United States Chemical Safety September 2012 

Environmental Protection and Pollution Prevention 

Agency (7510P) 

 

Methyloxazolidines 

Registration Review: 

Final Work Plan 

September 2012 

 
Docket Number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0007 

'INWw.regulations.gov 

Methyloxazolidines 

Registration Review: 

Final Work Plan 

September 2012 

Case# 3095 

Approved By: 

Date: 

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Docket Number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0007 

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Methyloxazolidines Registration Review Team

Human Health & Environmental Effects

William Hazel 

Jenny Tao 

Timothy Dole 

Jonathan Chen 

Srinivas Gowda 

James Breithaupt 

Zoё Layton 

Risk Management

Seiichi Murasaki 

Lance Wormell 

Office of General Counsel

Philip Ross 

________________________________________ 

Supporting documents for the Methyloxazolidines Case may be found in the registration review 

docket EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0007 located on the internet at www.regulations.gov. 
Docket Number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0007 

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Introduction

This is the Final Work Plan (FWP) of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or “the 

Agency”) for the registration review of Methyloxazolidines (Case 3095). The work plan includes 

the expected registration review timeline. The work plan also addresses public comments 

received concerning the Preliminary Work Plan (PWP) in the Summary Document which was 

posted in the Methyloxazolidines registration review docket, and any other comments concerning 

the initial docket postings. The Summary Document provided information on what EPA knows 

about the pesticide and what additional risk analyses and data or information the Agency 

believes are needed to make a registration review decision. 

The Agency is implementing the registration review program pursuant to Section 3(g) of the 

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and will review each registered 

pesticide every 15 years to determine whether it continues to meet the FIFRA standard for 

registration. Changes in science, public policy and pesticide use practices will occur over time. 

The registration review program is intended to make sure that, as the ability to assess risk 

evolves and as policies and practices change, all registered pesticides continue to meet that 

statutory standard. The public phase of registration review begins when the initial docket is 

opened for each case. Information on this program is provided at: 

http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/. 

The Methyloxazolidines Preliminary Work Plan (PWP) (PC Code 114801) was published on 

March 28, 2012 and the 60-day comment period ended on May 29, 2012. The Preliminary Work 

Plan document is available on www.regulations.gov docket number EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0007. 

The Methyloxazolidines Case (Case 3095) contains two active ingredients, 4,4-

dimethyloxazolidine (DMO) (PC Code 114801) and 3,4,4-trimethyloxazolidine (PC Code 

114802). DMO is the only active ingredient in the case with registered products. 3,4,4-

trimethyloxazolidine was not supported during reregistration and, because no currently registered 

products contain 3,4,4-trimethyloxazolidine as an active ingredient, will not be addressed in this 

registration review. 

The first product containing 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine (DMO) (PC Code 114801) as an active 

ingredient was registered in the United States in 1982. Currently, there are six products 

containing DMO as an active ingredient registered with EPA. DMO is registered for use as a 

material preservative for protection against microbial deterioration and as a microbiocide and 

bacteriostat additive in industrial processes and water systems. EPA does not maintain a 

tolerance or exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for residues for DMO. During 

registration review, the Agency will determine if any tolerances or exemptions from the 

requirement of a tolerance are needed for registered uses. 

DMO is rapidly hydrolyzed to formaldehyde (HCHO) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP, 

CAS No. 124-68-5) in water. Because EPA believes that DMO releases formaldehyde (HCHO) 

under certain conditions, this Registration Review also addresses potential risks associated with 

formaldehyde exposure from DMO use. Products containing formaldehyde as an active 

ingredient will be evaluated under Registration Review Case 0556. EPA’s formaldehyde RED is 

available in the formaldehyde public docket at http://www.regulations.gov in docket number 

EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0121. 
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The Agency completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine 

in 1996. 

Comments Received on the Preliminary Work Plan

The Agency received four sets of comments during the public comment period on the initial 

docket, summarized below. In the PWP, the Agency solicited comments on specific topics: 

environmental justice, water body impairment, trade irritants, and structure activity relationships. 

No comments or information were received during the public comment period concerning these 

issues. 

The Dow Chemical Company (Dow), Troy Corporation (Troy), Physicians Committee for 

Responsible Medicine (PCRM), and the FIFRA Endangered Species Task Force (FESTF) 

submitted comments regarding the data anticipated to be called in to support the registration 

review of DMO. More details of the comments and agency responses are provided in 

“Methyloxazolidines Environmental Effects and Fate Registration Review Scoping Document -

Office of Pesticide Program’s Response to Public Comments” and “4.4-Dimethyloxazolidine 

(DMO): Responses to the Human Health Comments”, located in the docket. 

Several commenters expressed concern about the work plan presentation of anticipated data 

requirements including additional formaldehyde studies. The Agency acknowledges the 

comments received on formaldehyde and has adjusted the anticipated data needs table to reflect 

that no new data on formaldehyde are required at this time, pending the Integrated Risk 

Information System (IRIS) response to the recommendations of the National Academy of 

Sciences (NAS) peer review of the formaldehyde re-assessment. 

Several comments referred to available studies that might be used to satisfy requirements, and in 

the response to comments documents, the Agency outlined the clarification necessary (e.g., 

methodology, substance concentrations) before the studies can be updated. 

The Agency has revisited the anticipated data needs and has refined the test substances for the 

studies necessary to complete the risk assessments required for this registration review. The work 

plan and timeline described in the PWP remain as they were presented initially. Further, this 

document makes final the work plan for the Methyloxazolidines registration review process. 

Anticipated Risk Assessments and Data Needs

The Agency will conduct a comprehensive ecological risk assessment, including an endangered 

species risk assessment, for all uses of 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine. The Agency will conduct a 

human health risk assessment. The Agency expects to require additional data for use in 

conducting the registration review for 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine. 

Ecological Risk Assessment Status and Anticipated Data Needs 

• No ecological risk assessment has been performed for 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine. 

• The Agency anticipates the need to require the following additional ecological data for use in 

conducting the registration review of 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine. 
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850.33001

 -- Activated Sludge Respiration Inhibition test 

850.21001,2 -- Avian acute oral toxicity test 

850.10751,3 -- Fish acute toxicity (freshwater) 

850.14001,4 -- Fish early-life stage toxicity test (freshwater) 

850.10101,5 -- Aquatic invertebrate acute toxicity, freshwater daphnids 

850.13001,5 -- Daphnid chronic toxicity test 

850.10751

 -- Fish acute toxicity (estuarine/marine) 

850.10351 -- Mysid acute toxicity test 

850.10251,6 -- Mollusk acute toxicity (shell deposition) 

850.10551,6 -- Mollusk acute toxicity (embryo/larval) 

850.13501,7 -- Mysid chronic tox - aquatic invertebrate life-cycle (saltwater) 

850.42251

 -- Seedling emergence, Tier II - rice 

850.44001 -- Aquatic plant toxicology test using Lemna spp. 

850.45001,8 -- Algal Toxicity Tier II – marine diatom, freshwater diatom, green algae 

850.45501,8 -- Algal Toxicity Tier II – Cyanobacteria 

• The Agency anticipates the need to require the following additional environmental fate data 

for use in conducting the registration review of 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine. 

835.1110 -- Activated Sludge Sorption Isotherm 

835.43001 -- Aerobic aquatic metabolism 

835.44001

 -- Anaerobic aquatic metabolism 

835.31101,9 -- Ready Biodegradability 

835.32201,9 -- Porous Pot Test 

835.32801,9 -- Simulation Tests to Assess the Biodegradability of Chemicals Discharged 

to Wastewater 

835.32401,9 -- Simulation Test – Aerobic Sewage Treatment: A. Activated Sludge Units 

• For more information, please refer to Product Chemistry, Environmental Fate, and 

Ecological Effects Scoping Document in Support of Registration Review of 

Methyloxazolidines, located in the docket. 

 

1

 Results needed for the major degradate of concern, AMP. 

2

 Results needed using bobwhite quail. 

3

 Results needed using most sensitive species (i.e., bluegill sunfish). 4

 Results needed using same species as used in acute toxicity test (i.e., bluegill sunfish). 

5

 Results needed using Daphnia magna. 6

 Only one mollusk acute toxicity study, either embryo/larval or shell deposition, is anticipated to be required. 7

 Results needed using Americamysis bahia. 8

 Since the opening of this docket, the Agency has posted the availability of Final Algal Toxicity guidelines. The 

Public 850.5400 guideline has been split and renumbered as 850.4500 Algal Toxicity and 850.4550 Cyanobacteria 

(Anabaena flos-aquae). http://www.epa.gov/ocspp/pubs/frs/publications/Test_Guidelines/series850.htm 9

 The results of the Activated Sludge Respiration Inhibition Test (ASRI) expected to be required will determine 

which of these four biodegradation tests would be anticipated to be required. If the ASRI test EC50 is less than or 

equal to 20 mg/L, then either the Biodegradation in Activated Sludge Study or Simulation Test – Aerobic Sewage 

Treatment: A. Activated Sludge Units or the Porous Pot Test would be anticipated to be required. If the ASRI test 

EC50 is greater than 20 mg/L, then the applicant would choose to conduct either: (i) Ready Biodegradability or (ii) 

a) Biodegradation in Activated Sludge or b) Simulation Test – Aerobic Sewage Treatment: A. Activated Sludge 

Units or c) the Porous Pot Test. If the Ready Biodegradability study is conducted and passes, then no further testing 

would be expected to be required. If, however, the antimicrobial fails the Ready Biodegradability study, then the 

Biodegradation in Activated Sludge or Simulation Test – Aerobic Sewage Treatment: A. Activated Sludge Units, or 

the Porous Pot study would be expected to be required. 
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Human Health Risk Assessment Status and Anticipated Data Needs 

• No human health risk assessment has been performed for 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine. 

Dietary Assessment

• Dietary (food) exposure to DMO or AMP could potentially occur, since materials preserved 

with DMO could potentially contact food directly or be used to manufacture food contact 

materials, leading to exposure to the parent compound and AMP. Dietary (food) risk 

assessments are expected to be necessary unless all use sites on all product labels are limited 

to nonfood contact. 

• Material preservative uses of dimethyloxazolidine may lead to contamination of human and 

livestock drinking water through the discharge of waste water. Dimethyloxazolidine and/or 

its degradates could potentially pass through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The 

contaminating substance is expected to be largely AMP (the stable hydrolytic and metabolic 

product of the parent compound). The Agency will determine the need for a dietary drinking 

water risk assessment following the submission and review of environmental fate data that 

are anticipated to be required. 

Tolerances and International Harmonization

• EPA does not maintain a tolerance or exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for 

residues for DMO. During registration review, the Agency will determine if any tolerances or 

exemptions from the requirement of a tolerance are needed for registered uses. 

Occupational and Residential Assessment and Risk

• Dimethyloxazolidine, AMP, and HCHO all pose potential worker dermal and inhalation 

exposure concerns during open-pour activities, painting, and metal-working. Detailed use 

information and results from exposure and small chamber studies are anticipated as being 

needed for use in estimating occupational exposure to DMO or its metabolites during 

manufacture of preserved materials and treatment and use of other liquids. Scenarios 

expected to be needed to be assessed include: (1) open-pour liquids during material 

preservation and oil field treatments, (2) using treated metal-working fluids, and (3) painting 

with treated paints (Airless spray and brush/roller). 

• Detailed use information and results from small chamber studies are anticipated as needed 

for use in estimating residential exposure to DMO or its metabolites from materials preserved 

or treated with DMO (e.g., liquid soaps, fabric cleaning and care products, water-based 

cleaning products, paints, adhesives, printing supplies, polishes, and textile emulsions). 

Scenarios expected to be needed to be assessed include: (1) using treated surface cleaners and 

laundry detergents, (2) painting with treated paints (Airless spray and brush/roller), and (3) 

toddlers playing on floors cleaned with treated surface cleaners. 
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Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure and Risk

• In examining aggregate exposure, EPA takes into account the available and reliable 

information concerning exposures to residues in food and drinking water, and nonoccupational pesticide exposures. If the results of the environmental fate data that are 

anticipated to be required indicate that a drinking water assessment is necessary, then the 

Agency anticipates the need to conduct an aggregate assessment for residential and dietary 

exposure to DMO and its residues of concern (AMP and HCHO). 

• EPA does not have, at this time, available data to determine whether 4,4-

Dimethyloxazolidine has a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances or how to 

include this pesticide in a cumulative risk assessment. 

• For the purposes of this Registration Review, EPA has assumed that 4,4-

Dimethyloxazolidine does not have a common mechanism of toxicity with other substances 

when used as an antimicrobial as registered. 

Human Health Anticipated Data Needs

• The Agency anticipates the need to require the following additional human health data for 

use in conducting the registration review of 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine. 

870.3465 -- 90-day inhalation toxicity (rat) 

870.4300 -- Combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity 

875.110010 -- Dermal outdoor exposure 

875.130010 -- Inhalation outdoor exposure 

875.160010 -- Application exposure data reporting and calculations 

875.230011,12 -- Indoor surface residue dissipation 

875.250013 -- Small Chamber Emissions 

875.1700 -- Product use information 

Special Study-- Nature of Residue on Surfaces 

Special Study-- Migration Study 

• For more information, please refer to Methyloxazolidines. Human Health Scoping Document 

for the Registration Review, located in the docket. 

 

10 Exposure studies are anticipated as being needed for following scenarios: open-pour liquids for material 

preservation or oil-field treatments; application of preserved paints using brush/roller or airless sprayer; use of 

treated metalworking fluids; and trigger sprayer, wipe, and mop application of preserved cleaners. If labels are 

amended to require closed mixing/loading, then any required exposure study for open-pour scenarios can be waived 

11 Study is anticipated as being needed for following scenario: post-application exposure to floors and carpets 

cleaned with preserved household cleaners. 12 If this anticipated study is required but is not conducted, a default transfer factor of 100% would be expected to be 

used. 

13 Study is anticipated as being needed for the following scenario: post-application inhalation exposure to treated 

paints. 
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Product Chemistry Anticipated Data Needs

• The Agency does not anticipate the need to require additional product chemistry data for the 

registration review at this time. 

• For more information, please refer to Product Chemistry, Environmental Fate, and 

Ecological Effects Scoping Document in Support of Registration Review of 

Methyloxazolidines, located in the docket. 

Incidents:

Ecological: 

• No 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine ecological incidents have been reported in OPP’s Ecological 

Incident Information System (EIIS). 

Human Health: 

• No 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine human poisoning incidents have been reported in the OPP 

Incident Data System (IDS). 

Endangered Species 

The Agency has not conducted a risk assessment that supports a complete endangered species 

determination for 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine. The ecological risk assessment planned during 

registration review will allow the Agency to determine whether 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine’s use 

has 'no effect' or 'may affect' federally listed threatened or endangered species (listed species) or 

their designated critical habitats. When an assessment concludes that a pesticide’s use 'may 

affect' a listed species or its designated critical habitat, the Agency will consult with the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service and/or National Marine Fisheries Services (the Services), as 

appropriate. 

Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program 

As required by FIFRA and FFDCA, EPA reviews numerous studies to assess potential adverse 

outcomes from exposure to chemicals. Collectively, these studies include acute, subchronic and 

chronic toxicity, including assessments of carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, developmental, 

reproductive, and general or systemic toxicity. These studies include endpoints which may be 

susceptible to endocrine influence, including effects on endocrine target organ histopathology, 

organ weights, estrus cyclicity, sexual maturation, fertility, pregnancy rates, reproductive loss, 

and sex ratios in offspring. For ecological hazard assessments, EPA evaluates acute tests and 

chronic studies that assess growth, developmental and reproductive effects in different 

taxonomic groups. A human health risk assessment identifying the most sensitive endpoints has 

not been conducted for the Methyloxazolidines case. As required by FFDCA section 408(p), 4,4-

Dimethyloxazolidine is subject to the endocrine screening part of the Endocrine Disruptor 

Screening Program (EDSP). 

EPA has developed the EDSP to determine whether certain substances (including pesticide 

active and other ingredients) may have an effect in humans or wildlife similar to an effect 
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produced by a “naturally occurring estrogen, or other such endocrine effects as the Administrator 

may designate.” The EDSP employs a two-tiered approach to making the statutorily required 

determinations. Tier 1 consists of a battery of 11 screening assays to identify the potential of a 

chemical substance to interact with the estrogen, androgen, or thyroid (E, A, or T) hormonal 

systems. Chemicals that go through Tier 1 screening and are found to have the potential to 

interact with E, A, or T hormonal systems will proceed to the next stage of the EDSP where EPA 

will determine which, if any, of the Tier 2 tests are necessary based on the available data. Tier 2 

testing is designed to identify any adverse endocrine-related effects caused by the substance, and 

establish a dose-response relationship between the dose and the E, A, or T effect. 

Under FFDCA section 408(p), the Agency must screen all pesticide chemicals. Between October 

2009 and February 2010, EPA issued test orders/data call-ins for the first group of 67 chemicals, 

which contains 58 pesticide active ingredients and 9 inert ingredients. 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine 

is not among the group of 58 pesticide active ingredients on the initial list to be screened under 

the EDSP. Accordingly, as part of registration review, EPA will issue future EDSP orders/data 

call-ins, requiring the submission of EDSP screening assays for 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine. For 

further information on the status of the EDSP, the policies and procedures, the list of 67 

chemicals, future lists, the test guidelines and the Tier 1 screening battery, please visit our 

website: http://www.epa.gov/endo/. 

Timeline

EPA has created the following estimated timeline for the completion of the Methyloxazolidines 

registration review: 

Anticipated Schedule

Activities Estimated Month/Year

Phase 1: Opening the docket 

Open Public Comment Period for Docket Completed 

March 2012

Close Public Comment Period for Docket Completed 

May 2012 

Phase 2: Case Development 

Develop Final Work Plan (FWP) Completed 

September 2012 

Issue DCI September 2013 

Data Submission September 2015 

Open Public Comment Period for Preliminary Risk Assessments March 2017 

Close Public Comment Period for Preliminary Risk Assessments April 2017 

Phase 3: Registration Review Decision 

Open Public Comment Period for Proposed Reg. Review Decision September 2017 

Close Public Comment Period for Proposed Reg. Review Decision November 2017 

Final Decision and Begin Post-Decision Follow-up March 2018 

Total (years) 6 
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Next Steps

A DCI will be developed regarding the data needs listed under the “Risk Assessments and 

Anticipated Data Needs” section of this document. The Agency expects to issue the DCI in 

September 2013. Human health and environmental fate and ecological hazard assessments will 

be conducted for all uses. 

 
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Summary of Anticipated Data Requirements – 4,4-Dimethyloxazolidine 

The table below summarizes anticipated data needs for the Methyloxazolidines Case in this 

document (Final Work Plan), Product Chemistry, Environmental Fate, and Ecological Effects 

Scoping Document in Support of Registration Review of Methyloxazolidines, and

Methyloxazolidines. Human Health Scoping Document for the Registration Review.

Guideline 

Number Anticipated Data Requirement Test Material 

Estimated Timeframe 

(Measured in months from DCI 

Receipt) 

850.330014 Activated Sludge Respiration Inhibition test AMP 24 

850.210014,15 Avian acute oral toxicity test AMP 12 

850.107514,16 Fish acute toxicity (freshwater) AMP 12 

850.140014,17 Fish early-life stage toxicity test (freshwater) AMP 12 

850.101014,18 Aquatic invertebrate acute toxicity, freshwater 

daphnids AMP 12 

850.130014,18 Daphnid chronic toxicity test AMP 12 

850.107514 Fish acute toxicity (estuarine/marine) AMP 12 

850.103514 Mysid acute toxicity test AMP 12 

850.102514 Mollusk acute toxicity (shell deposition) AMP 12 

850.105514 Mollusk acute toxicity (embryo/larval) AMP 12 

850.135014,19 Mysid chronic tox - aquatic invertebrate lifecycle (saltwater) AMP 12 

850.422514 Seedling emergence, Tier II - rice AMP 12 

850.440014 Aquatic plant toxicology test using Lemna spp. AMP 12 

850.450014,20 Algal Toxicity Tier II -- marine diatom, 

freshwater diatom, green algae AMP 12 

850.455014,20 Algal Toxicity Tier II – Cyanobacteria AMP 12 

835.1110 Activated Sludge Sorption Isotherm TGAI 24 

 

14 Results needed for the major degradate of concern, AMP. 

15 Results needed using bobwhite quail. 

16 Results needed using most sensitive species (i.e., bluegill sunfish). 17 Results needed using same species as used in acute toxicity test (i.e., bluegill sunfish). 

18 Results needed using Daphnia magna. 19 Results needed using Americamysis bahia. 20 Since the opening of this docket, the Agency has posted the availability of Final Algal Toxicity guidelines. The 

Public 850.5400 guideline has been split and renumbered as 850.4500 Algal Toxicity and 850.4550 Cyanobacteria 

(Anabaena flos-aquae). http://www.epa.gov/ocspp/pubs/frs/publications/Test_Guidelines/series850.htm
Docket Number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2012-0007 

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835.430014 Aerobic aquatic metabolism AMP 24 

835.440014 Anaerobic aquatic metabolism AMP 24 

835.311014,21 Ready Biodegradability AMP 24 

835.322014,

21 Porous Pot Test AMP 24 

835.328014,21 Simulation Tests to Assess the Biodegradability 

of Chemicals Discharged to Wastewater AMP 24 

835.324014,21 Simulation Test – Aerobic Sewage Treatment: A. 

Activated Sludge Units AMP 24 

870.3465 90-day inhalation toxicity (rat) DMO 24 

870.4300 Combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity DMO 48 

875.110022 Dermal outdoor exposure DMO 24 

875.130022 Inhalation outdoor exposure DMO 24 

875.160022 Application exposure data reporting and 

calculations DMO 24 

875.230023,24 Indoor surface residue dissipation DMO 24 

875.250025 Small Chamber Emissions DMO 24 

875.1700 Product use information DMO 12 

Special Study Nature of Residue on Surfaces DMO 24 

Special Study Migration Study DMO 24 

 

21 The results of the Activated Sludge Respiration Inhibition Test (ASRI) expected to be required will determine 

which of these four biodegradation tests would be anticipated to be required. If the ASRI test EC50 is less than or 

equal to 20 mg/L, then either the Biodegradation in Activated Sludge Study or Simulation Test – Aerobic Sewage 

Treatment: A. Activated Sludge Units or the Porous Pot Test would be anticipated to be required. If the ASRI test 

EC50 is greater than 20 mg/L, then the applicant would choose to conduct either: (i) Ready Biodegradability or (ii) 

a) Biodegradation in Activated Sludge or b) Simulation Test – Aerobic Sewage Treatment: A. Activated Sludge 

Units or c) the Porous Pot Test. If the Ready Biodegradability study is conducted and passes, then no further testing 

would be expected to be required. If, however, the antimicrobial fails the Ready Biodegradability study, then the 

Biodegradation in Activated Sludge or Simulation Test – Aerobic Sewage Treatment: A. Activated Sludge Units, or 

the Porous Pot study would be expected to be required. 

22 Exposure studies are anticipated as being needed for following scenarios: open-pour liquids for material 

preservation or oil-field treatments; application of preserved paints using brush/roller or airless sprayer; use of 

treated metalworking fluids; and trigger sprayer, wipe, and mop application of preserved cleaners. If labels are 

amended to require closed mixing/loading, then any required exposure study for open-pour scenarios can be waived 

23 Study is anticipated as being needed for following scenario: post-application exposure to floors and carpets 

cleaned with preserved household cleaners. 24 If this anticipated study is required but is not conducted, a default transfer factor of 100% would be expected to be 

used. 

25 Study is anticipated as being needed for the following scenario: post-application inhalation exposure to treated 

paints.