FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

AUGUST 24, 2010

JOHN LEY

 CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 10-10380 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 8:03-cr-00008-SDM-TGW-2

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

GEORGE MELQUIADES,

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant-Appellant.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Middle District of Florida

 ________________________

(August 24, 2010)

Before BLACK, PRYOR and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

George Melquiades, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the

district court’s denial of his motion for return of property, filed pursuant to Federal
Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(g). In his motion, he alleged under oath that on

January 13, 2004, federal agents arrested him, searched his home, and seized the

following items: (1) an American Tourister Book bag containing accounting

books, (2) five gold men’s rings, (3) six gold link chains, (4) six gold bracelets, (5)

twelve gold women’s rings, (6) six gold earrings, (7) one gold medallion, (8) one

personal gold chain, (9) one personal gold bracelet, (10) one gold tone watch, (11)

one gold statue, (12) one big screen TV set, (13) one DVD player, (14) one VCR,

(15) one “Boom Box,” (16) three pairs of dress boots, (17) three pairs of dress

shoes, (18) one leather jacket, (19) one “designed” jacket, (20) one cell phone,

(21) two sports jackets, and (22) fourteen “Guallaveras” shirts. Melquiades

maintained that he owned the listed items, and was entitled to their return. 

Relying entirely on the government’s opposition to this motion—which in turn

cited only to an unpublished Southern District of Texas case, Ezenwa v. United

States, No. Civ. A. H-04-3379, 2006 WL 696557 (S.D. Tex. Mar. 16, 2006)—the

district court summarily denied Melquiades’s motion.

Interpreting Melquiades’s briefs liberally, he makes two arguments on 1

 “Courts do and should show a leniency to pro se litigants not enjoyed by those with the 1

benefit of a legal education.” GJR Invs., Inc. v. County of Escambia, Fla., 132 F.3d 1359, 1369

(11th Cir. 1998), overruled on other grounds by Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. ----, 129 S. Ct. 1937

(2009).

2
appeal. First, that the district court erred by failing to find, sua sponte, that the

government had not properly served Melquiades with its response to his Rule

41(g) motion. Second, that the district court abused its discretion by placing

undue “trust [in] the arguments of the government,” depriving Melquiades of the

opportunity to reply to this filing when it denied his motion on the merits. For the

reasons discussed below, we conclude that the district court erred when it relied

entirely on allegations made in the government’s response to deny Melquiades’s

Rule 41(g) motion. Therefore, we reverse and remand.2

I.

Pursuant to Rule 41(g), “[a] person aggrieved by an unlawful search and

seizure of property or by the deprivation of property may move for the property’s

return” by filing a motion in the district court where the property was seized. Fed.

R. Crim. P. 41(g). Where, as here, the movant “invokes Rule 41(g) after the close

of all criminal proceedings, the court treats the motion for return of property as a

civil action in equity.” United States v. Howell, 425 F.3d 971, 974 (11th Cir.

2005). “In order for an owner of property to invoke Rule 41(g), he must show that

he had a possessory interest in the property seized by the government.” Id. 

 Because we conclude that the district court erred when evaluating the merits of 2

Melquiades’s Rule 41(g) motion, we need not address his first argument.

3
We review the district court’s factual findings for clear error. Id. at 973. 

We review de novo the legal issues relevant to a district court’s decision to deny a

Rule 41(g) motion. Id. “Rule 41(g) rulings are based on a balancing of the

equities and are reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard.” United States v.

De La Mata, 535 F.3d 1267, 1279 (11th Cir. 2008).

II.

Though we have never said it this way, this Court’s precedent indicates that

analysis under Rule 41(g) requires a multi-step inquiry. A Rule 41(g) movant

3

who asserts a post-conviction claim must first demonstrate that he is entitled to the

property. This showing implicates the threshold requirement set out in Howell,

that the movant have a possessory interest in the property. See Howell, 425 F.3d

at 974. The government may rebut the movant’s allegations with evidence that “‘it

has a legitimate reason to retain the property,’” that it does not possess the

property, or that the property has been destroyed. See United States v. Potes

Ramirez, 260 F.3d 1310, 1314 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting United States v.

 Several sources of persuasive authority have more clearly set out the steps that comprise 3

the multi-step analytical approach. See, e.g., United States v. Maez, 915 F.2d 1466, 1468 (10th

Cir. 1990) (“‘[T]he seizure of property from someone is prima facie evidence of that person’s

entitlement, particularly when the seized property is money.’” (quoting United States v. Estep,

760 F.2d 1060, 1064 (10th Cir. 1985)); 3A Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice &

Procedure § 673 (3d ed. 2010); see also United States v. Palacios Gonzalez, No. 09-14538, 2010

WL 1499605, at *2 (11th Cir. Apr. 15, 2010).

4
Chambers, 192 F.3d 374, 377 (3d Cir. 1999)). Where a material issue of fact

arises, the plain language of Rule 41(g) requires the court to “receive evidence . . .

to decide the motion.” See Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(g).

In this case, the district court denied Melquiades’s motion based solely on

the parties’ filings, without holding an evidentiary hearing. The government

argues on appeal that the district court decision to do so did not amount to error

because “Melquiades wholly failed to show that the United States ever had seized

the asserted property . . . , and wholly failed to show that the asserted property

belonged to him.” Accordingly, argues the government, Melquiades failed to

establish a possessory interest in the purportedly seized property, as required by

Howell. The strength of the government’s argument rests upon its

assumptions—made also by the district court—that (1) Melquiades bore the

burden of production as to his ownership in the subject property and (2) the

district court could decide these disputed factual issues without affording

Melquiades an opportunity to present evidence in support of his allegations.

We have held that the government’s bald assertion that it destroyed the

subject property is insufficient to overcome a Rule 41(g) movant’s claim, once

criminal proceedings have terminated. See Potes Ramirez, 260 F.3d at 1314. 

(“Although the government alleges in its pleadings that the property sought by

5
Potes Ramirez was destroyed, . . .[t]here is no evidence in the record that Potes

Ramirez’s property was destroyed. Therefore the government has not met its

burden in this case, and the district court was incorrect to deny Potes Ramirez’s

motion without requiring the government to submit at least some evidence of the

property’s destruction.”). In so holding, we noted that “‘the person from whom

the property was seized is presumed to have a right to its return, and the

government must demonstrate that it has a legitimate reason to retain the

property.’” Id. (quoting Chambers, 192 F.3d at 377). Even if the Potes Ramirez

Court did not intend this presumption to apply to the logically anterior inquiries of

whether the government seized the property from the movant or whether the

movant can demonstrate a possessory interest in the purportedly seized goods, the

text of Rule 41(g) plainly requires that a court “receive evidence on any factual

issue necessary to decide the motion.” See Fed. R. Crim. P. 41(g). Consequently,

once a Rule 41(g) movant alleges that property was seized from his home and the

government disputes this fact, the district court must at a minimum afford the

movant an opportunity to present evidence in support of his claims.

Our precedent and the precedent of other circuits support the conclusion

that a Rule 41(g) movant is not required to attach to his initial motion evidence in

support of its allegations. Potes Ramirez relied on United States v. Chambers, 192

6
F.3d 374 (3d Cir. 1999), when setting out this post-prosecution presumption

favoring movants. See Potes Ramirez, 260 F.3d at 1314. In Chambers, the Third

Circuit explained that it derived this presumption from the requirement that a

district court hold an evidentiary hearing to resolve material factual disputes

between the parties. Chambers, 192 F.3d at 377–78 (noting that no evidence was

offered or taken in this matter and that in order to refute the movant’s request for

return of property, “[t]he government must do more than state, without

documentary support, that it no longer possesses the property at issue”); see also

Rufu v. United States, 20 F.3d 63, 65 (2d Cir. 1994) (finding a procedural defect

in the district court’s denial of a Rule 41(e) motion and noting that “[a]t the very 4

least, the district court was required to take evidence and make factual findings to

identify any items still in the possession of the Government and any items that

might have been lost”); Mora v. United States, 955 F.2d 156, 158 (2d Cir. 1992)

(“Research has revealed no authority for the proposition that a district court must

rely on a representation, made by the government or any other litigant for that

matter. Instead, in making a determination, a trial court must rely on the evidence

before it.”); 3A Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 675

 In 2002, Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(e) was reclassified as Rule 41(g). See 4

Howell, 425 F.3d at 976 n.3.

7
(3d ed. 2010) (“Rule 41(g) requires the judge to receive evidence on any issue of

fact necessary to the decision on a motion to return and the same is true on a

motion to suppress. An evidentiary hearing need not be set as a matter of course,

but only if the motion alleges facts that, if proved, would require the grant of

relief.” (footnote omitted, emphasis added)). Accordingly, as Melquiades argues

on appeal, the district court erred by blindly relying on and placing complete trust

in the government’s unsubstantiated allegations. Where, as here, the parties

disagree as to a material fact, the district court must receive evidence before ruling

on the Rule 41(g) motion.

Despite the government’s contention to the contrary, Howell does not

require us to affirm the district court’s order. In Howell we did hold that “[i]n

order for an owner of property to invoke Rule 41(g), he must show that he had a

possessory interest in the property seized by the government.” Howell, 425 F.3d

at 974. However, Howell does not stand for the proposition that when the

criminal proceedings have reached their conclusion, Rule 41(g) requires that

movants attach to their initial motions evidence demonstrating their possessory

interest. Neither does Howell allow adverse parties to rest on bare allegations that

deny the existence of any such interest.

In Howell the movant claimed a right to the return of $140,000 of Official

8
Advanced Funds (“OAF”), money used by a confidential source in a drug bust. Id.

at 973. In that case, the confidential source merely showed the $140,000 to

Howell before agents arrested him. Id. We noted that “[u]nder the uncontradicted

facts in this matter there is no basis for any claim by the defendant of any

possessory interest in the $140,000 of OAF.” Id. at 974 (emphasis added). 

Because the undisputed facts of the case revealed that the property “never

belonged to the defendant and he never gained ownership or control of the[]

funds,” id. at 975, it was unnecessary for the district court to hold an evidentiary

hearing before ruling on Howell’s motion.

Howell also asserted a right to return of three firearms seized by the

government. Again, there was no need for the district court to hold an evidentiary

hearing. First, as to Howell’s possessory interest in the weapons, it was

“undisputed that the defendant was the record owner of all three of these

firearms.” Id. at 974 (emphasis added). In the absence of any disputed issue of

fact, we progressed to the next step of the Rule 41(g) inquiry and found that, as a

matter of law, the firearms could not be returned to Howell. Because Howell was

a convicted felon, return of these weapons would have violated the federal statute

prohibiting felons from possessing firearms. Id. at 976. In reaching the

conclusion that Howell was not entitled to return of the firearms, we cited to

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United States v. Felici, 208 F.3d 667 (8th Cir. 2000), the language of which

5

supports Melquiades’s contention that he is entitled to an opportunity to present

evidence in support of his motion. In Felici, the Eighth Circuit held:

Rule 41(e) compels a district court to afford such persons an

opportunity to submit evidence in order to demonstrate that they are

lawfully entitled to the challenged property. . . . When it is apparent

that the person seeking a return of the property is not lawfully

entitled to own or possess the property, the district court need not

hold an evidentiary hearing.

Felici, 208 F.3d at 670 (emphasis added). Because Howell sought money that

unquestionably “belonged to the government at all times throughout the drug

transaction,” Howell, 425 F.3d at 975, and sought the return of weapons which, as

a matter of law, he could not possess, id. at 976–77, no evidentiary hearing was

required. By comparison, in this case the parties dispute what property was seized

from Melquiades’s home. Furthermore, the government has not claimed that, as a

matter of law, Melquiades would not be entitled to the property listed, if he can

prove that it was in fact seized from his home. Therefore, we conclude that once a

 Melquiades also relies on an Eighth Circuit opinion, Blade v. United States, 256 F.

5

App’x 24 (8th Cir. 2007), to support his argument that the district court erred by placing its trust

in the government’s assertions, without affording him an opportunity to present responsive

arguments and supporting evidence. In Blade, a Rule 41(g) movant, a federal inmate, requested

the return of nine specific items that the government had allegedly seized from him without

notice. Id. at 25. The Blade Court cited to a string of Eighth Circuit opinions, including Felici,

that suggest it is error to deny a Rule 41(g) motion before accepting evidence necessary for

resolution of “factual issues related to whether [the movant] was entitled to the return of his

property.” Id.

10
Rule 41(g) movant alleges facts sufficient to sustain his claims, which are neither

barred by law nor frivolous, the district court must collect some evidence to 6

resolve material factual issues.7

 It is worth noting that Department of Justice regulations appear to require the retention 6

of such documents. Pursuant to 41 C.F.R. § 128-50.101:

Each bureau shall be responsible for establishing and maintaining inventory

records of its seized personal property to ensure that:

(a) The date the property was seized is recorded;

(b) All of the property associated with a case is recorded together under the case

name and number;

(c) The location of storage of the property is recorded;

(d) A well documented chain of custody is kept; and

(e) All information in the inventory records is accurate and current.

41 C.F.R. § 128-50.101. The government’s response to Melquiades’s motion references just

such an inventory. In addition, it discusses Special Agent Scott Oliver’s Report of Investigation

and his oral confirmation of what items were seized on January 13, 2003. However, the

government did not attach the inventory, the Report, or the agent’s statement to its response; it

did not include these documents in the record on appeal; and it did not cite to any portion of the

record where this evidence could be found.

It is entirely possible that on remand the government will present evidence that it never

seized the goods listed by Melquiades’s motion. However, the district court cannot shirk its duty

to collect such evidence in the face of disputed material issues of fact. See Chambers, 192 F.3d

at 378 (“Because no evidence was offered or taken in this matter, the government did not meet its

burden and the District Court did not discharge its duty under Rule 41(e).”).

 Howell is also distinguishable from this case because in Howell the government actually 7

did attach significant evidence to its Rule 41(g) opposition. In response to Howell’s motion, the

government submitted seven exhibits: an FBI report on the arrest of Howell and search of the

relevant premises (N.D. Ga. 4:00-cr-65-HLM-GGB, Doc. No. 93, Ex. 1, at 13); a DEA

investigation report (id., Ex. 2, at 18); a second FBI report (id., Ex. 3, at 22); an FBI receipt for

property received (id., Ex. 4 at 25); an FBI consent to search form (id., Ex. 5, at 28); an FBI

report itemizing documents seized in the search (id., Ex. 6, at 30); and an FBI report describing a

11
This conclusion is also consistent with Howell’s observation that courts

treat post-prosecution motions for return of property as civil actions in equity. See

id. at 974. Our sister circuits have incorporated federal civil procedural standards

when analyzing Rule 41 motions. See, e.g., United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d

903, 907–08 (9th Cir. 2003) (noting that the movant had alleged facts sufficient to

support a motion for return of property, and evaluating the government’s

opposition as it would have a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) motion to

dismiss); United States v. Rodriguez-Aguirre, 264 F.3d 1195, 1203–04 (10th Cir.

2001) (considering a Rule 12(b)(1) standing challenge to a Rule 41(e) motion). 

Construing the government’s opposition to be a facial attack on the plaintiffs’

standing, the Rodriguez-Aguirre Court observed: 8

weapon found in Howell’s vehicle (id., Ex. 7, at 33). Thus, the record in Howell reflects that the

district court denied Howell’s motion for return of goods only after receiving evidentiary support

for the government’s position.

 There are two ways to attack a complaint under Rule 12(b)(1):

8

“A facial attack on the complaint requires the court merely to look and see if the

plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a basis of subject matter jurisdiction, and the

allegations in his complaint are taken as true for the purposes of the motion.” By

contrast, a factual attack on a complaint challenges the existence of subject matter

jurisdiction using material extrinsic from the pleadings, such as affidavits or

testimony.

Stalley ex rel. United States v. Orlando Reg’l Healthcare Sys., Inc., 524 F.3d 1229, 1232–33

(11th Cir. 2008) (quoting McElmurray v. Consol. Gov’t of Augusta-Richmond County, 501 F.3d

1244, 1251 (11th Cir. 2007)). Because the government has not referred this Court to any

extrinsic material, we also construe its attack on Melquiades’s motion as facial in nature.

12
In a Rule 41(e) proceeding, a claimant must allege “a colorable

ownership, possessory or security interest in at least a portion of the

defendant property” to satisfy the standing requirements. When the

claimant alleges such an interest in the seized property, the standing

requirements are satisfied “because an owner or possessor of property

that has been seized necessarily suffers an injury that can be redressed

at least in part by the return of the seized property.”

Id. at 1204 (quoting United States v. $515,060.42 in U.S. Currency, 152 F.3d 491,

497 (6th Cir. 1998)). In Rodriguez-Aguirre the movants listed a number of items

that they alleged had been “seized from them.” Id. at 1205 (emphasis omitted). 

The Tenth Circuit deemed “not dispositive of the standing inquiry” the

government’s concerns (1) that the motion inadequately described the purportedly

seized items, and (2) that the movants were not themselves the true owners—two

arguments similar to those made in opposition to Melquiades’s motion. See id. at

1206 n.7. Rather than resolve these issues at an early stage in the proceedings,

the Rodriguez-Aguirre Court concluded that “[w]hether some of the listed

property does not, in fact, belong to Appellants is a matter better dealt with on

summary judgment or at trial.” Id.

Similarly, in this case, Melquiades needed only to allege facts sufficient to

demonstrate his possessory interest in the seized goods. Despite the government’s

arguments to the contrary, he was not burdened with “show[ing] that the United

States ever had seized the asserted property, most of which he described in

13
extremely vague terms,” or “that the asserted property belonged to him.” Rather,

when evaluating whether the district court correctly denied Melquiades’s motion

based solely on the party’s pleadings, “we are concerned only with the allegations

contained in [the motion] and not with actual evidence.” See Rodriguez-Aguirre,

264 F.3d at 1206. To hold otherwise and “[r]equir[e] evidence of ownership, as

opposed to allegations of ownership, [would be] antithetical to the standards for

reviewing 12(b)(1) motions to dismiss for lack of facial standing.” Id. 

Construing Melquiades’s Rule 41(g) motion—the functional equivalent of a

civil complaint—in Melquiades’s favor, and interpreting his pro se filings

liberally, Melquiades alleged that when federal law enforcement agents searched

his home on January 13, 2003, they confiscated certain, specifically listed items. 

Melquiades clearly stated that, “in this case the Movant is the owner of the

property.” He also asserted entitlement to its return. Thus, Melquiades has

alleged facts sufficient to show that he has a possessory interest in some property,

that the government seized these items, and that they were not returned. 

Accordingly, it was error to deny Melquiades’s motion without collecting

evidence to resolve the parties’ factual disputes. See Potes Ramirez, 260 F.3d at

1314.

14
III.

For these reasons, we conclude that once a Rule 41(g) movant alleges facts

sufficient to sustain his claims—claims that are neither barred by law nor

frivolous—the district court must collect some evidence to resolve the material

factual issues disputed by the parties. Therefore, we REVERSE and REMAND

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

15