IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO

EASTERN DIVISION

Timothy C. Garnett,

Petitioner

 v.

Warden, Noble Correctional

Institution,

Respondent

:

:

:

:

:

Civil Action 2:11-cv-00765

Judge Frost

Magistrate Judge Abel

ORDER

Petitioner Timothy C. Garnett, a State prisoner, brings this action under 28 U.S.C.

§2254 alleging that he is in custody in violation of the Constitution of the United States. 

This matter is before the Court on Magistrate Judge Abel’s February 23, 2012 Report

and Recommendation that the petition for writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. §2254

be denied. 

On March 5, 2012, petitioner Timothy C. Garnett filed objections to the Report

and Recommendation. Petitioner argues the public safety exception was not a valid nor

constitutional basis for stopping his vehicle. Petitioner also argues that there was no

valid constitutional basis for the subsequent custodial interrogation or search of his

vehicle. Petitioner maintains that it was unconstitutional for Officer Pruitt to interrogate

Garnet in the absence of Miranda warning. Petitioner argues that unconstitutional acts

of Officer Pruitt were neither harmless nor permitted under the Public Safety Act.

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Petitioner further argues that Arizona v. Gant is controlling and that petitioner was

entitled to a full, fair and non-abusive suppression hearing. Based on violations of

petitioner’s Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights, petitioner maintains

that an omnibus suppression hearing should have been held. Petitioner also argues that

the Magistrate Judge erred when he concluded that plaintiff’s August 23, 2011 motion

for stay was moot. 

I. Background and Procedural History

In May 2009, Garnett was indicted by Franklin County, Ohio Grand Jury on one

count of carrying a concealed weapon in violation of Ohio Revised Code § 2923.12, one

count of improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle in violation of Ohio Revised

Code § 2923.16, and one count of having a weapon while under disability in violation of

Ohio Revised Code § 2923.13. Garnett pled not guilty to the charges in the indictment. 

Prior to trial, Garnett filed a motion to suppress the fruits of an unconstitutional

arrest and to suppress statements made to law enforcement officers and/or agents, and

to suppress any evidence obtained from the disclosure of the statements. On October 9,

2009, Garnett filed a supplemental motion to suppress evidence obtained by law

enforcement officers during their search. On November 9, 2009, Garnett filed a motion

in limine for an order suppressing statements, or in the alternative, for an order

prohibiting the state from introducing certain statements made by him. The trial court

held hearings on the motions. The suppression motions were denied, and the motion in

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limine was preliminarily overruled. The trial court reserved further ruling on the

motion in limine upon the presentation of the testimony and evidence,

The jury found Garnett guilty as charged in the indictment. On November 20,

2009, Garnett was sentenced to an aggregate term of four years to be served

consecutively to a community control revocation in a prior case. 

Petitioner asserts the following grounds for relief:

Ground one: Conviction obtained by use of evidence obtained pursuant

to an unlawful arrest.

Supporting Facts: Officer didn’t have probable cause to stop petitioner for

a traffic violation, but was operating on a hunch. Officer then used

phantom traffic violation to interrogate and search petitioners vehicle for

contraband. 

Ground two: Conviction obtained by use of evidence gained pursuant to

an unconstitutional search and seizure.

Supporting facts: Officer subjected petitioner to unconstitutional

interrogation then violated petitioner by searching vehicle and using

contraband at court to conviction petitioner. 

Ground three: Conviction obtained by a violation of the privilege against

self incrimination.

Supporting facts: Officer didn’t inform petitioner of his Miranda rights

but interrogated petitioner and used info from unlawful detention to

convict petitioner by using his pre Miranda phone conversation to secure

conviction.

Doc. 4 at 4-5. 

The Court of Appeals of Ohio, Tenth District, Franklin County, set forth the facts

of this case on direct appeal in case number 09AP-1149. The factual findings “shall be

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presumed to be correct.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e). Petitioner has “the burden of rebutting the

presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.” Id.

{¶ 3} On [January 31, 2009], Officer Ian Pruitt (“Pruitt”), a patrol officer

with the Columbus Division of Police, was sitting in his police cruiser

across from the Easy Mart at Karl Road and Shanley Drive. He observed

appellant go into the Easy Mart and exit a few minutes later without

having made a purchase. Pruitt's suspicions were aroused because

narcotic sales involving the Easy Mart had been reported. Pruitt watched

as appellant got into his vehicle and pulled out of the Easy Mart's lot onto

Shanley Drive. Appellant, however, did not use a turn signal.

{¶ 4} Pruitt turned on his beacons, which activated the automatic video

camera system for his cruiser. Pruitt followed appellant for approximately

100 yards before appellant pulled into the parking lot of a bar and

stopped. Pruitt approached appellant's vehicle, which was revealed to

belong to Tiffani Hardin (“Hardin”), appellant's girlfriend. Upon learning

from appellant that his driver's license was suspended, Pruitt patted

appellant down and placed him in the back of the cruiser. Pruitt called

police dispatch, which verified that appellant's license was suspended and

also informed Pruitt that appellant had an outstanding warrant for his

arrest. Pruitt testified that he then read appellant his Miranda rights.

{¶ 5} Pruitt advised appellant that he was “supposed” to take appellant to

jail, tow the vehicle, and issue appellant a ticket. (Tr. 21.) Pruitt advised

appellant that he was going to “look” in his car and asked appellant if he

had any drugs or weapons in the car. (Tr. 22.) Appellant denied having

any drugs or weapons but did state that his girlfriend had a gun. Pruitt

asked appellant if he knew where the gun was; appellant replied that he

did not. Pruitt then searched the vehicle and discovered a gun in a bag

located behind the driver's seat. Pruitt testified that he conducted the

search because the vehicle was “subject to impound.” (Tr. 23.)

{¶ 6} While Pruitt was searching the vehicle, appellant was in the back of

the cruiser, talking on his cell phone. Because the automatic video camera

system for Pruitt's cruiser was activated, appellant's conversation was

recorded. Appellant called his girlfriend, and can be heard telling her,

“[b]ut I don't have the gun on me. It's probably in the car inside my bag.”

(Tr. 23–24.) Appellant can also be heard asking her, “[w]ell, will you just

tell him it's just yours for me?” (Tr. 24.) Appellant also told his girlfriend,

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“[j]ust tell them that you have a black Glock.” (Tr. 24–25.) Appellant had

been watching Pruitt while he was talking on the phone and saw when

Pruitt found the gun.

{¶ 7} After finding the gun, Pruitt approached appellant, and they

conversed for several minutes. During their conversation, appellant

repeatedly denied that the gun was his and pleaded with Pruitt not to

arrest him. Two additional officers appeared on the scene and began

“inventorying the vehicle subject to impound.” (Tr. 49.)

{¶ 8} Pruitt testified that he found the gun in a bag behind the driver's

seat. He also explained that because the car was subject to impound,

safety concerns dictated that the car be searched. Regarding the search,

Pruitt testified that it was the policy of the Columbus Police Department

to search a vehicle, as well as the contents of the vehicle, when a vehicle is

to be impounded. Pruitt stated that the policy is in place for safety

reasons, as well as to guard against claims that personal items went

missing from a vehicle after impound.

{¶ 9} Pruitt charged appellant with a violation of Columbus City Code

section 2131.14(a) and for driving without a license.

{¶ 10} The trial court denied appellant's motions to suppress, and the

matter proceeded to trial. A jury found appellant guilty of carrying a

concealed weapon, improper handling of a firearm in a motor vehicle, and

having a weapon under disability. The trial court sentenced appellant to

18 months of imprisonment on the carrying a concealed weapon and

improper handling counts, and a four-year sentence on the weapon under

disability count, to be served concurrently with each but consecutive to a

sentence imposed on another case due to the revocation of judicial release.

State v. Timothy C. Garnett, 2010 WL 4925844 at *1-2 (Ohio Ct. App. 10th District Dec. 2,

2010).

II. Discussion

A. Fourth Amendment

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Petitioner argues that he never made an illegal left turn, that Pruitt failed to

immediately stop him, and that there was no valid warrant for him. Petitioner argues

that the state court erred by failing to apply the holding of Arizona v. Gant to petitioner’s

case even thought it was decided only two months after his arrest. Petitioner maintains

that the decision of the Supreme Court declaring a new constitutional rule applies to all

similar cases pending on direct review and that he should have benefitted from the rule

announced in Gant. Plaintiff argues that under Gant, the vehicle search violated

petitioner’s Fourth Amendment rights and the fruits of that search should have been

suppressed.1

 Petitioner further argues that Officer Pruitt was not operating within legal

guidelines or the authority of the City Code when he searched and impounded a

vehicle that was on private property when making an arrest for a misdemeanor. The

inventory search exception only applies if a vehicle has been lawfully impounded.

Petitioner also argues that he did not violate Columbus City Code § 2131.14(a), and

there was no probable cause or reasonable suspicion to support Officer Pruitt’s

unconstitutional actions. Petitioner further argues that the opportunity for full and fair

consideration of his Fourth Amendment claim includes a full and fair evidentiary

hearing. 

1

Petitioner relies on United States v. Jackson, No. 1:07-cr-016, 2010 WL 148161 (S.D.

Ohio, Jan. 11, 2010) in which the court vacated judgment against a criminal defendant

on the basis that the search of the car the defendant was driving was unlawful under

the Fourth Amendment pursuant to Gant. The Jackson case, however was a criminal case

proceeding in federal court rather than a §2254 proceeding. 

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In Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 481-82 (1976), the United States Supreme Court

held: “ where the State has provided an opportunity for full and fair litigation of a

Fourth Amendment claim, the Constitution does not require that a state prisoner be

granted federal habeas corpus relief on the ground that evidence obtained in an

unconstitutional search or seizure was introduced at his trial.” Except under extremely

limited circumstances, Stone v. Powell precludes habeas corpus review of alleged Fourth

Amendment violations.

The Sixth Circuit has “set forth two distinct inquiries a court must perform when

determining whether a petitioner may raise a claim of illegal arrest in a habeas action.”

Machacek v. Hofbauer, 213 F.3d 947, 952 (6th Cir.2000) (citing Riley v. Gray, 674 F.2d 522

(6th Cir.1982)). 

First, the “court must determine whether the state

procedural mechanism, in the abstract, presents the

opportunity to raise a fourth amendment claim. Second, the

court must determine whether presentation of the claim was

in fact frustrated because of a failure of that mechanism.” Id.

at 526.

Machacek, 213 F.3d at 952. See also Harding v. Russell, 156 Fed. Appx. 740, 745 (6th

Cir.2005); Crump v. LeCureux, No. 92-1027, 974 F.2d 1338, 1992 WL 214521, at *3 (6th Cir.

Sep. 3, 1992). The Sixth Circuit has held that Ohio, by providing for the filing of a

pretrial motion to suppress and the opportunity to take a direct appeal from any ruling

denying a motion to suppress, has in place a state procedural mechanism that presents

the opportunity for full and fair litigation of a Fourth Amendment claim. Riley v. Gray,

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674 F.2d at 526; see also Harding v. Russell, 156 Fed.Appx. at 745; Seymour v. Walker, 224

F.3d 542, 553 (6th Cir.2000). Further, the record fails to reflect that the presentation of

petitioner’s Fourth Amendment claim was frustrated by any failure of Ohio's

procedural mechanism. Here, the court of appeals fully considered his claim that his

Fourth Amendment right had been violated:

{¶ 12} Appellant argues in his first assignment of error that the trial court

erred when it denied his motion to suppress the evidence of the gun

found in the vehicle that appellant was driving.

{¶ 13} Appellate review of the denial of a motion to suppress presents a

mixed question of law and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 797

N.E.2d 71, 2003–Ohio–5372, ¶ 8. When considering a motion to suppress,

the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best

position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of

witnesses. State v. Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 552, 651 N.E.2d 965,

1995–Ohio–104; State v. Mills (1992), 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366, 582 N.E.2d

972. Consequently, when reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress,

deference is given to the trial court's findings of fact so long as they are

supported by competent, credible evidence. Burnside at ¶ 8. However, an

appellate court reviews de novo whether the trial court's conclusions of

law, based on those findings of fact, are correct. State v. Anderson (1995),

100 Ohio App.3d 688, 691, 654 N.E.2d 1034; State v. McClendon, 10th Dist.

No. 09AP–554, 2009–Ohio–6421. In this case, appellant does not challenge

any factual findings made by the trial court. Appellant contends that the

trial court's legal conclusions were wrong. Thus, we must independently

review whether those legal conclusions are correct.

{¶ 14} Appellant contends that the search of the vehicle was

unconstitutional, and, as such, the trial court erred in denying his motion

to suppress. Appellant advances three bases for this argument: (1) Pruitt's

search of the vehicle was unconstitutional because there was no basis to

stop appellant; (2) Arizona v. Gant (2009), ––– U.S. ––––, 129 S.Ct. 1710, 173

L.Ed.2d 485, renders Pruitt's search unconstitutional; and (3) Pruitt's

search was not part of an inventory search because he searched the vehicle

prior to the inventory.

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The Basis for the Stop

{¶ 15} A law enforcement officer may stop an individual when he has

reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. Terry v. Ohio (1968),

392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889; State v. Lloyd (1998), 126 Ohio

App.3d 95, 102, 709 N.E.2d 913. Reasonable suspicion exists in traffic stops

where a police officer has observed a traffic violation. Columbus v. Dials,

10th Dist. No. 04AP–1099, 2005–Ohio–6305, ¶ 21. Consequently, traffic

stops based on observation by a police officer of a traffic violation are

constitutionally permissible. Dayton v. Erickson, 76 Ohio St.3d 3, 11–12, 665

N.E.2d 1091, 1996–Ohio–431 (where an officer has an articulable

reasonable suspicion or probable cause to stop a motorist for any criminal

violation, the stop is constitutionally valid).

{¶ 16} Here, Pruitt cited appellant for a violation of Columbus City Code

section 2131.14(a), which provides:

No person shall turn a vehicle or move right or left upon a street or

highway unless and until such person has exercised due care to

ascertain that the movement can be made with reasonable safety

nor without giving an appropriate signal in the manner hereinafter

provided.

When required, a signal of intention to turn or move right or left

shall be given continuously during not less than the last one

hundred (100) feet traveled by the vehicle before turning, except

that in the case of a person operating a bicycle, the signal shall be

made not less than one time but is not required to be continuous. * *

*

No person shall stop or suddenly decrease the speed of a vehicle

without first giving an appropriate signal in the manner provided

herein to the driver of any vehicle immediately to the rear when

there is opportunity to give a signal.

Any stop or turn signal required by this section shall be given

either by means of the hand and arm, or by signal lights that clearly

indicate to both approaching and following traffic intention to turn

or move right or left[.]

{¶ 17} Appellant does not dispute that he failed to use a turn signal when

he turned left onto Shanley Drive from the Easy Mart parking lot. What he

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does dispute, however, is whether he was legally required to use a turn

signal. According to appellant, he did not violate Columbus City Code

section 2131.14(a) because he did not change lanes or turn from one street

onto another, but, rather, he turned from private property onto a street. As

such, appellant argues that because he was not guilty of violating the

above provision, “Pruitt lacked any constitutionally valid basis for

stopping the vehicle Appellant operated.” (Appellant's brief at 7.)

{¶ 18} Whether or not appellant's failure to use his turn signal constituted

an actual violation is not essential to our analysis. Pruitt testified that he

observed appellant turn onto Shanley Drive without using his turn signal,

which he believed was a violation of Columbus City Code section 2131.14.

“Under limited circumstances, courts have held that the exclusionary rule

may be avoided with respect to evidence obtained in a stop based on

conduct that a police officer reasonably, but mistakenly, believes is a

violation of the law.” State v. Gunzenhauser, 5th Dist. No. 09–CA–21,

2010–Ohio–761, ¶ 16, citing City of Wilmington v. Conner (2001), 144 Ohio

App.3d 735, 740, 761 N.E.2d 663, citing State v. Greer (1996), 114 Ohio

App.3d 299, 300–01, 683 N.E.2d 82. And, here, we would find that Pruitt

could reasonably have believed that appellant violated Columbus City

Code section 2131.14.

{¶ 19} Additionally, appellant's outstanding warrant constituted an

independent justification for the stop. See, e.g., State v. Harding, 180 Ohio

App.3d 497, 905 N.E.2d 1289, 2009–Ohio–59, ¶ 18, citing State v. Smith, 2d

Dist. No. 22434, 2008–Ohio–5523, ¶ 11 (“[Defendant] had no reasonable

expectation of privacy in being free from being stopped arbitrarily by the

police since the police were authorized and directed by an Indiana court

to arrest him. A search conducted incident to that arrest would have

disclosed the guns and drugs recovered by the police.”).

The applicability of Arizona v. Gant

{¶ 20} In Gant, the United States Supreme Court held that:

Police may search a vehicle incident to a recent occupant's arrest

only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the passenger

compartment at the time of the search or it is reasonable to believe

the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest. When these

justifications are absent, a search of an arrestee's vehicle will be

unreasonable unless police obtain a warrant or show that another

exception to the warrant requirement applies.

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Id. at 129 S.Ct. at 1723–24.

{¶ 21} Relying upon Gant, appellant asserts that Pruitt's search was invalid

because he was “under arrest and locked in the back of [the] cruiser at the

time Pruitt searched the vehicle and discovered the gun.” (Appellant's

brief at 7.) Thus, according to appellant, the search cannot be justified as

incident to arrest for driving under a suspended license or pursuant to the

outstanding warrant.

{¶ 22} The State of Ohio (“the state”) argues that, at the time, Pruitt's

search of appellant's vehicle was a valid search incident to arrest. The state

explains that the search in this case occurred almost three months before

Gant was decided, and the controlling case law at that time was State v.

Murrell, 94 Ohio St.3d 489, 764 N.E.2d 986, 2002–Ohio–1483, which held

that a police officer who has made a lawful custodial arrest of an

individual may search the passenger compartment of his automobile as a

“contemporaneous incident of that arrest.” Id. at syllabus. Thus, according

to the state, the search was valid because it was “consistent with

then-existing Ohio Supreme Court precedent.” (State's brief at 13.)

{¶ 23} The Supreme Court in Gant recognized that, even if a search

incident to arrest was not justified, the other established exceptions to the

warrant requirement might nevertheless apply. Id. On such exception,

unaffected by Gant, is the inventory search exception.

The Inventory Search

{¶ 24} Appellant concedes that an inventory search of an impounded

vehicle is a well-recognized exception to the warrant requirement but

argues that Pruitt “searched the vehicle before the inventory ever began.”

(Appellant's brief at 8.) Thus, he contends, the search was invalid.

{¶ 25} The “inventory search” is an exception to the warrant requirement

of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Xenia v.

Wallace (1988), 37 Ohio St.3d 216, 524 N.E.2d 889. Constitutionally

permissible inventory searches of lawfully impounded vehicles are done

“to protect an owner's property while it is in the custody of the police, to

insure against claims of lost, stolen, or vandalized property, and to guard

the police from danger.” Colorado v. Bertine (1987), 479 U.S. 367, 372, 107

S.Ct. 738, 741, 93 L.Ed.2d 739; S. Dakota v. Opperman (1976), 428 U.S. 364,

369, 96 S.Ct. 3092, 3097, 49 L.Ed.2d 1000. It is well-settled that a lawful

inventory search can be conducted prior to a vehicle being impounded.

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State v. Jackson, 2d Dist. No. 24463, 2009–Ohio–4336, citing State v. Peagler,

76 Ohio St.3d 496, 501–02, 668 N.E.2d 489, 1996–Ohio–73; Bertine, supra.

{¶ 26} Here, Pruitt testified that he searched the vehicle, looking for

marijuana or guns because the vehicle was going to be impounded. (Tr.

47, 51.) After finding the gun, which was located in a bag behind the

driver's seat, two additional officers arrived at the scene to inventory the

vehicle “subject to impound.” (Tr. 49.) Pruitt testified that Columbus

Police Department procedure required that everything in the vehicle be

searched. Questioning by appellant's counsel regarding the search and

why Pruitt looked in the bag (which contained the gun), elicited the

following:

Q. Behind the driver's seat, okay. Why did you look in the bag?

A. Well, that car was going to get turned in. And so at least four or

five different people were going to have to go through it, not to

mention the impound officer, the person who comes to tow, the

wrecker driver. So, it wouldn't be very good if somebody were to

stick their hands in there and end up discharging a firearm.

Q. You were looking for a gun or marijuana?

A. I was gong to have to look through that car to inventory. I

wanted to make sure that I didn't stick my hand in something that I

was going to end up losing a finger.

(Tr. 50–51.)

{¶ 27} Based upon the facts before us, we find the gun was discovered

pursuant to a valid inventory search. Even if we were to accept appellant's

argument that Pruitt's search was not an inventory search, we would still

find that the inevitable discovery rule would apply. That rule states,

“illegally obtained evidence is properly admitted in a trial court

proceeding once it is established that the evidence would have been

ultimately or inevitably discovered during the course of a lawful

investigation.” State v. Perkins (1985), 18 Ohio St.3d 193, 196, 480 N.E.2d

763; see also State v. Nash, 5th Dist. No.2005CA00305, 2006–Ohio6396, ¶ 24.

The gun in appellant's vehicle would have been discovered by the two

officers that arrived at the scene to conduct an inventory search prior to

impoundment.

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Conclusion

{¶ 28} Based on the foregoing, we overrule appellant's first assignment of

error.

State v. Timothy C. Garnett, 2010 WL 4925844 at *2-6 (Ohio Ct. App. 10th District Dec. 2,

2010). The Magistrate Judge correctly concluded that Garnett’s claims based on the

Fourth Amendment are not cognizable in habeas corpus. 

B. Fifth Amendment

Petitioner argues that Officer Pruitt never read him his Miranda warning, nor did

he state that his custodial interrogation was based on concerns for safety. Petitioner

maintains that Officer Pruitt questioned him regarding the whereabouts of any possible

contraband and not concerning officer or public safety. According to petitioner, the

officer’s questioning was an illegal attempt to elicit incriminating responses. Garnett

had already been subjected to a Terry search when he exited the vehicle and was

secured in the back of the cruiser, where he posed no threat to the officer. Plaintiff

further argues that he violations of his Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights

concerning the suppression of his recorded statements were not fully and fairly

litigated. 

A court’s evaluation of whether a petitioner is entitled to federal habeas relief is

governed by an amendment to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, enacted as part of the Antiterrorism

and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), which provides in relevant part:

(d) An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in

custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted

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with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court

proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim--

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as

determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable

determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State

court proceeding.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). 

In a proceeding instituted by an application for a writ of habeas corpus by

a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court, a

determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed

to be correct. The applicant shall have the burden of rebutting the

presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). The statute further states: 

In a proceeding instituted by an application for a writ of habeas corpus by

a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court, a

determination of a factual issue made by a State court shall be presumed

to be correct. The applicant shall have the burden of rebutting the

presumption of correctness by clear and convincing evidence.

28 U.S.C. § 2254(e). 

With respect to petitioner’s claim that his Miranda rights were violated, the court

of appeals stated:

{¶ 29} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial

court erred when it denied his motion to suppress the statements he made

to Pruitt. Specifically, appellant contends that Pruitt failed to apprise him

of his rights under Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16

L.Ed.2d 694, at the time Pruitt engaged him in a discussion when he was

seated in the back of the cruiser. Thus, appellant contends that any

statements he may have made during the interview were obtained in

derogation of Miranda and must therefore be suppressed.

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{¶ 30} Miranda warnings are required only when a suspect is subjected to

custodial interrogation. The Miranda court defined custodial interrogation

as “questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has

been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in

any significant way.” Id., 384 U.S. at 444, 86 S.Ct. at 1612. “A person is

considered in custody for purposes of Miranda when he is placed under

formal arrest or his freedom of action is restrained to a degree associated

with a formal arrest.” State v. Simpson, 10th Dist. No. 01AP–757,

2002–Ohio–3717, ¶ 33, citing Minnesota v. Murphy (1984), 465 U.S. 420, 104

S.Ct. 1136, 79 L.Ed.2d 409. “In judging whether an individual has been

placed into custody the test is whether, under the totality of the

circumstances, a ‘reasonable person would have believed that he was not

free to leave.’ ” State v. Gumm, 73 Ohio St.3d 413, 429, 653 N.E.2d 253,

1995–Ohio–24, quoting United States v. Mendenhall (1980), 446 U.S. 544, 554,

100 S.Ct. 1870, 1877, 64 L.Ed.2d 497.

{¶ 31} The state concedes that appellant was in custody at the time Pruitt

asked him if there were any guns in the vehicle. The state, however,

argues that appellant's statements are admissible under the public safety

exception to Miranda. The state also contends that even if the public safety

exception did not apply, the admission of appellant's statements still had

no effect on the ultimate outcome of appellant's trial, and, therefore,

admission was harmless.

The Public Safety Exception

{¶ 32} “ ‘The public safety exception allows the police, under certain

circumstances, to temporarily forgo advising a suspect of his Miranda

rights in order to ask questions necessary to securing their own immediate

safety or the public's safety.’ ” State v. Strozier, 172 Ohio App.3d 780, 876

N.E.2d 1304, 2007–Ohio–4575, ¶ 23, quoting State v. Santiago (Mar. 13,

2002), 9th Dist. No. 01 CA 7798, 2002–Ohio–1114. “ ‘In order to establish

that the exception is warranted in any given case, the State must show

that: (1) there was an objectively reasonable need to protect the police or

the public, (2) from an immediate danger, (3) associated with a weapon,

and that (4) the questions asked were related to that danger and

reasonably necessary to secure public safety.’ ” (Emphasis sic.) State v.

Nelson, 2d Dist. No. 22718, 2009–Ohio–2546, quoting State v. Jergens (Sept.

3, 1993), 2d Dist. No. 13294; Strozier at ¶ 25.

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{¶ 33} Regarding this exception, it is well-established that the Miranda

warnings need not be strictly adhered to in situations when police officers

are reasonably prompted to ask questions where public safety is at issue.

See Oregon v. Mathiason (1977), 429 U.S. 492, 495, 97 S.Ct. 711, 714, 50

L.Ed.2d 714; California v. Beheler (1983), 463 U.S. 1121, 103 S.Ct. 3517, 77

L.Ed.2d 1275; and New York v. Quarles (1984), 467 U.S. 649, 104 S.Ct. 2626,

81 L.Ed.2d 550.

{¶ 34} In this case, it is clear from Pruitt's exchange with appellant that

safety was the basis for his questioning appellant about whether or not

there were any guns in the vehicle. Although appellant denied that he,

personally, had any guns in the car, appellant subsequently stated that his

girlfriend, who owned the vehicle, had a gun and that appellant did not

know whether or not it was in the car. (Tr. 20, 22.) Pruitt testified that the

car was going to be impounded and that several people would be “going

to have to go through” the vehicle. (Tr. 51.) Pruitt's testimony

demonstrates a credible concern for safety, both his and that of the other

individuals that would be inventorying and towing the vehicle. In other

words, contained in the record is an objectively reasonable need to protect

the public from an immediate danger from a weapon. Under these

circumstances, we find that the questions posed by Pruitt to appellant

regarding the existence of a gun in the vehicle falls under the public safety

exception to the Miranda rule.

Harmless Error

{¶ 35} An error in the admission of evidence is harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt if the remaining evidence, standing alone, constitutes

overwhelming proof of defendant's guilt. State v. Williams (1983), 6 Ohio

St.3d 281, 452 N.E.2d 1323.

{¶ 36} Here, appellant denied that he had any guns in the vehicle. And

although he subsequently told Pruitt that his girlfriend had a gun and he

did not know if it was in the car, we agree with the state that appellant's

statements were not facially incriminating. (Tr. 20, 22.) Moreover, even

without appellant's statements to Pruitt, the remaining evidence would

have been enough to convict appellant. The jury heard appellant's

conversation with Hardin while he was seated in the back of the cruiser,

in which appellant could be heard telling Hardin that the gun was

“probably in the car inside [his bag],” and pleading with Hardin to tell the

police that the gun was hers. (Tr. 24–25.) At trial, Hardin testified that she

did not own a gun, the gun found in her vehicle did not belong to her, and

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that she had previously seen appellant with a black firearm. (Tr. 111–14,

123.)

{¶ 37} Based on the above, we agree with the state that, even if the

admission of appellant's statements were error, such error was harmless.

State v. Tolliver, 10th Dist. No. 02AP–811, 2004–Ohio–1603, ¶ 67, quoting

State v. Edgell (1972), 30 Ohio St.2d 103, 283 N.E.2d 145, paragraph three of

the syllabus (“The use of a statement against an accused taken in

transgression of Miranda may be found to be harmless error under the rule

of Chapman v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705.”)

Conclusion

{¶ 38} Based on the foregoing, we find appellant's statements to Pruitt

were admissible under the public safety exception to Miranda. Even if the

admission of those statements were error, such error was harmless.

Accordingly, we overrule appellant's second assignment of error.

State v. Timothy C. Garnett, 2010 WL 4925844 at *6-8(Ohio Ct. App. 10th District Dec. 2,

2010). The court of appeals properly considered whether the application of public

safety exception to Miranda was warranted. The court considered the officer’s question

to petitioner concerning whether there were any guns in the vehicle. Petitioner denied

having any guns, but he offered the statement that his girlfriend, who owned the

vehicle, had a gun and that he did not know whether it was in the vehicle. The officer

informed petitioner that the vehicle would be impounded and several people would

inventory its contents. The appellate court determined that the officer’s testimony

demonstrated a credible concern for safety and that his questions to petitioner were

within the public safety exception to the Miranda rule. In the alternative, the appellate

court determined that error concerning the admission of his statement was harmless

given the overwhelming proof of petitioner’s guilt. The jury heard petitioner’s

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telephone conversation with his girlfriend, Ms. Hardin, when he was in the back of the

cruiser. Petitioner asked her to tell the police that the gun was hers. At trial, Ms. Hardin

testified that the gun was not hers and that she had previously seen petitioner with the

gun. 

Here, the state appellate court properly applied federal law when determining

that petitioner’s Miranda rights were not violated. Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), the Ohio

Court of Appeals’ decision is binding on this federal habeas corpus court because it was

not contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law.

Accordingly, the Magistrate Judge properly concluded that this claim is without merit.

Upon de novo review as required by 28 U.S.C. §636(b)(1)(B), the Court ADOPTS

the Report and Recommendation. 

The petition for writ of habeas corpus is DENIED. This action is hereby

DISMISSED. The Clerk of Court is DIRECTED to enter JUDGMENT for respondent.

 /s/ Gregory L. Frost 

Gregory L. Frost

United States District Judge 

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