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            In This Section
        eLearning: Attention
                The Attention Game
                Attention & Distraction
                                Attention: Definition and Examples
                Tasks & Demands
                Distraction: Definition and Examples
                Strategies to Manage Distractions
                The Cost of Distraction
                                First person: Distraction and its Consequences
                Attention Related Accidents
                BNSF coal train collision
                Metrolink 111 collision with UP. Chatsworth. Sept 2008
                Canadian National collision, Two Harbors MN Sept 2010.
                HiRail collision, Rockville, MD. Jan 2010
                Rear end collision, Mineral Springs NC
                Pedestrian fatality, West Jordan, UT
                Rear end collision, Westville IN
                Derailment, Bronx NY Dec 2013
                Port Authority collision, Hoboken NJ, May 2011
                Santiago de Compostela derailment, July 2013
                Amtrak 188 Derailment May 2015
                Bad Aibling, GER Collision, February 2016
                Human Systems Integration
                                Overview
                Human Factors Engineering
                Safety
                Training
                HSI Topics
                                User Centered Design
                Examples of Well-Designed Process & Technologies
                HSI Guidelines
                                Rail
                Air
                Road
                Displays
                HSI Resources
                                Tools
                Bibliography
                HSI Methods
                                Overview
                Field Observation
                Link Analysis
                Functional Analysis
                Activity Analysis
                Workload Assessment
                Cognitive Task Analysis
                Verbal Protocol Analysis
                Rapid Prototyping
                Experimentation
                Usability Assessment
      
   Related Links
          FRA eLibrary
                
                HSI Bibliography
    

    
    
          **Human Factors (HF)/Human Systems Integration (HSI) Literature and websites**

Karwowski, W. (2012). A review of human factors challenges of complex adaptive systems: Discovering and understanding chaos in human performance. *Human Factors*, *54*(6), 983-995. doi:10.1177/0018720812467459
	Johnston, J. H., Fiore, S. M., Paris, C., & Smith, C. P. (2013). Application of cognitive load theory to develop a measure of team cognitive efficiency. *Military Psychology*, *25*(3), 252-265. doi:10.1037/h0094967
	Bellenkes, A., & Tidball, B. (2008). Review of 'Aircraft system safety: Military and civil aeronautical applications.’ *Ergonomics*, *51*(7), 1122-1124. doi:10.1080/00140130701680619
	R. Pew & A. Mavor. (Eds). (2007). *Human System Integration in the System Development Process: A New Look*. Washington DC: The National Academies Press.
	Volpe Center Human Factors website: http:// www.volpe.dot.gov/our-work/safety-management-and-human-factors/human-factors-publications-and-papers
	Wickens, C. M., Toplak, M. E., & Wiesenthal, D. L. (2008). Cognitive failures as predictors of driving errors, lapses, and violations. *Accident Analysis And Prevention*, *40*(3), 1223-1233. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.01.006
	SKYbrary. An electronic repository (wiki) of safety knowledge related to flight operations, air traffic management (ATM) and aviation safety in general. Note the Human Performance tab. http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Portal:Human_Performance**Human Factors in Rail Operations**

The FRA eLibraryhas a series of useful technical reports that are available by seaching for "human factors." Two provide particularly valuable information on cognition and attention:

Roth, E., Rosenhand, H., & Miller, J. (2013). Using Cognitive Task Analysis to Inform Issues in Human Systems Integration in Railroad Operations. DOT/FRA/ORD-13/31. Federal Railroad Administration. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC.
	Roth, E. & Multer, J. (2007). Technology Implications of a Cognitive Task Analysis for Locomotive Engineers. DOT/FRA/ORD-09/03. Federal Railroad Administration. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC.Other rail-related publications on cognitive workload and attention include:

Johnsen, S. O., & Veen, M. (2013). Risk assesment and resilience of critical communication infrastructure in railways. *Cognition, Technology & Work*, *15*(1), 95-107. doi:10.1007/s10111-011-0187-2
	Pickup, L., Wilson, J. R., Sharpies, S., Norris, B., Clarke, T., & Young, M. S. (2005). Fundamental examination of mental workload in the rail industry. *Theoretical Issues In Ergonomics Science*, *6*(6), 463-482. doi:10.1080/14639220500078021
	Reinach, S., & Viale, A. (2006). Application of a human error framework to conduct train accident/incident investigations. Accident Analysis And Prevention, 38(2), 396-406. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2005.10.013
	Roth, E. M., Multer, J., & Raslear, T. (2006). Shared Situation Awareness as a Contributor to High Reliability Performance in Railroad Operations. *Organization Studies*, *27*(7), 967-987. doi:10.1177/0170840606065705
	Salmon, P. M., Read, G. M., Stanton, N. A., & Lenné, M. G. (2013). The crash at Kerang: Investigating systemic and psychological factors leading to unintentional non-compliance at rail level crossings. *Accident Analysis And Prevention*, *50*1278-1288. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.029
	Weyman, A., O'Hara, R., & Jackson, A. (2005). Investigation into issues of passenger egress in Ladbroke Grove rail disaster. *Applied Ergonomics*, *36*(6), 739-748. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2005.05.010
	Wilson, J., & Norris, B. (2005). Special issue on rail human factors. *Applied Ergonomics*, *36*(6), 647-648. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2005.08.002Attention and Distraction

Barr, L., Yang, C.,Hanowski, R., Olson, R. (2011). Assessment of driver drowsiness, distraction,
	and performance in a naturalistic setting. United States. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. URL: http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36200/36202/DOT-VNTSC-FMCSA-04-01.pdf
	Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems.  Human Factors, 37, pp. 85-104.
	FMCSA (2010). Distraction in commercial trucks and buses: Assessing prevalence and risk in
	conjunction with crashes and near-crashes. U.S. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. URL: http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/51000/51200/51287/Distraction-in-Commercial-Trucks-and-Buses-report.pdf
	Grier, R. A., Warm, J., Dember, W. N., Matthews, G., Galinsky, T. L., Szalma, J. L., & Parasuraman, R. (2003). The vigilance decrement reflects limitations in effortful attention, not mindlessness. Human Factors, 45, 349-359.
	Horrey, W. J., Wickens, C. D., & Consalus, K. P. (2006). Modeling drivers' visual attention allocation while interacting with in-vehicle technologies. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 12(2), 67-78. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.12.2.67
	Lani, C., & Wickens, C. D. (2007). Factors affecting task management in aviation. Human Factors, 49(1), 16-24. doi:10.1518/001872007779598118
	Matthews, G., Desmond, P.A., Neubauer, C., & Hancock, P.A. (Eds.) (2012). Handbook of operator fatigue. Aldershot, UK.: Ashgate Publishing.
	O’Donnell, R. D., & Eggemeier, F. T. (1986).  Workload assessment methodology.  In K. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. Thomas (Eds.) Handbook of perception and performance (Vol. 2). New York: Wiley.
	Olson, R., Hanowski, R., Hickman, J., & Bocanegra, J. (2009). Driver distraction in commercial
	vehicle operations. United States Federal Motor Carrier Safety AdministrationU RL: http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/facts-research/research-technology/report/FMCSA-RRR-09 042.pdf
	Schriver, A. T., Morrow, D. G., Wickens, C. D., & Talleur, D. A. (2008). Expertise differences in attentional strategies related to pilot decision making. Human Factors, 50(6), 864-878. doi:10.1518/001872008X374974
	Tsang, P.S. & Vidulich, M.A. (2002). Human factors in transportation: Principles and practice
	of aviation psychology. CRC Press.
	Warm, J., & Dember, W. N. (1998).  Tests of a vigilance taxonomy.  In R.R. Hoffman, M.F. Sherrick, & J.S. Warm (Eds.), Viewing psychology as a whole:  The integrative science of William N. Dember.  Washington, DC:  American Psychological Association.
	Wickens, C. D. (2002). Situation awareness and workload in aviation. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 11(4), 128-133. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00184
	Wickens, C. D., Gordon-Becker, S., Liu, Y., & Lee, J.D., (2003). Introduction to Human Factors
	Engineering (2nd Ed). Pearson.
	Wickens, C.D., Hollands, J.G., Parasuraman, R., & Banbury, S. (2012). Engineering psychology
	& Human Performance (4th Ed). Pearson.
	Wickens, C. D. (2002). Multiple resources and performance prediction. Theoretical Issues in
	Ergonomics Science, 3, 159-177.
	Young, K., & Regan, M. (2007). Driver distraction: A review of the literature. In I.J. Faulks, M., Regan, M. Stevenson, J. Brown, A. Porter & J. D. Irwin (Eds.), Distracted driving (pp. 379-405). Sydney, NSW: Australasian College of Road Safety.
              
      
    
          Last updated: Wednesday, November 13, 2019 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

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