# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for avoiding wireless audio signal transmission interferences

## Abstract

In one aspect, in general, the invention features a method including a second wireless system determining a frequency of active operation of a first wireless system, and communicating wirelessly on the second wireless system in the vicinity of the wireless communication on the first wireless system, the wireless communication utilizing a spread-spectrum technique that excludes the determined frequency.

## Background
This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/640,215, filed Aug. 12, 2003, and incorporated by reference in its entirety.


The description relates to wireless communicating.
BACKGROUND
Wireless communicating is utilized in wide ranging applications, for example, in cellular phones, controlling devices, and exchanging data signals among two or more devices.
DEFINITIONS


    
    
        Master: A node on the network that is in control of how communications will be managed between itself and a set of slaves.
        Slave: A node on the network that communicates with a master.
        Primary Data: The information that is presented to the master for the purpose of reliably transmitting representative signals to one or more of the slaves.
        Ancillary Data: Data that is presented to a master or a slave represented by signals to be transmitted to another node on the network, with possibly poorer reliability and latency than that of the primary data.
        Management Data: Data represented by signals that are transmitted across the network for the purpose of maintaining the performance of the network.
        Transmission Parameter: A controllable characteristic that affects the performance of the communication system (for instance: signal power, center frequency, modulation technique, phase, antenna direction, antenna directivity, antenna position, signal polarization, time slot, equalizer setting, chipping sequence, and other characteristics).
        Transmission Configuration: One or more transmission parameters with an associated value (e.g., signal power—200 mW, center frequency—2450 MHz, Modulation technique—4FSK.)
        Transmission Quality Aggregation: A process whereby a node, such as the master on the network, develops its transmission quality estimation based at least in part on the transmission quality estimations of other nodes in the network.
        Preferred Configuration List: A list of different transmission configurations that are used or intended to be used in the short term for transmission.
        Preferred Frequencies: Frequencies of transmission included in the transmission configurations of the preferred configuration list.
        Potential Configuration List: A list of transmission configurations that are not used nor intended to be used in the short term for transmission, but could potentially be used at some point in the future for that purpose.
        Potential Frequencies: Frequencies of transmission included in the transmission configurations of the potential configuration list.
        Packet: A collection of data signals that are transmitted contiguously using the same transmission configuration.
        Block: A collection of packets containing data signals that together can be independently decoded by an error correction decoder. A block will preferably be transmitted using a variety of transmission configurations so as to average out the effects of localized channel degradation.
        Frame: A collection of blocks and management packets that are transmitted using the preferred configuration list.
        Stream: A contiguous flow of data bit signals that together represent the information from a single source (such as audio from FM radio or a CD player). A stream can contain more than one channel (such as left and right).
        Signature: A characteristic emission of a wireless system.
        Wireless system: A single wireless device, or multiple wireless devices capable of communicating wirelessly with one another.
    
    


Other terms are defined in context in the body of the specification.
SUMMARY
In one aspect, in general, the invention features a method comprising a second wireless system determining a frequency of active operation of a first wireless system, and communicating wirelessly on the second wireless system in the vicinity of wireless communication on the first wireless system, the wireless communication utilizing a spread-spectrum technique that excludes the determined frequency.
Implementations may include one or more of the following features: The determining is done at a time when transmissions from the first wireless system cannot be detected by the second wireless system. The determining is done at a time when transmissions from the first wireless system do not impede the functionality of the second wireless system. The determining is done at a time when transmissions from the second wireless system do not impede the functionality of the first wireless system. The determining is done at a time when the second system is not transmitting. The second system comprises a node, and the determining is done at a time when the node is not transmitting. The determining comprises receiving from a user information associated with the frequency to be determined. The information comprises an identification of a communication channel of the first wireless network. The information is received through a manual user interface. The manual user interface comprises a button. The manual user interface further comprises a visual indicator. The determining comprises detecting activity of the first wireless system. The determining comprises connecting to the first wireless system. An additional step may be added of deriving a channel of operation of the first wireless system. The determining comprises recognizing a signature of the first wireless system. An additional step may be added of suspending wireless communication on the second wireless network, and during the suspending, determining a frequency of operation of the first wireless system. The first wireless system comprises an IEEE 802.11 wireless network.
In another aspect, in general, the invention features a method comprising maintaining for a second wireless network, information about a frequency in use by a first wireless network, communicating on the second wireless network using a spread-spectrum technique, and controlling the spread-spectrum technique to exclude the frequency associated with the maintained information.
Implementations may include one or more of the following features: The information is updated periodically. The information is obtained from a user through a user interface. The information is obtained automatically by observation of the first wireless network.
In another aspect, in general, the invention features an apparatus comprising an identifier device to determine information about frequencies in use by a first wireless network, a transmitter device to transmit using a spread-spectrum technique, and a controller to cause the transmitter device to avoid the determined frequencies by the second wireless network. The identifier device comprises a manual user interface.
In another aspect, in general, the invention features an apparatus comprising means for determining information about frequencies in use by a first wireless network, and means for avoiding the determined frequencies by the second wireless network using a spread-spectrum technique.
Other features and advantages will become apparent from the following description and from the claims.



DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 shows a function block diagram of one implementation of the invention;
FIG. 2A shows the data signal structure from the output of the payload manager;
FIG. 2B shows the block structure from the error correction codec;
FIG. 2C shows a CRC protected packet structure;
FIG. 3 shows the flowchart of system operation procedure of one implementation of the invention;
FIG. 4A shows the flowchart of operation procedure for network acquisition at the master;
FIG. 4B shows the flowchart of operation procedure for network acquisition at the slave; and
FIG. 5A-1-3, FIG. 5B1-2 FIGS. 5C-4, D, E are schematic circuit diagrams of an exemplary embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 7-9; are flow charts illustrating exemplary processes according to the invention, and
FIGS. 6-9; and
FIG. 10 is a black diagram of channel selector 75.



With reference now to the drawing, FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the logical arrangement of a system 4 according to the invention. A master 170 communicates with at least one slave, such as slave 180, via a wireless medium (not shown). The system 4 is not limited to one master or one slave; multiple masters 170 can transmit to multiple slaves 180. For simplicity, the following description will be based on an example of one master 170 and multiple slaves 180. The slaves 180 are generally located in multiple distributed locations. The slaves 180 can be located in a plurality of rooms, each having a utilization device, such as a speaker, connected to it. While this specific example relates to a sound system, other applications are contemplated, such as video, multimedia, telemetry, and remote data gathering applications). The slaves 180 can be battery powered and/or portable, such as in a headset.
Information signals 160 to be transmitted from the master 170 to the slaves 180, such as digital audio information signals, are first processed by payload manager 10 to provide a data unit signal to be used as input to error correction coder 20, functioning to present information signals to a communication channel so as to reduce the channel's negative impact on data integrity. The master can further include a source coder 5 for providing compression (an audio compressor, for instance). A variety of techniques can be employed for audio compression: for example, Audio Layer 2 (AC2) compression as described in ISO/MPEG-1; AC3 Psychoacoustic masking and Redundancy reduction. For example, for 16-bit, 2 audio channel, 32.55 kHz audio information signals, the master can include a source coder, such as an apt-x coder from APT—Audio Processing Technology (headquartered in Belfast, N Ireland).
The output from the Apt-x coder is organized by payload manager 10 into a data signal structure typically containing one hundred seventeen Message Words with six Symbols per Message Word and 4-bits per symbol in 2808 bits. This data signal structure can be represented by a matrix having six columns and one hundred seventeen rows, as shown in FIG. 2A. Each entry in the matrix is a symbol with 4-bits, and each row in the matrix is a “message word” (a unit of input to error correction encoder 20 which will be described in more detail below). The output from payload manager 10 along with some management bits (such as multiplexing control signals) can be protected using a channel coding technique such as error correction coding. The error correction encoder 20 maps a message word into a code word. Reed-Solomon (RS) coding can be used. For the exemplary RS coding in this example, the bit rate of the output from the error correction encoder 20 is doubled with respect to its input. The output of error correction encoder 20 (a block) can also be represented in the form of a matrix as shown in FIG. 2B. Each entry of the matrix is a symbol having 4 bits, and each row of the matrix is a code word composed of 12 symbols. For the exemplary audio signal, the block as output from error correction encoder 20 is a matrix having 12 columns and 117 rows. Each column of the matrix is defined as a packet having 468 (117×4) bits.
Error detection can be implemented by adding Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRCs) or checksums into each packet after error correction coding. The CRCs can be distributed within the packet so that it is possible to tell not only if the packet contains an error, but also what part of the packet contains the error. Specifically, for the exemplary wireless audio home application, each packet is further divided into a number of (four, for this example) sub-packets (each has 117-bits), and a 4-bit CRC is individually calculated on each sub-packet (as shown in FIG. 2C). For the 4-bit CRC in this example, corrupted data will have a 1/16 chance of falsely passing. The CRCs are further multiplexed by inserting each CRC close to the sub-packet it protects (either preceding or following the sub-packet). By doing so, the location of an error within a packet can be better located. The output from error correction encoder 20 is then processed by a packetizer 25. The output from packetizer 25 is transmitted to the slaves by the wireless interface 30 via one or more antennas 40.
From one transmission configuration to another, channel capacity can vary due to factors such as path loss, multipath interference, any interference other than the multipath interference, and nonlinearities. The system 4 can control how it uses the communication medium by changing its controllable transmission parameter values. The system 4 can in effect perform averaging over some or all of the controllable transmission parameters to compensate for localized channel capacity degradation. For example, localized channel capacity degradation can sometimes be caused by multipath interference which renders some pieces of spectrum unusable. If frequency is a controllable transmission parameter, the averaging can be achieved by sending the primary data over a sufficiently large number of frequencies and relying on error correction coding to repair the errors in packets sent over the affected spectrum.
Different transmission parameters are allowed to take on different values. For example, the frequency parameter can take on one value from the discrete set of radio frequencies that are tunable by the Phase Locked Loop (PLL). For the polarization parameter, the range of values can be the choice of vertical or horizontal polarization. The transmission quality achieved for a certain transmission configuration can be measured as the quality of the information signals received at the slave 180 (when the information is transmitted using the specified transmission configuration). The transmission quality can be quantified by many metrics such as Bit Error Rate (BER) which can be estimated based on information present in the error correction decoder and from the CRCs.
For the exemplary wireless application, the communication channel between a master 170 and slave 180 is the wireless medium with its associated multipath characteristics and interference sources. The controllable transmission parameter is the carrier frequency. The range of transmission parameter values depends on the selected frequency spectrum and channel bandwidth. For example, for an RF medium in the 2.4 GHz ISM (the Industrial, Scientific and Medical) radio band, the range of parameter values for the carrier signal control variable embraces all the tunable frequencies within the ISM radio band. The transmission configurations are the frequencies that can be adjusted by varying the transmission parameter value (carrier signal frequency, for this example). The following description is based on the exemplary wireless application.
Referring back to FIG. 1, a number of blocks (each containing multiple packets) from the output of error correction encoder 20 can be further processed and organized by packetizer 25 into a frame containing the blocks and management packets. The management packets will be described in more detail below. For the exemplary wireless application, eleven blocks from error correction encoder 20 and two management packets are organized into a frame having one hundred thirty-four packets.
The output from packetizer 25 is then transmitted via the wireless interface 30 using digital modulation techniques such as Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Phase-Shift Keying (PSK), or Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), from the master 170 to the slaves 180 using the 40 frequencies on the preferred frequency list. Since there are ninety-four tunable frequencies in the 2.4 GHz band, this choice leaves fifty-four frequencies on the potential frequency list. For this example, a frame contains 102.4 μs of audio data signals. A packet within a frame lasts about 750 μs. Error correction encoder module 20 can further perform interleaving in the time and frequency domains such that each symbol in a code word from the error correction encoder 20 is distributed to a different packet (as shown in FIG. 2B) to be transmitted on a different frequency from the preferred frequency list. The interleaving enables the error correction decoder 90 in the slave 180 to average the good quality of some packets with the poor quality of other packets such that the original information is accurately reconstructed. Interleaving can be performed over time, over frequency, or over any other controllable transmission parameter. Furthermore, each packet within a frame can be transmitted on a different frequency (transmission configuration in general)—in essence, introducing averaging in the frequency domain. A block as a whole is then transmitted over a representative portion of the available frequencies.
The system 4 is not limited to a specific form of source coder 5 and payload manager 10. The basic function of source coder 5 and payload manager 10 along with error correction encoder 20 and packetizer 25 can include dividing the information signals to be transmitted into a plurality of data signal units such as blocks for channel coding. The function can also include interleaving. The use of modules payload manager 10, error correction encoder 20 and packetizer 25 are for the purpose of illustration. These functional modules can be implemented in one or multiple physical units in the form of hardware or software. The invention is not limited to the specific source coder (such as Apt-x source coder in the exemplary implementation), specific structure of the data units (such as blocks and frames as illustrated) and specific error correction coder (such as RS coding in the exemplary implementation). The described data structures as shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are also for illustration purpose only.
Also shown in FIG. 1 is the slave 180 which can include one or more antennas 150 along with the wireless interface 80 for receiving the information transmitted from the master 170. The received information is fed to the depacketizer 185 and then to the error correction decoder 90. The depacketizer 185 and error correction decoder 90 perform essentially the inverse functions of packetizer 25 and error correction encoder 20. In the error correction decoder 90, each code word of every received block is checked for errors using the information inherent in the error correction coding, for example, the RS coding and the CRCs. The symbols in each code word will be flagged as correct or erroneous. If CRCs are present, they can be used to flag a group of symbols as “erasures” as is well known in the art of error correction coding. The transmission quality estimation provided by channel quality estimator 130 will be described in more detail later) is sent back to the master 170 via the wireless channel. The channel quality aggregator 70 in the master 170 collects this information for use by the channel manager 50 to select subsequent sets of frequencies (preferred frequency lists) used for transmitting primary data signals. The decoded information from error correction decoder 90 is sent to the payload manager 100. A source decoder 105 can be further provided for performing essentially the inverse function of source coder 5 for audio data signal transmission. The information signals can then go through the digital/analog converter 110 for the exemplary wireless application and be fed to the speaker 120.
The modules in the block diagram of FIG. 1, depicting the system 4, (e.g., source coder 5, payload manager 10 and channel manager 50, etc.), are logical modules that can be aggregated together in one or more physical modules, such as in the form of either hardware modules like ASICs and/or software modules.
The system estimates the channel transmission quality for both the preferred frequency list (preferred configuration list in general) and the potential frequency list (potential configuration list in general). The potential frequency list, for this example, can include all available frequencies (besides the 40 RF frequencies from the preferred frequency list) selected from the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band. Although this detailed description focuses on the exemplary wireless application, the system 4 has broader applicability, and is not limited to a single controllable transmission parameter but is applicable to multiple controllable transmission parameters, including but not limited to time, frequency, wavelength, polarization, antenna directivity, antenna direction, antenna location, equalizer settings, chipping sequence, signal power, and signal phase. In general terms, the system monitors the transmission quality for the preferred configuration list which will be used for transmitting primary data signals, and the potential configuration list which is not expected to be used for transmitting primary data signals in the immediate future.
Referring back to FIG. 1, each one of the slaves 180 develops its own transmission quality estimation in 130 by keeping track of the symbol-error information determined in its error correction decoder 60 for the preferred frequency list. For the potential frequency list, estimation of the transmission quality can be done by sending a probe packet containing data signals known a priori by both the master 170 and the slaves, such as slave 180. The probe packets are transmitted on probe frequencies selected from the potential frequency list. The transmission quality for the probe frequencies is estimated in each slave by measuring, such as the BER, of the received probe data. The probe frequencies are not currently-in-use, but the master 170 needs to know their transmission quality so that they can be used as candidates along with the preferred frequency list when the system 4 selects subsequent preferred frequency lists for transmitting subsequent primary data signals. The set of probe frequencies can include all or a subset of the frequencies from the potential frequency list. The transmission quality estimate for both the set of 40 frequencies on the preferred frequency list and the set of probe frequencies can be sent back to the master in a feedback packet. Due to a variety of phenomena, such as multipath interference, each one of the set of 40 frequencies can behave differently in terms of transmission quality. One advantageous choice of frequency for transmitting the feedback packet is the frequency from the preferred list which has the highest transmission quality, although many other choices, such as alternately using frequencies having higher than average transmission quality are also possible.
To improve performance, frequency (transmission configuration in general) adaptation is used. The master collects the feedback data signals from all of the slaves and aggregates its own transmission quality estimate. The master then periodically adjusts the preferred frequency list (or in general, the preferred configuration list) for the subsequent primary data signals. There are many different ways in which the master can aggregate the transmission quality information from the slaves 180 and select the subsequent preferred frequency list. For instance, it can simply average the estimate reported by each slave 180 for each frequency. The master 170 can also use the transmission quality information from each slave 180 to estimate the quality of the link to each slave 180, and then make decisions about which frequencies to use in the future based on the needs of a slave 180 which is closest to failure. In general, the master 170 can process the transmission quality measurements and select the subsequent preferred frequency list which improves a function of the transmission quality of all master/slave pairs. Based on the transmission quality estimation and how the master 170 selects the subsequent preferred frequency list, the preferred frequency list can not need to be adjusted, or the adjustment (from current preferred frequency list to subsequent preferred frequency lists) can be pseudorandom, partially pseudorandom or the adjustment can be nonrandom.
Although the system described thus far is effective at recovering from outside interference, in some circumstances it may interfere with other communications systems. Moreover, the approach thus far described represents a reactive approach, in which interference must have already occurred in order for the system to compensate for it. An additional, proactive approach is also possible, in which the system can be instructed to avoid interference from another network, and avoid interfering with another network, before the interference has happened.
For example, with reference to FIG. 1, another local wireless network 190 may exist in the same frequency range as the system described. As a more specific example, a user may have a WiFi network (a wireless network conforming to the IEEE 802.11 standard) in the same vicinity as the described system. A WiFi network includes one or more nodes, such as computers and/or base stations, all of which transmit in the same 2.4 GHz range as does the exemplary system described above although what is described is also applicable to other frequency bands. In certain configurations, the WiFi network may be more affected by the described system than the system is by the WiFi network.
To address this situation, the channel manager 50 also takes into account information from a channel selector 75 in determining the preferred and, optionally, potential frequency lists. (Although the channel selector 75 is shown separately in FIG. 1, it may also be part of the channel manager or part of another element or device in the system.) The channel selector 75 determines frequencies that should not be included among the preferred and, optionally, potential frequencies, because the determined frequencies may interfere with the other local wireless network 190.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 6, in some implementations, the channel selector 75 includes a user interface 610 that has a visual indicator 620, such as an LED, and a button 650. Each time the user presses the button 650, the indicator 620 flashes once. This signifies to the user that the system has registered the button press. Each time the user presses the button 650, the channel selector 75 selects a WiFi channel (a frequency band utilized by an IEEE 802.11 wireless network) to avoid. By default, before the user has pressed the button 650, the channel selector 75 selects WiFi channel 6 to avoid, since channel 6 is the most common channel in use in WiFi networks. When the user presses the button 650 once, the channel selector 75 selects WiFi channel 11, since that is the second-most common WiFi channel. Each subsequent time the user presses the button 650, the channel selector 75 selects WiFi channels 2-5, followed by 6-10. If the user again presses the button 650—or if, at any time, the user holds down the button 650 for three seconds—the channel selector 75 will switch to “full band” mode, in which it does not avoid any WiFi channel. In this case, the indicator 620 flashes multiple times.
In other implementations, multiple indicators exist such that the currently-selected WiFi channel may be unambiguously displayed. For example, in some implementations, a display exists showing the WiFi channel number. In some implementations, the user controls the selected channel through DIP switches. In some implementations, the user controls the selected channel through an on-screen graphical user interface or an LCD-based graphical user interface.
In some implementations, more than one WiFi channel may be selected at once.
The user may know in advance which channel is in use by the other network 190, in which case he or she can press the button 650 the correct number of times to select the required channel. Alternatively, the user may simply press the button 650 when the other network 190 is experiencing interference. Repeated presses of the button 650 will eventually cause the channel selector 75 to select the correct channel to avoid.
The channel selector 75 communicates the information about which WiFi channel has been selected to the channel manager 50, which excludes the associated frequencies from the preferred and, optionally, potential frequency lists. For example, if the user has selected WiFi channel 6, the channel manager 50 will exclude frequencies corresponding to WiFi channel 6, i.e, 2.426 to 2.448 GHz, from the preferred frequency list, and optionally the potential frequency list as well.
In other implementations, the channel selector 75 includes a mechanism by which the channels occupied by other devices operating on the 2.4 GHz frequency range can be automatically detected and avoided. Referring to FIG. 7, for example, the channel selector 75 first waits until the master 170 is not linked to other nodes (steps 710 and 720), for example, to a slave node. Then, the channel selector 75 listens for activity on frequencies within the 2.4 GHz frequency band (step 730). If the channel selector 75 finds activity (step 740), it instructs the channel manager 50 excludes those frequencies from the preferred and, optionally potential frequency lists (step 750); otherwise the channel manager 50 determines that the entire band is available (step 760). In some variations, instead of waiting until the master 170 is not linked to other nodes (steps 710 and 720), the channel selector 75 instead waits until the button 650 (FIG. 6) is pushed. In some variations, step 760 is not used; instead, the channel manager assumes that all frequencies within the band of operation may be included in the potential and preferred frequency list unless instructed otherwise. In some variations, the channel selector 77 located in a slave 180 is used in addition to a channel selector 75 located in a master 170. In these variations, the slave's channel selector 77 sends the channel selector 75 in the master 170 information about what frequencies to instruct the channel manager 50 to exclude in step 750. In some variations channel selectors 75, 77 located in both the slave 180 and in the master 170 listen for activity. These variations are advantageous in that the slave's channel selector 77 may be able to detect frequencies that the master's channel selector 75 cannot.
In some implementations, referring to FIG. 8, the master 170 periodically allocates small slices of time (for example, 150 microseconds) within the normal sequence of transmissions/receptions during which all nodes on the network are radio-silent. The channel selector 75 waits for the allocated time slice (step 810). At this point, the master 170 suspends transmission (step 825) while the channel selector 75 listens for activity (step 820). If it finds activity (step 830), the channel manager 50 excludes the frequencies at which the activity is occurring from the preferred frequencies (step 840); otherwise the channel manager determines that the given frequencies are available (step 850). In some variations, step 850 is not used; instead, the channel manager assumes that all frequencies within the band of operation may be included in the potential and preferred frequency list unless instructed otherwise.
In the implementations described in FIGS. 7 and 8, the channel selector 75 listens for activity in one of following two exemplary ways. In one variation, the channel selector 75 successively tunes to each frequency (or channel) in the band and detects radio frequency energy. In a second variation, the channel selector 75 attempts to detect the signature of a device operating on the channel. As used herein, a signature represents a characteristic emission of a device. The signature may relate to an emission's frequency, duration, amplitude, phase, power level, antenna polarity, or other attributes, or a combination of attributes. In some implementations, the signature comprises “beacon” packets with a fixed duration associated with an 802.11 network, sent at regular intervals. In some implementations, the signature comprises bursts of energy at regular intervals. In some implementations, the signature comprises energy configured in swaths of 22 MHz, also characteristic of an 802.11 network. In some implementations, a signature comprises a modulation technique, for example ASK, FSK, QAM, OFDM, FHSS, or DSSS. In some implementations, other signatures are defined.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 9, in some implementations, a node such as the master 170 is capable of connecting to an 802.11 wireless network. In some variations the node connects, such as through a standard 802.11 chip 73, to the 802.11 wireless network. In these variations, the connection can be initiated by the user, such as when the user pushes a button. In this case, the channel selector 75 checks to see if the button 650 was pressed (step 905). If not, it waits until the user presses the button. (Note that the button press described here does not cause the same effect as the button press described in the text referring to FIG. 6.) Next, the channel selector 75 checks to see if an 802.11 network 190 is present (step 910). If a network exists, the channel selector 75 instructs the 802.11 chip 73 to connect to the network (step 920) and, using the 802.11 protocol, to ascertains the channel on which the network is operating (step 930). The channel selector 75 then instructs the channel manager 50 to exclude the frequencies associated with the detected channel (step 940). In some variations, the channel selector 75 checks to see if a node such as the master 170 is connected to other nodes such as the slave nodes 180. If it is, it waits until it is not connected before searching for a wireless network.
In some variations, the master 170 performs the process described in FIG. 9 by omitting step 905 altogether. Instead, the master 170 begins at step 910. In some implementations, it performs this process when it is first turned on. In some implementations, it performs this process at prespecified time intervals, for example, every 3 seconds. In some variations, the master 170 suspends transmission while it is performing the process described.
In other examples, the other network 190 need not be a WiFi network but could be any network on which communication may interfere with the system. Other techniques may be used to solicit the user's input on the frequencies to be avoided, or to obtain that information automatically.
In some implementations, the channel selector 75 is a software program implemented on a DSP (“digital signal processor”). Referring to FIG. 10, the button 650 (FIG. 6) is attached to a pin 1005 on the DSP. The channel selector 75 consists of two layers of software code: a low level 1010 and a high layer 1020. Code in the low level 1010 monitors the voltage on the pin 1005. A voltage of 0 indicates that the button 650 is depressed; a voltage of non-0 (for example, 3.3 volts) indicates that the button 650 is not depressed. The low-level code 1010 constantly monitors the status of the pin 1005. The middle-level code 1020 constantly monitors the status of the low-level code 1010. When the voltage on the pin 1005 becomes non-zero, the low-level code returns an indication that the button has been pressed. It does not continue to return this result until the voltage becomes zero, then non-zero again. (Otherwise, it would send multiple messages whenever the button 650 is pressed.)
The low-level code 1010 also maintains a timer 1007, which the code 1010 uses to determine when the button 650 has remained pressed for three seconds or more. When this happens, the low-level code 1010 returns an indication to the middle-level code 1020 that the button has been pressed. This indication, and the indication that the button has been pressed, take the form of arbitrary patterns. In some examples, the indication that the button is not pressed is binary ‘00’; the indication that the button is pressed is ‘01,’ and the indication that the button has been pressed for three seconds is ‘11’.
The indicator 620 is connected via a pin 1025 to the DSP. When the middle-level code 1020 receives a positive result (indicating that the button 650 has been pressed) from the low-level code 1010, the middle-level code 1020 briefly sends a signal on pin 1025 to flash the indicator 620 once. The middle-level code 1020 then updates an internal channel ID list to mark the channel to avoid. If, after updating, the channel ID list indicates that the system should now be in full band mode, the middle-level code 1020 sends a signal on pin 1025 to flash the indicator 620 one or more additional times.
The channel manager 50 constantly monitors the status of the middle-level code 1020. The middle-level code 1020 returns the frequencies that are associated with the selected WiFi channel. When the button 650 is pressed, the middle-level code 1020 initiates a process 1030 that reallocates all of the channels in the band according to the new selection.
The channel manager 50 updates the preferred and, optionally, the potential frequency lists based on factors described earlier as well as the result from the middle-level code 1020.
Information about the selected subsequent preferred frequency list is included in the network management information which can be transmitted to the slaves 180. To improve reliability of transmitting this information, the network management information can be further protected via error correction coding, which can be more certain of correction than that used to protect the primary data, along with the use of CRCs. Further, instead of sending the network management information once, during the transmission of a frame, the network management information can be transmitted multiple times. For the exemplary wireless audio application, since each frame contains 11 blocks, the network management information can be transmitted along with every block of data so the slaves will have 11 opportunities to receive it.
FIG. 3 shows a flowchart operation procedure 190 of the system 4. The system start 200 organizes information signals into a first number of frames, each including a second number of packets 210. Each frame is transmitted from the master 170 to the slaves 180 by sending 220 the packets within the frame via a preferred frequency list. The master 170 aggregates and selects a subsequent preferred frequency list based on transmission quality estimation between all the master/slave pairs for both the preferred frequency list and a set of probe frequencies chosen from the potential frequency list 230. The procedure 190 continues until all the frames are sent 240.
An adaptive scheme, which utilizes the transmission quality estimation, can be used along with a number of technologies for transmitting the digitally modulated information, e.g., FHSS, DSSS, and OFDM (selecting appropriate RF spectrum and digital modulation schemes), by adaptively adjusting one or more controllable transmission parameters. For example, in the case of frequency hopping (FHSS), the master 170 sends a short burst of data signals (a packet for the exemplary wireless sound system) via a digital modulation technique such as 4-level frequency shift keying (4-FSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), then adjusts the frequency and sends another short burst of data signals. Each frequency is occupied for a brief period of time. The preferred frequency list can or can not be adaptively adjusted, based on transmission quality estimation and how the master 170 selects the frequencies, to accommodate the localized channel capacity variation. When the proposed transmission quality based adaptive scheme is used with direct sequence modulation (DSSS), the system 4 can take various actions based on transmission quality information, including switching to a new center frequency having better transmission quality, adjusting the chipping sequence, or changing other variables that can affect the transmission, such as antenna polarization, power level, and time slot. When the slaves 180 are handsets, the handset transmission power can also be adjusted so that signals of all handsets have the same power arriving at the master 170.
In general, the monitored channel transmission quality information can be used in many different ways to improve system performance in addition to the adaptive adjustment of frequencies (transmission configurations in general) described above. For example, the properties of digital modulation can be adjusted based on monitored transmission quality. For a frequency having better quality, a higher order modulation scheme such as 16-QAM could be used, while for a frequency having poorer quality a lower order modulation scheme such as 4-QAM could be used, so as to equalize the BER on the frequencies.
The information signals 160 to be transmitted can include more than one stream of information signals simultaneously. For example, for the exemplary wireless sound system, there can be two streams from two separate audio signal sources (e.g., one might be carrying a radio broadcast while the other carries material from a CD player), allowing people in different rooms to listen to sounds from different audio signal sources simultaneously. The multiple streams can be separately coded and transmitted via separate masters, and the slaves will then choose to connect to one of the available masters. Alternately, the multiple streams can be multiplexed into the transmission of a single master. For the case when more than one stream is transmitted, the error correction coding scheme of coder 20 can also be adjusted based on the transmission quality and/or utilization of received streams (such as based on slave 180 status and user command/control for each stream). For example, when one stream is not used, an error correction scheme of coder 20 more certain of error correction can be used for the other stream. Furthermore, one embodiment can pack two of the masters 170 into a single physical unit, with each master 170 dedicated to a separate audio signal source (e.g., one for a radio broadcast, and the other for a CD player). They can share common components, such as a common power supply. Also, two masters 170 can be wire-connected in order to synchronize their transmissions and share preferred frequency lists. Two masters 170 that are so implemented are preferably synchronized so that they can listen for feedback packets at the same time. They can also coordinate their selection of frequencies to avoid transmitting on the same frequency at the same time.
The master 170 and the slaves 180 preferably agree on which frequencies (transmission configurations in general) will be used, especially for a broadcast network when either a new slave 180 or an existing slave 180 which lost synchronization with the network (e.g., due to interference), must be able to acquire the network (know which frequencies will be used for the next frame of data and synchronize its own time base with that of the master 170), without disturbing any ongoing transmission to other slaves 180. A set of predefined “base frequencies” can be used by the master 170 to transmit the information about the current preferred frequency list to the slaves 180, and the information used by a new slave 180 for acquiring the network. The set of base frequencies is known a priori by both the master 170 and the slaves 180, including the slave 180 to be attached. At a predetermined rate, the master 170 can transmit a “sync” packet on one of the base frequencies. The sync packet includes a timing reference extracted from the master's local clock (for instance, a local crystal oscillator) and the current preferred frequency list. When a new slave 180 is turned on, the slave 180 tunes to one of the base frequencies. The slave 180 repeatedly tries to receive the sync packet, and moves on to another one of the base frequencies, until it succeeds. The slave 180 then reads in the data and the CRC. If the CRC fails, the slave 180 resets itself and tries again. If the CRC passes, the slave 180 assumes it has acquired a master. The new slave 180 then receives packets from the master 170 until such time as the new slave 180 detects a loss of synchronization.
FIG. 4A shows a process 290 for network acquisition at the master 170. The process 290 start 300 selects one frequency from the set of preselected base frequencies 310 to be used for acquiring the network by the new slaves 180. A COUNT variable is then reset 320. Periodically (every 100 ms for example) the master 170 transmits a sync packet containing the master's timing reference and the subsequent preferred frequency list on the selected base frequency 330. The COUNT variable is incremented 340. If the COUNT variable is larger than a predetermined threshold value 350, the procedure switches to select one frequency 310 to pick another frequency from the list of base frequencies. Otherwise the master 170 transmits the sync packet on the same selected base frequency. When the master 170 is not transmitting a sync packet (which is most of the time), it sends other packets containing other data signals.
FIG. 4B shows a process 390 for network acquisition at the slaves 180. The process 390 start 400 selects one frequency from the set of preselected base frequencies 410 to be used for acquiring the network by the new slaves 180. A COUNT variable is then reset 420. The new slave 180 seeking a master 170 for attachment tunes to the selected frequency and searches for the timing reference information 430 sent as part of the sync packet. If it succeeds, the process reads in the synchronization data 450. Otherwise the COUNT variable is incremented 460. If the COUNT variable is larger than a predetermined threshold value 470, the process switches to select frequency 410 to select another frequency from the list of base frequencies. Otherwise, the procedure returns to 430 so the new slave 180 will continue trying to find a sync packet on the same base frequency. After reading the synchronization data 450, its CRC is checked for validity 480. If synchronization data is valid, synchronization has been achieved. The new slave 180 reads in subsequent packets 490. Otherwise, the procedure returns to 460 to seek synchronization data again. After step 480, the new slave receives primary data packets. If the received primary data packets are consistently incorrect 495, the process returns to 410 to try to acquire the network again.
FIGS. 5A-5E are exemplary schematic circuit diagrams suitable for use as a master 170 or a slave 180. This circuitry can be connected as a master 170 and receive stereo signals from a source, such as a CD player or tuner, and function as a slave 180 that furnishes appropriate audio signals to a loudspeaker system.
The probe packet, feedback packet, and sync packet are a few possible management packets that can be implemented. The packet structure of such management packets can be the same as or different from the packet structure used for data signal transmission. An exemplary implementation of the invention accommodates one feedback packet per frame, with probe packets and sync packets each being sent every other frame.
The wireless system 4 can operate alone or in parallel with other types of existing networks such as Ethernet networks. For example, the wireless system can be used to transmit time critical data (e.g., audio signal streams) while the existing network is used to transmit other data signals (e.g., command/control signals).
An advantage of the wireless system 4 is that it can successfully operate in the presence of noise and competing data signal transmissions in the same transmission band (e.g., from microwave ovens, cell phones, wireless telephones, and other audio devices). For example, interference from microwave ovens, which can be a serious impediment to wireless data signal transmission in homes, is inherently rejected by the system's monitoring of transmission quality—frequencies affected by microwave oven are discovered and avoided. Competing wireless data transmissions are also, to a degree, dealt with in the same manner; and additional immunity to such competing transmissions arise by choosing sets of frequencies that have little overlap with the frequencies used by competing systems (e.g., the frequencies used in a frequency hopping implementation could be orthogonal to those of a competing system).
Each master 170 in the system can also be assigned a unique identification signal that can be transmitted to slaves 180 in the same system to condition the slaves 180 to receive correct data signals. Management packets returned by slaves 180 to masters 170 can be sent during time slots assigned on the basis of a slave's unique identification signal.
The system 4 is sufficiently reliable to provide a multiroom home wireless audio system with a range (distance between master and slaves) of more than 100-ft, as many as eight slaves; a latency (time delay between master and slaves) of less than 40 ms, excellent audio quality, and ability to accommodate transmissions from at least two independent audio signal sources.
The auxiliary data signals, such as command/control signals from the slaves can also be sent back to the master along with, or separate from, the transmission quality estimation information signals via the same or separate frequency. For example, for the exemplary wireless sound system application, the user can want to change the audio signals transduced by the speaker, such as by changing the FM radio station. For this example, the relatively long-range wireless link (up to more than 100 ft for the exemplary application) can operate beside short-range RF remote controls, with which the user can command the specific audio devices (e.g., changing the FM radio station). The user's command/control information can be relayed from the short-range RF remote to the master located at the other end of the long-range wireless link. When the RF remote operates in a different frequency spectrum from the wireless data transmission, the slaves where the audio device is connected can have an RF remote transceiver included so that the command/control to/from the RF remote can be passed through the long-range wireless link in the same way that ancillary information signals are transmitted. Essentially this arrangement forms a repeater for the short-range RF remote, enabling RF remote operation in the same area served by the long-range wireless link.
FIGS. 5A-1 includes a transceiver chip 500 commercially available from Atmel Corporation of San Jose, Calif. For transmission, the chip 500 receives a base band signal and FSK modulates this signal on a carrier in the 2.4 Ghz band tunable by a PLL on the chip. A digital interface receives appropriate signals for controlling the carrier frequency and other parameters. For reception, the chip 500 receives a signal in the 2.4 Ghz band, converts the signal for filtering, and then demodulates it to a base band signal delivered at 510. Chip 502 can be regarded as a sibling chip of transceiver chip 500. For transmission, it functions as a power amplifier, delivering as much as a few hundred mw of power for radiation of a modulated carrier in the 2.4 Ghz band. For reception, it includes a low noise amplifier.
A chip 504 is an analog switch that functions primarily for modulation and is commercially available from Atmel accepting two-level FSK modulation, and with supporting components, furnishes four-level FSK modulation. A chip 506 functions as an operational amplifier that coacts with one of the switches in analog switches 504 as a sample/hold circuit. This circuit accepts a reference level from an incoming analog signal at 510 so that the following circuitry can correctly differentiate one level from another to negate the effects of any DC bias in the incoming signal.
A data slicer 508 coacts with surrounding components to convert the analog signal at 510 into a digital signal that can be sampled.
Referring to FIGS. 5B-1 an oscillator 512 functions as the primary time base for furnishing timing signals to all other circuits in the embodiment. An analog audio interface 514 receives left and right stereo signals when the embodiment functions as a master, and a socket 516 is only populated when operating as a master. Switch bank 518 allows a user to select the identification signal for the specific master 170 or slave 180.
Programmable logic device (PLD) 520 can be an EPM3032ATC44-10 commercially available from Altera of San Jose, Calif. The device 520 handles many low-level digital signal functions that are relatively easily handled with programmable logic. The device also performs the preamble detection. When the PLD detects a given pattern in the incoming signal (the preamble), it fires an interrupt signal which the digital signal processor uses as a timing reference. When used as a slave 180, the master/slave interface can include these voltage translation transistors.
Referring to FIGS. 5C-1-4 a digital signal processor 526 performs the methods according to the system 4. This digital signal processor in this exemplary embodiment is a 180-MIPS Motorola chip (Motorola DSP56367) commercially available from Motorola. Referring to FIG. 5D, there is shown circuitry performing analog audio signal processing. For master 170, circuit 528 includes a differential pre-amp followed by an A/D converter. The master 170 is capable of taking two analog streams (of two channels each), two pairs of differential amplifiers and two dual analog-to-digital converters. For slave 180, circuit 530 has a single (dual) digital-to-analog converter followed by a pair of buffered amplifiers. Only one stream of two channel output is furnished for this example.
Referring to FIG. 5E, there is a schematic circuit diagram of the power supply. The output of a transformer is full-wave rectified, processed and converted into a range of DC voltages used in the circuitry.
There has been described novel apparatus and techniques for wireless communicating. It is evident that those skilled in the art can now make numerous uses and modifications of an departures from the specific apparatus and techniques disclosed herein without departing from the inventive concepts. Consequently the invention is to be construed as embracing each and every novel feature and novel combination of features present in or possessed by the apparatus and techniques herein disclosed and limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method avoiding interference from a first wireless system operating on a first frequency in a first range of frequencies in which a second wireless system may operate using spread spectrum techniques that has a plurality of frequency ranges including the first range and other frequency ranges outside said first range comprising,
determining on the second wireless system the first frequency of active operation of the first wireless system, and
communicating wirelessly on the second wireless system in the vicinity of wireless communication on the first wireless system while preventing the second wireless system from operating in the first frequency range and
utilizing a spread-spectrum technique that operates in a frequency range outside said first frequency range without replacing said first frequency range with another frequency range.

2. The method of claim 1 in which the determining is done at a time when transmissions from the first wireless system do not impede the functionality of the second wireless system.

3. The method of claim 1 in which the determining is done at a time when transmissions from the second wireless system do not impede the functionality of the first wireless system.

4. The method of claim 1 in which the determining is done at a time when the second wireless system is not transmitting.

5. The method of claim 1 in which the second wireless system comprises a node capable of transmitting, and the determining is done at a time when the node is not transmitting.

6. The method of claim 1 in which user manually selects the first frequency range to be excluded from operation by the second wireless system.

7. The method of claim 6 in which the user manually selects the first frequency range pressing a button to prevent the second wireless system operating in the first frequency range.

8. The method of claim 1 in which the determining comprises detecting activity of the first wireless system.

9. The method of claim 1 further comprising suspending wireless communication on the second wireless network, during the suspending, determining a frequency of operation of the first wireless system.

10. A method avoiding interference from a first wireless system operating on a first frequency in a first range of frequencies in which a second wireless system may operate using spread spectrum techniques that has a plurality of frequency ranges including the first frequency range and other frequency ranges outside the first range comprising,
maintaining for the second wireless system, information about the first frequency,
communicating on the second wireless system using a spread-spectrum technique in a frequency range outside said first range of frequencies, and
controlling communicating on the second wireless system to exclude the first frequency without replacing said first frequency with another frequency.

11. The method of claim 10 in which the information is updated periodically.

12. The method of claim 10 in which the second wireless system includes a user interface and a user enters the information through the user interface to manually exclude the first frequency.

13. The method of claim 10 in which the information is obtained automatically by observation of the first wireless network.

14. An apparatus comprising
a second wireless system constructed and arranged to use spread spectrum techniques in a plurality of frequency ranges including a first frequency range embracing a first frequency on which a first wireless system operates that would have interference if said second wireless system operated in said first frequency range
a controller to prevent operation of said second wireless system in said first frequency range without replacing said first frequency range with another frequency range.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 in which the controller comprises a manual user interface constructed and arranged to allow the user to manually prevent operation of said second wireless system in said first frequency range.