Appendix D

Soils Report
United States

Department of

Agriculture

A product of the National

Cooperative Soil Survey,

a joint effort of the United

States Department of

Agriculture and other

Federal agencies, State

agencies including the

Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and local

participants

Custom Soil Resource

Report for

Logan County,

Illinois

Elkhart Siding and Track

Construction

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

July 25, 2013
Preface

Soil surveys contain information that affects land use planning in survey areas. They

highlight soil limitations that affect various land uses and provide information about

the properties of the soils in the survey areas. Soil surveys are designed for many

different users, including farmers, ranchers, foresters, agronomists, urban planners,

community officials, engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers. Also,

conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation, waste disposal,

and pollution control can use the surveys to help them understand, protect, or enhance

the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. Soil surveys identify soil properties

that are used in making various land use or land treatment decisions. The information

is intended to help the land users identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on

various land uses. The landowner or user is responsible for identifying and complying

with existing laws and regulations.

Although soil survey information can be used for general farm, local, and wider area

planning, onsite investigation is needed to supplement this information in some cases.

Examples include soil quality assessments (http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/) and certain

conservation and engineering applications. For more detailed information, contact

your local USDA Service Center (http://offices.sc.egov.usda.gov/locator/app?

agency=nrcs) or your NRCS State Soil Scientist (http://soils.usda.gov/contact/

state_offices/).

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are too unstable to be used as a

foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are poorly suited to use as septic

tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil poorly suited to basements or

underground installations.

The National Cooperative Soil Survey is a joint effort of the United States Department

of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State agencies including the Agricultural

Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The Natural Resources Conservation

Service (NRCS) has leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil

Survey.

Information about soils is updated periodically. Updated information is available

through the NRCS Soil Data Mart Web site or the NRCS Web Soil Survey. The Soil

Data Mart is the data storage site for the official soil survey information.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs

and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where

applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual

orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or a part of an

individual's income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited

bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means

2
for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a

complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400

Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272

(voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and

employer.

3
Contents

Preface....................................................................................................................2

How Soil Surveys Are Made..................................................................................5

Soil Map..................................................................................................................7

Soil Map................................................................................................................8

Legend................................................................................................................21

Map Unit Legend................................................................................................22

Map Unit Descriptions........................................................................................22

Logan County, Illinois......................................................................................25

36B—Tama silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes................................................25

36C2—Tama silt loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, eroded..............................25

36D2—Tama silt loam, 10 to 18 percent slopes, eroded............................26

43A—Ipava silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes................................................27

45A—Denny silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes..............................................28

68A—Sable silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes......................................29

86B—Osco silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes................................................30

86C2—Osco silt loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, eroded...............................30

244A—Hartsburg silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes..............................31

705A—Buckhart silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes.........................................32

705B—Buckhart silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes.........................................33

712A—Spaulding silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes..............................34

802B—Orthents loamy, undulating.............................................................35

3107+—Sawmill silt loam, overwash, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently

flooded..................................................................................................35

W—Water....................................................................................................36

References............................................................................................................37

4
How Soil Surveys Are Made

Soil surveys are made to provide information about the soils and miscellaneous areas

in a specific area. They include a description of the soils and miscellaneous areas and

their location on the landscape and tables that show soil properties and limitations

affecting various uses. Soil scientists observed the steepness, length, and shape of

the slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of crops and native plants; and

the kinds of bedrock. They observed and described many soil profiles. A soil profile is

the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil. The profile extends from the

surface down into the unconsolidated material in which the soil formed or from the

surface down to bedrock. The unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other

living organisms and has not been changed by other biological activity.

Currently, soils are mapped according to the boundaries of major land resource areas

(MLRAs). MLRAs are geographically associated land resource units that share

common characteristics related to physiography, geology, climate, water resources,

soils, biological resources, and land uses (USDA, 2006). Soil survey areas typically

consist of parts of one or more MLRA.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in a survey area occur in an orderly pattern that is

related to the geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural vegetation of the area.

Each kind of soil and miscellaneous area is associated with a particular kind of

landform or with a segment of the landform. By observing the soils and miscellaneous

areas in the survey area and relating their position to specific segments of the

landform, a soil scientist develops a concept, or model, of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist to predict with a considerable

degree of accuracy the kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific location on the

landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge into one another as their

characteristics gradually change. To construct an accurate soil map, however, soil

scientists must determine the boundaries between the soils. They can observe only

a limited number of soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations, supplemented by

an understanding of the soil-vegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to verify

predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the soil profiles that they studied. They

noted soil color, texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and amount of rock

fragments, distribution of plant roots, reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey area and determining their

properties, the soil scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes (units).

Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each taxonomic class has a set of soil

characteristics with precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a basis for

comparison to classify soils systematically. Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic

classification used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind and character of

soil properties and the arrangement of horizons within the profile. After the soil

scientists classified and named the soils in the survey area, they compared the

5
individual soils with similar soils in the same taxonomic class in other areas so that

they could confirm data and assemble additional data based on experience and

research.

The objective of soil mapping is not to delineate pure map unit components; the

objective is to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that have

similar use and management requirements. Each map unit is defined by a unique

combination of soil components and/or miscellaneous areas in predictable

proportions. Some components may be highly contrasting to the other components of

the map unit. The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes

the usefulness or accuracy of the data. The delineation of such landforms and

landform segments on the map provides sufficient information for the development of

resource plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned, onsite investigation is

needed to define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

Soil scientists make many field observations in the process of producing a soil map.

The frequency of observation is dependent upon several factors, including scale of

mapping, intensity of mapping, design of map units, complexity of the landscape, and

experience of the soil scientist. Observations are made to test and refine the soillandscape model and predictions and to verify the classification of the soils at specific

locations. Once the soil-landscape model is refined, a significantly smaller number of

measurements of individual soil properties are made and recorded. These

measurements may include field measurements, such as those for color, depth to

bedrock, and texture, and laboratory measurements, such as those for content of

sand, silt, clay, salt, and other components. Properties of each soil typically vary from

one point to another across the landscape.

Observations for map unit components are aggregated to develop ranges of

characteristics for the components. The aggregated values are presented. Direct

measurements do not exist for every property presented for every map unit

component. Values for some properties are estimated from combinations of other

properties.

While a soil survey is in progress, samples of some of the soils in the area generally

are collected for laboratory analyses and for engineering tests. Soil scientists interpret

the data from these analyses and tests as well as the field-observed characteristics

and the soil properties to determine the expected behavior of the soils under different

uses. Interpretations for all of the soils are field tested through observation of the soils

in different uses and under different levels of management. Some interpretations are

modified to fit local conditions, and some new interpretations are developed to meet

local needs. Data are assembled from other sources, such as research information,

production records, and field experience of specialists. For example, data on crop

yields under defined levels of management are assembled from farm records and from

field or plot experiments on the same kinds of soil.

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only on soil properties but also on such

variables as climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are predictable over long

periods of time, but they are not predictable from year to year. For example, soil

scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of accuracy that a given soil will have

a high water table within certain depths in most years, but they cannot predict that a

high water table will always be at a specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the significant natural bodies of soil in the

survey area, they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial photographs and

identified each as a specific map unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating boundaries accurately.

Custom Soil Resource Report

6
Soil Map

The soil map section includes the soil map for the defined area of interest, a list of soil

map units on the map and extent of each map unit, and cartographic symbols

displayed on the map. Also presented are various metadata about data used to

produce the map, and a description of each soil map unit.

7
8

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Index Sheet

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12

4426000 4427000 4428000 4429000 4430000 4431000 4432000 4433000 4434000 4435000 4436000 4437000 4438000 4439000 4440000 4441000 4442000 4443000 4444000

4425000 4426000 4427000 4428000 4429000 4430000 4431000 4432000 4433000 4434000 4435000 4436000 4437000 4438000 4439000 4440000 4441000 4442000 4443000

284000 285000 286000 287000 288000 289000 290000 291000 292000 293000 294000

283000 284000 285000 286000 287000 288000 289000 290000 291000 292000 293000 294000

40° 7' 9'' N

89° 32' 35'' W

40° 7' 9'' N

89° 24' 28'' W

39° 56' 57'' N

89° 32' 35'' W

39° 56' 57'' N

N

89° 24' 28'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 2500 5000 10000 15000

Feet

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Meters

Map Scale: 1:52,800 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

The order of the maps with the Elkhart Siding is map sheet 4, 3, 7, 6, 10, and 9.
12

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 4 of 12

4

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 3

Joins sheet 7

Joins sheet 8

4436700 4437100 4437500 4437900 4438300 4438700 4439100 4439500 4439900 4440300 4440700

4436700 4437100 4437500 4437900 4438300 4438700 4439100 4439500 4439900 4440300 4440700

291600 292000 292400 292800 293200 293600 294000

291600 292000 292400 292800 293200 293600 294000

40° 5' 32'' N

89° 26' 41'' W

40° 5' 32'' N

89° 24' 50'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 26' 41'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

N

89° 24' 50'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

 9
11

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 3 of 12

3

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 2Joins sheet 4

Joins sheet 6

Joins sheet 7 Joins sheet 8

4436800 4437200 4437600 4438000 4438400 4438800 4439200 4439600 4440000 4440400 4440800

4436800 4437200 4437600 4438000 4438400 4438800 4439200 4439600 4440000 4440400 4440800

289000 289400 289800 290200 290600 291000 291400

289000 289400 289800 290200 290600 291000 291400

40° 5' 32'' N

89° 28' 32'' W

40° 5' 32'' N

89° 26' 41'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 28' 32'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

N

89° 26' 41'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

 10
15

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 7 of 12

7

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 2

Joins sheet 3 Joins sheet 4

Joins sheet 6Joins sheet 8

Joins sheet 10

Joins sheet 11 Joins sheet 12

4432500 4432900 4433300 4433700 4434100 4434500 4434900 4435300 4435700 4436100 4436500

4432500 4432900 4433300 4433700 4434100 4434500 4434900 4435300 4435700 4436100 4436500

288900 289300 289700 290100 290500 290900 291300

288900 289300 289700 290100 290500 290900 291300

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 28' 32'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 26' 41'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 28' 32'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

N

89° 26' 41'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

11
14

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 6 of 12

6

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 1

Joins sheet 2 Joins sheet 3

Joins sheet 5Joins sheet 7

Joins sheet 9

Joins sheet 10 Joins sheet 11

4432500 4432900 4433300 4433700 4434100 4434500 4434900 4435300 4435700 4436100 4436500

4432500 4432900 4433300 4433700 4434100 4434500 4434900 4435300 4435700 4436100 4436500

286300 286700 287100 287500 287900 288300 288700

286300 286700 287100 287500 287900 288300 288700

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 30' 22'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 28' 32'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 30' 22'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

N

89° 28' 32'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

12
18

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 10 of 12

10

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 5

Joins sheet 6 Joins sheet 7

Joins sheet 9

Joins sheet 11

4428300 4428700 4429100 4429500 4429900 4430300 4430700 4431100 4431500 4431900 4432300

4428300 4428700 4429100 4429500 4429900 4430300 4430700 4431100 4431500 4431900 4432300

286100 286500 286900 287300 287700 288100 288500

286100 286500 286900 287300 287700 288100 288500

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 30' 22'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 28' 32'' W

39° 58' 35'' N

89° 30' 22'' W

39° 58' 35'' N

N

89° 28' 32'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

13
17

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 9 of 12

9

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 5 Joins sheet 6 Joins sheet 10

4428300 4428700 4429100 4429500 4429900 4430300 4430700 4431100 4431500 4431900 4432300

4428300 4428700 4429100 4429500 4429900 4430300 4430700 4431100 4431500 4431900 4432300

283500 283900 284300 284700 285100 285500 285900

283500 283900 284300 284700 285100 285500 285900

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 32' 13'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 30' 22'' W

39° 58' 35'' N

89° 32' 13'' W

39° 58' 35'' N

N

89° 30' 22'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

14
9

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 1 of 12

1

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 2

Joins sheet 5 Joins sheet 6

4436900 4437300 4437700 4438100 4438500 4438900 4439300 4439700 4440100 4440500 4440900

4436900 4437300 4437700 4438100 4438500 4438900 4439300 4439700 4440100 4440500 4440900

283800 284200 284600 285000 285400 285800 286200

283800 284200 284600 285000 285400 285800 286200

40° 5' 32'' N

89° 32' 13'' W

40° 5' 32'' N

89° 30' 22'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 32' 13'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

N

89° 30' 22'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

15
10

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 2 of 12

2

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 1Joins sheet 3

Joins sheet 5

Joins sheet 6 Joins sheet 7

4436800 4437200 4437600 4438000 4438400 4438800 4439200 4439600 4440000 4440400 4440800

4436800 4437200 4437600 4438000 4438400 4438800 4439200 4439600 4440000 4440400 4440800

286400 286800 287200 287600 288000 288400 288800

286400 286800 287200 287600 288000 288400 288800

40° 5' 32'' N

89° 30' 22'' W

40° 5' 32'' N

89° 28' 32'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 30' 22'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

N

89° 28' 32'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

16
13

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 5 of 12

5

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 1 Joins sheet 2 Joins sheet 6

Joins sheet 9 Joins sheet 10

4432600 4433000 4433400 4433800 4434200 4434600 4435000 4435400 4435800 4436200 4436600

4432600 4433000 4433400 4433800 4434200 4434600 4435000 4435400 4435800 4436200 4436600

283600 284000 284400 284800 285200 285600 286000

283600 284000 284400 284800 285200 285600 286000

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 32' 13'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 30' 22'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 32' 13'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

N

89° 30' 22'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

17
16

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 8 of 12

8

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 3

Joins sheet 4

Joins sheet 7

Joins sheet 11

Joins sheet 12

4432400 4432800 4433200 4433600 4434000 4434400 4434800 4435200 4435600 4436000 4436400

4432400 4432800 4433200 4433600 4434000 4434400 4434800 4435200 4435600 4436000 4436400

291500 291900 292300 292700 293100 293500 293900

291500 291900 292300 292700 293100 293500 293900

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 26' 41'' W

40° 3' 13'' N

89° 24' 50'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 26' 41'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

N

89° 24' 50'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.

18
19

Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 11 of 12

11

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 6

Joins sheet 7 Joins sheet 8

Joins sheet 10Joins sheet 12

4428200 4428600 4429000 4429400 4429800 4430200 4430600 4431000 4431400 4431800 4432200

4428200 4428600 4429000 4429400 4429800 4430200 4430600 4431000 4431400 4431800 4432200

288800 289200 289600 290000 290400 290800 291200

288800 289200 289600 290000 290400 290800 291200

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 28' 32'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 26' 41'' W

39° 58' 35'' N

89° 28' 32'' W

39° 58' 35'' N

N

89° 26' 41'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.
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Custom Soil Resource Report

Soil Map

Map sheet 12 of 12

12

Map Sheet Location

Joins sheet 7

Joins sheet 8

Joins sheet 11

4428100 4428500 4428900 4429300 4429700 4430100 4430500 4430900 4431300 4431700 4432100

4428100 4428500 4428900 4429300 4429700 4430100 4430500 4430900 4431300 4431700 4432100

291400 291800 292200 292600 293000 293400 293800

291400 291800 292200 292600 293000 293400 293800

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 26' 41'' W

40° 0' 54'' N

89° 24' 50'' W

39° 58' 35'' N

89° 26' 41'' W

39° 58' 35'' N

N

89° 24' 50'' W

Map projection: Web Mercator Corner coordinates: WGS84 Edge tics: UTM Zone 16N WGS84

0 500 1000 2000 3000

Feet

0 150 300 600 900

Meters

Map Scale: 1:12,000 if printed on B portrait (11" x 17") sheet.
MAP LEGEND MAP INFORMATION

Area of Interest (AOI)

Area of Interest (AOI)

Soils

Soil Map Unit Polygons

Soil Map Unit Lines

Soil Map Unit Points

Special Point Features

Blowout

Borrow Pit

Clay Spot

Closed Depression

Gravel Pit

Gravelly Spot

Landfill

Lava Flow

Marsh or swamp

Mine or Quarry

Miscellaneous Water

Perennial Water

Rock Outcrop

Saline Spot

Sandy Spot

Severely Eroded Spot

Sinkhole

Slide or Slip

Sodic Spot

Spoil Area

Stony Spot

Very Stony Spot

Wet Spot

Other

Special Line Features

Water Features

Streams and Canals

Transportation

Rails

Interstate Highways

US Routes

Major Roads

Local Roads

Background

Aerial Photography

The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 1:12,000.

Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map

measurements.

Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service

Web Soil Survey URL: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov

Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)

Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator

projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts

distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the

Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more accurate

calculations of distance or area are required.

This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as of

the version date(s) listed below.

Soil Survey Area: Logan County, Illinois

Survey Area Data: Version 7, Jan 20, 2012

Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales 1:50,000

or larger.

Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Apr 12, 2011—Sep 1,

2011

The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were

compiled and digitized probably differs from the background

imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor shifting

of map unit boundaries may be evident.

Custom Soil Resource Report

21
Map Unit Legend

Logan County, Illinois (IL107)

Map Unit Symbol Map Unit Name Acres in AOI Percent of AOI

36B Tama silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes

20.1 1.1%

36C2 Tama silt loam, 5 to 10 percent

slopes, eroded

28.9 1.5%

36D2 Tama silt loam, 10 to 18 percent

slopes, eroded

3.7 0.2%

43A Ipava silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

513.7 27.4%

45A Denny silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

1.2 0.1%

68A Sable silty clay loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes

773.0 41.2%

86B Osco silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes

217.9 11.6%

86C2 Osco silt loam, 5 to 10 percent

slopes, eroded

15.1 0.8%

244A Hartsburg silty clay loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes

30.4 1.6%

705A Buckhart silt loam, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

135.9 7.2%

705B Buckhart silt loam, 2 to 5 percent

slopes

12.5 0.7%

712A Spaulding silty clay loam, 0 to 2

percent slopes

64.5 3.4%

802B Orthents loamy, undulating 12.7 0.7%

3107+ Sawmill silt loam, overwash, 0 to

2 percent slopes, frequently

flooded

44.5 2.4%

W Water 0.6 0.0%

Totals for Area of Interest 1,874.6 100.0%

Map Unit Descriptions

The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps in a soil survey represent the soils

or miscellaneous areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions, along with the

maps, can be used to determine the composition and properties of a unit.

A map unit delineation on a soil map represents an area dominated by one or more

major kinds of soil or miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and named

according to the taxonomic classification of the dominant soils. Within a taxonomic

class there are precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils. On the landscape,

however, the soils are natural phenomena, and they have the characteristic variability

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of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of some observed properties may extend

beyond the limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a single taxonomic

class rarely, if ever, can be mapped without including areas of other taxonomic

classes. Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils or miscellaneous areas

for which it is named and some minor components that belong to taxonomic classes

other than those of the major soils.

Most minor soils have properties similar to those of the dominant soil or soils in the

map unit, and thus they do not affect use and management. These are called

noncontrasting, or similar, components. They may or may not be mentioned in a

particular map unit description. Other minor components, however, have properties

and behavioral characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to require different

management. These are called contrasting, or dissimilar, components. They generally

are in small areas and could not be mapped separately because of the scale used.

Some small areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous areas are identified

by a special symbol on the maps. If included in the database for a given area, the

contrasting minor components are identified in the map unit descriptions along with

some characteristics of each. A few areas of minor components may not have been

observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in the descriptions, especially

where the pattern was so complex that it was impractical to make enough observations

to identify all the soils and miscellaneous areas on the landscape.

The presence of minor components in a map unit in no way diminishes the usefulness

or accuracy of the data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure taxonomic

classes but rather to separate the landscape into landforms or landform segments that

have similar use and management requirements. The delineation of such segments

on the map provides sufficient information for the development of resource plans. If

intensive use of small areas is planned, however, onsite investigation is needed to

define and locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name in the map unit descriptions. Each

description includes general facts about the unit and gives important soil properties

and qualities.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make up a soil series. Except for

differences in texture of the surface layer, all the soils of a series have major horizons

that are similar in composition, thickness, and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity,

degree of erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use. On the basis of such

differences, a soil series is divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on the

detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The name of a soil phase commonly

indicates a feature that affects use or management. For example, Alpha silt loam, 0

to 2 percent slopes, is a phase of the Alpha series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major soils or miscellaneous areas.

These map units are complexes, associations, or undifferentiated groups.

A complex consists of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate

pattern or in such small areas that they cannot be shown separately on the maps. The

pattern and proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in all

areas. Alpha-Beta complex, 0 to 6 percent slopes, is an example.

An association is made up of two or more geographically associated soils or

miscellaneous areas that are shown as one unit on the maps. Because of present or

anticipated uses of the map units in the survey area, it was not considered practical

or necessary to map the soils or miscellaneous areas separately. The pattern and

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relative proportion of the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar. AlphaBeta association, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.

An undifferentiated group is made up of two or more soils or miscellaneous areas that

could be mapped individually but are mapped as one unit because similar

interpretations can be made for use and management. The pattern and proportion of

the soils or miscellaneous areas in a mapped area are not uniform. An area can be

made up of only one of the major soils or miscellaneous areas, or it can be made up

of all of them. Alpha and Beta soils, 0 to 2 percent slopes, is an example.

Some surveys include miscellaneous areas. Such areas have little or no soil material

and support little or no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.

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Logan County, Illinois

36B—Tama silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 700 to 900 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 150 to 200 days

Map Unit Composition

Tama and similar soils: 95 percent

Description of Tama

Setting

Landform: Loess hills

Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder, backslope, summit

Landform position (three-dimensional): Crested hills

Down-slope shape: Convex

Across-slope shape: Convex

Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 2 to 5 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: More than 80 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Available water capacity: Very high (about 12.1 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland

Land capability (nonirrigated): 2e

Hydrologic Soil Group: B

Typical profile

0 to 19 inches: Silt loam

19 to 58 inches: Silty clay loam

58 to 80 inches: Silt loam

36C2—Tama silt loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, eroded

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 700 to 900 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 150 to 200 days

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Map Unit Composition

Tama and similar soils: 95 percent

Description of Tama

Setting

Landform: Loess hills

Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope, shoulder

Landform position (three-dimensional): Head slope

Down-slope shape: Convex

Across-slope shape: Linear

Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 5 to 10 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: More than 80 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Available water capacity: High (about 11.7 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance

Land capability (nonirrigated): 3e

Hydrologic Soil Group: B

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches: Silt loam

8 to 30 inches: Silty clay loam

30 to 60 inches: Silt loam

36D2—Tama silt loam, 10 to 18 percent slopes, eroded

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 700 to 900 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 150 to 200 days

Map Unit Composition

Tama and similar soils: 94 percent

Description of Tama

Setting

Landform: Loess hills on ground moraines

Landform position (two-dimensional): Backslope

Down-slope shape: Linear

Across-slope shape: Linear

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Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 10 to 18 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: More than 80 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Available water capacity: High (about 11.7 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance

Land capability (nonirrigated): 3e

Hydrologic Soil Group: B

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches: Silt loam

8 to 30 inches: Silty clay loam

30 to 60 inches: Silt loam

43A—Ipava silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 590 to 930 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 160 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Ipava and similar soils: 88 percent

Description of Ipava

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landform position (three-dimensional): Talf

Down-slope shape: Linear

Across-slope shape: Linear

Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high (0.20 to

0.60 in/hr)

Depth to water table: About 12 to 24 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent

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Available water capacity: High (about 11.6 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland

Land capability (nonirrigated): 1

Hydrologic Soil Group: C/D

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches: Silt loam

10 to 18 inches: Silty clay loam

18 to 31 inches: Silty clay loam

31 to 50 inches: Silty clay loam

50 to 60 inches: Silt loam

45A—Denny silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 400 to 840 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 150 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Denny and similar soils: 94 percent

Description of Denny

Setting

Landform: Depressions on ground moraines

Landform position (three-dimensional): Talf

Down-slope shape: Concave

Across-slope shape: Concave

Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: 10 to 24 inches to abrupt textural change

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately low to

moderately high (0.06 to 0.20 in/hr)

Depth to water table: About 0 to 12 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Available water capacity: Low (about 4.3 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Prime farmland if drained

Land capability (nonirrigated): 3w

Hydrologic Soil Group: C/D

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches: Silt loam

8 to 21 inches: Silt loam

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21 to 46 inches: Silty clay loam

46 to 80 inches: Silty clay loam

68A—Sable silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 590 to 930 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 160 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Sable and similar soils: 85 percent

Description of Sable

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines

Landform position (three-dimensional): Talf

Down-slope shape: Linear

Across-slope shape: Concave

Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: About 0 to 12 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent

Available water capacity: High (about 10.5 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Prime farmland if drained

Land capability (nonirrigated): 2w

Hydrologic Soil Group: B/D

Typical profile

0 to 23 inches: Silty clay loam

23 to 38 inches: Silty clay loam

38 to 47 inches: Silt loam

47 to 60 inches: Silt loam

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86B—Osco silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 550 to 1,000 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 160 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Osco and similar soils: 90 percent

Description of Osco

Setting

Landform: Loess hills

Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, shoulder

Down-slope shape: Convex

Across-slope shape: Convex

Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 2 to 5 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: About 48 to 72 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent

Available water capacity: High (about 11.9 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland

Land capability (nonirrigated): 2e

Hydrologic Soil Group: B

Typical profile

0 to 14 inches: Silt loam

14 to 55 inches: Silty clay loam

55 to 60 inches: Silt loam

86C2—Osco silt loam, 5 to 10 percent slopes, eroded

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 500 to 1,000 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

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Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 150 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Osco and similar soils: 90 percent

Description of Osco

Setting

Landform: Loess hills

Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder, backslope

Down-slope shape: Convex

Across-slope shape: Linear

Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 5 to 10 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: About 48 to 72 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent

Available water capacity: High (about 11.7 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Farmland of statewide importance

Land capability (nonirrigated): 3e

Hydrologic Soil Group: B

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches: Silt loam

9 to 34 inches: Silty clay loam

34 to 60 inches: Silt loam

244A—Hartsburg silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 590 to 930 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 160 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Hartsburg and similar soils: 95 percent

Description of Hartsburg

Setting

Landform: Lake plains, ground moraines

Landform position (three-dimensional): Talf

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Down-slope shape: Linear

Across-slope shape: Linear

Parent material: Loess over silty lacustrine deposits

Properties and qualities

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: About 0 to 12 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 40 percent

Available water capacity: High (about 10.4 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Prime farmland if drained

Land capability (nonirrigated): 2w

Hydrologic Soil Group: B/D

Typical profile

0 to 17 inches: Silty clay loam

17 to 34 inches: Silty clay loam

34 to 60 inches: Silt loam

705A—Buckhart silt loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 330 to 670 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 34 to 38 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 50 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 160 to 190 days

Map Unit Composition

Buckhart and similar soils: 93 percent

Description of Buckhart

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit

Landform position (three-dimensional): Crested hills

Down-slope shape: Linear

Across-slope shape: Linear

Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

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Depth to water table: About 24 to 42 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent

Available water capacity: Very high (about 12.2 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland

Land capability (nonirrigated): 1

Hydrologic Soil Group: C

Typical profile

0 to 20 inches: Silt loam

20 to 58 inches: Silty clay loam

58 to 60 inches: Silt loam

705B—Buckhart silt loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 400 to 800 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 34 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 160 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Buckhart and similar soils: 93 percent

Description of Buckhart

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landform position (two-dimensional): Shoulder, footslope, summit

Landform position (three-dimensional): Crested hills

Down-slope shape: Convex

Across-slope shape: Convex

Parent material: Loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 2 to 5 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: About 24 to 42 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 15 percent

Available water capacity: High (about 12.0 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: All areas are prime farmland

Land capability (nonirrigated): 2e

Hydrologic Soil Group: C

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Typical profile

0 to 15 inches: Silt loam

15 to 67 inches: Silty clay loam

67 to 80 inches: Silt loam

712A—Spaulding silty clay loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 600 to 1,000 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 150 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Spaulding and similar soils: 91 percent

Description of Spaulding

Setting

Landform: Ground moraines, depressions, till plains

Landform position (two-dimensional): Toeslope, footslope, summit

Landform position (three-dimensional): Talf

Down-slope shape: Linear, concave

Across-slope shape: Concave

Parent material: Calcareous loess

Properties and qualities

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: About 0 to 12 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 40 percent

Available water capacity: Very high (about 12.8 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Prime farmland if drained

Land capability (nonirrigated): 2w

Hydrologic Soil Group: B/D

Typical profile

0 to 22 inches: Silty clay loam

22 to 38 inches: Silty clay loam

38 to 44 inches: Silty clay loam

44 to 80 inches: Silt loam

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802B—Orthents loamy, undulating

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 400 to 1,020 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period: 150 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Orthents, loamy, and similar soils: 85 percent

Description of Orthents, Loamy

Setting

Landform position (two-dimensional): Summit, shoulder

Down-slope shape: Convex

Across-slope shape: Convex

Parent material: Mine spoil or earthy fill

Properties and qualities

Slope: 1 to 7 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high (0.20 to

0.60 in/hr)

Depth to water table: More than 80 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 20 percent

Available water capacity: Moderate (about 6.6 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Not prime farmland

Land capability (nonirrigated): 2e

Hydrologic Soil Group: C

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches: Loam

6 to 60 inches: Loam

3107+—Sawmill silt loam, overwash, 0 to 2 percent slopes, frequently

flooded

Map Unit Setting

Elevation: 340 to 1,020 feet

Mean annual precipitation: 32 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature: 48 to 54 degrees F

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Frost-free period: 150 to 180 days

Map Unit Composition

Sawmill, overwash, frequently flooded, and similar soils: 98 percent

Description of Sawmill, Overwash, Frequently Flooded

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Down-slope shape: Linear

Across-slope shape: Linear

Parent material: Silty alluvium

Properties and qualities

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Depth to restrictive feature: More than 80 inches

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Capacity of the most limiting layer to transmit water (Ksat): Moderately high to high

(0.60 to 2.00 in/hr)

Depth to water table: About 0 to 12 inches

Frequency of flooding: None

Frequency of ponding: None

Calcium carbonate, maximum content: 30 percent

Available water capacity: Very high (about 12.4 inches)

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Prime farmland if drained and either protected from flooding

or not frequently flooded during the growing season

Land capability (nonirrigated): 3w

Hydrologic Soil Group: B/D

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches: Silt loam

11 to 36 inches: Silty clay loam

36 to 53 inches: Silty clay loam

53 to 60 inches: Silty clay loam

W—Water

Map Unit Composition

Water: 100 percent

Description of Water

Setting

Landform: Channels, perenial streams, drainageways, lakes, oxbows, rivers

Interpretive groups

Farmland classification: Not prime farmland

Land capability (nonirrigated): 8w

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References

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004.

Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and

testing. 24th edition.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of

soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D2487-00.

Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of

wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

FWS/OBS-79/31.

Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States.

Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States.

Hurt, G.W., and L.M. Vasilas, editors. Version 6.0, 2006. Field indicators of hydric soils

in the United States.

National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries.

Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S.

Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. http://soils.usda.gov/

Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making

and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service,

U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. http://soils.usda.gov/

Soil Survey Staff. 2006. Keys to soil taxonomy. 10th edition. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. http://soils.usda.gov/

Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and

Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands

Section.

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of

Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical

Report Y-87-1.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

National forestry manual. http://soils.usda.gov/

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

National range and pasture handbook. http://www.glti.nrcs.usda.gov/

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. http://soils.usda.gov/

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States, the

Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296.

http://soils.usda.gov/

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United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1961. Land

capability classification. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 210.

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