OCCASIONAL PAPER 120 MAY 1951 

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FOREST PLANTING SITES 

IN NORTH MISSISSIPPI AND WEST TENNESSEE 

Walter M. Broadfoot 

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 

Chas. A. Connaughton, Director 

New Orleans, La . 

FOREST SERVICE, U. S. DEPT OF AGRICULTURE 
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FOREST PLANTIID SITES 

IN NORTH MISSISSIPPI AND WEST TENNESSEE 

Walter M. Broadfoot 

Southern Forest Experiment Station 

Forest plantations in north 

Tennessee can produce merchantable 

has made useless for other crops • 

crease, stop, or forestall erosion 

central Mississippi and western 

timber on much land which erosion 

Forest plantings usually can deeQonomica11y. 

This paper describes the most important sites in the area, predicts what may be expected if they are planted to trees, and suggests 

the tree species and planting procedures most likely to succeed. The 

opinions and conclusions are based on field observations during the 

past three years. The -majority of these observations were made during 

detailed study of 159 plantations an Which establishment records were 

available. 

,Soil Conditions Affecting Tree Growth 

Plant growth is governed chiefly by the ability of the soil to 

supply water, air, and plant food to the roots. Any soil condition 

which restricts the~e essentials also restricts tree growth. 

In the light of these requirements, three important influences 

can be used to evaluate site quality. They are soil depth, fertility 

of the surface soil layer, and soil moisture conditions. 

Plant roots extend several feet into the soil in search of water 

and nutrients. When an impenetrable layer of hardpan or poorly drained 

soil keeps tree roots near the surface, they cannot reach enough food 

and water, and growth i s poor. Except in gullies, depth to an impervious layer ordinarily will not vary greatly within fields. In general, 

the extent to which fertility and soil moisture affect the survival 

and growth of planted trees depends on whether an impervious layer lies 

close enough to the surface to deny roots the necessary growing space. 

Soils more than 24 inches in depth are considered deep in this publication, and those less than 24 inches in depth are considered shallow. 

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A serious effect of erosion has been to wash away the topsoil, 

the most fertile part. With trees as with row crops, the less topsoil 

in the surface 6 inches, the poorer the growth. When only subsoil or 

parent material is found on the surface, growth is likely to be very 

poor. 

In order to learn the nature, depth, and position of the various' 

soil layers in old fields, same digging may be necessary. Where the 

soil has not been eroded or otherwise moved or mixed, the topsoil is 

the surface layer, subsoil the second layer, and parent material the 

third layer. The topsoil is normally darker and greyer than the reddishbrown subsoil . Parent material, from which the subsoil develops, may 

not differ in color from the subsoil. In this area it ordinarily occurs 

at depths of mote than three feet below the ground surface, unless 

serious erosion has removed the topsoil. . . , 

In gullies, the composition, depth, and location of the various 

soil layers can be learned by examining the sides and bottoms. Near the 

base of gully banks and on the gully bottoms the kind of soil i~ the ' 

surface layer will depend largely on whether or not erosion is taking 

place. On areas where erosion has stopped or where soil has been deposited, the surface layer will most likely be of mixed topsoil, subsoil, and parent materials. When the materials are mixed, as in gullies, 

the composition can be estimated from the color 'and general appearance. 

Impervious layetsare easily recognized as compact, mottled zones in 

the case of hardpan, or as grey, waterlogged Z.ones in the case of 

poorly drained soils. 

The moisture condi tion of a site is governed chiefly by the 

position of the site on the slope • Sites on lower slopes and in minor 

bottoms' are naturally moister t 'han sites on ridges and upper slopes. 

The natUral moisture ~ondition of a site is also affected by the 

texture of the soil.') the direction in which the slope faces, and the 

kind of plants already growing on the site. Fine- and medium~textured 

soils are ''lett er them ,coarse sands. North and east slopes are usually 

more moist than south and west ' slopes. Soils covered by plants or 

litter ,absorb more water than those that are bare. 

TW s of Planting Sites 

These three IlBjor influences--depth, fertility, and moisture--

canbineto determine planting sites. Table 1 summarizes the most cammon sites in north central Mississippi and western Tennessee, and indicates the general remIts that may be ,expected on 'them. These sites 

are best suited to pines. Hardwoods are recommended for only two of 

them. 

In the table, the probable success of plantings for timber production and erosion control has been rated on a five- point scale 

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Table L-,=Pine planting sites in north Mississippi and we,st Tennessee 

Soil and site 

I.' Soil 24 inches or more deep .' 

A. Surface 6 inches mostly 

topsoil 

Old- field sites, 

Planting Probable 

objecti've : 'suceess 

L Moi st-- lower slopes Timber Excellent 

11 and bottoms 

2 . Dry--ridges and Timber Good to 

upper slopes excellent 

Special cases=-very Xirnber Fair to 

rapid ,internal drainage excellent 

,B. Surface 6 inches mostly 

subsoil 

L ,Moist--lower slopes Timber; ero- Good 

sion control 

secondary 

2. Dry=-ridges and Timber;ero= Fair 

upper slopes sion control to 

secondary good 

Co Surface 6 in,ches mostly '. (y) •• 0 

parent material 

II. Soil less than 24 in. deep 

A. Surface 6 inches mostly 

topsoil 

10 ,Moist==lower slope s Timber GoodY 

and bottoms 

Special cases--very Timber Poor to 

poer internal drainage fair 

2. Dry--ridges and Timber Fair to 

uppe r slope s good 

B. Surface 6 inches mostly 

subsoil 

1. Moist--lower slopes Timber; ero= Fair 

sion control 

secondary 

2. Dry--ridges and Erosion oon= Poor 

upper slopes trol ;timber to 

secondary fair 

Gully sites 

~ Planting : Probableobjective: success 

(g,I) 

(g,I) ... 

(g,I) ... 

Erosion con- 'Fair 

trol;timber to 

secondary Good 

Erosion con- fair 

trol;timber 

secondary 

Erosion Poor 

control 

(y') 

(y) 

(y) 

Erosion con- Poor 

trol;timber to 

secondary fair 

.Erosion con- Pobr 

trol 

,C. Surface 6 inches mostly (g/) c.. Erosion Very 

parent material control poor 

17 Good results may be expected from planting hardwoods on site IAl, and fair 

results on site IIAL On all other sites', hardwoods may be expected to 

be poor or very poor and carmot be recommended for planting. 

Y Such sites are not commonly found in this area. 

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running from excellent through good, fair, and poor, to very poor 

(virtual failure). Survival, vigor, and growth, together with completeness of erosion control by needle litter and vegetation other 

than trees, have 'entered into this classification. It should be 

~phasized that all but the very poorest results may be worth getting. 

An erosion-control gully planting on a shallow, dry soil where the 

surface layer is mostly subsoil may be worth the cost of planting 

even if only part of the trees live.. These small trees will begin 

to slow down erosion and eventually they will do much to stop it~ 

Frequently they will control it more cheaply and effectively than 

any other means. 

Following are fuller descriptions--numbered to correspond 

with the table--of the chief sites in the region. 

!Al.im ervious la er if resent 2 or more 

inches below surface' surface 6 inches mostl to soil· moist.--

Such sites occur mostly near or at the bottoms of slopes. They are 

found mostly in old fields because gullies have only very small 

areas, in which topsoil predominates in the surface 6 inches. Moisture ~y be abundant because the site is near the bottoms of slopes, 

and also because soil texture is fine, the Slope faces north or 

east, plant cover or litter is good, or b~cause a combination of 

these factors occurs. The soil is deep enough to prevent excessive 

wetness or waterlogging. These are the best possible sites for 

pine timber production,and hardwoods may do well. In general, 

pines planted on these sites begin to reproduce themselves within 

10 years after planting, and are invaded (fig. 1) by oak, ash, and 

other high-quality hardwoods that require good sites. 

IA2. Soil deep; surface 6 inches mostly topsoil; d~y,-­

Except for small patches the-se sit es, like the preceding ones, 

occur mostly in old fields, but generally on the upper slopes. 

Their dryness may be the result of position on slope, of southern 

or western exposure, of coarse soil texture, or of lack of protective cover, or of a combination of these reasons. Plantation 

survival and growth on these sites (fig. 2) is not as good as on 

the sites described above. Invading hardwood species--persimmon, ' 

blackgum, and ·sassafras.,..-are of less value than those coming in 

on the moister sites. Eastern red cedar also invades the dry 

sites. 

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~'igur e l.-Ten-year-old short l eaf pine on moist, deep soil in an old fiel d. The plantati on has 

been heavily invaded by white ash, a hardwood of high site requir ements • 

Figure 2.--Good 10-year-old short leaf pine about 18 feet high and 3 inches in d . b.h.; survival and 

vigor are fair to good . Soil is deep and fertile but dry, and the hardwoods which have come in are less valuable than those that invade the moist sites like the one shown in figure 1. 
In special cases the effect of the position on the slope is 

accentuated by excessive or very rapid internal drainage through 

loose sand or loamy sand in the subsoil. Then ' survival the first 

year after planting is likely to be poorj because 15 or 20 days 

without rain may leave young j short- rooted seedlings without sufficient water. The trees that survive the first year, howeverj are 

likely to grow nearly as well (fig. 3) as those on moist sites. 

Poor survival in dry years may necessitate more replanting on these 

sit es than on many others. 

IBl. Soil deep; surface 6 inches mostly subsoil; moist.--

These sites occur on lower slopesj in both old fields and gullies. 

Good moisture conditions result from their low positionj mediumto fine-textured soilsj north- or east-facing slopesj and protective 

plant cover or litter. In old fields such sites are recognizable 

from the fact that severe sheet erosion has removed most i or all 

of the topsoil 0 Similar sites occur in gullies in recently abandoned fields, or in overgrazed pastures. Old-field plantings should 

be successful and produce satisfactory timber, with effective erosion control as a byproduct (fig . 4) . Gully plantings may have 

only fair to good success, but probably will stabilize sand movement; timber can be produced as a secondary objective. 

Figure 5 illustrates' a common and important type of large 

gully with steep banks. Moisture as well as nutrient mat"erials 

concentrate where the bank meets the gully floor. These spots 

are especially good planting sites. Soil is being deposited in 

the lower part of the gully and immediately below the outlet. 

This material contains enough topsoil to support good growth, and 

overlies deep parent material. The first planting should be on 

recent , somewhat stabilized deposition areas near the gully mouth 

(fig. 6) and in spots of moisture and topsoil concentration on the 

floor along the bank . Survival is likely to be low, but the trees 

which live will be vigorous and will gradually choke off the sand 

flow and cause it to be deposited further back from the gully 

mouth. If the new deposits of sand are planted every two or three 

years, the entire gully can eventually be covered and stabilized. 

IB2. Soil deep ; surface 6 inches mostly subsoil; dry.-- These 

sites, like the preceding, occur in both old fields and gullies, but 

on the drier upper slopes and ridges. Dryness may be accentuated by 

coarse- textured soilsj south and west slopes, and the lack of protective cover 0 Planting success is fair to good on these dry sites 

in old fields, where timber production is primarYj but only fair in 

gullies, where erosion control is most important. 

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Figure 3.-- Poor survival but good growth from lo-year-old loblolly pines planted on deep loamy sand 

that has rapid internal drainage. 

Figure 4.--Good lobloll y plantation on an ol d field t hat had lost most of i ts topsoil but had 

plenty of moisture and good subsoil. Note heavy lit t er cast by these trees, which are 35 f eet 

tall and 7 inches d.b. h. at 14 years of age. 
Figure 5.--This common type of gully must be planted piecemeal over several years. Fairly stable 

soil deposits, particularly near the mouth, should be planted first. When these trees have 

taken hold, another str ip farther inside the gully should be planted, and so on until the 

entire gully is in t r ees. Other good planting sites are on the floor along the bank. 

Figure 6.-A live dam of loblolly pines across a gully outlet. Trees are 10 years old. Althoueh 

the gully i s not stabilized, it no longer contributes heavy sediment ,to the stre&~ channels it 

drains into. The new soil deposits in the foreground are ready for planting. 

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A dry-site gully of this class is pictured in figure 7. A 

small gully such as this can be planted straight across, all at one 

time, and at regular spacing. In 10 yearsl time, it should be well 

stabilized (fig. 8) if fire is kept out and there is no livestock 

or insect damage. 

IIA1. ervious la er alwa s resent within 

2 inches of surface' surface 6 inches mostl to soil~ moist.--These 

sites are usually found on gentle lower slopes and bottoms in old 

fields. Moisture conditions are best where the soil textures are' 

fine to medium, where there is some protective cover, and on north 

and. east slopes. Planting success is good for pine timber productio~ 

and fair for hardwoods. In shallow soils, growth is somewhat dependent upon the weather. In wet weather the compact layer, or hardpan 

as it is sometimes called, tends to hold water, and the site becomes 

too wet. In dry periods these sites soon dry out. Shortleaf pine is 

likely to have tipmoth damage. If sheet erosion is not already controlled by minor vegetation before planting, it will be checked by 

needle litter and minor vegetation soon afterwards. 

Sometimes sites of this category are wet because of very poor 

internal drainage. These wet sites are found on flat areas and small 

depressions and sometimes on bottoms. Trees planted on such sites are 

-generally poor. There is ample topsoil but the soil is so waterlogged that aeration is poor and growing space is severely limited. 

IIA2. Shallow soil; surface 6 inches mostly topsoil; dry.--

These sites are found on ridges and upper slopes in uneroded or 

slightly eroded old fields. Dryness is accentuated by coarse-textured 

soils, south and west slopes,and bareness. Fair to good results may 

be expected for pine timber production. 

IIB1. Shallow soil ; surface 6 inches mostly subsoil; moist.-~ 

These sites are found on lower slopes, both in old fields and gullies. 

Moisture conditions are best with f ine- .to ··medium-textured soils, on 

north and east slopes, or under protective cover. Timber production 

on old field sites of this kind is cnly fair, but erosion control is 

a secondary benefit. In gullies, erosion control is the primary ob~ 

jective. Results may be poor to fair, with some timber production in 

the most favorable cases. 

IIB2. Shallow soil; surface 6 inches mostly subsoil; dry.--

These sites occur on ridges and upper slopes in old fields and in 

gullies. In such locations coarse sands, south and west slopes, and 

bare areas are especiaily dry. Even on old fields, planting of these 

sites is primarily for erosion control, with timber production--on~y 

poor to fair at best--ofsecondary importance. Erosion control is 

the only justification for planting such sites in gullies. 
. Figure 7.--This kind of gully can be . planted all at one time, with tree rows going straight across. 

Figure 8.--Gully like that in figure 7, but ten years after being planted to loblolly pine. This 

plantation is rated f air for timber. It has stopped erosion . 

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Figure 9.--Shortleaf 10 ye&rs old in a gully where the surface layer is mostly parent material. The 

shallow, low-quality soil has severely limited the feeding zone of the roots, 

IC and IIC . Both deep and shallow soils; surface 6 inches 

mostly parent material; moist or dry.--These sites occur occasionally 

in old fields but usually in big gullies that seem to have gotten 

about as wide and deep as they can. Shallow, dry sites are most common. Often the surface is hard, cemented sandy clay, resistant to 

root penetration . This infertile material extends across the gully 

floor underneath a shallow covering of mixed materials. The roots 

find very little plant food, water, and air. In summer the soil sur~ 

face becomes hot, often hot enough to kill tender young seedlings. Any 

moisture in surface layer is quickly dried out by the sun and wind. 

Unless the sites are prepared in some way before planting, 

erosion-control plantations usually give poor results. Survival, 

growth, and vigor are low (fig. 9). Little or no litter is produced, 

ground cover is sparse, and the plantations fail to control erosion. 

Planting on deep silt loam parent material would probably give better 

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results than indicated in table 1, but inasmuch as such sites are extremely scarce in this category, there is not sufficient planting 

evidence to guarantee this prediction. 

These sit es must be mulched before planting. Mulch will prevent rapid loss of moisture by evaporation, extreme heating of the 

soil surface~ and rain-drop splash, and will do much to increase success in erosion control. (See 15 for suggestions for preparing such 

sit es.) 

Tree Species for Planting 

Loblolly pine.- -Loblolly in most respects has been found to be 

the best pine to plaht . Along with shortleaf and slash pine, it grows 

under the adverse conditions common to areas where erosion must be 

checked . Loblolly makes as good growth as any other species and produces more litter. 

Under average old- field conditions loblolly crowns close at 10 

years when trees have been planted at 6- by 6-foot spacings. In general, at this age the pines are reproducing and hardwoods are coming 

in under them (fig . 2) . Loblolly shows the usual decline in appearance with decline in site quality but less so than other species. 

, Lack of depth of soil necessary for full root development, particularly when caused by poor internal drainage, appears to be the principal limiting site factor for this species. 

In gully plantings, loblolly does best on loose, sandy, erosive 

soil,o The poorest growth is found on exposed hard, cemented, erosionresistant material. "", 

Shortleaf pine .- - Shortleaf seems to do as well on adverse" sites 

as loblolly, but its sparse litter production and Slower growth make 

it less successful in stabilizing gullies and bare areas. 

:~ Sh;~tl~a,i' pine':' isyery ' sus cepttbie to ,tipmoth t:t'~q ":'15articu­ lariy on the poorer sit~s. . Thls ,factor , certainly ha,s reduced ,its', ~~ , 

gro~h ra,te 0 

Slash pine Slash pine probably ~rows as fast as loblolly and 

faster than, shortleaf, but its surviVal is lower. Other things being 

eqUCll , slash pines produce less litter than loblolly but more 'than 

shortleaf 0 , · " , /, 

, ' !:3iash pine planted i n pure stands or on shallow soils appears 

to suffer JIO,r€;l ,ice damage than other species. This should be considered when, planting fo'r ti,mber production, but ,should not prEtv,e,nt, :' 

its use 'when erosion control is the main objective. 

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Other pines o--A few small plantings of longleaf, Virginia, and 

northern white pine have been observed in this region . Although these 

species may have some future for erosion control, they have not had 

sufficient trial to warrant much optimism in the case of Virginia and 

longleaf pine , while northern white pine promises even less. 

Eastern redcedar.--The few eastern redcedar (Juniperus 

virginiana) plantings observed in this region have been on very poor 

sites. Both survival and growth were poor. On fair or good sites redcedar should do better. Its natural occurrence in the old fields of 

this region indicates this promise . Redcedar has also been found to be 

a g'ood soil builder. This fact plus the erosion control obtained from 

good stands should justify its further trial. Timber, or certainly 

posts, could be secured from the best plantings, but perhaps would be 

of secondary importance to erosion control and soil improvement. 

Black locust .--Black locust shows considerable variation in 

growth and, in general, appears to be poorly suited for erosion control planting . When planted in gullies it fails except on deep, welldrained deposition areas, or in areas where moisture and nutrients 

have concentrated . Anything less than an optimum growing site means 

a ~harp decrease in success both for wood production and erosion control. This generally poor showing, however, appears not to be due 

entirely to poor site conditions. The locust borer, twig borer, and 

leaf miner have severely attacked most of the plantations on poor 

sites. Some of t he smaller trees are dead. Apparently they were able 

to survive the adverse site conditions but could not withstand severe 

borer and miner attack ~ 

One effect of black locust should not be overlooked. That is 

the beneficial effect it may have on other plants growing nearby or in 

the planting mixture . Being a legume it can serve a useful purpose as 

a source of suppl y of nitrogen in closely- spa ced plantings. 

Other hardwoods .--Planting s of yellow-poplar, White ash, mimosa, 

catalpa, and black walnut show sharp variations in results. For good 

growth, these species appear to demand better sites than the pines do. 

The right amount of soil moisture seems 'espe'cially important- -there 

must be neithe r t oo much nor t oo little . For example, no good hardwood 

plantings were found on old fields located on ridges and upper slopes. 

On the same site, har dwoods will always look and grow less well than 

loblolly, slash , and shortleaf pine . 

Recommended Planting Procedure 

1 . Evaluate the sites to be planted, and decide on the main 

objective of planting and the likelihood of success. For profitable 

timber pr oduction, plant the best sites described in this publication. 

On many sites of medi um quality, forest planting control,s erosion; and 

eventual timber production 'is possible . On the poorer sites, plant for 

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erosion control but , do not count on getting much merchantable timber. 

On the poorest sit eS j forest planta~ions are , unlikely ev,en to control 

erosion Without additional treatment . . . ' . 

2 . Choose suitable species. As a rule j plant 10blollYj ' shortleaf~ or slash pine. Loblolly has proven most successful. Plant' 

hardwoods only on fert ile~ moist soils. Introduced species, either 

pines or hardwoods, should be \1sed only where local tests have shown 

t~t they will do approximately as well as the native pines. 

3. Try to get stock grown from seed collected nearby. preferably within 100 miles of the planting site. Experiments have shown 

that plantations grown from loblolly pine seed collected 350 to 450 

miles from the planting site produced only half as much timber as 

plantations from seed gathered ne?-r the p;Lanting site ~ 

4. Make sure that the seedlings do not dry out or become 

heated during shipment or during storage between arrival and planting. 

Seedlings are' packed for shipping with sphagnum moss or similar material. 

~en the seedlings arrive j the roots and the moss should be moist and 

cool, and seedling ,roots should have no mold or discolorat.ion. Seedlings stored for' more than a day or two between arrival and planting 

should be heeled-in"':- placed in thin upright layers in moist soil, with 

the ro~t s completely covered but with at least four-fifths of the tops 

above ground . 

5. ' Space planted trees according to chances of success; plant 

individual seedlings where and when they have best chances to survive 

and grow. The usual spacing for forest plantations on farms in 

Mississippi is 6 by 6 feet . This is close enough for timber production 

on the best sitesj where erosion control is no problem and high survival is assured . On the poorer sitesj where co nsiderable mortality is 

likelY; and especially where trees must be established quickly to control erosion , spacing should be closer- -but rareli closer than 3 by 3 

feet. Spacing need be approximate only.. On eroding areas, spacing 

should always be varied to set each seedling where it has the best 

possible' chance to survive. Where possible j plant in spots of richer, 

moister soil., Plant on level spot s, and avoid small humps where soil 

may be washed away from the rootsj and hollows in which seedlings may 

be "buried' under new soil. Seedlings planted in small clumps of grass 

or weeds have a good chance for survival. ' 

Deposits of soil near the mouths of gullies are normally very 

good sites, especially where , th e deposited soil is at least partly 

stabilized because of its location or of invading weeds and grasses. 

Trees planted in such places ar,e especially effective in checking 

sediment . (fig ~ 6) 0 Planting sh()uld not, however, be extended beyonp. 

such spot's to places where newly planted trees are likely to be covered 

by fr'e'sh soil' cieposits. Planting where d~position is active should be 

postponed 'until these hew depositions have in turn become partly 

stabilized. 

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In gully planting, try to' distinguish between gullies that can 

be stabilized by planting all at O.nce (fig. 7) and these it is mere effective and ecO.nO.mical to' plant ' piecemeal over several years (fig. 5). 

6. Plant each tree carefull Use either planting bars O.r mattO.cks. Set the rO.O.t cellar which is marked by the 

change frO.m greenish stem bark to' yellO.wish rO.O.t bark) at the surface 

ef the grpund O.r, at the mO.st, ~ inch belO.w it- -never abeve. Be sure 

that the planting hO.le is at least as deep as the rO.ets, that the 

rO.O.ts are nO.t dO.ubled up, that the hO.le is firmly clO.sed, and that the 

SO.il immediately arO.und the seedling is left level. Keep seedling 

reO.ts meist in bucket O.r tray during planting. RemO.ve O.nly ene seedling at a time so. that rO.O.ts will be mO.ist when planted. 

7. Where necessary, take extra precautiens to' get the trees 

established. On bare, eroded areas, especially O.f the peerer, drier 

sites, mulch the surface with grass, straw, sawdust, er any available 

plant litter, up to', 1 inch in depth . On deep seils, installing small 

check dams er sO.il- cellecting trenches several menths in advance ef 

planting may increase the number ef geed planting spets. The use ef 

varieus grasses and legumes beth singly and in mixtures is generally 

recO.gnized as a means O.f getting a quick cO.ver en expesed surfaces; 

these usually need fertilizatiO.n . Native herbaceeus cever may be 

encO.uraged by the use ef fertilizer alO.ne. Seil quickly stabilized in 

this way will aid in getting trees established . 

L Furnish proper prO.tectien fer the planting. All livesteck 

shO.uld be fenced eut O.f tree plantatiens. Fire must be guarded against. 

9. Make reinfercement plantings. Replant where trees have died. 

Plant newly stabilized areas ef depO.sitien each year until the planting 

ebjective -erO.sien cO.ntrO.l-- has been reached. 

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