IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-0448

Filed January 12, 2022

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF MATTHEW FREY

AND CHEYENNE KERRES

Upon the Petition of

MATTHEW FREY,

Petitioner-Appellee,

And Concerning

CHEYENNE KERRES,

Respondent-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Sean McPartland, 

Judge.

The mother appeals the award of physical care of the parties’ child to the 

father and the amount of her child support obligation. In the alternative she seeks 

increased visitation time. AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED.

Rae M. Kinkead of Simmons Perrine Moyer Bergman PLC, Cedar Rapids, 

for appellant.

Justin D. Riem of Arenson Law Group, P.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellee.

Considered by Mullins, P.J., and May and Ahlers, JJ.
2

AHLERS, Judge.

In this original dissolution-of-marriage action, a mother’s failure to respect 

the father’s role in parenting their young child played a pivotal role in the district 

court’s decision to grant physical care of the child to the father. The mother asks 

us to reverse the district court’s physical-care determination. For the reasons that 

follow, we decline to do so.

Matthew Frey and Cheyenne Kerres married in 2017. In early 2018, the 

parties separated when Cheyenne asked Matthew to move out of the marital 

home. He complied with the request. At the time the two separated, Cheyenne 

was far along in her pregnancy with their child. After Cheyenne gave birth and 

was still in the hospital, Matthew tried to visit the child. Cheyenne immediately 

began limiting Matthew’s time with the child, limiting him to less than one hour in 

the hospital and then insisting that he “give her some space” after she left the 

hospital. Even though the child was conceived and born during the marriage and 

Cheyenne knew Matthew was the father, she refused to list Matthew as the father 

on the child’s birth certificate.

After Cheyenne and the child went home from the hospital, Cheyenne

unilaterally created a visitation schedule that limited Matthew to visiting the child 

at Cheyenne’s home for minimal amounts of time per week. Matthew was not

permitted to leave Cheyenne’s home with the child based on Cheyenne’s 

unsubstantiated fears that Matthew would take the child indefinitely. At one point, 

when Matthew arrived at Cheyenne’s house equipped with a car seat and 

expressed a desire to exercise his time with the baby at his own home, Cheyenne 

responded by refusing to allow Matthew to see the child for nearly one month.
3

Realizing he was not getting anywhere in his efforts to get meaningful time 

with his child on a voluntary basis, Matthew filed a dissolution-of-marriage 

proceeding and requested a hearing on temporary matters. The court issued a 

temporary order granting Cheyenne physical care subject to Matthew’s visitation. 

It was not until this court intervention when the child was five months old that 

Matthew was permitted overnight visitation with his child for the first time. At the 

temporary hearing, the court admonished Cheyenne for withholding visitation from 

Matthew.

Due in part to delays associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, the case did 

not go to trial until over two years after filing of the petition. The parties agreed to 

joint legal custody. At trial, Matthew requested shared physical care of the child

with an alternative request for physical care. Cheyenne was steadfast in her 

opposition to shared physical care. Her position was that she should be granted 

physical care. The district court denied Matthew’s request for shared physical 

care, finding it unworkable given the parties’ history of conflict and inability to 

communicate effectively. Faced with competing claims for physical care, the court 

granted Matthew physical care, granted Cheyenne significant visitation rights, and 

ordered Cheyenne to pay child support.

Cheyenne appeals. She contends she should have been granted physical 

care. In the alternative, she asserts she should have been granted more visitation. 

Finally, she argues the child support she was ordered to pay is not supported by 

the evidence of the parties’ respective incomes. Matthew requests appellate 

attorney fees.
4

I. Standard of Review

We review marriage dissolution cases de novo.1 “Although we decide the 

issues raised on appeal anew, we give weight to the trial court’s factual findings, 

especially with respect to the credibility of the witnesses.”2

II. Physical Care

Neither party contests the district court’s decision to deny the parties joint 

physical care of the child. Because joint physical care is not granted, “the court 

must choose a primary caretaker who is solely responsible for decisions 

concerning the child’s routine care.”3 The overriding consideration in determining 

the physical-care arrangement for a child is the child’s best interest.4 In making 

the physical-care determination, “[w]e are guided by the factors set forth in Iowa 

Code section 598.41(3) [(2018)] as well as those identified in In re Marriage of 

Winter, 223 N.W.2d 165, 166–67 (Iowa 1974).”5 In addition to these factors, the 

court must consider “the denial by one parent of the child’s opportunity for 

maximum continuing contact with the other parent, without just cause, [which is] a 

significant factor in determining the proper custody arrangement.”6

Here, both parents are well-suited to care for the child. In fact, each testified 

that the other is a suitable parent and the child is safe in the other’s care. Neither 

 

1

In re Marriage of Sullins, 715 N.W.2d 242, 247 (Iowa 2006).

2 Sullins, 715 N.W.2d at 247 (quoting In re Marriage of Witten, 672 N.W.2d 768, 

773 (Iowa 2003)).

3

In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 691 (Iowa 2007).

4

In re Marriage of Fennelly, 737 N.W.2d 97, 101 (Iowa 2007).

5 Fennelly, 737 N.W.2d at 101.

6

Iowa Code § 598.41(1)(c); see also In re Marriage of Toop, No. 19-0543, 2020 

WL 110352, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2020) (applying section 598.41(1)(c) to a 

physical-care determination).
5

party poses a present threat to the safety and well-being of the child. The parties 

have had difficulty effectively communicating with each other, but those difficulties 

have not resulted in the child receiving inadequate care by either parent. 

Faced with the reality that Matthew is her equal in parenting ability,

Cheyenne relies heavily on her claim that she has been the child’s primary 

caretaker since birth as a reason she should have been granted physical care. 

This invokes the approximation principle, which is the idea “that the caregiving of 

parents in the post-divorce world should be in rough proportion to that which 

predated the dissolution.”7 The approximation principle is a factor to consider, but 

it is not dispositive.8 

Here, we find the approximation factor unpersuasive. The child was born 

while the parties were already separated, so there is no significant pre-dissolution 

history to which we may defer. Any period of the child being primarily in 

Cheyenne’s care is of such short duration that it carries little weight. 

We also do not ignore Cheyenne’s history of preventing contact between 

Matthew and the child. We decline to allow a parent to unilaterally and 

unreasonably block the other parent’s access to the child and then use that 

artificially created caregiving schedule as support for the parent’s claim for physical 

care. That is exactly what Cheyenne is trying to do here, so we find her claimed 

history of being the parent with physical care to be an unpersuasive factor. In fact, 

because each parent is well-suited to care for the child, we find Cheyenne’s history 

 

7 Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 697.

8 Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 697.
6

of denying Matthew time with the child to be a compelling factor that supports the 

grant of physical care to Matthew.

A child’s best interests are generally served by maximum ongoing contact 

with both parents. Cheyenne clearly denied Matthew that opportunity for a large 

portion of the child’s young life, and she openly admitted to feeling little remorse in 

doing so. Perhaps more troubling than her lack of remorse is her apparent inability 

to even recognize the inappropriateness of her conduct. In her testimony, she was 

dismissive of the admonishment she received from the judge who presided over 

the parties’ temporary matters hearing about her refusal to allow Matthew a 

reasonable amount of time with the child.

9

 Even though the trial occurred more 

than two and one-half years after the child’s birth, she had still failed to take steps 

to have Matthew named as the father on the child’s birth certificate. She made 

unilateral decisions about daycare without consulting Matthew. She then 

manipulated the daycare situation to try to force Matthew to pay extra if he utilized 

it, even though he was already paying half of the daycare cost and, without 

Cheyenne’s manipulations, could have utilized the daycare without additional cost 

to either party. She repeatedly expressed antiquated beliefs that she had superior 

decision-making authority because she is the mother. While she is free to hold 

those beliefs, they are contrary to Iowa law, under which gender is irrelevant in 

making physical-care determinations.10 The district court found her defiant, 

 

9 The judge who presided over the temporary matters hearing is not the same 

judge who presided at trial.

10 See Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 700 (“[I]n choosing a spouse for physical care, 

courts must avoid gender bias. There is no preference for mothers over fathers, 

or vice versa.” (citation omitted)).
7

unreasonable, and to have disdain for Matthew’s rights as a parent. On our de 

novo review, we find the same. Her apparent inability to accept the fact that 

Matthew is a good father and has rights as a father gives us little hope that she 

would properly support Matthew’s relationship with the child if she were granted 

physical care. Her past behavior coupled with her attitude toward Matthew’s rights

as a father convinces us that it is in the child’s best interests to be placed with 

Matthew, given the fact that both parents are otherwise well-suited to care for the 

child.

11

In making this decision, we have not overlooked the fact that Cheyenne has 

another child—the half-sibling of this child in interest—who lives exclusively with 

Cheyenne. We also recognize there is a bond between the two children. We 

agree with Cheyenne that we prefer not to separate siblings, including halfsiblings.12

 However, avoiding separation of siblings or half-siblings is just one 

factor. The ultimate consideration is the long-term interests of the child.13 Here, 

we find it to be in the child’s best interests to be placed with Matthew even though 

it results in separation of half-siblings. We reach this conclusion based on several 

considerations. First, the child in interest is relatively young, so, while bonded to 

her half-sibling, the bonding period is of relatively short duration. Second, the 

children are ten years apart in age, so this child will only be approximately eight 

 

11 See Iowa Code §§ 598.1(1) (“Refusal by one parent to provide [the opportunity 

for maximum continuous physical and emotional contact possible with both 

parents] without just cause shall be considered harmful to the best interest of the 

child.”); .41(5)(b) (“[T]he parent responsible for providing physical care shall 

support the other parent’s relationship with the child.”).

12 See In re Marriage of Orte, 389 N.W.2d 373, 374 (Iowa 1986) (applying the 

general rule that courts try to keep siblings together to half-siblings).

13 See Orte, 389 N.W.2d at 374.
8

years old when her half-sibling reaches adulthood.14 Third, Cheyenne has 

significant visitation rights, which will provide opportunity for continued bonding 

between the half-siblings. Fourth, the desire to avoid separation of half-siblings 

does not overcome our concerns previously noted as to the undermining of 

Matthew’s relationship with his child if Cheyenne were granted physical care. So, 

while separation of the half-siblings is unfortunate, it is necessary to secure the

long-term best interests of this child.

For all of these reasons, we affirm the district court’s decision to grant 

physical care of the child to Matthew.

III. Visitation

With Matthew continuing to have physical care, Cheyenne argues that she 

should be awarded more visitation time. Under the district court’s decree, during 

any given two-week period, Cheyenne has overnight visits on two weekend nights 

(alternating weekends), one overnight weeknight in one week, and two overnight 

weeknights in the second week. The parties essentially split holiday time with the 

child. This results in Cheyenne having at least 130 overnight visits each year with 

the child. This is a significant amount of visitation. In fact, in the parlance of the 

child support guidelines, this constitutes “extraordinary” visitation.15 We find this 

to be an appropriate amount of visitation to “assure the child the opportunity for the 

 

14 See In re Marriage of Brauer, 511 N.W.2d 645, 647 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993) 

(distinguishing Orte, in part, because the half-siblings in Orte were only four years 

apart in age whereas the half-siblings here were thirteen years apart).

15 See Iowa Ct. R. 9.9 (providing for an “extraordinary visitation credit” to the 

parent’s child support obligation if the parent’s visitation exceeds 127 days per

year).
9

maximum continuing physical and emotional contact with both parents.”16 We find 

Cheyenne’s arguments for additional visitation to be unpersuasive, especially in 

light of the fact that granting her additional visitation would essentially backdoor 

her way into shared physical care—an arrangement she adamantly opposed at 

trial and that the district court rejected for good reason. Following our de novo 

review, we affirm the visitation schedule set by the district court.

IV. Child Support

When the court calculates child support, it looks first to the child support 

guidelines.17 To properly calculate child support under “the guidelines requires a 

determination of the net monthly income of the parents.”18 The child support 

guidelines should not be deviated from unless the court makes a finding that the 

guidelines would be unjust or inappropriate.19 If the court finds a parent to be 

“voluntarily unemployed or underemployed without just cause, child support may 

be calculated based on a determination of earning capacity.”

20

 The court must use 

the most reliable evidence presented to determine each parent’s current monthly 

income.21

The district court set Cheyenne’s child support obligation at $593.11 per 

month. The district court noted that the incomes of both parties were disputed, but

it did not make a determination of each party’s income. The district court also did 

not explain how it arrived at the $593.11 child-support figure, other than to say the 

 

16 See Iowa Code § 598.41(1)(a).

17 In re Marriage of Hilmo, 623 N.W.2d 809, 811 (Iowa 2001).

18 Hilmo, 623 N.W.2d at 811. 

19 Iowa Ct. R. 9.11.

20 Iowa Ct. R. 9.11(4).

21 In re Marriage of Powell, 474 N.W.2d 531, 534 (Iowa 1991).
10

amount was in accordance with the child support guidelines worksheets submitted 

by Matthew. Matthew submitted multiple worksheets, each contemplating a 

different physical-care arrangement. It is unclear which worksheet the district court 

used. However, determining which worksheet was used is largely inconsequential, 

as each of Matthew’s submitted worksheets used $75,000 per year as Cheyenne’s 

gross income. Cheyenne contends this was an improper income figure to use in 

calculating her obligation.

Cheyenne was unemployed at the time of trial. Throughout her testimony, 

Cheyenne asserted that her unemployment situation is temporary, she has been 

actively applying for jobs, and she has secured several interviews. Despite this 

testimony that her unemployment is temporary and due only to the COVID-19 

pandemic, she now claims on appeal the district court should have used her 

unemployment benefit income only to calculate her support obligation. When 

unemployment is temporary, the court can base child support on the party’s 

income prior to the unemployment.22 Because of the admittedly temporary nature 

of Cheyenne’s unemployment, using her historical income to determine her child 

support obligation is appropriate. However, we find no basis in the record for using 

$75,000 per year as Cheyenne’s income, as she has not historically earned that 

much. As an inflated income figure was used, we find the child support amount 

excessively high. Therefore, we modify that part of the district court’s order setting 

Cheyenne’s child support obligation at $593.11 per month and remand this case 

to the district court. 

 

22 Powell, 474 N.W.2d at 534.
11

On remand, as both parties’ incomes are admittedly disputed, the district 

court shall make findings as to each party’s income using the most reliable 

evidence available and set child support accordingly. It will be up to the district 

court to decide whether to use the evidence already presented to make the income 

and child support determinations or to hold a hearing to receive additional or 

current evidence on those issues. Upon making the income and child support 

determinations, the amount set for child support shall be retroactive to March 1, 

2021 (the date originally set by the district court for commencement of Cheyenne’s 

child support obligation). If, as we suspect will be the case, Cheyenne’s child 

support obligation is less than $593.11 per month, the retroactive application of the 

new obligation will result in Cheyenne having overpaid if she is current on her child 

support obligation.23 If there is an overpayment, the district court shall also 

determine an appropriate way for Cheyenne to recoup her overpayment based on 

the circumstances of the parties at the time of the determination on remand.24

V. Appellate Attorney Fees

Matthew requests appellate attorney fees.

Appellate attorney fees are not a matter of right, but rather rest 

in this court’s discretion. Factors to be considered in determining 

whether to award attorney fees include: the needs of the party 

 

23 If Cheyenne is not current on her child support obligation, the retroactive nature 

of the new child support obligation may not result in an overpayment, but simply a 

reduction in the amount of her arrearage.

24 See In re Marriage of Houser, No. 19-1666, 2021 WL 1016923, at *2 n.1 (Iowa 

Ct. App. Mar. 17, 2021) (deferring to the district court’s determination of an 

appropriate recoupment method based on the parties’ circumstances as 

determined on remand in the event the parties are unable to agree on a

recoupment method).
12

seeking the award, the ability of the other party to pay, and the 

relative merits of the appeal.[25]

Based on Cheyenne’s limited ability to pay and her success on one issue on 

appeal, we deny Matthew’s claim for appellate attorney fees.

VI. Conclusion

We affirm that part of the district court’s order granting physical care of the 

parties’ child to Matthew and setting Cheyenne’s visitation schedule. We modify

that part of the district court’s order setting Cheyenne’s child support obligation. 

We remand for a determination of the parties’ incomes and an appropriate child 

support amount based on those incomes, as explained in more detail earlier in this 

opinion. We deny Matthew’s claim for appellate attorney fees. Costs on appeal 

are taxed two-thirds to Cheyenne and one-third to Matthew. 

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED AND REMANDED.

 

25 Sullins, 715 N.W.2d at 255 (quoting In re Marriage of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 

270 (Iowa 2005)).