NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

NATIONAL COLLEGIATE STUDENT )

LOAN TRUST 2006-4, a Delaware )

Statutory Trust, )

)

Appellant, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D17-4158

)

KERRY MEYER, )

)

Appellee. )

)

Opinion filed March 1, 2019.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for 

Hillsborough County; Claudia R. Isom, 

Judge.

Kenneth L. Salomone of Aldridge, Pite & 

Haan, LLP, Atlanta, Georgia; Kenneth L. 

Salomone of Salomone Law Group, 

Deerfield Beach (substituted as counsel of 

record), for Appellant.

Jared M. Krukar and Dineen Pashoukos 

Wasylik of DPW Legal, Tampa; and M. 

Vincent Pazienza of Law Firm of M. Vincent 

Pazienza, P.A., Lutz, for Appellee.

BLACK, Judge.
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National Collegiate Student Loan Trust 2006-4, a Delaware Statutory 

Trust (NCSLT), challenges the order dismissing with prejudice its second amended 

complaint for breach of a loan agreement between Bank of America, N.A., and Kerry 

Meyer, as a cosignor and guarantor on the loan. We reverse the order of dismissal and 

remand for further proceedings.

Following the dismissal of its first two complaints for breach of a loan 

agreement, NCSLT filed its second amended complaint on May 1, 2017. The second 

amended complaint alleged that Sean Meyer, the borrower, and Kerry Meyer, a 

cosignor, executed a "loan request/credit agreement" with Bank of America for the 

purpose of obtaining a private education loan for the borrower to attend college; that the 

loan request/credit agreement specified that Ms. Meyer would be jointly liable for 

repayment of the loan; and that the loan was approved and a check payable to the 

borrower and Ms. Meyer was mailed to, endorsed, and deposited by the borrower and 

Ms. Meyer. NCSLT alleged that the borrower and Ms. Meyer agreed to the terms of the 

loan by endorsing and depositing the loan check and that the borrower and Ms. Meyer 

defaulted on the loan by failing to make the initial payment due on November 17, 2011. 

NCSLT also asserted that it is the entity entitled to enforce the terms of the loan as an 

assignee of the debt and that it is the owner of the loan debt pursuant to the "Pool 

Supplement and Deposit and Sale Agreement." 

Multiple documents, including some unnecessary to the resolution of this 

appeal, were attached to and referenced in the second amended complaint. The loan 

request/credit agreement "information page" was the first attachment. The information 

page provides that it is a "Non-Negotiable Credit Agreement" and a "Consumer Credit 
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Transaction." The information page identifies the lender as Bank of America and the 

loan amount requested as $30,000 for an "education maximizer undergraduate loan." It 

bears an identification number, BK.06-07.CSX1.10DC.0206, and a secondary 

identification containing "Meyer" and ending in A104473793. The second page of the 

document bears the signatures of both the borrower and the cosignor, and it provides 

that "the holder of the loan can collect this debt from [the cosignor] without first trying to 

collect from the borrower" and that "by signing this credit agreement . . . [the cosignor] 

intends to (I) apply for joint credit and (II) be jointly liable with the borrower for this loan."

A "Note Disclosure Statement" was also attached to the complaint, 

identifying the loan number as 04473793, the amount financed as $30,000, and the 

borrowers as Sean Meyer and Kerry Meyer. Additionally, a copy of the endorsed check 

for $30,000, was attached to the complaint; it was drawn on a Bank of America check 

for The Education Resources Institute (TERI). 

To support NCSLT's standing to enforce the terms of the loan agreement, 

it attached a document titled "2006-4 Pool Supplement," dated December 7, 2006, 

which provides that The First Marblehead Corporation, the servicer, and Bank of 

America (collectively, the Program Lender) "transfers, sells, sets over and assigns to 

The National Collegiate Funding LLC" (the LLC) the student loans set forth in the 

schedule identified as the Transferred Bank of America Loans, along with all of the 

Program Lender's rights and "any agreement pursuant to which TERI granted collateral 

for its obligations."1 The LLC "in turn will sell the [loans] to [NCSLT]." A single page 

1The relationship between The First Marblehead Corporation and Bank of 

America was established by reference and incorporation of the April 1, 2006, Note 

Purchase Agreement in the 2006-4 Pool Supplement. 
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"roster" for NCSLT then identifies a loan with the borrower's social security number 

(redacted) and a "GUARREF" number matching the loan number previously identified 

(04473793). The roster also provides that the disbursement date was November 3, 

2006, and that the amount disbursed was $30,000. The deposit and sale agreement 

between the LLC and NCSLT was also attached, and it identifies loans by the pool 

supplements originating with a bank as part of one of its loan programs. One of those 

supplements is Bank of America's 2006-4 Pool Supplement, matching the roster's "loan 

product" information. 

In moving to dismiss NCSLT's complaint for the third time, Ms. Meyer cited 

Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.140(b), and she argued that NCSLT failed to state a 

cause of action and that it lacked standing to bring the action. 

The standard of review on an order granting a motion to dismiss is de 

novo. Belcher Ctr., LLC v. Belcher Ctr., Inc., 883 So. 2d 338, 339 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004). 

Because the order on appeal does not include findings of fact or conclusions of law and 

we do not have a transcript of the hearing to determine if one or both of the bases 

raised in Ms. Meyer's motion to dismiss resulted in the dismissal, we consider both 

arguments.

I. Standing

"In determining whether to dismiss a complaint for lack of standing, [the 

court] must confine [its] review to the four corners of the complaint, draw all inferences 

in favor of the pleader, and accept all well-pled allegations in the complaint as true." 

Llano Fin. Grp., LLC v. Yespy, 228 So. 3d 108, 111 (Fla. 4th DCA 2017) (quoting 

Gordon v. Kleinman, 120 So. 3d 120, 121 (Fla. 4th DCA 2013)). Generally, dismissals 
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with prejudice based upon the affirmative defense of a lack of standing are not proper. 

See, e.g., Lawson v. Frank, 197 So. 3d 1269, 1271 (Fla. 2d DCA 2016) ("Indeed, the 

substantive issue underlying the court's ruling—whether Mr. Lawson held 

sufficient standing to maintain this cause of action—is an affirmative defense that, 

unless raised in a responsive pleading, would be deemed waived."); Hartford Ins. Co. of 

Midwest v. O'Connor, 855 So. 2d 189, 190 n.1 (Fla. 5th DCA 2003) ("The issue of 

standing and the effect of the assignment were matters to be raised by Hartford as 

affirmative defenses, not in a motion to dismiss the complaint."). However, "[i]f the face 

of the complaint contains allegations which demonstrate the existence of an affirmative 

defense, then such a defense may be considered on a motion to dismiss." Papa John's 

Int'l, Inc. v. Cosentino, 916 So. 2d 977, 983 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005); see also Fla. R. Civ. P. 

1.110(d) ("Affirmative defenses appearing on the face of a prior pleading may be 

asserted as grounds for a motion or defense under rule 1.140(b); provided this shall not 

limit amendments under rule 1.190 even if such ground is sustained.").

There is nothing on the face of the second amended complaint to suggest 

that NCSLT does not have standing such that the affirmative defense should have been 

decided by a motion to dismiss. See Wildflower, LLC v. St. Johns River Water Mgmt. 

Dist., 179 So. 3d 369, 373 (Fla. 5th DCA 2015). The affirmative defense requires 

factual proof supporting it; this is a burden not on NCSLT, having sufficiently alleged 

that it is due the debt, but on Ms. Meyer. See Hess v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., 175 So. 

3d 687, 695 (Fla. 2015) ("The defendant has the burden to prove an affirmative 

defense." (citing Hough v. Menses, 95 So. 2d 410, 412 (Fla. 1957))); Nunez v. Alford, 

117 So. 2d 208, 210 (Fla. 2d DCA 1960).
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Substantively, "[s]tanding is . . . that sufficient interest in the outcome of 

litigation which will warrant the court's entertaining it." Progressive Express Ins. Co. v. 

McGrath Cmty. Chiropractic, 913 So. 2d 1281, 1285 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (quoting Gen. 

Dev. Corp. v. Kirk, 251 So. 2d 284, 286 (Fla. 2d DCA 1971)). Here, NCSLT attached 

documents supporting its allegation of ownership by establishing the transfer or 

purchase of student loans from Bank of America to the LLC and from the LLC to 

NCSLT. Cf. Llano Fin., 228 So. 3d at 112 (affirming dismissal and concluding that 

alleging assignment of the note to the plaintiff was "not equivalent to alleging that the 

original lender assigned its right to pursue negligence claims"). This is sufficient to 

overcome a rule 1.140 motion to dismiss based on standing. See Landmark Funding, 

Inc. ex rel. Naples Syndications, LLC v. Chaluts, 213 So. 3d 1078, 1079 (Fla. 2d DCA 

2017) ("The operative complaint in this case alleged ultimate facts demonstrating 

Landmark's membership both at the time of the suit and at the time of 

the alleged misconduct. The complaint contained no attachments that contradicted 

those allegations. As such, it was legally sufficient insofar as Landmark's standing is 

concerned and not properly subject to a motion to dismiss on that basis."). We note, 

however, that it may not be sufficient on a motion for judgment on the pleadings or 

summary judgment or to succeed at trial. Cf. Lovette v. Nat'l Collegiate Student Loan 

Tr. 2004-1, 149 So. 3d 735, 737 (Fla. 5th DCA 2014) (reversing final summary judgment 

where Trust failed to establish standing).

II. Failure to state a cause of action
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The cause of action alleged in the second amended complaint is a breach 

of contract—Ms. Meyers' failure to comply with the terms of the loan. NCSLT is seeking 

damages only.

"For . . . purposes of a motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of 

action, allegations of the complaint are assumed to be true and all reasonable 

inferences arising therefrom are allowed in favor of the plaintiff." Swope Rodante, P.A. 

v. Harmon, 85 So. 3d 508, 509 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (quoting Wallace v. Dean, 3 So. 3d 

1035, 1042-43 (Fla. 2009)). "A motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of the 

complaint and does not determine factual issues." Haskel Realty Grp., Inc. v. KB 

Tyrone, LLC, 253 So. 3d 84, 85 (Fla. 2d DCA 2018) (quoting Gann v. BAC Home Loans 

Servicing LP, 145 So. 3d 906, 908 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014)). "To state a cause of action, a 

complaint must allege sufficient ultimate facts to show that the pleader is entitled to 

relief." Havens v. Coast Fla., P.A., 117 So. 3d 1179, 1181 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (citing 

Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.110(b)).

"The elements of a breach of contract cause of action are: (1) a valid 

contract, (2) a material breach, and (3) damages." Ferguson Enters. v. Astro Air 

Conditioning & Heating, Inc., 137 So. 3d 613, 615 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (citing Havens, 

117 So. 3d at 1181). Rule 1.130(a) requires that "[a]ll bonds, notes, bills of exchange, 

contracts, accounts, or documents on which action may be brought or defense made, or 

a copy thereof or a copy of the portions thereof material to the pleadings, must be 

incorporated in or attached to the pleading." Attachments to the pleading are 

"considered a part thereof for all purposes." Fla. R. Civ. P. 1.130(b). The purpose of 

rule 1.130(a) "is to apprise the defendant of the nature and extent of the cause of action 
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so that the defendant may plead with greater certainty." Amiker v. Mid-Century Ins. Co., 

398 So. 2d 974, 975 (Fla. 1st DCA 1981) (citing Sachse v. Tampa Music Co., 262 So. 

2d 17, 19 (Fla. 2d DCA 1972)). "A complaint based on a written instrument does not 

state a cause of action until the instrument or an adequate portion thereof, is attached to 

or incorporated in the complaint." Glen Garron, LLC v. Buchwald, 210 So. 3d 229, 233 

(Fla. 5th DCA 2017) (quoting Contractors Unlimited, Inc. v. Nortrax Equip. Co. Se., 833 

So. 2d 286, 288 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006)). "Rule 1.130 does not require attachment of the 

entire contract, but only the attachment or the incorporation into the pleading of the 

material portions of the contract on which the action is based." Id. 

Here, NCSLT alleged that (1) Ms. Meyer, as a cosignor and guarantor, 

had entered into a valid student loan agreement, attaching relevant pages of the signed 

credit agreement; (2) no payments on the student loan had been made, breaching the 

agreement; and (3) Ms. Meyer owed NCSLT damages in the amount of the loan 

principal plus interest. This was sufficient to state a cause of action for breach of the 

agreement such that the second amended complaint should not have been dismissed. 

See Ferguson Enters., 137 So. 3d at 615 ("In count V, Ferguson alleged that the 

Hegeduses personally guaranteed repayment of Astro's debt, that the Hegeduses 

breached the guaranty by refusing to pay that debt, and that Astro and the Hegeduses 

owed Ferguson more than $90,000. The allegations in count V were sufficient to state a 

cause of action for breach of the guaranty."); Student Loan Mktg. Ass'n v. Morris, 662 

So. 2d 990, 991-92 (Fla. 2d DCA 1995) (reversing order dismissing complaint for failure 

to state a cause of action where complaint sufficiently complied with the rules of civil 

procedure).
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The trial court erred in granting Ms. Meyer's motion to dismiss on either 

basis raised in the motion. Accordingly, we reverse the order of dismissal and remand 

for further proceedings.

Reversed and remanded.

NORTHCUTT and BADALAMENTI, JJ., Concur.