# 1 Technical Support Document (TSD)

for the Transport Rule

Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0491



# Non-EGU Emissions Reducti ons Cost and Potential

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Air and Radiation

May 2010

# 2 1. Introduction

The purpose of this document is to discuss the currently available information on

emissions and control measures for sources of SO 2 

# and NO X 

# other than electric

generating units (EGUs). We discuss rela tive contributions of nonEGU categories to

emissions inventories, control measures for th e most important categories, and finally the

effect of current and future rulemakings on emissions from nonEGU sources.

In section 2, we present and discuss 2012 emi ssions totals and inve ntory percentages for

non-EGU stationary sources categories. We present contribution percentages across the

eastern half of the United States , and for individual states.

In section 3, we discuss available information on SO 2 

# controls for sources with the

greatest contributions to the regional or state-specific inventories.

In section 4, we discuss available inform ation on NOx controls for sources with the

greatest contributions to the regional or state-specific inventories and also present

estimates of available NOx reductions us ing EPA's Control Strategy Tool (CoST).

Section 5 is a brief discussion of SO 2 

# and NO X 

# emissions and control measures for

mobile sources.

# 3 2. Discussion of NonEGU Contributions to Overall Regional and State-by-State

Emissions Inventories

a. SO 2



# EPA reviewed its emissions inventory fo r 2005 and 2012 for stationary sources.

Generally the emissions from the nonEGU sector were similar for these two years, both

in terms of tons/year of emissi ons and in terms of the percen tage of the stationary source

inventory contributed by a given category.

Table 1 shows the contributions from point source categories for 2012 over the 37-state

region of the United States addressed by the pr oposed rule. Categories are identified in

the first column by EPA Sour ce Classification Code (SCC), and in the second column by

name. For each of the point source categorie s included in the table, we list the 2012 SO2

emissions (tons/yr), and the per centage that a given tons/year represents over the entire

37-state stationary source total. Because th e 37-state total is 2,926,000 tons, as indicated

in the second row, each percentage listed in th e table is a percentage of this value. For

some categories, the percentages are provided only by a more disaggregated 3-digit SCC

level. For the largest cont ributing 3-digit SCCs, we provide for breakdowns to a more

disaggregated level.

Observations from table 1:

-- The largest contributors to the point source inve ntory are external combustion boilers,

chemical manufacturing (particularly carbon black and sulfuric acid manufacturing),

minerals production (particul arly cement), petroleum industry sources, and pulp and

paper (particular Kraft pulp mills).

-- The emissions inventory breakdowns in this table are very similar to those EPA found

at the time of CAIR, and which are summarized in a document entitled “Identification

and Discussion of Sources of Regional Point Source NOx and SO2 emissions

other than EGUs. EPA OAQ PS and CAMD, January 2004.

-- In EPA’s current inventories nonpoint s ources are a significant contributor the overall

stationary source inventory. For the 2012 inventory, point sources account for only

about 60% of the overall st ationary source total.

At this time, EPA has not prepared a detailed breakdown of the 2012 nonpoint SO 2 

# inventory. We do, however, have such a breakdown for the 2005 inventory as identified

in Table 2. Table 2 indicates that th e largest contributors to the 2005 nonpoint SO2

inventory are nonpoint industrial, commercia l and institutional fuel combustion and

residential heating. EPA notes there is significant uncertainty in the nonpoint estimates

in the inventory, particular ly regarding those estimates for nonpoint coal combustion.

Table 3 provides information on indi vidual state contributions to the SO 2 

# inventory for

those States affected by the Transport Rule. In table 3, we list source category emissions

in each state “linked” to a downwind nonattain ment PM2.5 nonattainment area. Source

categories, including stationary (point and nonpoint) and mobile source categories, are

included in table 3 if the contribute more than 1 percent of the total non fire emissions in

# 4 a given state. EGU emi ssions are included in the “total nonfire” amount, but are not

listed in the table. Observations from table 3:

-- the source categories that have the greatest emissions contributions regionally as shown

in tables 1 and 2 are generally the same categor ies that comprise more than 1 percent of a

given state’s SO 2 

# inventory.

-- in a few states (generally those w ith low EGU emissions) nonEGU sources are a

significant portion of the overa ll state inventory. For example, in MA and CT,

residential fuel combustion represents 32 and 47 percent, respectively, of those’s states

total 2012 SO 2 

# inventory. In LA, carbon black and other chemical plants represent more

than 30 percent of the non-EGU point emissions inventory.5Table 1. 20121Point Source SO2Contributions for 37 Eastern Statesscc Sccdesc2012 SO2emissionsat 3-digitlevel2012 SO2EmissionsmoredetailedbreakdownPercentage of37-State sumof nonEGUStationary (37-state sumincludesnonpoint)GRAND 37-state sum of Non-EGU Stationary Inventory = 2,926,000 tonsUnclassified NonEGU Point5,025 5,025 0.2% 0.2%101 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Total 46,071 1.6%101XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Other 1,161 0.0%101002 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 40,068 1.4%101004 External Combustion Boilers: ElectricGeneration: Residual Oil 1,533 0.1%101009 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Wood/Bark Waste 1,675 0.1%101012 External Combustion Boilers: ElectricGeneration: Solid Waste 1,634 0.1%102 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Total 711,687 24.3%102XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Other 1,134 0.0%102001 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Anthracite Coal 2,382 0.1%102002 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 483,005 16.5%102003 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Lignite 7,104 0.2%102004 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Residual Oil 98,007 3.3%102005 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Distillate Oil 6,872 0.2%102006 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Natural Gas 28,126 1.0%102007 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Process Gas 34,401 1.2%102008 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Petroleum Coke 17,840 0.6%102009 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste 24,242 0.8%102012 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Solid Waste 4,703 0.2%102013 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Liquid Waste 2,613 0.1%102014 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: CO Boiler 1,257 0.0%1For all of the 2012 point source emissions presented in this document, the source of the emissions estimates is EPA’s 2012 base case inventory used for thistransport rule. Further documentation of the 2012inventory is available in another Technical Support Document entitled “Federal Transport Rule Phase 1 (TR1)Emissions Inventory forAir Quality Modeling”6scc Sccdesc2012 SO2emissionsat 3-digitlevel2012 SO2EmissionsmoredetailedbreakdownPercentage of37-State sumof nonEGUStationary (37-state sumincludesnonpoint)103 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Total 87,528 3.0%103XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Other 1,758 0.1%103002 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal 61,444 2.1%103004 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Residual Oil 11,507 0.4%103005 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Distillate Oil 11,579 0.4%103006 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Natural Gas 1,240 0.0%105 External Combustion Boilers: Space Heaters: Total 343 343 0.0% 0.0%201 Internal Combustion Engines: Electric Generation: Total 2,656 2,656 0.1% 0.1%202 Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Total 3,567 3,567 0.1% 0.1%203 Internal Combustion Engines: Commercial/Institutional: Total1,191 1,191 0.0% 0.0%204 Internal Combustion Engines: Engine Testing: Total 373 373 0.0% 0.0%260 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway 2-stroke Gasoline Engines: Total 14 14 0.0% 0.0%270 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highwayDiesel Engines: Total 10 10 0.0% 0.0%273 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highwayLPG-fueled Engines: Total 0 0 0.0% 0.0%275 Internal Combustion Engines: Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust: Total 0 0 0.0% 0.0%276 Internal Combustion Engines: Rotary Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust: Total 0 0 0.0% 0.0%288 Internal Combustion Engines: Fugitive Emissions: Total 12 12 0.0% 0.0%301 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing: Total 216,652 7.4%301XXXXX Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing: Other 4,622 0.2%301005 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Carbon Black Production 74,153 2.5%301016 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Phosphoric Acid: Wet Process 8,687 0.3%301018 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Plastics Production 1,529 0.1%301023 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing:Sulfuric Acid (Contact Process) 88,153 3.0%301032 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Elemental Sulfur Production 5,775 0.2%301035 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Inorganic Pigments 1,342 0.0%301900 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Fuel Fired Equipment 6,325 0.2%301999 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Other Not Classified 26,066 0.9%302 Industrial Processes: Food and Agriculture: Total 6,629 6,629 0.2% 0.2%303 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Total 136,612 4.7%7scc Sccdesc2012 SO2emissionsat 3-digitlevel2012 SO2EmissionsmoredetailedbreakdownPercentage of37-State sumof nonEGUStationary (37-state sumincludesnonpoint)303XXXXX Industrial Processes: PrimaryMetal Production: Other 419 0.0%303001 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production:Aluminum Ore (Electro-reduction) 34,135 1.2%303003 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: By-product Coke Manufacturing 21,500 0.7%303006 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Ferroalloy, Open Furnace 2,876 0.1%303008 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel MACT) 9,757 0.3%303009 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Steel Manufacturing (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel MACT) 5,671 0.2%303010 Industrial Processes: Primary MetalProduction: Lead Production 41,840 1.4%303023 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Taconite Iron Ore Processing 3,475 0.1%303024 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production:Metal Mining (General Processes) 2,305 0.1%303030 Industrial Processes: Primary MetalProduction: Zinc Production 3,804 0.1%303900 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Fuel Fired Equipment 10,829 0.4%304 Industrial Processes: Secondary Metal Production: Total 26,630 26,630 0.9% 0.9%305 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Total 241,590 8.3%305XXXXX Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Other 3,546 0.1%305001 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Asphalt Roofing Manufacture 1,023 0.0%305002 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Asphalt Concrete 4,929 0.2%305003 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Brick Manufacture 11,094 0.4%305006 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) 84,812 2.9%305007 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) 59,767 2.0%305009 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products:Clay and Fly Ash Sintering 4,303 0.1%305010 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) 1,793 0.1%305012 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Fiberglass Manufacturing 1,228 0.0%305014 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Glass Manufacture 16,533 0.6%305016 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Lime Manufacture 31,923 1.1%305017 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Mineral Wool 2,565 0.1%305029 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Lightweight Aggregate Manufacture 3,119 0.1%305092 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Catalyst Manufacturing 1,181 0.0%305150 Industrial Processes: MineralProducts: Calcining 11,623 0.4%8scc Sccdesc2012 SO2emissionsat 3-digitlevel2012 SO2EmissionsmoredetailedbreakdownPercentage of37-State sumof nonEGUStationary (37-state sumincludesnonpoint)305999 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Other Not Defined 2,151 0.1%306 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Total 119,849 4.1%306XXXXX Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Other 1,558 0.1%306001 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Process Heaters 11,953 0.4%306002 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Catalytic Cracking Units 29,570 1.0%306004 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Blowdown Systems 3,463 0.1%306006 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Vacuum Distillate Column Condensors 788 0.0%306008 Industrial Processes:Petroleum Industry: Fugitive Emissions 7,373 0.3%306009 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Flares 12,794 0.4%306014 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry:Petroleum Coke Calcining 28,321 1.0%306033 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Desulfurization 2,787 0.1%306099 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Incinerators 11,327 0.4%306888 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Fugitive Emissions 939 0.0%306999 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Petroleum Products - Not Classified 8,977 0.3%307 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Total 56,601 1.9%307XXXXX Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Other 1,272 0.0%307001 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping 52,768 1.8%307002 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Sulfite Pulping 2,561 0.1%308 Industrial Processes: Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products: Total 11 11 0.0% 0.0%309 Industrial Processes: FabricatedMetal Products: Total 148 148 0.0% 0.0%310 Industrial Processes: Oil and GasProduction: Total 43,686 1.5%310XXXXX Industrial Processes: Oil andGas Production: Other 1,136 0.0%310002 Industrial Processes: Oil and Gas Production: Natural Gas Production 39,580 1.4%310003 Industrial Processes: Oil and Gas Production: Natural Gas Processing Facilities 2,971 0.1%312 Industrial Processes: Machinery, Miscellaneous: Total 10 10 0.0% 0.0%313 Industrial Processes: Electrical Equipment: Total 210 210 0.0% 0.0%314 Industrial Processes: Transportation Equipment: Total 32 32 0.0% 0.0%315 Industrial Processes: Photo Equip/Health Care/Labs/Air Condit/SwimPools: Total 5 5 0.0% 0.0%316 Industrial Processes: Photographic Film Manufacturing: Total 0 0 0.0% 0.0%9scc Sccdesc2012 SO2emissionsat 3-digitlevel2012 SO2EmissionsmoredetailedbreakdownPercentage of37-State sumof nonEGUStationary (37-state sumincludesnonpoint)330 Industrial Processes: TextileProducts: Total 8 8 0.0% 0.0%360 Industrial Processes: Printing and Publishing: Total 0 0 0.0% 0.0%385 Industrial Processes: Cooling Tower: Total 39 39 0.0% 0.0%390 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Total 25,855 25,855 0.9% 0.9%399 Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: Total 28,160 28,160 1.0% 1.0%401 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Solvent Evaporation: Total 11 11 0.0% 0.0%402 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Surface Coating Operations: Total 129 129 0.0% 0.0%403 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Petroleum Product Storage at Refineries: Total 260 260 0.0% 0.0%404 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Petroleum Liquids Storage (non-Refinery): Total 18 18 0.0% 0.0%405 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Printing/Publishing: Total 15 15 0.0% 0.0%406 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products: Total 204 204 0.0% 0.0%407 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Chemical Storage: Total 70 70 0.0% 0.0%408 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: OrganicChemical Transportation: Total 5 5 0.0% 0.0%490 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Solvent Evaporation: Total 382 382 0.0% 0.0%501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal- Government: Total 9,445 9,445 0.3% 0.3%502 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional: Total 3,419 3,419 0.1% 0.1%503 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial: Total 2,588 2,588 0.1% 0.1%504 Waste Disposal: Site Remediation: Total 30 30 0.0% 0.0%625 MACT Source Categories: Food and Agricultural Processes: Total 132 132 0.0% 0.0%646 MACT Source Categories: Vinyl-based Resins: Total 0 0 0.0% 0.0%648 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Polymers: Total 0 0 0.0% 0.0%682 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Processes: Total 1 1 0.0% 0.0%684 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Processes (Chemicals): Total 0 0 0.0% 0.0%TOTALS1,772,888 1,772,888 60.6% 60.6%10Table 2. Nonpoint contributions to 2005 SO2 Stationary Source Inventory from 37 Eastern StatesSCC Nonpoint Category2005 SO2 Emissionsfrom the category% of 2005Stationary SourceInventory2102 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: Industrial 675,124 22.0%2103 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional 209,583 6.8%2104 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: Residential 164,398 5.4%2199 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion: Total Area Source Fuel Combustion 25,241 0.8%11Table 3. 2012 SO2Annual Emissions for NonEGU Point, Nonpoint, andMobile Source Categories That Comprise More Than1 Percent of Total Non-Fire Emissions from States Significantly Contributing to PM2.5 Under the Proposed Transport RuleState in EasternUSSCC Source Category Percentage ofState’s Entirenon-FireInventorya(%)Percentage ofState’s Entirenon-FireInventorya(%) – moredetailedbreakdown2012 SO2Emissions at3-digit SCClevel (Tonsper Year)2012 SO2 Emissions –More detailedBreakdown (Tons perYear)Alabama 210400 StationarySource Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional8.638,919310 Oil and Gas Production 3.5 15,892310002 Oil and Gas Production – Natural Gas 2.9 13,505102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 3.2 14,620210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion -Industrial2.712,673307 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products 2.6 11,793307001 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products – KraftPulping2.611,752305 Mineral Products 1.6 8,325304 Secondary Metal 1.4 6,285301 Chemical Manufacturing 1.2 5,732303 Primary Metal 1.1 4,871Connecticut210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential46.912,354210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional22.15,808501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal – Govt. 2.8 737102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 2.6 681102004 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Residual Oil2.565212103 External CombustionBoilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers1.4363Onroad Mobile 1.3 330Delaware102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 35.1 8,699102002 External CombustionBoilers:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal19.94,921102004 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Residual Oil12.53,086210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial12.53,089210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional7.11,779306 Petroleum Industry 5.7 1,415306009 Petroleum Industry – Flares 1.9 480210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential3.9989301 Chemical Manufacturing 1.0 272District ofColumbia210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional51.41,180210400Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential15.1347103 External CombustionBoilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers3.069103005 External CombustionBoilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers –Distillate Oil2.967Onroad 1.8 4113Florida301 Chemical Manufacturing 9.5 34,036301023 Chemical Manufacturing - Sulfuric AcidPlants9.333,284219 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – AreaSource7.025,194210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial6.924,901210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional5.519,671102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 3.6 13,062102004 External CombustionBoilers:Industrial:Residual Oil1.65,651102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal1.45,127307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 1.2 4,458Georgia210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial8.254,757102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.1 40,912102002 External CombustionBoilers:Industrial:Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal3.724,954Illinois 102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.3 54,267102002 External CombustionBoilers:Industrial :Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal6.152,552306 Petroleum Industry 3.0 25,571301 Chem. Manufacturing 1.4 12,526103External Combustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional1.19,312103002 External Combustion Boilers: 1.1 9,25314Commercial/Institutional:Bituminous/Subbituminous CoalIndiana210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial5.254,651102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 3.0 29,501102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal1.717,135303 Primary Metals 2.6 25,614103 Commercial/InstitutionalBoilers 1.9 18,955103002 Commercial/Institutional Boilers –Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal1.211,473305 Mineral Products 1.0 10,327Iowa102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 13.5 33,930102002 External Combustion Boilers:IndustrialBituminous/Subbituminous Coal13.132,817305 Mineral Products 6.4 16,022305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing(Dry Process)6.215,643210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional4.310,725210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial2.45,962103 External CombustionBoilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers2.25,363103002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal2.15,184210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential1.12,641Kansas210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion – 22.2 24,22015Industrial280 Agricultural Production – Crops 10.0 10,937305 Mineral Products 4.75,162305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing(Dry)2.12,311305007 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing(Wet)1.21,302306 Petroleum Industry 3.0 3,396301 Chem. Manufacturing 2.0 2,205301005 Chem. Manufacturing – Carbon BlackProduction1.92,107102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 1.0 1,047Kentucky210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial14.826,484303 Primary Metal 1.1 8,226Louisiana301 Chem. Manufacturing 34.6 90,994301005 Chem. Manufacturing – Carbon BlackProduction17.746,465301023 Chem. Manufacturing – Sulfuric AcidProduction7.319,268306 Petroleum Industry 7.4 19,415102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.5 16,972102008 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Petroleum Coke3.28,541304 Secondary Metal 3.7 9,842305 Mineral Products 2.5 6,451307 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products 2.1 5,498307001 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products – KraftPulping2.15,46316Maryland210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial21.730,952102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 17.2 21,540102002 External Combustion Boilers:IndustrialBituminous/Subbituminous Coal15.219,083303 Primary Metals 4.7 5,885303001 Primary Metals – Aluminum Ore 2.6 3,253303008 Primary Metals – Iron Production 2.1 2,624210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional3.94,988210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential3.54,508305 Mineral Products 3.1 3,902Massachusetts210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential32.720,196102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 19.0 11,748102004 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial :Residual Oil16.510,212103 External Combustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers7.24,451103004 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers: Residual Oil3.92,414103005 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional: Distillate Oil2.61,592210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional5.73,542305 Mineral Products 1.3 810501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal –Government1.278017203 Internal Combustion Engines -Commercial/Institutional1.2730Michigan210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial9.538,416305 Mineral Products 7.2 29,276305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing(Dry)4.819,698305007 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing(Wet)1.77,129102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.6 26,705102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal5.522,503303 Primary Metals 1.5 6,197Minnesota102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 12.6 11,879102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal6.76,314102004 External Combustion Boilers:IndustrialExternal Combustion Boilers:Industrial :Residual Oil2.82,629102008 External Combustion Boilers: Petroleum Coke 2.72,539210200Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial7.010,747390 Industrial Processes: In-Process Fuel Use2.92,715305 Mineral Products 2.4 2,279210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential1.52,266304 Secondary Metal 1.9 1,766103 External Combustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional1.71,631399 Miscellaneous Manufacturing 1.6 1,49518501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal –Government1.0979Missouri303 Primary Metal 8.1 46,346303010 Primary Metal – Lead Production 7.3 41,840210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial5.833,291305 Mineral Products 2.9 16,423305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing(Dry)1.47,939102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 1.7 9,636102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal1.69,219210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional1.69,293Nebraska210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial18.128,333305 Mineral Products3.14,853305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing(Dry)3.04,776New Jersey210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential12.36,883210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional6.03,348301 Chemical Manufacturing 3.9 2,164301023 Chemical Manufacturing – Sulfuric Acid 3.8 2,13519Manufacturing501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal –Govt.1.91,047102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 1.4 810399 Misc. Industrial Processes 1.3 754305 Mineral Products 1.3 732New York210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial12.942,774210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential10.635,026210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional10.534,667102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 8.2 27,025102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial :Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal7.022,971305 Mineral Products 5.9 19,468305007 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing(Wet)5.518,129North Carolina102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 14.2 30,562102005 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Distillate Oil7.516,271102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal4.810,418210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial4.910,638301 Chemical Manufacturing 3.6 7,856301023 Chemical Manufacturing – Sulfuric AcidProduction3.16,762305 Mineral Products 1.9 4,170307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 1.22,50720Ohio102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.8 73,031102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal6.367,313305 Mineral Products 1.2 14,308Pennsylvania102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 2.7 30,729102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial :Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal1.819,813210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential2.630,334305 Mineral Products 2.0 22,328210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional1.719,235210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial1.618,247South Carolina210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial12.025,344102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 7.3 15,483102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal4.18,577305 Mineral Products 3.6 7,638305006 Mineral Products – Cement Manufacturing(Dry)2.04,327307 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products 2.1 4,514307001 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products – KraftPulping2.14,466303001 Primary Metals (Allfrom Aluminum Ore) 1.53,19721Tennessee102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 6.7 47,170102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial :Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal5.740,646210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial4.431,143103 External Combustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional2.114,579103002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional BoilersBituminous/Subbituminous Coal2.014,347Virginia102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 13.934,463102002 External CombustionBoilers:Industrial:Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal8.019,767102004 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial:Residual Oil4.010,0422102002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial7.318,135399 Misc. Industrial Processes 3.6 8,883210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Commercial/Institutional3.27,911210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential2.66,343305 Mineral Products 2.2 5,392303 Primary Metal Production 2.0 4,974303003 Primary Metal Production – By-Product CokeManufacturing1.94,820307 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products 2.0 4,854307001 Pulp and Paper/Wood Products – KraftPulping1.94,80722301 Chem. Manufacturing 1.0 2,362West Virginia102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 3.6 22,934102002 External Combustion Boilers:IndustrialBituminous/Subbituminous Coal3.321,378210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Industrial1.49,544306 Petroleum Industry 1.3 8,647306014 Petroleum Industry – Petroleum CokeCalcining1.38,539Wisconsin102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 32.7 59,141102002 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial :Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal28.050,600210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion –Residential1.93,491aThe non-fire emissions inventory refers toall emissions in the NEI except those fromfires (natural wildfires and prescribedburning).

# 23 b. NO X



# Table 4 shows the contributions from point source categories for 2012 over the 37-state

region of the United States addressed by the pr oposed rule. Categories are identified in

the first column by EPA Sour ce Classification Code (SCC), and in the second column by

name. For each of the point source categor ies included in the table, we list the 2012

NO X 

# emissions (tons/yr), and the percentage that a given to ns/year represents over the

entire 37-state stationary source total. B ecause the 37-state total is 3,205,261 tons, as

indicated in the second row, each percentage lis ted in the table is a percentage of this

value. For some categories, the percentage s are provided only by a more disaggregated

3-digit SCC level. For the largest contributing 3-digit SCCs, we provide for breakdowns

to a more disaggregated level. Observations from table 4:

-- the largest emitting point source categories are: external combustion (industrial,

commercial and institutional) boilers, IC engi nes, chemical manufacturing (from a variety

of different SCCs), primary metals produc tion, mineral products (especially cement

production), petroleum industry, kraft pulp mills, and municipal incineration.

-- As was the case for SO 2 

# , the emissions inventory breakdowns in this table are very

similar to those EPA found at the time of CAIR, and which are summarized in a

document entitled “Identification and Disc ussion of Sources of Regional Point Source

NOx and SO2 emissions other than EGUs. EPA OAQPS and CAMD, January 2004.

Table 5 provides information on indi vidual state contributions to the NO X 

# inventory for

those States affected by the Transport Rule. In table 5, we list source category emissions

in each state “linked” to a downwind nonattainme nt PM2.5 or ozone nonattainment area.

Source categories, including stationary (point and nonpoint) and mobile source

categories, are included in table 5 if the cont ribute more than 1 percent of the total non

fire emissions in a given state. E GU emissions are included in the “total nonfire”

amount, but are not listed in the table. Observations from table 5:

-- the source categories that exceed 1 percent of individual states’ en tire inventory (from

table 5) are generally the same as those the are the largest emitting categories in table 4.

A few additional categories exceed 1 percent in some states; for example, residential fuel

combustion in a number of states, and agricultural crop produ ction in Kansas.

-- the largest contribution to the inventory in most states is onroad and nonroad mobile

sources.24Table 4. 2012 Point Source NOx Contributions for 37 Eastern Statesscc Sccdesc2012 NOXemissions at 3-digit SCC level (tons/yr)2012 NOXemissions,moredetailed breakdown(tons/yr)Percentage of 37-State sum of nonEGUStationary (37-state sum includes nonpoint)GRAND 37-state sum of Non-EGU Stationary Inventory3,205,261Unclassified NonEGU Point51,893 51,8931.6%101 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Total34,9141.1%101XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Other1,0370.0%101002External Combustion Boilers:Electric Generation:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal11,1350.3%101006 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Natural Gas9,9450.3%101007 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Process Gas8910.0%101009 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Wood/Bark Waste5,8320.2%101012 External Combustion Boilers: Electric Generation: Solid Waste6,0740.2%102 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Total419,00613.1%102XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Other1,7540.1%102002 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal156,4794.9%102003 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Lignite5,5350.2%102004 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Residual Oil37,4311.2%102005 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Distillate Oil4,2060.1%102006 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Natural Gas109,5953.4%102007 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Process Gas28,4260.9%102008 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Petroleum Coke3,4420.1%102009 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste57,5601.8%102011 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Bagasse2,3190.1%102012 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Solid Waste5,5200.2%102013 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: Liquid Waste3,3440.1%102014 External Combustion Boilers: Industrial: CO Boiler3,3950.1%103 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Total49,5391.5%103XXXXX External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Other9660.0%103002External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal15,9880.5%25scc Sccdesc2012 NOXemissions at 3-digit SCC level (tons/yr)2012 NOXemissions,moredetailed breakdown(tons/yr)Percentage of 37-State sum of nonEGUStationary (37-state sum includes nonpoint)103004 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Residual Oil5,5490.2%103005 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Distillate Oil6,6610.2%103006 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Natural Gas16,1920.5%103009 External Combustion Boilers: Commercial/Institutional: Wood/Bark Waste4,1830.1%105 External Combustion Boilers: Space Heaters: Total4,0080.1%201 Internal Combustion Engines: Electric Generation: Total29,9310.9%202 Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Total491,74315.3%202XXXXX Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Other1,3150.0%202001 Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Distillate Oil (Diesel)8,8670.3%202002 Internal Combustion Engines: Industrial: Natural Gas472,77714.8%202004 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Large Bore Engine8,7840.3%203 Internal Combustion Engines: Commercial/Institutional: Total21,8990.7%204 Internal Combustion Engines:Engine Testing: Total6,4120.2%260Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway 2-stroke Gasoline Engines:Total5<0.1%270 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway Diesel Engines: Total77<0.1%273 Internal Combustion Engines: Off-highway LPG-fueled Engines: Total21<0.1%275 Internal Combustion Engines: FixedWing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust: Total1<0.1%276Internal Combustion Engines: Rotary Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust:Total5<0.1%288 Internal Combustion Engines: Fugitive Emissions: Total330<0.1%301 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Total78,4562.4%301XXXXX Industrial Processes:Chemical Manufacturing: Other8,0430.3%301003 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing: Ammonia Production9,5830.3%301005 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Carbon Black Production11,4210.4%301006 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Charcoal Manufacturing1,6050.1%301013 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing: Nitric Acid7,5390.2%301018 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing: Plastics Production1,9550.1%301023Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Sulfuric Acid (ContactProcess)1,5960.0%301035 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing: Inorganic Pigments1,1900.0%301197Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Butylene, Ethylene,Propylene, Olefin Production2,7700.1%301900 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing: Fuel Fired Equipment20,9350.7%26scc Sccdesc2012 NOXemissions at 3-digit SCC level (tons/yr)2012 NOXemissions,moredetailed breakdown(tons/yr)Percentage of 37-State sum of nonEGUStationary (37-state sum includes nonpoint)301999 Industrial Processes: Chemical Manufacturing: Other Not Classified11,8190.4%302 Industrial Processes: Food and Agriculture: Total4,8470.2%303 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Total57,3321.8%303XXXXX Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Other9350.0%303002Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Aluminum HydroxideCalcining1,0280.0%303003Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: By-product CokeManufacturing11,1420.3%303006 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Ferroalloy, Open Furnace1,8820.1%303008Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel MACT)4,1970.1%303009Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Steel Manufacturing (See3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel MACT)15,1350.5%303023Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Taconite Iron OreProcessing16,1320.5%303900 Industrial Processes: Primary Metal Production: Fuel Fired Equipment6,8810.2%304 Industrial Processes: Secondary Metal Production: Total11,9200.4%305 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Total301,8269.4%305XXXXX Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Other5,4430.2%305002 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Asphalt Concrete5,6210.2%305003 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Brick Manufacture2,8430.1%305006Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Cement Manufacturing (DryProcess)120,3853.8%305007Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Cement Manufacturing (WetProcess)54,5551.7%305008 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Ceramic Clay/Tile Manufacture1,1190.0%305009 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Clay and Fly Ash Sintering2,7630.1%305010Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Coal Mining,Cleaning, andMaterial Handling (See 305310)2,2450.1%305012 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Fiberglass Manufacturing4,7180.1%305014 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Glass Manufacture59,9991.9%305016 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Lime Manufacture36,9701.2%305020Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Stone Quarrying - Processing (Seealso 305320)1,0920.0%305029Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Lightweight AggregateManufacture1,5560.0%27scc Sccdesc2012 NOXemissions at 3-digit SCC level (tons/yr)2012 NOXemissions,moredetailed breakdown(tons/yr)Percentage of 37-State sum of nonEGUStationary (37-state sum includes nonpoint)305900 Industrial Processes: Mineral Products: Fuel Fired Equipment2,5170.1%306 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Total69,7532.2%306XXXXX Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Other2,4060.1%306001 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Process Heaters44,5771.4%306002 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Catalytic Cracking Units13,4490.4%306003 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Catalytic Cracking Units4800.0%306004 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Blowdown Systems2,0220.1%306009 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Flares2,4410.1%306014 Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Petroleum Coke Calcining2,8340.1%306999Industrial Processes: Petroleum Industry: Petroleum Products - NotClassified1,5460.0%307 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Total72,0692.2%307XXXXX Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Other3,2960.1%307001Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Sulfate (Kraft)Pulping58,8331.8%307002 Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Sulfite Pulping2,5450.1%307007Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: PlywoodOperations2,0500.1%307010Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: OrientedStrandboard (OSB) Manufacture1,7530.1%307013Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: MiscellaneousPaper Products1,7400.1%307900Industrial Processes: Pulp and Paper and Wood Products: Fuel FiredEquipment1,8530.1%308 Industrial Processes: Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products: Total1,9260.1%309 Industrial Processes: Fabricated Metal Products: Total2,1210.1%310 Industrial Processes: Oil and Gas Production: Total26,1320.8%312 Industrial Processes: Machinery, Miscellaneous: Total80<0.1%313 Industrial Processes: Electrical Equipment: Total99<0.1%314 Industrial Processes: Transportation Equipment: Total434<0.1%315Industrial Processes: Photo Equip/Health Care/Labs/AirCondit/SwimPools: Total7<0.1%316 Industrial Processes: Photographic Film Manufacturing: Total105<0.1%320 Industrial Processes: Leather and Leather Products: Total1<0.1%330 Industrial Processes: Textile Products: Total305<0.1%28scc Sccdesc2012 NOXemissions at 3-digit SCC level (tons/yr)2012 NOXemissions,moredetailed breakdown(tons/yr)Percentage of 37-State sum of nonEGUStationary (37-state sum includes nonpoint)360 Industrial Processes: Printing and Publishing: Total4<0.1%385 Industrial Processes: Cooling Tower: Total19<0.1%390 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Total47,7811.5%390XXXXX Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Other3,2380.1%390002 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Bituminous Coal3,7910.1%390004 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Residual Oil1,0140.0%390006 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Natural Gas35,4181.1%390007 Industrial Processes: In-process Fuel Use: Process Gas4,3210.1%399 Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: Total32,5281.0%399XXXXX Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: Other2040.0%399007Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries: ProcessHeater/Furnace2,8300.1%399900Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries:Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries3,2970.1%399999Industrial Processes: Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries:Miscellaneous Industrial Processes26,1970.8%401 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Solvent Evaporation: Total13<0.1%402 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Surface Coating Operations: Total5,2120.2%403Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Petroleum Product Storage atRefineries: Total197<0.1%404Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Petroleum Liquids Storage (nonRefinery): Total392<0.1%405 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Printing/Publishing: Total384<0.1%406Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Transportation and Marketing ofPetroleum Products: Total356<0.1%407 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Chemical Storage: Total160<0.1%408Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation:Organic Chemical Transportation:Total24<0.1%490 Petroleum and Solvent Evaporation: Organic Solvent Evaporation: Total263<0.1%501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Total62,0011.9%501XXXXX Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Other770.0%501001Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: MunicipalIncineration57,4541.8%501004 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Landfill Dump2,5120.1%501005 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Government: Other Incineration1,9580.1%29scc Sccdesc2012 NOXemissions at 3-digit SCC level (tons/yr)2012 NOXemissions,moredetailed breakdown(tons/yr)Percentage of 37-State sum of nonEGUStationary (37-state sum includes nonpoint)502 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional: Total4,3290.1%503 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial: Total5,0380.2%504 Waste Disposal: Site Remediation: Total417<0.1%625 MACT Source Categories: Food and Agricultural Processes: Total142<0.1%646 MACT Source Categories: Vinyl-based Resins: Total30<0.1%648 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Polymers: Total1<0.1%651 MACT Source Categories: Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing: Total0<0.1%682 MACT Source Categories: Miscellaneous Processes: Total7<0.1%30Table 5. NOxAnnual Non-EGU Point, Nonpoint, and Mobile Emissions in Categories with More Than 1 Percent of a State’sEmissions in the Transport Rule Region – from 2012 Inventory (NEI v2)State in TransportRule RegionSCC Source Category Percentage ofState’s Entirenon-FireInventory(%) at 3-digitSCC levelPercentage of State’sEntire non-FireInventory (%) – moredetailed breakdown2012 NOxEmissions at 3-digit SCC level(Tons Per Year)2012 NOxEmissions–more detailedbreakdown(Tons Per Year)Alabama Onroad Mobile 24.7 82,135Nonroad Mobile 6.5 21,636305 Mineral Products 5.6 18,574305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)3.2 10,671210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential5.1 5.1 16,756102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial5.0 16,605102009 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste2.3 2.3 7,681202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial4.7 15,679202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas4.6 15,415307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 2.5 8,425307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products –Kraft Pulping2.3 7,671210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional2.3 2.3 7,729303 Primary Metal Production 1.3 4,415Arkansas Onroad Mobile 27.7 46,959Nonroad Mobile 12.1 20,435210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial9.1 9.115,076102 External Combustion Boilers: 6.7 11,29031Industrial202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial4.06,848202002 Internal Combustion Engines: NaturalGas4.0 4.06,799305 Mineral Products 3.3 5,634305 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Wet)2.3 2.33,947307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 2.8 4,747307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products:Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping2.23,729210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential1.83,032399 Miscellaneous ManufacturingIndustries1.72,838399990 Miscellaneous ManufacturingIndustries: Miscellaneous IndustrialProcesses1.72,818Connecticut Onroad Mobile 52.9 37,847Nonroad Mobile 17.6 12,619210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential6.98,016501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal– Government; Total5.6 4,029501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal– Government; Municipal Incineration5.53,917210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional5.13,654Delaware Onroad Mobile 38.0 10,700102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial16.04,50732102014 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: CO Boiler5.2 5.21,477102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal4.51,253Nonroad Mobile 14.2 3,984210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial6.21,534210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential3.9965210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional2.9720District of Columbia Onroad Mobile 52.1 4,857Nonroad Mobile 23.9 2,224210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional5.7904210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential5.2820103 External Combustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional: Total3.2294103006 Commercial/Institutional Boilers:Total: Natural Gas1.6257Florida Onroad Mobile 42.4 275,603Nonroad Mobile 14.6 94,808210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial2.616,617305 Mineral Products 1.6 10,145501 Waste Disposal : Solid Waste Disposal- Government1.59,694501001 Waste Disposal : Solid Waste Disposal– Government – Municipal Incineration1.59,440102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial1.49,015202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial1.06,74133Georgia Onroad Mobile 42.9 158,771Nonroad Mobile 11.2 41,427210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial4.123,589102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial4.918,133102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal2.79,888307Pulp and Paper and Wood Products2.810,343307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products:Kraft Pulping2.28,155210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential2.07,302202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial1.45,102202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas1.34,905305 Mineral Products 1.4 5,005Illinois Onroad Mobile 18.3 157,915Nonroad Mobile 9.4 81,153210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential3.424,481202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial2.622,773202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas2.622,388102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial1.916,783102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal1.19,88634305 Mineral Products 1.9 16,400305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)1.19,135210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial1.311,205210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional1.210,116Indiana Onroad Mobile 24.5 114,396Nonroad Mobile 9.6 44,716102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial3.315,606210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial3.114,434202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial2.812,985202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas2.712,581305 Mineral Products 2.7 12,460305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)1.57,214210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential1.99,076303 Primary Metal Production 1.9 8,959103 External Combustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional: Total1.88,167Iowa Onroad Mobile 25.9 58,920Nonroad Mobile 21.1 48,055202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial6.113,975202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas6.013,741102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial5.011,488102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal4.19,39535305 Mineral Products 3.6 8,286305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)3.06,888210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial2.35,230210400Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential2.35,229210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional1.43,153Kansas202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial19.551,356202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas19.250,579Onroad Mobile 16.7 43,914Nonroad Mobile 13.6 35,877Miscellaneous Area Sources:Agriculture Production - Crops11.029,094305 Mineral Products 3.5 9,181305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)1.84,811210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial2.46,300306 Petroleum Industry 1.7 4,421210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential1.64,206102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial1.12,825Kentucky Onroad Mobile 24.1 71,284Nonroad Mobile 7.8 23,149202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial2.98,451202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas2.88,42636210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial2.78,245305 Mineral Products 2.2 6,376102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial2.05,976210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential1.54,597399 Industrial Processes: MiscellaneousManufacturing Industries1.03,060LouisianaOnroad Mobile 20.064,074202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial18.459,154202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas17.857,031102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial11.035,319102006 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Natural Gas4.714,980Nonroad Mobile 7.0 22,532301 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing5.918,784210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial5.517,634306 Petroleum Industry 5.1 16,383306001 Petroleum Industry: Process Heaters 5.1 12,568307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 2.0 6,532307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products:Kraft Pulping1.85,762301005 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing: Carbon BlackProduction2.06,474399 Industrial Processes: MiscellaneousManufacturing Industries1.23,972310 Industrial Processes: Oil and GasProduction1.03,24637Maryland Onroad Mobile 43.2 64,368Nonroad Mobile 14.1 21,087305 Mineral Products 4.8 7,213305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)3.14,637210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial4.66,837210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential4.56,631102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial3.55,192102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal2.53,756501Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal -Government2.84,118501001Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal -Government: Municipal Incineration2.84,113210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional2.33,470303 Primary Metal Production 1.9 2,906303008 Primary Metal Production: IronProduction1.21,810202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial1.01,476Massachusetts Onroad Mobile41.757,147Nonroad Mobile 15.5 21,342210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential11.515,749210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial9.813,434102 External Combustion Boilers: 3.7 5,08438Industrial102004 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Residual Oil2.33,199210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional3.75,074501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal:Government3.34,553501001 Waste Disposal:Solid Waste Disposal:Government- Municipal Incineration3.34,504103 External Combustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional: Total1.92,620Michigan Onroad Mobile 36.3 163,505Nonroad Mobile 11.8 53,064210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential4.218,855305 Mineral Products 4.0 18,027305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)2.812,759102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial3.716,641102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal2.19,312303 Primary Metal Production 3.0 13,485303023 Primary MetalProduction: TaconiteIron Ore Processing2.08,970202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial3.113,876202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas2.912,919210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial2.812,664310 Oil and Gas Production 2.7 11,991Minnesota Onroad Mobile 27.8 86,198Nonroad Mobile 16.852,18939210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial8.137,886390 Industrial Processes: In-process FuelUse6.520,335390006 In-process Fuel Use: Natural Gas 6.5 20,335102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial3.912,074210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential2.98,947210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional2.78,232303Primary Metal Production2.37,266303023 Primary MetalProduction: TaconiteIron Ore Processing2.37,162202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial1.44,482501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal– Government1.44,383501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal– Government: Municipal Incineration1.34,144399 Industrial Processes: MiscellaneousManufacturing Industries1.03,073Mississippi Onroad Mobile 30.8 52,709202 Internal Combustion Engines 17.2 29,391202002 Internal Combustion Engines: NaturalGas16.929,009Nonroad mobile 9.6 16,374102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial5.28,924102009 Industrial Boilers: Wood/Bark Waste 2.6 4,439210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial2.94,889210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential2.13,615307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 2.0 3,49540307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products:Sulfate (Kraft) Pulping1.83,009305 Mineral Products 2.0 3,416305007 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Wet)1.42,352306 Petroleum Industry 1.3 2,141306001 Petroleum Industry: Process Heaters 1.0 1,739301 Chemical Manufacturing 1.0 1,726Missouri Onroad Mobile 36.8 108,298Nonroad mobile 13.7 40,217305 Mineral Products 7.1 20,782305007 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Wet)2.77,890305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)2.67,519210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial3.811,005210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential2.88,493202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial3.08,963202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas2.88,390Nebraska Onroad Mobile 23.7 33,907Nonroad Mobile 21.4 30,613210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial4.46,244202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial2.94,154202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas2.53,649305 Mineral Products 2.6 3,701305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry Process)2.63,660210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential1.82,55541102External Combustion Boilers:Industrial1.01,422New Jersey Onroad Mobile 45.6 76,979Nonroad Mobile 18.1 30,475210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential9.2 9.215,517210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional5.49,232501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal -Government:2.03,444501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal -Government: Municipal Incineration2.03,313399 Industrial Processes: MiscellaneousManufacturing Industries1.72,855102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial1.21,994305 Mineral Products 1.0 1,756New York Onroad Mobile 40.5 154,260Nonroad Mobile 15.3 58,381210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential9.837,250210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional7.930,109102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial4.718,097102006 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Natural Gas3.011,436102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal1.35,055210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial3.613,810305 Mineral Products 3.0 11,494305007 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Wet)2.28,49842501Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal -Government2.59,504501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal -Government: Municipal Incineration2.49,112202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial1.03,828North Carolina Onroad Mobile 43.0 126,081Nonroad Mobile 14.4 42,065102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial7.321,273102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal2.78,041102009 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste2.05,964210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential2.57,082305 Mineral Products 1.6 4,779307 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products 1.5 4,407307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products:Kraft Pulping1.33,830202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial1.13,207202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas1.0 1.02,853Ohio Onroad Mobile 31.0 149,134Nonroad Mobile 12.8 61,501210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential4.320,590102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial4.320,582102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/Subbituminous2.612,66543Coal305 Mineral Products 3.9 18,821305016 Mineral Products: Lime Manufacture 2.1 9,913210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial2.09,732210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional1.88,691202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial1.78,290202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas1.78,170Oklahoma Onroad Mobile 20.5 71,207Nonroad Mobile 13.0 55,424202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial11.740,876202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas11.7 11.740,802Miscellaneous Area Sources:Agriculture Production – Crops5.518,645305 Mineral Products 2.0 6,792305014 Mineral Products: Glass Manufacture 1.4 1.4 4,935102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial1.96,688306 Petroleum Industry 1.4 4,768301 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing1.34,449390In-process Fuel Use1.24,332Pennsylvania Onroad Mobile 27.5 142,217Nonroad Mobile 8.3 42,635305 Mineral Products 6.0 30,762305014 Mineral Products: Glass Manufacturing 2.0 10,174305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)1.99,656210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential4.422,49544102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial2.814,563210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional2.714,169210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial2.211,764202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial1.68,027202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas1.57,604501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal– Government1.36,912501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal– Government: Municipal Incineration1.36,733303 Primary Metal Production 1.2 5,940South Carolina Onroad Mobile 39.3 75,994Nonroad Mobile 10.6 20,559210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial6.612,993305 Mineral Products 5.0 9,749305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)5,006305007 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Wet)1.32,552102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial4.89,276102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal1.93,673102009 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Wood/Bark Waste1.22,349102006External Combustion Boilers :Industrial: Natural Gas1.01,91045307Pulp and Paper and Wood Products2.95,518307001Pulp and Paper and Wood Products:Kraft Pulping2.85,358202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial1.42,636202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas1.32,493Tennessee Onroad Mobile 41.8 126,353Nonroad Mobile 9.8 29,546102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial 8.1 24,614102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal5.015,029102006 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Natural Gas2.1 2.16,295210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial2.98,764305 Mineral Products 2.8 8,584305014 Mineral Products: Glass Manufacture 1.5 1.5 4,413305006 Mineral Products: Cement Manufacture(Dry)1.18,584103 External Combustion Boilers:Commercial/Institutional Boilers2.13,179103002 External Combustion Boilers :Commercial/Institutional Boilers:Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal1.95,681202 Internal Combustion Engines1.85,54046202002 Internal Combustion Engines: NaturalGas1.85,453210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential1.54,748307Pulp and Paper and Wood Products1.02,937Texas Onroad Mobile 26.7 303,453202 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial11.2127,076202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas11.1125,820310 Industrial Boilers: Oil and GasProduction12.4210,708Nonroad Mobile 9.7 109,631305 Mineral Products 3.6 40,318305006 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Dry)1.718,932210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial3.236,182102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial2.9 33,245102006 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Natural Gas1.1 12,879301Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing2.023,209301900 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing: Fuel Fired Equipment1.5 16,668306 Industrial Processes: PetroleumIndustry1.8 20,636306001 Industrial Processes: PetroleumIndustry: Process Heaters1.213,68147Virginia Onroad Mobile 38.1 111,583Nonroad Mobile10.931,981210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial7.936,328102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial7.1 20,760102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal4.112,050210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential1.77,892202 Internal Combustion Engines 2.8 8,185202002 Internal Combustion Engines: NaturalGas2.57,276301 Industrial Processes: ChemicalManufacturing2.57,193210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional1.46,692305 Mineral Products 1.7 4,974501 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal- Government1.54,524501001 Waste Disposal: Solid Waste Disposal– Government: Municipal Incineration1.44,236307Pulp and Paper and Wood Products1.5 4,279307001 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products:Kraft Pulping1.23,636West Virginia OnroadMobile 14.8 27,694202 Internal Combustion Engines: 5.7 10,67048Industrial202002 Internal Combustion Engines:Industrial: Natural Gas5.710,644102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial4.68,537102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Bituminous/SubbituminousCoal3.15,737203Internal Combustion Engines:Commercial/Institutional4.07,445203002Internal Combustion Engines:Commercial/Institutional: Natural Gas4.07,445210200Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial4.07,427Nonroad Mobile3.36,158305 Mineral Products 2.6 4,945305007 Mineral Products: CementManufacturing (Wet)1.83,331210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional1.8 3,353Wisconsin Onroad Mobile 36.3 86,315Nonroad Mobile 16.5 39,327102 External Combustion Boilers:Industrial11.026,191102002 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial : Bituminous/Subbituminous7.217,05449aThe non-fire emissions inventory refers toall emissions in the NEI include EGU,nonEGU point, mobile, and nonpoint sources,except for those associated with fires (natural wildfires and prescribed burning).Coal102006 ExternalCombustion Boilers:Industrial: Natural Gas1.84,381210400 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Residential4.711,176210300 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Commercial/Institutional2.76,376210200 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion:Industrial1.63,826

# 50 3. Discussion of control measures for SO 2 

# by source category

From the inventory information for SO 2 

# presented in section 2 above, the highestemitting categories of non-EGU SO 2 

# emissions are: (1) industrial, commercial, and

institutional (ICI) boilers, (2) Portland cemen t manufacturing, (3) petroleum refining, and

(4) sulfuric acid manufacturing.

a. SO 2 

# Controls for ICI Boilers

For ICI boilers, most of the SO 2 

# emissions are from coal-fired boilers, and to a

lesser degree from residual or distillate oi l-fired boilers. Possible ways to reduce SO 2



# emissions from ICI boilers include fuel swit ching, flue gas desulfurization, and dry

sorbent duct injection. SO 2 

# controls for ICI boilers are di scussed in detail in a document

prepared for the Northeast States for C oordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM)

entitled “Applicability and Feasibility of NOx, SO2, and PM Emissions Control

Technologies Industrial, Commercial, and Institutional (ICI) Boile rs.” NESCAUM,

November 2008 (revised January 2009). This report is available online at:

www.nescaum.org/documents/ici-boilers-20081118-final.pdf

.

Fuel switching possibilities evaluate d by NESCAUM included switching from

high sulfur residual oil to lower sulfur residua l oil, or to distillate oil. NESCAUM

estimated, based on 2007 fuel prices that swit ching from 3 % sulfur residual oil to 1%

residual oil would cost $771/ton (2 005 dollars, $823/t on in 2006 dollars 2 

# ), while

switching from 3 % sulfur oil to 0.2% distil late oil would cost over $5000/ton. EPA

notes that this calculation is sensitive to the actual percent sulfur for a given residual-oil

fired boiler (i.e., sulfur contents less than 3% would have a hi gher cost/ton), as well as the

capacity factor (that is, the frac tion of boiler capacity that is us ed in a year). Moreover,

for most states (and for the eastern half of the United States overall) residual oil use

constitutes at ICI boilers represents a relatively low fraction of the overall SO 2 

# inventory.

Emissions are a relatively higher percenta ge in a few northeast states.

The NESCAUM study did not evaluate fuel switching from higher to lower sulfur

coal. EPA finds it difficult to generalize thes e costs because of variability in operations

variation in boiler fuel capabilities, a nd variations in capacity factor.

The NESCAUM study evaluated several type s of add-on equipment including wet

FGD scrubbers, dry scrubbing (spray dryers) a nd duct injection of so rbents. Wet and

dry FGD costs ranged from about $1600 per ton to over $5000/ton (2006 dollars), and

these calculations were made for rela tively large boilers. The NESCAUM study

provided example calculations for various boile r sizes, and did not attempt calculations of

actual reductions of the overall emission inventory at varying cost levels.

2 

# Escalation of costs from 2005 to 2006 year dollars accomplished by using the Chemical Engineering Plant

Cost Index (CEPCI) annual values. The 2005 annual va lue is 468.2; the 2006 annual value is 499.6. The

escalation factor in this case is 499.6/468.2 = 1.07 . For more information, refer to the Chemical

Engineering magazine, April 2010 or www.che.com

.

# 51 The NESCAUM study discusses duct sorben t injection of reagents such as

hydrated lime, trona, and sodium bicarbonate. While the report presents information on

estimated capital costs per million BTU of boiler capacity, operating costs are not

presented. EPA believes that overall annuali zed costs for sorbent in jection are likely to

be highly dependent on reagent costs, and th e amount of reagent used, and addition are

dependent on whether the reagent is milled (smaller particle size of reagent) or nonmilled (larger particle size of reagent). Control efficiencies for milled and unmilled

trona varied from 30-80 % depending on th e amount of reagent used per unit of SO 2



# emitted.

b. SO 2 

# controls for Portland cement manufacturing

For Portland cement manufacturing, in formation from a 2006 report prepared by

the Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO) estimated costs for SO 2 

# scrubbing to be between $2,211 - 6,917 per t on (in year 2003$, or $2,745 – 8,577 per ton

in year 2006$ 3 

# ). The LADCO “white papers” discussion is available from the following

website:

http://www.ladco.org/reports/control/fina l_reports/identifica tion_and_evaluation_of_can

didate_control_measures_ii_june_2006.pdf.

c. SO 2 

# controls for petroleum refining

For petroleum refining, the largest sources of SO 2 

# emissions are from catalytic

cracking, sulfur recovery units, and process heaters. A good di scussion of petroleum

refinery emissions sources and controls can be found as chapter 11 of “Controlling Fine

Particulate Matter Under the Clean Air Ac t: A Menu of Options.” STAPPA/ALAPCO

(now NACAA). March 2006. For example, refineries currently make widespread use

of (1) wet scrubbing technology for simultaneous control of partic ulates and sulfur

dioxide from catalytic cracking units.

For each of the sources in the petrol eum refining sector, EPA believes that SO 2 

# controls are generally more limited at refineries covered by the recent settlement

agreements EPA has entered into with numer ous petroleum refineries. Moreover, such

agreements cover 88 percent of U.S refining capacity, and will lead to up to 250,000 tons

of SO 2 

# emissions reductions annually. Complia nce with these agr eements has already

taken place at most affected re fineries, and these reductions ar e generally reflected in our

2012 base case emissions invent ory for the transport rule.

d. SO 2 

# controls for sulfuric acid manufacturing

For sulfuric acid manufacturing, the SO 2 

# emissions are related to the percent

recovery of sulfuric acid product. Because the percent recovery is plant-specific, the

3 

# Escalation of 2003 to 2006 year dollars accomplished using the CEPCI. The 2003 CEPCI annual value is

402.0; the 2006 annual value is 499.6. The escalation factor between the two years is 499.6/402.0 = 1.24.

For more information, refer to the Chemical Engineering magazine, April 2010, or www.che.com

.

# 52 available emissions reductions and the cost per ton of controls are high ly variable. At the

time of the CAIR, EPA made rough calculations that the then-exis ting 126,000 tons of

SO2 would be reduced by about one-half if a ll of the sulfuric aci d manufacturing in the

eastern U.S. was controlled to meet the NSPS level of 4 pounds of SO2 per ton of

product. EPA did not develop cost estimates for these approximate reductions and such

cost estimates are still not available. EP A notes, however, that it has entered into a

number of settlement agreements with sour ces in the sulfuric aci d production industry,

and a significant amount of the estimated ava ilable reductions has alr eady been realized.

Over 36,000 tons of SO 2 

# reductions have taken place at 22 plants in the U.S. by 2012 as a

result of 6 settlement agreements. More than half of these plants ar e in states affected by

this proposal.

e. Effects on SO 2 

# from recent rulemakings

The recently proposed ICI boilers MACT is estimated to reduce 340,000 tons per

year of SO 2 

# nationwide by 2013 as a co-impact of this standard. In addition, the

proposed Portland cement MACT is estimate to reduce 120,000 tons per year of SO 2 

# nationwide by 2013 as a co-impact of that stan dard. The ICI boilers MACT is expected

to be promulgated in December 2010, and th e Portland cement MACT is expected to be

promulgated in the summer of 2010. Thus, non-EGU source categories identified as

important emissions sources from various States in this report will be affected by these

MACT standards once they are implemented.

# 53 4. Discussion of control measures for NO X 

# by source category

In order to identify source categor ies for further discussion for NO X 

# , we

conducted an additional step. In add ition to reviewing the emissions inventory

contributions, EPA conducted an analysis of potential NOX emission reductions using its

Control Strategy Tool (CoST). CoST is the tool EPA uses for regulatory impact

analyses (RIAs) and other analyses. Further discussion of the CoST tool is available on

EPA’s website at http://www.epa.gov/ttnecas1/cost.htm

For purpose of identifying a preliminary list of potential nonEGU NOx categories

of interest, EPA used the results of CoST w ith an average cost cu toff of $5000 per ton (in

year 2006 dollars) for the 37 Eastern US States . The results of this analysis are

displayed in table 6. In this table, we display the source categories the contributed more

than 1 percent of the emission reductions as shown by CoST. From this preliminary

analysis, it appears that the following source categories comprise the greatest potential

for nonEGU stationary source emissions reducti ons: external combustion ICI boilers,

internal combustion (IC) engines, Portland cement manufacturing, glass manufacturing,

petroleum refining, kraft pulp mills (nonboile r sources), iron and steel production. We

discuss each of these categories in greater detail in this section.

a. ICI boilers

Similar to EGU boilers, ICI boiler co ntrol measures included combustion

controls, low-NOx burners and add-on contro ls such as selective catalytic reduction

(SCR) and selective non-catalyt ic reduction (SNCR). These measures are described in a

recent report entitled “Applicability and F easibility of NOx, SO2, and PM Emissions

Control Technologies for Industrial, Commer cial, and Institutional (ICI) Boilers.”

NESCAUM, November 2008.

For ICI boilers, costs will vary depending on a number of factors, including the

plant’s capacity utilization, the boiler size, and plant configura tion issues affecting

retrofit costs.

b. IC engines

The term “internal combustion engines” encompasses both (1) “reciprocating” IC

engines such as the natural gas and diesel engines covered the sta tionary reciprocating

internal combustion engines (RICE) MACT st andards, and (2) other types of internal

combustion engines such as gas turbines.

For diesel compression-ignition (CI) IC engines, a variety of NOx control

measures are available. Among them are e xhaust gas recirculation (EGR), SCR, lean

NOx catalyst, and NOx adsorbers,. EGR works by circulating a portion of an engine’s

exhaust gas back to the combustion air fe d to the engine cylin ders. The exhaust

gas/combustion air mixture lowers the temp erature and also the oxygen content in the

# 54 combustion cylinder. This leads to redu ced formation of NOx in the combustion

cylinder. Reduction of NOx often ranges from 25 to 50 percent for EGR, and an EGR is

often found with a diesel partic ulate filter (DPF) system on m obile diesel engines. SCR

is an add-on device placed in the exhaust stream of the engine. SCR can reduce NOx up

to 90 percent from a diesel IC engine. A mmonia or, more commonly, urea is injected

into the exhaust stream of the engine and reacts with NO and NO 2 

# in the presence of a

catalyst to form N 2 

# and water. Lean NOx catalyst and NOx adsorbers are newer control

technologies for diesel IC e ngines. A lean NOx catalyst controls NOx by injecting a

small amount of diesel fuel or other hydrocar bon into the exhaust upstream of a catalyst.

The fuel or hydrocarbon serves as the reduci ng agent for the catalytic conversion of NOx

into N 2 

# . Currently, peak NOx reduction efficien cies range from 10 to 30 percent.

Finally, NOx adsorbers or lean NOx traps operates by trapping NOx emissions in the

form of a metal nitrate during lean operati on of the engine. The NOx adsorbers store

NOx under lean conditions and release and ca talytically reduce stored NOx under rich

conditions. Reductions of up to 90 percent have been claimed by vendors, but no studies

or examples have been found for stationary diesel engines. For more information on

these controls, please refer to the ACT for Stationary Diesel Engines released in March

2010 by US EPA.

For natural gas-fired spark-ignition (SI) IC engines, the primary technology for

NOx controls is non-selective catalytic redu ction (NSCR). NSCR has been commercially

available for many years and has been wide ly used on stationary IC engines. The

technology can be applied to rich burn stati onary engines and is capable of significantly

reducing NOx emissions from stationary RICE. The technology is also capable of

considerably reducing CO and HAP emissions from rich burn stationary RICE. Based on

available information, NSCR appears to be t echnically feasible for rich burn engines

down to 25 hp. Up to 90 percent re duction is available from NSCR.

Industries with SI IC engines will be required to meet emissions limits for HAPs

in a coming final MACT standard proposed in March, 2009 and to be promulgated by

EPA on August 10, 2010. NSCR is expected to be the technology necessary for SI

engines (4 stroke lean burn, in particular) to meet the requirements of the proposed

standard. This proposed standard will also have requirements for 2 stroke and 4 stroke

lean-burn SI engines as well. Reductions in NOx will likely be a co-impact of the

MACT. This final rule will be implemented by mid-2013.

c. Portland cement manufacturing

At cement kilns, NOx emissions are typically reduced through process (or

combustion) controls such as burner design a nd staged combustion in the calciner (SCC).

Such measures can achieve up to 30 percent NOx reduction from a kiln. Add-on (or

post-combustion) controls used to reduce NOx emissions include selective non-catalytic

reduction (SNCR) and selective catalytic re duction (SCR). In an SNCR, ammonia, urea,

or another reagent is injected in the flue gas into an appropr iate temperature zone and at

an appropriate ratio of ammonia to NOx. If the ratio is very high, some ammonia may

not react with NOx and will be emitted (ammonia slip). SNCR can reduce NOx from

about 30 to 60 percent on average. SCR ha s been used worldwide on three cement kilns

# 55 as an add-on NOx control, but not in the U. S. However, a consent decree entered into on

January 20, 2010 between the U.S. Department of Justice and Lafarge Cement Company

requires the installation of an S CR in the next several years at Lafarge’s Kiln 1 located at

Joppa, Illinois, the first instance of an SCR in stallation at a cement kiln in the U.S. For

more information, refer to

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources /cases/civil/caa/lafa rge-infosht.html . SCR is

capable of reducing NOx emissions at cement kilns by about 80 percent.

Cement kilns are a non-EGU source cat egory covered under the NOx SIP call

issued in September 1998, and an ACT for new cement kilns was published in November

2007. At present, the NSPS for cement kiln s is under review, and a revised NSPS will

be promulgated in June, 2010. A NOx emissions limit will be included in the revised

NSPS.

d. Glass manufacturing

There are a large variety of NOx control measures available for glass

manufacturing furnaces. Low NOx burners, st aged firing, and fuel reburn are three

combustion control measures that can be used depending on the type of furnace. Low

NOx burners are designed to reduce peak fl ame temperature with slower mixing of fuel

and air, and minimum injection velocities. Reduction of 30 40 percent can take place

from this measure. Staged firing, or air staging, is a staged combustion process where

combustion air is reduced in itially in order to reduce NOx formation followed by an

oxygen-enriched second stage to complete co mbustion with no additional NOx formed.

This measure is applicable to regenerative furnaces, and can achieve 75 to 85 percent

NOx reduction. Fuel reburn involves injecti on of fuel after the combustion zone in the

furnace to create a reducing atmo sphere for converting NO to N 2 

# . This measure can

achieve 50 to 65 percent reduction of NOx, and is applicable to regenerative furnaces.

Two other measures are batch preheat a nd electric boost. Batch preheat involves

preheating the raw materials and cullet before adding to the furnace. The preheat of these

materials reduces the furnace heat-load thereby reducing NOx emissions. NOx

reductions can range from 10 to 20 percent, but energy savings from reduced fuel usage

and lower furnace temperature are almost equa l to the percent of NOx reductions. Also,

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be reduced due to the lower furnace temperatures.

Electric boost is a measure in which an elec tric cullet passed through the glass mixture in

the furnace to provide, thus reducing fuel re quirements and associated NOx generation.

This measure is currently used in most contai ner glass plants and in more than half of

regenerative furnaces. Reductions of NOx can range from 10 to 30 percent.

A fairly new type of furnace technology, Oxy-firing, can yield NOx reductions as

well as more efficient furnace operation. Oxy-firing is a furnace technology in which the

combustion air is replaced with pure oxygen which reduces nitrogen (and hence NOx)

during combustion. Reduced air volumes yield higher energy efficiency. Used in oil and

gas-fired furnaces, it is now available in mo re than 25 percent of glass furnaces, and is

being required upon rebuild in Northeast States . Reductions range from 75 to 85 percent.

# 56 Add-on controls such as SNCR and SCR ar e also available for glass furnaces.

The operation of these controls for glass fu rnaces is similar to th eir operation for cement

kilns. SNCR can yield from 20 to 60 percent reduction from glass furnaces, and SCR can

yield 60 to 90 percent reductions. While S CR has not been applied on glass furnaces in

the US, a recent consent decree will require Sain t-Gobains Containers, Inc. to install SCR

on three container glass furnaces at their Do lton, Illinois facility by 2018. Refer to

http://www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/ cases/civil/caa/saint gobain-infosht0110.html

for more details.

More information on these controls can be found in the LADCO Interim White

Paper on candidate control measures for th e glass manufacturing industry published in

December 2005 and found at

http://www.ladco.org/reports/control/white _papers/glass_fiberglass_manufacturing_plant

s.pdf

.

e. Petroleum refining

Petroleum refinery combustion sources with controllable NO X 

# emissions include

process heaters and catalytic cracking units. EPA notes that while emission reductions

estimates were applied using CoST for ta ble 6, no rigorous attempt was made to

determine whether plants being controlled we re already subject to refinery enforcement

settlements. Because such settlements aff ect about 90 percent of refining capacity in the

U.S., EPA believes that controls for refinery sources are likely to be limited in their

applicability.

f. Kraft pulp mills

The source categories and controls from the CoST tool listed for pulp mills in

Table 6 are those that are applicable to sources other than power boilers. EPA generally

considers the power boilers to be th e largest source of controllable NO X 

# at kraft pulp

mills, and EPA considers these estimates to be uncertain. Further work is needed to

refine these preliminary estimates in dete rmining whether cost-effective controls are

available for non-boiler sources at kraft pulp mills.

g. Iron and steel production

NO X 

# controls are available for combustion so urces at steel mills such as reheat

and annealing furnaces and other gas-fired equipment. The most common controls in

use are low-NO X 

# burners. Other potentially controll able sources in the industry include

coke plant underfiring stacks, sinter plants, and steelmaking furnaces such as electric arc

furnaces. Available references for describing NO X 

# controls in this industry are available

from references including:

# 57 -- Midwest RPO. Boiler Best Ava ilable Retrofit Technology (BART)

Engineering Analysis. Prepar ed for LADCO, March 30, 2005.

-- Alternative Contro l Techniques Guidance Document (ACT) – NO X 

# emissions

from Iron and Steel Mills. EPA September 1994.

-- “Proper Application of Low-NO X 

# Technology to Reheating Furnaces –

Environmental and Efficiency Advantages.” Ap ril 2005. David G. Schalles and John C.

Dormire, Bloom Engineering col Inc, Pittsburgh, PA. Published in AIST’s “Iron and

Steel Technology.”

-- “Fuel Savings and Reduced Emissions: Experience from 80 Oxy-fuel

Installations in Reheat Furnaces.” May 2005 . Per Verterberg, J. von Scheele, G.

Moroz. Published in AIST’s “Iron and Steel Technology.”58Table 6. NOx Control Measures identified as part ofPreliminary Potential Control Analyses in 37 Eastern StatesUsing EPA’s Control Strategy Tool (CoST)CategorySCCs with most of the reductions Measure Current estimate ofNOx cost/ton, based onanalysis from CoST for2012 (in 2006 dollars)ICI boilers(40% of overallnonEGU NOxreduction estimate)102002XX, 103002XX Coal102004XX , 103004XX Residual Oil102006XX , 103006XX Natural Gas10200701 Refinery Gas10200704 Blast Furnace Gas10200707 Coke oven gas102009XX, 103009XX Wood/bark102011XX Bagasse102012XX Solid waste (?)102003XX Liquid waste (?)SCRSCRSCRSCRSCRSCRSNCRSNCRSNCRSCR$ 960-2,400$1,300-1,900$2,800$2,800$2,800$2,800$1,500-2,300$2,300$2,600$1,900Industrial/commercial Internalcombustionengines andcombustionturbines(25% of overallnonEGU NOxreductionreduction estimate)20200101 diesel turbines20200102 diesel reciprocating20200201 natl gas turbines20200202 natl gas reciprocating20200203 natl gas turbine co-gen20200204 natl gas recip co-gen20200252 2 cycle lean burn20200253 4 cycle rich burn20200254 4 cycle lean burn20200401 large bore diesel20300101 diesel recip commercial20300201 natl gas recip commercialSCR/water injectionNSCRSCR/ steam injectionNSCRSCR/steam injectionNSCRSCR/steam injectionSCR/steam injectionSCR/steam injectionNSCRNSCRNSCR$3,600$540$2,900 – 3,200$620$3,200$620$2,500 – 3,200$1,600 – 3,200$2,400- 3,200$ 410$ 540$ 62059CategorySCCs with most of the reductions Measure Current estimate ofNOx cost/ton, based onanalysis from CoST for2012 (in 2006 dollars)Cement (8% ofoverall nonEGUNOx reductionestimates)30500606 dry process kilns30500622,30500623 preheater precalciner30500706 wet process kilnsSCRBiosolid injectionMid kiln firing$4,200$ 402$ 72Glass (5%) 30501402 container glass melting furnace30501403 flat glass melting furnace30501404 pressed blown glass melt fceSCROxy-firingSCR$3,500$3,000$4,000Non-boiler Pulpmill (5%)30700104 Digester30700106 Recovery furnace direct contact30700110 Recovery furnace indirect contSCRLNBSCR$2,800$ 900$2,800Petroleum refining(2 %)30600104 process heaters30600106 process heaters30600201 cat crackingULNB, ULNB+SNCRULNBLNB + FGR$2,400- 4,200$2,400$3,900Iron and steel(1.5%)30300306 coke oven underfire stack30300933 steel reheat furnaces30300934 steel heat treating/annealing30390003 fuel fired eq: natl gas30390004 fuel fired eq: process gasSNCRLNB + FGRLNB + SNCRULNBLNB + FGR$2,600$600$2,700$2,400$900

# 60 5. Mobile source controls

EPA has undertaken a comprehensive progra m to tighten emissions standards for

both on-road and non-road mobile sources a nd to reduce the sulfur content of gasoline

and on- and non-road diesel fuel used in these vehicles and engines. With the

introduction of these cleaner fuels and the turnov er of the fleets of vehicles and engines

to new vehicles and engines that meet the more stringent standards, emissions of NO X



# and SO 2 

# (as well as direct PM and HAPs) decline significantly. In addition to those

national standards, control measures are available to States reduce NO X 

# and SO 2 

# from

mobile sources. These types of measures in clude (1) application of retrofits to existing

engines and (2) programs to reduce vehicle m iles traveled. In 2007, EPA prepared a

list of mobile source measures in summary tables of emissions control measures for

PM 2.5 

# and its precursors. These tables are available at EPA’s website at:

http://epa.gov/pm/measures/pm_control_measures_tables_ver1.pdf . While for most of

the measures there are wide ranges for the cost estimates, the cost of the measures is well

above the cost levels considered fo r the proposed transport rule.

Most recently in December 2009 EPA finalized a rule to regulate NO X 

# , SO 2 

# , and

PM emissions from ocean-going vessels. This regulation applies to diesel engines in US

flagged and registered Category 3 (C3) ve ssels. Beginning in 2010 NOx emissions from

in-use engines are to be reduced by 15-20 pe rcent. In 2011 NOx emissions from new C3

engines must be reduced by 20 percent a nd in 2016 NOx emissions from new engines

must be reduced by 80 percent. In addition, the sulfur content of the fuel used in these

marine engines bu be reduced by 30 in 2012 and 97 percent in 2015. This means that the

sulfur content of these fuels will be redu ced from the current 35,000 ppm to 1000 ppm in

2015. This will result in substantial reductions in SO 2 

# from C3 marine vessels.

Reductions in PM will also take place as a co-i mpact of this rule. This rulemaking is in

tandem with the establishment of an Emissi ons Control Area (ECA) for North America

by the International Maritime Organization (IM O). The IMO established this ECA in

March 2010Enforcement of emission limits for the North American ECA will begin in

August, 2012.

On an annual basis beginning in 2010, th e NOx controls are expected to cost

about $510 per ton of NOx reduced, and SO 2 

# controls are expected to cost $930 per ton

of SO 2 

# reduced (2006 dollars). 4 

# PM reductions will occur al ong with reducti ons in either

NOx and SO 2 

# . These reductions will continue to 2030 and beyond. More information

on this final rule and its Regulator y Impact Analysis can be found at

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/oceanvessels.htm#regs

.

4 

# It should be noted that the costs of these controls are estimated using a net present value (NPV) approach

that is different than how the non-EGU costs are estimated in this report. For more information on how the

costs of the C3 controls are estimate d, please refer to the RIA found at

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/oceanvessels.htm

.