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!!I ?[) FOREST SURVEY RELEASE" No. 3 January 30, 1935. i r 

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,! ADVANCE INFORMATION ON THE SUPPLY OF PULPWOOD i; 

! ! IN SURVEY UNIT #1 

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!; reports to be published later. This information is subject to correction or amplifica- 

''I * - This is an advance release of Forest Survey data. thdt nil1 be included in complete 

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i :I lion as computations proceed. I bL iir -. 

BY 

SOUTHERN FOREST SUXVEY STAFF 

1.F.Eldredge 

Regional Survey Director 
Southern Forest Survev Staff 

I. F. Eldredge 

R. I(. Winters 

M. M. Lehrbas 

P. R. Wheeler 

J. W. Cruikshank 

V. B. Davis 

E. B. Faulks 

J. A. Putnam 

Regional Director 

Executive Officer 

Field Manager 

Computing Chief 

Field Supervisor 

Field Supervisor 

Field Supervisor 

Field Supervisor 
ADVANCE INFORMATION ON THE SUPPLY OF PULPWOOD 

IN SIJRVEY UNIT #1 

FLORIDA 

SOUTHERN FOREST SURVEY STBFF 

I. F. Eldredge 

Regional Survey Director 

This report presents information concerning the quantity of pulpwood in 

Survey Unit #I, Florida. The geographic location of this unit which includes 

twenty-one counties in the northeastern part of the state is shown in Figure 1. The 

total land area of this unit is 9,515,600 acres, excluding 263,000 acres within the 

boundary of the Ocala National Forest '. The data given in this release are preliminary and are subject to correction and iaodification when final computations are 

completed. It is believed, however, that the changes in estimates of pulpwood will 

neither he extensive nor important. The information is given in advance of the 

publication of a comprehensive report for the unit covering the quantity, chararter and growth of the timber supply expresscd in terms of lumber, naval stores, poles, 

etc. as well as pulpwood. 

The estimates of land area and pulpwood volume given in this report are 

based on data gathered during the period from December 1933 to October 1934 by the 

Forest Survey, a part of the U. S. Forest Service and an activity of the Southern 

Forest Experiment Station. These data are bawd on the measurement of the timber 

or record of condition on 11,956 quarter-acre sample plots established in a systematic line plot gridironing of the entire unit. The field work in this unit wa7 done 

by a group of six specially trained parties of timber estimators. 

Land Area 

The area of land in the several land-use classes is shown in Table 1. Approximately 77 percent of the total land area of thc unit is classified as forest 

land. Fifteen percent of the area is agricultural and the remainder falls into one 

of the other nonforest classes. 

'The pulpwood estimate for this area has not been computed; it will be included 

- in the comprehensive report for the unit to he published later. 
Table 1. - Distribution of land area by class of 

land use, Survey Unit #I1, Florida 

Forest 7,378,900 77.5 

Land use classes 

Nonf orest: 

Agricultural: 

In cultivation: 

Old crop landZ 939,800 

New crop land3 11,000 

Out of cultivation: 

Idle 315,400 

Abandoned ' 128,500 

Pasture: 

Improved 48,100 

I Percent of 

Area in acres total area 

Total agricultural 1,442,800 15.2 

Other areas: 

Prairie and grass land 

Marsh 

Waterways 

Towns and villages 

Roads, railroads, etc. - 

Total other areas 693,900 7.3 

Total forest and nonforest 9,515,600 100.0 

'Does not include Ocala National Forest, the gross area of which is 263,000 acres. 

'Land cultivated at least 5 years and on which a farm crop was raised within 2 

years prior to the date of survey. 

3Land recently converted from forest to crop land. Stumps or standing dead 

trees are usually present. Dead hardwood trees and stumps usually decay and disappear within 5 years. 

4Cultivated land that has not produced a farm crop for two years or more, but which 

has not reached the ahandoned class. 

'Land once cultivated but showing distinct evidence of having been abandoned for 

agricultural crop production; no attempt is being made to keep it as pasture. 

6Cleared land under fence used primarly for grazing. A real attempt has been 

made to produce and maintain a sod. 
Froin t.he point of view of pulpwood production there are three significant 

groups of forest types in the unit. Thr first group consists of the turpsntine pines, 

longleaf and slash, in their varying mixtures with each other and with other species. 

The second group is made up of types having varying inixtures of the nonturpentine 

pines, inciuding loblolly, shortleaf, pond, sand. and spruce pines. Soinc hardwoods 

may be found in both of these forest type groups. The third group is composed of 

hardwoods, either pure or mixed to a very limited extent with pines. Table 2 shows 

the forest area classified by forest conditions and by these forest type groups. In 

round figures, the thrpentine-pine forest types cover 67 percent, the nonturpentine-pine forest types 8 percent, and the hardwood forest types 24 percent of the 

forest area. Approximately 20 percent of the forest area hears uncut stands of 

second-growth timber of saw-log size. In thr pines 9 inches d.b.h. and in hardwoods 13 inches are here considered the minimum diameters for saw-iog size. 

Table 2. - Forest area by forest conditions and forest 

type groups, Survey Unit #I1, Florida 

Forest Conditions 

I Forest type groups 

Tota 1 

Old-growth uncut 174,200 

Old-growth partly-cut 429,700 

Second-growth saw-log 

size uncut 1,183,400 

Second-growth saw-log 

size partly-cut 91,400 

Second growth under 

saw-log size uncut 1.8i6,600 

Second-growth under 

saw-log size 

partly-cut 33,000 

Clear-cut 1,001,400 

Reproduction 217, TOO 

Subtotal 4,947,400 

Noncom~nod i ts 

Ilardwood 

predomi - nating 

Longleaf 

and 

slash pine 

predomi - 

nating. 

Percent 

of total 

forest 

area 

Loblolly 

and other 

nonturpentine pine 

predomi - nating 

Total 7,378.900 100.0 

Percent of total 

- forest area 67.1 7.9 23.9 

' Does not include the area of the Ocala Nat.iona1 Forest. 

'The area shown in the clear-cut coodTtion includes a relatively small area in 

the fire-killed condition. 

Forest areas 1:h;lt do not bear cornniercial timber species; therefor- not included 

in the three niajor type groups. 
Volume Estimate 

In the following tables, cordwood volumes are classified by pulping and 

nonpulping species groups. The pulping species group is subdivided into pine and 

hardwood, and the pine subgroup in turn is reclassified as turpentine and nonturpentine-pines. The turpentine-pines are further subdivided into round, working 

and idle, and worked-out groups. 

These species groups are defined as follows: 

I. . Round turpentine-pines - Longleaf and slasb pine trees that have never 

been worlied for naval stores, that is, no cups have been hung or faces 

made for the product ion of turpentine and rosin. 

2. - Working and idle turpentine-pines - Longleaf and slash pine trees that awe 

either being worlied for naval stores at the present time; or are in a temporary period of rest between working operations. 

3. - Worked-out turpentine-pines - Longleaf and slash pine trees on which as 

many faces have been placed as the trees will stand; these trees have 

served their purpose in the production of naval stores and are ready for 

the axe. 

1. - The nonturpentine-pines - Lohiolly, shortleaf, pond, sand, and scrub pines. 

Tney are not used in the production of naval stores, and of course, have 

no cups or faces. 

5. - Pulping hardaroofis - Hardwood species that can be used in the manufacture 

of paper. They include the gums, thr maples, the hays, magnolia, cottonwood, poplar, etc. 

6. - Nonpulpinn, hardwoods - Bardwood species that are not generally considered of value for ihe production of paper, such as oak, hickory, ash, 

cypress, hackberry and sycamore. 

In estimating the voivme of pulpwood, only live timber of pulping species 

was considered. All sound trces five inches and over in diameter at breast height 

were taken, hut no wood under four inches in diameter outside of bark was included 

in the estimate. No !imhwood was included. An approximate deduction was made 

for woods cull, that is, that portion of the trees that would he left in the woods 

on account of rot, firescar, crook, bad knots, or other defects. Volumes of the entire butt sections (approximately 10 feet) of working, resting, and worked-out turpentine trees were omitted from the estimate. Later information may show that a 

substantial percentage of these butt sections can be used for pulpwood. In that 

event, the totals given here mill be proportionately increased in later reports. 

Table 3 gives by forest type groups and species groups the total amount of 

cordwood, both pulping and nonpulping in stands in Florida ITnit #I. The cord used 

is the standard cord, 1 by 4 by 8 feet, measured with bark on. 
Table 3. - Estimate of cordwood, by pulping and 

nonpulping species groups, and by forest 

type groups, Survey Unit #1 ', Florida 

.- - 

I Forest type groups I 

Pulping species: 

Pine: 

Tree species groups 

Turpentine pine 

(longleaf and slash) 

Round 11,202 178 311 11,691 

Working and idle 5,206 7 1 106 5,383 

Worked- ou t 1,746 29 38 1,813 

Nonturpentine pine 

(loblolly, shortleaf. 

pond, sand, and 

scrub) -- 

639 3,582 228 4,449 

Loblolly 

Long leaf and other 

slash pine pine predominating 

predominating predominating 

Total pine 18,793 3,860 683 23,336 

Total 

Hardwood 

(gum, maple, bay. 

magnolia, etr.) 982 682 6,599 8,263 

Total cordwood in 

pulping species 19,775 1,542 7,282 31,599 

Nonpulping species: 

Hardwood 

(cypress, oak, 

hickory, ash, etc.) 2,991 657 9,816 13,464 

Total cordwood 22,766 5,199 17,098 45,063 

'Does not include Ocala National Forest. 

'To convert to full number of cords add "000". 
Survey Unit #1, Florida, is in the heart of the naval-stores belt. tn 

it is produced nearly 20 percent of this country's annual output of turpentine and 

rosio. A large part of the pine fol.cst is owned or leased by naval-stores operators. It is reasonable to assume that tbe naval-stores industry will continue to 

control a considerable part of the longleaf and slash pine timber stands, and will 

use these stands for turpentine and rosin before they are relinquished for any 

subsequent utilization. Taking this into account, Table 4 has been prepared to 

show the volume of pulpwood in species not used in naval-stores production and in 

trees that have already been fully exploited by naval-stores operators. The an~ount 

of pulpwood in the worked-out turpentine pines increases each year. This is due 

to the fact that each year the turpentine industry abandons the working trees in 

its older operations, transferring its activity to round timber. These worked-out 

trees are not utilized for saw-timber or other products as rapidly as they are 

thrown out of naval-stores production. 

The volume estimates given in this release are based upon a conversion 

into cords of standing timber suitable for pulpwood. No attempt is made here to 

estimate the proportion of the amount of standing timber that will presently be available for use as pulpwood. This estimate would be governed by such factors as 

the prior claims of established industries, the accessibility of the timber stands 

and the percentage of stands that must be reserved to assure reproduction and to 

provide growing stock for continued operation. 
Table 4. - Estimate of pulpwood, not including round, 

working, or idle turpentine pine, clasified 

by tree species groups and by forest type 

groups, Survey Unit #I ', Florida 

Forest type groups I 

I -- 

Tree species groups I Longleaf Total 

Pine 

and 

slash pine 

predominating 

Turpentine pine 

(longleaf and slash) 

Worked- out 1,746 29 

Nonturpentine pine 

(lohloliv, short!eaf. 

nonturpentine 

pine 

predominating 

pond, sand, and scrub) 639 3,582 228 4,449 

Hardwood 

predominating 

Total pine 2,385 3,611 266 6,262 

Hardwood + 

(gum, maple, bay, 

magnolia, etc.) 982 682 6,599 8,263 

Total pulpwood 

(not including 

round, or idle 

turpentine - pine) 3,367 - 4,293 6,865 14,525 

'Does not include Orala National Forest. 

'To convert to full number of cords add "000". 

In Table 5, the total estimate of cordwood, not including that in round 

and in working and idle turpentine pines, is shown by tree diameter classes. It is 

significant that of the 14,525,000 cords of pulpwood in species groups exclusive of 

round, working an3 idle turpentine trees 7,066,000 cords are in trees in the 6. 8. , . 10, and 12 inch classes. Trees in these diameter classes are usually not in demand 

by the lumber industry. 
Table 5. - Estixate of cordwood, not including round, working 

or idle turpentine pine, classified by forest type 

groups, and bj~ species groups and diameters of 

trees, Survey Unit #I ', Florida 

- 

I - -- - I Forest type groups I 

Tree species groups 

Inches . -. --. -. -. . . - Thousands3 of cords -------------- 

diametersz 

Turpentine pine 6" - 8" 217 3 7 227 

(longleaf and slash) ' I@' - 12" 866 15 20 901 

Worked-out 14" - 18" 505 l I 11 527 

20" & over 158 158 

Total worked-out turpentine pine 1,746 29 38 1,813 

Nonturpentine pine 6" . 8" 139 598 48 785 

(loblolly, shortleaf, 10" - 12" 245 1,001 69 1,315 

pond, sand and scrub) 14" - 18" 198 1,146 68 1,412 

20" 8 over 57 837 43 937 

Total nonturpentine pine 639 3,582 228 4,449 

Pulping hardwood 6" . 8- 455 180 1,114 1,749 

(gum, maple, bay, 10" - 12" 291 185 1,613 2,089 

magnolia, etc.) 14" - 18" 173 219 2,216 2,608 

20" & ovsr 63 98 1,656 1,817 

Total pulping hardwood 952 682 6,599 8,263 

Eonpulping hardwood 6" - 8" 1,173 132 2,256 3.561 

(cypress, oak, hickorv, 10" - 12" 1,039 178 2.701 3.918 

Tree 

ash, etc.) 14" - 18" 587 203 2,516 3,306 

20" 8 over 192 144 2,343 2,679 

slash pine 

predomi - natine 

Total nonpulping hardwood -- - 2,991 657 9,816 13,464 

Longleaf and other 

and ! - 1 Hardwood 

Total cordwood 

(not including round ,working 

or resting turpentine pine) 6.358 4.950 16,681 27.989 

Total 

tine pine 

predomi - nat inn 

' Does not include Ocala. National Forest. 

'Diameter measurements on a11 nonturpentine pines and all hardwoods were taken 

at 1$ feet above the ground. Diameter measurements on worked-out pines were taken 

at 10 feet above the ground, and represent the the bottom diameter of the part of the 

stein above the turpentine-butt section. The two-inch dlameter classes used a.re designated by the midpoint of each class; accordingly the 6-inch class includes trees 

from 5.0-6.9 inches, and the 8-inch class from 7.0 to 8.9 inches. 

'To convert to full number of cords add "000". 

predominating 
Table 6 shows for the average acre the cordwood volume classified by 

species groups and diameter classes. In this instance the volume of the average 

acre is theoretical' one arrived at by dividing the total number of cords of wood 

in each species group and diameter class by the forest acreage bearing commercial 

timber species. 

Turoentine Dine 

Table 6. - Estimate of c,ordwood on the average acre of. forest 

land' , classified by species groups aria diameters 

of trees, Survey unit if1 *, Floiida , 

( fongleaf and slash) 

Round .74 12.0 .52 8.4 .26 4.2 .08 1.3 1.60 25.9 

Tree species groups 

Working and idle .14 2.3 .43 7.0 .15 2.4 .02 .3 .74 12.0 

Worked-out .03 .5 .13 2.1 .07 1.2 .02 .3 .25 4.1 

Nonturpentine pine 

(loblolly , shortleaf 

~ond. sand and scrubl.11 1.8 .18 2.9 .I9 3.1 .I3 2.1 .61 9.9 

Tree diamete;s3 In inchbs 

Total pine pulpwood 1.02 16.6 1.26 20.4 .67 10.9 .25 4.0 3.20 51.9 

Pulping hardwood 

(gum, maple, bay, 

magnolia, etc.) .24 3.9 .28 4.5 .36 5.8 .25 4.1 1.13 18.3 

Total pulpwood 1.26 20.5 1.54 24.9 1.03 16.7 .50 8.1 4.33 70.2 

6" - 8" 

Nonpulping hardwood 

(cypress, oak, hickory, ash, etc.) .49 7.9 .53 8.6 .45 7.3 .37 6.0 1.84 29.8 

Cords 

10" - 12" 

Total 1.75 28.4 2.07 33.5 1.48 24.0 .87 14.1 6.17 100.0 

% 

of 

total 

-. 

Cords 

- 14" - 18" Total 

'Only the 7,297,700 acres bearing commercial timber species were considered, 

>Does not include Ocala National Forest. 

3Diameter measurements on round turpentine-pines and on all nonturpentinepines and hardwoods were taken at 4i feet above the ground. Diameter measurements 

on working, idle and worked-out turpentine-pines were taken at 10 feet above the 

ground, and represent the bottom diameter of the part of the stem above the turpentine-butt section. The two-inch diameter classes used are designated by the midpoint of each class; accordingly the. 6-inch class includes trees from 5.0-6.9 inches, 

and the $-inch class from 7.0-8.9 inches. 

20"andover 

% 

of 

total 

Cords Cords Cords 

% 

of 

total 

% 

of 

total 

% 

of 

total 
Growth 

The calculation of the annual growth of the present timber stands in this 

unit has not been completed, and the result of the Survey's findings in this respect 

will be shown in a later more comprehensive report for the unit. This report will 

be published as soon as all field data have been assembled, computed and analyzed. 

It will be sent to those who express a desire to receive copies. 

A word about' the nation-wide Forest Survey 

The Southern Forest Survey has been under way since January 1931. It is a 

part of the organization established by the United States Forest Service for the 

purpose of making a survey of the timher resources of the United States. The fivefold object of this nation-wide survey is: (1) to make an inventory of the present 

supply of timber and other forest products, (2) to ascertain the rate at which this 

supply is being increased through growth, (3) to determine the rate at which this 

supply is heing diminished through industrial and local use, windfall, fire, and 

disease, (4) to determine the present requirement and the probable future trend in 

the requirement for timber and other forest products, and (5) to correlate these 

findings with existing and anticipated economic conditions in order that policies 

can be formulated for the effective use of land suitable for forest producton. 

The Survey work in tbe South is carried on in geographic units of four to 

ten million acres. Unit boundaries are so established within a given state that the 

timber stand conditions, as well as factors governing the social, economic, and industrial activities are as uniform as possible throughout the unit. The land area 

within a unit is gridironed without regard to ownership or occupancy. Quarter-acre 

sample plots are laid out at intervals of 660 feet on parallel compass lines ten miles 

apart. On each sample plot the trees are counted and measured, and are classified 

by diameter classes and species groups. Growth rates of individual tree species, 

cull percentages, merchantable lengths, and other special data are obtained on 

randomly selected sample trees located on tbe sample plots. Forest growth and forest 

utilization specialists are assigned~ to forest growth and utilization studies in each 

of the survey units. In the naval stores region of the South Atlantic and Gulf Coast 

States, a special study of the gum naval stores industry has been made to determine, 

for each survey unit, the annual production of gum turpentine and gum rosin, the 

number of producers, and other related data not heretofore available. In addition, 

pertinent economic information concerning local woodusing industries is gathered in 

each survey unit. 

A group of nineteen statistical experts and skilled computers is summarizing and analyzing the tremendous mass of field data gathered in each survey unit 

by the field crews. In this computation work modern electric sorting and tabulating 

machines and many other timesaving devices are heing effectively used. In the analy. 

sis of the field data that have already been gathered by the Survey, it is estimated that more than half a million tabulating machine cards will be used. 

As soon as analysis of the survey data is completed for any unit, a comprehensive statistical report will be prepared. This report will: give essential information on the volume, growth, and present drain of the timber resource, and in the 

naval -stores be1 t will furnish data on naval -stores croppage and product ion. 

On the following map is shown the status of the field work of the Survey 

on January 1,'.1935. 

The Forest Survey in the South is an activity of the Southern Forest Experiment Station of the United States Forest Service. Further information concerning the Survey can be obtained by writing to the Director, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 600 Stern Building, 348 Baronne Street, New Orleans, La. 
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FOREST SURVEY IN THE SOUTH 

r AREA COVERED BY FIELD SURVEY JAN. I 193s 

AREA TO BE SURVEYED AFTER APR. I 1935 

SURVFY UNIT BOUNDARIES