¡fs3

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Economic

Research

Service

Rural Development

Research

Report

Number 85

April 1993

Changes in Farm and FarmRelated Employment, 1975-89

^v

T. Alexander Majchrowicz

Jacqueline Salsgiver

wholesale and retail trade, and indirect agribusiness) "

provided about 86 percent of farm and'farm-related jobs.

The Northeast, Pacific, and Com Belt regions, areas with

large populations, had the greatest number of farm and

farm-related jobs. California, the most populous State,

provided almost 11 percent of all farm and farm-related

jobs in the Nation. However, the economic importance

of agricultural jobs varies by State. California's 2.5

million farm and farm-related jobs accounted for only

about 16 percent of that State's employment, while

Iowa's 431,000 agricultural jobs provided over 27 percent

of total State employment, the highest in the Nation.

Agricultural wholesale and retail trade industries provided

most of the farm and farm-related jobs in all States

except North and South Dakota, where farm production

accounted for 43-45 percent of these jobs. Chemical and

fertilizer mining made Wyoming the most reliant of all

States on agricultural input industries, which provided

over 8 percent of the State's farm and farm-related jobs.

Apparel and textile manufacturing drives North Carolina's

agricultural processing and marketing industries, which

provided over 36 percent of farm and farm-related jobs in

that State.

In this report... Farm and farm-related employment rose

by 5,1 million jobs during 1975-89, but most ofthe

growth was in off-farm agricultural wholesale and retail

trade (fig, 1), Production jobs on the farm dropped by

780,000, Farm production jobs continued their long-term

decline, as new technology replaced labor, and periods of

unfavorable farm economic conditions induced farmers to

leave farming. Farm production accounted for less than

14 percent (3.2 million in 1989) of the 23 million U,S,

farm and farm-related jobs, which include businesses that

provide farm inputs and process or sell agricultural

goods. Employment in wholesale and retail trade of

agricultural products rose to account for more than 50

percent of total farm and farm-related employment.

The number of farm and farm-related jobs grew by 28

percent in 1975-89, yet accounted for a declining share of

all U.S. jobs, 17.3 percent in 1989, down from 19.5

percent in 1975. Farm and farm-related jobs were

concentrated in urban areas because of the large number

of agricultural wholesale and retail jobs that serve

consumer markets. Industries with upstream linkages to

farming (agricultural inputs and services) and those linked

downstream (processing and marketing, agricultural

Rgurel

Cliange In farm and farm-related employment, 1975-89

Mostjob gains were off the farm and in metro areas.

Total farm Farm Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Wholesale Indirect

and farm- production services ¡nputs processing and retail agribusiness

related and marketing trade
More than One in Six U.S. Jobs Linked to Agriculture

Most U.S. agricultural jobs are off the farm in industries that process farm products or

sell them to consumers.

The U.S. agricultural sector provided 23.2 million jobs,

17.3 percent of total U.S. employment, in 1989. The

sector includes industries that not only produce crops and

livestock but also those that supply farm inputs, process

and market farm products, and sell goods to consumers.

Agricultural wholesale and retail trade accounted for over

half of U.S. farm and farm-related employment (fig. 2).

These industries' 13 million jobs, although peripheral to

farming, link the flow of goods from farmers to

consumers. Because of this linkage, over 80 percent of

agricultural wholesale and retail trade jobs were in metro

areas with large consumer markets (app. table 7).

Farm production employment, the total of farm

proprietors and wage and salary farmworkers, provided

3.2 million jobs, accounting for about 14 percent of total

farm and farm-related employment (fig. 3). Two-thirds

of the production jobs were in nonmetro counties, where

they contributed over 30 percent of nonmetro farm and

farm-related employment.

Agricultural service positions, such as farm managers and

veterinarians, and jobs in forestry and fishing accounted

for 843,000 workers. Because the agricultural service,

forestry, and fishing category contains a diversity of

firms, such as ornamental tree care and lawn service

companies, a portion of the category's jobs are linked to

urban- and suburban-based demand. Almost threequarters of the service-category jobs are in metro areas,

an indication that demand for some agricultural services

originates off the farm.

Industries that provide inputs to farming and handle

goods after they leave the farm provided 3.6 million jobs.

Establishments that process and market agricultural

products, ranging from bakeries to poultry processors,

accounted for 3.2 million of these jobs. Agricultural

input firms, such as fertilizer and chemical companies,

contributed the balance of the jobs.

Indirect agribusinesses, including those that repair farm

machinery or produce paper products, provided 2.6

million jobs. Many of these businesses have minor links

to farming, with over 80 percent of their jobs in metro

counties (app. table 7).
Figure 2

Farm and farm-related employment, 1989

Most employment was in agricultural wholesale and retail trade.

Employment in millions

14

Farm Agricultural Agricultural Agricultural Wholesale indirect

production services inputs processing and retail agribusiness

and marketing trade

Figure 3

Components of farm and farm-related employment, 1989

Farm production jobs accounted for a small share ofall farm and farm-related

employment.

Irxiirect

agribusiness

(11.2%)

Farm

production

(13.7%)

Agricultural

sen/ices

(3.6 %)

Agricultural

inputs (1.8%)

Agricultural

processing

and marketing

(13.7%)

Wholesale

and retail

trade

(56%)
Changes in the Composition of Farm and Farm-Related Employment

Farm and farm-related employment increased over 28 percent during 1975-89,

but employment on U.S. farms declined. Onfarm job losses were offset by gains in

farm-related industries such as agricultural wholesale and retail trade.

Farm and farm-related industries provided more jobs in

1989 than in 1975, but their share of total U.S.

employment fell from 19.5 percent to 17.3 percent as

nonfarm industries added jobs even more quickly (fig. 4).

Although farm and farm-related employment rose by 5.1

million jobs from 1975 to 1989, employment in farm

production and its more closely related industries

declined. Farm production jobs continued their long-term

decline as new technology replaced labor and periods of

unfavorable farm economic conditions caused some

farmers to leave farming (2). (Underlined numbers in

parentheses refer to sources listed in References.) The

number of farm proprietors declined by 360,000 since

1975, and the number of wage and salary farmworkers

declined by 420,000, a drop of almost 20 percent in farm

production employment.

Jobs in industries closely related to farm production,

those that provide inputs to farm production activities or

process goods after they leave the farm, also declined

during 1975-89. Suppliers of fertilizers, equipment, and

other inputs lost 125,000 jobs. Processing and marketing

industries lost the largest number of jobs among farmrelated industries. Employment fell by 368,000 jobs, or

10.4 percent, principally in tobacco, dairy, beverage,

leather, and apparel manufacturing (fíg. 5). The loss of

processing jobs is attributed to various factors, such as

weak consumer demand, company mergers, increased

competition and automation, and the closing of less

efficient plants (5).

Not all processing and marketing industries lost jobs

during 1975-89. Meat processors added 62,000 jobs, and

manufacturers of miscellaneous foods, such as macaroni

and snack chips, gained 34,000 jobs (fíg. 5). The new

meat preparation jobs were concentrated in poultry

processing, an industry that has grown as consumer

preferences have shifted from red meat to poultry (5).

Employment losses in farming and its closely related

industries (see box, "Farm and Farm-Related Industries

Include a Variety of Firms," p. 11) were more than offset

by job gains in industries that sell agricultural products,

provide agricultural services, or are indirectly related to

agriculture. Wholesale and retail trade had strong job

growth, expanding by 5.4 million jobs (over 70 percent)

during 1975-89, These industries include grocery stores

and eating and drinking places that serve prepared food.

Employment growth in these industries does not depend

on farm economic conditions, but is propelled more by

population growth and changing consumer behavior, such

as eating outside the home more often.

Jobs in agricultural services, forestry, and fishing more

than doubled during 1975-89. Over 75 percent of the

new agricultural service jobs were in metro counties.

Some of these firms provide farm services such as farm

management and crop harvesting, but urban-oriented

companies that supply lawn care and landscaping services

fueled most job gains in this category.

Indirect agribusinesses, more closely tied to growth in the

general economy than to changes in farm economic

conditions, added 543,000 jobs, a jump of 26.6 percent,

during 1975-89. These agribusinesses, some with

relatively minor linkages to farming, range from repair

and service shops for tractors to manufacturers of

prefabricated metal buildings.
Figure 4

Employment growth In farm and farm-related versus nonfarm Industries, 1975-89

Nonfarm industries gained jobs faster during most of the period.

Percentage change from 1975

50

40

30

20

10

« « 0

0

•

• #

Nonfarm ,*''

0

0

0 ^llll

• ^^^ 0 _^^

0 _^^^

0 _^^^

9 ^^^

^^^0^^"^ Farm and farm-related

r t r I 1 f 1

1961 82 63 84 65 66 67 86 89

Figure 5

Employment change In agricultural processing and marketing industries, 1975-89

Oniy meat products and miscelianeous foods gainedjobs.

-300,000 -200,000 -100,000

Jobs

100,000
Farm and Farm-Related Employment Contributes More to Some State Economies than to Otliers

Populous States like California post the highest number of farm and farm-related jobs,

but traditional farming States like Iowa rely more on these jobs as a share of

total State employment

The number of farm and farm-related jobs differs widely

among States, ranging from a high of 2.5 million in

California to a low of 44,000 in Wyoming (app. table 2).

Although California ranks first in the number of farm and

farm-related jobs, these jobs accounted for only 15.8

percent of the State's total employment, a percentage that

places California 36th among States. In contrast, Iowa's

431,380 farm and farm-related jobs provided over 27

percent of its total employment, the highest in the Nation

(app. table 3).

States with the greatest number of farm and farm-related

jobs, California, New York, Texas, Florida, and

Pennsylvania, are also the most populous States. Large

populations expand consumer markets, which drive

agricultural wholesale and retail trade jobs, the farmrelated jobs that link the flow of goods from farmers to

consumers. Over half of the farm and farm-related jobs

in these populous States were in agricultural wholesale

and retail trade (fig. 6).

Northern Plains States rank just behind Iowa in the share

of State total employment in farm and farm-related

industries (fig. 6). Agricultural wholesale and retail trade

jobs accounted for the largest portion of jobs in 8 of the

10 States leading in the percentage share of total

employment in farm and farm-related industries. Of

these leading States, only North and South Dakota have

more farm and farm-related employment in farm

production than in agricultural wholesale and retail trade.

California had the most farm production jobs in the

Nation. Its more than 270,000 farmworkers produced

more than half of the Nation's fruits, nuts, and vegetables

(app. table 2). Texas had over 214,000 jobs in farm

production, second only to California. While the large

number of Texas farm production jobs is attributed to its

more than 130 million acres of farmland (4), many farm

production jobs are also in States that have less land in

farms. For example, in the Corn Belt, numerous smallsized and owner-operator farms provide thousands of

farm production jobs.

States with the greatest number of jobs in agricultural

services, forestry, and fishing industries had most of these

jobs in metro areas (fig. 7). California ranked first in the

number of agricultural service jobs, with over 152,000

jobs in these industries, 93 percent of them in metro

areas. The Pacific region led in the number of

agricultural service jobs.

Illinois had more jobs in agricultural input industries than

any other State, with most of these jobs in farm

machinery and equipment manufacturing. Iowa and

California followed in agricultural input employment,

principally in wholesale trade of farm machinery,

equipment, and supplies. In Florida, fourth in agricultural

input employment, agricultural chemicals manufacturing

contributed the most agricultural input jobs. Wyoming's

3,693 agricultural input jobs, nearly all of which were in

chemical and fertilizer mining, provided 8.3 percent of

State farm and farm-related employment, placing

Wyoming first in the share of farm and farm-related

employment in agricultural inputs.

North Carolina provided the most agricultural processing

and marketing jobs, nearly 10 percent of the U.S. total.

These jobs also accounted for 36 percent of State farm

and farm-related employment, the highest percentage

share in the Nation. Apparel and textile manufacturing

accounted for 75 percent of processing and marketing

jobs in North Carolina, with employment in meat and

dairy products and tobacco manufacturing contributing

another 17 percent. California followed in the number of

processing and marketing jobs, also concentrated in

apparel and textile manufacturing. Also prominent in

California were jobs in the processing of canned, frozen,

and preserved fruits and vegetables and manufacturing of

miscellaneous food preparations and kindred products.

Northeast States led in the number of indirect

agribusiness jobs, with New York and Pennsylvania

ranking second and fourth among all States (California

was first). Indirect agribusiness employment contributed

17 percent of State farm and farm-related employment in

Maine and Connecticut, the highest share in the Nation.
Figure 6

Farm and farm-related employment, leading States by total jobs and industry share

More populous States like California employ many in wholesale and retail trade...

Leading States by total jobs

California (2.522,104)

New York (1.416,760)

Texas (1,401,636)

Florida (1.130,307)

Pennsylvania (1,063,322)

Illinois (1,037,717)

Ohio (936.187)

North Carolina (864,957)

Michigan (717,879)

Georgia (705,224)

...while Northern Plains States show a greater percentage of farm and farm-relatedjobs

in farm production.

Leading States by Industry share (farm and farm-related jobs as perœntage of total State employment)

Iowa (27.2%)

South Dakota (26.7%) 88888888888888888^

North Dakota (26.4%) 888888888888888888888811^

Nebraska (25.0%)

Idaho (24.8%) 888888888888888 ^

Arkansas (23.6%) K§§S§§§SSSa

North Carolina (23.1%)

Kentucky (22.8%)

Mississippi (22.3%)

Wisconsin (22.0%)

^ Farm production

^-•^ Agricultural processing

and marketing

Agricultural services

Wholesale and

retail trade

S Agricultural inputs

indirect agribusiness

Figure 7

States with the greatest number of jobs In agricultural services'

Most of the agricultural service jobs are in metro areas.

1,000 jobs

160

California Florida Texas New York Washington Ohio Pennsylvania Illinois North Carolina New Jersey

Includes forestry and fishing Industries.
Agricultural Wholesale and Retail Trade Drives State Growth

in Farm and Farm-Related Employment

Job growth in agricultural wholesale and retail trade (1975-89) ranged from 37 percent

in New York to 162 percent in Nevada.

The greatest employment increase in farm and farmrelated industries was in agricultural wholesale and retail

trade, where employment growth is linked to population.

California, Florida, Texas, New York, and Pennsylvania

had the greatest numerical increases in employment in

this category. In 12 States, the number of agricultural

wholesale and retail trade jobs more than doubled during

1975-89.

Employment changes in farm and farm-related industries

were unevenly distributed among States in 1975-89,

ranging from an increase of 879,047 jobs (53.5 percent)

in California to a decline of 3,310 jobs (3.2 percent) in

South Dakota (fig. 8).

The Pacific region had the largest increase in farm and

farm-related employment, with over 1,1 million more jobs

(53 percent) in 1989 than in 1975 (app. table 6). Over 1

million of the new jobs were in industries with weak

linkages to farming, such as wholesale and retail trade of

agricultural products and indirect agribusinesses.

Farm and farm-related employment in the Northern Plains

increased by only 51,234 jobs (7.6 percent), the smallest

employment increase for any region. Large employment

increases in farm-related industries peripheral to

agriculture helped to offset the decline in the number of

farm production and agricultural input jobs. However,

South Dakota (the only State to have a net loss in farm

and farm-related employment) increased employment in

these off-farm industries by only 13,617 jobs. This

increase could not compensate for the loss of more than

17,000 jobs in farm production, agricultural inputs, and

agricultural processing and marketing.

Farm production jobs declined in nearly all States from

1975 to 1989. Most of the employment decline was due

to farm consolidation and increases in labor-saving

technology, not a loss in farm productivity. For example,

Kansas had 16,334 fewer farm production jobs in 1989

than in 1975, a decline of 16 percent. However, net cash

receipts from farm marketings, an indicator of farm

productivity, increased 33.6 percent during the same

period, a relatively large increase compared with the U.S.

average of 23.1 percent Q).

Five States gained farm production jobs during 1975-89

(app. table 4). Oregon gained 4,865 farm production jobs

(8.5 percent), the largest employment increase in the

Nation. The employment growth in Oregon accompanied

an increase of almost 50 percent in cash receipts from

farm marketings to nearly $2.3 billion (1). Washington

followed with an increase of 3,086 farm production jobs.

Alaska, where the number of farms nearly doubled during

1974-87 (3), gained 317 farm production jobs (80.9

percent). Florida and Nevada had only slight growth,

gaining 286 and 213 jobs.

West Virginia had more than twice as many agricultural

input jobs in 1989 as in 1975, and experienced the largest

increase in the Nation for such jobs in that period. Over

1,300 new jobs were created in agricultural chemicals

manufacturing. However, most States had declines in

agricultural input employment. The largest declines in

agricultural input employment came in Iowa, which lost

22,060 jobs, and Illinois, which lost 14,871. Losses in

farm machinery and equipment manufacturing jobs

caused most of the decline.

North Carolina, the State leading in both the number of

agricultural processing and marketing jobs and the

concentration of these jobs, had 9,321 more jobs in 1989

than in 1975, a gain of 3.1 percent. This growth was

fueled by an increase of over 10,000 jobs in meat

products manufacturing, primarily poultry processing.

California gained 60,072 agricultural processing and

marketing jobs (15.3 percent) during 1975-89, with more

than two-thirds of them in apparel and textile

manufacturing.
Figure 8

Change in farm and farm-related employment, 1975-89

South Dakota was the only State to see a decrease in farm and farm-related jobs.

€1,5

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55,5

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23.4

44.4

.'*w^,.^.*-^

42,1

1.0

-3.2

7.9

60.6 /27.t

17.8

19.0 ^2.6

54.2

^27.9

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21.5

13.9

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16.0

54.Ô

12.8

22.3;

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42.5

msíí:

Percentage change

Less than 25 percent

25-75 percent

Greater than 75 percent

29.8

35.0

|27.5

33.4

43.1
References

(1) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. "Historical State Farm Indicators, 1949-91."

Unpublished.

(2) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Rural Economic Development in the 198Q's. Staff

Report AGES870724, July 1987.

(3) U.S. Department of Commerce. 1987 Census of Agriculture. Vol. 1, Part 2, August 1989, pp. 7-8.

(4) U.S. Department of Commerce. 1987 Census of Agriculture. Vol. 1, Part 51, November 1989, pp. 144-150.

(5) U.S. Department of Commerce. 1990 U.S. Industrial Outlook. January 1990.

10
Farm and Farm-Related Industries Include a Variety of Firms

Farm and farm-related industries are defined as having 50 percent or more of their national work force employed in

providing goods and services to satisfy domestic final demand for agricultural products. These industries are

classified by location in metro and nonmetro counties as defined by the Office of Management and Budget's

Metropolitan Statistical Area designation in 1984. Industries are aggregated into related groups: farm production;

agricultural services, forestry, and fishing; agricultural input industries; agricultural processing and marketing;

wholesale and retail trade of agricultural products; and indirect agribusiness (app. table 1). Industry estimates of

employment are calculated for States and the 10 U.S. farm production regions (see app. tables 2-17).

Industry total employment estimates are based on 1989 County Business Patterns data compiled by the Bureau of

the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, and subsequently enhanced by a private vendor to account for

confidential data not released by the Bureau. The County Business Patterns data provide estimates for wage and

salary jobs in most industries in the United States. Data on farm proprietors and wage and salary jobs in farm

production, as well as nonfarm proprietors, government employment, and railroad workers, are not included in the

County Business Patterns. Employment estimates for these excluded groups are from the Bureau of Economic

Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. Employment data on nonfarm proprietors, available only for major

industrial divisions (1-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) level), were distributed among farm-related

industries (2-, 3-, and 4-digit SIC levels) based on the proprietor's share of total employment in the division in

which the farm-related industry is classified. The percentage of proprietor employment in every industrial division

was determined for each county. These percentages were applied to wage and salary employment in farm-related

industries in the county.

County-level employment data for farming and its associated industries were available for the years 1975 and 1981-

89. In this analysis, comparison of employment by industry in 1975 and 1989 was possible because of similarities

in net farm income for those years. Similar farm conditions limit the effect of general economic cycles on farm

and farm-related employment and allow for a more accurate measure of employment variation caused by changes

in the structure of farm and farm-related industries.

Net farm income, 1975-89

Billion dollars (1982 dollars)

50

1975

Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics, 1991

11
Appendix table 1 »Classification of farm and farm-related industries

Industry groups and components

1987 Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC) ^

Farming:

Farm production (farm proprietors, and wage and salary farmworkers)

Closely related industries:

Agricultural services, forestry, and fishing

Agricultural input industriesChemical and fertilizer mining

Agricultural chemicals

Farm machinery and equipment

Farm supply and machinery (wholesale trade)

Commodity contract brokers and dealers

Agricultural processing and marketingMeat products

Dairy products

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables

Grain mill products

Bakery products

Sugar and confectionery products

Fats and oils products

Beverages

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products

Tobacco products

Apparel and textiles

Leather products

Farm-related raw materials (wholesale trade)

Warehousing

Peripherally related industries:

Wholesale and retail trade of agricultural productsWholesale trade

Retail trade

Indirect agribusinessPrefabricated metal buildings

Pumps and pumping equipment

Miscellaneous repair shops

Miscellaneous textile products

Containers, paper products,

and pulpwood products

Chemicals

Primary and fabricated metal products

Food products machinery

Miscellaneous manufacturing

Printing and publishing

07-09

147

287

3523

5083, 5191

622

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

21

221, 223-5, 2261, 2269,

228, 2298-9, 231-8, 2397

31

515

4221, 4222

513-4, 518, 5194

54, 56, 58

3448

3561

7692, 7699

2295, 2393, 2395

2441, 2449, 262-3,

2652-3, 2655-7, 2671-6,

3221,3262, 3274

2823-4, 2893

3315-7,334, 3411,

3466, 3497

3556

3965, 3993

271-2, 274, 2752, 2754,

2759, 2791, 2796

^The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) was revised in 1987. The revision resulted in mergers of some industries and creation of

others through subdividing or restructuring existing industries.

^Data were obtained from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, because County Business Patterns data do

not include information about the employment of farmers or wage and salary jobs in agricultural production (SIC 01-02).

12
Appendix table 2—Employment In farm and farm-related industries by State, 1989

Total farm Agricultural Wholesale

and farm- processing and Indirect

related Farm Agricultural Agricultural and retail agristate industries production services Inputs marketing trade business

Number of jobs

United States 23,184,796 3,167,962 842,535 426,046 3,167,724 12,993,454 2,587,075

Alabama 416,859 62,887 9,475 7,095 115,714 180,207 41,481

Alaska 53,234 709 19,680 354 4,738 25,464 2,289

Arizona 263,277 19,734 15,401 2,653 13,068 192,015 20,406

Arkansas 271,959 68,325 9,016 7,246 58,411 101,593 27,368

California 2,522,104 270,611 152,447 28,608 299,352 1,514,120 256,966

Colorado 306,050 44,170 10,322 4,298 28,512 189,975 28,773

Connecticut 261,382 8,731 12,614 1,416 17,606 176,489 44,526

Delaware 61,011 5,112 1,796 650 9,658 35,525 8,270

Florida 1,130,307 96,150 63,937 22,016 85,901 769,743 92,560

Georgia 705,224 73,807 21,247 11,228 172,849 353,279 72,814

Hawaii 118,161 14,220 3,130 661 14,534 80,700 4,916

Idaho 124,581 36,293 4,227 7,432 19,740 49,567 7,322

Illinois 1,037,717 112,362 26,251 35,914 106,330 588,157 168,703

Indiana 520,807 91,102 14,905 12,375 46,761 295,667 59,997

Iowa 431,380 138,215 11,503 30,147 61,916 157,197 32,402

Kansas 298,174 85,974 8,057 12,569 39,638 129,780 22,156

Kentucky 422,616 129,440 9,074 6,354 63,703 182,452 31,593

Louisiana 329,402 49,677 9,381 9,352 33,308 197.118 30,566

Maine 143,438 12,469 9,782 878 25,183 70,674 24,452

Maryland 370,083 24,126 17,602 3,026 34,259 247,485 43,585

Massachusetts 546,204 10,744 21,209 2,346 59,365 376,633 75,907

Michigan 717.879 79,326 19,947 7,471 46,801 484,105 80,229

Minnesota 500,125 118,267 11,445 15,124 51,690 238,337 65,262

Mississippi 256,072 57,009 7,202 6,282 63,599 103,694 18,286

Missouri 561,169 132,886 14,899 14,445 75,540 269,543 53,856

Montana 88,640 31,024 3,141 3,086 3,994 42,62? 4,773

Nebraska 234,833 71,925 5,895 14,171 35,327 91,580 15,935

Nevada 78,702 4,886 4,087 834 2,007 61,066 5,822

New Hampshire 102,508 4,751 3,968 549 9,729 69,447 14,064

New Jersey 631,201 14,954 22,709 3,614 82,714 403,805 103,405

New Mexico 107,262 18,254 2,884 3,359 6,289 71,418 5,058

New York 1,416,760 67,365 38,349 14,140 195,744 889,450 211,712

North Carolina 864,957 95,581 24,014 10,651 312,494 349,026 73,191

North Dakota 95,247 42,998 1,287 4,759 8,261 34,200 3,742

Ohio 938,187 111,414 29,087 14,418 72,305 579,527 131,436

Oklahoma 292,184 80,447 7,195 5,056 25,722 148,133 25,631

Oregon 297,472 61,776 19,751 5,287 24,540 158,141 27,977

Pennsylvania 1,063,322 82,225 28,985 13,033 188,448 610,097 140,534

Rhode Island 85,335 1,362 3,374 292 11,039 56,474 12,794

South Carolina 370,933 39,296 10,121 3,235 97.271 177,406 43,604

South Dakota 100,503 42,887 2,056 3,507 11,323 35,872 4,858

Tennessee 578,355 115,976 10,813 8,443 124,868 257,127 61,128

Texas 1,401,636 214,191 41,507 24,673 156,400 839,619 125,246

Utah 128,796 18,688 2,799 2,109 15,350 78,884 10,966

Vermont 62,326 10,515 2,394 793 5,237 36,192 7,195

Virginia 587,780 62,115 20,811 6,672 107,726 316,193 74,263

Washington 468,151 79,866 33,566 7,680 41,765 261,757 43,517

West Virginia 124,024 24,148 3,121 2,378 10,049 73,881 10,447

Wisconsin 597,061 116,637 14,679 19,669 69,286 278,073 98,717

Wyoming 44,372 12,335 1,164 3,693 1,361 23,047 2,772

13
Appendix table 3—Importance of farm and farm-related employment by State, 1989

Rank State Jobs Rank State

Share of total

employnnent

Number Percent

United States 23,184,796

1. California 2,522.104

2. New York 1,416,760

3. Texas 1,401,636

4. Florida 1,130,307

5. Pennsylvania 1,063,322

6. Illinois 1,037.717

7. Ohio 938,187

8. North Carolina 864,957

9. Michigan 717,879

10. Georgia 705,224

11. New Jersey 631,201

12. Wisconsin 597,061

13. Virginia 587,780

14. Tennessee 578,355

15. Missouri 561,169

16. Massachusetts 546,204

17. Indiana 520,807

18. Minnesota 500,125

19. Washington 468,151

20. Iowa 431,380

21. Kentucky 422,616

22. Alabama 416,859

23. South Carolina 370,933

24. Maryland 370,083

25. Louisiana 329.402

26. Colorado 306,050

27. Kansas 298,174

28. Oregon 297,472

29. Oklahoma 292,184

30. Arkansas 271,959

31. Arizona 263,277

32. Connecticut 261,382

33. Mississippi 256,072

34. Nebraska 234,833

35. Maine 143,438

36. Utah 128,796

37. Idaho 124,581

38. West Virginia 124,024

39. Hawaii 118,161

40. New Mexico 107,262

41. New Hampshire 102.508

42. South Dakota 100,503

43. North Dakota 95,247

44. Montana 88,640

45. Rhode Island 85,335

46. Nevada 78,702

47. Vermont 62,326

48. Delaware 61.011

49. Alaska 53.234

50. Wyoming 44,372

United States

1. Iowa

2. South Dakota

3. North Dakota

4. Nebraska

5. Idaho

6. Arkansas

7. North Carolina

8. Kentucky

9. Mississippi

10. Wisconsin

11. Montana

12. Tennessee

13. Alabama

14. Maine

15. Kansas

16. South Carolina

17. Georgia

18. Oregon

19. Minnesota

20. Missouri

21. Oklahoma

22. Vermont

23. Wyoming

24. Alaska

25. Washington

26. Hawaii

27. Louisiana

28. Indiana

29. Pennsylvania

30. Florida

31. West Virginia

32. Virginia

33. Illinois

34. Texas

35. Ohio

36. California

37. Colorado

38. New Mexico

39. Michigan

40. Rhode Island

41. New Hampshire

42. Utah

43. Delaware

44. Arizona

45. New York

46. New Jersey

47. Maryland

48. Massachusetts

49. Connecticut

50. Nevada

17.3

27.2

26.7

26.4

25.0

24.8

23.6

23.1

22.8

22.3

22.0

21.8

21.7

21.1

20.8

20.6

20.2

19.6

19.4

19.3

18.9

18.5

18.3

18.2

18.1

18.1

17.7

17.5

17.5

17.3

17.2

17.0

16.6

16.6

16.4

16.4

15.8

15.7

15.6

15.5

15.4

15.3

15.2

15.0

14.6

14.4

14.3

14.2

14.1

13.0

11.8

14
Appendix table 4-Change in farm and farm-reiated empioyment by State, 1975-89

Total farm Agricultural Wholesale

and farm- processing and Indirect

related Farm Agricultural Agricultural and retail agristate industries production services inputs marketing trade business

jPercentage change

United States 28.3 -19.8 119.7 -22.6 -10.4 70.7 26.6

Alabama 19.9 -30.9 19.6 -34.2 11.0 77.8 28.0

Alaska 198.3 80.9 869.0 15.3 102.7 118.7 102.0

Arizona 90.9 -9.5 232.6 -11.4 4.0 122.6 111.0

Arkansas 12.8 -24.9 -23.3 -28.9 15.3 67.9 59.8

California 53.5 -15.3 134.1 -2.3 25.1 85.9 46.4

Colorado 44.4 -4.1 163.5 -21.3 -3.0 74.0 60.6

Connecticut 33.0 -29.3 157.8 -24.5 -32.6 54.2 20.8

Delaware 33.4 -20.1 86.1 -38.7 -4.6 73.4 23.7

Florida 75.5 0.3 118.2 3.4 -2.4 120.6 53.2

Georgia 42.5 -25.9 160.4 -30.1 5.7 119.3 57.1

Hawaii 48.2 -5.4 53.7 19.7 6.9 80.3 30.5

Idaho 16.3 -15.4 24.1 2.5 8.4 57.4 89.3

Illinois 10.5 -27.2 1460 -29,3 -26.5 40.7 5.0

Indiana 18.6 -28.3 215.5 -30,3 -8.4 56.6 20.6

Iowa 0.7 -20.8 95.2 -42.3 -3.2 45.0 39.4

Kansas 13.9 -16.0 154.4 -27.5 8.3 54.3 21.7

Kentucky 22.0 -5.1 184.5 -54.5 -12.9 84.7 50.8

Louisiana 22.3 -18.1 20.0 -21.0 -12.9 61.9 5.4

Maine 27.1 -10.2 -7.6 -21.5 -29.4 103.7 45.0

Maryland 43.1 -16.8 97.9 -20.5 -24.6 80.8 25.5

Massachusetts 27.9 -18.9 110.2 20.6 -38.9 55.7 20.9

Michigan 31.2 -19.9 154,8 -34.9 -14.1 58.3 17.0

Minnesota 17.8 -20.6 122.1 -17.4 -7,6 59.4 40.4

Mississippi 5.3 -39.1 115.6 -27.8 5.8 67.5 18.1

Missouri 12.7 -16.6 146.0 -17.1 -21.5 54.8 20.1

Montana 15.0 -12.0 116.3 -1.8 -22.8 47.0 55.0

Nebraska 7.9 -19.5 92.9 -14.9 -1.4 48.2 44,5

Nevada 133.6 4.6 337.1 75.2 10.5 162.1 134,5

New Hampshire 54.2 -3.3 155.8 5.2 -44.7 119.5 37.0

New Jersey 27.5 -24.8 146.7 -10.4 -26.9 58.0 10.9

New Mexico 42.1 -10.8 100.1 -17.7 -27.6 90.3 54.1

New York 12.6 -20.5 112.4 -8,9 -35.7 36.5 15.2

North Carolina 20.7 -43.9 179.8 -34.2 3.1 109.8 40.7

North Dakota 1.0 -19.4 102.4 -35.2 4.2 50.1 66.1

Ohio 21.5 -18.2 111.1 -22.4 -23.6 54.8 -2.5

Oklahoma 16.0 -12.4 107.3 -18.0 -13.8 48,4 23,8

Oregon 42.0 8.5 71.9 -8.7 3.2 70.8 47,4

Pennsylvania 13.5 -16.9 151.1 -25.1 -32.3 54.4 4.0

Rhode Island 29.8 -16.5 102.6 -25.1 -28.1 54.3 26.7

South Carolina 20.3 -43.8 126.1 -43.0 -12.0 116.9 21.7

South Dakota -3.2 -25.1 25,1 -30.7 -11.2 46.0 91.5

Tennessee 22.5 -11.7 166.4 -39,7 -8.7 92.5 16.2

Texas 34.9 -22.5 104.9 -20,1 -8.2 84.0 47.4

Utah 48,2 -5.8 158.4 -10.7 12.4 82.3 63.5

Vermont 60.6 -7.2 75.5 -17.2 12.8 121.3 73,5

Virginia 42.9 -30.3 123.6 -15.2 -1.2 116.2 49,7

Washington 61.3 4.0 155.1 1.5 22.0 100.1 57,4

West Virginia 19.6 -7.6 133.6 103.9 -28.6 54.9 -21.3

Wisconsin 19.0 -23.5 87.2 -9.1 -9.0 57.3 48.0

Wyoming 23.4 -14.5 254.9 9.3 -8.2 59.5 46.0

15
Appendix table S—Industry share of farm and farm-related employment by State, 1989

Agricultural Wholesale Indirect

Farm Agricultural Agricultural processing and agristate production' services inputs and marketing retail trade business

1Percenf

United States 13.7 3.6 1.8 13.7 56.0 11.2

Alabama 15.1 2.3 1.7 27.8 43.2 10.0

Alaska 1.3 37.0 0.7 8.9 47.8 4.3

Arizona 7.5 5.8 1.0 5.0 72.9 7.8

Arkansas 25.1 3.3 2.7 21.5 37.4 10.1

California 10.7 6.0 1.1 11.9 60.0 10.2

Colorado 14.4 3.4 1.4 9.3 62.1 9.4

Connecticut 3.3 4.8 0.5 6.7 67.5 17.0

Delaware 8.4 2.9 1.1 15.8 58.2 13.6

Florida 8.5 5.7 1.9 7.6 68.1 8.2

Georgia 10.5 3.0 1.6 24.5 50.1 10.3

Hawaii 12.0 2.6 0.6 12.3 68.3 4,2

Idaho 29.1 3.4 6.0 15.8 39.8 5.9

Illinois 10.8 2.5 3.5 10.2 56.7 16.3

Indiana 17.5 2.9 2.4 9.0 56.8 11.5

Iowa 32.0 2.7 7.0 14.4 36.4 7.5

Kansas 28.8 2.7 4.2 13.3 43.5 7.4

Kentucky 30.6 2.1 1.5 15.1 43.2 7.5

Louisiana 15.1 2.8 2.8 10.1 59.8 9,3

Maine 8.7 6.8 0.6 17.6 49.3 17.0

Maryland 6.5 4.8 0.8 9.3 66.9 11.8

Massachusetts 2.0 3.9 0.4 10.9 69.0 13.9

Michigan 11.1 2.8 1.0 6.5 67.4 11.2

Minnesota 23.6 2.3 3.0 10.3 47.7 13.0

Mississippi 22.3 2.8 2.5 24.8 40.5 7.1

Missouri 23.7 2.7 2.6 13.5 48.0 9.6

Montana 35.0 3.5 3.5 4.5 48.1 5.4

Nebraska 30.6 2.5 6.0 15.0 39.0 6.8

Nevada 6.2 5.2 1.1 2.6 77.6 7.4

New Hampshire 4.6 3.9 0.5 9.5 67.7 13.7

New Jersey 2.4 3.6 0.6 13.1 64.0 16,4

New Mexico 17.0 2.7 3.1 5.9 66.6 4.7

New York 4.8 2.7 1.0 13.8 62.8 14,9

North Carolina 11.1 2.8 1.2 36.1 40.4 8.5

North Dakota 45.1 1.4 5.0 8.7 35.9 3.9

Ohio 11.9 3.1 1.5 7.7 61.8 14.0

Oklahoma 27.5 2.5 1.7 8.8 50.7 8.8

Oregon 20.8 6.6 1.8 8.2 53.2 9,4

Pennsylvania 7.7 2.7 1.2 17.7 57,4 13.2

Rhode Island 1.6 4.0 0.3 12,9 66.2 15,0

South Carolina 10.6 2.7 0.9 26.2 47.8 11.8

South Dakota 42.7 2.0 3.5 11.3 35.7 4.8

Tennessee 20.1 1.9 1.5 21.6 44.5 10.6

Texas 15.3 3.0 1.8 11.2 59.9 8.9

Utah 14.5 2.2 1.6 11.9 61.2 8.5

Vermont 16.9 3.8 1.3 8.4 58.1 11.5

Virginia 10.6 3.5 1.1 18.3 53,8 12.6

Washington 17.1 7.2 1.6 8.9 55.9 9,3

West Virginia 19.5 2.5 1.9 8.1 59,6 8.4

Wisconsin 19.5 2.5 3.3 11.6 46.6 16.5

Wyoming 27.8 2.6 8.3 3.1 51.9 6.2

industry share may not add to total because of rounding.

16
Appendix table 6—Employment In farm and farm-related Industries by region, 1975 and 1981-89

Total farm and Agricultural Wholesale

Region/ farm-related Farm Agricultural Agricultural processing and and retail Indirect

year industries production sen/ices inputs marketing trade agribusiness

Number of jobs

United States

1975 18,072.124 3,947,882 383,485 550,730 3,535,702 7,610,081 2,044.244

1981 20,676,519 3,690,000 529,173 569,327 3,594,212 9.958.559 2,335,248

1982 20,818,844 3,621,000 581.009 551,543 3,500,301 10,234,180 2,330,811

1983 20,722,115 3,710,000 592,909 486,451 3,322.252 10,362,461 2,248,042

1984 21,136,456 3.580.000 640,681 472,728 3,344,666 10,748,739 2,349,642

1985 21,352,560 3,462,000 651,396 455,667 3,215,420 11,171,110 2,396,967

1986 21,728,877 3,377,000 702,106 428,700 3,130,243 11,676,882 2,413,946

1987 22,535,649 3,277,333 746,599 431,459 3,179,903 12,401,151 2,499,204

1988 22,861,824 3,281,853 793,367 419,142 3,206.011 12,592,922 2,568,529

1989 23,184,796 3,167,962 842,535 426,046 3,167,724 12,993,454 2,587.075

Appalachia:

1975 2,050,356 553,341 26,475 53,183 636,236 592,657 188,464

1981 2,297,529 509,744 43,326 46.349 667,030 812,716 218,364

1982 2.295,490 502,709 47,674 44,850 648,919 839,987 211,351

1983 2,301,439 517,265 45,045 39,371 628,401 859,414 211,943

1984 2,338.452 498,383 49,313 37,175 637,492 896,407 219,682

1985 2,360,447 484,575 51,361 36,013 612,359 944,083 232,056

1986 2,400,910 471,104 55,629 33,612 604,149 1,004,277 232,139

1987 2,492,183 445,504 60,383 34,648 613,000 1,096,795 241,853

1988 2.548,279 442,937 63,447 34.090 637,694 1,123,082 247,029

1989 2,577,732 427,260 67,833 34,498 618,840 1,178,679 250,622

Corn Belt:

1975 3,076,697 751,552 41,122 156,745 450,487 1,263,496 413,295

1981 3,300,328 691,799 57,976 149,483 425,109 1,547,966 427,995

1982 3,254,133 678,498 62,385 149,043 406,524 1,541,902 415,781

1983 3,219,178 698,491 66,295 132,016 385.335 1,542,727 394,314

1984 3,228,288 669,983 70,785 125,239 384.078 1,567,645 410,558

1985 3,240,659 650,213 72,105 114,204 373,115 1,614,115 416,907

1986 3,294,636 657,189 77,068 107,011 358,015 1,683,833 411,520

1987 3,382,686 614,419 85,915 105,467 360,248 1,791,857 424,780

1988 3,433.544 601,487 91,782 105,727 368,587 1,824,884 441,077

1989 3,489,260 585.979 96,645 107,299 362,852 1,890,091 446,394

Delta:

1975 753,655 245,303 22,910 30,725 148,974 244,133 61,610

1981 842,974 224,137 21.644 31,406 160,642 333,368 71777

1982 843,036 215,251 27.216 29,985 154,634 344,704 71,246

1983 825,149 216,647 24.541 26,291 145,704 343,781 68.185

1984 838,937 207.006 26,162 26,343 151,873 358,402 69.151

1985 832,913 197,269 23,007 25,620 145,622 371,727 69,668

1986 834,690 187,559 24,674 23,922 146,733 380,406 71,396

1987 838,043 180,175 23,631 22,374 152,731 386,784 72.348

1988 843,729 179,636 25,306 21,857 154,772 387,570 74,588

1989 857,433 175,011 25,599 22,880 155,318 402,405 76,220

Continued17
Appendix table 6-£mployníient in farm and farm-related Industries by region, 1975 and 1981-89 —Continued

Total farm and Agricultural Wholesale

Region/ farm-related Farm Agricultural Agricultural processing and and retail Indirect

year industries production services inputs marketing trade agribusiness

Number of jobs

Lake States:

1975 1,473,484 400,625 20,822 51.453 186,586 632,259 181,739

1981 1,642,492 378,099 26,315 58.338 181,830 795,480 202,430

1982 1,636,696 373,359 28,629 54.514 177,791 803,506 198,897

1983 1,625,783 385,555 30,558 48,589 168,493 798,299 194.289

1984 1,669,847 374,482 32,563 47,370 171,243 835,866 208.323

1985 1,687,791 360,816 33,204 43,052 167,709 870.719 212.291

1986 1,720,733 349,881 36,884 42,543 165,662 908,847 216.916

1987 1,785,292 338,824 40,265 42.206 166,628 967.925 229.444

1988 1,805,137 339.535 42,392 42,311 168,795 974,813 237.291

1989 1,815,065 314,230 46.071 42.264 167,777 1,000,515 244.208

Mountain:

1975 766.147 205,444 17.193 29.151 90,978 374,476 48.905

1981 977,976 201,956 28,917 33.924 92,315 554,569 66.295

1982 1,013,229 201,016 34,420 32,971 92,101 584,248 68,473

1983 1,005,677 204,997 32,600 28,461 90,012 582,013 67.594

1984 1,028,318 199,677 36,828 27,102 90,650 602,434 71.627

1985 1,054.073 195,020 38,089 26,698 87,514 630,363 76,389

1986 1,091,432 196,946 45,355 25,941 87,949 657,689 77,552

1987 1,120,684 193,198 43,703 25,605 89,705 685,718 82.755

1988 1,128,290 192,623 43,722 25,744 89,450 689,197 87.554

1989 1,141.680 185,384 44.025 27,464 90,321 708,594 85.892

Northeast:

1975 3,901,878 296,337 78.804 48,638 948,071 1,935,349 594,679

1981 4,272,629 293,802 92,341 48,565 884,343 2,308,281 645.297

1982 4,291,685 288,572 102,484 48,703 853,970 2,355.030 642.926

1983 4,273.779 296,403 105.205 44.364 796,169 2,412,211 619.427

1984 4.384,014 283,484 113.948 41.466 799,109 2,503,008 642.999

1985 4,424,878 272,377 118.335 42.217 747,804 2,593,611 650.534

1986 4,499,239 273,877 127.295 41.813 702,501 2,694,211 659.542

1987 4,665,885 269.618 137.675 46,338 685,866 2.848,370 678,018

1988 4,712,525 263,338 149.428 41,179 659,807 2,907,000 691,773

1989 4,743,570 242,354 162.782 40,737 638,982 2,972,271 686,444

Nortliern Plains:

1975 677,523 302,259 8.502 46,394 93,114 193,223 34,031

1981 723,765 284,366 10.751 49,789 95,480 243,946 39,433

1982 721,/// 278,635 12.754 46,032 95,397 249,031 39,928

1983 719,634 288,512 12.830 41,004 91,185 247,111 38,992

1984 716,725 278,668 12.569 41.340 93,233 250,000 40,915

1985 713,994 270,120 13.397 38.939 93,440 255,270 42,828

1986 700,451 253,081 13.995 34.745 93,684 261,469 43,477

1987 711,778 250,280 14.996 35.029 93,073 273,327 45,073

1988 722,229 248,319 15.941 33.659 95,065 284,183 45,062

1989 728,757 243,784 17.295 35.006 94,549 291,432 46,691

Continued—

18
Appendix table 6—Employment In farm and farm-related Industries by region, 1975 and 1981-89 —Continued

Total farm and Agricultural Wholesale

Region/ farm-related Farm Agricultural Agricultural processing and and retail Indirect

year industries production services inputs marketing trade agribusiness

Number of jobs

Pacific:

1975 2.142,821 453,085 89,775 42.627 297,288 1.037,849 222.197

1981 2,650,025 408.039 131,105 50.689 343,202 1.444.820 272,170

1982 2,706,451 401,586 131,498 50,032 346,286 1,498.446 278,603

1983 2,719,218 405,309 141,344 44,315 333.905 1,523,325 271,020

1984 2,797,212 393,845 151,097 44,537 333,635 1,589,323 284,775

1985 2,837,233 385,234 157,016 44,112 333,587 1,631,799 285,485

1986 2,927,297 382,838 170.734 42.061 331,116 1,711,749 288,799

1987 3,115,790 381,711 180.031 43.858 359,162 1,841,475 309,553

1988 3,205,354 408,932 197.543 41.539 359,293 1,875,599 322,448

1989 3,287,727 412.253 205,764 41,575 365,657 1,934,018 328,460

Southeast:

1975 1,794,596 356,373 49,861 53,814 466,354 693,181 175,013

1981 2,177,830 329,736 66,428 58,226 507,871 997,747 217,822

1982 2,177,158 316,089 68.819 55,270 490,196 1,028,128 218,656

1983 2,172,974 317,032 68.488 48.169 465,984 1,057,663 215,638

1984 2,237,693 301,588 74,930 47.061 470,316 1,112,696 231,102

1985 2.295,025 290,628 82.813 50.161 447.745 1,185,753 237,925

1966 2,364,116 273,992 88,874 44,002 444.370 1,271,552 241,326

1987 2,489,356 267,395 96,779 44,162 455.786 1,377,238 247.996

1988 2,566,884 287,927 97,696 42,504 466,417 1,420,489 251,851

1989 2,623,323 272,140 104,780 43,574 471,735 1,480,635 250,459

Southern Plains:

1975 1,291,009 368,132 23,731 37,062 200.250 556,150 105,684

1981 1.608,023 352,365 38,015 41,534 215.864 809,335 150,910

1982 1.682,426 349,388 41.065 39,132 214.856 874,138 163.847

1983 1,658,560 363,741 42,748 32.847 197,694 876,735 144,795

1984 1,690,721 357,064 44,870 34,097 195,535 911,294 147,861

1985 1,708,154 340,346 46,413 33,775 190,727 946,015 150,878

1986 1,694,576 315,781 47,761 32.016 180,326 969,515 149,177

1987 1,717,155 320,776 47.320 30.826 184,741 987,414 146,078

1988 1,6/'/.545 302,296 46.831 29.603 186,532 963.476 148,807

1989 1,693,820 294,638 48.702 29.729 182.122 987.752 150,877

19
Appendix table 7—Untted Statee: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areas, 1989

Total^ Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

industry Jobs employment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 3,167,962 2.4 1,071,466 1.0 2,096,496 8.2

Agriculturai services, forestry,

fishing 842,535 .6 606,771 .6 214,139 .8

Agricultural inputs 426,046 .3 208,878 .2 217,168 .9

Chemical and fertilizer mining 21,854 - 9,822 - 12,032 .1

Agricultural chemicals 43.528 - 26,812 -- 16,716 .1

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 68.828 .1 36.202 -- 36,626 .1

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 272,254 .2 117.198 .1 155,056 .6

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 19,582 -- 18,844 ~ 738 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 3,167,724 2.4 1.963,884 1.8 1,203,629 4.7

Meat products 367,266 .3 172,613 .2 194,653 .8

Dairy products 144,901 .1 102,427 .1 42,474 .2

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 191,985 .1 125,628 .1 66,357 .3

Grain mill products 105,180 .1 68,329 .1 36,851 .1

Bakery products 221,531 .2 192,562 .2 28,969 .1

Sugar and confectionery

products 94,010 .1 72,660 .1 21,350 .1

Fats and oils products 29,780 - 19,715 - 10.065 --

Beverages 157,096 .1 134.083 .1 23,013 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 169,270 .1 130.420 .1 38,679 .2

Tobacco products 46,383 -- 40.704 -- 5,679 -

Apparel and textiles 1,347,658 1.0 762,224 .7 585.394 2.3

Leather products 128,397 .1 80,016 .1 48.381 .2

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 134,048 .1 41,622 -- 92.426 .4

Warehousing 30.219 - 20.881 -- 9.338 --

Wholesale and retail trade

of agricultural products 12,993.454 97 10.509.488 97 2,483.577 9.7

Indirect agribusiness 2,587.075 1.9 2.078,847 1.9 508,222 2.0

Total farm and farm-related

employment 23,184,796 17.3 16,439,334 15.2 6,723,231 26.2

Nonagricultural employment 110,636,363 82.7 91,542,094 84.8 18,967,627 73.8

Total employment 133.821.159 100.0 107,981.428 100.0 25,690,858 100.0

-- = None or negligible.

^ Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

20
Appendix table 8—Appalachia: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areas, 1989

Total^ Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs employment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 427,260 3.4 113,229 1.4 314,031 7.5

Agricultural services, forestry,

fishing 67,833 .5 39.031 .5 24,806 .6

Agricultural inputs 34,498 .3 13,679 .2 20,819 .5

Chemical and fertilizer mining 710 - 273 - 437 --

Agricultural chemicals 4,507 - 2,504 -- 2.003 .1

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 2,218 -- 1,038 -- 1,180 -

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 26,845 .2 9,658 .1 17,187 .4

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 218 -- 206 -- 12 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 618,840 4.9 278,618 3.3 340,222 8.1

Meat products 48,738 .4 14,870 .2 33.868 .8

Dairy products 9,958 .1 6,406 .1 3,552 .1

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 8,847 .1 4,702 .1 4,145 .1

Grain mill products 8,420 .1 4,968 .1 3,452 .1

Bakery products 30,268 .2 25,805 .3 4,463 .1

Sugar and confectionery

products 5,327 - 2,585 -- 2,742 .1

Fats and oils products 3,647 - 2,822 -- 825 -

Beverages 17,997 .1 10,398 .1 7,599 .2

Miscellaneous food preparation

and kindred products 12,044 .1 8,181 .1 3,863 .1

Tobacco products 39,759 .3 34,510 .4 5,249 .1

Apparel and textiles 401,322 3.2 150,555 1.8 250,767 6.0

Leather products 17,494 .1 6,572 .1 10,922 .3

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 12,171 .1 4,533 .1 7.638 .2

Warehousing 2,848 - 1,711 -- 1,137 --

Wholesale and retail trade of

agricultural products 1,178,679 9.4 796,453 9.6 382,219 9.1

Indirect agribusiness 250,622 2.0 163,740 2.0 86,882 2.1

Total farm and farm-related

employment 2,577,732 20.6 1,404,750 16.9 1,168,979 27.9

Nonagricultural employment 9,957,586 79.4 6,931,449 83.2 3,022.073 72.1

Total employment 12,535,318 100.0 8,336,199 100.0 4,191,052 100.0

- = None or negligible.

^ Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

21
Appendix table 9-Corn Belt: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areaa, 1989

Totar Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs employment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Numtier Percent

Farm production 585,979 3.0 151,173 1.0 434,806 9.9

Agricultural services, forestry,

fishing 96,645 .5 66,251 .4 26,866 .6

Agricultural inputs 107.299 .6 54,426 .4 52,873 1.2

Chemical and fertilizer mining 985 -- 662 -- 323 --

Agricultural chemicals 8,480 - 5,595 - 2,885 .1

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 28,129 .1 17,667 .1 10,462 .2

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 59,092 .3 20,184 .1 38,908 .9

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 10,613 .1 10,318 .1 295 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 362,852 1.9 216,787 1.4 146,065 3.3

Meat products 64,022 .3 32,127 .2 31,895 .7

Dairy products 24,115 .1 17,574 .1 6,541 .2

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 22,146 .1 13,896 .1 8,252 .2

Grain mill products 31,391 .2 20,519 .1 10,872 .3

Bakery products 36,426 .2 29,041 .2 7,385 .2

Sugar and confectionery

products 17,313 .1 14,750 .1 2,563 .1

Fats and oils products 8,862 .1 5,769 -- 3,093 .1

Beverages 25,914 .1 22,768 .2 3,146 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 20,495 .1 16,010 .1 4,485 .1

Tobacco products 463 -- 406 - 57 --

Apparel and textiles 51,317 .3 25,302 .2 26,015 .6

Leather products 20,370 .1 .6,491 -- 13,879 .3

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 36,241 .2 9,701 .1 26,540 .6

Warehousing 3,775 - 2,433 -- 1,342 -

Wholesale and retail trade of

agricultural products 1,890,091 9.7 1,485,794 9.9 404,277 9.2

Indirect agribusiness 446,394 2.3 346,342 2.3 100,048 2.3

Total farm and farm-related

employment 3,489,260 17.9 2,320,773 15.4 1,164.935 26.5

Nonagricultural employment 16,005,616 82.1 12,761,360 84,6 3,239.787 73.6

Total employment 19,494,876 100.0 15,082.133 100.0 4,404,722 100.0

- = None or negligible.

^Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

22
Appendix table 10—DeKa: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areas, 1989

TotaP Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs employment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 175,011 4.2 29.358 1.3 145,653 8.1

Agricultural services, forestry,

fishing 25,599 .6 9,937 .4 14,763 .8

Agricultural inputs 22,880 .6 6.296 .3 16,584 .9

Cliemical and fertilizer mining 1.085 -- 465 - 620 --

Agricultural chemicals 4,641 .1 1,542 .1 3,099 .2

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 2,041 .1 766 - 1,275 .1

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 14,974 .4 3.456 .2 11,518 .6

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 139 -- 67 -- 72 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 155,318 3.7 44,529 1.9 110,789 6.1

Meat products 39,135 .9 10,706 .5 28,429 1.6

Dairy products 3,417 .1 2,298 .1 1,119 .1

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 5,327 .1 1,856 .1 3.471 .2

Grain mill products 4,992 .1 1,259 .1 3,733 .2

Bakery products 5,605 .1 3,728 .2 1,877 .1

Sugar and confectionery

products 2.989 .1 1.533 .1 1,456 .1

Fats and oils products 2,892 .1 733 -- 2,1,59 .1

Beverages 5,730 .1 4,107 .2 1,623 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 10,373 .3 5.514 .2 4.859 .3

Tobacco products 9 - 0 " 9 -

Apparel and textiles 61,336 1.5 9,766 .4 51,570 2.9

Leather products 5,750 .1 837 - 4,913 .3

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 5,532 .1 1,604 .1 3.^8 .2

Warehousing 2,231 .1 588 -- 1,643 .1

Wholesale and retail trade

of agricultural products 402,405 9.6 246,291 10.5 156,091 8.7

indirect agribusiness 76,220 1.8 38.739 1.7 37,481 2.1

Total farm and farm-related

employment 857,433 20.5 375,150 16.0 481,361 26.7

Nonagricultural employment 3,323,551 79.5 1,975,327 84.0 1,321,876 73.3

Total employment 4,180,984 100.0 2,350,477 100.0 1,803,237 100.0

- = None or negligible.

^Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

23
Appendix table 11—Lake States: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areas, 1989

Total' Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs employment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 314,230 3.2 94,832 1.2 219,398 9.7

Agricultural services, forestry,

fishing 46,071 .5 28,452 .4 16,674 .7

Agricultural inputs 42,264 .4 18,235 .2 24,029 1.1

Chemical and fertilizer mining 4 -- 4 - 0 -

Agricultural chemicals 1,226 -- 900 - 326 -

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 10,119 .1 5,220 .1 4,899 .2

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 30,483 .3 11,701 .2 18,782 .8

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 432 -- 410 - 22 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 167,/// 1.7 98,266 1.3 69,511 3.1

Meat products 32,078 .3 16,616 .2 15,462 .7

Dairy products 28,888 .3 14,811 .2 14,077 .6

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 16,640 .2 7,247 .1 9,393 .4

Grain mill products 11,185 .1 7,544 .1 3,641 .2

Bakery products 13,647 .1 11,318 .2 2,329 .1

Sugar and confectionery

products 7,408 .1 4,677 .1 2,731 .1

Fats and oils products 1,879 -- 720 - 1,159 .1

Beverages 10,772 .1 8,499 .1 2,273 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 8,323 .1 6,502 .1 1,821 .1

Tobacco products 0 - 0 - 0 -

Apparel and textiles 14,261 .1 9,012 .1 5,249 .2

Leather products 10,625 .1 6,976 .1 3,649 .2

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 10,632 .1 3,522 .1 7,110 .3

Warehousing 1,439 - 822 -- 617 --

Wholesale and retail trade

of agricultural products 1.000,515 10.1 760,632 9.9 239,873 10.6

Indirect agribusiness 244,208 2.5 184,595 2.4 59,613 2.6

Total farm and farm-related

employment 1,815,065 18.3 1.185,012 15.5 629,098 27.8

Nonagricultural employment 8,106,524 81.7 6,466,450 84.5 1.637.981 72.3

Total employment 9.921.589 100.0 7.651,462 100.0 2,267,079 100.0

- = None or negligible.

^ Metro and nonn^etro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

24
Appendix table 12-Mountain: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areas, 1989

TotaP Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs (smployment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 185,384 2.6 37,789 0.8 147,595 6.9

Agricultural sen/ices, forestry,

fishing 44,025 .6 29,325 .6 14,518 .7

Agricultural Inputs 27,464 .4 6,873 .1 20,591 1.0

Chemical and fertilizer mining 8,443 .1 352 -- 8,091 .4

Agricultural chemicals 2.358 -- 635 - 1,723 .1

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 1,751 -- 683 -- 1,068 .1

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 14,456 .2 4,815 .1 9,641 .5

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 456 -- 388 " 68 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 90,321 1.3 50,770 1.0 39,551 1.8

Meat products 11.518 .2 6,681 .1 4,837 .2

Dairy products 8,711 .1 4,985 .1 3.726 .2

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 12,658 .2 1,705 - 10,953 .5

Grain mill products 4,076 .1 2,507 .1 1,569 .1

Bakery products 7,712 .1 6,315 .1 1,397 .1

Sugar and confectionery

products 3,618 .1 1,239 - 2,379 .1

Fats and oils products 631 =- 451 - 180 --

Beverages 9,600 .1 8,111 .2 1,489 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 6,642 .1 4,501 .1 2.141 .1

Tobacco products 3 - 0 - 3 --

Apparel and textiles 13.394 .2 9,815 .2 3.579 .2

Leather products 2,567 " 2,141 -- 426 --

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 8,081 .1 1,593 - 6,488 .3

Warehousing 1,110 - 726 - 384 "

Wholesale and retaii trade

of agricultural products 708,594 10.0 480,009 9.7 228,486 10.6

Indirect agribusiness 85,892 1.2 63,400 1.3 22,492 1.1

Total farm and farm-related

employment 1,141,680 16.1 668,166 13.5 473,233 22.0

Nonagricultural employment 5,964,495 83.9 4,273,128 86.5 1,675,381 78.0

Total employment 7,106,175 100.0 4,941,294 100.0 2,148,614 100.0

- = None or negligible.

^Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

25
Appendix table 13—Northeast: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areas, 1989

Total' Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs 1employment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 242,354 0.8 139,656 05 102,698 3.4

Agricultural services, forestry,

fishing 162,782 .5 130,115 .5 26,428 .9

Agricultural inputs 40,737 .1 30,906 .1 9,831 .3

Chemical and fertilizer mining 668 -- 301 - 367 -

Agricultural chemicals 2,685 -- 2,358 -- 327 --

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 3,255 -- 2,651 -- 604 -

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 29,165 .1 20,695 .1 8,470 .3

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 4,964 -- 4,901 - 63 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 638,982 2.0 547,070 1.9 91,872 3.0

Meat products 36,150 .1 24,221 .1 11,929 .4

Dairy products 33,230 .1 25,984 .1 7,246 .2

Canned, frozen, and presented

fruits and vegetables 34,190 .1 25,620 .1 8,570 .3

Grain mill products 11,580 - 9,098 -- 2.482 .1

Bakery products 52,612 2 50,166 .2 2,446 .1

Sugar and confectionery

products 25,009 .1 24,652 .1 357 -

Fats and oils products 2,247 -- 1,990 - 257 -

Beverages 27.583 .1 26,166 .1 1,417 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 38,404 .1 32,014 .1 6,390 .2

Tobacco products 941 - 941 -- 0 "

Apparel and textiles 316,595 1.0 278,821 1.0 37,734 1.2

Leather products 48,859 .2 37,652 .1 11,207 .4

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 6,865 - 5,525 -- 1,340 --

Warehousing 4,717 - 4,220 -- 497 -

Wholesale and retail trade

of agricultural products 2,972,271 94 2,660,069 93 312,172 103

Indirect agribusiness 686,444 2.2 613,582 2.2 72,860 2.4

Total farm and farm-related

employment 4,743,570 15.0 4,121,398 14.5 615,861 20.3

Nonagricultural employment 26,785,932 85.0 24,357.189 85.5 2,425.410 79.8

Total employment 31,529,502 100.0 28,478,587 100.0 3,041,271 100.0

- = None or negligible.

^ Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

26
Appendix table 14—Northern Plains: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areas,

1989

Total^ Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs employment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 243,784 7.8 20,223 1.3 223,561 14.4

Agricultural services, forestry,

fishing 17,295 .6 7,466 .5 9,498 .6

Agricultural inputs 35,006 1.1 6,403 .4 28,603 1.8

Chemical and fertilizer mining 1,095 -- 0 - 1,095 .1

Agricultural chemicals 862 -- 362 - 500 -

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 11,554 .4 2,583 .2 8,971 .6

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 21,305 .7 3,387 .2 17,918 1.2

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 190 - 71 -- 119 ~

Agricultural processing and

marketing 94,549 3.0 30,613 2.0 63,936 4.1

Meat products 33,611 1.1 10.219 .7 23,392 1.5

Dairy products 3,936 .1 1,779 .1 2,157 .1

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 3,674 .1 1,559 .1 2,115 .1

Grain mill products 7,566 .2 3,692 .2 3,874 .3

Bakery products 5,585 .2 2,427 .2 3,158 .2

Sugar and confectionery

products 1,872 .1 462 - 1,210 .1

Fats and oils products 1,272 - 826 .1 446 --

Beverages 2,165 .1 1,394 .1 771 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 2,805 .1 2,246 .1 559 -

Tobacco products 0 - 0 - 0 --

Apparel and textiles 6,173 .2 2,226 .1 3,947 .3

Leather products 735 -- 464 - 271 -

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 23,773 .8 2,480 .2 21,293 1.4

Warehousing 1,582 .1 839 .1 743 .1

Wholesale and retail trade

of agricultural products 291,432 9.3 154,360 9.9 137,068 8.8

Indirect agribusiness 46,691 1.5 28,612 1.8 18,079 1.2

Total farm and farm-related

employment 728.757 23.4 247,677 15.9 480,745 30.9

Nonagricultural employment 2,390,982 76.6 1,309,456 84.1 1,077,605 69.2

Total employment 3,119,739 100.0 1,557,133 100.0 1,558,350 100.0

- = None or negligible.

^Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

27
Appendix table 15—Pacific: Farm and farm-related emptoyment, by metro and nonmetro areas, 1989

Totar Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs employment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 412,253 2.1 289,459 1.6 122,794 8.7

Agricultural services, forestry,

fishing 205,764 1.0 177,183 1.0 27.182 1.9

Agricultural inputs 41,575 .2 32,151 .2 9,424 .7

Chemical and fertilizer mining 2,893 -- 2,882 -- 11 -

Agricultural chemicals 2,578 -- 2,390 - 188 -

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 3,835 - 3,140 -- 695 .1

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 30,695 .2 22,204 .1 8,491 .6

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 1,574 - 1,535 - 39 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 365.657 1.8 336,981 1.8 28,676 2.0

Meat products 23,835 .1 21,833 .1 2,002 .1

Dairy products 15,011 .1 13,292 .1 1,719 .1

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 57,744 ,3 48,317 .3 9,427 .7

Grain mill products 10,881 ,1 9,895 .1 986 .1

Bakery products 30,174 .2 29,679 .2 495 -

Sugar and confectionery

products 14,126 .1 13,041 .1 1,085 .1

Fats and oils products 2,767 - 2,521 " 246 -

Beverages 28,443 .1 26,507 .1 1,936 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 36,659 .2 31,543 .2 5,116 .4

Tobacco products 1 „ 1 -- 0 ~

Apparel and textiles 124,649 .6 122,404 .7 2,245 .2

Leather products 8,318 - 8,121 -- 197 -

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 7.197 -- 5.039 - 2,158 .2

Warehousing 5,852 - 4.788 - 1,064 .1

Wholesale and retail trade

of agricultural products 1,934,018 9.6 1,776,846 9.5 157,074 11.1

Indirect agribusiness 328,460 1.6 304.518 1.6 23,942 1.7

Total farm and farm-related

employment 3,287,727 16.3 2.917,138 15.6 369,092 26.1

Nonagricuttural employment 16,827.383 83.7 15,764,501 84.4 1,047,616 74.0

Total employment 20,115,110 100.0 18,681,639 100.0 1,416,708 100.0

~ = None or negligible.

Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

28
Appendix table 16—Southeast: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areas, 1989

Total^ Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs (employment Jobs employment Jobs employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 272.140 2.0 115,399 1.0 156.741 5.6

Agricultural services, forestry,

fishing 104,780 .8 75.887 .7 25,693 .9

Agricultural inputs 43.574 .3 25.000 .2 18.574 .7

Chemical and fertilizer mining 4,993 -- 4,683 - 310 --

Agricultural chemicals 11,801 .1 7,128 .1 4,673 .2

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 3.581 -- 1,266 - 2,315 .1

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 22,459 .2 11.200 .1 11,259 .4

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 740 - 723 - 17 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 471,735 3.4 226.112 2.0 245,623 8.7

Meat products 48,652 .4 20,195 .2 28,457 1.0

Dairy products 9,290 .1 8,385 .1 905 ~

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 18,696 .1 13,171 .1 5,525 .2

Grain mill products 6,661 .1 3.588 -- 3.073 .1

Bakery products 23,778 .2 20,196 .2 3,582 .1

Sugar and confectionery

products 8,200 .1 5,497 .1 2,703 .1

Fats and oils products 2,447 -- 1.547 -- 900 --

Beverages 14,523 .1 12,886 .1 1,637 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 16.338 .1 12,538 .1 3,800 .1

Tobacco products 5,072 -- 4,711 -- 361 --

Apparel and textiles 302,633 2.2 114.783 1.0 187,850 6.7

Leather products 5,291 -- 4,021 -- 1,270 .1

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 7,505 .1 2,581 - 4,924 .2

Warehousing 2.649 -- 2,013 -- 636 -

Wholesale and retail trade

of agricultural products 1,480,635 10.6 1,206,183 10.8 274,358 9.8

indirect agribusiness 250,459 1.8 189,275 1.7 61.184 2.2

Total farm and farm-related

employment 2,623,323 18.8 1,837.856 16.5 782.173 27.8

Nonagricultural employment 11.357,884 81.2 9,324.413 83.5 2.029,687 72.2

Total employment 13,981,207 100.0 11,162,269 100.0 2,811,860 100.0

- = None or negligible.

^ Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

29
Appendix table 17—Southern Plains: Farm and farm-related employment, by metro and nonmetro areas,

1989

Totar Metro Nonmetro

Share Share Share

of total of metro of nonmetro

Industry Jobs employment Jobs employment Jot)s employment

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

Farm production 294,638 2.9 77,149 0.9 217,489 12.4

Agricultural services, forestry,

fishing 48,702 .5 .5 10,981 .6

Agricultural inputs 29,729 .3 14,479 .2 15,250 .9

Chemical and fertilizer mining 978 - 200 - 778 -

Agricultural chemicals 3.933 -- 3,251 -- 682 -

Farm machinery and equipment

manufacturing 2,290 -- 1,133 -- 1,157 .1

Farm supply and machinery

(wholesale trade) 22,285 .2 9,681 .1 12,604 .7

Commodity contract brokers

and dealers 243 -- 214 ~ 29 -

Agricultural processing and

marketing 182,122 1.8 124,581 1.5 57.541 3.3

Meat products 28,936 .3 14,716 .2 14,220 .8

Dairy products 7,637 .1 6,359 .1 1,278 .1

Canned, frozen, and preserved

fruits and vegetables 9,941 .1 6,367 .1 3,574 .2

Grain mill products 8,177 .1 5,010 .1 3,167 .2

Bakery products 14,421 .1 12,753 .2 1,668 .1

Sugar and confectionery

products 3,369 -- 2,970 -- 399 -

Fats and oils products 3,063 -- 2,279 -- 784 --

Beverages 13,749 .1 12,719 .2 1,030 .1

Miscellaneous food preparations

and kindred products 11,369 .1 10,108 .1 1,261 .1

Tobacco products 135 -- 135 - 0 -

Apparel and textiles 53,266 .5 37,001 .5 16,265 .9

Leather products 8,304 .1 6,657 .1 1,647 .1

Farm products raw materials

(wholesale trade) 15,993 .2 5,020 .1 10,973 .6

Warehousing 3.762 -- 2,487 -- 1,275 .1

Wholesale and retail trade

of agricultural products 987,752 9.8 830,703 10.0 157,045 9.0

Indirect agribusiness 150,877 1.5 126,933 1.5 23,944 1.4

Total farm and farm-related

employment 1,693,820 16.8 1,210,841 14.6 482,250 27.5

Nonagricultural employment 8,407,604 83.2 7,091,410 85.4 1,271,770 72.5

Total employment 10,101,424 100.0 8,302,251 100.0 1,754,020 100.0

- = None or negligible.

^ Metro and nonmetro jobs may not add to total because some employment was not classified by location.

30
U.S. Department of Agriculture

Economic Research Service

SUMMARY OF REPORT

Farm and Farm-Related Jobs Up

Slightly in 1989

Contact: T, Alexander Majchrowicz (202) 219-0525

Number 12, March 1993

Farm and farm-related employment grew by almost

323.000 jobs during 1988-89, with most of the

increase in agricultural wholesale and retail trade

industries. Although the number of farm and farmrelated jobs rose to over 23 million, their share of total

U.S. employment declined from 18 percent in 1988 to

17.3 percent in 1989.

Farm and farm-related employment involves a

diverse group of industries, ranging from farm operations to grocery stores that sell farm products. U.S.

Farm and Farm-Related Employment in 1989: Where

Are Jobs in Farming and Its Related Industries Most

Important? from USDA's Economic Research Sen/ice,

uses estimates based on the 1989 County Business

Patterns file released by the Bureau of the Census.

These data are the latest available and were subsequently enhanced to account for self-employed

persons and confidential data not published by the

Bureau.

Much of the farm and farm-related employment is

only peripherally linked to farming, with more than 15.5

million jobs in agricultural wholesale and retail trade

industries or indirect agribusinesses. But, the jobs in

farming and its closely related industries that supply agricultural inputs and process and market commodities

have a direct effect on many local economies, providing

25 percent or more of total employment in 865 of the

approximately 3,100 U.S. counties.

Seventy-one percent of all farm and farm-related jobs

are in metro areas, mostly in agricultural wholesale and

retail trade industries that have weak links to farming.

Over 6.7 million, or 29 percent, of all farm and farmrelated jobs were in nonmetro counties in 1989, unchanged from 1988. Two-thirds of all farm production

employment remains in nonmetro counties. While most

farm and farm-related jobs were concentrated in metro

counties, these jobs accounted for only about 15 percent of total metro employment but about 26 percent of

ail nonmetro employment.

Change in farm and farm-related employment, 1988-89

Jobs moved off the farm and into agricultural wholesale and

retail trade.

Empioymeni in thousands

"Peripherally relaied400.5

-113.9

Total Farm Agri- Agri- Agricultural Wholesale Indirecl

farm and production cultural cultural processing and retail agrifarm-related services inputs and marketing trade business

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