# 2011 Minerals Yearbook

**U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey**  

# CEMENT [ADVANCE RELEASE]

**Revised June 2013**Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.1 

# C ement By Hendrik G. van Oss
Domestic survey tables were prepared by Richard H. Kraft, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator.

Production of portland and masonry cement in the United States increased by 2.2% in 2011 to a total of 67.9 million metric tons ( M t) (table 1). Although welcomed as an improvement by the industry, the 2011 output was the third lowest since 1992 and was 31.4 M t less than the record output in 2005. As measured by sales to domestic final customers, U.S. consumption of cement increased by 2.6% to 72.3 M t in 2011 (table 9) after 5 years of consecutive declines; this was also the third lowest volume since 1992, and 55.7 M t less than the record level in 2005. Despite the modest increase in sales volumes, the average unit price declined in 2011 by about $2.50 per metric ton on an ex-factory basis and the overall value of sales declined slightly to $6.44 billion as a result (tables 1, 11–13). Again because of much lower sales volumes and unit prices, the overall value of sales in 2011 was one-half that of the record sales of $12.90 billion in 2006. Based on typical portland cement mixing ratios in concrete, the delivered value of concrete (excluding mortar) in the United States was estimated to be at least $39 billion in 2011. World production of cement increased 10.4% to 3.61 billion metric tons (Gt).

Percentage or other changes expressed in this report compare activity in 2011 with that of 2010 unless specified otherwise. E xcept where otherwise indicated, data and trends in this report exclude those in Puerto Rico. Cements covered in this report are limited to those hydraulic varieties broadly classified as portland cement (including blended cement and other varieties listed in table 15) and masonry cement (including portland-lime and plastic cements); these are the binding agents in concrete and most mortars. A few other types of hydraulic cement (notably aluminous cement) are included in some of the trade data (tables 16–18 and 21; some also include data for clinker) and within the world production data (table 22). T his report’s tables exclude supplementary cementitious materials (SC M ), such as fly ash, other pozzolans, and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), except to the degree that the SC M are incorporated within finished portland (blended) or masonry cements or are used as raw feed for clinker manufacture. Sales data for blended (also called composite) cements listed separately from portland cement are available in the monthly M ineral Industry Surveys reports of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

M ost of this report is based on data compiled from USGS annual questionnaires sent to cement and clinker manufacturing plants and associated distribution facilities and import terminals and certain terminals that are independent of U.S. cement manufacturers. For 2011, questionnaires were received for 153 of 157 sites canvassed, a response rate of 97%, which included all of the active production facilities. N ot all forms were returned fully completed, but the data received included 100% reporting for production of cement and clinker. Likewise for 2010, questionnaires were received from 154 of 159 facilities canvassed, also a response rate of 97%, which included all of the production sites and 100% of production data. M issing data were estimated based on monthly data or past annual reporting. For both years, the data exclude a few importers that did not participate in the surveys. T o the degree that they are independent of the participating companies, sales by the missing importers are estimated at no more than an additional 0.2% of the total portland cement sales in 2011 and no more than an additional 0.6% in 2010. General background information on cement and its manufacture and on the USGS cement canvasses is given in van Oss (2005). Government Programs and Environmental Issues

A variety of Government programs provide funding and direction for public sector construction and are thus of importance to concrete, and hence cement, consumption levels. By comparison to some other construction materials, concrete commonly is less sensitive to rapid swings in construction spending levels, mainly because of lead times preparatory to concrete construction and the common need to coordinate between State and Federal agencies. Lackluster cement consumption levels in 2011 for public projects, as in the preceding 2 years, continued to indicate that little of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 “stimulus” funding had been spent on concrete projects. Government funding of highway projects was considered inadequate to address the need for major repairs and upgrades to the country’s infrastructure, but renewed or enhanced-level funding for such projects was not attained by yearend 2011.

Past issues of dumping of foreign cement into the U.S. market have declined in importance in recent years owing to the major recession-related downturn in cement consumption levels overall, and a substantial collapse in cement import levels. N evertheless, following a “sunset” review of antidumping duties against gray portland cement and clinker imports from Japan, the U.S. International T rade Commission (2011) in December recommended retention of the duties.

E nvironmental issues pertaining to the cement industry mostly result from the manufacture of the intermediate product called clinker. In making clinker, the consumption of large amounts of carbonate raw materials and fuels leads to large emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 

### ), and can yield significant emissions (if not scrubbed out) of nitrogen oxides ( N Ox), sulfur oxides (SOx), mercury and some other metals, volatile organic carbon compounds, and particulates. Increasingly, these emissions are regulated or are being considered for regulation or reregulation.

T he largest volume emissions by far are of CO 2 

### ; the cement industry is one of the leading industrial emitters of this greenhouse gas (GHG). Overall, unit emissions CO 2 

### by16.2 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 

### the U.S. cement industry in 2011 were calculated to be in the range of 0.86 to 0.93 metric ton (t) of CO 2 

### per ton of clinker produced; the average unit emission was 0.89 t. T he high-end estimate incorporates fuel combustion emissions calculated using “standard” heat values for the fuel quantities consumed (table 7), the low-end estimate incorporates heat values actually reported by the individual plants. These ratios are significantly unchanged from those of 2010, and include a standard emissions factor from calcination of limestone of 0.51 t of CO 2 

### per ton of clinker as detailed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Hanle and others, 2006), but exclude any correction for cement kiln dust (CKD) not recycled to the kiln (for which data are lacking). T he calcination component of CO 2 

### emissions can be reduced in the calculation in proportion to the calcium oxide contributed by noncarbonate alternative raw materials such as ferrous slags and coal combustion ashes. T his incorporation would allow a reduction of calcination-related emissions of about 2.7% (0.8 M t) in 2011 and 2.5% in 2010. T his is equivalent to removing the total emissions (including from fuels, and without adjustments) of 1.5 “average” U.S. cement plants for each year. Relative reductions can be significantly larger for the subset of individual plants that actually burn these alternative raw materials. Certain fuels, including alternative or waste fuels, can either directly reduce plant-level CO 2 

### emissions or may be allowed to be deducted from reported combustion emissions because they are lower in carbon content per unit heat, the fuels are considered to be carbon-neutral (certain biofuels), or because credits may be allowed for their use (certain waste fuels). Fuel deductions have not been made in the averages noted above. Apart from substitution of alternative raw materials, plant-level emissions from combustion can be reduced through upgrading to more fuel-efficient kiln line technology. Unit emissions on a finished product basis can also be reduced by use of SCM and crushed limestone or other fillers in finished cement and in concrete to reduce the clinker content of these products. T he U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency ( E PA) applies emissions factors similar to those noted above to USGS data on clinker production to calculate and report GHG emissions associated with the U.S. cement industry. However, the E PA was evaluating transitioning to direct GHG emissions reporting for its GHG reporting obligations; beginning in 2011 (2010 emissions year), the cement industry was required to directly report its annual GHG emissions to the E PA. T he published results of the 2011 emissions year mandatory reporting (U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency, 2013), combined with USGS data for clinker production, calculate, as in 2010, to an average unit emission of 0.90 t CO 2 

### per ton of clinker, excluding the reported, but very minor, CO 2 

### -equivalent emissions of methane and nitrous oxide ( N 2 

### O). T his national average is in close agreement with the USGS estimate noted above.

A variety of other emissions from cement plants have come under stringent regulation in recent years. In 2010, the E PA issued (then) final rules pertaining to the national emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP), in which new, very low, limits on individual plant emissions of mercury, total hydrocarbons, particulate matter (as a surrogate for nonvolatile metal pollutants), and hydrochloric acid were established for cement plants that do not burn hazardous wastes, and, separately, published performance standards and emissions guidelines for commercial and industrial waste incinerator (CISWI) units. T he cement industry argued that no U.S. cement plants could meet all of the NE SHAP standards, that there would be confusion as to whether certain waste-burning plants would be governed by NE SHAP or CISWI standards, and that compliance with the new regulations by the stipulated deadline (2013) would be essentially impossible for many plants, which would then, presumably, have to close. Pertaining to “waste” materials, the industry argued that many alternative materials, not hitherto classified as wastes, would be reclassified as solid wastes and that the plants currently burning them would have to either go through the lengthy process of obtaining waste-burning permits or would have to cease consuming the materials. In M arch 2011, the E PA published guidance as to which nonhazardous materials would be considered to be solid wastes and, separately, issued the final rule for the CISWI standards (U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency, 2011a, b). Although certain industry (and industry opponent) objections to the NE SHAP were addressed by the E PA in M ay (U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency, 2011c), the Portland Cement Association (PCA) issued a challenge to the combined new regulations in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. In the meantime, the U.S. House of Representatives issued an act supporting the cement industry (U.S. House of Representatives, 2011). In early December, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled in the PCA case that the E PA should reconsider some aspects of the NE SHAP, but the court left major sections of the regulations intact. It was anticipated that some technical objections would be resolved by the E PA, but the most anticipated change was a 2-year delay in the compliance date to September 2015.

Production

In 2011, U.S. production of portland cement increased by 2.5% to 66.1 Mt (table 3). The increase reflected stronger cement sales during the year combined with a continued decline in cement imports. Still, with the exception of 2009–10, output in 2011 was the lowest since 1991. Production increases and declines among districts were mixed, but most declines were relatively small. Output declines in the M aine and N ew York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois districts were because of continued idle status or outright closure of one plant in each of these districts in 2010 or 2011. A major production increase in M issouri was because of the continued ramp up of output to near capacity levels of one large plant; this facility was able to service customers throughout the M ississippi River system and thereby offset the loss of production capacity resulting from closures or idlings in 2009 of three plants in the same large market area.

Overall annual production capacity in 2011 declined by nearly 1.5 Mt, reflecting permanent closures of the production lines at three plants in the districts noted above (the facilities continued to act as distribution terminals), and the partial offset by a new plant coming online in Arizona; the 2011 plant counts reflect these developments. In reality, the plant counts and capacities in several districts remain somewhat inflated becauseCement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.3 

### of the existence of idle capacity for which no formal closures had been announced by yearend 2012. M ost idle production facilities, however, remained active as distribution terminals. Although still very low, production capacity utilization for the country increased modestly to 54.3%. Only one district (southern Texas) had a capacity utilization approaching “full practicable” levels (taken to be 85%).

Housing construction continued to decline in 2011, which again adversely affected sales of masonry cement, and caused production of masonry cement to decline by 7.5% to 1.8 M t (table 4), the lowest level since at least 1954 (levels prior to this are not comparable owing to incomplete data).

With multiple subsidiaries of common parents combined under the larger subsidiary’s name and with joint ventures apportioned, the 10 leading companies at yearend 2011 were, in descending order of portland cement production, Holcim (US) Inc., C EME X, Inc., Lehigh Cement Co., Lafarge N orth America Inc., Buzzi Unicem USA Inc. (including Alamo Cement Co.), Ash Grove Cement Co., T exas Industries, Inc. ( T XI), E ssroc Cement Corp., E agle M aterials Inc., and CalPortland Co. T he U.S. industry remained heavily consolidated, with the 5 leading cement companies, combined, contributing 57% of total U.S. portland cement production, and the 10 leading companies accounting for 80% of total production. Of the above named companies, all except Ash Grove, E agle M aterials, and T XI were foreign owned as of yearend. For the U.S. industry overall,about 80% of total cement output and capacity was by foreignowned companies.

Clinker production in 2011 increased by 2.4% to 61.2 M t (tables 1, 5) but, except for 2009−10, was the lowest output since 1985. M onthly production (not tabulated in this report) was erratic overall, showing year-over-year gains of more than 10% in M arch, N ovember, and December, but declines or essentially stagnant outputs in the other months. Apparent annual capacity fell by 2.8% to 106 M t. T he apparent decline was in part because of the “closure” of plants in N ew York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, as noted above; the formal closure in 2011 of the kilns (idle since 2009) at a plant in California; the 2010 closure (credited in 2011) of three wet kilns at a plant in Arkansas; and the late 2010 closure of the kilns at a plant in Washington. T he overall decline was partially offset by the opening of a new plant in Arizona. Utilization of capacity increased to 58% (from about 55% in 2010), but the utilization statistic is heavily dependent on the reported number of days of downtime for routine maintenance. As in 2010, many plants reported much longer than normal downtimes for this purpose in 2011; where this was obvious, corrections were made in both years (after consultation with the plants) to remove the extra downtime (a result of slow sales) from the statistic. With the exception of the southern T exas district (87.5%), all districts continued to show capacity utilization rates well below the presumed “full practicable” capacity utilization rates of 85% or more that have been experienced during years of high cement sales volumes. M any plants continued to have one or more kilns idle for all or much of the year, and to operate “active” kilns on a more intermittent basis than would be expected normally. Yearend clinker stockpiles declined by nearly 3% to 4.6 M t (table 5). Along with the strong increases in clinker production toward yearend noted above, the stockpile decline could be interpreted as largely demand driven, or at least in line with the continued idle status of many kilns. However, plants normally try to build clinker stockpiles at yearend in anticipation of temporary shutdowns for maintenance (typically performed in the first 2 months of the following year), and stocks actually increased, perhaps for this reason, in a majority of districts. In terms of plant (kiln) technology, the count for wet plants declined by two owing to closure of plants or their kilns in N ew York and Seattle. T he dry plant count dropped by one owing to plant closures in California, Pennsylvania, and Illinois being offset by a new plant in Arizona and the closure in 2010 of wet kilns at a combination (“Both”) plant in Arkansas; the latter resulted in the plant being reclassified as dry for 2011. T

able 6 lists the nonfuel raw materials consumed to make clinker and cement. Although the ratios among the raw materials, and between them and the total cement and clinker produced, appear broadly similar for the 2 years shown, the consumption for clinker of ferrous feeds appeared to have increased significantly, some aluminous feeds appear to have declined, and steel slag appears to have increased significantly. A significant decline in fly ash for clinker appears partly offset by an increase in other combustion ashes and this may merely represent misidentification of some of the material. It should be noted, however, that apparent changes or substitutions may reflect consumption shifts at a relatively small number of plants. The significant increase in consumption of fly ash for cement, and a strong decrease in consumption for cement of granulated blast furnace slag appear to reflect changes in the equivalent blended cement sales (table 15).

The consumption data in table 6 for fly ash and other ash (for clinker and cement combined) have long been similar to those published by the American Coal Ash Association (ACAA) regarding fly ash and bottom ash sales to the cement industry for making blended cement and clinker. However, for fly ash, the ACAA sales in 2010 were 26% lower, and in 2011 were 36% higher, than the tonnages in table 6 (American Coal Ash Association, 2012). For bottom ash, the ACAA sales were 18% higher in 2010 and 14% lower in 2011, than the comparable tonnages in table 6. It is unclear whether the differences represent the timing difference between actual sales and consumption (including from stockpiles), or if a significant component is misidentified within the USGS survey responses. T he “Gypsum and anhydrite” data in table 6 include 0.801 M t of synthetic gypsum in 2010 and 0.816 M t in 2011, but this likely underrepresents actual use of the synthetic material because the USGS canvass does not require that the two types of gypsum be differentiated. In recent years, the USGS data for synthetic gypsum have exceeded those reported by the ACAA, likely because the ACAA does not survey the cement plants’ own production of the synthetic material. However, the ACAA reported 1.03 M t of synthetic gypsum sales to the cement industry in 2010 and 0.938 M t in 2011.

Fuel consumption by the cement industry is shown in table 7. Data shifts can reflect activities at just a few plants. In terms of overall mass ratios among fuels in total and relative to clinker production, a significant decline in 2011 was evident in the ratio of petroleum coke to coal consumed. Both wet and dry plants16.4 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 

### boosted their consumption of natural gas as a running fuel (as opposed to use mainly for kiln warm ups) in response to low gas prices. T he natural gas data for both years include a component of landfill gas at two plants. Wet plants appeared to have substituted more liquid wastes (including used oils) for fuel oil in 2011.

Although not shown in table 7, overall unit heat consumption (gross heat basis) in 2011 was about 4.1 billion joules (GJ) per metric ton of clinker, significantly unchanged from consumption in 2010. Wet kiln plants averaged 7.0 GJ per ton of clinker, up by about 4%, and dry kiln plants averaged 3.9 GJ in 2011, down by about 2%. It remained unclear whether or not the industry overall was experiencing any heat efficiency penalties for the common practice in 2010 and 2011 of operating kilns on an intermittent basis and with longer overall downtimes than would be customary in busy years. Overall, coal continued to supply the largest share of total heat consumed (64%), followed by petroleum coke (about 17%), and waste fuels (about 10%).

Average unit electricity consumption declined slightly overall and for dry plants, but was significantly lower for the remaining wet plants (table 8). The improvement appears to reflect the higher rate of grinding (cement) capacity utilization noted earlier.

In early October, Argos USA, the U.S. subsidiary of the Colombian cement producer Cementos Argos S.A., completed the purchase of most of Lafarge’s southeastern U.S. cement and concrete assets (Argos USA, 2011). Included within this purchase were the 1.6-million-metric-ton-per-year ( M t/yr) Roberta, AL, integrated cement plant; the 0.5 M t/yr Atlanta, GA, grinding plant; the 1.1 M t/yr Harleyville, SC, integrated cement plant; and a variety of terminals. N ot included in the purchase, however, was Lafarge’s cement import terminal at Charleston, SC.

Early in 2011, Drake Cement LLC recorded its first production of cement and clinker from its new Drake, AZ, integrated plant, completed in late 2010. T his was the only new producer during 2011. At midyear, CalPortland Co. formally closed the production facilities of its Colton, CA, integrated plant; the plant’s kilns had been idle for more than a year, but its finish mill had remained active. The site was to continue to act as a terminal. In June, Holcim indefinitely idled its Catskill, N Y, integrated plant. Because this plant recorded no production in 2011 and was formally announced as closed in M arch 2012, it was removed from the plant count (tables 3, 5) for 2011. In October 2011, Lafarge announced the closure of its Fredonia, KS, integrated plant in early 2012 (Lafarge N orth America, Inc., 2011).

A number of plant upgrade or expansion projects were underway during 2011, but no major projects (new or upgraded kiln lines or similar) were announced as completed during the year nor were new such projects announced. M any plants were upgrading their emissions control and monitoring systems ahead of the E PA emissions limitations noted earlier. In particular, whereas 49 plants reported having some or all kilns without a continuous emissions monitoring system (C EM S) in 2010, only 12 plants reported having kilns lacking a C EM S in 2011. Consumption This report presents data on cement sales to domestic final customers from both the USGS annual canvass (tables 1, 11, 12, and 14) and monthly surveys (table 9). Despite close agreement in the national totals between the annual and monthly data, only table 9 regional breakout tonnages represent State-level consumption. T he regional breakouts in tables 11, 12, and 14 simply pertain to the locations of the reporting entities (chiefly the production sites), not the locations of consumption. It is very common for shipments to cross State lines.

Sales of portland cement in 2011 increased in all months except M arch and April, relative to the same months in 2010, and essentially continued a growth trend that began in M arch 2010. T he 2.8% rate of increase in domestic sales for 2011 overall (table 9) was similar to the 3.1% growth in sales for M arch through December 2010 relative to 2009. N otwithstanding the gains, total consumption in 2011 was still 52 M t (42%) less than in the peak year of 2005. Only 16 States showed consumption declines of 1% or more in 2011; the largest decline was in Louisiana (down by 14.4%) and likely reflected, in part, severe rainfall from tropical storm Lee. Several States showed consumption gains of 10% or more; the largest relative increases were in the District of Columbia, a 63% increase, and N orth Dakota, up by 46%. Per-capita consumption of portland cement was 221 kg in 2011, significantly unchanged from that of 2009–10. T his remained the lowest level since 1947 and was well below the 413 kg per capita level for the record consumption year of 2005. M asonry cement consumption decreased by 4.1% to 1.8 M t (table 9), the lowest level since 1946 and only about one-third the level in the record consumption year of 2005.

As noted earlier, a few importers do not participate in the USGS annual cement canvass, and their sales—to the degree that they were made to final customers and not to other (reporting) cement companies—are missing from the data in this report. An estimate of the missing sales volumes can be made by comparing the U.S. Census Bureau trade data (tables 17 and 21) with the USGS data for import origins of sales (table 9). E xcluding imports from France—largely into N orfolk, VA, and likely all aluminous cement or its clinker—the Census “excess” for 2011 was only about 0.03 M t. However, this result appears to be too small, based on known gaps in the USGS sales data relating to the imports (table 18) from, especially, the Republic of Korea into the Philadelphia, PA, customs district, and lesser amounts of cement into other districts from other countries. Adjusting for these, and for stockpile changes at importers, it is estimated that the annual sales tables are missing about 0.2 M t (about 0.2%) of portland cement sales in 2011 and about 0.4 M t (about 0.6%) in 2010.

Regional breakouts of price data (as mill net values) are listed in tables 11 and 12; again, table 9 gives a better indication of State-level consumption tonnages. As in table 9, regional portland cement sales tonnages in table 11 reveal a mix of increases and decreases in 2011, but show a modest increase overall. Price changes commonly lag changes in sales volumesCement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.5 

### because of the common existence of long-term pricing contracts. Despite the higher sales volumes, unit prices in 2011 fell in all but three districts and the overall price for the country declined by 3.3%. Although modest compared with the nearly 7% decrease ($6.50 per metric ton) in 2010 relative to 2009, the price decline in 2011 completely offset the sales tonnage increase in terms of overall revenues. Price shifts for masonry cement (table 12) are difficult to evaluate because of the high, but variable, percentage of sales that are in bag or package form rather than the much cheaper bulk form; the split between bag and bulk sales is not reported to the USGS. As listed, the unit price for masonry cement increased by nearly 2% despite a 5% decline in sales volumes.

T

able 10 lists sales of portland cement by mode of transportation. M ajor changes evident in 2011 are a greater reliance on rail and barge transport for the loading of terminals by the plants and, in terms of sales to final customers, greater reliance on terminals. Assuming correct reporting, waterborne shipments from terminals were significantly higher in 2011 than in recent years. In contrast, shipments by rail to final customers declined significantly.

Within a given category of construction, cement consumption levels broadly reflect levels of construction spending, but significant time lags may exist between the onset or cutoff of spending and changes in the consumption of cement. In terms of 1996 constant dollars, overall construction spending in 2011 fell by 5.4% to about $476 billion (Portland Cement Association, 2013). Public sector construction remained the largest share of the total at $163 billion, down by 10.5%; within this sector, construction spending for buildings declined by 6.9% to $63 billion, spending for roads decreased by 9.0% to $44 billion, and sewage and waste disposal expenditures declined by 13.5% to about $14 billion. With single-family housing starts stagnant, residential construction spending was $160 billion, down by 2.6%, and nonresidential building construction spending was $88 billion, down by 6.7%. Given these spending declines, the higher cement sales tonnages noted above for 2011 point to an apparent increase in cement or concrete “intensity” of construction. Higher cement intensity can result from shifts in spending from repairs to new construction (more concrete

- intensive), more projects in their actual concrete-use phase, or less expensive cement or concrete or other perceived advantages of concrete over competing construction materials. Although the statistic is fraught with variables (including variation among types of construction), a crude indicator of overall cement intensity would simply divide total construction spending by the total tons of portland and masonry cement consumed overall; in 2011, this would calculate to 152 t of cement consumed per million dollars, compared with 140 t in 2010. The ratio for 2011 significantly exceeds those of the peak (total tonnage) consumption years of 2005 (146 t) and 2006 (145 t).

Portland cement sales in 2011 are broken out by customer type in table 14. Ready-mixed concrete producers, as listed, accounted for 70% of total shipments, but the true percentage to this customer type was larger (probably about 75%) because some sales were reported under other types, such as airport and road paving contractors, which also made use of ready

- mixed concrete; likewise, sales to these contractors could be underreported. As listed on table 14, sales to ready

- mixed customers increased by 3.8%, sales to airport contractors declined by 39%, and sales to road paving contractors declined by nearly 10%. Sales to contractors overall declined by 11%. Among concrete product manufacturers, sales to brick and block makers decreased by 12%, those to precast and prestressed slab makers increased by nearly 14%, and sales to pipe manufacturers decreased by nearly 7%; these shifts are difficult to evaluate because of a 6% increase in sales to “Other and unspecified” product manufacturers and the increase is likely mainly in the “unspecified” characterization. Sales to the smaller categories of customers may be underrepresented because some respondents seem to report only broad categories. As listed, sales into the mining sector decreased by nearly 3%, in contrast to generally higher commodity (and mine output tonnages) during the year. Sales into the mining sector were reported by relatively few respondents and the decline may reflect sales tonnage shifts at just a few locations. Sales of cement for oil well (and gas well) drilling increased by 26%; this is in line with a 21.5% increase in the average weekly rig count in 2011 (Baker Hughes, 2013). Cement sales for waste stabilization increased by 19%, in contrast to the decline in spending for the category “sewage and waste disposal” noted above.

T

able 15 lists the sales breakout of the various cements included within “portland cement” in this report. As in past years, sales in 2011 were dominated by T ypes I and II cements and sulfate-resistant varieties of cement ( T ype V and T ype II/V hybrids reported as T ype V); these also included equivalent cements sold under the specifications of ASTM C–1157. Assignment between “General use and moderate heat” cements and “Sulfate resisting” categories is somewhat artificial because some hybrid cements are listed as meeting the standards for both T ype II (or I, II) and T ype V (such as II, V) cements; these are supposed to be included under “Sulfate resisting” cements but may not always be so reported. As listed, “ T ype V” sales increased by 8%. Oil well cement sales increased by nearly 35%, which is a higher relative increase than the sales to oil (and gas) well drillers noted above and may imply an increase in the proportion of deep wells requiring specialized oil well cements; shallower wells can make use of ordinary grades of portland cement.

Sales of blended cements declined by 15% to 1.33 M t overall in contrast with a 21% increase in 2010. However, USGS monthly data show blended cement sales in 2011 of 1.43 M t, down by 23%. It remains uncertain why this difference exists, but it most likely relates to continued inconsistencies in characterizing cement sold under the general performance standard AS TM C–1157, which at one time applied only to blended cements but which now applies to hydraulic cements in general, and which allows for cements having limestone additions to be variously classified. There can be reporting uncertainties related to the classification of ternary blended cements (those containing more than one type of SC M ). As listed in table 15, sales of blends with GGBFS declined by nearly 29%, and this is in line with an overall 4% decline in granulated slag sales, including direct sales of unblended GGBFS directly to the concrete industry, noted in the 201116.6 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 

### USGS iron and steel slag survey. In contrast, sales of fly ash blends increased by nearly 23%. Foreign Trade

T

rade data supplied from the U.S. Census Bureau are listed in tables 16–21. E xports (table 16) increased in 2011 by 20% to about 1.4 M t, the highest level in more than 60 years. Despite the increase, exports remained a very small part of total sales by the U.S. industry and continued to be small compared to cement imports. Canada remained the main destination for U.S. exports, accounting for 71% of the 2011 total.

T

otal imports of cement and clinker in 2011 decreased by 3.1% to 6.4 M t (tables 1, 17), continuing a trend of decline since the record importation year of 2006 (35.6 M t). M ost of the imports were of gray portland cement, and major tonnage declines were seen in the imports from China, Colombia, Greece (nil in 2011), and T aiwan. Imports from the Republic of Korea increased significantly. As in 2010, Canada remained by far the largest import source.

Official imports of white cement are listed in table 20. In many past years, and based on unexpectedly low unit values, the data appeared to have included some gray cement or clinker; the apparent errors likely were because of the use of the wrong tariff code by importers. Although unit value data for 2010 indicate the possible inclusion of some gray cement in the “white” imports from China, no low-unit-value anomalies are evident in the data for 2011. Overall, imports of white cement increased by 8.7%; this increase was expected given that the United States has only had two white cement plants in operation since 2008, but the increase is in contrast to relatively stagnant white cement sales indicated in table 15 and little change in white cement production. T he apparent excess in imports is partly explained by white cement also being used for some masonry cement (not included in table 15) and as a basis for some colored cement that may have been included as gray portland.

Imports of clinker declined slightly to 0.61 M t (table 21), but the data are incomplete with regard to overland imports from Canada; the tonnages listed are insufficient to have fully supplied Canadian-clinker-dependant grinding plants in Michigan and Washington. The annual deficit is estimated to be about 0.2 M t in both 2010 and 2011. T he unreported Canadian clinker appears mostly to have come in by truck, at a value of less than $2,000 (customs value) per truckload; such shipments are classified as “informal entries” and data on them are not routinely transmitted by the U.S. Customs Service to the U.S. Census Bureau for recordation into the official trade data (reproduced in tables 17–21). T his problem presumably does not exist for imports by rail or by ship because these shipments are larger.

For cement and clinker combined, the 10 busiest customs districts of entry in 2011 were, in descending order of tonnage, Seattle, WA; Detroit, M I; Houston-Galveston, T X; Buffalo, N Y; Cleveland, OH; Columbia-Snake, ID, OR, and WA; Honolulu, HI; E l Paso, T X; Pembina, N D; and Ogdensburg, N Y (table 18). T hese leading districts accounted for about 77% of the total imports for the year. World Review World hydraulic cement production data are provided in table 22. T he data for most countries include all forms of hydraulic cement; however, the data for the United States are for portland and masonry cement only and data for some other countries may be incomplete. For some countries, the production data may include exports of clinker.

World cement output in 2011 was an estimated 3.6 Gt, up by 10.4%. Production was from more than 150 countries. China continued to be by far the world’s leading producer, with an output of almost 2.1 Gt, up by about 15%, and accounting for 58% of the world total.

T he remaining top 20 producers in 2011 were, in descending order, India, the United States, Brazil, Turkey, Iran, Vietnam, Russia, Japan, Saudi Arabia, the Republic of Korea, E gypt, T hailand, M exico, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, Indonesia, Spain, and Algeria. Cumulatively, the top 5 countries accounted for 70% of total world output; the top 10 countries, about 78%; and the top 20 countries, about 87%.

Regionally, Asia and the Pacific accounted for 74% of world production, including 8 of the 20 leading producing countries, and had the highest growth rate of all regions. T he M iddle E ast (including T urkey) was the next ranked producing region, with 6.5% of the 2011 total, and was followed by Western E urope, at 4.7%; Africa, at 4.0%; Central and South America (including the Caribbean), 3.7%; N orth America (including M exico), 3.2%; the Commonwealth of Independent States, 2.6%; and E astern E urope, 1.3%.

Outlook

Although cement sales in 2011 rose only modestly, portland cement sales for the fourth quarter were up by 7.5% and, together with increases in housing starts late in the year and some other economic indicators of recovery from the recession, it was anticipated that cement sales might increase by as much as 10% in 2012. T his would still be well below the consumption level in 2008, and a return to consumption levels similar to the record years of 2005 and 2006 was not expected for at least a decade and only if the housing market and tax revenues to States (and hence public sector construction) recovered substantially. However, at such time that annual consumption returned to levels of 110 M t or more, it was unclear if there would be sufficient remaining domestic production capacity to meet the higher demand given that stringent emissions restrictions were likely to lead to a large number of older plants closing and to discourage the construction of new plants. It was likely that an increasing share of domestic consumption would thus need to be met with imported cement. Domestic capacity was expected to be given an artificial boost by a broadening of cement standards to allow for more incorporation of SC M and other additions. Recent acceptance in Canada of portland-limestone cements (containing up to 15% ground limestone addition) was expected to lead to U.S. cement standards being revised to allow for such cements as well. Limestone addition was viewed as a relatively easy way to boost cement production capacity, usingCement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.7 

### an abundant, low “carbon-footprint,” resource, without having to increase clinker production capacity.

Given their recent rapid rise in production, Brazil, Iran, Russia, T urkey, and Vietnam all appeared poised to possibly overtake the United States in cement output within the next 5 years.
References Cited
American Coal Ash Association, 2012, 2011 coal combustion product (CCP)

production and use survey report: Farmington Hills, M I, American Coal Ash Association fact sheet, 1 p. (Accessed January 25, 2013, at http://www.acaa-usa.org/associations/8003/files/Final2011CCPSurvey.pdf.) Argos USA, 2011, Argos creates leading integrated southeastern U.S. cement

and ready mix platform with $760 million purchase: Houston, T X, Argos USA press release, M ay 1, 1 p. (Accessed M arch 8, 2013, at http:// www.argos-us.com/newsflash/indivArticle.asp?Mode=View&articleid=11&C ategory=All&id=251.) Baker Hughes, 2013, N orth America rotary rig counts through 2012: N orth

America rig count archive. (Accessed M arch 1, 2013, at http:// phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=79687&p=irol-reportsother.) Hanle, Lisa, M aldonado, Pedro, Onuma, E iichi, T ichy, M ilos, and van Oss,

H.G., 2006, M ineral industry emissions, chap. 2 in E ggleston, Simon, Buenda, Leandro, M iwa, Kyoko, N gara, T odd, and T anabe, Kiyoto, eds., Industrial processes and product use: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for N ational Greenhouse Gas Inventories, v. 3, CD-RO M

. Lafarge N orth America, Inc., 2011, Lafarge announces plans to close its

Fredonia, KS cement plant: Fredonia, KS, Lafarge N orth America press release, October 14, 1 p. (Accessed M arch 8, 2013, at http:// www.lafarge-na.com/wps/portal/na/en/1_8_2-Archive_NewsDetail?WCM_ GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connectlib_na/Site_na/AllPR_Archives/ PressRelease_1320178916305/PR_Header.) Portland Cement Association, 2013, Construction put in place: M onitor, v. 23,

no. 2, February, p. 10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011a, 40 CFR Part 241—Identification

of non-hazardous secondary materials that are solid waste: Federal Register , March 21, v. 76, p. 15456−15551. U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency, 2011b, 40 CFR Part 60—Standards of

performance for new stationary sources and emissions guidelines for existing sources—Commercial and industrial solid waste incinerator units (Final rule): Federal Register, March 21, v. 76, p. 15704−15790. U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency, 2011c, 40 CFR Parts 60 and 63—

National emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants from the portland cement manufacturing industry and standards of performance for portland cement plants: Federal Register, May 17, v. 76, p. 28318−28326. U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency, 2013, Greenhouse gas reporting program—2011 data sets: U.S. E nvironmental Protection Agency. (Accessed February 28, 2013, via http://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting/ghgdata/ 2011data.html.) U.S. House of Representatives, 2011, Cement sector regulatory relief act of

2011: U.S. House of Representatives, September 26, Report 112–227, 22 p. U.S. International T rade Commission, 2011, Gray portland cement and cement clinker from Japan: U.S. International T rade Commission, Investigation N o. 731– T A–461 ( T hird review), December, Pub. 4281, 118 p. van Oss, H.G., 2005, Background facts and issues concerning cement and

cement data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1152, 88 p. (Accessed January 2, 2012, at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1152/.)


### GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION U.S. Geological Survey Publications

Cement. Ch. in M ineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Cement. M ineral Industry Surveys, monthly. Historical Statistics for M ineral and M aterial Commodities in

the United States, Data Series 140.

Other American Coal Ash Association, annual survey. Cement. Ch. in M ineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau of

M ines Bulletin 675, 1985. Cement Americas, bimonthly. Concrete Products, monthly. E uropean Cement Association, T he. Global Cement Magazine, monthly. International Cement Review, monthly. N orth American Cement Directory, Cement Americas, annual. Portland Cement Association: M onitor, T he, monthly. N orth American Cement Industry Annual Yearbook.

U.S. and Canadian Portland Cement Industry, Plant

Information Summary, annual. Rock Products, monthly. Slag Cement Association, annual survey. World Cement, monthly.16.8 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 

### 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Production:

Cement 3 

### 95,464 86,310 63,907 66,447 r 

### 67,895 Clinker 86,130 78,382 56,116 59,802 61,241 Shipments from mills and terminals: 3, 4, 5



### Quantity 114,000 96,700 71,000 70,300 72,100 Value 6 

### thousand dollars 11,900,000 9,990,000 7,020,000 6,490,000 r 

### 6,440,000 Average value 6 

### dollars per metric ton 104.00 103.50 99.00 92.00 89.50 Stocks, yearend:

Cement 8,890 8,360 6,080 6,180 6,270 Clinker 6,550 7,070 5,130 4,760 4,620 exports 886 7 

### 823 884 1,178 1,414 Imports: 8



### Cement 21,496 10,744 6,211 6,013 5,812 Clinker 972 621 556 613 606

total 9 

### 22,468 11,365 6,767 6,626 6,418 Consumption, apparent 10 

### 116,550 96,760 71,510 71,180 r 

### 72,200 World production e, 11 

### 2,810,000 2,850,000 3,030,000 3,270,000 r 

### 3,610,000 tABLe 1 SALIent Cement StAtIStICS FOR tHe UnIteD StAteS 1, 2



### (thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

e 

### estimated. r 

### Revised.
1 

### Unless otherwise indicated, data are for portland (including blended) and masonry cements only. even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2 

### excludes Puerto Rico.
3 

### Includes cement made from imported clinker. Includes a double-counted component (less than 0.5% per year) of portland cement subsequently converted at the plants to masonry cement; because of the involvement of stockpiles, the precise amount converted from actual production cannot be determined.

9 

### Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
10 

### Production (including that from imported clinker) of cement plus imports of hydraulic cement minus exports of hydraulic cement minus the change in yearend cement stocks.
11 

### total hydraulic cement. may include clinker exports for some countries. 4 

### Includes imported cement.
5 

### Shipments to final domestic customers. Data are from an annual survey of plants and terminals and may differ from the totals in table 9, which are based on consolidated monthly surveys from companies.
6 

### Value free on board mill or independently reporting terminal.
7 

### Official export data for 2007 have been corrected to remove an apparent excess of 653,255 metric tons of aluminous cement from Laredo, tX.
8 

### All forms of hydraulic cement or clinker.

State subdivision Defining counties California, northern Alpine, Fresno, Kings, madera, mariposa, monterey, tulare, tuolumne, and all counties farther north. California, southern Inyo, Kern, mono, San Luis Obispo, and all counties farther south. Illinois, excluding Chicago All counties other than those in metropolitan Chicago. Illinois, metropolitan Chicago Cook, DuPage, Kane, Kendall, Lake, mcHenry, and Will Counties in Illinois. new York, eastern Delaware, Franklin, Hamilton, Herkimer, Otsego, and all counties farther east and south, except those within metropolitan new York. new York, western Broome, Chenango, Lewis, madison, Oneida, St. Lawrence, and all counties farther west. new York, metropolitan new York City (Bronx, Kings, new York, Queens, and Richmond), nassau, Rockland, Suffolk, and Westchester. Pennsylvania, eastern Adams, Cumberland, Juniata, Lycoming, mifflin, Perry, tioga, Union, and all counties farther east. Pennsylvania, western Centre, Clinton, Franklin, Huntingdon, Potter, and all counties farther west. texas, northern Angelina, Bell, Concho, Crane, Culberson, el Paso, Falls, Houston, Hudspeth, Irion, Lampasas, Leon, Limestone, mcCulloch, Reagan, Reeves, Sabine, San Augustine, San Saba, tom Green, trinity, Upton, Ward, and all counties farther north. texas, southern Brazos, Burnet, Crockett, Jasper, Jeff Davis, Llano, Madison, Mason, Menard, Milam, Newton, Pecos, Polk, Robertson, San Jacinto, Schleicher, tyler, Walker, Williamson, and all counties farther south. tABLe 2 COUntY BASIS OF SUBDIVISIOn OF StAteS In Cement tABLeSCement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.9numberGrindingPercentageYearendnumberGrindingPercentageYearendDistrict2of plantsProduction3capacity4utilized5stocks6of plantsProduction3capacity4utilized5stocks6maine and new York52,1224,23650.119841,9813,68753.7203Pennsylvania93,3826,790749.8734683,2706,020754.37311Illinois31,6202,75558.823521,3982,01769.3225Indiana42,4733,74566.021942,2923,74561.2190michigan43,4825,53063.023043,4755,53062.8302Ohio26271,16653.85626361,16654.626Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota52,6775,840745.8725752,9305,82450.37313Kansas31,8243,572r51.1r24031,5683,57243.9237missouri56,46910,81759.866157,05411,31962.37487Florida8r3,380r, 89,970r, 734.0r, 730683,30689,970733.27264Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia64,3057,90654.541864,7868,22558.2322South Carolina32,0485,08540.311432,4825,08548.8100Alabama53,2867,29245.126655,217910,594949.295149Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee42,1933,70259.22684W9W9W9W9Arkansas and Oklahoma42,0124,07849.316541,9333,65552.9148texas, northern63,8677,76549.817663,9837,76551.3220texas, southern65,0006,18580.921465,2206,33482.4257Arizona and New Mexico31,2443,11639.99841,2433,71533.5126Colorado and Wyoming42,3334,51751.711442,4374,51754.0166Idaho, montana, nevada, Utah62,0553,72555.214662,1843,72858.6136Alaska and Hawaii--------66--------97California106,94512,85154.04227107,73012,85160.14317Oregon and Washington41,2002,43549.326941,0122,43541.5235Importers10--------2697--------3027total11109r64,546r123,000r, 752.4r5,750710766,136122,000754.375,8607Puerto Rico27551,78042.44927441,78041.823Grand total11111r65,301r125,000r, 752.3r5,800710966,880124,000754.175,8807involvement of cement stockpiles, but is less than 0.5% of the grand totals listed.tABLe 3PORtLAnD AnD BLenDeD Cement PRODUCtIOn, CAPACItY, AnD StOCKS In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY DIStRICt1(thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)20102011rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in “total.” -- Zero.1even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. Includes data for white cement. Includes cement made from imported clinker.2District assignation is the location of the reporting facilities. Specific districts include importers where district assignations were possible.3Production data include a small amount of portland cement subsequently consumed at the plant to make masonry cement; the amount thus double-counted cannot be determined precisely because of the4Grinding capacity is based on fineness needed to produce a plant’s normal output mix, including masonry cement, and allowing for downtime for routine maintenance.8Production data have been adjusted to avoid double-counting of portland cement supplied by one plant to another for the sole purpose of conversion to blended and masonry cement.9For 2011, data for Kentucky, mississippi, and tennessee are included with those for Alabama.10Data include only those importers or terminals for which district assignations were not possible.11Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.5Calculated relative to portland cement output; utilization would be higher if calculated to include output of masonry cement.6Includes imported cement and stocks of domestic and imported cement at mills, terminals, and in transit.7Data include estimates for nonrespondents or incompletely reporting facilities.16.10 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 number number of active Yearend of active Yearend District 2 plants Production 3 stocks 4 plants Production 3 stocks 4 maine and new York 4 40 14 3 39 15 Pennsylvania 8 147 41 7 141 44 Indiana and Ohio 6 260 59 6 232 42 michigan 3 83 24 3 61 22 Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota 1 W W

-- W W Kansas 2 W W 2 W W missouri 1 W W 1 W W Florida 6 198 42 6 188 43 Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 6 251 42 6 233 43 South Carolina 3 152 17 3 143 15 Alabama 4 191 47 4 211 5 57 5 Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 3 W W 3 W 5 W 5 Arkansas and Oklahoma 4 92 17 3 82 15 texas 8 199 22 7 187 20 Arizona and New Mexico 3 W W 3 W W Colorado and Wyoming 2 W W 1 W W Idaho, montana, nevada, Utah 1 W W 1 W W California 6 178 32 6 6 170 36 Importers 7

-- -- 9 6

-- -- 3 6

total 8 71 1,901 427 6 65 1,759 396 6 tABLe 4 mASOnRY Cement PRODUCtIOn AnD StOCKS In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY DIStRICt 1

(thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

2010 2011

5 For 2011, data for Kentucky, mississippi, and tennessee are included with those for Alabama.
6 Data include estimates for nonrespondents or incompletely reporting facilities.
7 Data include only those importers or terminals for which district assignations were not possible.
8 Data may not add totals shown because of independent rounding. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in “total.” -- Zero.
1 Includes masonry, portland-lime, plastic, and stucco cements. even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2 District assignation is the location of the reporting facilities. Specific districts include importers where district assignations were possible.
3 Includes cement produced from imported clinker.
4 Includes imported cement.Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.11DailyAverageApparent annualYearendcapacity4, 5days ofcapacity4, 7ProductionPercentagestocksnumber(thousandroutine(thousand(thousandof capacity(thousandDistrictWetDryBoth3totalof kilns4metric tons)maintenance6metric tons)metric tons)utilizedmetric tons)maine and new York12--349.630.63,2251,89758.81608Pennsylvania25--71116.924.585,65083,14555.78279Illinois--2--236.422.12,1801,33761.3145Indiana139--4810.224.083,49082,25464.78117michigan--2--2611.232.783,69082,62271.18167Ohio11--233.411.91,19256047.031Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota--415914.115.384,83082,69355.88158Kansas12--358.524.22,8941,63156.472missouri--5--5528.831.09,5586,44567.4215Florida--7--71026.110.289,28083,02932.68341Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia--5--5519.427.086,57084,55769.38292South Carolina--3--3312.232.784,07082,36358.18265Alabama, Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee18--9927.920.49,5774,98952.1240Arkansas and Oklahoma13--489.921.73,3791,64348.699texas, northern24--61219.018.16,5913,58054.3235texas, southern--5--5616.119.085,60084,90087.58272Arizona and New Mexico--4--4810.412.93,5891,20433.6220Colorado and Wyoming--4--4511.516.63,9272,27758.0264Idaho, montana, nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington35--81013.425.0*4,5162,92264.7315California--8--8934.823.611,8367,19360.8621total101382196139309.921.48106,000861,24158.084,6208Puerto Rico--2--225.342.581,731866238.2889Grand total101384198141315.221.78107,000861,90357.784,71089Includes one semiwet kiln.10Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.*Correction posted June 12, 2013.-- Zero.1even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.2Includes white cement plants and all plants (gray or white) that produced clinker for at least 1 day during the year.3Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year.4Includes kilns active for at least 1 day during the year. For kilns idle all year, excludes those that cannot be restarted, fully permitted, in less than 6 months.5Sum of reported kiln capacities for all plants in a district.6total days of routine maintenance (summed for all kilns) divided by the number of kilns.7Sum of apparent annual capacities for all kilns. For each kiln, the statistic is calculated as 365 days minus days reported for routine maintenance and then multiplied by the unrounded daily capacity.8Data contain estimates for some facilities and have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.Process usedtABLe 5CLInKeR CAPACItY AnD PRODUCtIOn In tHe UnIteD StAteS In 2011, BY DIStRICt1number of active plants216.12 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 materials Clinker Cement 3 Clinker Cement 3 Calcareous:

Limestone (aragonite, chalk, coral, marble) 78,500 1,550 80,000 1,500 Cement rock (includes marl) 7,500 30 8,070 23 Cement kiln dust (CKD) 4 256 141 391 131 Lime 4 20 17 17 53 Other 47 13 86 8 Aluminous:

Clay 2,830

-- 2,820

-- Shale and schist 2,370 13 2,250 36 Other 5 478

-- 387

-- Ferrous:

Iron ore 501

-- 544

-- mill scale 522

-- 659

-- Other 6 19

-- 15

-- Siliceous:

Sand, calcium silicates 2,830

-- 2,850

-- Sandstone, quartzite, soils, nonpozzolanic rocks 506

-- 481

-- Fly ash 2,430 85 2,380 118 Other ash, including bottom ash 727

-- 891

-- Granulated blast furnace slag 7 70 235 47 217 Other blast furnace slag 30

-- 42

-- Steel slag 238

-- 296

-- Other slag 165 2 47 5 Natural rock pozzolans 8

-- 20

-- 33 Other pozzolans 9 9 1 18 1 Other:

Gypsum and anhydrite (10) 3,550 (10) 3,640 Other 11 62 61 57 59 total 12 100,000 5,720 102,000 5,820 Clinker, imported, raw materials equivalent 13

-- 1,190

-- 1,190

Grand total 12 100,000 6,910 102,000 7,010 tABLe 6 RAW mAteRIALS USeD tO PRODUCe CLInKeR AnD Cement In tHe UnIteD StAteS 1, 2

(thousand metric tons)

2010 2011

-- Zero.
1 excludes Puerto Rico.
2 Data have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.
3 Includes portland, blended, and masonry cements.
4 Data are probably underreported.
5 Includes alumina, aluminum dross, bauxite, spent catalysts, and other aluminous materials.

12 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
13 Converted as 1.7 times the weight of foreign clinker consumed. 6 Includes iron sludges, pyrite, and other ferrous materials.
7 Includes both ground (GGBFS) and unground material.
8 Includes pozzolana and burned clays or shales (except where directly reported as clay or shale).
9 Includes diatomite, silica fume, other microcrystalline silica, and other pozzolans, even if not used as such.
10 Included with Calcareous: Other.
11 Includes fluorspar and all other materials not listed earlier.Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.13QuantityCoal4PetcokeOil5natural gas6tiresSolidLiquidnumber(thousandPercentage(thousand(thousand(thousand(thousand(thousand(thousand(thousandKiln processof plantsmetric tons)of totalmetric tons)metric tons)liters)cubic meters)metric tons)metric tons)liters)2010:Wet153,9186.64981486,48027,2005259229,000Dry78354,60091.35,1101,32024,100252,300r270351639,000Both821,2852.1194----7,260----41,300total910059,802100.05,8101,47030,500287,000322411909,0002011:Wet133,7746.2522981,66061,5005578231,000Dry7, 108257,46793.85,5301,19020,000319,600265622872,000Both8, 101WWWWWWWWWtotal99661,241100.06,0501,29053,900381,0003206991,100,000tABLe 7CLInKeR PRODUCeD AnD FUeL COnSUmeD BY tHe U.S. Cement InDUStRY, BY KILn PROCeSS1Clinker production2Conventional fuels3Waste fuels3rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. -- Zero.1excludes Puerto Rico.2Clinker production data are all reported. Although unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.3With the exception of natural gas (for better summation), all fuel data have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.4All reported to be bituminous.5Distilliate and residual fuel oils. excludes used oils that were reported under liquid wastes.6Includes landfill gas and propane.7Includes one semiwet plant. Also, for 2010, includes one plant that operated a dry kiln, but also had idle wet kilns that were officially closed during the year.8Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year. Includes plants that converted from wet to dry technology during the year.For 2010, excludes one plant as noted in footnote 7.9Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.10For 2011, data for the category “Both” have been included in those for “Dry” plants to protect company proprietary information.16.14 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011AverageCementconsumptionQuantityQuantityQuantityproduced4(kilowatthoursnumber(millionnumber(millionnumber(millionPercentage(thousandper ton ofPlant processof plantskilowatthours)of plantskilowatthours)of plantskilowatthours)of totalmetric tons)cement produced)2010:Integrated plants:Wet----156211562174,277145Dry532268568,4708568,7009159,654146Both7----2205220521,377149total or average3322610269,30010269,52010065,309146Grinding plants8----5r965r96--965100exclusions9----3XX3XX--173rXX2011:Integrated plants:Wet----135861358664,227139Dry5, 1022388468,7608469,0009462,643144Both7, 10----1W1WWWWtotal or average322389869,3509869,59010066,869143Grinding plants8----596592--917100exclusions9----3XX3XX--109XXtABLe 8eLeCtRICItY COnSUmeD BY U.S. Cement PLAntS, BY KILn PROCeSS1electricity consumed2GeneratedPurchasedtotal3rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. XX not applicable. -- Zero.1excludes Puerto Rico.2electricity data are rounded to no more than three significant digits because they contain estimates.3Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.4Portland and masonry cement. Data are all reported and are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.5Includes one semiwet plant. Also, for 2010, includes one plant that operated a dry kiln, but also had idle wet kilns that were officially closed during the year.10For 2011, data for the category “Both” have been included in those for “Dry” plants to protect company proprietary information.6Includes two grinding plants whose data were included with the integrated plants.7Plants that can operate both wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year. Includes plants that converted from wet to dry technology during the year. For 2010,excludes one plant as noted in footnote 5.8Plants that did not produce clinker but ground clinker from outside sources. excludes plants that only made masonry cement or just reground one type of portland cement into another, orwhich also reported a substantial component of grinding of excess granulated blast furnace slag. excludes two plants that were reported under “Dry” as noted in footnote 6.9Plants at which production of portland cement was by simply regrinding of one type into another or which reported production only of masonry cement.Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.15 Destination and origin 2010 2011 2010 2011 Destination:

Alabama 1,009 1,000 77 74 Alaska 3 137 142

-- -- Arizona 1,477 1,476 22 20 Arkansas 757 736 38 34 California, northern 2,081 2,415 35 33 California, southern 4,137 4,475 145 131 Colorado 1,467 1,402 6 4 Connecticut 3 469 477 11 10 Delaware 3 172 172 4 4 District of Columbia 3 109 178 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) Florida 3,486 3,403 211 220 Georgia 1,685 1,703 116 106 Hawaii 3 262 260 3 2 Idaho 387 375 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) Illinois, excluding Chicago 1,413 1,402 10 8 Illinois, metropolitan Chicago 3 1,020 1,034 14 15 Indiana 1,482 1,491 34 34 Iowa 1,431 1,597 1 1 Kansas 1,172 1,159 5 5 Kentucky 852 926 45 46 Louisiana 3 2,742 2,348 48 49 maine 185 183 2 1 maryland 888 966 42 39 massachusetts 3 679 733 10 10 michigan 1,554 1,470 40 42 minnesota 3 1,200 1,213 12 10 mississippi 3 774 758 39 35 missouri 1,563 1,408 17 15 montana 259 273 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) nebraska 988 1,031 1 1 nevada 897 927 6 5 new Hampshire 3 185 193 7 7 new Jersey 3 1,123 1,073 40 37 new mexico 604 551 4 3 new York, eastern 456 437 9 9 new York, western 3 657 706 14 14 new York, metropolitan 3 1,189 1,175 50 47 north Carolina 3 1,581 1,752 127 121 north Dakota 3 408 595 1 1 Ohio 2,352 2,529 71 69 Oklahoma 1,432 1,512 39 38 Oregon 609 654 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) Pennsylvania, eastern 1,436 1,512 37 35 Pennsylvania, western 979 1,006 32 31 Rhode Island 3 93 107 1 1 South Carolina 931 994 61 56 South Dakota 447 468 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) tennessee 1,230 1,213 103 99 texas, northern 4,713 4,811 73 68 texas, southern 5,392 5,637 153 149 Utah 1,023 1,156 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) Vermont 3 103 101 1 1 Virginia 1,368 1,449 76 71 See footnotes at end of table. tABLe 9 Cement SHIPmentS tO FInAL CUStOmeR, BY DeStInAtIOn AnD ORIGIn 1, 2

(thousand metric tons)

Portland cement masonry cement16.16 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 Destination and origin 2010 2011 2010 2011 Destination

— Continued:

Washington 1,322 1,356 22 ( 4 ) West Virginia 426 487 12 13 Wisconsin 3 1,431 1,526 9 8 Wyoming 322 300 ( 4 )

--

total 5 68,544 70,434 1,915 1,836 Puerto Rico 808 838 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) Foreign countries 6 707 1,132 3 1

Grand total 5 70,059 72,404 1,918 1,837 Origin:

United States 64,358 66,622 1,897 1,816 Puerto Rico 731 757 ( 4 ) ( 4 ) Foreign countries 7 5,701 5,782 21 21

total shipments 5 70,059 72,404 1,918 1,837

7 Imported cement sold to final customers in the United States as reported by domestic producers and other importers. Data do not match the imports in tables 17–20. -- Zero.
1 Includes cement produced from imported clinker and imported cement shipped by domestic producers and importers.
2 Data are developed from consolidated monthly surveys of shipments by companies and may differ from data in tables 1, 10–12, and 14–15, which are from annual surveys of individual plants and importers. Although presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. tABLe 9—Continued Cement SHIPmentS tO FInAL CUStOmeR, BY DeStInAtIOn AnD ORIGIn 1, 2

(thousand metric tons)

4 Less than 1⁄2 unit.
5 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
6 Includes shipments to U.S. possessions and territories. Portland cement masonry cement

3 Has no cement plants. the sole plant in mississippi was idle for both years.

total to In bulk In bags 3 In bulk In bags 3 In bulk In bags 3 customers 4 2010:

Railroad 8,980 6 1,660 10 467 4 2,140 truck 3,570 83 37,600 966 27,200 307 66,100 Barge and boat 6,270 15 67

-- 93 58 218

total 4 18,800 105 39,300 977 27,800 370 68,400 5 2011:

Railroad 10,100 4 875 (6) 373 3 1,251 truck 3,740 115 36,000 894 30,800 400 68,100 Barge and boat 8,800

-- 96

-- 806

-- 902

total 4 22,600 119 37,000 894 32,000 403 70,300 5

monthly data. -- Zero. tABLe 10 SHIPmentS OF PORtLAnD Cement In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY tYPe OF CARRIeR 1, 2

(thousand metric tons)

Plant to terminal Plant to customer terminal to customer

1 Includes imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. excludes Puerto Rico.
2 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.
3 Includes packages, bags, and supersacks.
4 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
5 Shipments are based on an annual survey of plants and importers; may differ from totals in table 9, which are based on consolidated

6 Less than 1⁄2 unit.Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.17 Quantity 3 Average Quantity 3 Average (thousand total (per (thousand total (per District 4 metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) maine and new York 2,459 $225,563 $91.72 2,175 $202,409 $93.06 Pennsylvania 3,887 369,000 5 95.00 5 3,916 356,000 5 91.00 5 Illinois 2,016 179,580 89.07 1,870 167,569 89.62 Indiana 1,907 153,623 80.55 1,932 150,597 77.94 michigan 3,920 5 393,000 5 100.50 5 3,894 384,806 98.81 Ohio 598 55,111 92.18 651 57,382 88.16 Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota 3,017 311,194 103.13 3,303 325,836 98.65 Kansas 1,596 155,919 97.66 1,452 140,423 96.68 missouri 6,253 517,000 5 82.50 5 6,500 514,834 79.20 Florida 3,260 5 295,000 5 90.50 5 3,143 276,081 87.85 Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 3,978 334,768 84.16 4,358 334,753 76.81 South Carolina 1,894 164,338 86.78 2,534 200,566 79.16 Alabama 3,024 252,000 5 83.00 5 4,683 6 400,624 6 85.55 6 Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 1,740 162,965 93.65 W 6 W 6 W 6 Arkansas and Oklahoma 2,254 219,468 97.38 2,228 204,695 91.89 texas, northern 4,511 412,000 5 91.00 5 4,732 454,000 96.00 texas, southern 5,300 455,862 86.01 5,484 473,661 86.37 Arizona and New Mexico 1,786 199,318 r 111.60 r 1,704 171,136 100.40 Colorado and Wyoming 2,090 5 194,000 5 93.00 5 1,925 184,478 95.83 Idaho, montana, nevada, Utah 1,971 182,061 92.36 2,179 193,491 88.82 Alaska and Hawaii 357 57,700 5 162.00 5 359 54,045 150.47 California 6,880 5 543,000 5 79.00 5 7,414 558,000 5 75.50 5 Oregon and Washington 1,244 111,988 90.05 1,480 5 137,000 5 92.50 5 Importers 7 2,480 5 289,000 5 116.50 5 2,360 5 257,000 5 109.00 5

total or average 8 68,400 5 6,230,000 r, 5 91.00 5 70,300 5 6,200,000 5 88.00 5 Puerto Rico 830 W W 839 W W

Grand total 8 69,300 5 W W 71,100 5 W W tABLe 11 PORtLAnD Cement SHIPPeD In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY DIStRICt 1

2010 2011 Value 2 Value 2

r Revised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.
1 Includes gray and white portland cement. Includes cement made from imported clinker. even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2 Values are mill net or ex-plant (free on board) valuations of total sales to final customers, including sales from plants’ external distribution terminals. the data are ex-terminal for independently reporting terminals. Data include all varieties of portland cement and both bulk and bag shipments. Unless otherwise specified, data are presented unrounded. Unrounded or not, unit value data should be viewed as value indicators, accurate to no more than

6 For 2011, data for Kentucky, mississippi, and tennessee are included with those for Alabama.
7 Importers for which district assignations were not possible.
8 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. the nearest $0.50 or $1.00 per metric ton.
3 tonnages are those by reporting entities in the district but may include shipments into other districts. they differ from the data in table 9, which are the actual reported sales into the specific States.
4 District is the location of the reporting entities, not necessarily the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts include shipments by importers where district assignations were possible.
5 Data are rounded to three significant digits (unit values to the nearest $0.50) because they include estimates.16.18 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 Quantity 4 Average Quantity 4 Average (thousand total (per (thousand total (per District 5 metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) metric tons) (thousands) metric ton) maine and new York 46 $4,712 $101.96 46 $4,314 $94.58 Pennsylvania 172 20,600 6 120.00 6 159 22,200 6 140.00 6 Illinois, Indiana, Ohio 213 30,800 6 145.00 6 219 29,793 136.24 michigan 78 9,680 6 123.50 6 67 9,088 135.45 Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota 1 98 100.88 1 104 98.25 Kansas and missouri 92 6 12,000 6 129.50 6 82 6 11,649 142.83 Florida 191 25,230 131.92 187 24,600 6 132.00 6 Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 199 34,143 171.68 191 32,378 169.50 South Carolina 163 19,536 120.19 151 19,382 128.22 Alabama 192 24,448 127.48 241 7 32,072 7 133.06 7 Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 55 8,033 144.87 W 7 W 7 W 7 Arkansas and Oklahoma 93 11,286 121.14 82 9,571 116.71 texas 187 25,100 6 134.50 6 178 23,800 6 134.00 6 Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada,

new mexico, Utah, Wyoming 32 4,418 r 136.56 r 26 3,202 122.14 Alaska and Hawaii 3 796 6 286.50 6 2 692 308.70 California, Oregon, Washington 185 20,177 109.34 164 17,845 109.02 Importers 8 6 6 1,070 6 174.00 6 11 6 2,090 6 193.50 6

total or average 9 1,910 6 252,000 6 132.00 6 1,810 6 243,000 6 134.50 6

1 Shipments are those by cement companies to final customers and include imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. excludes sales of

6 Data are rounded to three significant digits (unit values to the nearest $0.50) because they include estimates.
7 For 2011, data for Kentucky, mississippi, and tennessee are included with those for Alabama.
8 Importers for which district assignations were not possible.
9 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding. tABLe 12 mASOnRY Cement SHIPPeD In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY DIStRICt 1, 2

2010 2011

r Revised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data.

masonry cement by portland cement final customers who made masonry cement from purchased portland cement. Data exclude Puerto Rico. even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2 Data include true masonry, plastic, portland-lime, and stucco cements.
3 Values are mill net or ex-plant valuations of total sales to final customers, including sales from plants external distribution terminals. the data are Value 3 Value 3

ex-terminal for independently reporting terminals. Data include both bulk and bag shipments. Unless otherwise specified, data are presented unrounded. Unrounded or not, unit value data should be viewed as value indicators, accurate to no more than the nearest $0.50 or even $1.00 per metric ton.
4 tonnages are those by reporting entities in the district but may include shipments into other districts. they differ from the data in table 9, which are the actual reported sales into the specific States.
5 District is the location of the reporting entities, not necessarily the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts include shipments by importers where district assignations were possible.

masonry All Year Gray White 3 All cement cement 2010 90.00 199.00 91.00 132.00 92.00 2011 87.50 194.00 88.00 134.50 89.50 tABLe 13 AVeRAGe mILL net VALUe OF Cement SOLD In tHe UnIteD StAteS 1, 2

(Dollars per metric ton)

Portland cement

1 Values are average of sales to final customers, free on board the plant or independently reporting terminal. Values include any bagging charges, but exclude delivery charges to customers or to external terminals. Data exclude Puerto Rico.
2 Data are rounded to the nearest $0.50 per metric ton.
3 Data for white cement include a component of resales showing significant price markups.Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.19 Oil well, Ready- Concrete Building mining, Government mixed product material waste and District 2 concrete manufacturers Contractors dealers stabilization other 3 total 4, 5 maine and new York 1,600 264 85 189

-- 35 2,175 Pennsylvania 2,180 1,000 361 164 41 165 3,916 Illinois 1,170 110 141 6 332 108 1,870 Indiana 1,290 210 309 43 16 63 1,932 michigan 3,110 336 279 155 10 6 3,894 Ohio 504 55 70 12 8 2 651 Iowa, nebraska, South Dakota 2,560 278 329 10 131 (6) 3,303 Kansas 1,110 122 122 38 59

-- 1,452 missouri 4,860 663 555 76 149 198 6,500 Florida 2,230 617 107 129 7 52 3,143 Georgia, maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 2,970 830 356 107 3 90 4,358 South Carolina 1,740 298 200 104 6 191 2,534 Alabama, Kentucky, mississippi, tennessee 3,500 512 401 147 42 79 4,683 Arkansas and Oklahoma 1,370 141 475 99 136 9 2,228 texas, northern 2,600 350 695 105 905 73 4,732 texas, southern 3,650 477 536 181 636 4 5,484 Arizona and New Mexico 1,310 275 64 35 16 3 1,704 Colorado and Wyoming 1,330 155 206 45 180 7 1,925 Idaho, montana, nevada, Utah 1,450 192 230 71 211 23 2,179 Alaska and Hawaii 328 29 3

-- -- -- 359 California 5,430 760 327 654 112 135 7,414 Oregon and Washington 1,150 117 120 32 22 40 1,480 7 Importers 8 1,670 246 193 31 134 85 2,360 7

total 5 49,100 8,040 6,160 2,430 3,160 1,370 70,300 7 Puerto Rico 439 70 38 292

-- -- 839

Grand total 5 49,600 8,110 9 6,200 10 2,720 3,160 11 1,370 71,100 7

5 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
6 Less than 1⁄2 unit. 2 District is the location of the reporting entity, not the location of sales (see table 9 for sales data, by State). Specific districts tABLe 14 PORtLAnD Cement SHIPmentS In 2011, BY DIStRICt AnD tYPe OF CUStOmeR 1

(thousand metric tons)

1 Includes imported cement and cement made from imported clinker. except for district totals, data have been rounded to three significant digits, but are likely

11 Grand total shipments include oil well drilling—2,700; mining—215; and waste stabilization—240. accurate to only two significant digits. District totals are likely accurate to no more than three significant digits.

7 Data are rounded to three significant digits because they contain estimates.
8 Shipments by importers where district assignations were not possible.
9 Grand total shipments to concrete product manufacturers include brick and block—2,430; precast and prestressed—2,540; pipe—828; and other or unspecified—2,310.
10 Grand total shipments to contractors include airport—101; road paving—3,350; soil cement—1,620; and other or unspecified—1,120. include shipments by importers where district assignations were possible.
3 Includes shipments to miscellaneous customer types and for which customer types were not specified.
4 District totals are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.16.20 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 type 4 2010 2011 General use and moderate heat (types I and II) 5, 6 53,500 54,500 High early strength (type III) 2,590 2,550 Sulfate resisting (type V) 5 8,630 9,340 Block 154 147 Oil well 1,300 1,750 White 7 638 635 Blended: 8

Portland, natural pozzolans 48 63 Portland, ground granulated blast furnace slag 953 679 Portland, fly ash 304 373 Portland, other pozzolans 9 263 220

total blended 10 1,570 1,330 expansive and regulated fast setting 18 21 miscellaneous 11 30 26

Grand total 10 68,400 70,300

6 Includes ASTM C–1157 general use cements that contain no pozzolans. tABLe 15 PORtLAnD Cement SHIPmentS In tHe UnIteD StAteS, BY tYPe OF Cement 1, 2, 3

(thousand metric tons)

7 White or colored portland-type cements. most are types I or II but may include types III and V and block cements.
8 Cements sold under ASTM C–595 and those under ASTM C–1157 that contain pozzolans.
9 Includes blends with cement kiln dust, silica fume, or other pozzolans, and blends containing multiple pozzolans.
10 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
11 Includes low heat (type IV), waterproof, and other portland-type cements. 1 Includes sales of imported cement. excludes Puerto Rico.
2 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.
3 Gray portland-type cements unless otherwise specified.
4 Sold mostly under specifications AStm C–150, AStm C–595, and AStm C–1157.
5 type II/V and similar sulfate-resisting hybrids are included within type V.Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.21 Country Quantity Value 2 Quantity Value 2 Angola 1 1,153 (3) 114 Aruba 1 157 1 231 Australia 1 404 2 518 Bahamas, the 99 9,063 112 9,137 Belize 7 693 1 218 Bermuda (3) 152 5 398 Brazil 3 213 2 1,960 Canada 807 113,598 1,010 133,997 Cayman Islands 1 103 (3) 139 Chile 1 371 2 309 China 2 955 (3) 125 Colombia 2 715 14 2,056 Costa Rica 3 135 2 121 Dominican Republic 1 483 10 1,478 ecuador (3) 21 1 366 Georgia (3) 161 1 293 Greece 14 637 8 355 Haiti 13 1,056 53 3,805 Hong Kong 1 402 (3) 160 India 2 264 1 128 Ireland 6 367

-- -- Israel 1 262 1 264 Jamaica 66 6,556 64 6,432 Japan 11 2,526 5 1,078 madagascar 1 60

-- -- mexico 39 8,914 46 9,538 netherlands (3) 28 17 931 netherlands Antilles 2 366 5 689 new Zealand (3) 51 2 678 Panama 67 8,051 23 2,506 Peru 1 364 (3) 177 Russia (3) 90 2 209 Saudi Arabia (3) 1,252 1 3,348 Singapore (3) 434 1 278 Sint maarten

-- -- 9 1,259 Spain 1 66 (3) 60 St. Christopher and nevis (3) 57 1 108 Suriname 1 108

-- -- taiwan 1 3,099 (3) 328 trinidad and tobago 1 346 (3) 214 turks and Caicos Islands 8 759 3 325 United Arab emirates (3) 415 2 396 United Kingdom 9 1,614 1 195 Venezuela (3) 78 1 158 Other 3 r 1,711 r 4 1,823

total 4 1,178 168,308 1,414 186,902 Puerto Rico:

British Virgin Islands 4 664 19 1,887 Curacao

-- -- 5 361 Jamaica

-- -- 13 849 See footnotes at end of table. tABLe 16 U.S. eXPORtS OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 201116.22 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 Country Quantity Value 2 Quantity Value 2 Puerto Rico—Continued:

netherlands

-- -- 2 185 netherlands Antilles 3 231

-- -- St. Lucia (3) 3 (3) 3

total 4 7 898 39 3,285 Grand total 4 1,185 169,206 1,453 190,187

4 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. r Revised. -- Zero.
1 Includes portland and masonry cements. Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2 Free alongside ship value. the value of exports at the U.S. seaport or border point of export is based on the transaction price, including inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier. the value excludes the cost of loading the carrier.
3 Less than 1⁄2 unit. tABLe 16—Continued U.S. eXPORtS OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.23 Country Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Algeria 9 811 1,135

-- -- -- Canada 3,410 265,248 283,314 3,416 259,853 276,332 China 655 34,975 51,111 577 32,462 48,435 Colombia 315 19,652 27,367 224 12,620 18,674 Croatia 24 9,459 11,346 33 12,011 14,307 Denmark 54 9,653 13,262 74 7,534 9,582 egypt 56 5,160 7,097 71 7,093 9,846 France 91 31,318 32,960 72 25,236 25,748 Germany (4) 185 253 2 446 581 Greece 191 9,173 11,918

-- -- -- India 1 68 102 (4) 47 68 Jamaica

-- -- -- 16 5,158 5,234 Japan 28 2,348 2,552 1 830 941 Korea, Republic of 1,018 39,214 61,801 1,402 54,563 86,100 mexico 370 36,703 40,138 354 38,455 43,271 netherlands 3 3,363 3,735 3 3,402 3,605 Sweden 83 3,524 6,804 81 3,212 6,445 taiwan 265 11,242 17,825 65 2,551 4,241 thailand 16 2,159 3,382 11 1,607 2,379 trinidad and tobago 8 544 551 12 814 824 turkey 21 1,881 2,637 1 280 335 United Kingdom 1 171 290 1 337 408 Venezuela 8 2,648 3,405

-- -- -- Other (4) r 261 r 302 r (4) 425 540

total 5 6,626 489,762 583,288 6,418 468,937 557,896 Puerto Rico:

Colombia 7 898 1,172 5 657 851 Korea, Republic of 27 1,350 2,322

-- -- -- mexico 12 1,393 1,970 14 1,503 2,215 Spain 109 7,206 9,166 106 6,888 8,795 Other (4) 80 92 (4) 56 83

total 5 155 10,927 14,721 125 9,104 11,944 Grand total 5 6,781 500,689 598,009 6,543 478,041 569,840 tABLe 17 U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011 Value Value

r Revised. -- Zero.
1 Includes portland, masonry, and other hydraulic cements. Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2 Customs value. the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.
3 Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port of entry, but excludes costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.
4 Less than 1⁄2 unit.
5 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.16.24 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011

Customs district and country Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Anchorage, AK:

Canada 5 298 1,017 6 344 1,206 China 12 842 842

-- -- -- Korea, Republic of 95 3,968 7,676 100 4,159 7,874

total 4 112 5,108 9,536 106 4,502 9,081 Baltimore, mD:

China 1 18 22 1 38 44 netherlands (5) 39 43 (5) 135 142

total 4 1 57 64 1 172 185 Boston, mA:

Canada 23 1,010 1,693 4 155 245 Other (5) 36 37

-- -- --

total 4 23 1,046 1,731 4 155 245 Buffalo, nY:

Canada 590 49,366 52,718 555 46,598 49,209 Other (5) 24 24 (5) 17 17

total 4 590 49,390 52,742 555 46,616 49,227 Charleston, SC, Other (5) 71 82

-- -- -- Chicago, IL, Other 1 744 865 1 727 767 Cleveland, OH:

Canada 554 40,960 44,235 486 34,368 36,974 China (5) 5 8 1 141 225 netherlands (5) 591 651 1 768 826 Other (5) 204 291 (5) 192 252

total 4 555 41,759 45,185 488 35,468 38,277 Columbia-Snake, ID, OR, WA:

Canada 56 3,802 4,007 45 2,743 3,018 China 277 12,893 20,154 298 14,384 22,380 Other (5) 8 8

-- -- --

total 4 332 16,703 24,169 343 17,127 25,398 Detroit, mI:

Canada 939 72,812 78,669 947 73,028 79,014 Other (5) 175 192 (5) 329 346

total 4 939 72,988 78,862 947 73,356 79,360 Duluth, mn, France (5) 3 3

-- -- -- el Paso, tX:

Canada (5) 33 36 (5) 72 90 mexico 266 23,407 25,705 204 20,882 23,573

total 4 266 23,440 25,741 205 20,954 23,662 Great Falls, mt, Other (5) 189 227 (5) 79 109 Honolulu, HI:

Korea, Republic of 165 7,278 10,421 290 12,753 18,673 taiwan 112 4,928 7,537

-- -- -- Other (5) 15 24 (5) 2 3

total 4 277 12,221 17,983 290 12,756 18,676 Houston-Galveston, tX:

China 4 390 402 3 503 530 Colombia 9 1,239 1,514 4 562 716 egypt 28 2,591 3,543 32 3,236 4,386 Korea, Republic of 571 21,418 34,614 658 24,844 41,305 Other 1 404 484 1 445 580

total 4 612 26,041 40,558 699 29,590 47,516 See footnotes at end of table. Value Value tABLe 18 U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY CUStOmS DIStRICt AnD COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.25 Customs district and country Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Laredo, tX, mexico 88 11,887 12,441 88 11,660 11,938 Los Angeles, CA:

China 26 2,926 3,149 25 2,813 3,643 Croatia (5) 141 195 3 176 275 egypt 3 255 349 6 608 903 thailand 10 1,322 2,064 7 1,047 1,523 Other (5) 61 108 (5) 81 117

total 4 39 4,706 5,864 42 4,724 6,460 miami, FL:

Algeria 9 811 1,135

-- -- -- Colombia 5 735 877 4 525 693 egypt 15 1,402 1,954 24 2,319 3,319 Germany

-- -- -- 1 33 35 mexico 15 1,372 1,915 61 5,886 7,731 Sweden 82 3,057 6,230 80 2,685 5,831 turkey 21 1,871 2,628 (5) 54 92 Other (5) 27 30 (5) 20 33

total 4 147 9,276 14,769 170 11,529 17,740 minneapolis, mn:

Canada 118 13,923 13,937 103 12,810 12,822 Other (5) 5 6 (5) 15 19

total 4 118 13,929 13,943 103 12,824 12,841 mobile, AL, China

-- -- -- (5) 52 52 new Orleans, LA:

China 9 1,990 2,165 6 1,353 1,528 Croatia 22 8,891 10,567 30 11,802 13,987 Korea, Republic of 47 1,533 3,056 139 4,741 7,182 Other (5) 25 28 (5) 2 3

total 4 78 12,438 15,816 175 17,898 22,699 new York City, nY:

Denmark 21 2,137 2,758 24 2,620 3,355 Greece 191 9,173 11,918

-- -- -- Other 1 338 423 1 473 580

total 4 213 11,648 15,099 25 3,093 3,935 nogales, AZ, mexico

-- -- -- (5) 5 5 norfolk, VA:

Canada 13 1,366 1,454

-- -- -- egypt 1 122 177 3 297 395 France 91 31,175 32,792 72 25,143 25,627 Jamaica

-- -- -- 13 4,946 5,019 Sweden 1 342 421 1 513 600 Venezuela 8 2,648 3,405

-- -- -- Other (5) 15 15 (5) 390 431

total 4 113 35,667 38,264 90 31,289 32,072 Ogdensburg, nY:

Canada 174 14,839 15,398 184 16,972 17,445 Other (5) 13 14 (5) 5 5

total 4 174 14,852 15,412 184 16,977 17,450 Pembina, nD:

Canada 167 10,701 10,787 191 11,546 11,646 Germany

-- -- -- (5) 37 37

total 4 167 10,701 10,787 191 11,583 11,683 See footnotes at end of table. tABLe 18—Continued U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY CUStOmS DIStRICt AnD COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011 Value Value16.26 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 Customs district and country Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Philadelphia, PA:

Korea, Republic of 139 5,018 6,033 157 5,477 6,992 netherlands 1 1,261 1,400 1 646 690 Other (5) 59 105 (5) 24 43

total 4 141 6,337 7,538 158 6,146 7,725 Portland, me:

Canada 26 2,372 2,676 28 2,808 3,138 Japan 6 27 6 1,332 1,332

-- -- --

total 4 53 3,705 4,009 28 2,808 3,138 Providence, RI, Canada 40 2,290 3,404 4 196 287 San Diego, CA, mexico

-- -- -- (5) 23 25 San Francisco, CA:

China 42 2,555 3,168 9 1,025 1,175 egypt 2 182 265 1 68 90 India 1 68 102 (5) 35 53 taiwan 153 6,314 10,288 65 2,551 4,241 thailand 6 799 1,260 4 529 814 turkey

-- -- -- (5) 8 10

total 4 203 9,919 15,083 79 4,216 6,383 Savannah, GA:

Colombia 149 8,447 12,201 112 5,885 8,746 egypt 7 608 809 6 565 753 Other (5) 255 282 (5) 457 487

total 4 156 9,310 13,292 118 6,907 9,986 Seattle, WA:

Canada 630 43,279 44,627 761 49,043 51,629 China 285 13,170 20,940 234 12,071 18,755 Japan 1 550 703 1 432 498 Korea, Republic of

-- -- -- 58 2,589 4,074 Other (5) 116 139 (5) 212 231

total 4 916 57,115 66,410 1,053 64,347 75,187 St. Albans, Vt:

Canada 75 8,181 8,640 59 6,532 6,881 South Africa, Republic of (5) 7 7

-- -- --

total 4 75 8,188 8,647 59 6,532 6,881 St. Louis, mO:

Croatia 1 371 508

-- -- -- Other (5) 501 571 (5) 403 425

total 4 1 872 1,079 (5) 403 425 tampa, FL:

Colombia 22 1,640 2,089 1 139 196 Denmark 34 7,510 10,497 50 4,914 6,227

total 4 56 9,150 12,586 51 5,054 6,423 U.S. Virgin Islands:

Colombia 13 291 302 1 106 113 Dominican Republic

-- -- -- 3 212 215 trinidad and tobago 8 544 551 12 814 824

total 4 21 835 853 16 1,133 1,152 Wilmington, nC:

Colombia 117 7,270 10,343 102 5,356 8,153 netherlands (5) 19 20 (5) 43 45

total 4 117 7,289 10,363 102 5,400 8,198 U.S. total 4 6,626 6 489,762 583,288 6,418 468,937 557,896 See footnotes at end of table. tABLe 18—Continued U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY CUStOmS DIStRICt AnD COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011 Value ValueCement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.27 Customs district and country Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 San Juan, PR:

Colombia 7 898 1,172 5 657 851 Korea, Republic of 27 1,350 2,322

-- -- -- mexico 12 1,393 1,970 14 1,503 2,215 Spain 109 7,206 9,166 106 6,888 8,795 Other (5) 80 92 (5) 56 83

total 4 155 10,927 14,721 125 9,104 11,944 Grand total 4 6,781 6 500,689 598,009 6,543 478,041 569,840

insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States. -- Zero.
1 Includes all varieties of hydraulic cement and clicker. Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2 Customs value. the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import duties, freight,

by the importer.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 3 Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port of entry, but excludes costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.
4 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
5 Less than 1⁄2 unit.
6 material (27,070 metric tons in August 2010) from Japan into Portland, me, was granulated blast furnace slag, not hydraulic cement as recorded in error tABLe 18—Continued

Value Value U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF HYDRAULIC Cement AnD CLInKeR, BY CUStOmS DIStRICt AnD COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 201116.28 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 Country Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Canada 2,626 199,772 216,660 2,601 193,840 209,122 China 606 28,532 44,096 532 26,446 41,127 Colombia 274 15,638 22,335 215 11,348 17,012 Germany (4) 58 102 1 157 180 Greece 191 9,173 11,918

-- -- -- Jamaica

-- -- -- 3 212 215 Korea, Republic of 1,017 39,169 61,707 1,402 54,539 86,072 mexico 184 12,311 13,833 88 5,948 7,501 Sweden 82 3,057 6,230 80 2,685 5,831 taiwan 265 11,242 17,825 65 2,551 4,241 trinidad and tobago 8 544 551 12 814 824 Other (4) 169 190 (4) 297 330

total 5, 6 5,254 319,665 395,448 4,999 298,838 372,455 Puerto Rico:

-- -- -- --

Dominican Republic (4) 2 2

-- -- -- Korea, Republic of 27 1,350 2,322

-- -- -- Spain 109 7,186 9,146 106 6,888 8,795

total 5, 6 136 8,539 11,470 106 6,888 8,795 Grand total 5, 6 5,390 328,204 406,918 5,105 305,726 381,250 tABLe 19 U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF GRAY PORtLAnD Cement, BY COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011 Value Value

-- Zero.
1 Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2 the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.
3 Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port of entry, but excludes costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.
4 Less than 1⁄2 unit.
5 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
6 total imports do not include gray portland cement that was misregistered by importers under the white cement tariff code; these quantities are included in table 20.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.29 Country Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3, 4 Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3, 4 Algeria 9 811 1,135

-- -- -- Canada 252 34,814 35,573 271 37,494 38,264 China 38 4,105 4,407 37 4,011 4,973 Colombia 20 2,792 3,278 9 1,272 1,662 Denmark 54 9,647 13,255 74 7,534 9,582 egypt 56 5,160 7,097 71 7,093 9,846 India 1 68 102 (5) 43 61 mexico 121 16,560 17,832 163 20,198 22,445 thailand 16 2,149 3,369 11 1,591 2,359 turkey 21 1,871 2,628 1 81 136 Other 1 197 362 1 212 319

total 6 588 78,173 89,038 639 79,529 89,648 Puerto Rico:

Colombia 7 898 1,172 5 657 851 mexico 12 1,393 1,970 14 1,503 2,215 Other (5) 51 54 (5) 15 20

total 6 19 2,342 3,195 19 2,175 3,086 Grand total 6 607 80,515 92,233 658 81,705 92,733

Values that exceed $200 per ton likely indicate misidentified specialty cement, not white cement.
5 Less than 1⁄2 unit.
6 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. 2 Customs value. the price actually paid or payable for merchandise when sold for exportation to the United States, excluding U.S. import duties, freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in bringing the merchandise to the United States.
3 Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port of entry, but excludes costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.
4 Values of less than $90.00 (c.i.f.) per metric ton likely indicate the mistaken total or partial inclusion of data for gray portland or similar cement or clinker. this error happens when the importer records the wrong tariff number with the U.S. Customs Service. Value Value

-- Zero.
1 Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. tABLe 20 U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF WHIte Cement, BY COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011

Country Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Quantity Customs 2 C.i.f. 3 Canada 501 27,512 27,799 531 26,394 26,695 China 1 175 231 1 72 92 Colombia 21 1,222 1,754

-- -- -- Croatia

-- -- -- 3 152 235 France 89 29,595 31,090 70 23,369 23,728 Other (4) 7 7 (4) 47 69

total 5 613 58,511 60,882 606 50,034 50,819 Value tABLe 21 U.S. ImPORtS FOR COnSUmPtIOn OF CLInKeR, BY COUntRY 1

(thousand metric tons and thousand dollars)

2010 2011 Value

4 Less than 1⁄2 unit.
5 Data may not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. -- Zero.
1 For all types of hydraulic cement. Data are unrounded but are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2 Cost, insurance, and freight. the value represents the customs value plus insurance, freight, and other delivery charges to the first port of entry, but excludes costs of offloading, other U.S. port handling charges, and demurrage.16.30 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 e Afghanistan 30 r, e 37 32 36 38 Albania 889 918 1,108 1,300 e 1,300 Algeria 15,886 17,398 18,730 r 19,100 r 20,000 Angola e 1,400 1,780 1,800 1,500 1,500 Argentina 9,602 9,703 9,385 r 10,423 r 11,592 3
Armenia 722 770 467 488 500 Australia e 9,200 9,400 9,200 9,000 9,100 Austria 5,203 5,309 4,646 4,254 4,427 3 Azerbaijan 1,693 1,595 1,286 1,279 1,450 Bahrain e 400 3 438 3 700 700 r 800 Bangladesh e 5,100 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Barbados 294 316 301 300 e 300 Belarus 3,821 4,219 4,350 4,531 4,700 Belgium 9,571 6,225 9,403 8,722 8,700 Benin e 1,550 1,500 1,500 1,430 r 800 Bhutan e 180 180 180 200 r 200 Bolivia 1,739 1,985 2,292 2,414 2,658 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,283 1,406 1,074 949 893 3
Brazil 46,551 51,970 51,748 59,118 64,093 3
Brunei e 200 240 220 220 230 Bulgaria 4,413 4,903 2,662 1,966 r 1,900 Burkina Faso e 30 30 30 30 30
Burma 4 608 676 670 534 535 Cambodia 87 772 934 r 789 r 790
Cameroon e 1,150 3 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Canada 15,078 13,672 10,985 12,431 12,001 p, 3
Chile 4,440 4,622 3,876 3,871 4,406 3
China 1,361,170 1,400,000 1,644,000 1,820,000 r 2,099,000 p, 3
Colombia 5 11,068 10,456 9,232 9,488 10,777 3 Congo (Brazzaville) e 100 105 110 80 r 100 Congo (Kinshasa) 530 411 460 r 490 r 382 3
Costa Rica 2,300 2,500 1,498 1,276 1,600 Côte d’Ivoire 469 360 283 280 e 300 Croatia 3,587 3,637 2,838 2,664 2,700 Cuba 1,805 1,707 1,626 1,600 e 1,600 Cyprus 1,873 1,900 r, e 1,481 1,329 1,400 Czech Republic 4,899 4,710 3,637 3,345 3,830 Denmark 2,871 2,539 1,578 2,000 e 1,800 Dominican Republic e 4,100 4,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 ecuador 4,420 5,493 4,990 r 5,500 r, e 6,000 egypt 40,400 r 39,844 46,900 r 47,800 r 44,000 el Salvador e 1,300 1,300 1,212 3 1,200 1,200 eritrea e 45 45 45 45 45 estonia 937 808 326 375 e 375 ethiopia e 1,626 3 1,834 3 2,100 r 2,900 r 4,000 Fiji e 145 143 110 120 r 120 See footnotes at end of table. tABLe 22 HYDRAULIC Cement: WORLD PRODUCtIOn, BY COUntRY 1, 2

(thousand metric tons)Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.31 Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 e Finland 1,743 1,745 1,052 1,050 e 1,050 France 22,300 e 21,443 r 18,300 17,998 r 19,433 3
French Guiana e 62 62 62 62 62 Gabon e 229 3 230 250 r 200 r 200 Georgia e 450 450 870 3 857 3 865 Germany 33,382 33,581 30,441 29,915 r 33,540 3
Ghana e 1,800 1,800 1,800 2,400 r 3,000
Greece e 16,667 3 16,500 16,000 15,000 14,000 Guadeloupe e 230 230 230 230 230 Guatemala e 2,500 2,500 2,750 r 2,000 r 1,500 Haiti e 290 290 290 290 290 Honduras e 1,776 3 1,784 3 1,700 r 1,800 1,710 3 Hong Kong e 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Hungary e 3,552 3 3,544 3 3,200 3,200 3,200 Iceland e 140 138 138 138 140 India e 170,000 185,000 205,000 220,000 r 240,000 Indonesia e 36,000 36,000 22,195 3 28,000 r 30,000
Iran e 41,000 44,400 3 50,000 55,000 r 61,000 Iraq e 4,500 6,453 3 6,500 r 6,500 r 8,000 Ireland e 4,700 3,900 2,600 2,600 2,600 Israel 5,000 e 4,819 4,759 5,139 5,200 Italy 47,542 43,030 36,317 34,408 r 33,120 3
Jamaica 592 725 737 723 700 Japan 67,685 62,810 54,800 51,526 51,291 3
Jordan 4,255 r 4,375 r 3,876 r 3,929 r 4,000 Kazakhstan 5,699 5,837 5,694 6,686 7,642 3 Kenya 2,546 2,829 3,320 3,710 r 3,969 3 Korea, north e 6,130 6,415 3 6,400 6,400 6,400 Korea, Republic of 52,182 51,653 50,127 47,420 r 48,300 3
Kosovo e, 6 470 3 590 3 600 600 600 Kuwait e 2,200 2,600 2,000 2,000 2,250 Kyrgyzstan 1,230 1,218 579 600 e 650
Laos e 400 400 400 400 400 Latvia e 300 310 650 1,100 1,100 Lebanon 3,945 4,250 4,900 5,227 5,500 Liberia 157 94 71 72 r 61 3 Libya 5,206 5,509 6,500 6,000 e 3,000 Lithuania 1,105 1,076 583 834 834 Luxembourg 1,081 1,091 1,000 1,078 1,100 macedonia 945 916 909 820 r 981 3 madagascar e 270 3 360 r 390 r 420 r 420 malawi 185 230 r, e 232 r 188 r 203 3 malaysia 19,480 19,629 19,457 19,762 r 19,500 martinique e 220 220 220 220 220 mauritania 410 322 340 350 e 400 mexico 38,757 37,139 35,160 34,503 r 35,400 3
See footnotes at end of table. tABLe 22—Continued HYDRAULIC Cement: WORLD PRODUCtIOn, BY COUntRY 1, 2

(thousand metric tons)16.32 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] U.S. G E OLOGICAL SURV E Y M I NE RALS Y E ARBOOK—2011 Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 e moldova e 800 750 700 900 r 900 mongolia 180 269 235 323 300 morocco 12,792 14,047 14,519 14,000 e 12,000 Mozambique 7 665 744 777 884 976 3
namibia

-- -- -- 5 e 250 nepal e, 4 300 295 295 295 295 netherlands e 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 2,700 new Caledonia 122 137 138 160 150 new Zealand e 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,200 1,100 nicaragua e 530 530 650 r, 3 600 r 600 niger e 42 40 40 40 40 nigeria 4,700 5,000 5,000 6,000 r 11,600 norway e 1,700 1,700 1,650 1,650 1,600 Oman 3,880 3,991 4,000 e 4,500 r 4,500 Pakistan e 25,745 3 30,800 r 32,800 r 32,800 r 32,000 3
Panama e 1,050 1,843 3 1,679 3 900 r 897 3 Paraguay e 600 600 600 600 600 Peru 6,231 6,922 6,862 8,396 r 8,100 p Philippines 13,048 13,369 14,865 15,900 e 16,000 Poland 17,120 17,207 15,422 r 15,812 r 18,596 3 Portugal 12,631 6,650 r 6,900 r 7,200 r 7,500 p Qatar e 2,400 3,800 4,095 3 3,780 3 4,000 Réunion e 400 400 375 375 350 Romania 10,060 10,660 7,902 7,008 7,000 Russia 59,939 53,548 44,266 50,400 e 55,600 3
Rwanda 103 103 92 95 r 94 Saudi Arabia 30,369 31,823 36,500 42,300 48,358 3 Senegal 3,152 3,084 3,320 r 4,066 r 4,000 Serbia 8 2,677 2,843 2,232 2,130 r 2,095 3
Sierra Leone 247 r 254 236 301 r 311 3
Slovakia 3,718 4,157 3,011 2,888 2,900 Slovenia e 1,300 1,300 1,000 1,000 1,000 South Africa, sales 13,651 13,473 11,784 10,870 r 11,234 3 Spain, including Canary Islands 54,720 42,083 r 29,505 26,162 r 22,178 3
Sri Lanka e 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000 2,200 Sudan 326 247 622 2,113 r 5,200 Suriname e 65 65 65 65 62 Sweden e 2,950 3 2,900 2,950 2,900 2,900 Switzerland e 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 3,800 Syria 5,104 5,336 5,605 6,000 6,000 taiwan 18,957 17,330 15,918 16,301 16,852 3 tajikistan 313 190 195 288 300 Tanzania 1,630 1,756 1,941 2,312 r 2,400 thailand 35,668 31,651 33,562 36,496 36,679 3 togo e, 9 996 r 1,350 r 1,160 r 1,150 r 1,780 See footnotes at end of table. tABLe 22—Continued HYDRAULIC Cement: WORLD PRODUCtIOn, BY COUntRY 1, 2

(thousand metric tons)Cement—2011 [ADVA N C E R E L E AS E ] 16.33 Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 e trinidad and tobago 902 958 870 800 e 800 tunisia 7,052 7,559 7,511 8,070 r 8,000 turkey 49,553 54,027 53,973 62,737 63,405 3
turkmenistan 941 1,026 1,100 1,100 e 1,200 Uganda e 650 650 650 650 650 Ukraine 15,000 14,918 9,496 9,457 10,515 3
United Arab emirates e 16,000 21,885 3 18,997 3 18,000 17,000 United Kingdom 11,887 10,071 7,623 7,882 r 8,529 3 United States, including Puerto Rico 10 96,850 87,610 64,843 67,202 r 68,639 3 Uruguay e 620 620 1,050 r 1,000 r 1,000 Uzbekistan e 6,500 3 6,600 6,850 6,872 3 7,000 Venezuela e 8,000 r 8,200 r 8,500 r 8,000 r 7,700 3
Vietnam 37,102 40,009 48,810 r 55,789 r 58,994 3
Yemen 1,728 2,111 2,118 3,500 r 3,000 Zambia e 540 560 880 1,127 r, 3 1,400 Zimbabwe e 400 400 700 800 r 900

total e 2,810,000 r 2,850,000 r 3,030,000 r 3,270,000 r 3,610,000

8 excludes Kosovo data. 6 not included in Serbia data. 2 table includes data available through July 20, 2012. Data may include clinker exports for some countries.

consumed to make masonry cement; the precise amount of double-counting can not be determined because of the involvement of portland cement stockpiles. 10 Portland and masonry cements only. Includes a small (less than 0.3% per year) component of double-counting where portland cement (not clinker) is 7 Cement sales from Cimentos de moçambique SARL (Sociedade Anónima de Responsabilidade Limitada) only.

9 Calculated based on reported production of clinker and imports and exports of cement and clinker. 3 Reported figure. e estimated. p Preliminary. r Revised. -- Zero.

4 Data are for fiscal year ending march 31 of the following year.

5 Data for 2007–08 are for gray cement only; white cement output was likely to have been an additional 50,000 to 100,000 tons per year. 1 World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. even where presented unrounded, reported data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits. Data are from a variety of sources, including the european Cement Association. tABLe 22—Continued HYDRAULIC Cement: WORLD PRODUCtIOn, BY COUntRY 1, 2

(thousand metric tons)