such.

10Included with Calcareous: Other.

11Includes fluorspar and all other materials not listed earlier.
Cement—2011 [ADVAN

CE RELEASE] 16.13

Quantity Coal4 Petcoke Oil5 natural gas6 tires Solid Liquid

number (thousand Percentage (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand (thousand

Kiln process of plants metric tons) of total metric tons) metric tons) liters) cubic meters) metric tons) metric tons) liters)

2010:

Wet 15 3,918 6.6 498 148 6,480 27,200 52 59 229,000

Dry7 83 54,600 91.3 5,110 1,320 24,100 252,300 r 270 351 639,000Both8 2 1,285 2.1 194 -- -- 7,260 -- -- 41,300

total9 100 59,802 100.0 5,810 1,470 30,500 287,000 322 411 909,000

2011:

Wet 13 3,774 6.2 522 98 1,660 61,500 55 78 231,000

Dry7, 10 82 57,467 93.8 5,530 1,190 20,000 319,600 265 622 872,000Both8, 10 1 W W W W W W W W W

total9 96 61,241 100.0 6,050 1,290 53,900 381,000 320 699 1,100,000

tABLe 7

CLInKeR PRODUCeD AnD FUeL COnSUmeD BY tHe U.S. Cement InDUStRY, BY KILn PROCeSS1

Clinker production2 Conventional fuels3 Waste fuels3

rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. -- Zero.

1excludes Puerto Rico.2Clinker production data are all reported. Although unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.3With the exception of natural gas (for better summation), all fuel data have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.4All reported to be bituminous.5Distilliate and residual fuel oils. excludes used oils that were reported under liquid wastes.6Includes landfill gas and propane.7Includes one semiwet plant. Also, for 2010, includes one plant that operated a dry kiln, but also had idle wet kilns that were officially closed during the year. 8Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year. Includes plants that converted from wet to dry technology during the year.

For 2010, excludes one plant as noted in footnote 7.

9Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.10For 2011, data for the category “Both” have been included in those for “Dry” plants to protect company proprietary information.
16.14 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011 Average Cement consumption Quantity Quantity Quantity produced4 (kilowatthours number (million number (million number (million Percentage (thousand per ton of Plant process of plants kilowatthours) of plants kilowatthours) of plants kilowatthours) of total metric tons) cement produced) 2010: Integrated plants: Wet -- -- 15 621 15 621 7 4,277 145 Dry5 3 226 85 6 8,470 85 6 8,700 91 59,654 146 Both7 -- -- 2 205 2 205 2 1,377 149 total or average3 3 226 102 6 9,300 102 6 9,520 100 65,309 146 Grinding plants8 -- -- 5 r 96 5 r 96 -- 965 100 exclusions9 -- -- 3 XX 3 XX -- 173 r XX 2011: Integrated plants: Wet -- -- 13 586 13 586 6 4,227 139 Dry5, 10 2 238 84 6 8,760 84 6 9,000 94 62,643 144 Both7, 10 -- -- 1 W 1 W

W

W

W

total or average3 2 238 98 6 9,350 98 6 9,590 100 66,869 143

Grinding plants8 -- -- 5 96 5 92 -- 917 100

exclusions9 -- -- 3 XX 3 XX -- 109 XX

tABLe 8

eLeCtRICItY COnSUmeD BY U.S. Cement PLAntS, BY KILn PROCeSS1

electricity consumed2

Generated Purchased total3

rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. XX not applicable. -- Zero. 1excludes Puerto Rico.2electricity data are rounded to no more than three significant digits because they contain estimates.3Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.4Portland and masonry cement. Data are all reported and are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.5Includes one semiwet plant. Also, for 2010, includes one plant that operated a dry kiln, but also had idle wet kilns that were officially closed during the year.10For 2011, data for the category “Both” have been included in those for “Dry” plants to protect company proprietary information.6Includes two grinding plants whose data were included with the integrated plants. 7Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year. Includes plants that converted from wet to dry technology during the year. For 2010,

excludes one plant as noted in footnote 5.

8Plants that did not produce clinker but ground clinker from outside sources. excludes plants that only made masonry cement or just reground one type of portland cement into another, or 

which also reported a substantial component of grinding of excess granulated blast furnace slag. excludes two plants that were reported under “Dry” as noted in footnote 6.

9Plants at which production of portland cement was by simply regrinding of one type into another or which reported production only of masonry cement. 
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.15

Destination and origin 2010 2011 2010 2011

Destination:

Alabama 1,009 1,000 77 74

Alaska3 137 142 -- --

Arizona 1,477 1,476 22 20

Arkansas 757 736 38 34

California, northern 2,081 2,415 35 33

California, southern 4,137 4,475 145 131

Colorado 1,467 1,402 6 4

Connecticut3 469 477 11 10

Delaware3 172 172 4 4

District of Columbia3 109 178 (4) (4)

Florida 3,486 3,403 211 220

Georgia 1,685 1,703 116 106

Hawaii3 262 260 3 2

Idaho 387 375 (4) (4)

Illinois, excluding Chicago 1,413 1,402 10 8

Illinois, metropolitan Chicago3 1,020 1,034 14 15

Indiana 1,482 1,491 34 34

Iowa 1,431 1,597 1 1

Kansas 1,172 1,159 5 5

Kentucky 852 926 45 46

Louisiana3 2,742 2,348 48 49

maine 185 183 2 1

maryland 888 966 42 39

massachusetts3 679 733 10 10

michigan 1,554 1,470 40 42

minnesota3 1,200 1,213 12 10

mississippi3 774 758 39 35

missouri 1,563 1,408 17 15

montana 259 273 (4) (4)

nebraska 988 1,031 1 1

nevada 897 927 6 5

new Hampshire3 185 193 7 7

new Jersey3 1,123 1,073 40 37

new mexico 604 551 4 3

new York, eastern 456 437 9 9

new York, western3 657 706 14 14

new York, metropolitan3 1,189 1,175 50 47

north Carolina3 1,581 1,752 127 121

north Dakota3 408 595 1 1

Ohio 2,352 2,529 71 69

Oklahoma 1,432 1,512 39 38

Oregon 609 654 (4) (4)

Pennsylvania, eastern 1,436 1,512 37 35

Pennsylvania, western 979 1,006 32 31

Rhode Island3 93 107 1 1

South Carolina 931 994 61 56

South Dakota 447 468 (4) (4)

tennessee 1,230 1,213 103 99

texas, northern 4,713 4,811 73 68

texas, southern 5,392 5,637 153 149

Utah 1,023 1,156 (4) (4)

Vermont3 103 101 1 1

Virginia 1,368 1,449 76 71

See footnotes at end of table.

tABLe 9

Cement SHIPmentS tO FInAL CUStOmeR, BY DeStInAtIOn AnD ORIGIn1, 2

(thousand metric tons)

Portland cement masonry cement
16.16 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

Destination and origin 2010 2011 2010 2011

Destination—Continued:

Washington 1,322 1,356 22 (4)

West Virginia 426 487 12 13

Wisconsin3 1,431 1,526 9 8

Wyoming 322 300 (4) --

total5 68,544 70,434 1,915 1,836

Puerto Rico 808 838 (4) (4)

Foreign countries6 707 1,132 3 1

Grand total5 70,059 72,404 1,918 1,837

Origin:

United States 64,358 66,622 1,897 1,816

Puerto Rico 731 757 (4) (4)

Foreign countries7 5,701 5,782 21 21

total shipments5 70,059 72,404 1,918 1,837

7

Imported cement sold to final customers in the United States as reported by domestic producers and other importers. Data 

do not match the imports in tables 17–20.

 -- Zero.

1

Includes cement produced from imported clinker and imported cement shipped by domestic producers and importers.

2

Data are developed from consolidated monthly surveys of shipments by companies and may differ from data in tables 1, 10–12, 

and 14–15, which are from annual surveys of individual plants and importers. Although presented unrounded, data are thought

to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

tABLe 9—Continued

Cement SHIPmentS tO FInAL CUStOmeR, BY DeStInAtIOn AnD ORIGIn1, 2

(thousand metric tons)

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

6

Includes shipments to U.S. possessions and territories.

Portland cement masonry cement

3

Has no cement plants. the sole plant in mississippi was idle for both years.

total to

In bulk In bags3 In bulk In bags3 In bulk In bags3 customers4

2010:

Railroad 8,980 6 1,660 10 467 4 2,140

truck 3,570 83 37,600 966 27,200 307 66,100

Barge and boat 6,270 15 67 -- 93 58 218

total4 18,800 105 39,300 977 27,800 370 68,400 5

2011:

Railroad 10,100 4 875 (6) 373 3 1,251

truck 3,740 115 36,000 894 30,800 400 68,100

Barge and boat 8,800 -- 96 -- 806 -- 902

total4 22,600 119 37,000 894 32,000 403 70,300 5

monthly data.

-- Zero.

tABLe 10

SHIPmentS OF PORtLAnD Cement In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY tYPe OF CARRIeR1, 2

(thousand metric tons)

Plant to terminal Plant to customer terminal to customer

1

Includes imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. excludes Puerto Rico. 

2

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.

3

Includes packages, bags, and supersacks.

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

5

Shipments are based on an annual survey of plants and importers; may differ from totals in table 9, which are based on consolidated

6

Less than 1⁄2 unit.
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.17

Quantity3 Average Quantity3 Average

(thousand total (per (thousand total (per 

District4 metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) metric tons) (thousands) metric ton)

maine and new York 2,459 $225,563 $91.72 2,175 $202,409 $93.06

Pennsylvania 3,887 369,000 5 95.00 5 3,916 356,000 5 91.00 5

Illinois 2,016 179,580 89.07 1,870 167,569 89.62

Indiana 1,907 153,623 80.55 1,932 150,597 77.94

michigan 3,920 5 393,000 5 100.50 5 3,894 384,806 98.81

Ohio 598 55,111 92.18 651 57,382 88.16

Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota 3,017 311,194 103.13 3,303 325,836 98.65

Kansas 1,596 155,919 97.66 1,452 140,423 96.68

missouri 6,253 517,000 5 82.50 5 6,500 514,834 79.20

Florida 3,260 5 295,000 5 90.50 5 3,143 276,081 87.85

Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 3,978 334,768 84.16 4,358 334,753 76.81

South Carolina 1,894 164,338 86.78 2,534 200,566 79.16

Alabama 3,024 252,000 5 83.00 5 4,683 6 400,624 6 85.55 6

Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 1,740 162,965 93.65 W 6 W 6 W 6

Arkansas and Oklahoma 2,254 219,468 97.38 2,228 204,695 91.89

texas, northern 4,511 412,000 5 91.00 5 4,732 454,000 96.00

texas, southern 5,300 455,862 86.01 5,484 473,661 86.37

Arizona and New Mexico 1,786 199,318 r 111.60 r 1,704 171,136 100.40

Colorado and Wyoming 2,090 5 194,000 5 93.00 5 1,925 184,478 95.83

Idaho, montana, nevada, Utah 1,971 182,061 92.36 2,179 193,491 88.82

Alaska and Hawaii 357 57,700 5 162.00 5 359 54,045 150.47

California 6,880 5 543,000 5 79.00 5 7,414 558,000 5 75.50 5

Oregon and Washington 1,244 111,988 90.05 1,480 5 137,000 5 92.50 5

Importers7 2,480 5 289,000 5 116.50 5 2,360 5 257,000 5 109.00 5

total or average8 68,400 5 6,230,000 r, 5 91.00 5 70,300 5 6,200,000 5 88.00 5

Puerto Rico 830 W W 839 W W

Grand total8 69,300 5 W W 71,100 5 W W

tABLe 11

PORtLAnD Cement SHIPPeD In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY DIStRICt1

2010 2011

Value2 Value2

r

Revised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.

1

Includes gray and white portland cement. Includes cement made from imported clinker. even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate

to no more than three significant digits.

2

Values are mill net or ex-plant (free on board) valuations of total sales to final customers, including sales from plants’ external distribution terminals. 

the data are ex-terminal for independently reporting terminals. Data include all varieties of portland cement and both bulk and bag shipments.

Unless otherwise specified, data are presented unrounded. Unrounded or not, unit value data should be viewed as value indicators, accurate to no more than

6

For 2011, data for Kentucky, mississippi, and tennessee are included with those for Alabama.

7

Importers for which district assignations were not possible.

8

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

the nearest $0.50 or $1.00 per metric ton.

3

tonnages are those by reporting entities in the district but may include shipments into other districts. they differ from the data in table 9, which are the actual

reported sales into the specific States. 

4

District is the location of the reporting entities, not necessarily the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State).

Specific districts include shipments by importers where district assignations were possible.

5

Data are rounded to three significant digits (unit values to the nearest $0.50) because they include estimates.
16.18 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

Quantity4 Average Quantity4 Average

(thousand total (per (thousand total (per

District5 metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) metric tons) (thousands) metric ton)

maine and new York 46 $4,712 $101.96 46 $4,314 $94.58

Pennsylvania 172 20,600 6 120.00 6 159 22,200 6 140.00 6

Illinois, Indiana, Ohio 213 30,800 6 145.00 6 219 29,793 136.24

michigan 78 9,680 6 123.50 6 67 9,088 135.45

Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota 1 98 100.88 1 104 98.25

Kansas and missouri 92 6 12,000 6 129.50 6 82 6 11,649 142.83

Florida 191 25,230 131.92 187 24,600 6 132.00 6

Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 199 34,143 171.68 191 32,378 169.50

South Carolina 163 19,536 120.19 151 19,382 128.22

Alabama 192 24,448 127.48 241 7 32,072 7 133.06 7

Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 55 8,033 144.87 W 7 W 7 W 7

Arkansas and Oklahoma 93 11,286 121.14 82 9,571 116.71

texas 187 25,100 6 134.50 6 178 23,800 6 134.00 6

Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, 

new mexico, Utah, Wyoming 32 4,418 r 136.56 r 26 3,202 122.14

Alaska and Hawaii 3 796 6 286.50 6 2 692 308.70

California, Oregon, Washington 185 20,177 109.34 164 17,845 109.02

Importers8 6 6 1,070 6 174.00 6 11 6 2,090 6 193.50 6

total or average9 1,910 6 252,000 6 132.00 6 1,810 6 243,000 6 134.50 6

1

Shipments are those by cement companies to final customers and include imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. excludes sales of

6

Data are rounded to three significant digits (unit values to the nearest $0.50) because they include estimates.

7

For 2011, data for Kentucky, mississippi, and tennessee are included with those for Alabama.

8

Importers for which district assignations were not possible.

9

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

tABLe 12

mASOnRY Cement SHIPPeD In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY DIStRICt1, 2

2010 2011

r

Revised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. 

masonry cement by portland cement final customers who made masonry cement from purchased portland cement. Data exclude Puerto Rico. even where

presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

Data include true masonry, plastic, portland-lime, and stucco cements. 

3

Values are mill net or ex-plant valuations of total sales to final customers, including sales from plants external distribution terminals. the data are

Value3 Value3

ex-terminal for independently reporting terminals. Data include both bulk and bag shipments. Unless otherwise specified, data are presented 

unrounded. Unrounded or not, unit value data should be viewed as value indicators, accurate to no more than the nearest $0.50 or even $1.00 per metric ton.

4

tonnages are those by reporting entities in the district but may include shipments into other districts. they differ from the data in table 9, which are the actual 

reported sales into the specific States. 

5

District is the location of the reporting entities, not necessarily the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). 

Specific districts include shipments by importers where district assignations were possible. 

masonry All

Year Gray White3 All cement cement

2010 90.00 199.00 91.00 132.00 92.00

2011 87.50 194.00 88.00 134.50 89.50

tABLe 13

AVeRAGe mILL net VALUe OF Cement SOLD In tHe UnIteD StAteS1, 2

(Dollars per metric ton)

Portland cement

1

Values are average of sales to final customers, free on board the plant or independently reporting

terminal. Values include any bagging charges, but exclude delivery charges to customers or to 

external terminals. Data exclude Puerto Rico.

2

Data are rounded to the nearest $0.50 per metric ton.

3

Data for white cement include a component of resales showing significant price markups.
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.19

Oil well,

Ready- Concrete Building mining, Government

mixed product material waste and

District2 concrete manufacturers Contractors dealers stabilization other3 total4, 5

maine and new York 1,600 264 85 189 -- 35 2,175

Pennsylvania 2,180 1,000 361 164 41 165 3,916

Illinois 1,170 110 141 6 332 108 1,870

Indiana 1,290 210 309 43 16 63 1,932

michigan 3,110 336 279 155 10 6 3,894

Ohio 504 55 70 12 8 2 651

Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota 2,560 278 329 10 131 (6) 3,303

Kansas 1,110 122 122 38 59 -- 1,452

missouri 4,860 663 555 76 149 198 6,500

Florida 2,230 617 107 129 7 52 3,143

Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 2,970 830 356 107 3 90 4,358

South Carolina 1,740 298 200 104 6 191 2,534

Alabama, Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 3,500 512 401 147 42 79 4,683

Arkansas and Oklahoma 1,370 141 475 99 136 9 2,228

texas, northern 2,600 350 695 105 905 73 4,732

texas, southern 3,650 477 536 181 636 4 5,484

Arizona and New Mexico 1,310 275 64 35 16 3 1,704

Colorado and Wyoming 1,330 155 206 45 180 7 1,925

Idaho, montana, nevada, Utah 1,450 192 230 71 211 23 2,179

Alaska and Hawaii 328 29 3 -- -- -- 359

California 5,430 760 327 654 112 135 7,414

Oregon and Washington 1,150 117 120 32 22 40 1,480 7

Importers8 1,670 246 193 31 134 85 2,360 7

total5 49,100 8,040 6,160 2,430 3,160 1,370 70,300 7

Puerto Rico 439 70 38 292 -- -- 839

Grand total5 49,600 8,110 9 6,200 10 2,720 3,160 11 1,370 71,100 7

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

6

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

2

District is the location of the reporting entity, not the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts

tABLe 14

PORtLAnD Cement SHIPmentS In 2011, BY DIStRICt AnD tYPe OF CUStOmeR1

(thousand metric tons)

1

Includes imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. except for district totals, data have been rounded to three significant digits, but are likely

11Grand total shipments include oil well drilling—2,700; mining—215; and waste stabilization—240. 

accurate to only two significant digits. District totals are likely accurate to no more than three significant digits.

7

Data are rounded to three significant digits because they contain estimates.

8

Shipments by importers where district assignations were not possible.

9

Grand total shipments to concrete product manufacturers include brick and block—2,430; precast and prestressed—2,540; pipe—828; and other or unspecified—2,310.

10Grand total shipments to contractors include airport—101; road paving—3,350; soil cement—1,620; and other or unspecified—1,120.

include shipments by importers where district assignations were possible.

3

Includes shipments to miscellaneous customer types and for which customer types were not specified.

4

District totals are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
16.20 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

type4 2010 2011

General use and moderate heat (types I and II)5, 6 53,500 54,500

High early strength (type III) 2,590 2,550

Sulfate resisting (type V)5 8,630 9,340

Block 154 147

Oil well 1,300 1,750

White7 638 635

Blended:8

Portland, natural pozzolans 48 63

Portland, ground granulated blast furnace slag 953 679

Portland, fly ash 304 373

Portland, other pozzolans9 263 220

total blended10 1,570 1,330

expansive and regulated fast setting 18 21

miscellaneous11 30 26

Grand total10 68,400 70,300

6

Includes ASTM C–1157 general use cements that contain no pozzolans.

tABLe 15

PORtLAnD Cement SHIPmentS In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY tYPe OF Cement1, 2, 3

(thousand metric tons)

7

White or colored portland-type cements. most are types I or II but may include types III and V and block cements.

8

Cements sold under ASTM C–595 and those under ASTM C–1157 that contain pozzolans.

9

Includes blends with cement kiln dust, silica fume, or other pozzolans, and blends containing multiple pozzolans.

10Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

11Includes low heat (type IV), waterproof, and other portland-type cements.

1

Includes sales of imported cement. excludes Puerto Rico.

2

Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.

3

Gray portland-type cements unless otherwise specified.

4

Sold mostly under specifications AStm C–150, AStm C–595, and AStm C–1157.

5

type II/V and similar sulfate-resisting hybrids are included within type V.
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.21

Country Quantity Value2 Quantity Value2

Angola 1 1,153 (3) 114

Aruba 1 157 1 231

Australia 1 404 2 518

Bahamas, the 99 9,063 112 9,137

Belize 7 693 1 218

Bermuda (3) 152 5 398

Brazil 3 213 2 1,960

Canada 807 113,598 1,010 133,997

Cayman Islands 1 103 (3) 139

Chile 1 371 2 309

China 2 955 (3) 125

Colombia 2 715 14 2,056

Costa Rica 3 135 2 121

Dominican Republic 1 483 10 1,478

ecuador (3) 21 1 366

Georgia (3) 161 1 293

Greece 14 637 8 355

Haiti 13 1,056 53 3,805

Hong Kong 1 402 (3) 160

India 2 264 1 128

Ireland 6 367 -- --

Israel 1 262 1 264

Jamaica 66 6,556 64 6,432

Japan 11 2,526 5 1,078

madagascar 1 60 -- --

mexico 39 8,914 46 9,538

netherlands (3) 28 17 931

netherlands Antilles 2 366 5 689

new Zealand (3) 51 2 678

Panama 67 8,051 23 2,506

Peru 1 364 (3) 177

Russia (3) 90 2 209

Saudi Arabia (3) 1,252 1 3,348

Singapore (3) 434 1 278

Sint maarten -- -- 9 1,259

Spain 1 66 (3) 60

St. Christopher and nevis (3) 57 1 108

Suriname 1 108 -- --

taiwan 1 3,099 (3) 328

trinidad and tobago 1 346 (3) 214

turks and Caicos Islands 8 759 3 325

United Arab emirates (3) 415 2 396

United Kingdom 9 1,614 1 195

Venezuela (3) 78 1 158

Other 3 r 1,711 r 4 1,823

total4 1,178 168,308 1,414 186,902

Puerto Rico:

British Virgin Islands 4 664 19 1,887

Curacao -- -- 5 361

Jamaica -- -- 13 849

See footnotes at end of table.

tABLe 16

U.S. eXPORtS OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011
16.22 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

Country Quantity Value2 Quantity Value2

Puerto Rico—Continued:

netherlands -- -- 2 185

netherlands Antilles 3 231 -- --

St. Lucia (3) 3 (3) 3

total4 7 898 39 3,285

Grand total4 1,185 169,206 1,453 190,187

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Includes portland and masonry cements. Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

Free alongside ship value. the value of exports at the U.S. seaport or border point of export is based on the transaction price, including inland 

freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier. the value excludes the cost of loading the carrier.

3

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

tABLe 16—Continued

U.S. eXPORtS OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.23

Country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

Algeria 9 811 1,135 -- -- --

Canada 3,410 265,248 283,314 3,416 259,853 276,332

China 655 34,975 51,111 577 32,462 48,435

Colombia 315 19,652 27,367 224 12,620 18,674

Croatia 24 9,459 11,346 33 12,011 14,307

Denmark 54 9,653 13,262 74 7,534 9,582

egypt 56 5,160 7,097 71 7,093 9,846

France 91 31,318 32,960 72 25,236 25,748

Germany (4) 185 253 2 446 581

Greece 191 9,173 11,918 -- -- --

India 1 68 102 (4) 47 68

Jamaica -- -- -- 16 5,158 5,234

Japan 28 2,348 2,552 1 830 941

Korea, Republic of 1,018 39,214 61,801 1,402 54,563 86,100

mexico 370 36,703 40,138 354 38,455 43,271

netherlands 3 3,363 3,735 3 3,402 3,605

Sweden 83 3,524 6,804 81 3,212 6,445

taiwan 265 11,242 17,825 65 2,551 4,241

thailand 16 2,159 3,382 11 1,607 2,379

trinidad and tobago 8 544 551 12 814 824

turkey 21 1,881 2,637 1 280 335

United Kingdom 1 171 290 1 337 408

Venezuela 8 2,648 3,405 -- -- --

Other (4) r 261 r 302 r (4) 425 540

total5 6,626 489,762 583,288 6,418 468,937 557,896

Puerto Rico:

Colombia 7 898 1,172 5 657 851

Korea, Republic of 27 1,350 2,322 -- -- --

mexico 12 1,393 1,970 14 1,503 2,215

Spain 109 7,206 9,166 106 6,888 8,795

Other (4) 80 92 (4) 56 83

total5 155 10,927 14,721 125 9,104 11,944

Grand total5 6,781 500,689 598,009 6,543 478,041 569,840

tABLe 17

U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011

Value Value

r

Revised. -- Zero.

1

Includes portland, masonry, and other hydraulic cements. Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

Customs value. the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import duties, freight, 

insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port of entry, but excludes

costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
16.24 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

Anchorage, AK:

Canada 5 298 1,017 6 344 1,206

China 12 842 842 -- -- --

Korea, Republic of 95 3,968 7,676 100 4,159 7,874

total4 112 5,108 9,536 106 4,502 9,081

Baltimore, mD:

China 1 18 22 1 38 44

netherlands (5) 39 43 (5) 135 142

total4 1 57 64 1 172 185

Boston, mA:

Canada 23 1,010 1,693 4 155 245

Other (5) 36 37 -- -- --

total4 23 1,046 1,731 4 155 245

Buffalo, nY:

Canada 590 49,366 52,718 555 46,598 49,209

Other (5) 24 24 (5) 17 17

total4 590 49,390 52,742 555 46,616 49,227

Charleston, SC, Other (5) 71 82 -- -- --

Chicago, IL, Other 1 744 865 1 727 767

Cleveland, OH:

Canada 554 40,960 44,235 486 34,368 36,974

China (5) 5 8 1 141 225

netherlands (5) 591 651 1 768 826

Other (5) 204 291 (5) 192 252

total4 555 41,759 45,185 488 35,468 38,277

Columbia-Snake, ID, OR, WA:

Canada 56 3,802 4,007 45 2,743 3,018

China 277 12,893 20,154 298 14,384 22,380

Other (5) 8 8 -- -- --

total4 332 16,703 24,169 343 17,127 25,398

Detroit, mI:

Canada 939 72,812 78,669 947 73,028 79,014

Other (5) 175 192 (5) 329 346

total4 939 72,988 78,862 947 73,356 79,360

Duluth, mn, France (5) 3 3 -- -- --

el Paso, tX:

Canada (5) 33 36 (5) 72 90

mexico 266 23,407 25,705 204 20,882 23,573

total4 266 23,440 25,741 205 20,954 23,662

Great Falls, mt, Other (5) 189 227 (5) 79 109

Honolulu, HI:

Korea, Republic of 165 7,278 10,421 290 12,753 18,673

taiwan 112 4,928 7,537 -- -- --

Other (5) 15 24 (5) 2 3

total4 277 12,221 17,983 290 12,756 18,676

Houston-Galveston, tX:

China 4 390 402 3 503 530

Colombia 9 1,239 1,514 4 562 716

egypt 28 2,591 3,543 32 3,236 4,386

Korea, Republic of 571 21,418 34,614 658 24,844 41,305

Other 1 404 484 1 445 580

total4 612 26,041 40,558 699 29,590 47,516

See footnotes at end of table.

Value Value

tABLe 18

U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY CUStOmS DIStRICt AnD COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.25

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

Laredo, tX, mexico 88 11,887 12,441 88 11,660 11,938

Los Angeles, CA:

China 26 2,926 3,149 25 2,813 3,643

Croatia (5) 141 195 3 176 275

egypt 3 255 349 6 608 903

thailand 10 1,322 2,064 7 1,047 1,523

Other (5) 61 108 (5) 81 117

total4 39 4,706 5,864 42 4,724 6,460

miami, FL:

Algeria 9 811 1,135 -- -- --

Colombia 5 735 877 4 525 693

egypt 15 1,402 1,954 24 2,319 3,319

Germany -- -- -- 1 33 35

mexico 15 1,372 1,915 61 5,886 7,731

Sweden 82 3,057 6,230 80 2,685 5,831

turkey 21 1,871 2,628 (5) 54 92

Other (5) 27 30 (5) 20 33

total4 147 9,276 14,769 170 11,529 17,740

minneapolis, mn: 

Canada 118 13,923 13,937 103 12,810 12,822

Other (5) 5 6 (5) 15 19

total4 118 13,929 13,943 103 12,824 12,841

mobile, AL, China -- -- -- (5) 52 52

new Orleans, LA: 

China 9 1,990 2,165 6 1,353 1,528

Croatia 22 8,891 10,567 30 11,802 13,987

Korea, Republic of 47 1,533 3,056 139 4,741 7,182

Other (5) 25 28 (5) 2 3

total4 78 12,438 15,816 175 17,898 22,699

new York City, nY: 

Denmark 21 2,137 2,758 24 2,620 3,355

Greece 191 9,173 11,918 -- -- --

Other 1 338 423 1 473 580

total4 213 11,648 15,099 25 3,093 3,935

nogales, AZ, mexico -- -- -- (5) 5 5

norfolk, VA:

Canada 13 1,366 1,454 -- -- --

egypt 1 122 177 3 297 395

France 91 31,175 32,792 72 25,143 25,627

Jamaica -- -- -- 13 4,946 5,019

Sweden 1 342 421 1 513 600

Venezuela 8 2,648 3,405 -- -- --

Other (5) 15 15 (5) 390 431

total4 113 35,667 38,264 90 31,289 32,072

Ogdensburg, nY: 

Canada 174 14,839 15,398 184 16,972 17,445

Other (5) 13 14 (5) 5 5

total4 174 14,852 15,412 184 16,977 17,450

Pembina, nD:

Canada 167 10,701 10,787 191 11,546 11,646

Germany -- -- -- (5) 37 37

total4 167 10,701 10,787 191 11,583 11,683

See footnotes at end of table.

tABLe 18—Continued

U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY CUStOmS DIStRICt AnD COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011

Value Value
16.26 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

Philadelphia, PA: 

Korea, Republic of 139 5,018 6,033 157 5,477 6,992

netherlands 1 1,261 1,400 1 646 690

Other (5) 59 105 (5) 24 43

total4 141 6,337 7,538 158 6,146 7,725

Portland, me: 

Canada 26 2,372 2,676 28 2,808 3,138

Japan6 27 6 1,332 1,332 -- -- --

total4 53 3,705 4,009 28 2,808 3,138

Providence, RI, Canada 40 2,290 3,404 4 196 287

San Diego, CA, mexico -- -- -- (5) 23 25

San Francisco, CA: 

China 42 2,555 3,168 9 1,025 1,175

egypt 2 182 265 1 68 90

India 1 68 102 (5) 35 53

taiwan 153 6,314 10,288 65 2,551 4,241

thailand 6 799 1,260 4 529 814

turkey -- -- -- (5) 8 10

total4 203 9,919 15,083 79 4,216 6,383

Savannah, GA: 

Colombia 149 8,447 12,201 112 5,885 8,746

egypt 7 608 809 6 565 753

Other (5) 255 282 (5) 457 487

total4 156 9,310 13,292 118 6,907 9,986

Seattle, WA: 

Canada 630 43,279 44,627 761 49,043 51,629

China 285 13,170 20,940 234 12,071 18,755

Japan 1 550 703 1 432 498

Korea, Republic of -- -- -- 58 2,589 4,074

Other (5) 116 139 (5) 212 231

total4 916 57,115 66,410 1,053 64,347 75,187

St. Albans, Vt: 

Canada 75 8,181 8,640 59 6,532 6,881

South Africa, Republic of (5) 7 7 -- -- --

total4 75 8,188 8,647 59 6,532 6,881

St. Louis, mO: 

Croatia 1 371 508 -- -- --

Other (5) 501 571 (5) 403 425

total4 1 872 1,079 (5) 403 425

tampa, FL: 

Colombia 22 1,640 2,089 1 139 196

Denmark 34 7,510 10,497 50 4,914 6,227

total4 56 9,150 12,586 51 5,054 6,423

U.S. Virgin Islands:

Colombia 13 291 302 1 106 113

Dominican Republic -- -- -- 3 212 215

trinidad and tobago 8 544 551 12 814 824

total4 21 835 853 16 1,133 1,152

Wilmington, nC:

Colombia 117 7,270 10,343 102 5,356 8,153

netherlands (5) 19 20 (5) 43 45

total4 117 7,289 10,363 102 5,400 8,198

U.S. total4 6,626 6 489,762 583,288 6,418 468,937 557,896

See footnotes at end of table.

tABLe 18—Continued

U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY CUStOmS DIStRICt AnD COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011

Value Value
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.27

Customs district and country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

San Juan, PR:

Colombia 7 898 1,172 5 657 851

Korea, Republic of 27 1,350 2,322 -- -- --

mexico 12 1,393 1,970 14 1,503 2,215

Spain 109 7,206 9,166 106 6,888 8,795

Other (5) 80 92 (5) 56 83

total4 155 10,927 14,721 125 9,104 11,944

Grand total4 6,781 6 500,689 598,009 6,543 478,041 569,840

insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States. 

-- Zero.

1

Includes all varieties of hydraulic cement and clicker. Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

Customs value. the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import duties, freight,

by the importer.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port of entry, but excludes

costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.

4

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

5

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

6

material (27,070 metric tons in August 2010) from Japan into Portland, me, was granulated blast furnace slag, not hydraulic cement as recorded in error 

tABLe 18—Continued

Value Value

U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY CUStOmS DIStRICt AnD COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011
16.28 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

Country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

Canada 2,626 199,772 216,660 2,601 193,840 209,122

China 606 28,532 44,096 532 26,446 41,127

Colombia 274 15,638 22,335 215 11,348 17,012

Germany (4) 58 102 1 157 180

Greece 191 9,173 11,918 -- -- --

Jamaica -- -- -- 3 212 215

Korea, Republic of 1,017 39,169 61,707 1,402 54,539 86,072

mexico 184 12,311 13,833 88 5,948 7,501

Sweden 82 3,057 6,230 80 2,685 5,831

taiwan 265 11,242 17,825 65 2,551 4,241

trinidad and tobago 8 544 551 12 814 824

Other (4) 169 190 (4) 297 330

total5, 6 5,254 319,665 395,448 4,999 298,838 372,455

Puerto Rico: -- -- -- --

Dominican Republic (4) 2 2 -- -- --

Korea, Republic of 27 1,350 2,322 -- -- --

Spain 109 7,186 9,146 106 6,888 8,795

total5, 6 136 8,539 11,470 106 6,888 8,795

Grand total5, 6 5,390 328,204 406,918 5,105 305,726 381,250

tABLe 19

U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF GRAY PORtLAnD Cement, BY COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011

Value Value

-- Zero.

1

Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import duties, freight, 

insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port

of entry, but excludes costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

6

total imports do not include gray portland cement that was misregistered by importers under the white cement tariff code;

these quantities are included in table 20.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.29

Country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3, 4 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3, 4

Algeria 9 811 1,135 -- -- --

Canada 252 34,814 35,573 271 37,494 38,264

China 38 4,105 4,407 37 4,011 4,973

Colombia 20 2,792 3,278 9 1,272 1,662

Denmark 54 9,647 13,255 74 7,534 9,582

egypt 56 5,160 7,097 71 7,093 9,846

India 1 68 102 (5) 43 61

mexico 121 16,560 17,832 163 20,198 22,445

thailand 16 2,149 3,369 11 1,591 2,359

turkey 21 1,871 2,628 1 81 136

Other 1 197 362 1 212 319

total6 588 78,173 89,038 639 79,529 89,648

Puerto Rico:

Colombia 7 898 1,172 5 657 851

mexico 12 1,393 1,970 14 1,503 2,215

Other (5) 51 54 (5) 15 20

total6 19 2,342 3,195 19 2,175 3,086

Grand total6 607 80,515 92,233 658 81,705 92,733

Values that exceed $200 per ton likely indicate misidentified specialty cement, not white cement.

5

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

6

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

2

Customs value. the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import

duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.

3

Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port 

of entry, but excludes costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.

4

Values of less than $90.00 (c.i.f.) per metric ton likely indicate the mistaken total or partial inclusion of data for gray portland or 

similar cement or clinker. this error happens when the importer records the wrong tariff number with the U.S. Customs Service. 

Value Value

-- Zero.

1

Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

tABLe 20

U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF WHIte Cement, BY COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011

Country Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3 Quantity Customs2 C.i.f.3

Canada 501 27,512 27,799 531 26,394 26,695

China 1 175 231 1 72 92

Colombia 21 1,222 1,754 -- -- --

Croatia -- -- -- 3 152 235

France 89 29,595 31,090 70 23,369 23,728

Other (4) 7 7 (4) 47 69

total5 613 58,511 60,882 606 50,034 50,819

Value

tABLe 21

U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF CLInKeR, BY COUntRY1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011

Value

4

Less than 1⁄2 unit.

5

Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

-- Zero.

1

For all types of hydraulic cement. Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.

2

Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port 

of entry, but excludes costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.
16.30 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011e

Afghanistan 30 r, e 37 32 36 38

Albania 889 918 1,108 1,300 e 1,300

Algeria 15,886 17,398 18,730 r 19,100 r 20,000

Angolae 1,400 1,780 1,800 1,500 1,500

Argentina 9,602 9,703 9,385 r 10,423 r 11,592 3

Armenia 722 770 467 488 500

Australiae 9,200 9,400 9,200 9,000 9,100

Austria 5,203 5,309 4,646 4,254 4,427 3

Azerbaijan 1,693 1,595 1,286 1,279 1,450

Bahraine 400 3 438 3 700 700 r 800

Bangladeshe 5,100 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000

Barbados 294 316 301 300 e 300

Belarus 3,821 4,219 4,350 4,531 4,700

Belgium 9,571 6,225 9,403 8,722 8,700

Benine 1,550 1,500 1,500 1,430 r 800

Bhutane 180 180 180 200 r 200

Bolivia 1,739 1,985 2,292 2,414 2,658 3

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,283 1,406 1,074 949 893 3

Brazil 46,551 51,970 51,748 59,118 64,093 3

Bruneie 200 240 220 220 230

Bulgaria 4,413 4,903 2,662 1,966 r 1,900

Burkina Fasoe 30 30 30 30 30

Burma4 608 676 670 534 535

Cambodia 87 772 934 r 789 r 790

Cameroone 1,150 3 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

Canada 15,078 13,672 10,985 12,431 12,001 p, 3

Chile 4,440 4,622 3,876 3,871 4,406 3

China 1,361,170 1,400,000 1,644,000 1,820,000 r 2,099,000 p, 3

Colombia5 11,068 10,456 9,232 9,488 10,777 3

Congo (Brazzaville)e 100 105 110 80 r 100

Congo (Kinshasa) 530 411 460 r 490 r 382 3

Costa Rica 2,300 2,500 1,498 1,276 1,600

Côte d’Ivoire 469 360 283 280 e 300

Croatia 3,587 3,637 2,838 2,664 2,700

Cuba 1,805 1,707 1,626 1,600 e 1,600

Cyprus 1,873 1,900 r, e 1,481 1,329 1,400

Czech Republic 4,899 4,710 3,637 3,345 3,830

Denmark 2,871 2,539 1,578 2,000 e 1,800

Dominican Republice 4,100 4,000 3,000 3,000 3,000

ecuador 4,420 5,493 4,990 r 5,500 r, e 6,000

egypt 40,400 r 39,844 46,900 r 47,800 r 44,000

el Salvadore 1,300 1,300 1,212 3 1,200 1,200

eritreae 45 45 45 45 45

estonia 937 808 326 375 e 375

ethiopiae 1,626 3 1,834 3 2,100 r 2,900 r 4,000

Fijie 145 143 110 120 r 120

See footnotes at end of table.

tABLe 22

HYDRAULIC Cement: WORLD PRODUCtIOn, BY COUntRY1, 2

(thousand metric tons)
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.31

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011e

Finland 1,743 1,745 1,052 1,050 e 1,050

France 22,300 e 21,443 r 18,300 17,998 r 19,433 3

French Guianae 62 62 62 62 62

Gabone 229 3 230 250 r 200 r 200

Georgiae 450 450 870 3 857 3 865

Germany 33,382 33,581 30,441 29,915 r 33,540 3

Ghanae 1,800 1,800 1,800 2,400 r 3,000

Greecee 16,667 3 16,500 16,000 15,000 14,000

Guadeloupee 230 230 230 230 230

Guatemalae 2,500 2,500 2,750 r 2,000 r 1,500

Haitie 290 290 290 290 290

Hondurase 1,776 3 1,784 3 1,700 r 1,800 1,710 3

Hong Konge 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

Hungarye 3,552 3 3,544 3 3,200 3,200 3,200

Icelande 140 138 138 138 140

Indiae 170,000 185,000 205,000 220,000 r 240,000

Indonesiae 36,000 36,000 22,195 3 28,000 r 30,000

Irane 41,000 44,400 3 50,000 55,000 r 61,000

Iraqe 4,500 6,453 3 6,500 r 6,500 r 8,000

Irelande 4,700 3,900 2,600 2,600 2,600

Israel 5,000 e 4,819 4,759 5,139 5,200

Italy 47,542 43,030 36,317 34,408 r 33,120 3

Jamaica 592 725 737 723 700

Japan 67,685 62,810 54,800 51,526 51,291 3

Jordan 4,255 r 4,375 r 3,876 r 3,929 r 4,000

Kazakhstan 5,699 5,837 5,694 6,686 7,642 3

Kenya 2,546 2,829 3,320 3,710 r 3,969 3

Korea, northe 6,130 6,415 3 6,400 6,400 6,400

Korea, Republic of 52,182 51,653 50,127 47,420 r 48,300 3

Kosovoe, 6 470 3 590 3 600 600 600

Kuwaite 2,200 2,600 2,000 2,000 2,250

Kyrgyzstan 1,230 1,218 579 600 e 650

Laose 400 400 400 400 400

Latviae 300 310 650 1,100 1,100

Lebanon 3,945 4,250 4,900 5,227 5,500

Liberia 157 94 71 72 r 61 3

Libya 5,206 5,509 6,500 6,000 e 3,000

Lithuania 1,105 1,076 583 834 834

Luxembourg 1,081 1,091 1,000 1,078 1,100

macedonia 945 916 909 820 r 981 3

madagascare 270 3 360 r 390 r 420 r 420

malawi 185 230 r, e 232 r 188 r 203 3

malaysia 19,480 19,629 19,457 19,762 r 19,500

martiniquee 220 220 220 220 220

mauritania 410 322 340 350 e 400

mexico 38,757 37,139 35,160 34,503 r 35,400 3

See footnotes at end of table.

tABLe 22—Continued

HYDRAULIC Cement: WORLD PRODUCtIOn, BY COUntRY1, 2

(thousand metric tons)
16.32 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2011

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011e

moldovae 800 750 700 900 r 900

mongolia 180 269 235 323 300

morocco 12,792 14,047 14,519 14,000 e 12,000

Mozambique7 665 744 777 884 976 3

namibia -- -- -- 5 e 250

nepale, 4 300 295 295 295 295

netherlandse 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700

new Caledonia 122 137 138 160 150

new Zealande 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,200 1,100

nicaraguae 530 530 650 r, 3 600 r 600

nigere 42 40 40 40 40

nigeria 4,700 5,000 5,000 6,000 r 11,600

norwaye 1,700 1,700 1,650 1,650 1,600

Oman 3,880 3,991 4,000 e 4,500 r 4,500

Pakistane 25,745 3 30,800 r 32,800 r 32,800 r 32,000 3

Panamae 1,050 1,843 3 1,679 3 900 r 897 3

Paraguaye 600 600 600 600 600

Peru 6,231 6,922 6,862 8,396 r 8,100 p

Philippines 13,048 13,369 14,865 15,900 e 16,000

Poland 17,120 17,207 15,422 r 15,812 r 18,596 3

Portugal 12,631 6,650 r 6,900 r 7,200 r 7,500 p

Qatare 2,400 3,800 4,095 3 3,780 3 4,000

Réunione 400 400 375 375 350

Romania 10,060 10,660 7,902 7,008 7,000

Russia 59,939 53,548 44,266 50,400 e 55,600 3

Rwanda 103 103 92 95 r 94

Saudi Arabia 30,369 31,823 36,500 42,300 48,358 3

Senegal 3,152 3,084 3,320 r 4,066 r 4,000

Serbia8 2,677 2,843 2,232 2,130 r 2,095 3

Sierra Leone 247 r 254 236 301 r 311 3

Slovakia 3,718 4,157 3,011 2,888 2,900

Sloveniae 1,300 1,300 1,000 1,000 1,000

South Africa, sales 13,651 13,473 11,784 10,870 r 11,234 3

Spain, including Canary Islands 54,720 42,083 r 29,505 26,162 r 22,178 3

Sri Lankae 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000 2,200

Sudan 326 247 622 2,113 r 5,200

Surinamee 65 65 65 65 62

Swedene 2,950 3 2,900 2,950 2,900 2,900

Switzerlande 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 3,800

Syria 5,104 5,336 5,605 6,000 6,000

taiwan 18,957 17,330 15,918 16,301 16,852 3

tajikistan 313 190 195 288 300

Tanzania 1,630 1,756 1,941 2,312 r 2,400

thailand 35,668 31,651 33,562 36,496 36,679 3

togoe, 9 996 r 1,350 r 1,160 r 1,150 r 1,780

See footnotes at end of table.

tABLe 22—Continued

HYDRAULIC Cement: WORLD PRODUCtIOn, BY COUntRY1, 2

(thousand metric tons)
Cement—2011 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 16.33

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011e

trinidad and tobago 902 958 870 800 e 800

tunisia 7,052 7,559 7,511 8,070 r 8,000

turkey 49,553 54,027 53,973 62,737 63,405 3

turkmenistan 941 1,026 1,100 1,100 e 1,200

Ugandae 650 650 650 650 650

Ukraine 15,000 14,918 9,496 9,457 10,515 3

United Arab emiratese 16,000 21,885 3 18,997 3 18,000 17,000

United Kingdom 11,887 10,071 7,623 7,882 r 8,529 3

United States, including Puerto Rico10 96,850 87,610 64,843 67,202 r 68,639 3

Uruguaye 620 620 1,050 r 1,000 r 1,000

Uzbekistane 6,500 3 6,600 6,850 6,872 3 7,000

Venezuelae 8,000 r 8,200 r 8,500 r 8,000 r 7,700 3

Vietnam 37,102 40,009 48,810 r 55,789 r 58,994 3

Yemen 1,728 2,111 2,118 3,500 r 3,000

Zambiae 540 560 880 1,127 r, 3 1,400

Zimbabwee 400 400 700 800 r 900

totale 2,810,000 r 2,850,000 r 3,030,000 r 3,270,000 r 3,610,000

8

excludes Kosovo data.

6

not included in Serbia data.

2

table includes data available through July 20, 2012. Data may include clinker exports for some countries.

consumed to make masonry cement; the precise amount of double-counting can not be determined because of the involvement of portland cement stockpiles. 

10Portland and masonry cements only. Includes a small (less than 0.3% per year) component of double-counting where portland cement (not clinker) is 

7

Cement sales from Cimentos de moçambique SARL (Sociedade Anónima de Responsabilidade Limitada) only.

9

Calculated based on reported production of clinker and imports and exports of cement and clinker.

3

Reported figure.

e

estimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. -- Zero.

4

Data are for fiscal year ending march 31 of the following year.

5

Data for 2007–08 are for gray cement only; white cement output was likely to have been an additional 50,000 to 100,000 tons per year.

1

World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. even where presented unrounded, reported

data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. Data are from a variety of sources, including the european Cement Association.

tABLe 22—Continued

HYDRAULIC Cement: WORLD PRODUCtIOn, BY COUntRY1, 2

(thousand metric tons)