NOMINATING PARTY: The United States of America

FILE NAME: USA CUN12 SOIL NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open

Field

BRIEF DESCRIPTIVE TITLE OF NOMINATION: Methyl Bromide Critical Use Nomination for Preplant Soil Use for Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut,

And Rose in Open Fields (Submitted in 2010 for 2012 Use Season)

CROP NAME (OPEN FIELD OR PROTECTED): Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field

QUANTITY OF METHYL BROMIDE NOMINATED:

T ABLE 1: Q UANTITY OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE N OMINATED
Year N OMINATION A MOUNT

2012 1,591 kg

NOMINATING PARTY CONTACT DETAILS: Contact Person: John Thompson

Title: Division Director Address: Office of Environmental Policy U.S. Department of State 2201 C Street, N.W. Room 2658 Washington, D.C. 20520

U.S.A. Telephone: (202) 647-9799 Fax: (202) 647-5947

E-mail: thompsonje2@state.gov

Following the requirements of Decision IX/6 paragraph (a)(1) The United States of America has determined that the specific use detailed in this Critical Use Nomination is critic al because the lack of availability of methyl bromide for

this use would result in a significant market disruption. 

### ■ Yes  No

Signature Name Date

Title:

(Details on this page are requested under Decision Ex. I/ 4(7), for posting on the Ozone Secretariat website under Decision Ex. I/4(8).)

In assessing nominations submitted in this format, TEAP and MBTOC will also refer to the original nomination on which the Party’s first-year exemption was approved, as well as any supplementary information provided by the Party in relation to that original nomination. As this earlier information is retained by MBTOC, a Party need not re-submit that earlier information.

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 1 of 12CONTACT OR EXPERT(S) FOR FURTHER TECHNICAL DETAILS:
Contact/Expert Person: Jack Housenger

Title: Director Address: Biological and Economic Analysis Division Office of Pesticide Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Mailcode 7503P Washington, D.C. 20460

U.S.A. Telephone: (703) 308-8200 Fax: (703) 308-7042

E-mail: Housenger.Jack@epa.gov

LIST OF DOCUMENTS SENT TO THE OZONE SECRETARIAT IN OFFICIAL NOMINATION PACKAGE:

1. PAPER DOCUMENTS: Title of paper documents and appendices No. of pages Date sent to

Ozone

Secretariat

USA CUN12 SOIL NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open

Field 12

2. ELECTRONIC COPIES OF ALL PAPER DOCUMENTS: *Title of each electronic file (for naming convention see notes above) No. of kilobytes Date sent to

Ozone

Secretariat

USA CUN12 SOIL NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE Open

Field

* Identical to paper documents

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 2 of 12

### METHYL BROMIDE CRITICAL USE RENOMINATION FOR PREPLANT SOIL USE (OPEN FIELD OR PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT)

NURSERY STOCK—FRUIT, NUT, AND ROSE

1. SUMMARY OF THE NEED FOR METHYL BROMIDE AS A CRITICAL USE

Nursery producers provide pest-fr ee stock plants that are used fo r the establishment of orchards and gardens. Nurseries in this sector provide plants to commerci al growers of rose bushes, and such diverse fruit crops as apricots, peaches, prun es, nectarines, cherries, plums, apples, pears, Asian pears, and ornamental pears. Nut tr ees produced by these nurseries include almonds, walnuts, pistachios, pecans, and chestnuts. A pproximately 95% of the trees are fruit and nut varieties sold to commercial producers; the other 5% are ornamental types used for landscaping. Deciduous trees are primarily produced in the Sacram ento and San Joaquin valleys of California.

Nurseries provide pest-free stock plants in order to meet state-mandated certification requirements for plant material (CDFA, 2009; Ha nson et al., 2009). Compliance with federal regulations for movement of plant material may also be required (USDA-APHIS, 2007; USDAAPHIS, 2004). To achieve pest- free status, nurseries have relied on methyl bromide to provide effective fumigation on soils in diverse locations with various soil types a nd moisture conditions. In some situations the use of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) can provide an e ffective alternative to methyl bromide for nematode control to enable nurseries to attain ce rtification for stock. However, use of 1,3-D is restricted by townsh ip cap regulations and, for optimal efficacy, requires a soil type and moisture level that is compatible with the chemical activity (e.g., Hanson et al., 2008; Hanson et al., 2007). Moisture restrictions for 1,3-D may be more limiting than township caps. Nurseries with heavy soils or moisture greater than 12% (especially common in clay soils at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters) ma y not use 1,3-D to reduce nematode populations. Currently, where pathogens and nematodes are key pe sts, as in most nurseries, methyl bromide is

critical.

Deciduous tree nurseries range in size from 15 to over 600 hectares in field beds. A typical operation ranges between 80 and 120 hectares. The c limate and soil is ideal for fruit and nut tree nurseries (as well as for fruit a nd nut production). While some nur series concentrate on specific tree crops, most nurseries grow a nd sell a variety of different trees . Nursery stock is grown on a cropping system that includes crop rotation or cover cropping between tree production cycles; therefore, not all of the nurser y area is in tree production in a given year. The tree production cycle can be anywhere from a single year to several years depending on the type of tree crop being produced. Nursery production of trees ta kes from one to four years in the ground depending on the type being produced. In order to prepare the ground for planting, the fields are disked, deep ripped, leveled, and then fumigated to meet certification standards set by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA, 2009). Methyl bromide is applied by shank and treated area is usually covered with a tarp. The fumigati on is carried out around August and September, and planting begins in October, and may continue through January.

Nursery roses are grown in open field plots. Pr oduction includes 1-year a nd 2-year rose bushes,

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 3 of 12rose trees, climbing roses, miniature roses, rose ground cover, rose shrubs, and heirloom roses. A typical crop rotation for a two-year rose crop includes one year fallow, followed by one or two years of rotational crops, and then a two-year ro se crop. The two-year rose crop cycle begins with land preparation (removing the cover crop, deep cultivati on, and fumigation with methyl bromide), followed by planting the ro otstock and T-bud grafting. In la te winter of the first year, the rootstock tops are removed. The rose cr op matures by the second autumn and is then harvested. This cycle varies depending on the ty pe of rose crop being produced (e.g., two-year roses, one-year minis and patio tr ees, or 18-month mini bushes).

Where soil conditions and regulations allow, 1, 3- D may be used as an alternative to methyl bromide, but it appears to have a relatively lim ited use due to regulator y restrictions and soil moisture requirements (Hanson et al., 2007).

The USG has reviewed all factor s affecting transition rates in this sector. Based on this assessment the transition rate has been greatly incr eased for most portions of this sector. For the area covered in this nomination, the USG believes that the narrative discussion included in this document is technically valid. The USG has nomi nated amounts of methyl bromide based only on those sub-sectors that cannot transition away from methyl bromide at the accelerated rate.

2. SUMMARIZE WHY KEY ALTER NATIVES ARE NOT FEASIBLE

Methyl bromide and 1,3-D are the only soil treatments cited in re gulations for open field nursery stock in California (CDFA, 2009). However, these regulations specify that 1,3-D is only acceptable in certain soil types with specified soil moisture at less than 12% (e.g., McKenry, 2000; Schneider et al., 2004; CDFA, 2009). Mois ture restrictions fo r 1,3-D may be more limiting than township cap restrictions. Nurseries with heavy soils or moisture greater than 12% (especially common in clay soils at depths of 1 to 1.5 meters ) do not receive certification of nursery stock. In these situati ons methyl bromide is critical.

The requested amount of methyl bromide in th e U.S. nomination includes those areas where 1,3-

D would not meet the certifica tion requirements or would be lim ited by township caps. Under California regulations, nursery cr ops must be “free of especia lly injurious pests and disease symptoms” in order to qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate and Intrastate Shipments (CDFA, 2009). If an approved fumiga tion is not used in the nursery, a nematode sampling procedure is imposed by CDFA, and if nematodes are found all nursery stock in an area are destroyed resulting in a complete lo ss. Methyl bromide meets the certification guidelines. Under certain soil conditions 1,3-D may also meet guidelines for nematode infestations. Control of pathogens and weeds, which are also important pests of nurseries and part of the pest-free certification requirements, requires rigorous multi-year testing of

alternatives. This nomination is for the critical use of methyl bromide where alternatives cannot

be used or are not effective.

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 4 of 123. IS THE USE COVERED BY A CERTIFICATION STANDARD?

Nurseries in this sector are c overed by certification requirement s as described in state (e.g., CDFA, 2009) and federal (e.g., USDA-APHIS, 2007; USDA-APHIS , 2004) regulations. For example, “Section 3640, CCR, makes it mandatory that nursery stock for farm planting be commercially clean with respect to economically important nematodes” (CDFA, 2009). The regulations specify methyl brom ide/chloropicrin and 1,3-D/chlor opicrin as acceptable fumigants for control of nematodes. Specific requirements fo r soil texture and soil moisture (less than 12% at 1 meter) may limit the use of 1,3-D in some nurs eries. In addition, pests other than nematodes may require additional pest control measures.

If nematodes are found and the nursery stock is not “free of especially inju rious pests and disease symptoms”, then a total loss is likely because the nursery stock: 1) would not qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certificate for Interstate a nd Intrastate Shipments, 2) would likely not be marketable since resale for planting is severe ly restricted by the CDFA, and 3) should be destroyed to prevent further infestation.

CALIFORNIA (CDFA, 2009)

California regulations (e.g., CDFA, 2009—NIPM #3) for nursery standards (reg. 3060.2-a)

include :

“All nursery stock shall be kept ‘commercially’ clean with respect to established pests of general distribution. Commercially clean shall mean that pests are under effective control, are present only to a light degr ee, and that only a few of the plants in any lot or block of nursery stock or on the premises show any infe station or infection, and of these none show more than a few individuals of any insect, an imal or weed pests, or more than a few individual infestations of any plant disease.”

4. IF PART OF THE CROP AREA IS TREATED WITH METHYL BROMIDE,

INDICATE THE REASON WH Y METHYL BROMIDE IS NOT USED IN THE OTHER AREA, AND IDENTIFY WHAT ALTER NATIVE STRATEGIES ARE USED TO

CONTROL THE TARGET PATHOGENS AND WEEDS WITHOUT METHYL

BROMIDE THERE.

Methyl bromide is used on nursery soils wher e effective pest management and regulatory constrains preclude the use of 1,3-D. Regulatory restrictions on 1,3-D, can limit the use for a portion of nurseries of this sector. For exampl e, depending on the season, the deciduous fruit and nut tree growers may use 1,3-D as an altern ative on approximately 35% of nursery land.

These areas are able to achieve less than 12% mo isture (up to 1.5 m) on light soils. Sites on which 1,3-D is used are not included in the nomination.

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 5 of 125. WOULD IT BE FEASIBLE TO EXPAND THE USE OF THESE METHODS TO

COVER AT LEAST PART OF THE CRO P THAT HAS REQUESTED USE OF

METHYL BROMIDE? WHAT CHANGES WOULD BE NECESSARY TO ENABLE

THIS?

According to the requesting consortium and re searchers (e.g., Hanson et al., 2009) advances using alternatives are being made. Some deci duous tree nurseries use a double application of 1,3-D where moisture of less than 12% can be achieved on light soils, although weeding costs may be higher. This is allowed by California certification regulations, except where township restrictions apply or where pl antback restrictions prevent th e planting of a rotational crop.

The USG has reviewed all factor s affecting transition rates in this sector. Based on this assessment the transition rate has been greatly incr eased for most portions of this sector. For the area covered in this nomination, the USG believes that the narrative discussion included in this document is technically valid. The USG has nomi nated amounts of methyl bromide based only on those sub-sectors that cannot transition away from methyl bromide at the accelerated rate.

6. SUMMARY OF RECENT RESEARCH

Reasons for the critical need for methyl bromid e include: 1) 1,3-D is not an approved treatment for fine-textured soils; 2) greater inputs ar e required for soil preparation and moisture management; 3) township caps and buffer zone re quirements; 4) weed management efficacy; and 5) air quality standards related to volatile organic compounds.

Research is continuing in order to identify a nd develop an alternative methodology for nurseries (Hanson et al., 2009; Hanson et al., 2007). Th e only treatment other than methyl bromide sanctioned for field-grown stoc k is 1,3-D (CDFA, 2009; Hanson et al., 2008). Until methods

have been identified that can ensu re that nursery stock will receiv e certification with comparable efforts and costs to methyl bromide, methyl brom ide is considered critical for this sector.

Research is continuing to identify alternativ es that will be effective and acceptable for certification. Methyl bromide ha s historically provided nurseries with an effective means of managing weeds. Few effective herbicides are available to nursery managers in California (Shrestha et al., 2008). Without methyl bromide California nurseries require alternatives that

will allow certification of stock and not significantly incr ease costs due to hand-weeding. Shrestha et al. (2008) found that:

 The alternative fumigants (iodomethane:chlor opicrin, 1,3-D, 1,3-D:chloropicrin (61:35) with HDPE or VIF), and drip 1,3-D/chloropi crin (InLine) generall y provided similar

weed control to soils treated with methyl bromide:chloropicrin (98:2)

 There were differences in weed species and we ed densities at four locations; however, the efficacy of alternatives, with regard to weed seed germination and weed control, were generally comparable to methyl bromide treatments

 Alternative fumigants and methyl bromide, in general, resulted in similar hand-weeding

efforts

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 6 of 12USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 7 of 12  In general, there did not appear to be a difference between VIF or HDPE film in weed control or hand-weeding time

Fumigant trials previously repor ted (Hanson et al., 2007) in rose nurseries have continued to identify possible alternatives (Hanson et al., 2008) . Recent results of rose nursery trials at two locations indicated that 1,3-D ( 373 kg/ha) used with standard or VIF films resulted in similar Pythium

, Fusarium , and citrus nematode control compared to methyl bromide:chloropicrin (392 kg/ha of 98:2) used with standard HDPE film. Total weed populations in plots fumigated with alternatives were similar to plots treated with methyl bromide.

7. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVES

This study calculated net revenue as gross re venue minus operating costs. This is a good

measure of the direct losses of income that ma y be suffered by the users. Net revenue does not represent net income to the users. Net income, which indicates profitability of an operation for an enterprise, is gross revenue minus the sum of operating and fixed costs. Net income is

smaller than the net revenue meas ured in this study, often substa ntially so. We did not include fixed costs because they are di fficult to measure and verify.

The economic analysis of the nursery stock app lication compared data on yields, crop prices, revenues and costs using methyl br omide and using alternative pest control regimens in order to estimate the loss of methyl bromide availability. Th e alternative identified as technically feasible - in cases of low pest infestation 1 – was 1,3-D/chloropicrin.

The economic factors that drive the feasibility analysis for nu rsery stock production uses of methyl bromide are: (1) yield losses, referri ng to reductions in the quantity produced, (2) increased production costs, which may be due to the higher-cost of using an alternative, additional pest control requireme nts, and/or resulting shifts in other production or harvesting practices (3) quality losses, which generally a ffect the quantity and price received for the goods, and (4) missed market windows due to plant back tim e restrictions, which al so affect the quantity and price received for the goods.

The economic reviewers then analyzed crop budgets for pre-plant sectors to determine the likely economic impact if methyl bromide were unavailab le. Various measures were used to quantify the impacts, including the following:

(1) Loss per Hectare. For crops, this measure is closely tied to income. It is relatively easy to measure, but may be difficult to interpret in isolation.

(2) Loss per Kilogram of Methyl Bromide . This measure indicates the value of methyl bromide to crop production.

1 The USG does not request methyl bromide for use in areas of low to moderate pest pressure. Only cases where key pests are present at modera te to high levels require methyl bromide for

pest pressure.(3) Loss as a Percentage of Gross Revenue. This measure has the advantage that gross revenues are usually easy to meas ure, at least over some unit, e.g. , a hectare of land or a storage operation. However, high value commodities or cr ops may provide high revenues, but may also entail high costs. Losses of even a small per centage of gross revenues could have important impacts on the profitability of the activity.

(4) Loss as a Percentage of Net Operating Revenue . We define net cash revenues as gross revenues minus operating costs. This is a good indi cator of the direct losses of income that may be suffered by the owners or operators of an en terprise. However, operating costs can often be difficult to measure and verify.

(5) Operating Profit Margin . We define operating profit ma rgin to be net operating revenue divided by gross revenue per hectare. This measure would provide the best indication of the total impact of the loss of methyl bromide to an enterprise. Again, operating costs may be

difficult to measure and fixed costs even more di fficult, therefore fixed costs were not included in the analysis.

These measures represent different ways to a ssess the economic feasibili ty of methyl bromide alternatives for methyl bromide users, who are nursery stock producers in this case. Because producers (suppliers) represent an in tegral part of any definition of a market, we interpret the threshold of significant market di sruption to be met if there is a significant impact on commodity suppliers using methyl bromide. The economic measures provide the basis for making that

determination.

Certification requirements . The U.S. nomination includes those areas where 1,3-D would not meet the regulatory requirements or would be limited by township caps. Under California regulations, nursery crops must be “free of espe cially injurious pests and disease symptoms” in order to qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Certif icate for Interstate and Intrastate Shipments (CDFA, 2009). If an approved fumigation is not used in th e nursery, a nematode sampling procedure is imposed by CDFA, and if nematodes are found all nu rsery stock in an area should be destroyed resulting in a complete loss. Me thyl bromide meets the certification guidelines. Also, in certain soil conditions , 1,3-D meets certification guidelines; California township caps may limit the use of 1,3-D.

If nematodes are found and the nursery stock is not “free of especially inju rious pests and disease symptoms”, then a total loss is li kely because the nursery stock:

 Would not qualify for a CDFA Nursery Stock Ce rtificate for Interstate and Intrastate Shipments,

 Would probably not be marketable , since resale for planting is severely restricted by the

CDFA.

 Should be destroyed to pr event further infestation.

Yield loss . It is likely that yield lo sses would also occur where soil conditions are not ideal, but little data are available. The yi eld loss could be 100% if the nurse ry stock cannot be certified as pest-free.

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 8 of 12Reduced pesticide use . An effective fumigation results in a growth response that allows an initial growth spurt. This growth response helps ma intain a healthy plant, which is able to better handle the stress induced by pathoge ns and pests. A healthier plant consequently requires a fewer number of pesticide sprays during the season.

Beyond the nursery . Healthier plants and trees provide be nefits beyond the nur sery in terms of higher yields of fruit and nuts and reduced infest ations. One hectare of nursery stock provides these benefits to many hectares producing fruits and nuts.

California Rose Growers

Currently, 1,3-D/chloropicrin is the likely altern ative to m ethyl bromide for use in California rose production in locations where 1,3-D use rest rictions do not apply. 1,3-D appears to have similar yields as methyl bromide yet is a cheape r alternative, thus, grow ers may prefer to use 1,3- D. However, township restrictions and certifica tion restrictions requiring specific soil conditions hinder growers from using 1,3-D.

T ABLE 2. C ALIFORNIA R OSE G ROWERS : E CONOMIC I MPACTS OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE A LTERNATIVES

CALIFORNIA ROSE GROWERS M ETHYL B ROMIDE 1,3-D ICHLOROPROPENE

+ C HLOROPICRIN

P RODUCTION L OSS (%) 0% 0%

P RODUCTION PER H ECTARE ( CWT ) 38,112 38,112

* P RICE PER U NIT ( US $) $ 2 $2

= G ROSS R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $87,182 $ 87,182

- O PERATING C OSTS PER H ECTARE ( US $)* $72,511 $ 71,973

= N ET R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 14,671 $ 15,209

1. L OSS PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ - $ (537)

2. L OSS PER K ILOGRAM OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE ( US $) $ - $ (2)

3. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF G ROSS R EVENUE (%) 0% -1%

4. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF N ET O PERATING R EVENUE (%) 0% -4%

5. O PERATING P ROFIT M ARGIN (%) 17% 17%

*The measures must be interpreted carefully. Operating costs do not include fixed costs and net revenue equals gross revenue minus operating costs.

California Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Tree Growers

Currently, 1,3-D/chloropicrin is the likely altern ative to m ethyl bromide for use in California Deciduous Fruit and Nut Nursery Trees where 1,3-D use restrictions do not apply. 1,3-D appears to have similar yields as methyl bromide yet is a cheaper alternat ive, thus, growers may prefer to use 1,3-D. However, township restrictions and ce rtification restrictions requiring specific soil conditions hinder growers from using 1,3-D.

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 9 of 12USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 10 of 12 T ABLE 3. C ALIFORNIA D ECIDUOUS F RUIT AND N UT N URSERY T REE G ROWERS : E CONOMIC I MPACTS OF
M ETHYL B ROMIDE A LTERNATIVES
CALIFORNIA DECIDUOUS FRUIT AND NUT

NURSERY TREE GROWERS M ETHYL B ROMIDE 1,3-D ICHLOROPROPENE

+ C HLOROPICRIN

P RODUCTION L OSS (%) 0% 0%

P RODUCTION PER H ECTARE (BOX 25 LBS ) 45,898 45,898

* P RICE PER U NIT ( US $) $ 5 $5

= G ROSS R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 228,801 $ 228,801

- O PERATING C OSTS PER H ECTARE ( US $)* $ 97,490 $ 96,214

= N ET R EVENUE PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ 131,311 $ 132,587

1. L OSS PER H ECTARE ( US $) $ - $ (1,276)

2. L OSS PER K ILOGRAM OF M ETHYL B ROMIDE ( US $) $ - $ (4)

3. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF G ROSS R EVENUE (%) 0% -1%

4. L OSS AS A P ERCENTAGE OF N ET O PERATING R EVENUE (%) 0% -1%

5. O PERATING P ROFIT M ARGIN (%) 57% 58%

*The measures must be interpreted carefully. Operating costs do not include fixed costs and net revenue equals gross revenue minus operating costs.

8. RESULTANT CHANGES TO RE QUESTED EXEMPTION QUANTITIES

T ABLE 4. N OMINATION A MOUNT :

California Rose

Growers California Assoc of Nursery and

Garden Centers Sector Total /
Average

Quantity Requested for 2011: Amount (kgs) 955 7,000 7,955

Quantity Recommended by

MBTOC/TEAP for 2011 : Amount (kgs) 955 7,000 7,955

Amount (kgs) 955 7,000 7,955

Area (ha) 5 35 40

Rate 191 200 199

Transition from 2011 Baseline Adjusted Value Percentage (%) -80% -80% -80%

Amount (kgs) 

### 191 1,400 1,591

Area (ha) 1 7

Rate 191 200 199 Quantity Required for

2012 Nomination: SECTOR NURSERY STOCK

Quantity Approved by Parties

for 2011:

8CITATIONS

CDFA (California Department of Food and Agriculture). 2009. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/NIPM.html ; Regulation for nursery and seed inspection (NIPM #3), http://www.cdfa.ca.gov//phpps/PE/Nurs ery/pdfs/nipm _3_regs_nsy_sees_insp.pdf ; Approved treatment and handling procedures to ensure ag ainst nematode pest infestation of nursery stock (NIPM #7), http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/PE/Nursery/pdfs/NIPM_7.pdf

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., Gerik, J., Qin, R., and Wang, D. 2009. Perennial crop nursery sector progress—Pacific area-wide program for MB a lternatives. Annual Inte rnational Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2009). http://www.mbao.org/2009/Proceedings /032HansonBMBAO2009PAWSu mmarytext.pdf

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., Gerik, J., Wang, D., and Qi n, R. 2008. Pest control with California approved nursery stock certif ication 1,3-D treatments. Annua l International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2008). http://www.mbao.org/2008/Proceedings /025HansonBMBAO2008PAW projectsummary.pdf

Hanson, B. D., Gao, S., McKenry, M., Gerik, J. , Wang, D., Klonsky, K., Cox, D., Correiar, B., and Yates, S. 2007. Efficacy and 1,3-D emissions with approved nursery stock certification treatments applied with two shank designs. Annual International Re search Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives (2007). http://www.mbao.org/2007/Proceedi ngs/013HansonBMBAO2007PAW project.pdf

McKenry, M. V. 2000. Evaluation of alternativ es to methyl bromide for soil fumigation at

commercial fruit and nut tree nurseries. C ontractor for California Association of Nurseryman. Prepared for California Department of Pesticide Regulation. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pest m gt/grants/98-99/finlrpts/98-0281.pdf

Schneider, S., T. Trout, J. Gerik, and H. Ajwa. 2004. Perennial crop nurseries—performance of methyl bromide alternatives in the field. Annual International Re search Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives a nd Emissions Reductions (2004). http://www.mbao.org/2004/Proceedings04/ 029%20SchneiderS%20Nursery%20paper%20M BAO%202004.pdf

Shrestha, A., Browne, G. T., Lampinen, B. D., Schneider, S. M., Simon, L. and Trout, T. J. 2008. Perennial crop nurseries treated with me thyl bromide and alternative fumigants: effects on weed seed viability, weed densitie s, and time required fo r hand weeding. Weed Technology 22:267-274.

USDA-APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspecti on Service), Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2007. Official regulatory protocol for wholesal e and production nurseri es containing plants

infected with Phytophthora ramorum

. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plan t_health/plant_pest_info/pra m /downloads/pdf_files/CNPv8. 0-7-20-07.pdf

USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 11 of 12USA CUN12 SOIL Nursery Stock—Fruit, Nut, And Rose Open Field Page 12 of 12 USDA-APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspecti on Service), Plant Protection and Quarantine. 2004. Sudden Oak Death. Amended order restricting movement of nursery stock from California nurseries, April, 2004. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/newsroom/hot_issu es/sod/content/printab le_version/SOD_Order _4-22-04.pdf