D.C. TO RICHMOND SOUTHEAST HIGH SPEED RAIL

ARCHITECTURAL RECONNAISSANCE 

SURVEY, XRGU, GUMD, AND MDND 

SEGMENTS ΈSEGMENTS 10ͳ12Ή

Rͳ8
July 2016

Architectural Reconnaissance Survey for the

Washington, D.C. to Richmond, Virginia High

Speed Rail Project  

Crossroads to Guinea (XRGU), Guinea to Milford (GUMD), and  

Milford to North Doswell (MDND) Segments

Spotsylvania, Caroline, and Hanover Counties  
Architectural Reconnaissance Survey for the 

Washington, D.C. to Richmond, Virginia 

High Speed Rail Project 

Crossroads to Guinea (XRGU), Guinea to Milford (GUMD), and 

Milford to North Doswell (MDND) Segments 

Spotsylvania, Caroline, and Hanover Counties 

DHR #2014-0666 

by 

M. Chris Manning and Michelle Salvato 

Prepared for 

Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation 

600 E. Main Street, Suite 2102 

Richmond, Virginia 23219 

Prepared by 

DC2RVA Project Team 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000 

Richmond, Virginia 23219 

July 2016

Kerri S. Barile, Principal Investigator July 2016 
D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail i Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

ABSTRACT 

Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail), on behalf of the Virginia Department of Rail and 

Public Transportation (DRPT), conducted a reconnaissance-level architectural survey of the 

Crossroads to Guinea (XRGU), Guinea to Milford (GUMD), and Milford to North Doswell 

(MDND) segments of the Washington, D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail (DC2RVA) 

project. The proposed Project is being completed under the auspices of the Federal Rail 

Administration (FRA) in conjunction with DRPT. Because of FRA’s involvement, the 

undertaking is required to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and 

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. The project is being 

completed as Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) File Review #2014-0666. 

The DC2RVA corridor is divided into 22 segments and this document focuses on the XRGU, 

GUMD, and MDND segments only. This report includes background data that will place each 

recorded resource within context and the results of fieldwork and National Register of Historic 

Places (NRHP) evaluations for all architectural resources identified within the XRGU, GUMD, 

and MDND segments. All other segments will be discussed in separate reports. For the 

purposes of the current report, the architectural area of potential effects (APE) is defined as 

extending 500 feet on either side of the center of the existing railroad alignment except in urban 

areas, where the APE is limited to one city block to either side of the existing rail centerline, plus 

any areas where alterations to a resource’s setting and feeling are likely to occur as a result of 

the Project. This report details the findings of buildings, objects, and districts over 48 years of 

age within the APE (the age limit was developed to correspond with the anticipated 2017 

project completion date). All structures that meet the 48-year age criterion within the 

architectural APE of the DC2RVA corridor will be included in a subsequent report spanning the 

entire 123-mile corridor. The results of the archaeological survey are also discussed in separate 

reports.

In total, the DC2RVA Project Team surveyed 112 historic architectural resources within the 

architectural APE of the XRGU, GUMD, and MDND segments. Of these, 50 previously recorded 

and 62 newly recorded historic resources were identified. Of the 112 total properties, it is 

recommended that the majority (n=100) are not eligible for individual listing in the NRHP. 

One resource, North Anna Battlefield (042-0123), was previously determined potentially 

eligible/eligible for, or listed in, the NRHP. The DC2RVA Project Team recommends that it 

should retain its previous eligibility status. In addition, as a result of the current survey, 11 

resources are recommended potentially eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, and/or C. 

These include two historic districts (016-5129 and 016-5136), one multiple property 

determination (016-5165), the Fairfield Plantation Office at Jackson Shrine (016-0092), the 

Woodford Freight and Passenger Depot (016-0222), three commercial buildings (016-0223, 016-

0270, and 016-0286), and three single-family dwellings (016-0208, 016-0222, and 016-0224). In 

addition to their individual eligibility recommendation, several resources within the XRGU, 

GUMD, and MDND segments are located within the boundaries of one of two potentially 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail ii Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

eligible historic districts: the Woodford Historic District (016-5129) and the Milford Historic 

District (016-5136). As a result, it is recommended that 11 properties are contributing resources 

to the Woodford Historic District and 23 properties are contributing resources to the Milford 

Historic District. Furthermore, five resources are included in and recommended contributing 

to the Excelsior Industry of Caroline County Multiple Property Determination (016-5165): the 

Woodford Excelsior Company Office (016-0223), two Excelsior Mills located in the village of 

Ruther Glen (016-5105 and 016-5106), the Jeter House and Excelsior Mill (016-5113) at Penola, 

and the Dejarnette Lumber Company (016-5137) in Milford. And finally, six resources are 

recommended contributing to the Richmond, Fredericksburg, & Potomac (RF&P) Railroad 

Historic District (500-0001), which will be discussed in a later report.
D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail iii Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ i

Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................... iii

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Project Location .......................................................................................................................... 1-3

1.2 Project Description ............................................................................................................................ 1-6

2. Historic Context ......................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 Spotsylvania County ................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.1.1 Anglo Settlement and the Establishment of Spotsylvania County ...................... 2-1

2.1.2 Early Industries and the Revolutionary War .......................................................... 2-3

2.1.3 The Antebellum Years ................................................................................................ 2-3

2.1.4 The Civil War in Spotsylvania County .................................................................... 2-4

2.1.5 Into the Twentieth Century........................................................................................ 2-5

2.1.6 World War I to World War II (1917–1945) ............................................................... 2-6

2.1.7 The New Dominion to Present .................................................................................. 2-6

2.2 Caroline County ......................................................................................................................... 2-6

2.2.1 Anglo Settlement and the Establishment of Caroline County .............................. 2-7

2.2.2 Early Industries and the Revolutionary War .......................................................... 2-8

2.2.3 The Antebellum Years ................................................................................................ 2-8

2.2.4 The Civil War in Caroline County ............................................................................ 2-8

2.2.5 Into the Twentieth Century........................................................................................ 2-9

2.2.6 World War I to World War II (1917–1945) ............................................................... 2-9

2.2.7 The New Dominion to Present ................................................................................ 2-10

2.3 Hanover County ....................................................................................................................... 2-10

2.3.1 Anglo Settlement and the Establishment of Hanover County ........................... 2-10

2.3.2 Early Industries and the Revolutionary War ........................................................ 2-11

2.3.3 The Antebellum Years .............................................................................................. 2-12

2.3.4 The Civil War in Hanover County .......................................................................... 2-12

2.3.5 Into the Twentieth Century...................................................................................... 2-13
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail iv Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

2.3.6 World War I to World War II (1917–1945) ............................................................. 2-14

2.3.7 The New Dominion to Present ................................................................................ 2-14

3. Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 3-1

4. Background Review .................................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1 Previous Surveys ............................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources ...................................................................................... 4-2

5. Results ......................................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Previously Recorded Resources ............................................................................................... 5-1

5.1.1 Previously Recommended Potentially Eligible/Eligible for, or 

Listed in, the NRHP .................................................................................................... 5-18

5.1.2 Previously Not Evaluated ........................................................................................ 5-19

5.2 Newly Recorded Resources .................................................................................................... 5-27

5.2.1 Newly Recorded Resources Recommended Potentially Eligible ...................... 5-49

5.2.2 Newly Recorded Resources Recommended Not Eligible .................................. 5-53

6. Summary and Recommendations .......................................................................................... 6-1

7. References .................................................................................................................................. 7-1

Appendix A: Background Review Table .......................................................................................... A-1

 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail v Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: SEHSR Corridor ............................................................................................................... 1-2 

Figure 1-2: DC2RVA Project Corridor............................................................................................... 1-4 

Figure 1-3: DC2RVA Project Segments Noting the XRGU (10), GUMD (11), and 

MDND (12) SegmentS ..................................................................................................... 1-5 

Figure 5-1: Detail of Project Segment XRGU .................................................................................... 5-5 

Figure 5-2: Detail of Project Segment GUMD .................................................................................. 5-6 

Figure 5-3: Detail of Project Segment MDND .................................................................................. 5-7 

Figure 5-4: Previously Recorded Resources – North Anna Battlefield (042-0123) ...................... 5-8 

Figure 5-5: Previously Recorded Resources ..................................................................................... 5-9 

Figure 5-6: Previously Recorded Resources ................................................................................... 5-10 

Figure 5-7: Previously Recorded Resources ................................................................................... 5-11 

Figure 5-8: Previously Recorded Resources ................................................................................... 5-12 

Figure 5-9: Previously Recorded Resources ................................................................................... 5-13 

Figure 5-10: Previously Recorded Resources ................................................................................... 5-14 

Figure 5-11: Previously Recorded Resources ................................................................................... 5-15 

Figure 5-12: Previously Recorded Resources ................................................................................... 5-16 

Figure 5-13: Previously Recorded Resources ................................................................................... 5-17 

Figure 5-14: Overview of North Anna Battlefield (042-0123) At the North Anna River ........... 5-18 

Figure 5-15: Fairfield Plantation Office at Jackson Shrine (016-0092), Located at 

12019 Stonewall Jackson Road, Looking West ........................................................... 5-19 

Figure 5-16: The House at 12096 Guinea Drive (016-0208), Looking South ................................ 5-20 

Figure 5-17: Carolina Mansion (016-0220), Located at 11146 Woodford Road 

Looking West .................................................................................................................. 5-21 

Figure 5-18: Woodford Freight and Passenger Depot (016-0222), Looking South ..................... 5-22 

Figure 5-19: Woodford Excelsior Company Office (016-0223), Located on Lake Farm Road, 

Looking South ................................................................................................................. 5-23 

Figure 5-20: Glenwood House (016-0224), Located at 11102 Woodford Road Looking 

Northwest ........................................................................................................................ 5-24 

Figure 5-21: Milford State Bank (016-0270), Located at 15461 Antioch Road, Looking 

North ................................................................................................................................ 5-25 

Figure 5-22: Coleman’s Store (016-0286) at 22275 Penola Road, Looking North ........................ 5-26 

Figure 5-23: Newly Recorded Resources – Woodford Historic District (016-5129) .................... 5-33 

Figure 5-24: Newly Recorded Resources – MIlford Historic District (016-5136) ........................ 5-34 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail vi Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

Figure 5-25: Newly Recorded Resources – Excelsior Industry of Caroline County Multiple 

Property Determination (016-5165) ............................................................................. 5-35 

Figure 5-26: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-36 

Figure 5-27: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-37 

Figure 5-28: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-38 

Figure 5-29: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-39 

Figure 5-30: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-40 

Figure 5-31: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-41 

Figure 5-32: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-42 

Figure 5-33: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-43 

Figure 5-34: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-44 

Figure 5-35: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-45 

Figure 5-36: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-46 

Figure 5-37: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-47 

Figure 5-38: Newly Recorded Resources .......................................................................................... 5-48 

Figure 5-39: The Woodford Historic District (016-5129), Looking Southwest ............................ 5-50 

Figure 5-40: The Milford Historic District (016-5136), Looking North ......................................... 5-51 

Figure 5-41: The Excelsior Industry of Caroline County Multiple Property 

Determination (016-5165), Looking North Towards the Teepee Burner 

Associated with the Dejarnette Lumber Company (016-5137) ................................ 5-52 

LIST OF TABLES 

Table 5-1: Previously Recorded Resources Identified During the Current Survey ....................... 5-1 

Table 5-2: Newly Recorded Resources Identified During the Current Survey ............................ 5-27 

Table 6-1: Summary of Identified Resources and Recommendations ............................................. 6-2 

Table A-1: Previously Recorded Resources Within 0.5 Miles of the Architectural APE .............. A-1 
D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 1-1 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

INTRODUCTION 

Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail), on behalf of the Virginia Department of Rail and 

Public Transportation (DRPT), conducted a reconnaissance-level architectural survey of the 

Crossroads to Guinea (XRGU), Guinea to Milford (GUMD), and Milford to North Doswell 

(MDND) segments of the Washington, D.C. to Richmond High Speed Rail (DC2RVA) project. 

The project is being completed as Virginia Department of Historic Resources (DHR) File #2014-

0666. 

The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and DRPT propose passenger rail service and rail 

infrastructure improvements in the north-south travel corridor between Washington, D.C. and 

Richmond, VA. These passenger rail service and rail infrastructure improvements are 

collectively known as the DC2RVA project. The Project will deliver higher speed passenger rail 

service, increase passenger and freight rail capacity, and improve passenger rail service 

frequency and reliability in a corridor shared by growing volumes of passenger, commuter, and 

freight rail traffic, thereby providing a competitive option for travelers going between 

Washington, D.C. and Richmond and those traveling to and from adjacent connecting corridors. 

The Project is part of the larger Southeast High Speed Rail (SEHSR) corridor (Figure 1-1), which 

extends from Washington, D.C. through Richmond, and from Richmond continues east to 

Hampton Roads (Norfolk) and south to Raleigh, NC, and Charlotte, NC, and then continues 

west to Atlanta and south to Florida. The Project connects to the National Railroad Passenger 

Corporation (Amtrak) Northeast Corridor (NEC) at Union Station in Washington, D.C. 

The purpose of the SEHSR program, as stated in the 2002 Tier I Final Environmental Impact 

Statement (EIS) completed for the full SEHSR corridor, is to provide a competitive 

transportation choice to travelers within the Washington, D.C. to Charlotte travel corridor. The 

purpose of the current Washington, D.C. to Richmond SEHSR project described here is to fulfill 

the purpose of the SEHSR Tier I EIS within this segment of the larger SEHSR corridor. The 

Project, by increasing rail capacity and improving travel times between Washington, D.C. and 

Richmond, will improve passenger train performance and reliability in the corridor, enabling 

intercity passenger rail to be a competitive transportation choice for travelers between 

Washington, D.C. and Richmond and beyond. 

Given FRA’s funding involvement and permitting through various other federal agencies, the 

DC2RVA project is required to comply with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation 

Act of 1966, as amended, and its implementing regulations under 36CFR800. Additionally, all 

cultural resource work was designed to comply with the Virginia Antiquities Act (Code of 

Virginia § 10.1-2300) and guidelines and regulations promulgated by the DHR as necessary. 

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SEHSR Corridor

Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic

State Plane Virginia North FIPS 4501 Feet

North American Datum of 1983

[ 0 40 80

Miles

Basemap Source: 2014

ESRI World Light Gray Base

Figure 1-1

1 inch=80 miles

@ 8.5 x 11 inches

Southeast High

Speed Rail (SEHSR)

Segment Status

Charlotte to

Atlanta

Tier I EIS

Washington

D.C. to

Richmond

Tier II EIS

Richmond to

Raleigh

Tier II EIS

Raleigh to

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Richmond to

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SEHSR

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Feasibility Studies

Complete
INTRODUCTION 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 1-3 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

1.1 PROJECT LOCATION 

The Washington, D.C. to Richmond corridor spans 123 miles along an existing rail corridor 

owned by CSX Transportation (CSXT) between Control Point RO (milepost [MP] CFP 110) in 

Arlington to the CSXT A-Line and S-Line junction at MP A-11 in Centralia (Chesterfield 

County) (Figure 1-2). For the purposes of engineering and environmental planning, the 

DC2RVA corridor has been subdivided into 22 segments that correspond with improvements 

and alternatives, and as such have been named and numbered from north to south (Figure 1-3). 

At the northern terminus in Arlington, VA, the Project limit ends at the southern approach to 

Long Bridge, a double-track rail bridge taking the rail corridor over the Potomac River; 

however, the northern terminus of Union Station in Washington, D.C. will be used for ridership 

and revenue forecasting, as well as service development planning within the Project corridor. 

The southern terminus in Centralia is the junction of two CSXT routes that begin in Richmond 

and rejoin approximately 11 miles south of the city. 

Additional segments of the Project include approximately 8.3 miles of the CSXT Peninsula 

Subdivision CA-Line from Beulah Road (MP CA-76.1) in Henrico County, VA to AM Junction 

in the City of Richmond, and the approximately 26-mile Buckingham Branch Railroad (BBR) 

from AM Junction to the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac Railway (RF&P) Crossing (MP 

CA-111.8) in Doswell, VA. 

Proposed improvements are along CSXT-owned track, generally parallel to the I-95 corridor 

between northern Virginia and Richmond. From north to south, the project travels through the 

following counties and cities: 

 Arlington County 

 City of Alexandria 

 Fairfax County 

 Prince William County 

 Stafford County 

 City of Fredericksburg 

 Spotsylvania County 

 Caroline County 

 Hanover County 

 Henrico County 

 City of Richmond 

 Chesterfield County 

In Arlington, the Project connects to existing CSXT track extending across the Potomac River on 

the Long Bridge into Washington, D.C. and Union Station, the southern terminus of Amtrak’s 

NEC. At Centralia, the Project connects to both the Richmond to Raleigh segment of the SEHSR 

corridor and the Richmond to Hampton Roads segment of the SEHSR corridor. 

 
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DC2RVA Project

Corridor

Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic

State Plane Virginia North FIPS 4501 Feet

North American Datum of 1983

[ 0 7 14

Miles

Legend

DC2RVA Project

Corridor

Virginia Rail Lines

1 inch=14 miles

@ 8.5 x 11 inches

Figure 1-2

Basemap Source: 2015 Bing Maps

Road (Microsoft Corporation

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RF&P

RF&P

A-Line

Buckingham

Branch

Railroad

AM Junction

S-Line

Peninsula

Subdivision

Doswell

Centralia

Arlington

(RO)

Acca

Yard

INTRODUCTION 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 1-6 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

The Washington, D.C. to Richmond segment is an integral part of the overall 

Washington, D.C. to Charlotte SEHSR corridor and provides a critical link between high speed 

intercity passenger service from Boston to Washington, D.C. and the southeastern United States. 

1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 

The DC2RVA project will include specific rail infrastructure improvements and service 

upgrades intended to improve the travel time, service frequency, and on-time performance of 

passenger trains operating between Washington, D.C. and Richmond. Specific improvements to 

the existing rail infrastructure between Arlington and Centralia include: 

 Corridor-wide upgrades to existing track and signal systems to achieve higher operating 

speeds, including curve realignments, higher-speed crossovers between tracks, passing 

sidings, and grade crossing improvements. 

 Corridor-wide improvements to train operating capacity to achieve higher passenger 

train service frequency and reliability, including an additional main track along most of 

the corridor, and additional controlled sidings, crossovers, yard bypasses and leads, and 

other capacity and reliability improvements at certain locations. 

 Station and platform improvements for Amtrak and Virginia Railway Express (VRE) 

stations. 

The Tier II EIS being completed for the Project will assess the environmental impacts of these 

improvements and identify ways to avoid, minimize, or otherwise mitigate such impacts. 

The Project may include locations for new or replacement intercity passenger stations on the 

Project corridor, and additional rail capacity and other improvements in the Richmond area, 

including on the CSXT Peninsula Subdivision from AM Junction in Richmond (just north of 

Main Street Station) east to Beulah Road in Henrico County, and on the bypass areas around the 

town of Ashland, VA and the City of Fredericksburg, VA. 

Studies in support of the Project will address passenger and freight rail operations and service 

between Union Station in Washington, D.C. and Richmond and beyond, but the Project does 

not include physical improvements to the Long Bridge across the Potomac River or to rail 

infrastructure within Washington, D.C. Other projects will address improvements to the rail 

infrastructure north of Arlington and south of Centralia along the SEHSR corridor. 

1.3 CURRENT STUDY 

The current study included a reconnaissance architectural survey of the XRGU, GUMD, and 

MDND segments of the DC2RVA corridor (see Figure 1-3). The architectural survey was 

conducted to evaluate both previously recorded properties that have not been evaluated for the 

NRHP, as well as any unrecorded resource over 48 years in age (the age limit was developed to 

correspond to the anticipated 2017 project completion date). Any property in the area of 

potential effects (APE) that has been previously determined to be eligible, or is listed in, the 

NRHP was briefly reviewed to assure that the characteristics that rendered the property eligible 

are still intact. For the purposes of the current report, the architectural APE is defined as 

extending 500 feet on either side of the centerline of the existing railroad alignment, except in 

urban areas, where the APE is limited to one city block to either side of the existing rail 
INTRODUCTION 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 1-7 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

centerline, plus any areas where alterations to a resource’s setting and feeling are likely to occur 

as a result of the Project. All structures that meet the NRHP age criteria within the architectural 

APE of the DC2RVA corridor will be included in a subsequent report spanning the entire 123-

mile corridor. In addition, the results of the archaeological survey are discussed in separate 

documents. 

Each resource was evaluated with regard to NRHP Criterion A, for its association with events 

that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; Criterion B, for its 

association with people significant in our nation’s history; Criterion C, for its embodiment of 

distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the 

work of a master, or possess high artistic values. As part of the current survey, these 

architectural resources were not evaluated under Criterion D for its potential to yield 

information important in history. Criteria considerations were taken into account only where 

necessary. 

The area within the Project APE was first reviewed through an architectural and historical 

background literature and records search at DHR. The APE was then visually inspected 

through a vehicular and pedestrian reconnaissance to identify buildings, objects, and districts 

over 48 years in age where a NRHP determination had not been made. Once identified, each 

resource was evaluated for architectural significance and historic and physical integrity. The 

resources were documented through written notes and digital photographs. The information 

obtained during the survey was then used to update or generate a new DHR Virginia Cultural 

Resource Information System (V-CRIS) form and to make recommendations on each resource’s 

NRHP potential. 
D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 2-1 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

HISTORIC CONTEXT 

As part of this undertaking, a historic context of each municipality within the APE was 

compiled. The XRGU, GUMD, and MDND segments span three counties: Spotsylvania, 

Caroline, and Hanover. Because this report discusses the architectural component of this 

Project, only the historic period for these counties is included below. The prehistoric context for 

this area will appear in subsequent archaeological reports. 

2.1 SPOTSYLVANIA COUNTY 

While some sources state that Europeans had explored the area around Fredericksburg and 

Spotsylvania County as early as 1570 (Alvey 1978:1), it was John Smith who left the first written 

record of his visit (Mansfield 1977:11). In his Generall Historie of Virginia, originally published in 

1624, Smith described his 1608 explorations along both the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers 

looking for trading opportunities and other resources (Smith 1966). In July 1608, Smith and his 

colleagues followed the Rappahannock River to the falls, the location of present-day 

Fredericksburg, where his company was forced to turn back by dangerous travel conditions 

(Mansfield 1977:2; Quinn 1908:13). 

2.1.1 Anglo Settlement and the Establishment of Spotsylvania County 

From 1608 to the 1650s, however, European settlement in the area was rare. It was not until 1655 

that the first land patent in the area was given to Margaret Brent for 1,000 acres just west of 

present-day Fredericksburg (Felder 1982:3; Mansfield 1977:75). In 1666, Lawrence Smith and 

Robert Taliaferro patented 6,300 acres in eastern Spotsylvania County along the Rappahannock 

River (Goolrick 1935). The House of Burgesses commissioned Smith to build a fort on this 

property in 1676 to encourage settlement in the area (Felder 1982:5). The fort was to be 

developed as a community for 250 people, garrisoned by soldiers and furnished with ample 

munitions to ward off any encroachers (Goolrick 1922:10; Mansfield 1977:2). Though Smith’s 

fort was originally conceived as a sort of ‘gateway’ to the west, only a few temporary structures 

were built in the area, and no settlers moved there (Alvey 1978:2). The fort was disbanded by 

the House in 1682 (Mansfield 1977:2). 

The largest and most successful precursor of future settlement in the general region occurred in 

1714. Alexander Spotswood arrived in Virginia in 1710 to become the Lieutenant Governor. 

Spotswood quickly realized that the success of the colony lay in westward expansion, and he 

established two frontier forts in 1714 to achieve this goal. One fort was Christianna, located in 

what is today Brunswick County, southwest of Richmond. The second fort was located on a 

peninsula of the Rapidan River west of what is today Fredericksburg. The pentagonal fort was 

built and inhabited by a group of Germans from the Nassau-Siegen region. In honor of these 12 

families of Germans and Queen Anne of England, the fort was named Germanna (Wayland 

2
HISTORIC CONTEXT 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 2-2 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

1989:10). Realizing the potential for the area to act as a frontier community, Spotswood brought 

over two additional groups of German indentured servants in 1717 and 1719, and the 

population of the Germanna area grew to over 200 people (Schurict 1977:66–69). 

Prior to the founding of Fort Germanna, the only transportation routes in this area were the 

waterways and few forest paths created by Native Americans (Virginia Department of 

Transportation [VDOT] 2002:2). The first European-based roadway in the area was a bridle 

path, ordered by the Virginia council in April 1714 (Mansfield 1977; Pawlett 1977; VDOT 2002). 

The Germanna path was developed by the Fort Germanna settlers and led from the falls near 

the Leaseland to the fort (Mansfield 1977:38). A few years later, a rolling road was built through 

this area (Mansfield 1977; Pawlett 1977; VDOT 2002). The new road, appropriately called Mines 

Road, connected Germanna to Spotswood’s Tubal Iron Works and his newest enterprise, a 

wharf on Massaponax Run, located between the iron mines and the Leaseland (Fredericksburg) 

(Quinn 1908:22). 

With the help of the German workers, and later African slaves, Spotswood’s iron business 

became the largest and most successful ironwork in Spotsylvania County, and indeed the 

Atlantic region in the first decades of the eighteenth century. The Spotsylvania Iron Works, as 

he called it, was located 13 miles east of Germanna on Pipe Dam Creek. Contemporaries named 

Spotswood the Tubal Cain of Virginia, thus his iron works became known as Tubal. The iron 

works included both the iron mines and the foundry (Goolrick 1935:7). The cast furnace was 

located at Massaponax, as well as storehouses, a tavern, and other businesses associated with 

the wharf. Although it is not known exactly when Spotswood’s furnace went into operation, 

advertisement of byproducts made at the furnace began by 1723 (Spotswood 1945:11). 

In 1720, Spotswood pushed the House to create Spotsylvania County with Germanna as the 

county seat (Felder 1982:13). Spotsylvania County was formed from what was Essex County. 

Essex County once contained the majority of northern Virginia, from Lancaster County on the 

east to the Blue Ridge Mountains on the west (Joyner 1999:13). The Virginia government 

allocated £500 to build a courthouse, church, prison, pillory, and stocks, and others who lived 

there built homes and other commercial buildings. The first session of court was held in the 

summer of 1722, and one of the first orders of business was to grant a license to John Finlason 

for a tavern. Finlason ran the tavern out of his home from 1722 until 1728 and hosted most of 

the incoming court officials during sessions at Germanna (Miller 1984). This is believed to be the 

first business in Spotsylvania County not owned or established by Alexander Spotswood. 

Brock Road (current Route 613), known as Germanna Road, was already in place by 1722. This 

provided access to Spotsylvania County facilities at Germanna. Brock Road was known as 

Germanna Road into the nineteenth century (Felder 1992:3). By 1730, construction of Chiswell’s 

Mine Road, connecting Chiswell’s Furnace with Germanna, was underway. This road, which 

utilizes portions of modern day Blockhouse Road (Route 648) and Court House Road (Route 

208) was proposed by an outside entrepreneur and was understandably resisted by county 

residents. However, by 1732 it was completed (Felder 1992:3–9). 

In 1730, Spotswood was made Postmaster General of North America and the West Indies at a 

salary of £300 a year. The Virginia postal system was operated out of another Spotswoodfounded Spotsylvania community, aptly named New Post, located at the intersection of what 

are today Routes 2 and 17 south of Fredericksburg. By 1732, county residents had grown tired 

of traveling to Germanna for monthly court meetings. The county seat of Spotsylvania officially 
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moved to Fredericksburg on October 1, 1732 for the convenience of all inhabitants and county 

officials. 

2.1.2 Early Industries and the Revolutionary War 

Only two years after the county court moved to Fredericksburg, the entire Germanna area was 

divided from Spotsylvania to create Orange County. Massaponax, New Post, and Tubal 

remained in Spotsylvania. Over the next several decades, the county continued to be owned in 

large parcels by a handful of wealthy planters. Tobacco was the main cash crop. Like many 

Virginia counties, Spotsylvania was forced to diversify during the second half of the eighteenth 

century when the soils had become depleted by tobacco crops. “Tobacco was formerly planted 

to the exclusion of almost everything else; but within the last 30 years it has gradually given 

place to wheat and corn.” (Martin 1835:280) Large plantations were divided into small 

farmsteads, and wheat and other grains became the agricultural staple. Accompanying this 

agricultural change, numerous new roads and industries were established at this time to 

accommodate the new crop needs. This included mills, warehouses, and bakeries at wharf 

locations and taverns and ferry/ford crossings at the major waterways. 

By the time of the American Revolution, the county had solidly adopted the system of slave 

labor. Like many colonists, white residents wholeheartedly supported the Continental Congress 

and the move towards American Independence, but most whites believed this did not refer to 

slaves. By the time of the first American census in 1790, enslaved African Americans 

outnumbered whites (5,171 white, 6,081 slave, and 348 free black) (Coleman and Trice 1934). 

The end of the eighteenth century and a changing geographical population distribution of the 

county brought about new discontent about the county seat. Since 1732, Spotsylvania’s county 

seat was located in Fredericksburg, along the Rappahannock River. In 1780, the county seat 

moved to a more central location near the Po River due to complaints from western inhabitants 

of Spotsylvania. A location just north to the Po River along Blockhouse Road (current Route 

648) was chosen (Ahlman et al. 2004:13). Despite protests by citizens of Fredericksburg, the 

county seat stayed in this new location for over 50 years (Mansfield 1977:93). The Spotsylvania 

Courthouse moved to its current location in 1838. 

2.1.3 The Antebellum Years 

After the economic boom of the post-Revolutionary years, Spotsylvania fell into a slight 

economic decline after 1820 due to a decrease in American flour demand. New transportation 

methods such as the Erie Canal and later the expanding railroad system opened up new areas 

to attain food products. By switching to crop rotation and contour plowing; however, 

Spotsylvania farmers were able to retain a modicum of their previous production. The modernday alignment of Blockhouse Road (Route 648) and Brock Road (Route 613) seem to have been 

in place by 1820. 

One industry that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century was gold mining. The first gold in 

Virginia was discovered at Spotsylvania’s Whitehall Mine in 1806 (Sweet 1980). The industry 

steadily increased and boomed between the 1830s and 1840. When large quantities of gold were 

discovered at Sutter’s Mill in California in the 1840s, a large percentage of the local miners 

moved to the West Coast. Without the labor to support the lodes, the mining industry collapsed 

in the 1850s (Sweet 1980). 
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Like most of this region, the county was in a precarious position on the eve of the Civil War. 

Enslaved Africans made up over half of the population in 1860—8,360 of the 16,076 inhabitants 

(Coleman and Trice 1934). In preparation for the war, it is reputed that the court records were 

wrapped in paper and buried in a wood box behind the courthouse. Most of the counties sent 

their records to Richmond for safe keeping, but those records were destroyed during the 

burning of the Confederate capital. As a result, almost all of Spotsylvania’s records were saved 

from destruction (Mansfield 1977:99–100). 

2.1.4 The Civil War in Spotsylvania County 

Five major Civil War battles occurred in Spotsylvania County and the City of Fredericksburg. 

These battles included the First and Second Battles of Fredericksburg, the Battle of Salem 

Church, the Battle of Chancellorsville, and the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse. The Battles of 

Second Fredericksburg, Salem Church, and Chancellorsville were all part of the Chancellorsville 

Campaign. 

First Battle of Fredericksburg 

Fredericksburg was a disappointing and fruitless campaign that resulted in a major defeat for 

Union commander Ambrose E. Burnside. The success of the campaign relied on the element of 

surprise in hopes to avoid a confrontation with General Robert E. Lee at Fredericksburg. 

Burnside proposed to march into Falmouth by way of the Rappahannock River and then cross 

into Fredericksburg. However, the majority of the pontoons arrived ten days after Burnside had 

expected them. By this time, Lee had long suspected an attack on Fredericksburg. The Federals 

first crossed the Rappahannock December 11, 1862, with the majority following the next day 

(Marvel 1993:3–4). On December 12, after laying artillery fire on Fredericksburg, Union soldiers 

poured over five pontoon bridges (built that day). The following day, Burnside attacked the 

seven mile Confederate line at Point One. Confederate troops held an advantageous position on 

the heights and had infantry placed behind a stone wall. Despite a Union division’s success at 

breaking General Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson’s line, the Federal effort failed. During 

the night on December 15, Burnside returned his troops back across the river, ending the 

campaign (Willis and Felder 1993:52). 

Chancellorsville Campaign 

As General Joseph Hooker replaced Burnside as the commander of the Union forces, he decided 

that a second frontal assault on Lee’s forces, entrenched in Fredericksburg, was unwise. Instead, 

Hooker decided to move his troops 25 miles upstream to cross the Rappahannock at Kelly’s 

Ford and move back east behind Lee’s troops to attack Lee on two fronts. He left General John 

Sedgwick in command of a limited number of troops on the north side of the Rappahannock in 

Fredericksburg to distract Lee (Stackpole 1958:92–102). 

Taking a wide birth to the west, Union forces encountered extensive Confederate defensives at 

U.S. Ford but Confederate forces retired from the river leaving Hooker in control of U.S. Ford 

without any losses on May 1, 1863. Lee received word of Hooker’s maneuver and decided to 

split his inferior forces and move the majority of his troops to the west, leaving only one-sixth of 

his force in Fredericksburg (Happel 1980:27). As Lee arrived at Chancellorsville on May 2, he 

decided to again split his forces and flank Hooker, who at this point was entrenched at a house 

called Chancellorsville. Jackson successfully attacked the Union right in the late afternoon, but 
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in the confusion and darkness of the night Jackson was fatally wounded by his own troops 

(Happel 1980:27–28; Stackpole 1958:230–255). 

As Jackson smashed through the Union right, Hooker urgently called Sedgwick to move west to 

bolster his forces at Chancellorsville. Sedgwick did so on May 3, moving through 

Fredericksburg in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg with resistance from General Jubal 

Early’s forces. However, Early was so undermanned that the taking of Fredericksburg was 

achieved with relative ease. Early moved his troops east several miles as Sedgwick moved 

through town and reoccupied Fredericksburg at Marye’s Heights the following day. 

Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse 

In May 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant, the Union Commander, had decided to open a new 

campaign against the Confederates. After two days of brutal fighting in the Wilderness and 

some 29,800 dead soldiers, Grant decided to attempt to position himself between Lee and 

Richmond by a move to Spotsylvania Court House (Rhea 1995). Anticipating Grant’s move, Lee 

also ordered his army to move to Spotsylvania. The future of both armies would be determined 

by who arrived first. 

It was Confederate General Richard Anderson who arrived first at Laurel Hill just minutes 

before Union Major General Gouveneur K. Warren and his troops (Rhea 1995:25). Met by heavy 

Confederate units, the Union Corps realized that breaching the hill was impossible and 

retreated, protecting themselves behind hastily constructed earthworks (Rhea 1995:26). While 

this battle raged, Brigadier General James Wilson’s Union cavalry entered the unprotected 

hamlet in the early morning hours and occupied Spotsylvania Courthouse (Rhea 1995:27). 

Anderson sent infantry to attack Wilson and the Court House from both sides. By the time they 

arrived, the Union troops had fled (Rhea 1995:28). 

The early morning lights of May 9 made visible the long Confederate line (Rhea 1995:30–31). 

This mighty line must have looked daunting to the Union Soldiers who were forced to take 

shelter in the field and woods. Union forces made several attempts to move forward and push 

through the Confederate line, but were unsuccessful in breaking Anderson’s army. 

It was not until May 12 that Grant was fully ready to advance with his plan. Starting at dawn, 

General George G. Meade and Grant ordered a full frontal attack on Lee’s troops. The muddy 

soil, close shooting range and long hours were just some of the factors why May 12 became 

known as one of the worst days of fighting during the entire war (Catton 1965:361). At the end 

of the day it was a small victory for the Union soldiers; only capturing a single Confederate 

infantry division and 20 guns (Catton 1965:362). Although May 12 was one of the bloodiest 

battles in the war, fighting continued. For nine more days, Grant continued to put pressure on 

the Confederate lines, with little to no success. Grant lost an incredible 18,400 troops at the 

Battle at Spotsylvania Court House while Lee’s fatalities were around 10,200, a substantial 

difference but none the less significant (Rhea 1995:55). 

2.1.5 Into the Twentieth Century 

Because of the immense impact of the Civil War, Spotsylvania County had a prolonged and 

difficult Reconstruction period. Homes, land, and livestock were decimated during the war, and 

the county’s work force left the area after Emancipation. Half of the county land that was under 

cultivation in 1860 was still unimproved in 1880 (Siegel et al. 1995), and the county wheat 
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production went from 132,000 bushels before the war to 48,000 in 1890 (Coleman and Trice 

1934). 

In an attempt to lessen the burden, other industries and work locales were introduced. The 

mining of pyrite began in the early 1900s and was a moderate success throughout the 1910s 

(Lonsdale 1927), and the automobile allowed for area residents to live in Spotsylvania while 

driving to work in nearby Fredericksburg. By the Great Depression, the county’s population 

numbered tens of thousands, many of whom were employed by large factories located in the 

eastern portion of the county, south of Fredericksburg. This included the Sylvania Company 

and the G&H Clothing Plant. Although times were tough, many of these factories were able to 

keep their doors open during the tumultuous 1930s (Heinemann 1981:95). 

2.1.6 World War I to World War II (1917–1945) 

In the first decades of the twentieth century, Spotsylvania County’s transportation networks 

continued to grow, particularly its roadways after the formal establishment of the state’s 

Department of Highways in 1927 (VDOT 2002:30). That same year, an important route through 

Spotsylvania County was established; “after over 25 years of consideration, newspaper 

editorials, town meetings, financial discussions and legislative debate the Jefferson Davis 

Highway, also known as the Washington-Richmond Highway or US Highway No. 1, was fully 

paved and open for business” (Schricker 2014). 

Railroads remained an important form of transportation and reinforced growth of the local 

economy as the Richmond, Fredericksburg, & Potomac Railroad (RF&P) had expanded to a 

double-track by 1907 and continued to upgrade area bridges and other rail-related facilities into 

the 1940s (Conner 2003:205). The lumber industry also profited from increased transportation 

options in Spotsylvania County, aided by the popular use of cordwood in railroad ties (Conner 

2003:213). 

2.1.7 The New Dominion to Present 

The years after World War II were crucial in defining the current landscape for the entire 

Northern Virginia region. The federal government expanded, bringing with it lobbying groups 

and research and development enterprises (Evans 1989:130). The 1956 Highway Act paved the 

way for Interstate 95, rolling southward from Washington, D.C. Interstate 95 brought travelers 

and new residents an easier travel route across the eastern edge of the county. However, while 

the pace of development has steadily increased in Fredericksburg and areas farther north in 

recent decades, Spotsylvania County has only recently experienced similar growth. As this 

growth continues, the predominantly rural nature of the county and the small crossroads 

communities scattered across the landscape will likely be impacted.

2.2 CAROLINE COUNTY 

The area that is now Caroline County was inhabited by Native Americans long before its 

establishment as the 29th county of the Commonwealth of Virginia in 1727 (Wingfield 1924:1). 

The Pamunkey Indians, the most powerful Indian tribe under Chief Powhatan’s rule, inhabited 

the area around Caroline County for many generations prior to European contact (Barbour 

1969:5). Initial contact with Europeans occurred around 1570 and contact persisted from then 
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on. Subsequently the Indians of the area came into contact with the French, Spanish, and the 

English. 

The founding of Jamestown in 1607 prompted immediate exploration of the surrounding area. 

Captain John Smith explored what is now Caroline County at least three times between 1607 

and 1609. He visited the area on one occasion as a captive of the Youngtamund tribe of the 

present-day Hanover County region. The Youngtamund tribe felt that Smith was too great of a 

responsibility for a local chief, so they sent him to Powhatan’s brother, Opechancanough. It was 

during this trip to Opechancanough that Smith passed through Caroline County. According to 

legend, Opechancanough placed Smith on display to show that the white man was neither a 

god nor a supernatural being and that Indians should not fear the Europeans (Campbell 1954:6). 

The Pamunkey tribe played a vital role in preventing the settlement of this area. On March 22, 

1622, as the English continued to expand west, Opechancanough led an attack on Jamestown 

where over 300 settlers were killed. As a result, the House of Burgesses enacted a law that 

forbade settlement of the area occupied by the Pamunkey, punishable by death. This remained 

law until 1646 (Campbell 1954:8). 

2.2.1 Anglo Settlement and the Establishment of Caroline County 

The area that is now Caroline County geographically remained Indian country until 1634 when 

the House of Burgesses divided the colony into eight political subdivisions. Consequently, 

Caroline County land became part of York and would remain in York County until 1648 when 

the House of Burgesses cut off the Potomac and Rappahannock valleys from the county and 

formed Chickacoan, which was later named Northumberland. Land along the Pamunkey and 

Mattapony rivers remained in York and land along the Rappahannock went to 

Northumberland. These two sections of the region would not be reunited until the colony 

established Caroline as an official county in 1727 (Campbell 1954:11). 

The Pamunkeys were successful at stopping the English expansion until the 1650s when the 

Seneca and Tuscarora tribes of the Iroquois began attacking the Pamunkeys. As a result of the 

attacks, the Pamunkeys began to migrate east. Governor William Berkeley approved of this 

migration, much to the disdain of the colonists, because he profited immensely from Indian 

trade. Nathaniel Bacon, Jr. took the case of the colonists to the House of Burgess to defend 

against the Indian migration. When William Berkley refused to stop the movement of the 

Pamunkeys, Bacon defended the colonists himself. T.E. Campbell (1954:18) states in his book 

Colonial Caroline: A History of Caroline County, Virginia that “the deeds of Nathaniel Bacon, Jr. 

influenced the development of Caroline County’s history more than any other man in the 

seventeenth century.” The frontier was opened to settlement with Bacon’s defeat of the 

Pamunkeys. In 1679, the colonial council built Fort Mattapony to control and encourage 

settlement of Caroline County (Campbell 1954:10). 

In 1706, Anne, queen of the Pamunkeys, went before the royal government asking them to 

patent tracts of land to Indians of her tribe in the same manner they patented lands to the 

whites, but to issue the lands to the tribe as whole rather than individually. The royal 

government agreed to her request, and the agreement stands to this day. The Pamunkeys and 

two sub-tribes, the Mattaponys and the Chickahominys, still hold portions of the original land 

that was patented in 1706 (Campbell 1954:40–41). 
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Caroline County was formed from the already existing counties of Essex, King and Queen, and 

King William counties in 1727 and named after Queen Caroline of Ansbach, the wife of King 

George II (Wingfield 1924:1). The county continued to grow due to the success of tobacco, the 

cash crop of the colony. 

2.2.2 Early Industries and the Revolutionary War 

Throughout the eighteenth century, plantations lined the banks of the Rappahannock River in 

Caroline County. Grist-milling was a significant industry in the county and at least six mills 

were situated on the Peumansend (Mill) Creek. On May 27, 1771 the Rappahannock, James, and 

Roanoke swelled from the 10 to 12 days of rain that had fallen in the mountains of western 

Virginia. The flood wreaked havoc on the land and claimed many lives in its path of 

destruction. 

Caroline County was the first county to officially separate from the royal government after the 

Declaration of Independence was affirmed by the Continental Congress in 1776. Caroline 

County produced many ardent patriots of the Revolution, such as Edmund Pendleton and John 

Penn who was a signer the Declaration of Independence (Independence Hall Association 2008). 

2.2.3 The Antebellum Years 

After the Revolution, the newly formed nation was under a period of reconstruction. Many 

improvements needed to be done all around the counties, states, and nation. Public 

transportation and new roads were a primary need. In the early-nineteenth century, many 

major public roads went through Caroline County. The precursors of Routes 17 and 301 were 

two of Caroline County’s vital highways (Fall 1989:129, 349). According to 1820 census records, 

the population of Caroline County stood around 18,000 people with 11,000 being enslaved 

blacks. The majority of the population was involved in agriculture. However, by 1860 as the 

total population slightly increased, the slave population slightly decreased (United States 

Census of Population and Housing 2004). 

Transportation projects continued to expand during the Antebellum period as more roads, 

railroads, and canals were being built. By 1848, the RF&P Railroad passed through Bowling 

Green and linked the town to Richmond and points north. More than half of Caroline County’s 

land was used for farming by 1860 and by this time, Caroline County was a large producer of 

tobacco (Caroline County Agriculture Census 1860). 

2.2.4 The Civil War in Caroline County 

In 1864, Grant’s Overland Campaign and the Battle of the North Anna River were principally 

fought in Caroline County. In late May, 200,000 troops collided as Generals Robert E. Lee and 

Ulysses S. Grant met, while Grant was in route to Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. Lee 

diverted him across Caroline County into the heavily fortified banks of the North Anna River 

(Caroline County 2008). Bethel Church operated as headquarters for Federal troops from May 

22–24, 1864. The county seat of Bowling Green, which was incorporated in 1837, was also 

disrupted as Union troops passed through. The most important event of the Civil War to take 

place in Caroline County was the slaying of John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of President 

Abraham Lincoln. After shooting President Lincoln, Wilkes fled to Caroline County pursued by 
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Federal troops. Wilkes was shot in the neck on Richard Henry Garrett’s porch in Port Royal and 

died shortly after (Gray 1985:26). 

The Civil War affected Caroline County just as much as it had affected the rest of the state. The 

slave-based economy was destroyed and it left many people bankrupt; Confederate tender was 

worthless. Whites as well as blacks struggled to survive as it was difficult to afford the 

necessities to farm the land. Land values plummeted, and parcels were selling at a fraction of 

their pre-war price. Many wealthy Northerners seized the opportunity to buy the cheap land in 

hopes of turning a profit. Virginia was the only state that failed to meet pre-war production 

levels by 1870. 

2.2.5 Into the Twentieth Century 

Because of the immense impact of the Civil War, Caroline County had a prolonged and difficult 

Reconstruction period. Homes, land, and livestock were decimated during the war, and the 

county’s work force left the area after Emancipation. In an attempt to lessen the burden, other 

industries were introduced. Around 1896, Caroline County’s first excelsior mill was established 

in the small village of Woodford along the RF&P (Fisher and Sparenborg 2011:198; Wingfield 

1924:26). Excelsior, sometimes called wood fiber or wood wool, consists of thin, fine strands of 

wood used for packing material and inexpensive filling for mattresses and upholstered 

furniture (Graves 1913:2). The excelsior plant at Woodford created jobs for residents and 

stimulated the local economy so that by the end of the first quarter of the twentieth century, 

Woodford’s population had increased more than threefold. The success of this first mill 

encouraged competitors to establish their own excelsior mills in small communities all along the 

RF&P, sometimes in conjunction with lumber mills, in order to take advantage of the cheap and 

readily available pine forests of the county. Mills were established at Guinea, Milford, Penola, 

and Ruther Glen; as a result, excelsior soon became Caroline County’s largest industry (Fisher 

and Sparenborg 2011:198; Wingfield 1924:26). One source estimated that in 1924 there were 

more than 20 excelsior mills in the state, with the bulk of those being located in Caroline County 

(Wingfield 1924:27). 

2.2.6 World War I to World War II (1917–1945) 

The early-twentieth century brought many changes to rural Virginia. The arrival of gasolinepowered machinery transformed Caroline County as it did the rest of the state. Faster and more 

powerful farming equipment was used over slower steam and horse-powered equipment, 

which led to higher productivity from framers. Gasoline-powered automobiles were also being 

used over horse-drawn vehicles, which led to necessary road improvements for the operation of 

these new vehicles. 

In 1941, 77,000 acres east of Bowling Green were acquired by the United States Military to be 

used for training exercises. The military reservation was named Fort A.P. Hill in honor of 

Confederate Lieutenant General Ambrose Powell Hill. In preparation for the conversion to 

military land, many local residents, primarily African Americans, were removed from the 

property and their homes demolished or relocated. Fort A.P. Hill is still used today for training 

exercises by all branches of the military and many other governmental agencies (Gray 1985:25). 
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2.2.7 The New Dominion to Present 

Caroline County has a total area of 539 square miles, of which 533 square miles are land and 6 

square miles are water. The economy of Caroline County has always been rural and 

agricultural, but the county is beginning to change and diversify. The county is located in the 

Rappahannock Area Development Commission (RADCO) region, which is the fastest growing 

region in the Commonwealth. Caroline experienced a large increase in population from 1960 to 

1990. The population grew from 12,725 in 1960 to 19,217 in 1990 with the largest increase 

occurring in the 1970s (Caroline County 2010). In spite of this population boom, the population 

increase leveled in the 1980s and has not kept up with the rest of the region. It is the most rural 

county in the RADCO region (Caroline County 2010). 

2.3 HANOVER COUNTY 

Prior to its creation in 1720, the land that now constitutes Hanover County was inhabited by the 

Powhatan Confederacy. This nation of nearly 10,000 Native Americans populated the land 

upon English settler’s first explorations (Hanover County Historical Society 2016). Early on the 

Powhatan Confederacy’s tribes and the English became trade allies, even exchanging youths in 

order to learn each other’s languages to facilitate trade (Degen 2016). However, relationships 

quickly became strained and eventually turned hostile. 

Captain John Smith led at least three exploratory missions between 1607 and 1609 from 

Jamestown into the northern and western lands surrounding the settlement. He encountered 

Native Americans during these missions and was even held captive by the Youngtamund tribe 

of present-day Hanover County. Captain John Smith’s legendary capture, which eventually led 

to an escape with the help of Chief Powahatan’s daughter, Pocahontas, occurred in Hanover 

County on these explorations (Hanover County Economic Development [HCED] 2016a). 

2.3.1 Anglo Settlement and the Establishment of Hanover County 

Population in the Virginia Colony increased greatly after the founding of the Jamestown 

settlement in 1607. By 1634, the Virginia Colony contained roughly 5,000 colonists (Grymes 

2014). Population increase created a need for more localized governing bodies than the existing 

House of Burgesses which, at the time, was ruling over the entire colony under British control. 

In 1634, the House of Burgesses approved the creation of eight shires to handle local disputes 

and responsibilities: Henrico, Charles City, James City, Elizabeth City, Accomack, Charles 

River, Warrosquyoake, and Warwick River (Grymes 2014). The area that is now Hanover 

County lay within the Charles River Shire until it was renamed York Shire in 1634 (Hanover 

County Historical Society 2016). 

Much of the Virginia Colony was also divided into Parishes whose boundary lines sometimes 

coincided with the shire, or county, lines. These parishes, maintained under the Anglican 

Church’s Diocese of London, were an authority on social and civil matters. Parishes served the 

surrounding community, but “once the church site became too distant for families to attend 

services, a new parish with a church was formed” (Hanover County Historical Society 2016). St. 

Peter’s Parish encompassed the upper part of York County, later established as New Kent 

County, and in 1704 became St. Paul’s Parish (Hanover County Historical Society 2016). 

On November 26, 1720, Hanover County was formed along the same boundary lines as St. 

Paul’s Parish (Hanover County Historical Society 2016). Hanover County’s received its name to 
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honor King George I, the first British monarch from the House of Hanover, who ruled the 

colonies at the time of its creation. 

The young county experienced some small developments in its early years. Tobacco production, 

particularly of the Sweet Oronoco strain, was the major economic mainstay throughout the 

eighteenth century (Keller 1990:6). The port towns of Newcastle and Hanovertown were 

established in 1730 and 1747, respectively, in order to provide a “central base from which 

tobacco could be shipped to Glasgow and London and traded for other goods” (Keller 1990:45). 

These towns flourished due to their accessible locations and Newcastle was even considered a 

contender for the relocation of the colonial capital after the capitol building in Williamsburg 

burned in 1747 (Keller 1990:45). 

2.3.2 Early Industries and the Revolutionary War 

Hanover County increased steadily in population following its 1720 founding as farmers moved 

westward from the tidewater region in search of more fertile land. It emerged as center for 

commerce and trade, particularly for the tobacco industry (HCED 2016a). 

Hanover County’s early years are largely associated with the Great Awakening movement, a 

series of religious revivals that led to the disestablishment of the Church of England in the 

colonies. Around 1740, a small group of evangelical Anglicans led by Samuel Morris began 

meeting privately in Hanover County to discuss the religious revivals occurring in the northern 

colonies led by Reverend George Whitefield (Kidd 2013). By 1745, Lieutenant Governor Sir 

William Gooch was calling for the suppression of these evangelical revival groups due to their 

threat to the stability of the colony. As a new Baptists movement spread from New England to 

the Virginia Colony in the 1770s, an era of religious persecution began. The Virginia Gazette of 

Williamsburg claimed that, because of the Baptists, “wives are drawn from their Husbands, 

Children from their Parents, and Slaves from the Obedience of their Masters. Thus the very 

Heartstrings of those little Societies which form the greater are torn in sunder, and all their 

Peace destroyed” (Kidd 2013). With the introduction of Methodist practices in the mid to late 

1770s to the already strained religious landscape, tensions grew. 

This religious friction helped to catalyze the movement for religious liberty within the colony. 

James Madison and Patrick Henry, who was from Hanover County and grew up attending the 

evangelical Presbyterian meetings, helped to draft the sixteenth article of the Virginia 

Declaration of Rights in 1776 which assured free exercise of religion (Kidd 2013). In the 1780s, 

Madison backed a bill drafted by Thomas Jefferson calling for religious freedom with no state 

support to religion, a direct opposition to Henry’s idea, a tax to benefit the church of the taxpayer’s choosing. Jefferson’s Bill of Establishing Religious Freedom was passed in 1786 and 

became the foundation for the First Amendment of the United States Constitution during the 

early years of the Nation (Kidd 2013). 

Tensions between the colonies and the British Crown can be seen early on in Hanover County. 

At the Hanover Courthouse in December of 1763, Patrick Henry argued the case, now known as 

“The Parsons’ Cause,” in which he maintained that the King was behaving as a tyrant by 

interfering with a law passed by the House of Burgesses (HCED 2016b). Inspired by their fellow 

patriots, such as Patrick Henry, Hanover County men joined the American Revolution to fight 

British rule. The 5th Virginia Regiment and the 14th Virginia Regiment both contained soldiers 

supplied from Hanover County (FamilySearch.org 2016). Hanover County was spared many of 
HISTORIC CONTEXT 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 2-12 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

the battles and skirmishes of the American Revolution, though George Washington did pass 

through the County on his return from the Battle of Yorktown at the end of the War (HCED 

2016b). 

2.3.3 The Antebellum Years 

Following the American Revolution, Hanover County grew in popularity amongst farmers. 

Populations increased steadily throughout the early formation of the nation. Census 

information indicates a population of 14,754 in 1790, 15,082 in 1810, and 16, 253 in 1840 (United 

States Census of Population and Housing 2004). The port town of Newcastle was again 

considered as a capital location, this time for the state capital; it only lost by a handful of votes 

to Richmond (Keller 1990:45). 

Tobacco farming, which had peaked prior to the American Revolution, began to decline as more 

viable crops entered the agricultural landscape, such as wheat and corn (Keller 1990:6). 

Following the American Revolution, trade of tobacco to Glasgow and London, which was been 

so important to the economies Newcastle and Hanovertown, dwindled. This loss of foreign 

trade, as well as the creation of new channels of commerce in other parts of the county, led to 

the abandonment of the towns. By the middle of the nineteenth century both towns had all but 

disappeared (Keller 1990:45). 

These new channels of commerce came in the form of a fairly complex network of roads. The 

development of this network allowed for easier access of people and products both into and out 

of the county (Keller 1990:11). 

By the middle of the nineteenth century, a well-constructed network of roads allowed for a 

booming economy. This economy was further aided with the introduction of railroad systems 

in Hanover County. The introduction of railway systems to Hanover County in the 1830s led to 

greater accessibility for both producers and buyers of products. The small villages of Doswell, 

Beaverdam, and Hanover Courthouse all became railroad junctions and experienced quick 

economic growth (Keller 1990:11). The railroad systems, in turn, created new locales as 

communities grew surrounding important railroad intersections and stops. The town of 

Ashland was established in the late 1840s as a mineral springs resort and grew rapidly (Town of 

Ashland 2016). 

The economy relied heavily on slave-based agriculture, though other industries contributed to 

the growing county. Both grist mills and flour mills were constructed along the Pamunkey and 

Chickahominy Rivers (Keller 1990:37). 

Education of youth in the county, which had traditionally rested on the parents’ shoulders, 

experienced changes throughout the early- and middle- nineteenth century. A “free school” 

system was established in the county in an effort to better the education of young, white males. 

These schools were based on a general state fund, though they heavily relied on wealthy 

landowner contributions, and eventually failed (Keller 1990:29). Public education in Hanover 

County would not be established until after the Civil War. 

2.3.4 The Civil War in Hanover County 

Many Hanover men served in the Civil War. In fact, three companies were formed from the 

County: the Patrick Henry Rifles, the Hanover Grays, and the Ashland Grays (Keller 1990:26). 
HISTORIC CONTEXT 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 2-13 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

Apart from its contribution to the Confederate army, Hanover was also important to the Civil 

War due to its close proximity to Richmond. Control of the extensive road and railway systems 

was heavily sought after by the Union Army. The two railroads, the Virginia Central Railroad 

and the RF&P Railroad, were vital in transporting supplies and troops (HCED 2016b). 

The 1862 Seven Days Campaign saw major action in Hanover County. On June 26th, 1862, 

General Robert E. Lee initiated this campaign by crossing the Chickahominy River and striking 

Union troops behind Beaver Dam Creek. Confederate troops suffered five times the casualties 

of the Union troops; however, it was the Federals who abandoned their positions during the 

night to retreat eastward (HCED 2016c). The following day, the largest battle of the Seven Days 

Campaign occurred as Lee’s troops repeatedly assaulted the Union forces at Gaines’ Mill. Here 

both troops lost a combined 15,000 men (HCED 2016a). 

Hanover County continued to see destruction and skirmishes throughout the war, but it was 

not until 1864 that more major battles would occur. In late May 1864, nearly 130,000 Union and 

Confederate troops occupied land along the North Anna River. On May 27th, the troops began 

their march towards Cold Harbor. Union troops passed through the community of Old Church 

on their way to Cold Harbor in the spring of 1864. The tavern there served as a Union cavalry 

corps headquarters. On May 28th, forces “clashed around Enon Church in one of the fiercest 

cavalry battles of the Civil War” known as Haw’s Shop Battle (HCED 2016a). The culmination 

of these battles and movements was that of the Battle of Cold Harbor on May 31th, 1864. 

Thousands of troops fought futilely along a seven mile stretch until June 12th. At this point 

General Ulysses S. Grant moved his men secretly away from the battle towards Petersburg 

(HCED 2016a). 

In addition to the battlefields and headquarters sites, a number of places in the county were 

converted for soldier dwellings and hospitals during the war. Hanover County’s economy was 

greatly affected by the Civil War. Its agricultural economy relied heavily on slave populations 

prior to the war. Both the white and black populations struggled to adapt to the new economy. 

Once wealthy slave-holders were rendered bankrupt with Confederate currency suddenly 

worthless, and land values plummeted. 

2.3.5 Into the Twentieth Century 

Slowly, the economy began to rebuild leading up to and through the turn of the century. 

Tobacco production had been almost completely replaced by wheat and corn production; in 

fact, the Bureau of the Census reports from 1880 show that Hanover County was harvesting 

“only 1,489 acres of tobacco as compared to 13, 146 acres of wheat” (Keller 1990:6). Grain mills 

throughout the county remain in the present day as evidence of the crops growing in popularity 

amongst farmers. Larger mills were constructed along the surrounding Pamunkey and 

Chickahominy Rivers to support the growing wheat and corn industries. The rivers also served 

an ever-increasing number of sawmills. Three excelsior mills were also established in Hanover 

County in the first decades of the twentieth century (Keller 1990:28). Farming of both melons 

and tomatoes as new agricultural crops began in the twentieth century as well (Keller 1990:8). 

Public education for children was established in Hanover County in 1869 allowing for widespread education of youth throughout the county (Keller 1990:30). Higher education, though 

still greatly limited amongst the United States, was developing. The relocation of RandolphMacon College to the town of Ashland in 1868 facilitated better educational opportunities as 
HISTORIC CONTEXT 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 2-14 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

well as economic and population growth throughout Hanover County (Town of Ashland 2016). 

As the economy was rebuilt and strengthened, Hanover County’s population increased 

substantially. Though it had dipped to 16,455 in 1870, the county population increased to 18,588 

by 1880 (United States Census of Population and Housing 2004). 

2.3.6 World War I to World War II (1917–1945) 

The development of the Route 1 Highway through Hanover County in the first half of the 

twentieth century led to huge growth. Route 1 brought tourists, businessmen, and passersby 

through the county and served as an easy access route between Richmond to the south and 

Washington, D.C. to the north. It also facilitated the development and repair of surrounding 

roads in order to transport both goods and people from the rural areas of the county towards 

Route 1. 

2.3.7 The New Dominion to Present 

Just as Route 1 facilitated growth throughout the county, so did the development of I-95. PostWorld War II, Hanover County grew in population due to booming businesses and increased 

transportation. The population grew from 18,500 in 1940 to nearly 22,000 in 1950 and then to 

27,550 by 1960 (United States Census of Population and Housing 2004). 

While agriculture still plays a large role in the county’s economy, the expansion of tourist 

ventures has brought a substantial number of new businesses and residents. The creation of 

Kings Dominion amusement park near Doswell in 1975 played a key role in the county’s recent 

development. It currently employs over 1,000 employees, making it one of the lead employers 

in Hanover (HCED 2016b). 
D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 3-1 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

METHODOLOGY 

The architectural survey was conducted to evaluate any historic buildings, objects, or districts 

over 48 years in age for NRHP eligibility. Each resource was evaluated in regards to Criterion 

A, for its association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns 

of our history; Criterion B, for its association with people significant in our nation’s history; and 

Criterion C, for its embodiment of distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of 

construction, or that represent the work of a master, or possess high artistic values. As part of 

the current survey, these architectural resources were not evaluated under Criterion D for its 

potential to yield information important in history. Criteria considerations were taken into 

account only where necessary. 

A background literature and records review of the APE at the DHR was conducted prior to any 

fieldwork. This included an inspection of previous cultural resource surveys within the 

architectural APE and the notation of previously recorded architectural properties both within 

the APE and within a 0.5-mile radius of the APE to establish an area resource context. 

Once the background review was complete, field recordation commenced. For previously 

recorded resources that were previously determined eligible for or listed in the NRHP within 

the architectural APE, the DC2RVA team briefly examined these properties to assure that they 

retain the characteristics that rendered them eligible for the NRHP, but in-depth studies were 

not completed on these resources. 

During the architectural survey of both newly recorded and previously identified resources, the 

project’s architectural APE was surveyed through a combination of a vehicular and pedestrian 

reconnaissance. Above-ground properties meeting the age criteria were documented through 

photographs, written notes, and mapping. This includes buildings, objects, and districts that are 

within the project boundaries and in the viewshed of the project area. Digital photos were taken 

of each property documenting the primary elevation, oblique angles, and general setting. 

After the architectural field project was completed, the project team prepared separate V-CRIS 

forms and accompanying documentation for each recorded property in accordance with DHR 

policies and practices. Each V-CRIS packet includes a V-CRIS form, site plan, set of hard-copy 

black & white photographs, and a CD of digital photos for each property. The hard copy and 

electronic versions of the photographs were labeled and prepared according to DHR standards. 

3
D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 4-1 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

BACKGROUND REVIEW 

Prior to conducting fieldwork, Dovetail conducted a background review of the DC2RVA project 

area to identify previously recorded above-ground resources within a 0.5-mile radius around 

the APE. This task included an evaluation of DHR files, maps, and reports and Civil War Sites 

Advisory Committee (CWSAC) maps to obtain the required information (CWSAC 2009). The 

goal was to provide data on previously recorded resources to aid in the evaluation of properties 

identified during the current survey. 

4.1 PREVIOUS SURVEYS 

At least eight previous studies overlap with the current APE. A Historic American Building 

Survey (HABS) inventory conducted in Caroline County in 1937 documented two properties 

located within 0.5 miles of the current APE. The Pines (016-0087) and Holly Hill (016-0144) were 

both inventoried at that time (Farmer 1937). 

Between 1969 and 1975, Ralph E. Fall conducted an architectural survey of Caroline County, 

sponsored by the Virginia Landmarks Commission, which was later assembled into a report 

(Chappell 1975). The survey focused mainly on resources dating to the colonial period and the 

first half of the nineteenth century. The report consists of a brief description of each surveyed 

resource accompanied by photos. Many of the properties documented in the report are no 

longer extant. Some of the properties that were surveyed at the time and are located within the 

current APE include the Fairfield Plantation Office at Jackson Shrine (016-0092), Fontaine Hill 

(016-0137), Holly Hill (016-0144), and the Milford Railroad Station (016-0266). In the 1960s, the 

Spotsylvania Historical Association likewise undertook an informal survey of historic 

properties in Spotsylvania County. The results of the survey became the foundation for the 

Handbook of Historic Sites in Spotsylvania County, published in 1987 (Durrett and Harvison 1987). 

In 1991, the Caroline County Planning Department contracted with two firms, PMA Consulting 

Services and Traceries, to conduct a survey of the county’s historic architecture, concentrating 

on areas of growth identified in the Caroline County Comprehensive Plan Update (Stodghill et 

al. 1991). The project scope called for the survey of a total of 200 properties at the reconnaissance 

level and 20 properties at the intensive level. All resources 50 years of age or older located 

within these designated growth areas were systematically surveyed. Additional properties from 

outside the growth areas were hand-selected for survey; resources that had been previously 

surveyed by HABS in the 1930s and by Ralph E. Fall in the 1960s and 1970s were revisited. It 

was discovered that more than a third of the resources previously surveyed had been 

destroyed. As a result, the project scope was expanded to include a more comprehensive survey 

of all historic resources within Caroline County, resulting in a total of 214 surveyed resources, 

45 of which were determined to be potentially eligible for the Virginia Landmarks Register 

(VLR) and/or the NRHP. Six properties located within the current APE were recommended 

4
BACKGROUND REVIEW 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 4-2 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

potentially eligible in the 1991 survey—Fontaine Hill (016-0137), Carolina Mansion (016-0220), 

Milford State Bank (016-0270), Woodford Freight & Passenger Depot (016-0222), Milford Freight 

Depot (016-0266), and Blatt’s Store (016-0272)—although a formal determination of eligibility 

was never made by DHR (Stodghill et al. 1991:28–29). The survey also recommended that six 

small historic communities containing concentrations of historic buildings and structures 

should be considered for designation as local historic districts, even if they may not be eligible 

for designation at the state and national levels (Stodghill et al. 1991:36). Four of those six 

communities are located within the current project APE: Guinea, Woodford, Penola, and 

Milford. 

In 1992, a Phase II architectural evaluation of the Ruther Glen Railroad Bridge (016-0331) was 

conducted in association with proposed improvements to Route 652 (Hudlow and Gray 1992). 

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the bridge, identified the previous year, for NRHP 

eligibility. The study also evaluated the eligibility of the Ruther Glen community and 

determined that it was not a NRHP-eligible historic district due to the loss of major architectural 

features, most notably the railroad depot (Hudlow and Gray 1992:19). 

In 1992, the Hanover County Planning Department contracted with Land and Community 

Associates of Charlottesville to conduct a survey of historic resources in the county (Neville et 

al. 1992). One resource within the current architectural APE, the North Anna Battlefield (042-

0123), was identified as a valuable historic resource having “relatively undisturbed as well as 

disturbed battle sites, well-preserved remains of war fortification and entrenchments, road and 

bridge traces, and archaeological sites,” although no formal determination of eligibility was 

made at that time (Neville et al. 1992:59). 

In 1994, a Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) inventory of Fox Bridge No. 1937 

(042-0401) was undertaken by William and Mary’s Center for Archaeological Research 

(WMCAR) (Linebaugh et al. 1995). The documentation was conducted in accordance with a 

Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) associated with the replacement of the U.S. Route 1 bridge 

crossing the North Anna River. The bridge is no longer extant. 

In 1995, DHR and the Spotsylvania County Planning Department hired Traceries to conduct a 

reconnaissance- and intensive-level survey of select historic resources 50 years or older in 

Spotsylvania County (Traceries 1996). A total of 124 properties were identified at the 

reconnaissance level, while 12 properties were documented at the intensive level, nine of which 

were recommended eligible for the NRHP. 

No known studies have been conducted since 1995 that include resources located within the 

current architectural APE. 

4.2 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES 

A total of 89 architectural properties has been previously recorded within 0.5 miles of the 

DC2RVA corridor in the XRGU, GUMD, and MDND segments (See table in Appendix A). None 

of these resources have been listed in either the VLR or the NRHP. 

Four (4.5 percent) of the 89 previously recorded resources within 0.5 miles of the Project have 

been previously determined potentially eligible/eligible for listing on the NRHP by DHR staff. 

Thornberry (016-5023), a circa-1840 dwelling, was determined eligible by DHR staff in 2004 

under Criterion C. The North Anna Battlefield (042-0123), a Civil War site, was determined 

potentially eligible in 2007 under Criterion A for its contribution to the broad pattern of Civil 
BACKGROUND REVIEW 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 4-3 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

War history. Fox Bridge #1936 (042-0401), a 1926 bridge crossing the North Anna River, was 

determined eligible in 1994 but has since been demolished. Nyland (088-0100), a circa-1843, 

two-and-a-half-story, Greek Revival dwelling, was determined eligible in 1996 under Criterion 

C. 

Eleven previously recorded resources (2.4 percent) located within 0.5 miles of the Project have 

been determined by DHR staff to be not eligible for the NRHP. These resources include five 

dwellings, three bridges, and three commercial buildings. The dwellings include Holly Hill 

(016-0144), constructed circa 1727, and four houses (016-5003, 016-5005, 016-5006, and 016-5007) 

built primarily in the Craftsman style between 1928 and circa 1930. The three commercial 

buildings include a store (016-5002), a restaurant (016-5004), and a warehouse (016-5001), all 

constructed between circa 1930 and circa 1940. The bridges include a 1916 concrete bridge (016-

0331) that is no longer extant, as well as a concrete bridge over the Mattaponi River (016-5041) 

and a concrete and steel structure crossing the railroad (016-5087), both constructed in the 1950s. 

The remaining previously recorded resources (n=74, 83.1 percent) were not given a formal 

NRHP eligibility determination. Among these resources are two bridges, 48 dwellings, two 

examples of railroad-worker housing, three railroad depots, four churches, a cemetery, one 

school, one hotel, a bank, and 11 other commercial buildings. The dwellings include examples 

built between circa 1820 and circa 1960 in styles and forms ranging from Federal, Greek Revival, 

and Gothic Revival in the early- to mid-nineteenth century, Italianate, Victorian/Queen Anne, 

and Colonial Revival in the late-nineteenth century and first decade of the twentieth century, 

and Colonial Revival and Craftsman styles in the early- to mid-twentieth century. 
D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-1 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

RESULTS 

The architectural investigation of the XRGU, GUMD, and MDND segments of the DC2RVA 

project involved a field survey of all above-ground resources over 48 years in age within the 

Project’s architectural APE. Both previously recorded properties and newly recorded resources 

were included as part of the current evaluation to achieve cultural resource compliance. The 

current survey identified 50 previously recorded resources and 62 newly recorded resources, 

for a total of 112 surveyed resources. 

5.1 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES 

This survey identified 50 previously recorded buildings, objects, and districts within the 

architectural APE (Table 5-1, Figures 5-1 through 5-13). Any previously recorded structures 

within the APE will be included in a subsequent report. Of those 50 resources, one resource has 

been previously listed in or determined potentially eligible/eligible for the NRHP. The 

remaining 49 previously recorded resources had not been formally evaluated for the NRHP by 

DHR. 

Table 5-1 lists all 50 previously recorded resources, along with the Project Team’s eligibility 

determination. Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous 

eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or listed in, the NRHP), while cells 

highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as part of the current 

survey. 

TABLE 5-1: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT 

SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County 

Date of 

Construc

tion 

Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-0092 

Fairfield Plantation Office, 

Jackson Shrine, 12019 

Stonewall Jackson Road 

Caroline County 1828 XRGU Potentially Eligible Under 

Criteria A, B, and C 

016-0137 Fontaine Hill, 24378 Ruther 

Glen Road Caroline County ca. 1853 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0201 

Hopewell United Methodist 

Church and Cemetery, 

12018 Guinea Drive 

Caroline County ca. 1867 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0205 House, 12110 Guinea Drive Caroline County ca. 1910 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0206 House, 12113 Guinea Drive Caroline County ca. 1890 XRGU Not Eligible 

5
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-2 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 5-1: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT 

SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County 

Date of 

Construc

tion 

Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-0207 House, 12124 Guinea Drive Caroline County ca. 1890 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0208 House, 12096 Guinea Drive Caroline County ca. 1900 XRGU Potentially Eligible Under 

Criterion C 

016-0209 

Hopewell Methodist Church 

Parsonage, 12093 Guinea 

Drive

Caroline County ca. 1921 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0212 House, 12053 Guinea Drive Caroline County ca. 1910 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0217 St. Mary’s Catholic Church, 

14500 Woodslane Road Caroline County 1914 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-0218 House, 14321 Woodslane 

Road Caroline County ca. 1911 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-0219 Evans House, 14271 

Woodslane Road Caroline County ca. 1913 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-0220 Carolina Mansion, 11146 

Woodford Road Caroline County ca. 1900 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible Under 

Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-0221 Woodford House, Lake 

Farm Road Caroline County ca. 1860 GUMD 

Not Eligible; Noncontributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-0222 

Woodford Freight & 

Passenger Depot, 

Woodford Road 

Caroline County ca. 1900 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible Under 

Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District; Contributing to 

the RF&P Railroad HD 

016-0223 

Woodford Excelsior 

Company Office, Lake Farm 

Road 

Caroline County ca. 1896 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible Under 

Criterion A; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District; Contributing to 

the Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD 

016-0224 Glenwood House, 11102 

Woodford Road Caroline County ca. 1925 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible Under 

Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-0225 House and Outbuildings, 

11000 Woodford Road Caroline County ca. 1919 GUMD 

Not Eligible; ; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-3 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 5-1: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT 

SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County 

Date of 

Construc

tion 

Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-0262 Old Milford Hotel, 15619 

Colonial Road Caroline County ca. 1910 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0263 

Gray Campbell Inn/Schalls 

Furniture Refinishing and 

Repairs, Colonial Road 

Caroline County ca. 1890 GUMD 

Not Eligible; Noncontributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0264 

Milford Presbyterian Church 

(Old Church), 15460 

Church Street 

Caroline County ca. 1890 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0265 Apartment/Restaurant, 

15589 Colonial Road Caroline County ca. 1900 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0266 Milford Freight Depot, 

15424 Antioch Road Caroline County ca. 1891 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District; 

Contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad HD 

016-0267 House, 15510 Nelson Hill 

Road Caroline County ca. 1885 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0268 House, 15503 Nelson Hill 

Road Caroline County ca. 1900 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0269 House, 15429-15441 

Antioch Road Caroline County ca. 1880 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0270 Milford State Bank, 15461 

Antioch Road Caroline County ca. 1910 MDND 

Potentially Eligible Under 

Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0271 Clark's Store & Warehouse, 

15450 Antioch Road Caroline County ca. 1900 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0272 Blatt's Store, 15471 Antioch 

Road Caroline County ca. 1890 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic District 

016-0286 

Coleman's Store, 22275 

Penola Road; Penola, 16095 

Polecat Lane 

Caroline County ca. 1900 MDND Potentially Eligible Under 

Criterion C 

016-0296 House, 22196 Penola Road Caroline County ca. 1890 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0297 R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 

22285 Penola Road Caroline County ca. 1870 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad HD 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-4 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 5-1: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT 

SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County 

Date of 

Construc

tion 

Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-0298 R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 

16181 Polecat Lane Caroline County ca. 1870 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad HD 

016-0329 Whitley House, 11136 

Railroad Lane Caroline County ca. 1890 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0330 Hepler Farm, 24462 Ruther 

Glen Road Caroline County ca. 1900 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0332 House, 11519 Chesterfield 

Road Caroline County 1968 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0333 Commercial Building, 

Chesterfield Road Caroline County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0334 Commercial Building, 11491 

Chesterfield Road Caroline County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0335 Commercial Building, 11491 

Chesterfield Road Caroline County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0336 House, 11456 Chesterfield 

Road Caroline County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0337 Mize House, 11498 

Chesterfield Road Caroline County ca. 1920 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0338 Taylor House, 11524 

Chesterfield Road Caroline County ca. 1918 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0339 Bullock House, 24397 

Chesterfield Road Caroline County ca. 1918 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5001 Warehouse, Nelson Hill 

Road Caroline County ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5002 Allen's Store, 15401 Nelson 

Hill Road Caroline County ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5003 House, 15409 Nelson Hill 

Road Caroline County 1929 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5103 House, 2118 Guinea Drive Caroline County ca. 1910 XRGU Not Eligible 

042-0123 North Anna Battlefield Hanover County 1864 MDND Remains Eligible Under 

Criterion A 

088-0271 House, 3041 Summit Station 

Road 

Fredericksburg, 

Spotsylvania County ca. 1913 XRGU Not Eligible 

088-0280 Summit Station Farm, 3033 

Summit Station Road 

Fredericksburg, 

Spotsylvania County ca. 1840 XRGU Not Eligible 

Source: Dovetail, 2016. 

Table Notes: 1. Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or 

eligible for, or listed in, the NRHP). 2. Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current 

survey. 













RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-18 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

5.1.1 Previously Recommended Potentially Eligible/Eligible for, or Listed in, the 

NRHP 

Only one of the 50 previously recorded resources included in this survey has received a formal 

NRHP eligibility evaluation from DHR staff. 

The North Anna Battlefield (042-0123), located in Hanover County and southern Caroline 

County near the town of Doswell, was the location of one of the most important Civil War 

campaigns in the state (Figure 5-14). It was the culminating point of the 1864 Overland 

Campaign fought by the army of Northern Virginia, commanded by General Robert E. Lee, 

which began with the Battle of the Wilderness and later battles in the area of Spotsylvania 

Courthouse. The North Anna Battlefield is composed of defensive earthworks and trenches, as 

well as other elements predating and contemporaneous with the battle. Although portions of 

the site have been developed in recent years, a large portion of the battlefield remains open 

space with surviving earthworks. Only a very small portion of the site was surveyed as part of 

the current project. On January 24, 2007, the North Anna Battlefield was determined potentially 

eligible based on preliminary survey data obtained from the American Battlefield Protection 

Program (ABPP). Despite recent development, the resource has not notably changed since it 

was determined potentially eligible in 2007. As such, it is recommended that the North Anna 

Battlefield remain potentially eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A for its contribution to 

the broad pattern of Civil War history.

FIGURE 5-14: OVERVIEW OF NORTH ANNA BATTLEFIELD (042-0123) AT THE NORTH ANNA 

RIVER 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-19 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

5.1.2 Previously Not Evaluated 

Of the 50 previously recorded resources, 49 had not formally received an eligibility 

determination from DHR at the time of the current survey. Of those, Dovetail recommended 

that eight should be considered potentially eligible for the NRHP. A brief description of each is 

listed below. The remaining 41 resources are recommended not individually eligible for the 

NRHP, although ten of these resources are contributing to one of two newly surveyed 

potentially eligible districts and three resources are contributing to the RF&P Railroad Historic 

District (500-0001). These resources are summarized at the end of this section. 

5.1.2.1 Previously Not Evaluated Resources Recommended Potentially Eligible 

The Fairfield Plantation Office at Jackson Shrine (016-0092), located at 12019 Stonewall 

Jackson Road, is a one-and-a-half-story frame building constructed in 1828 (Figure 5-15). The 

building once served as the plantation office for the 740-acre Fairfield Plantation and is the only 

surviving building. On May 2, 1863, Confederate General Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” 

Jackson was brought to the site after being wounded by friendly fire at the Battle of 

Chancellorsville, dying here six days later. Today the building is the site of a National Park 

Service memorial to Jackson. Although it has undergone extensive renovation efforts, the 

resource appears to retain a high level of historic integrity of materials, location, design, 

workmanship, setting, and feeling and is representative of an early-nineteenth century 

plantation office. For these reasons, this resource is recommended potentially eligible for the 

NRHP under Criterion C. For its contribution to the broad pattern of Civil War history, the 

resource is recommended potentially eligible under Criterion A. For its association with 

General Stonewall Jackson, the resource is also recommended potentially eligible under 

Criterion B. As an architectural resource, this property was not evaluated under Criterion D. 

FIGURE 5-15: FAIRFIELD PLANTATION OFFICE AT JACKSON SHRINE (016-0092), LOCATED 

AT 12019 STONEWALL JACKSON ROAD, LOOKING WEST 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-20 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

The House at 12096 Guinea Drive (016-0208), located in the small railroad community of 

Guinea, is a one-and-a-half-story vernacular dwelling with Queen Anne and Craftsman 

elements constructed circa 1900 (Figure 5-16). The building displays decorative details such as a 

pyramidal roof with flared eaves, partial cornice returns, shaped rafter tails, corner board 

pilasters, and notched wood siding that gives the appearance of fishscale shingles. According to 

the current homeowner, the building is a Sears Roebuck house transported to Guinea on the 

nearby RF&P Railroad. A removable ADA ramp and protective railing have been added to the 

front entrance, but otherwise, the building appears to retain a moderate to high level of historic 

integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. At 

present, there remains insufficient data by which to evaluate this resource; therefore, additional 

information is required prior to rendering an eligibility recommendation, including research on 

the origins of the house, an inspection of the interior, and a comparison of this home to other 

contemporary dwellings in the county to place this building in its regional context. For these 

reasons, this resource is recommended potentially eligible under Criterion C pending this 

additional research. It has no known association with any significant event or person and 

therefore is recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and B. As an 

architectural resource, this property was not evaluated under Criterion D. 

FIGURE 5-16: THE HOUSE AT 12096 GUINEA DRIVE (016-0208), LOOKING SOUTH 

Carolina Mansion (016-0220), located at 11146 Woodford Road in the small village of 

Woodford, was constructed circa 1900 (Figure 5-17). The ornate, two-and-a-half-story, woodframed dwelling was designed in the Queen Anne style with Classical detailing. The building 

appears to be representative of housing constructed in the area in the early-twentieth century, 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-21 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

when the RF&P and new manufacturing enterprises brought economic prosperity to the local 

region. The building also retains a moderate to high level of historic integrity of location, 

design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. For these reasons, this 

resource is recommended potentially eligible under Criterion C. It has no known association 

with any significant event or person and therefore is recommended not eligible for the 

NRHP under Criteria A or B. As an architectural resource, this property was not evaluated 

under Criterion D. In addition, the Carolina Mansion is located within the boundaries of the 

newly surveyed Woodford Historic District (016-5129). It was constructed during the district’s 

period of significance and is representative of architectural and historic trends in the area. 

For this reason, the resource should be considered a contributing element to the Woodford 

Historic District. 

FIGURE 5-17: CAROLINA MANSION (016-0220), LOCATED AT 11146 WOODFORD ROAD 

LOOKING WEST 

Woodford Freight and Passenger Depot (016-0222), located on Woodford Road immediately 

adjacent to the RF&P in the small village of Woodford, is a long, rectangular, one-story, framed 

building constructed circa 1900 (Figure 5-18). The building served a combined function as both 

a freight depot and a passenger depot and was one of five original stops along the RF&P in 

Caroline County. Today, the depot is one of only two surviving depots in the county, the other 

being the Milford Freight Depot (016-0266). The building also retains a high level of historic 

integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. For these 

reasons, this resource is recommended potentially eligible under Criterion C. It has no known 

association with any significant event or person and therefore is recommended not eligible 

for the NRHP under Criteria A or B. As an architectural resource, this property was not 

evaluated under Criterion D. In addition, the Woodford Freight and Passenger Depot is 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-22 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

located within the boundaries of the newly surveyed Woodford Historic District (016-5129). 

It was constructed during the district’s period of significance and is representative of 

architectural and historic trends in the area. For this reason, the resource should be 

considered a contributing element to the Woodford Historic District. And finally, the 

Woodford Freight and Passenger Depot should be considered a contributing element to the 

RF&P Railroad Historic District (500-0001).

FIGURE 5-18: WOODFORD FREIGHT AND PASSENGER DEPOT (016-0222), LOOKING SOUTH 

The Woodford Excelsior Company Office (016-0223), located at the intersection of Lake Farm 

Road and Woodford Road in the small village of Woodford, is a small frame office building 

constructed circa 1896 (Figure 5-19). It is located immediately adjacent to the railroad and is 

associated with the Woodford Excelsior Company, Caroline County’s first excelsior 

manufacturer, established circa 1896. This building likely served as the foci of business 

conducted between the railroad and the manufacturer and is the only surviving late-nineteenthcentury building associated with the excelsior industry in the county and the only resource 

associated with the county’s first excelsior manufactory at Woodford. All exterior elements 

appear to be original, including decorative vents and scalloped siding in the gables, clapboard 

siding, two-over-two double-hung wood windows, operable wood shutters, and a paneled 

door. A glimpse of the interior through a window also suggests that the interior is largely intact. 

Overall, the resource appears to retain a high level of historic integrity of location, design, 

setting, materials, workmanship, and feeling. For its association with Caroline County’s 

excelsior industry, which brought short-lived economic prosperity to the region in the first 

half of the twentieth century, it is recommended potentially eligible under Criterion A. It has 

no known association with any significant person and therefore is recommended not eligible 

for the NRHP under Criterion B, nor does it embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, 

period, or method of construction and therefore is recommended not eligible under Criterion 

C. As an architectural resource, this property was not evaluated under Criterion D. In 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-23 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

addition, the Woodford Excelsior Company Office is located within the boundaries of the 

newly surveyed Woodford Historic District (016-5129). It was constructed during the district’s 

period of significance and is representative of architectural and historic trends in the area. 

For this reason, the resource should be considered a contributing element to the Woodford 

Historic District. Finally, the Woodford Excelsior Company Office is a contributing element 

to the newly surveyed Excelsior Industry of Caroline County Multiple Property 

Determination (016-5165).

FIGURE 5-19: WOODFORD EXCELSIOR COMPANY OFFICE (016-0223), LOCATED ON LAKE 

FARM ROAD, LOOKING SOUTH 

Glenwood House (016-0224), located at 11102 Woodford Road in the small village of 

Woodford, is a two-story, Colonial Revival dwelling constructed circa 1925 (Figure 5-20). The 

multi-colored-brick building is embellished with brick quoining, fluted columns, and a patio 

with molded concrete balustrade and is accompanied by a one-and-a-half-story, two-car garage 

with clipped gables that reflects the same stylistic detailing. The building is one of two 

dwellings in the area that are representative of high-style domestic architecture, reflecting the 

economic prosperity brought to the area in the early-twentieth-century by the railroad and 

successful manufacturing enterprises such as the Woodford Excelsior Company. The building 

also retains a moderate to high level of historic integrity of location, design, setting, materials, 

workmanship, feeling, and association. For these reasons, this resource is recommended 

potentially eligible under Criterion C. It has no known association with any significant event 

or person and therefore is recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A or B. As 

an architectural resource, this property was not evaluated under Criterion. In addition, 

Glenwood House is located within the boundaries of the newly surveyed Woodford Historic 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-24 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

District (016-5129). It was constructed during the district’s period of significance and is 

representative of architectural and historic trends in the area. For this reason, the resource 

should be considered a contributing element to the Woodford Historic District. 

FIGURE 5-20: GLENWOOD HOUSE (016-0224), LOCATED AT 11102 WOODFORD ROAD 

LOOKING NORTHWEST 

The Milford State Bank (016-0270), located at 15461 Antioch Road in the small village of 

Milford, is a two-story brick building constructed circa 1910 in the Classical Revival style 

(Figure 5-21). The building’s façade is divided into five distinct bays via brick pilasters. Other 

notable elements include the projecting cornice and parapet, jack-arched window lintels with 

keystones, and two recessed entrances. The building is the only Classical Revival building as 

well as the only bank in the village of Milford and is an important contribution to the 

architecture of the community. Additionally, the resource appears to retain a moderate to high 

level of historic integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and 

association. At present, there remains insufficient data by which to evaluate this resource; 

therefore, additional information is required prior to rendering an eligibility recommendation, 

including an inspection of the interior and a comparison of this building to other earlytwentieth century financial institutions in the area. For these reasons, this resource is 

recommended potentially eligible under Criterion C pending further research. It has no 

known association with any significant event or person and therefore is recommended not 

eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and B. As an architectural resource, this property was 

not evaluated under Criterion D. In addition, the Milford State Bank is located within the 

boundaries of the newly surveyed Milford Historic District (016-5136). It was constructed 

during the district’s period of significance and is representative of architectural and historic 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-25 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

trends in the area. For this reason, the resource should be considered a contributing element 

to the Milford Historic District. 

Coleman’s Store (016-0286), located at 22275 Penola Road in the small village of Penola, is a 

two-story, wood-framed commercial building constructed circa 1900 (Figure 5-22). The parcel 

also includes a two-story, three-bay dwelling at 16095 Polecat Lane, known as “Penola,” which 

allegedly served as the home of the storekeeper. The primary resource is the only surviving 

commercial building in the largely abandoned village of Penola and is representative of the 

small country stores once found in crossroads communities and railroad stops throughout rural 

Caroline County. The building appears to retain a moderate to high level of historic integrity of 

location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and is an important 

contribution to the architecture of Penola. For these reasons, this resource is recommended 

potentially eligible under Criterion C. It has no known association with any significant event 

or person and therefore is recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and B. 

As an architectural resource, this property was not evaluated under Criterion D. 

FIGURE 5-21: MILFORD STATE BANK (016-0270), LOCATED AT 15461 ANTIOCH ROAD, 

LOOKING NORTH 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-26 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

FIGURE 5-22: COLEMAN’S STORE (016-0286) AT 22275 PENOLA ROAD, LOOKING NORTH 

5.1.2.2 Previously Not Evaluated Resources Recommended Not Eligible 

Of the 49 previously recorded resources that have not formally received an eligibility 

determination from DHR, the remaining 41 are recommended not individually eligible. Three of 

the previously recorded resources within the XRGU, GUMD, and MDND Segments are no 

longer extant (016-0137, 016-0221, and 016-0263). Because these resources have a loss of historic 

integrity and architectural significance, they are recommended not eligible for the NRHP under 

Criterion C. They have no known association with a significant event or person and are not 

associated with any broad patterns in history. Therefore, they are recommended not eligible for 

the NRHP under Criteria A and B. As architectural resources, these properties were not 

evaluated under Criterion D.

A majority (n=23) of the remaining resources are single-family dwellings and small farms that 

range in date from 1840 (Summit Station Farm, 088-0280) to 1968 (House, 11519 Chesterfield 

Road, 016-0332). These houses are representative of architectural trends that were popular 

throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including Greek Revival, Queen Anne, 

Colonial Revival, and Craftsman. In addition, many of the dwellings lack high-style attributes; 

instead, they were constructed in a vernacular form that is common throughout the region. 

Most of these buildings are one- to two-and-a-half stories tall with frame or masonry structural 

systems. 

Other previously recorded resources within the architectural APE include three churches, a 

hotel, eight commercial buildings and warehouses, a freight depot, and two dwellings used as 

housing for railroad employees. The churches include a one-story, wood-framed Methodist 

church built on the basilican plan with a square corner tower and spire, constructed circa 1867 

(016-0201); a one-story, wood-framed Presbyterian church constructed circa 1890 that has been 

converted to a dwelling (016-0264), and a one-story, wood-framed Catholic church constructed 

circa 1900 in the Craftsman style, which has also been converted to a dwelling (016-0217). 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-27 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

The Old Milford Hotel (016-0262) is a two-and-a-half-story, wood-framed building constructed 

circa 1910 in the Colonial Revival style and is currently used as a private residence. Other 

commercial buildings include a restaurant (016-0265) constructed circa 1900, five small country 

stores constructed between circa 1890 and circa 1930 (016-0271, 016-0272, 016-0334, 016-0335, 

and 016-5002), and a small warehouse constructed circa 1903 (016-5001). All of these buildings 

have undergone notable modifications that have negatively affected their architectural integrity 

and/or lack remarkable architectural attributes. 

Two buildings on either side of the tracks in the small village of Penola were used as railroad 

housing for RF&P employees (016-0297 and 016-0298). One of these buildings is abandoned and 

in a ruinous condition, while the other is currently used as a private residence. 

As a whole, these 41 previously surveyed resources have no outstanding architectural elements 

and are not the works of a master. Furthermore, many have undergone alterations such as 

siding and window replacement and the construction of additions. For these reasons, these 

resources are recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C. They have no 

known association with a significant event or person and are not associated with any broad 

patterns in history. Therefore, they are recommended not eligible for the NRHP under 

Criteria A and B. As architectural resources, these properties are not eligible under Criterion 

D, but they were not evaluated under that criterion as archaeological resources. 

Several of the 41 previously recorded resources that are recommended not individually eligible 

for the NRHP are located within the boundaries of one of two newly surveyed historic districts 

that are recommended potentially eligible. It is recommended that one previously recorded 

resource that is not individually eligible (016-0225) should be considered a contributing 

element to the Woodford Historic District (016-5129), while nine previously recorded 

resources that are not individually eligible (016-0262, 016-0264, 016-0265, 016-0266, 016-0267, 

016-0268, 016-0269, 016-0271, and 016-0272) should be considered contributing to the Milford 

Historic District (016-5136). Furthermore, three previously recorded resources that are 

recommended not individually eligible (016-0266, 016-0297, and 016-0298) should be 

considered contributing to the RF&P Railroad Historic District (500-0001).

5.2 NEWLY RECORDED RESOURCES 

Of the 112 resources recorded in the architectural APE of the XRGU, GUMD, and MDND 

segments during the current project, the DC2RVA Project Team documented 62 newly recorded 

resources (Table 5-2, Figures 5-25 through 5-38). Of those 62 resources, three are recommended 

potentially eligible for the NRHP. Table 5-2 lists all 62 resources, along with Dovetail’s 

eligibility determination. Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially 

eligible as a part of the current survey. 

TABLE 5-2: NEWLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5105 Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County 

MPD 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-28 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 5-2: NEWLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5106 Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County 

MPD 

016-5107 House, 11434 Chesterfield 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1956 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5108 House, 11238 Railroad Lane Caroline 

County 1905 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5109 Outbuilding, 4121 Stonewall 

Jackson Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5110 House, 8523 Guinea Station 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1870 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5111 House, 9135 Guinea Station 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1882 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5112 Penola Historic District Caroline 

County ca. 1860 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5113 Jeter House and Excelsior 

Mill, 16111 Polecat Lane 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County 

MPD 

016-5114 Flour Mill, Penola Road Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5115 Storage Building, Penola 

Road 

Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5116 Building Ruins, Penola Road Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5117 House, 22260 Penola Road Caroline 

County 1929 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5118 House, 22266 Penola Road Caroline 

County 1850 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5119 Industrial Site, Penola Road Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5120 House, Penola Road Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5121 Guinea Station Historic 

District 

Caroline 

County 1867–ca. 1961 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5122 Gas Station, 11764 

Stonewall Jackson Road 

Caroline 

County pre-1961 XRGU Not Eligible 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-29 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 5-2: NEWLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5123 House, 11720 Stonewall 

Jackson Road 

Caroline 

County 1937 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5124 School Building, 8902 

Guinea Station Road 

Caroline 

County 1932 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5125 Ruther Glen-Chesterfield 

Historic District 

Caroline 

County ca. 1853-1956 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5126 House, 10400 Lake Farm 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1906 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-5127 House, 15125 Rixey Road Caroline 

County ca. 1900 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-5128 House, Rixey Road Caroline 

County pre-1942 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-5129 Woodford Historic District Caroline 

County 

ca. 1890 to ca. 

1969 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criteria A and 

C 

016-5130 Farmer Store, Woodford 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5131 H. Washington Store, 

Woodford Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5132 House, 11107 Woodford 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1953 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-5133 Old Woodford Post Office, 

11064 Woodford Road 

Caroline 

County 1936 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5134 Warehouse, Woodford 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5135 Woodford Post Office, 

11087 Woodford Road 

Caroline 

County 1969 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5136 Milford Historic District Caroline 

County ca. 1880–1960 GUMD & MDND 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criteria A and 

C 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-30 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 5-2: NEWLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5137 Dejarnette Lumber Co., 

17186 Alliance Drive 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District; Contributing 

to the Excelsior 

Industry of Caroline 

County MPD 

016-5138 Dhillon's Auto Sales, 15583 

Colonial Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1941 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5139 House, 15642 Colonial 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5140 Commercial Building, 15577 

Colonial Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1936 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5141 Dhillon's Grocery, 15421 

Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5142 House, 15584 Colonial 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1922 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5143 House, 15646 Colonial 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5144 House, 15652 Colonial 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5145 Blatt Chevrolet, 15478 

Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5146 House, 15483 Nelson Hill 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1942 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-31 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 5-2: NEWLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5147 Milford Post Office, 15429 

Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County 1960 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5148 Warehouse, 15458 Antioch 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5149 Warehouses, 15480 

Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-5150 

RF&P Milford (MD) Signal 

Tower, 15524 Nelson Hill 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1949 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad HD 

016-5151 Warehouse, 15389 Nelson 

Hill Road 

Caroline 

County pre-1966 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5152 Drainfield Solutions, 15384 

Nelson Hill Road 

Caroline 

County 1952 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5153 Hanover Truck Repair, 

15402 Nelson Hill Road 

Caroline 

County 1965 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5154 House, 15398 Nelson Hill 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1920 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5155 Amerigas Propane, 16492 

Industrial Drive 

Caroline 

County pre-1966 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5156 

Freight Depot and 

Warehouse, 16462 

Industrial Drive 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad HD 

016-5157 Commercial Building, 16388 

Industrial Drive 

Caroline 

County 1966 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5158 House, Industrial Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5159 House, 16209 Industrial 

Drive 

Caroline 

County 1958 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5160 House and Outbuildings, 

Industrial Drive 

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5161 House, 16022 Industrial 

Drive 

Caroline 

County 1944 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5162 Coleman's Mill Pond and 

Ruins, Colemans Mill Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1850 MDND Not Eligible 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-32 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 5-2: NEWLY RECORDED RESOURCES IDENTIFIED DURING THE CURRENT SURVEY 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5163 House, 11435 Railroad Lane Caroline 

County ca. 1920 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5164 Little Rock Farm, 26389 

Jefferson Davis Highway 

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5165 Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD 

Caroline 

County 

ca. 1896–ca. 

1950 

GUMD & 

MDND 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criteria A and 

C 

088-5481 House, 3116 Summit 

Crossing Road 

Fredericksburg, 

Spotsylvania 

County 

1948 XRGU Not Eligible 

Source: Dovetail, 2016. 

Table Notes: 1. Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible for the NRHP as a part of the current survey. 
















RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-49 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

5.2.1 Newly Recorded Resources Recommended Potentially Eligible 

Of the 62 newly recorded resources within the architectural APE of the XRGU, GUMD, and 

MDND segments, Dovetail recommended that three should be considered potentially eligible 

for the NRHP. A brief description of each is listed below. The remaining 59 resources are 

recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP; these resources are summarized at the 

end of this section. 

The Woodford Historic District (016-5129) is a partially abandoned community in rural 

Caroline County (Figure 5-39). The village is centered along the RF&P, which was constructed 

through the area in 1836, and was one of five original stations in Caroline County along that 

route. Despite the presence of the railroad, the community never experienced any real 

development through most of the nineteenth century. In fact, Woodford seldom appears on 

historic maps from that period. It wasn’t until a local merchant established an excelsior mill at 

Woodford around 1896, launching what would eventually become Caroline County’s largest 

industry, that the community saw any real growth (Fisher and Sparenborg 2011:198). The 

excelsior plant created much-needed jobs for local residents, and Woodford’s population 

increased more than threefold by the end of the first quarter of the twentieth century. 

A 1942 topographic map—the first to show Woodford in any real detail—reveals that the 

community is largely unchanged from its early-twentieth-century configuration. Five 

previously surveyed resources and six newly surveyed resources are contributing to the 

Woodford Historic District. The Woodford Freight and Passenger Depot (016-0222) still stands 

at the center of town and is one of only two RF&P depots remaining in the county and the only 

combined-function depot. Although the original excelsior mill burned down in the early 1950s, 

a small frame building that once served as the Woodford Excelsior Company Office (016-0223) 

still remains. In addition to the depot and the excelsior office, the proposed historic district 

encompasses the current and former post offices (016-5133 and 016-5135), two circa-1920 

commercial buildings (016-5130 and 016-5131), a circa-1940 shipping warehouse immediately 

adjacent to the tracks (016-5134), and four single-family dwellings dating between circa 1900 

and 1953 (016-0220, 016-0224, 016-0225, and 016-5132). One additional property, the previously 

surveyed circa-1860 Woodford House (016-0221), is no longer extant and is considered a noncontributing resource. 

Woodford is an example of a small rural community created by the construction of the railroad 

that brought economic expansion to the region in the nineteenth century, as well as a company 

town that benefited from Caroline County’s excelsior industry in the early-twentieth-century. 

Woodford has largely avoided modern development and still retains its rural character and 

other character-defining features. The district retains a moderate to high level of historic 

integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and 

possesses a wide range of contributing resources that reflect the small communities that once 

dotted the rural county in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. For these reasons, 

this resource is recommended potentially eligible under Criteria A and C. It has no known 

association with any significant person and therefore is recommended not eligible for the 

NRHP under Criterion B. As an architectural resource, this property was not evaluated under 

Criterion D. The district’s recommended period of significance is circa 1890 to circa 1969, 

spanning from the establishment of the excelsior mill to the date of construction of the current 

post office, which continues to serve the surrounding rural community.
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-50 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

FIGURE 5-39: THE WOODFORD HISTORIC DISTRICT (016-5129), LOOKING SOUTHWEST 

The Milford Historic District (016-5136) is a partially abandoned community in rural Caroline 

County that was originally established in the late-eighteenth century as a tobacco trading center 

(Figure 5-40). In 1836, the RF&P Railroad was constructed through the area and Milford was 

one of five original stations in Caroline County along that route. Milford soon became the 

largest of the small communities in the county situated along the railroad, evolving into an 

important commercial, manufacturing, and transportation center for the local region. 

Ten previously surveyed resources and 13 newly surveyed resources are contributing to the 

Milford Historic District. Although Milford has lost some of its buildings from the latenineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, it has nonetheless retained several important 

buildings, most notably the Milford Freight Depot (016-0266), which still stands at the center of 

town and is one of only two village depots remaining in the county. The circa-1940 Dejarnette 

Lumber Company (016-5137), the site of an earlier excelsior mill located immediately adjacent 

to the tracks, is still in operation and retains its prominent teepee waste burner, which has 

become a local landmark. Other contributing properties in the Milford Historic District include 

the former Milford Presbyterian Church (016-0264), the former Milford Hotel (016-0262), the 

circa-1910 Milford State Bank (016-0270), the circa-1890 Blatt’s Store (016-0272), a circa-1950 

Chevrolet dealership (016-5145), seven additional commercial buildings and warehouse 

complexes, the 1960 Milford Post Office (016-5147), and eight single-family dwellings ranging in 

date from circa 1880 to 1942 and reflecting the Queen Anne, Craftsman, and vernacular styles. 

One additional property, the previously surveyed circa-1890 Gray Campbell Inn/Schalls 

Furniture Refinishing and Repair (016-0263), is no longer extant and is considered a noncontributing resource. 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-51 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

Milford is an example of a small rural community originally established as a tobacco trading 

center in the late-eighteenth century, which experienced substantial growth during the 

nineteenth century with the coming of the railroad. Milford was the largest of the small 

communities in Caroline County situated along the RF&P, evolving into an important 

commercial, manufacturing, and transportation center for the local region. Although it appears 

to have lost some of its historic buildings, as indicated by vacant lots, it has largely avoided 

modern development and still retains its rural character and other character-defining features 

such as the freight depot (one of only two surviving village depots in the county), latenineteenth and early-twentieth-century commercial buildings, shipping warehouses, a former 

excelsior mill (now a lumber company), a former church, and several notable dwellings. 

Overall, the district retains a moderate to high level of historic integrity of location, design, 

setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association and possesses a wide range of 

contributing resources that reflect the small communities that once dotted the rural county in 

the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. For these reasons, this resource is recommended 

potentially eligible under Criteria A and C. It has no known association with any significant 

person and therefore is recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion B. As an 

architectural resource, this property was not evaluated under Criterion D. The district’s 

recommended period of significance is circa 1880 to 1960, when the current post office was 

constructed to serve the still-viable community. 

FIGURE 5-40: THE MILFORD HISTORIC DISTRICT (016-5136), LOOKING NORTH 

The Excelsior Industry of Caroline County Multiple Property Determination (MPD) (016-

5165) is a thematic collection of resources constructed between circa 1896 and circa 1950 that are 

associated with the manufacture of excelsior, Caroline County’s largest industry in the earlytwentieth century (Figure 5-41). This MPD includes five properties: the Woodford Excelsior 

Company Office (016-0223), the Dejarnette Lumber Co. (016-5137), two Excelsior Mills in the 

village of Ruther Glen (016-5105 and 016-5106), and the Jeter House and Excelsior Mill (016-
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-52 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

5113). These resources represent three excelsior mills with extant teepee burners ranging in 

height from 25 to 50 feet, an excelsior mill with small cylindrical burner, and a frame office 

building associated with Caroline County’s first excelsior mill. Several of these facilities 

remained active into the 1950s or 1960s, producing excelsior or converting to lumber 

manufacturing. Although many of the buildings associated with these properties are in various 

states of neglect and/or are generally unremarkable in and of themselves, the extant waste 

burners are significant resources that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type. 

Additionally, these five properties are associated with events that have made a significant 

contribution to the broad patterns of history, notably, the excelsior industry of rural Caroline 

County. Therefore, it is recommended that the Excelsior Industry of Caroline County 

Multiple Property Determination is potentially eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A and 

C. The resource has no known association with a significant person and is therefore not 

recommended eligible under Criterion B. As an architectural resource, this property was not 

evaluated under Criterion D. 

FIGURE 5-41: THE EXCELSIOR INDUSTRY OF CAROLINE COUNTY MULTIPLE PROPERTY 

DETERMINATION (016-5165), LOOKING NORTH TOWARDS THE TEEPEE BURNER 

ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEJARNETTE LUMBER COMPANY (016-5137) 
RESULTS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 5-53 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

5.2.2 Newly Recorded Resources Recommended Not Eligible 

The remaining 59 newly surveyed resources within the architectural APE of the XRGU, GUMD, 

and MDND segments are recommended not eligible for the NRHP. A majority (n=25) of these 

resources are single-family dwellings and small farms that range in date from circa 1890 (House 

and Outbuildings, Industrial Drive, 016-5160) to 1958 (House, 16209 Industrial Drive, 016-5159). 

These houses are representative of architectural trends that were popular throughout the 

nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including the Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Craftsman, 

and Ranch styles and forms. In addition, many dwellings lack high-style attributes; instead, 

they were constructed in a vernacular form that is common throughout the region. Most of 

these buildings are one- to two-and-a-half story dwellings with frame or masonry structural 

systems. 

Other newly surveyed resources within the architectural APE that are recommended not 

eligible include a former school (016-5124), three post offices (016-5133, 016-5135, and 016-5147), 

a gas station (016-5122), a mill pond (016-5162), a circa-1949 railroad signal tower (016-5150), a 

private freight depot and warehouse (016-5156), five industrial/manufacturing sites (016-5105, 

016-5106, 016-5113, 016-5119, and 016-5137), a propane storage facility (016-5155), 13 commercial 

buildings and warehouses, and four outbuildings, storage buildings, and unidentified ruins. All 

of these resources have undergone significant modifications that have negatively affected their 

architectural integrity and/or lack remarkable architectural attributes. 

Three newly surveyed historic districts were also identified during the current project: Penola 

Historic District (016-5112), Guinea Station Historic District (016-5121), and Ruther GlenChesterfield Historic District (016-5125). Although these three resources are not recommended 

potentially eligible at this time, they reflect historic communities that provide context for 

individually eligible resources, and thus their boundaries have been delineated to aid future 

survey efforts. 

As a whole, these 59 newly surveyed resources have no outstanding architectural elements and 

are not the works of a master. Furthermore, many have undergone alterations such as siding 

and window replacement and the construction of additions. For these reasons, these 59 

resources are recommended not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion C. They have no 

known association with a significant event or person and are not associated with any broad 

patterns in history. Therefore, they are recommended not eligible for the NRHP under 

Criteria A and B. As architectural resources, these properties are not eligible under Criterion 

D, but they were not evaluated under that criterion as archaeological resources. Several of the 

59 newly surveyed resources that are recommended not individually eligible for the NRHP are 

located within the boundaries of one of two newly surveyed historic districts and one newly 

surveyed multiple property determination. It is recommended that six newly surveyed 

resources (016-5130 through 016-5135) should be considered contributing elements to the 

Woodford Historic District (016-5129) and 12 newly surveyed resources (016-5136 through 

016-5149) should be considered contributing to the Milford Historic District (016-5136). 

Additionally, four newly surveyed resources are recommended as contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of Caroline County MPD (016-5165): two Excelsior Mills located in the 

village of Ruther Glen (016-5105 and 016-5106), the Jeter House and Excelsior Mill (016-5113) 

at Penola, and the Dejarnette Lumber Company (016-5137) in Milford. And finally, two 

newly surveyed resources (016-5150 and 016-5156) are recommended contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad Historic District (500-0001), which will be discussed in a later report.
D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 6-1 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

The DC2RVA Project Team conducted a reconnaissance-level architectural survey of the XRGU, 

GUMD, and MDND segments of the DC2RVA corridor. The DC2RVA project is being 

completed under the auspices of the FRA in conjunction with the DRPT. Because of FRA’s 

involvement, the undertaking is required to comply with the NEPA and Section 106 of the 

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. The Project is being completed as DHR 

File Review #2014-0666. 

In total, the DC2RVA Project Team surveyed 112 historic architectural resources within the 

architectural APE within the XRGU, GUMD, and MDND segments (Table 6-1). Of these, 50 

previously recorded and 62 newly recorded historic resources were identified. Of the 112 total 

properties, it is recommended that the majority (n=100) are not eligible for individual listing in 

the NRHP. One resource, North Anna Battlefield (042-0123), was previously determined 

potentially eligible/eligible for, or listed in, the NRHP. The DC2RVA Project Team 

recommends that it should retain its previous eligibility status. 

In addition, as a result of the current survey, 11 resources are recommended potentially 

eligible for the NRHP under Criteria A, B, and/or C. These include two historic districts (016-

5129 and 016-5136), one multiple property determination (016-5165), the Fairfield Plantation 

Office at Jackson Shrine (016-0092), the Woodford Freight and Passenger Depot (016-0222), 

three commercial buildings (016-0223, 016-0270, and 016-0286), and three single-family 

dwellings (016-0208, 016-0222, and 016-0224). 

In addition to their individual eligibility recommendation, several resources within the XRGU, 

GUMD, and MDND segments are located within the boundaries of one of two potentially 

eligible historic districts: the Woodford Historic District (016-5129) and the Milford Historic 

District (016-5136). As a result, it is recommended that 11 properties (five previously surveyed 

and six newly surveyed) are contributing resources to the Woodford Historic District and 23 

properties (ten previously surveyed and 13 newly surveyed) are contributing resources to the 

Milford Historic District. Furthermore, five resources (one previously surveyed and four 

newly surveyed) are included in and recommended contributing to the Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County Multiple Property Determination (016-5165): the Woodford Excelsior 

Company Office (016-0223), two Excelsior Mills located in the village of Ruther Glen (016-5105 

and 016-5106), the Jeter House and Excelsior Mill (016-5113) at Penola, and the Dejarnette 

Lumber Company (016-5137) in Milford. And finally, six resources (four previously surveyed 

and two newly surveyed) are recommended contributing to the RF&P Railroad Historic 

District, which will be discussed in a later report. 

6
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 6-2 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 6-1: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-0092 

Fairfield Plantation Office, 

Jackson Shrine, 12019 

Stonewall Jackson Road 

Caroline 

County 1828 XRGU 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criteria A, B, 

and C 

016-0137 

Fontaine Hill, 24378 Ruther 

Glen Road; Fontaine Hill 

Cemetery 

Caroline 

County ca. 1853 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0201 

Hopewell United Methodist 

Church and Cemetery, 12018 

Guinea Drive 

Caroline 

County ca. 1867 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0205 House, 12110 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1910 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0206 House, 12113 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1890 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0207 House, 12124 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1890 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0208 House, 12096 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1900 XRGU Potentially Eligible Under Criterion C 

016-0209 

Hopewell Methodist Church 

Parsonage, 12093 Guinea 

Drive

Caroline 

County ca. 1921 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0212 House, 12053 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1910 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-0217 St. Mary’s Catholic Church, 

14500 Woodslane Road 

Caroline 

County 1914 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-0218 House, 14321 Woodslane 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1911 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-0219 Evans House, 14271 

Woodslane Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1913 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-0220 Carolina Mansion, 11146 

Woodford Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-0221 Woodford House, Lake Farm 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1860 GUMD 

Not Eligible; Noncontributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 6-3 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 6-1: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-0222 

Woodford Freight & 

Passenger Depot, Woodford 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District; Contributing 

to the RF&P Railroad 

HD 

016-0223 

Woodford Excelsior 

Company Office, Lake Farm 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1896 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion A; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District; Contributing 

to the Excelsior 

Industry of Caroline 

County MPD 

016-0224 Glenwood House, 11102 

Woodford Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1925 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-0225 House and Outbuildings, 

11000 Woodford Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1919 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-0262 Old Milford Hotel, 15619 

Colonial Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0263 

Gray Campbell Inn/Schalls 

Furniture Refinishing and 

Repairs, Colonial Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 GUMD 

Not Eligible; Noncontributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0264 

Milford Presbyterian Church 

(Old Church), 15460 Church 

Street 

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0265 Apartment/Restaurant, 15589 

Colonial Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0266 Milford Freight Depot, 15424 

Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1891 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District; Contributing 

to the RF&P Railroad 

HD 
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 6-4 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 6-1: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-0267 House, 15510 Nelson Hill 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1885 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0268 House, 15503 Nelson Hill 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0269 House, 15429-15441 Antioch 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1880 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0270 Milford State Bank, 15461 

Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0271 Clark's Store & Warehouse, 

15450 Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0272 Blatt's Store, 15471 Antioch 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District 

016-0286 

Coleman's Store, 22275 

Penola Road; Penola, 16095 

Polecat Lane 

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND Potentially Eligible Under Criterion C 

016-0296 House, 22196 Penola Road Caroline 

County ca. 1890 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0297 R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 

22285 Penola Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1870 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad HD 

016-0298 R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 

16181 Polecat Lane 

Caroline 

County ca. 1870 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad HD 

016-0329 Whitley House, 11136 

Railroad Lane 

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0330 Hepler Farm, 24462 Ruther 

Glen Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0332 House, 11519 Chesterfield 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1968 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0333 Commercial Building, 

Chesterfield Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible 
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 6-5 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 6-1: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-0334 Commercial Building, 11491 

Chesterfield Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0335 Commercial Building, 11491 

Chesterfield Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0336 House, 11456 Chesterfield 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0337 Mize House, 11498 

Chesterfield Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0338 Taylor House, 11524 

Chesterfield Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1918 MDND Not Eligible 

016-0339 Bullock House, 24397 

Chesterfield Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1918 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5001 Warehouse, Nelson Hill Road Caroline 

County ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5002 Allen's Store, 15401 Nelson 

Hill Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5003 House, 15409 Nelson Hill 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1929 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5103 House, 2118 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1910 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5105 Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD 

016-5106 Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD 

016-5107 House, 11434 Chesterfield 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1956 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5108 House, 11238 Railroad Lane Caroline 

County 1905 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5109 Outbuilding, 4121 Stonewall 

Jackson Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5110 House, 8523 Guinea Station 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1870 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5111 House, 9135 Guinea Station 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1882 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5112 Penola Historic District Caroline 

County ca. 1860 MDND Not Eligible 
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 6-6 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 6-1: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5113 Jeter House and Excelsior 

Mill, 16111 Polecat Lane 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD 

016-5114 Flour Mill, Penola Road Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5115 Storage Building, Penola Road Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5116 Building Ruins, Penola Road Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5117 House, 22260 Penola Road Caroline 

County 1929 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5118 House, 22266 Penola Road Caroline 

County 1850 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5119 Industrial Site, Penola Road Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5120 House, Penola Road Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5121 Guinea Station Historic 

District 

Caroline 

County 1867–ca. 1961 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5122 Gas Station, 11764 Stonewall 

Jackson Road 

Caroline 

County pre-1961 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5123 House, 11720 Stonewall 

Jackson Road 

Caroline 

County 1937 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5124 School Building, 8902 Guinea 

Station Road 

Caroline 

County 1932 XRGU Not Eligible 

016-5125 Ruther Glen-Chesterfield 

Historic District 

Caroline 

County ca. 1853-1956 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5126 House, 10400 Lake Farm 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1906 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-5127 House, 15125 Rixey Road Caroline 

County ca. 1900 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-5128 House, Rixey Road Caroline 

County pre-1942 GUMD Not Eligible 

016-5129 Woodford Historic District Caroline 

County 

ca. 1890 to ca. 

1969 GUMD 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criteria A and 

C 
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 6-7 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 6-1: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5130 Farmer Store, Woodford 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5131 H. Washington Store, 

Woodford Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5132 House, 11107 Woodford 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1953 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5133 Old Woodford Post Office, 

11064 Woodford Road 

Caroline 

County 1936 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5134 Warehouse, Woodford Road Caroline 

County ca. 1940 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5135 Woodford Post Office, 11087 

Woodford Road 

Caroline 

County 1969 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District 

016-5136 Milford Historic District Caroline 

County ca. 1880–1960 GUMD & MDND 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criteria A and 

C 

016-5137 Dejarnette Lumber Co., 

17186 Alliance Drive 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District; Contributing 

to the Excelsior 

Industry of Caroline 

County MPD 

016-5138 Dhillon's Auto Sales, 15583 

Colonial Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1941 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5139 House, 15642 Colonial Road Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5140 Commercial Building, 15577 

Colonial Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1936 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 6-8 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 6-1: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5141 Dhillon's Grocery, 15421 

Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5142 House, 15584 Colonial Road Caroline 

County ca. 1922 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5143 House, 15646 Colonial Road Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5144 House, 15652 Colonial Road Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5145 Blatt Chevrolet, 15478 

Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5146 House, 15483 Nelson Hill 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1942 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5147 Milford Post Office, 15429 

Antioch Road 

Caroline 

County 1960 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5148 Warehouse, 15458 Antioch 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5149 Warehouses, 15480 Antioch 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford HD 

016-5150 

RF&P Milford (MD) Signal 

Tower, 15524 Nelson Hill 

Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1949 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad HD 

016-5151 Warehouse, 15389 Nelson 

Hill Road 

Caroline 

County pre-1966 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5152 Drainfield Solutions, 15384 

Nelson Hill Road 

Caroline 

County 1952 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5153 Hanover Truck Repair, 15402 

Nelson Hill Road 

Caroline 

County 1965 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5154 House, 15398 Nelson Hill 

Road 

Caroline 

County 1920 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5155 Amerigas Propane, 16492 

Industrial Drive 

Caroline 

County pre-1966 MDND Not Eligible 
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 6-9 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE 6-1: SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment 

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation 

016-5156 

Freight Depot and 

Warehouse, 16462 Industrial 

Drive 

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND 

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

RF&P Railroad HD 

016-5157 Commercial Building, 16388 

Industrial Drive 

Caroline 

County 1966 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5158 House, Industrial Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5159 House, 16209 Industrial Drive Caroline 

County 1958 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5160 House and Outbuildings, 

Industrial Drive 

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5161 House, 16022 Industrial Drive Caroline 

County 1944 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5162 Coleman's Mill Pond and 

Ruins, Colemans Mill Road 

Caroline 

County ca. 1850 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5163 House, 11435 Railroad Lane Caroline 

County ca. 1920 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5164 Little Rock Farm, 26389 

Jefferson Davis Highway 

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND Not Eligible 

016-5165 Excelsior Industry of Caroline 

County MPD 

Caroline 

County 

ca. 1896–ca. 

1950 

GUMD & 

MDND 

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criteria A and 

C 

042-0123 North Anna Battlefield Hanover 

County 1864 MDND Remains Eligible Under Criterion A 

088-5481 House, 3116 Summit 

Crossing Road 

Fredericksburg, 

Spotsylvania 

County 

1948 XRGU Not Eligible 

088-0271 House, 3041 Summit Station 

Road 

Fredericksburg, 

Spotsylvania 

County 

ca. 1913 XRGU Not Eligible 

088-0280 Summit Station Farm, 3033 

Summit Station Road 

Fredericksburg, 

Spotsylvania 

County 

ca. 1840 XRGU Not Eligible 

Source: Dovetail, 2016. Table Notes: 1. Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or 

eligible for, or listed in, the NRHP). 2. Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current 

survey
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 7-1 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

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Alvey, Edward 

1978 The Streets of Fredericksburg. Mary Washington College Foundation, Inc., 

Fredericksburg, Virginia. 

Barbour, Phillip 

1969 Pocahontas and Her World. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 

Campbell, T.E. 

1954 Colonial Caroline: A History of Caroline County, Virginia. The Dietz Press, Richmond, 

Virginia. 

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2008 Caroline County, Virginia. Electronic document, http://www.visitcaroline.com 

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Caroline County Agricultural Census 

1860 Caroline County Agriculture Censuses 1850–1860. Caroline County Courthouse, 

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Catton, Bruce 

1965 Never Call Retreat. Phoenix Press, London, United Kingdom. 

Chappell, Edward A. 

1975 Architectural and Archaeological Survey of Caroline County, Virginia, Including the Towns 

of Bowling Green and Port Royal. Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission, 

Richmond, Virginia. 

Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) 

7
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Coleman, Lee Richelieu, and Frasia Davis Trice 

1934 An Economic and Social Survey of Spotsylvania County. University of Virginia Extension 

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Conner, Albert Z. 

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Evans, D'Anne 

1989 Prince William County: A Pictorial History. The Donning Company, Norfolk/Virginia 

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Fall, Ralph E. 

1989 People, Post Offices, and Communities in Caroline County, Virginia, 1727–1969. W.H. 

Wolfe Associates, Rosewell, Georgia. 

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2016 Hanover County, Virginia Genealogy. Family Search. The Church of Jesus Christ of 

Latter-day Saints. Electronic document, https://familysearch.org/learn/wik 

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Farmer, Selma 

1937 Holly Hill (CARO-32) and The Pines (CARO-56). WPA Virginia Historical Inventory 

Survey, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. 

Felder, Paula S. 

1982 Forgotten Companions: The First Settlers of Spotsylvania County and Fredericksburgh 

Town. Historic Publications of Fredericksburg, Fredericksburg, Virginia. 

Fisher, Terri, and Kirsten Sparenborg 

2011 Lost Communities of Virginia. Albemarle Books, Earlysville, Virginia. 

Goolrick, John T. 
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1922 Historic Fredericksburg: The Story of an Old Town. Whittet & Shepperson Press, 

Richmond, Virginia. 

1935 Fredericksburg and the Cavalier Country: America’s Most Historic Section, It’s Homes, It’s 

People and Romance. Garrett & Massie Publishers, Richmond. 

Graves, Henry S. 

1913 Forest Products, No. 4: Excelsior. Department of Agriculture: Forest Service and 

Department of Commerce: Bureau of the Census. Government Printing Office, 

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utput=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA1, accessed April 2016. 

Gray, Mary Tod Haley 

1985 Caroline County: A Pictorial History. The Donning Company Publishers, Virginia 

Beach, Virginia. 

Grymes, Charles A. 

2014 How Counties Got Started in Virginia. VirginiaPlaces. Electronic document, 

http://www.virginiaplaces.org/vacount/howstart.html, accessed 18 February 2016. 

Hanover County Economic Development [HCED] 

2016a Historic Hanover County Virginia Tourism Map. Hanover County, Virginia. 

2016b In Hanover. Hanover County, Virginia. Electronic document, 

http://www.hanovervirginia.com/data-downloads/leading-employers/inhanover/, accessed 18 February 2016. 

2016c Historic Sites. Hanover County, Virginia. Electronic document, 

http://www.hanovervirginia.com/things-to-do/historic-sites, accessed 18 February 

2016. 

Hanover County Historical Society 

2016 History. Electronic document, http://www.hanoverhistorical.org/history.html, 

accessed 18 February 2016. 

Happel, Ralph 

1980 Salem Church, Embattled. Eastern National Park and Monument Association, 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Heinemann, Ronald L. 

1981 Blue Eagle or Black Buzzard? The National Recovery Administration in Virginia. 

Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 89 (1):90–100. 

Hudlow, Scott M., and Anna L. Gray 

1992 A Phase II Architectural Evaluation of the Ruther Glen Railroad Bridge (16-331) Associated 

with the Proposed Route 652 Project, Caroline County, Virginia. Conducted for the 
REFERENCES 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail 7-4 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

Virginia Department of Transportation by the Center for Archaeological Research, 

College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia. 

Independence Hall Association 

2008 Signers of the Declaration of Independence: John Penn. Electronic document, 

http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/penn.htm, accessed January 2008. 

Joyner, Ulysses P. Jr. 

1999 Orange County Land Patents, Second Edition. Orange County Historical Society, Inc. 

Orange, Virginia. 

Keller, Genevieve P. 

1990 Survey of Historic Resources, Hanover County, Virginia. Land and Community 

Associates, Charlottesville, Virginia. 

Kidd, Thomas 

2013 The Great Awakening in Virginia. Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the 

Humanities. Electronic document, http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/ 

Great_Awakening_in_Virginia_The, accessed February 2016. 

Linebaugh, Donald W., Veronica L. Deitrick, Mark R. Wenger, and William Graham 

1995 Fox Bridge No. 1937, Spanning the North Anna River on U.S. Route 1, 

Approximately .45 Mile South of Chandler Crossing, Ashland Vicinity, Hanover 

County, Virginia. HAER No. VA-95. Historic American Engineering Record, 

National Park Service, Northeast Region, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic 

document, http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/va/va1700/va1730/data/va 

1730data.pdf, accessed February 2016. 

Lonsdale, John T. 

1927 Geology of the Gold-Pyrite Belt of the Northeastern Piedmont, Virginia. Virginia 

Geological Survey, Charlottesville, Virginia. 

Mansfield, James R. 

1977 A History of Early Spotsylvania. Virginia Book Company, Berryville, Virginia. 

Martin, Joseph 

1835 A New and Comprehensive Gazetteer of Virginia and the District of Columbia. Joseph 

Martin, Charlottesville. Reprinted in 2000 by Willow Bend Books, Westminister, 

Maryland. 

Marvel, William 

1993 The Battle of Fredericksburg: Civil War Series. Eastern National Park and Monument 

Association, National Park Service, Washington D.C. 

Miller, Ann B. (Compiler) 

1984 Historic Roads of Virginia: Orange County Road Orders, 1734–1749. Virginia Highway 

and Transportation Research Council, Virginia Department of Highways and 

Transportation, Charlottesville, Virginia. 
REFERENCES 

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Neville, Ashley M., Julie Gronlund, Heather Maginnis, Margarita Wuellner, J. Timothy Keller, 

and Katherine Lacy 

1992 Survey of Historic Resources, Hanover County, Virginia, Phases I and II. Hanover County 

Planning Department, Hanover, Virginia. 

Pawlett, Nathaniel Mason (Compiler) 

1977 Historic Roads of Virginia: A Brief History of the Roads of Virginia, 1607–1840. Virginia 

Highway and Transportation Research Council, Virginia Department of Highways 

and Transportation, Charlottesville, Virginia. 

Quinn, Silvanus J. 

1908 The History of the City of Fredericksburg, Virginia. The Hermitage Press, Inc., 

Richmond, Virginia. 

Rhea, Gordon C. 

1995 The Battles of Wilderness and Spotsylvania. Eastern National, Washington, D.C. 

Schricker, Emily Taggart 

2014 “A Short History of Route 1,” Vintage Route 1 Tour and Downtown Community 

Day. Electronic document, http://vintageroute1.com/route-1-history/, accessed 

September 2014. 

Schurict, Herrmann 

1977 History of the German Element in Virginia. Reprinted from 1898 Original. Genealogical 

Publishing. Co., Baltimore, Maryland. 

Siegel, Peter E., Wade P. Catts, and Margarita Jerabek Wuellner 

1995 Phase II Archaeological Evaluations of Nine Sites in the Proposed Hunting Run Reservoir 

Area, Spotsylvania County, Virginia. JMA Associates, Alexandria, Virginia. 

Smith, John 

1966 The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. Microfilm of 

original 1624 printing. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 

Spotswood, Alexander 

1945 Iron Works at Tuball; Terms and Conditions for their Lease. Original by Alexander 

Spotswood in 1739. Reprint by the McGregor Library, Charlottesville, Virginia. 

Stackpole, Edward J. 

1958 Chancellorsville, Lee’s Greatest Battle. The Stackpole Company, Harrisburg, 

Pennsylvania. 

Stodghill, Jeff, Kimberly Williams, Laura Harris, and Emily Eig 

1991 Historic Architectural Survey of Caroline County, Virginia. PMA Consulting Services, 

Newport News, Virginia, and Traceries, Washington, D.C. 

Sweet, Palmer C. 
REFERENCES 

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1980 Gold in Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 19. Division of 

Mineral Resources, Charlottesville, Virginia. 

Town of Ashland 

2016 History of Ashland. Town of Ashland, Virginia. Electronic document, 

http://www.town.ashland.va.us/index.aspx?NID=177, accessed 18 February 2016. 

Traceries 

1996 Historic Architectural Survey of Spotsylvania County, Virginia. Prepared by Traceries for 

the Virginia Department of Historic Resources and Spotsylvania County Department 

of Planning. Electronic document, 

https://planninglab2008.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/hictoric-architectural-suveyof-spotsy-co-va.pdf, accessed February 2015. 

United States Census of Population and Housing 

2004 Historical Census Browser. University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data 

Center. Electronic database, http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/ 

histcensus/index.html, accessed February 2016. 

Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) 

2002 A History of Roads in Virginia; “the most convenient wayes.” Unpublished pamphlet, 

Virginia Department of Transportation, Office of Public Affairs, Richmond, Virginia. 

Wayland, John W. 

1989 Germanna: Outpost of Adventure, 1714–1956. Second Edition. Germanna Record no. 7. 

The Memorial Foundation of Germanna, Orange County, Virginia. 

Willis, Barbara, and Paula Felder 

1993 Handbook of Historic Fredericksburg, Virginia. Historic Fredericksburg Foundation, 

Fredericksburg, Virginia. 

Wingfield, Marshall 

1924 A History of Caroline County, Virginia from its Formation in 1727 to 1924. Press of 

Trewet Christian and Co., Richmond, Virginia. 
D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail A-1 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

APPENDIX A: BACKGROUND REVIEW TABLE 

TABLE A-1: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES WITHIN 0.5 MILES OF THE 

ARCHITECTURAL APE 

DHR 

Number 

Property Name and 

Address 

Date of 

Construction Segment Evaluation Status Date of Evaluation 

016-0007 Bridge, Route 684 post-1900 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0073; 

002-1354 Milford Depot None given MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0087 The Pines/Wayland Farm 

House ca. 1850 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0092 Jackson Shrine, Fairfield 1828 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0094 Spring Grove ca. 1860 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0116 Spring Hill ca. 1840 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0137 Fontaine Hill; Fontaine 

Hill Cemetery ca. 1853 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0144 Holly Hill ca. 1727 GUMD Not Eligible 9/30/2010 

016-0172 St. Margaret’s Episcopal 

Church ca. 1860 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0201 Hopewell United 

Methodist Church ca. 1867 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0202 House, Route 606 ca. 1900 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0204 Fell Family Farm, Fellaway ca. 1900 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0205 House, Route 755 ca. 1910 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0206 House, Route 755 ca. 1890 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0207 House, Route 755 ca. 1890 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0208 House, Route 755 ca. 1900 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0209 Hopewell Methodist 

Church Parsonage ca. 1921 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0210 House, Route 755 ca. 1890 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0211 E.C. Allen Store ca. 1890 XRGU Not Evaluated 
APPENDIX A 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail A-2 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE A-1: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES WITHIN 0.5 MILES OF THE 

ARCHITECTURAL APE 

DHR 

Number 

Property Name and 

Address 

Date of 

Construction Segment Evaluation Status Date of Evaluation 

016-0212 House, Route 755 ca. 1910 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0213 House, Route 755 ca. 1900 XRGU Not Evaluated 

016-0217 St. Mary’s Catholic 

Church ca. 1900 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0218 House, Route 609 ca. 1905 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0219 Evans House ca. 1900 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0220 Carolina Mansion ca. 1895 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0221 Woodford House ca. 1860 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0222 Woodford Freight 

Station ca. 1900 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0223 Woodford Excelsior 

Office ca. 1890 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0224 House, Route 609 ca. 1925 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0225 House, Route 626 ca. 1910 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0226 House, Route 626 ca. 1910 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0262 Old Milford Hotel ca. 1900 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0263 

Gray Campbell 

Inn/Schalls Furniture 

Refinishing and Repairs, 

Route 722 

ca. 1890 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0264 Milford Presbyterian 

Church ca. 1890 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0265 Apt./Restaurant, Route 

722 ca. 1900 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0266 Milford Freight Station ca. 1891 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0267 House, Route 722 ca. 1885 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0268 Shildroth’s Station ca. 1900 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0269 House, Route 628 ca. 1880 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0270 Milford State Bank ca. 1910 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0271 Clark’s Store ca. 1900 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0272 Blatt’s Store ca. 1890 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0273 House, Route 628 ca. 1890 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0274 Farm, Route 628 ca. 1890 MDND Not Evaluated 
APPENDIX A 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail A-3 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE A-1: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES WITHIN 0.5 MILES OF THE 

ARCHITECTURAL APE 

DHR 

Number 

Property Name and 

Address 

Date of 

Construction Segment Evaluation Status Date of Evaluation 

016-0275 Ashlawn 1914 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0283 Sears Kit House ca. 1900 GUMD Not Evaluated 

016-0286 Store, Route 601 ca. 1900 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0288 Store, Route 601 ca. 1900 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0289 Rose Hill ca. 1890 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0290 House, Route 601 ca. 1880 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0296 House, Route 601 ca. 1890 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0297 R.F.& P. Railroad building 

east 

ca. 1870 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0298 R.F.& P. Railroad building 

west 

ca. 1870 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0327 Floyd Harris House ca. 1910 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0328 H.H. Smith House ca. 1860 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0329 Whitley House ca. 1890 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0330 House, Route 652 ca. 1900 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0331 

Ruther Glen Bridge, 

Route 652 spanning 

RF&P RR tracks 

1916 MDND Not Eligible 7/28/1992 

016-0332 House, Route 652 ca. 1950 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0333 Store, Route 652 ca. 1910 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0334 Commercial Building, 

Route 652 ca. 1910 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0335 Commercial/Storage 

Building, Route 652 ca. 1910 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0336 House, Route 652 ca. 1910 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0337 Mize House ca. 1920 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0338 Taylor House ca. 1918 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0339 

Bullock House (Historic), 

Single dwelling, 

Chesterfield Road 

ca. 1918 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0340 House, Route 652 ca. 1920 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0341 House, Route 652 ca. 1960 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-0342 George Cemetery ca. 1750 MDND Not Evaluated 
APPENDIX A 

D.C. to Richmond Southeast High Speed Rail A-4 Architectural Recon. Survey, XRGU–MDND Segments 

TABLE A-1: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED RESOURCES WITHIN 0.5 MILES OF THE 

ARCHITECTURAL APE 

DHR 

Number 

Property Name and 

Address 

Date of 

Construction Segment Evaluation Status Date of Evaluation 

016-5001 Warehouse, Route 722 ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 7/17/1997 

016-5002 Allen's Store ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 7/17/1997 

016-5003 Bungalow, Route 722 1929 MDND Not Eligible 7/17/1997 

016-5004 Capital Lunch Restaurant ca. 1940 MDND Not Eligible 7/17/1997 

016-5005 George Toliver House ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 7/17/1997 

016-5006 Grey-Harmon House ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible 7/17/1997 

016-5007 Pitts House 1928 MDND Not Eligible 7/17/1997 

016-5023 Thornberry ca. 1840 MDND Eligible 8/26/2004 

016-5041 Bridge, Route 605 

crossing Mattaponi River 1950 GUMD Not Eligible 3/6/2009 

016-5087 

Bridge #1026, Route 207 

(westbound), spanning 

CSX Railroad 

ca. 1953 GUMD Not Eligible 9/30/2010 

016-5097 Ruther Glen School, 

Rosenwald ca. 1920 MDND Not Evaluated 

016-5103 House, 12118 Guinea 

Drive ca. 1910 XRGU Not Evaluated 

042-0123 North Anna Battlefield 1864 MDND Eligible 1/24/2007 

042-0400 Ellington, Fox House ca. 1830 MDND Not Evaluated 

042-0401 Fox Bridge #1936, Route 

1, spanning Anna River 1926 MDND Eligible 9/8/1994 

042-0731 RF&P Railroad Crossing, 

North Anna pre-1864 MDND Not Evaluated 

042-0732 Cox Farm, Peet ca. 1855 MDND Not Evaluated 

088-0100 Nyland, Guinea Station 

Road ca. 1843 XRGU Eligible 12/5/1996 

088-0271 House, 3041 Summit 

Crossing ca. 1913 XRGU Not Evaluated 

088-0280 Summit Station Farm ca. 1840 XRGU Not Evaluated 

Source: Dovetail, 2016. 
 

Page 1 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

July 22, 2016 

Mr. Marc Holma 

Division of Review and Compliance 

Department of Historic Resources 

2801 Kensington Avenue 

Richmond, Virginia 22802 

RE: Resource Eligibility/ Segments 10 (Crossroads to Guinea), 11 (Guinea to Milford), and 12

(Milford to North Doswell), Southeast High Speed Rail Project, Washington, D.C. to Richmond 

Segment, DHR #2014-0666 

Dear Marc, 

The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and the Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation 

(DRPT) are continuing environmental studies associated with the Tier II Environmental Impact Statement 

(EIS) for the Washington, D.C. to Richmond segment of the Southeast High Speed Rail (DC2RVA) corridor 

(Project). The limits of the Project extend from Control Point RO (MP CFP-110) in Arlington south to the 

CSX Transportation (“CSXT”) A-Line/CSXT-S-Line junction at MP A-11 in Centralia, Virginia (Chesterfield 

County), a distance of approximately 123 miles. 

This project is receiving federal funding through the FRA, requires permits issued by federal agencies 

such as the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and will traverse federal land including parcels owned by the 

U.S. Marine Corps and the National Park Service, among others. Due to the involvement of these and 

several other federal entities, the undertaking requires compliance with the National Environmental 

Policy Act (NEPA) and Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), as amended. The 

FRA sent your office a project Initiation letter on December 11, 2014, formally commencing the Section 

106 process, and the project’s Area of Potential Effects (APE) was approved by the State Historic 

Preservation Officer (SHPO) on February 2, 2015, as required by 36 CFR 800.4(a)(1). 

We are writing today to coordinate architectural identification studies within Segment 10/ Crossroads to 

Guinea (XRGU), Segment 11/ Guinea to Milford (GUMD), and Segment 12/ Milford to North Doswell 

(MDND) of the larger Project initiative. Segments 10/XRGU, 11/GUMD, and 12/MDND include the span 

between just south of Route 17 on the north and just south of the Caroline/Hanover County line. 

Enclosed please find two hard copies and one electronic copy of the report entitled Architectural 

Reconnaissance Survey for the Washington, D.C. to Richmond, Virginia High Speed Rail Project, 

Crossroads to Guinea (XRGU), Guinea to Milford (GUMD), and Milford to North Doswell (MDND) 

Segments, Spotsylvania, Caroline, and Hanover Counties. The report was authored by M. Chris Manning 

and Michelle Salvato with Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail), a member of the DC2RVA Project 
 

Page 2 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

Team. The report meets all standards set forth in both the Secretary of Interior’s Standards and 

Guidelines (1983) and the Virginia Department of Historic Resource’s (DHR) Guidelines for Preparing 

Identification and Evaluation Reports (2011). 

In total, the DC2RVA Project Team surveyed 112 historic architectural resources within the architectural 

APE within these three project segments. (A table is attached showing the resource numbers, names 

and addresses of these resources.) Of the 50 previously recorded resources, one was previously 

determined to be potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)—the North 

Anna Battlefield (042-0123). It is recommended that this resource remain potentially eligible under 

Criterion A for its contribution to the broad pattern of Civil War history. 

The remaining 49 previously recorded resources had not been evaluated for NRHP potential. Based on 

the current study: 

 The Fairfield Plantation Office at Jackson Shrine (016-0092) is recommended potentially eligible 

for the NRHP under Criterion A for its contribution to the broad pattern of Civil War history, 

under Criterion B for its association with General Stonewall Jackson, and Criterion C for its 

architectural merit; 

 The House at 12096 Guinea Drive (016-0208) and Coleman’s Store (016-0286)are recommended 

potentially eligible under Criterion C as good examples of vernacular buildings in this part of the 

county, pending additional research; 

 Carolina Mansion (016-0220) and Woodford Freight and Passenger Depot (016-0222) are 

recommended potentially eligible under Criterion C for their architectural styling and also as 

contributing elements to the newly recorded Woodford Historic District (016-5129, see below); 

 The Woodford Excelsior Company Office (016-0223) is recommended potentially eligible under 

Criterion A for its association with Caroline County economic history and as a contributing 

element to the newly recorded Woodford Historic District (016-5129) and Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County Multiple Property Determination (016-5165, see below); and 

 Glenwood House (016-0224) and the Milford State Bank (016-0270) are both recommended 

potentially eligible under Criterion C as good examples of their respective architectural styles 

and as contributing elements to the newly surveyed Milford Historic District (016-5136, see 

below). 

The remaining 41 are recommended not individually eligible due to compromised integrity, 

commonality of style and form, or demolition since they were last recorded although several are 

recommended as contributing elements to their respective surrounding historic districts (see below and 

attached table). 
 

Page 3 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

Of the 62 newly recorded resources, three are recommended to be potentially eligible for the NRHP: 

 The Woodford Historic District (016-5129) was established along the Richmond, Fredericksburg 

& Potomac Railway in Caroline County. The district is recommended potentially eligible under 

Criteria A and C; 

 The Milford Historic District (016-5136) was founded as a tobacco-trading community. It is 

recommended potentially eligible under Criteria A and C; and 

 The Excelsior Industry of Caroline County Multiple Property Determination (MPD) (016-5165) is 

a thematic collection of resources constructed between circa 1896 and circa 1950 that are 

associated with the manufacture of excelsior, Caroline County’s largest industry in the earlytwentieth century. It is recommended potentially eligible under Criteria A and C. 

The 59 additional newly recorded resources are recommended not eligible for the NRHP as individual 

resources. As with the previously recorded resources, several are recommended as contributing 

elements to their respective surrounding historic districts (see below and attached table). 

We invite your agency to concur with these recommendations within 30 days of receipt of this letter. If 

you have questions about historic property studies for this project, please do not hesitate to contact me 

or Heather Staton at (540) 899-9170 or via email at kbarile@dovetailcrg.com/hstaton@dovetailcrg.com. 

Sincerely, 

Kerri S. Barile, Ph.D. 

President, Dovetail Cultural Resource Group 

CC: Emily Stock, DRPT 

 John Winkle, FRA 

 John Morton, HDR 

 Carey Burch, HDR 

 Stephen Walter, Parsons 
 

Page 4 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

The Virginia SHPO concurs that the following resource remains potentially eligible for the NRHP, as 

recorded during the DC2RVA/Segments 10–12 study (DHR #2014-0666): 

042-0123 North Anna Battlefield (042-0123) (Criterion A) 

They further concur that the following 11 properties are potentially eligible for the NRHP: 

016-0092 Fairfield Plantation Office, Jackson Shrine, 12019 Stonewall Jackson Road 

(Criteria A, B, and C) 

016-0208 House, 12096 Guinea Drive (Criterion C) 

016-0220 Carolina Mansion, 11146 Woodford Road (Criterion C; Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic District) 

016-0222 Woodford Freight & Passenger Depot, Woodford Road (Criterion C; Contributing 

to the Woodford Historic District) 

016-0223 Woodford Excelsior Company Office, Lake Farm Road (Criterion A; Contributing 

to the Woodford Historic District; Contributing to the Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD) 

016-0224 Glenwood House, 11102 Woodford Road (Criterion C; Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic District) 

016-0270 Milford State Bank, 15461 Antioch Road (Criterion C; Contributing to the Milford 

Historic District) 

016-0286 Coleman's Store, 22275 Penola Road; Penola, 16095 Polecat Lane (Criterion C) 

016-5129 Woodford Historic District (Criteria A and C) 

016-5136 Milford Historic District (Criteria A and C) 

016-5165 Excelsior Industry of Caroline County MPD (Criteria A and C) 

Lastly, they concur that the following 100 resources are not eligible for the NRHP as individual resources 

(although some are contributing to associated historic districts as noted below): 

016-0137 Fontaine Hill, 24378 Ruther Glen Road; Fontaine Hill Cemetery 

016-0201 Hopewell United Methodist Church and Cemetery, 12018 Guinea Drive 

016-0205 House, 12110 Guinea Drive 

016-0206 House, 12113 Guinea Drive 

016-0207 House, 12124 Guinea Drive 

016-0209 Hopewell Methodist Church Parsonage, 12093 Guinea Drive 

016-0212 House, 12053 Guinea Drive 

016-0217 St. Mary’s Catholic Church, 14500 Woodslane Road
 

Page 5 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

016-0218 House, 14321 Woodslane Road 

016-0219 Evans House, 14271 Woodslane Road 

016-0221 Woodford House, Lake Farm Road (Non-contributing to Woodford HD) 

016-0225 House and Outbuildings, 11000 Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

016-0262 Old Milford Hotel, 15619 Colonial Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

016-0263 Gray Campbell Inn/Schalls Furniture Refinishing and Repairs, Colonial Road 

(Non-contributing to Milford HD) 

016-0264 Milford Presbyterian Church (Old Church), 15460 Church Street (Contributing to 

Milford HD) 

016-0265 Apartment/Restaurant, 15589 Colonial Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

016-0266 Milford Freight Depot, 15424 Antioch Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

016-0267 House, 15510 Nelson Hill Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

016-0268 House, 15503 Nelson Hill Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

016-0269 House, 15429-15441 Antioch Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

016-0271 Clark's Store & Warehouse, 15450 Antioch Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

016-0272 Blatt's Store, 15471 Antioch Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

016-0296 House, 22196 Penola Road 

016-0297 R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 22285 Penola Road 

016-0298 R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 16181 Polecat Lane 

016-0329 Whitley House, 11136 Railroad Lane 

016-0330 Hepler Farm, 24462 Ruther Glen Road 

016-0332 House, 11519 Chesterfield Road 

016-0333 Commercial Building, Chesterfield Road 

016-0334 Commercial Building, 11491 Chesterfield Road 

016-0335 Commercial Building, 11491 Chesterfield Road 

016-0336 House, 11456 Chesterfield Road 

016-0337 Mize House, 11498 Chesterfield Road 

016-0338 Taylor House, 11524 Chesterfield Road 

016-0339 Bullock House, 24397 Chesterfield Road 

016-5001 Warehouse, Nelson Hill Road 

016-5002 Allen's Store, 15401 Nelson Hill Road 

016-5003 House, 15409 Nelson Hill Road 

016-5103 House, 2118 Guinea Drive 

016-5105 Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield Road (Contributing to the Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD) 

016-5106 Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield Road (Contributing to the Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD) 
 

Page 6 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

016-5107 House, 11434 Chesterfield Road 

016-5108 House, 11238 Railroad Lane 

016-5109 Outbuilding, 4121 Stonewall Jackson Road 

016-5110 House, 8523 Guinea Station Road 

016-5111 House, 9135 Guinea Station Road 

016-5112 Penola Historic District 

016-5113 Jeter House and Excelsior Mill, 16111 Polecat Lane (Contributing to the Excelsior 

Industry of Caroline County MPD) 

016-5114 Flour Mill, Penola Road 

016-5115 Storage Building, Penola Road 

016-5116 Building Ruins, Penola Road 

016-5117 House, 22260 Penola Road 

016-5118 House, 22266 Penola Road 

016-5119 Industrial Site, Penola Road 

016-5120 House, Penola Road 

016-5121 Guinea Station Historic District 

016-5122 Gas Station, 11764 Stonewall Jackson Road 

016-5123 House, 11720 Stonewall Jackson Road 

016-5124 School Building, 8902 Guinea Station Road 

016-5125 Ruther Glen-Chesterfield Historic District 

016-5126 House, 10400 Lake Farm Road

016-5127 House, 15125 Rixey Road 

016-5128 House, Rixey Road 

016-5130 Farmer Store, Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

016-5131 H. Washington Store, Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

016-5132 House, 11107 Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

016-5133 Old Woodford Post Office, 11064 Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford 

HD) 

016-5134 Warehouse, Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

016-5135 Woodford Post Office, 11087 Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

016-5137 Dejarnette Lumber Co., 17186 Alliance Drive (Contributing to the Milford HD; 

Contributing to the Excelsior Industry of Caroline County MPD) 

016-5138 Dhillon's Auto Sales, 15583 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5139 House, 15642 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5140 Commercial Building, 15577 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5141 Dhillon's Grocery, 15421 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5142 House, 15584 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 
 

Page 7 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

016-5143 House, 15646 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5144 House, 15652 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5145 Blatt Chevrolet, 15478 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5146 House, 15483 Nelson Hill Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5147 Milford Post Office, 15429 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5148 Warehouse, 15458 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5149 Warehouses, 15480 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

016-5150 RF&P Milford (MD) Signal Tower, 15524 Nelson Hill Road 

016-5151 Warehouse, 15389 Nelson Hill Road 

016-5152 Drainfield Solutions, 15384 Nelson Hill Road 

016-5153 Hanover Truck Repair, 15402 Nelson Hill Road 

016-5154 House, 15398 Nelson Hill Road 

016-5155 Amerigas Propane, 16492 Industrial Drive 

016-5156 Freight Depot and Warehouse, 16462 Industrial Drive 

016-5157 Commercial Building, 16388 Industrial Drive 

016-5158 House, Industrial Drive 

016-5159 House, 16209 Industrial Drive 

016-5160 House and Outbuildings, Industrial Drive 

016-5161 House, 16022 Industrial Drive 

016-5162 Coleman's Mill Pond and Ruins, Colemans Mill Road 

016-5163 House, 11435 Railroad Lane 

016-5164 Little Rock Farm, 26389 Jefferson Davis Highway 

088-5481 House, 3116 Summit Crossing Road 

088-0271 House, 3041 Summit Station Road 

088-0280 Summit Station Farm, 3033 Summit Station Road 

__________________________________________ ________________________ 

Julie Langan, Director Date 

Virginia Department of Historic Resources/Virginia State Historic Preservation Officer 
 

Page 8 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

 

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

016-0092

Fairfield Plantation Office, 

Jackson Shrine, 12019 

Stonewall Jackson Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1820 XRGU

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criteria A, B,

and C

016-0137

Fontaine Hill, 24378 Ruther 

Glen Road; Fontaine Hill 

Cemetery

Caroline 

County ca. 1853 MDND Not Eligible

016-0201

Hopewell United Methodist 

Church and Cemetery, 12018 

Guinea Drive

Caroline 

County ca. 1867 XRGU Not Eligible

016-0205 House, 12110 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1910 XRGU Not Eligible

016-0206 House, 12113 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1890 XRGU Not Eligible

016-0207 House, 12124 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1890 XRGU Not Eligible

016-0208 House, 12096 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1900 XRGU Potentially Eligible Under Criterion C

016-0209

Hopewell Methodist Church 

Parsonage, 12093 Guinea 

Drive

Caroline 

County ca. 1921 XRGU Not Eligible

016-0212 House, 12053 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1910 XRGU Not Eligible

016-0217 St. Mary’s Catholic Church, 

14500 Woodslane Road

Caroline 

County 1914 GUMD Not Eligible

016-0218 House, 14321 Woodslane 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1911 GUMD Not Eligible

016-0219 Evans House, 14271 

Woodslane Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1913 GUMD Not Eligible

016-0220 Carolina Mansion, 11146 

Woodford Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 GUMD

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District
 

Page 9 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

016-0221 Woodford House, Lake Farm 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1860 GUMD

Not Eligible; Noncontributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District

016-0222

Woodford Freight & 

Passenger Depot, Woodford 

Road

Caroline 

County

ca. 1900 GUMD

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District

016-0223

Woodford Excelsior 

Company Office, Lake Farm 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1896 GUMD

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion A; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District; Contributing 

to the Excelsior 

Industry of Caroline 

County MPD

016-0224 Glenwood House, 11102 

Woodford Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1925 GUMD

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District

016-0225 House and Outbuildings, 

11000 Woodford Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1919 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District

016-0262 Old Milford Hotel, 15619 

Colonial Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0263

Gray Campbell Inn/Schalls 

Furniture Refinishing and 

Repairs, Colonial Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 GUMD

Not Eligible; Noncontributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0264

Milford Presbyterian Church 

(Old Church), 15460 Church 

Street

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District
 

Page 10 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

016-0265 Apartment/Restaurant, 15589 

Colonial Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0266 Milford Freight Depot, 15424 

Antioch Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1891 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0267 House, 15510 Nelson Hill 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1885 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0268 House, 15503 Nelson Hill 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0269 House, 15429-15441 Antioch 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1880 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0270 Milford State Bank, 15461 

Antioch Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND

Potentially Eligible 

Under Criterion C; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0271 Clark's Store & Warehouse, 

15450 Antioch Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0272 Blatt's Store, 15471 Antioch 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-0286

Coleman's Store, 22275 

Penola Road; Penola, 16095 

Polecat Lane

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND Potentially Eligible Under Criterion C

016-0296 House, 22196 Penola Road Caroline 

County ca. 1890 MDND Not Eligible
 

Page 11 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

016-0297 R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 

22285 Penola Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1870 MDND Not Eligible

016-0298 R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 

16181 Polecat Lane

Caroline 

County ca. 1870 MDND Not Eligible

016-0329 Whitley House, 11136 

Railroad Lane

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 MDND Not Eligible

016-0330 Hepler Farm, 24462 Ruther 

Glen Road

Caroline 

County

ca. 1900 MDND Not Eligible

016-0332 House, 11519 Chesterfield 

Road

Caroline 

County 1968 MDND Not Eligible

016-0333 Commercial Building, 

Chesterfield Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible

016-0334 Commercial Building, 11491 

Chesterfield Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible

016-0335 Commercial Building, 11491 

Chesterfield Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible

016-0336 House, 11456 Chesterfield 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1910 MDND Not Eligible

016-0337 Mize House, 11498 

Chesterfield Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 MDND Not Eligible

016-0338 Taylor House, 11524 

Chesterfield Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1918 MDND Not Eligible

016-0339 Bullock House, 24397 

Chesterfield Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1918 MDND Not Eligible

016-5001 Warehouse, Nelson Hill Road Caroline 

County ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible

016-5002 Allen's Store, 15401 Nelson 

Hill Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible

016-5003 House, 15409 Nelson Hill 

Road

Caroline 

County 1929 MDND Not Eligible

016-5103 House, 2118 Guinea Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1910 XRGU Not Eligible
 

Page 12 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

016-5105 Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD

016-5106 Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield 

Road

Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD

016-5107 House, 11434 Chesterfield 

Road

Caroline 

County 1956 MDND Not Eligible

016-5108 House, 11238 Railroad Lane Caroline 

County 1905 MDND Not Eligible

016-5109 Outbuilding, 4121 Stonewall 

Jackson Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 XRGU Not Eligible

016-5110 House, 8523 Guinea Station 

Road

Caroline 

County 1870 XRGU Not Eligible

016-5111 House, 9135 Guinea Station 

Road

Caroline 

County 1882 XRGU Not Eligible

016-5112 Penola Historic District Caroline 

County 1850–ca. 1950 MDND Not Eligible

016-5113 Jeter House and Excelsior 

Mill, 16111 Polecat Lane

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD

016-5114 Flour Mill, Penola Road Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND Not Eligible

016-5115 Storage Building, Penola Road Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND Not Eligible

016-5116 Building Ruins, Penola Road Caroline 

County pre-1950 MDND Not Eligible

016-5117 House, 22260 Penola Road Caroline 

County 1929 MDND Not Eligible

016-5118 House, 22266 Penola Road Caroline 

County 1850 MDND Not Eligible
 

Page 13 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

016-5119 Industrial Site, Penola Road Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND Not Eligible

016-5120 House, Penola Road Caroline 

County

ca. 1940 MDND Not Eligible

016-5121 Guinea Station Historic 

District

Caroline 

County 1867–ca. 1961 XRGU Not Eligible

016-5122 Gas Station, 11764 Stonewall 

Jackson Road

Caroline 

County pre-1961 XRGU Not Eligible

016-5123 House, 11720 Stonewall 

Jackson Road

Caroline 

County 1937 XRGU Not Eligible

016-5124 School Building, 8902 Guinea 

Station Road

Caroline 

County 1932 XRGU Not Eligible

016-5125 Ruther Glen-Chesterfield 

Historic District

Caroline 

County ca. 1853-1956 MDND Not Eligible

016-5126 House, 10400 Lake Farm 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1906 GUMD Not Eligible

016-5127 House, 15125 Rixey Road Caroline 

County ca. 1900 GUMD Not Eligible

016-5128 House, Rixey Road Caroline 

County pre-1942 GUMD Not Eligible

016-5129 Woodford Historic District Caroline

County

ca. 1890 to ca. 

1969 GUMD

Potentially Eligible

Under Criteria A and 

C

016-5130 Farmer Store, Woodford 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District

016-5131 H. Washington Store, 

Woodford Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District

016-5132 House, 11107 Woodford 

Road

Caroline 

County 1953 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District
 

Page 14 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

016-5133 Old Woodford Post Office, 

11064 Woodford Road

Caroline 

County 1936 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District

016-5134 Warehouse, Woodford Road Caroline 

County ca. 1940 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District

016-5135 Woodford Post Office, 11087 

Woodford Road

Caroline 

County 1969 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic 

District

016-5136 Milford Historic District Caroline 

County ca. 1880–1960 GUMD & MDND

Potentially Eligible

Under Criteria A and 

C

016-5137 Dejarnette Lumber Co., 

17186 Alliance Drive

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District; Contributing 

to the Excelsior 

Industry of Caroline 

County MPD

016-5138 Dhillon's Auto Sales, 15583 

Colonial Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1941 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5139 House, 15642 Colonial Road Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5140 Commercial Building, 15577 

Colonial Road

Caroline 

County

ca. 1936 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5141 Dhillon's Grocery, 15421 

Antioch Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District
 

Page 15 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

016-5142 House, 15584 Colonial Road Caroline 

County ca. 1922 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5143 House, 15646 Colonial Road Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5144 House, 15652 Colonial Road Caroline 

County ca. 1920 GUMD

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5145 Blatt Chevrolet, 15478 

Antioch Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1950 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5146 House, 15483 Nelson Hill 

Road

Caroline 

County 1942 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5147 Milford Post Office, 15429 

Antioch Road

Caroline 

County 1960 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5148 Warehouse, 15458 Antioch 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5149 Warehouses, 15480 Antioch 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND

Not Eligible; 

Contributing to the 

Milford Historic 

District

016-5150

RF&P Milford (MD) Signal 

Tower, 15524 Nelson Hill 

Road

Caroline 

County ca. 1949 MDND Not Eligible

016-5151 Warehouse, 15389 Nelson 

Hill Road

Caroline 

County pre-1966 MDND Not Eligible
 

Page 16 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

016-5152 Drainfield Solutions, 15384 

Nelson Hill Road

Caroline 

County 1952 MDND Not Eligible

016-5153 Hanover Truck Repair, 15402 

Nelson Hill Road

Caroline 

County 1965 MDND Not Eligible

016-5154 House, 15398 Nelson Hill 

Road

Caroline 

County 1920 MDND Not Eligible

016-5155 Amerigas Propane, 16492 

Industrial Drive

Caroline 

County pre-1966 MDND Not Eligible

016-5156

Freight Depot and 

Warehouse, 16462 Industrial 

Drive

Caroline 

County ca. 1940 MDND Not Eligible

016-5157 Commercial Building, 16388 

Industrial Drive

Caroline 

County 1966 MDND Not Eligible

016-5158 House, Industrial Drive Caroline 

County ca. 1930 MDND Not Eligible

016-5159 House, 16209 Industrial Drive Caroline 

County 1958 MDND Not Eligible

016-5160 House and Outbuildings, 

Industrial Drive

Caroline 

County ca. 1890 MDND Not Eligible

016-5161 House, 16022 Industrial Drive Caroline 

County 1944 MDND Not Eligible

016-5162 Coleman's Mill Pond and 

Ruins, Colemans Mill Road

Caroline 

County pre-1860 MDND Not Eligible

016-5163 House, 11435 Railroad Lane Caroline 

County ca. 1920 MDND Not Eligible

016-5164 Little Rock Farm, 26389 

Jefferson Davis Highway

Caroline 

County ca. 1900 MDND Not Eligible

016-5165 Excelsior Industry of Caroline 

County MPD

Caroline 

County

ca. 1896–ca. 

1950

GUMD & 

MDND

Potentially Eligible

Under Criteria A and 

C

042-0123 North Anna Battlefield Hanover 

County 1864 MDND Remains Eligible Under Criterion A
 

Page 17 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000

Richmond, VA 23219

SUMMARY OF IDENTIFIED RESOURCES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Cells highlighted in red denote resources that should retain their previous eligibility determination (potentially eligible or eligible for, or 

listed in, the NRHP). Cells highlighted in blue denote resources recommended potentially eligible as a part of the current survey.

DHR 

Number Name City/County Date of Construction Segment

DC2RVA Project 

Team 

Recommendation

088-5481 House, 3116 Summit 

Crossing Road

Fredericksburg, 

Spotsylvania 

County

1948 XRGU Not Eligible

088-0271 House, 3041 Summit Station 

Road

Fredericksburg, 

Spotsylvania 

County

ca. 1913 XRGU Not Eligible

088-0280 Summit Station Farm, 3033 

Summit Station Road

Fredericksburg, 

Spotsylvania 

County

ca. 1840 XRGU Not Eligible
DCTo 

RICHMOND 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000 

Richmond, VA 23219 

SOUTHEAST HIGH SPEED RAIL 

The Virginia SHPO concurs that the following resource remains potentially eligible for the NRHP, as 

recorded during the DC2RVA/Segments 10-12 study (DHR #2014-0666): 

042-0123 North Anna Battlefield (042-0123) (Criterion A) 

They further concur that the following 11 properties are potentially eligible for the NRHP: 

016-0092 

016-0208 

016-0220 

016-0222 

016-0223 

016-0224 

016-0270 

016-0286 

016-5129 

016-5136 

016-5165 

Fairfield Plantation Office, Jackson Shrine, 12019 Stonewall Jackson Road 

(Criteria A, B, and C) 

House, 12096 Guinea Drive (Criterion C) 

Carolina Mansion, 11146 Woodford Road (Criterion C; Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic District) 

Woodford Freight & Passenger Depot, Woodford Road (Criterion C; Contributing 

to the Woodford Historic District) 

Woodford Excelsior Company Office, Lake Farm Road (Criterion A; Contributing 

to the Woodford Historic District; Contributing to the Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD) 

Glenwood House, 11102 Woodford Road (Criterion C; Contributing to the 

Woodford Historic District) 

Milford State Bank, 15461 Antioch Road (Criterion C; Contributing to the Milford 

Historic District) 

Coleman's Store, 22275 Penola Road; Penola, 16095 Polecat Lane (Criterion C) 

Woodford Historic District (Criteria A and C) 

Milford Historic District (Criteria A and C) 

Excelsior Industry of Caroline County MPD (Criteria A and C) 

Lastly, they concur that the following 100 resources are not eligible for the NRHP as individual resources 

(although some are contributing to associated historic districts as noted below): 

016-0137 

016-0201 

016-0205 

016-0206 

016-0207 

016-0209 

016-0212 

016-0217 

Fontaine Hill, 24378 Ruther Glen Road; Fontaine Hill Cemetery 

Hopewell United Methodist Church and Cemetery, 12018 Guinea Drive 

House, 12110 Guinea Drive 

House, 12113 Guinea Drive 

House, 12124 Guinea Drive 

Hopewell Methodist Church Parsonage, 12093 Guinea Drive 

House, 12053 Guinea Drive 

St. Mary's Catholic Church, 14500 Woodslane Road 

. nRn• ·"' U.S. Department of Transportation &> ~ Federal Railroad Administration VlrolnlaDe~ntofll.ilandl'IIDilcTrar><portatlon Page4 
DCTo 

RICHMOND 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000 

Richmond, VA 23219 

SOUTHEAST HIGH SPEED RAIL 

016-0218 

016-0219 

016-0221 

016-0225 

016-0262 

016-0263 

016-0264 

016-0265 

016-0266 

016-0267 

016-0268 

016-0269 

016-0271 

016-0272 

016-0296 

016-0297 

016-0298 

016-0329 

016-0330 

016-0332 

016-0333 

016-0334 

016-0335 

016-0336 

016-0337 

016-0338 

016-0339 

016-5001 

016-5002 

016-5003 

016-5103 

016-5105 

016-5106 

House, 14321 Woodslane Road 

Evans House, 14271 Woodslane Road 

Woodford House, Lake Farm Road (Non-contributing to Woodford HD) 

House and Outbuildings, 11000 Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

Old Milford Hotel, 15619 Colonial Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

Gray Campbell lnn/Schalls Furniture Refinishing and Repairs, Colonial Road 

(Non-contributing to Milford HD) 

Milford Presbyterian Church (Old Church), 15460 Church Street (Contributing to 

Milford HD) 

Apartment/Restaurant, 15589 Colonial Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

Milford Freight Depot, 15424 Antioch Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

House, 15510 Nelson Hill Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

House, 15503 Nelson Hill Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

House, 15429-15441 Antioch Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

Clark's Store & Warehouse, 15450 Antioch Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

Blatt's Store, 15471 Antioch Road (Contributing to Milford HD) 

House, 22196 Penola Road 

R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 22285 Penola Road 

R.F.& P. Railroad Housing, 16181 Polecat Lane 

Whitley House, 11136 Railroad Lane 

Hepler Farm, 24462 Ruther Glen Road 

House, 11519 Chesterfield Road 

Commercial Building, Chesterfield Road 

Commercial Building, 11491 Chesterfield Road 

Commercial Building, 11491 Chesterfield Road 

House, 11456 Chesterfield Road 

Mize House, 11498 Chesterfield Road 

Taylor House, 11524 Chesterfield Road 

Bullock House, 24397 Chesterfield Road 

Warehouse, Nelson Hill Road 

Allen's Store, 15401 Nelson Hill Road 

House, 15409 Nelson Hill Road 

House, 2118 Guinea Drive 

Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield Road (Contributing to the Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD) 

Excelsior Mill, Chesterfield Road (Contributing to the Excelsior Industry of 

Caroline County MPD) 

•DRPF• A U.S. Department of Transportation 

~ Federal Railroad Administration Pages 
DCTo 

RICHMOND 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000 

Richmond, VA 23219 

SOUTHEAST HIGH SPEED RAIL 

016-5107 

016-5108 

016-5109 

016-5110 

016-5111 

016-5112 

016-5113 

016-5114 

016-5115 

016-5116 

016-5117 

016-5118 

016-5119 

016-5120 

016-5121 

016-5122 

016-5123 

016-5124 

016-5125 

016-5126 

016-5127 

016-5128 

016-5130 

016-5131 

016-5132 

016-5133 

016-5134 

016-5135 

016-5137 

016-5138 

016-5139 

016-5140 

016-5141 

016-5142 

House, 11434 Chesterfield Road 

House, 11238 Railroad Lane 

Outbuilding, 4121 Stonewall Jackson Road 

House, 8523 Guinea Station Road 

House, 9135 Guinea Station Road 

Penola Historic District 

Jeter House and Excelsior Mill, 16111 Polecat Lane (Contributing to the Excelsior 

Industry of Caroline County MPD) 

Flour Mill, Penola Road 

Storage Building, Penola Road 

Building Ruins, Penola Road 

House, 22260 Penola Road 

House, 22266 Penola Road 

Industrial Site, Penola Road 

House, Penola Road 

Guinea Station Historic District 

Gas Station, 11764 Stonewall Jackson Road 

House, 11720 Stonewall Jackson Road 

School Building, 8902 Guinea Station Road 

Ruther Glen-Chesterfield Historic District 

House, 10400 Lake Farm Road 

House, 15125 Rixey Road 

House, Rixey Road 

Farmer Store, Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

H. Washington Store, Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

House, 11107 Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

Old Woodford Post Office, 11064 Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford 

HD) 

Warehouse, Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

Woodford Post Office, 11087 Woodford Road (Contributing to Woodford HD) 

Dejarnette Lumber Co., 17186 Alliance Drive (Contributing to the Milford HD; 

Contributing to the Excelsior Industry of Caroline County MPD) 

Dhillon's Auto Sales, 15583 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

House, 15642 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

Commercial Building, 15577 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

Dhillon's Grocery, 15421 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

House, 15584 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

• DRPF• ft U.S. Departmenf ofTransportation 

~ Federal Railroad Administration Vliglnlio D~PfflmentofllailandF\ibllcTraM~ 

Page6 
DCTo 

RICHMOND 

801 E. Main Street, Suite 1000 

Richmond, VA 23219 

SOUTHEAST HIGH SPEED RAIL 

016-5143 

016-5144 

016-5145 

016-5146 

016-5147 

016-5148 

016-5149 

016-5150 

016-5151 

016-5152 

016-5153 

016-5154 

016-5155 

016-5156 

016-5157 

016-5158 

016-5159 

016-5160 

016-5161 

016-5162 

016-5163 

016-5164 

088-5481 

088-0271 

088-0280 

House, 15646 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

House, 15652 Colonial Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

Blatt Chevrolet, 15478 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

House, 15483 Nelson Hill Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

Milford Post Office, 15429 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

Warehouse, 15458 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

Warehouses, 15480 Antioch Road (Contributing to the Milford HD) 

RF&P Milford (MD) Signal Tower, 15524 Nelson Hill Road 

Warehouse, 15389 Nelson Hill Road 

Drainfield Solutions, 15384 Nelson Hill Road 

Hanover Truck Repair, 15402 Nelson Hill Road 

House, 15398 Nelson Hill Road 

Amerigas Propane, 16492 Industrial Drive 

Freight Depot and Warehouse, 16462 Industrial Drive 

Commercial Building, 16388 Industrial Drive 

House, Industrial Drive 

House, 16209 Industrial Drive 

House and Outbuildings, Industrial Drive 

House, 16022 Industrial Drive 

Coleman's Mill Pond and Ruins, Colemans Mill Road 

House, 11435 Railroad Lane 

Little Rock Farm, 26389 Jefferson Davis Highway 

House, 3116 Summit Crossing Road 

House, 3041 Summit Station Road 

Summit Station Farm, 3033 Summit Station Road 

•DRP-F• ft U.S. Department ofTransportation 

~ Federal Railroad Administration Page7