FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC U IT MAY 1, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H]

I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 07- 14236 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C . D ocketN o. 03 -006 03 -C R -1-1 U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s J O L A N C K E R E I D , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e N o rth e rn D is tr ic t o f G e o r g ia

_________________________ ( M ay 1, 2008) B efo re T JO F L A T , B L A C K an d F A Y , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M:2

J ol a nc ke R e i d appe a l s hi s s e nt e nc e of 12 m onths a nd 1 da y of i m pr i s onm e nt i mp o s e d u p o n r e v o c a t i o n o f h i s s u p e rv i s e d r e l e a s e . Re i d a r g u e s th a tth e Su p r e me C ourtha s he l d tha ts upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e m a y be r e voke d f orf a i l ur e t o pa y r e s t i tut i on o n ly if th a t f a ilu r e w a s w illf

u l. R e id c o n te n d s th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u rt c le a r ly e rr e d in r e voki ng hi s s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e ba s e d on hi s f a i l ur e t o pa y r e s t i tut i on be c aus e the c o u rt f a ile d to m a k e e x p lic it f

in d in g s th a t h is f

a ilu r e to p a y w a s w illf

u l. R e id a s s e rts th a t th e te s tim o n y p r e s e n te d a t s e n te n c in g e s tab lis h e d th a t h e w a s u n ab le to p a y r e s titu tio n d u e to h is lim ite d in c o m e a n d h is o b lig a tio n to p r o v id e b a s ic n e c e s s itie s f

o rh is f a m ily . S e c o n d , R e id a r g u e s th a t h is s e n te n c e w a s u n r e a s o n ab le a nd w a s gr e a t e rtha n ne c e s s a ry t o s a t i s f y the purpos e s of

s e nt e nc i ng s e tf

orth i n 18 U . S . C . § 3 55 3(a) . R ei d ass ert s thatthe advi soryse nt enci ng rang e f or a t ec hn i ca l v i o l at i o n o f th e co n d i t i o n s o f h i s su p erv i sed rel ease w as th ree t o n i n e m o n th s’ i m pri sonm entand argues thatthe di stri ctcourti m prop er l y i m po se d a se nt ence thr e e m onths a nd one da y above the uppe re nd of thi s r a nge w i thoutc ons i de r i ng th e § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) f

a c to r s . Fo rth e r e a s o n s s e tf

o rth mo r e f

u l l y b e l o w , w e a f

f i rm. I . W i l l f u lF ai l u r e t o P ay R e s t i t u t i on T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt’s d e c is io n r e g a r d in g r e v o c a tio n o f s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e is r e v ie w e d f

o rab u s e o f

d is c r e tio n . U n ite d S ta te s v . F r a z ie r , 2 6 F .3 d 1 1 0 , 1 1 2 ( 1 1 th3

C i r . 1994) . T he di s tr i c tc ourtc a n r e voke at e rm of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e i f

i t“ f i nds by apr e ponde r a nc e of

the e vi de nc e tha tthe de f e nda ntvi ol a t e d ac ondi t i on of supervi se d rel ea se . . . . ” 18 U . S . C . 35 83 (e )( 3). T he di stri ctcourt ’ s f i nd i ng s of f

ac t w ith r e g a r d to v io la tio n s o f s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e a r e b in d in g u n le s s c le a r ly erroneou s. U ni t ed S t at es v. A l m and, 99 2 F . 2d 31 6, 31 8 (11 th C i r. 19 93 ). P u r s u a n tt o 1 8 U. S . C . § 3 6 1 3 A, U pon af i ndi ng tha tthe de f

e nda nti s i n de f

aul ton apa y m e ntof

af i ne orr e s t i tut i on, the c ourtm a y , pur s ua ntt o s e c t i on 3565, r e voke pr oba t i on orat e rm of

s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e , . . . r e s e nt e nc e ade f e nda nt p u r s u a n t to s e c tio n 3 6 1 4 , . . . o rta k e a n y o th e ra c tio n n e c e s s a ry to o b ta in c o m p lia n c e w ith th e o r d e ro f af in e o rr e s titu tio n . I n de t e rm i ni ng w ha ta c t i on t o t a ke , the c ourts ha l l c ons i de rthe d efen d an t ’ s em p l o ym en tst atu s, earn i n g ab i l i ty, fi n an ci al reso u rces, the w i l l ful ness i n fai l i ng t o com pl y w i th the fi ne or re st i tut i on order, a nd a ny othe rc i r c um s t a nc e s tha tm a y ha ve abe a r i ng on the de f e nda nt ’ s abi l i ty orf

a i l ur e t o c om pl y w i th the or de rof af i ne or r e s t i tut i on. 18 U . S . C . § 3 61 3A (a )( 1), (2) ( subsec t i on s om i tt ed). I n r e voc a t i on pr oc e e di ngs f orf a i l ur e t o pa yr e s t i tut i on, the c ourtm us tf i nd the de f e nda nt ’ s f

a i l ur e t o pa y w a s w i l l f

ul , i . e . , the de f

e nda ntha d the m e a ns or abi l i ty t o p aya f

i ne or re st i tut i on as ordere d and pu rposef ul l y di d n otdo so. S ee B e a r de n v. G e or gi a , 461 U . S . 660, 668, 103 S . C t . 2064, 2070, 76 L . E d. 2d 221 ( 1983) . T he gove rnm e ntm a y e s t abl i s h w i l l f ul f a i l ur e t o pa y by pr oduc i ng e v id e n c e th e d e f

e n d a n t h a d f

u n d s a v a ilab le to p a y r e s titu tio n a n d d id n o t d o s o .4

S ee U n i t ed S t at es v . B o sw el l , 6 0 5 F . 2 d 1 7 1 , 1 7 5 (5 th C i r. 1 9 7 9 ). “ [A d efen d an t ’ s] fa i l ure t o m ake s uffi ci entbo na fi de ef fort s t o see k em pl oym entor bo rr ow m on ey i n or de rt o pa y the f

i ne orr e s t i tut i on m a y r e f l e c ta n i ns uf

f i c i e ntc onc e rn f

orpa y i ng th e d e b t h e o w e s to s o c ie ty f o rh is c r im e ,” a n d in s u c h as itu a tio n , “th e S ta te is lik e w is e ju s tif

ie d in r e v o k in g p r o b a tio n a n d u s in g im p r is o n m e n t a s a n ap p r o p r ia te p e n a lty f o rth e o f f e n s e .” B e a r d e n , 4 6 1 U .S . a t 6 6 8 , 1 0 3 S .C t. a t 2 0 7 0 . W e det erm i ned, i n U ni t ed S t at es v. S att er fi el d, 74 3 F . 2d 82 7, 84 2 (11 th C i r. 19 84 ), th a t, u n d e rB e ar d e n , ad is tr ic t c o u rt m u s t c o n s id e rtw o th r e s h o ld c r ite r iain r e voc a t i on he a r i ngs . T he c ourtm us tf i r s tc ons i de rw he the rthe de f e nda ntha s m a de s u f f ic ie n t e f f o rts to p a y . I d . I f

ad e f e n d a n t h a s m a d e s u f

f ic ie n t e f f o rts a n d s till c a nnotc om pl y w i th the t e rm s of hi s pr oba t i on, the di s tr i c tc ourtm us tde t e rm i ne w h e th e rim p r is o n m e n t o ra n a lte rn a tiv e is a n ap p r o p r ia te p u n is h m e n t. I d . A s an i ni t i al m att er , al tho ug h the di stri ctcourtdi d n otexpl i ci t l y f i nd that R ei d’ s behavi or w as w i l l ful , i tdi d fi nd thathe “ i gn ored hi s obl i gat i on s” and h ad b e e n u n w illin g to f

o llo w th e c o u rt’s in s tru c tio n s . T h u s , th e d is tr ic t c o u rt im p lic itly foun d thatR ei d’ s c on du ctw as w i l l ful . S ee B earden, 46 1 U . S . at66 8, 10 3 S . C t . at 20 70 . In det erm i ni ng thatR ei d’ s s up ervi se d rel ea se shou l d b e r evok ed, the di stri ct courtconsi dere d R ei d’ s e m pl oym ent , hi s a cc es s t o o ther f i nanci al re source s a nd a s s e t s tha tc oul d be s ol d, a nd hi s f a i l ur e t o m a ke a ny e f

f or tt o s a t i s f

y hi s r e s t i tut i on5

obl i ga t i on a f

t e rthe f i r s tr e voc a t i on he a r i ng. T he r e f or e , the r e c or d i ndi c a t e s tha tthe d i s tr i c tc o u rtp r o p e r l y c o n s i d e r e d th e § 3 6 1 3 A f a c t o r s . 1 8 U. S . C . § 3 6 1 3 A. T he r e c or d a l s o s how s tha tR e i d a dm i tt e d tha the di d notm a ke r e s t i tut i on pa y m e nt s a s or de r e d. A l though he a s s e rt e d tha the w a s unabl e t o m a ke r e s t i tut i on p a y m e n ts b e c au s e o f

o th e re x p e n s e s r e la te d to th e m a in te n a n c e o f h is h o m e a n d h is car, th e reco rd i n d i cat es th atR ei d d i d n o tco n t acth i s p ro b at i o n o ffi cer t o d i scu ss hi s f i na nc i a l di f

f i c ul t i e s a nd r e que s tadi f f e r e ntpa y m e nts c he dul e . R e i d c oul d ha ve pe t i t i one d the c ourtf

oram odi f

i c a t i on of

hi s r e s t i tut i on pa y m e nts c he dul e pur s ua nt t o 1 8 U . S . C . § 3 6 6 4 (k ). T h e reco rd fu rth er i n d i cat es th atR ei d su b m i tt ed fal se m onthl y r e port s t o the pr oba t i on of f i c e , w hi c h i ndi c a t e d tha the ha d be e n m a ki ng r e s t i tut i on pa y m e nt s a nd tha the di d notha ve a ny e xpe ns e s ove r$500. I n l i ghtof th e f o r e g o in g , th e d is tr ic t c o u rt d id n o t c le a r ly e rrin im p lic itly f in d in g th a t R e id d id n o t m a k e s u f

f ic ie n t e f f o rts to p a y a n d w illf

u lly f a ile d to p a y r e s titu tio n . A c c o r d in g ly , it d id n o t ab u s e its d is c r e tio n in r e v o k in g h is s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e . S e e B os w e l l , 605 F . 2d a t175.

II . R eason ab l en es s of R ei d ’s S en te n ce A d is tr ic t c o u rt’s d e c is io n to e x c e e d th e a d v is o ry s e n te n c in g r a n g e in C h ap t er 7 o f th e S en t en ci n g G u i d el i n es, U . S . S . G . § 7 B 1 . 4 , i s rev i ew ed fo r an ab u se o f d is c r e tio n . U n ite d S ta te s v . S ilv a , 4 4 3 F .3 d 7 9 5 , 7 9 8 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) . W e6

r e vi e w the s e nt e nc e i m pos e d upon the r e voc a t i on of s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e f

or re as on abl enes s. U ni t ed S t at es v. S w ee t i ng , 43 7 F . 3d 11 05 , 11 06 -07 (11 th C i r. 20 06 ). S e c t i on 3583 of

T i t l e 18 pr ovi de s tha tadi s tr i c tc ourtm a y r e voke at e rm of supervi se d rel ea se and i m po se a s ent ence of i m pri sonm entfor the vi ol at i on af t er c o n s id e r in g f

a c to r s s e t f

o rth in 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) . S w e e tin g , 4 3 7 F .3 d a t 1 1 0 7 . S ect i o n 3 5 5 3 (a) p ro v i d es th atd i stri ctco u rt s i m p o si n g a sen t en ce m u stfi rst consi der, i nt eral i a, (1) the nature a nd ci rc um st ance s of the offens e; (2) the hi st ory a nd c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s of

the de f e nda nt ; ( 3) the ne e d f

orthe s e nt e nc e t o r e f

l e c tthe seri o u sn ess o f th e o ffen se, p ro m o t e resp ectfo r th e l aw , an d p ro v i d e j u st puni s hm e ntf

orthe of f e ns e ; a nd ( 4) the ki nds of s e nt e nc e s a nd s e nt e nc i ng r a nge es t abl i shed by the G ui del i nes, and i n the ca se of a vi ol at i on of supervi se d rel ea se , the appl i c abl e G ui de l i ne s orpol i c y s t a t e m e nt s i s s ue d by the S e nt e nc i ng C o m m is s io n . I d . T h e te rm im p o s e d c a n n o t e x c e e d th e s ta tu to ry m a x im u m . I d . F oraC l a s s B f

e l ony , the di s tr i c tc ourtm a y nots e nt e nc e ade f e nda ntf or m or e tha n thr e e y e a r s ’ i m pr i s onm e nt . 18 U . S . C . § 3583( e ) ( 3) . C hapt e r7 of the S ent enci ng G ui del i nes r ec om m ends a s ent enci ng rang e of 3 t o 9 m on ths for a G ra de C vi ol at i on of supervi se d rel ea se w hen the defendanthas acr i m i nal hi st ory ca t egory of I . U . S . S . G . § 7 B 1. 4. W e have consi st ent l y hel d thatthe po l i cy7

s t a t e m e nt s of

C hapt e r7 a r e m e r e l y a dvi s ory a nd notbi ndi ng. U ni t e d S t a t e s v. A g u illa r d , 2 1 7 F .3 d 1 3 1 9 , 1 3 2 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 0 ) . T o the e xt e nttha tR e i d a r gue s tha thi s s e nt e nc e i s unr e a s onabl e be c aus e the d istrict co u rt fa il ed to p ro p er ly co n sid erth e § 3 5 5 3 (a ) f ac to rs , th e d istrict co u rt’s co m m en t s atth e rev o cat i o n h eari n g i n d i cat ed th ati tco n si d ered th o se fact o rs, p a rtic u la r ly th e n a tu r e a n d s e r io u s n e s s o f th e u n d e r ly in g o f

f e n s e , th e n e e d to pr ovi de j us tpuni s hm e nt , a nd the ne e d t o pr om ot e r e s pe c tf orthe l a w i n i m pos i ng a s e nt e nc e above the a dvi s ory gui de l i ne r a nge . T he di s tr i c tc ourtm a y de t e rm i ne the w e i ghtt o be a f

f or de d a ny gi ve n § 3553( a ) f a c t or . S e e U ni t e d S t a t e s v. A m e de o, 4 8 7 F .3 d 8 2 3 , 8 3 2 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 7 ) . S p eci fi cal l y, th e co u rtfo u n d th atR ei d ’ s fai l u re t o p ay rest i tu t i o n w as a se ri ou s vi ol at i on i n l i gh tof the am ou ntof m on eyhe em bezz l ed, w hi ch excee ded $ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 . T h e c o u rt n o te d th a t R e id w a s g r a n te d as e c o n d o p p o rtu n ity to c o m p ly w i th the c ondi t i ons of

hi s r e l e a s e , butde t e rm i ne d tha the i gnor e d hi s obl i ga t i ons a nd c ont i nue d t o vi ol a t e thos e c ondi t i ons by f a i l i ng t o pa yr e s t i tut i on a nd by f a i l i ng t o reportt o h i s probat i on offi ce r. In l i gh tof R ei d’ s c on du ctw hi l e on sup ervi se d r e le a s e , in c lu d in g h is w illf u l f a ilu r e to p a y r e s titu tio n , h e f a ile d to s a tis f

y h is b u rd en t o sh o w th atsen t en ce w as u n reaso n ab l e, an d th e d i stri ctco u rtd i d n o tab u se its d is c r e tio n in im p o s in g as e n te n c e th a t e x c e e d e d th e a d v is o ry g u id e lin e r a n g e .8

S e e S w e e t i ng, 437 F . 3d a t1107. I n l i ghtof

the f or e goi ng, the r e voc a t i on of R e i d’ s s upe rvi s e d r e l e a s e a nd the se nt ence i m po se d b y the di stri ctcourtar e AF F I RME D.