In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 19-1999

YEISON MEZA MORALES,

Petitioner,

v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General of the United States,

Respondent.

____________________

Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals.

No. A216-222-551

____________________

ARGUED APRIL 7, 2020 — DECIDED JUNE 26, 2020

AMENDED SEPTEMBER 3, 2020

____________________

Before ROVNER, HAMILTON, and BARRETT, Circuit Judges.

BARRETT, Circuit Judge. Yeison Meza Morales is a native 

and citizen of Mexico who entered the United States without 

inspection as a child. As an adult, Meza Morales petitioned

for U nonimmigrant status, a special visa for victims of certain 

crimes. While his petition was pending, he was charged as re-
2 No. 19-1999

movable based on two grounds of inadmissibility. Meza Morales cited his pending U visa petition as a defense to his removal. The immigration judge agreed to waive both grounds 

of inadmissibility to allow him to pursue the U visa petition, 

but later ordered Meza Morales removed as charged on those 

same grounds.

Meza Morales petitioned us for review of the removal order. He contends that the immigration judge’s initial waiver 

of both grounds of inadmissibility precluded their use as

grounds for an order of removal. We disagree; Meza Morales’s position would effectively turn the inadmissibility 

waiver into a substitute for the U visa itself. We nevertheless

grant his petition for review on two other bases. Meza Morales had asked the immigration judge to continue or administratively close his case instead of ordering removal. The immigration judge entered the removal order based on the conclusion that those alternative procedures were inappropriate, 

and the Board affirmed on the same basis. But those alternatives were wrongly rejected. We grant the petition for review 

and remand the case so that the Board can reconsider.

I.

A noncitizen who becomes a victim of certain crimes while 

in the United States may petition for U nonimmigrant status—more commonly known as a U visa. 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1101(a)(15)(U). Congress created the visa to encourage 

crime victims to report crimes and assist law enforcement 

with investigation and prosecution. A U visa generally entitles an eligible noncitizen to lawfully remain in the United 

States and to seek work authorization. Id. § 1184(p)(6). 
No. 19-1999 3

The decision whether to grant a U visa petition is committed by statute to the Secretary of Homeland Security, who exercises this authority through U.S. Customs & Immigration 

Services (USCIS). See 8 C.F.R. § 214.14. To qualify for a U visa, 

a noncitizen must satisfy four substantive criteria: (1) he must 

have suffered “substantial physical or mental abuse” as the 

result of one of the crimes listed in the U visa provision; (2) he 

must possess credible and reliable knowledge of the details of 

the crime; (3) he must help or be likely to be helpful in the 

investigation or prosecution of the crime; and (4) the crime 

must have taken place in the United States. Id. § 214.14(b). 

In addition to those specific requirements, a noncitizen 

seeking a U visa must be “admissible” to the United States—

in other words, eligible for a visa and lawful entry into the 

United States. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a). There are several reasons 

why a noncitizen may be “inadmissible” and therefore ineligible for a visa. Among them are convictions for certain 

crimes and being present in the United States without having 

been inspected and authorized by an immigration official. See

id. §§ 1101(a)(13)(A), 1182(a)(6)(A)(i).

But inadmissibility is not a complete obstacle to acquiring 

a U visa; a noncitizen can apply to have her inadmissibility 

waived for the purpose of petitioning for U nonimmigrant 

status. In this circuit, there are two ways for a U visa petitioner 

to secure a waiver of inadmissibility. The first is by application to USCIS. Congress provided that the Secretary of Homeland Security can waive almost any ground of inadmissibility 

for a noncitizen who is applying for a U visa. 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1182(d)(14). USCIS implements this U visa inadmissibility 

waiver program on behalf of the Secretary, granting a waiver 

application if it determines that it is “in the public or national 
4 No. 19-1999

interest” to do so. 8 C.F.R. § 212.17(b)(1). Because USCIS is 

also the office that decides whether to grant or deny U visas,

a noncitizen pursuing this route may seek a waiver and a U 

visa at the same time. Id. § 214.14(c)(2)(iv).

U visa petitioners in this circuit have an additional option 

for obtaining a waiver of inadmissibility. Congress gave the

Attorney General the authority to waive most grounds of inadmissibility listed in § 1182(a) for certain noncitizens seeking 

admission. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(A). In L.D.G. v. Holder, we 

held that the Attorney General’s general inadmissibility 

waiver authority extends to U visa petitioners, notwithstanding the narrower provision allowing the Secretary of Homeland Security to waive inadmissibility specifically for U visa 

applicants. 744 F.3d 1022, 1030 (7th Cir. 2014). Thus, U visa 

petitioners can seek a waiver of inadmissibility from the Attorney General as well as from USCIS.1 And as delegates of 

the Attorney General, immigration judges have the power to 

grant waivers of inadmissibility—for example, during removal proceedings when noncitizens invoke their forthcoming U visa petition as a defense to removal. Baez-Sanchez v. 

Sessions, 872 F.3d 854, 856 (7th Cir. 2017). This alternative 

waiver procedure can create coordination problems because 

1 There is a circuit split on this issue. The Eleventh Circuit has followed us in holding that the Attorney General can grant a waiver of inadmissibility. Meridor v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 891 F.3d 1302 (11th Cir. 2018). The 

Third and Ninth Circuits, by contrast, have held that U visa petitioners 

can pursue a waiver of inadmissibility only from USCIS. Sunday v. Att’y 

Gen. of the U.S., 832 F.3d 211 (3d Cir. 2016); Man v. Barr, 940 F.3d 1354 (9th 

Cir. 2019). At oral argument in this case, the government expressed frustration with the inconsistency. But the government has not asked us to 

overrule L.D.G., which we have recently reaffirmed. Baez-Sanchez v. Barr, 

947 F.3d 1033 (7th Cir. 2020).
No. 19-1999 5

two different arms of the executive branch grant the waiver 

and the visa. These coordination problems are on full display 

in this case.

But before we get to the procedural posture of Meza Morales’s case, another feature of the U visa scheme bears mention: the waiting list. By statute, USCIS may issue no more 

than 10,000 U visas per calendar year. 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1184(p)(2)(A). Many more than 10,000 applicants meet the 

criteria for U status each year, see L.D.G., 744 F.3d at 1024, so 

USCIS places on a waiting list all eligible U visa petitioners 

who would be granted a visa if not for the statutory cap. 8 

C.F.R. § 214.14(d)(2). It grants U visas to petitioners on the 

waiting list in chronological order. Id. In the meantime, petitioners on the U visa waiting list are granted deferred action—

a form of prosecutorial discretion that allows a noncitizen to 

lawfully remain in the United States for a fixed period of time 

but does not provide legal status. Id. It is the policy of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the office within the 

Department of Homeland Security (DHS) responsible for immigration enforcement, not to deport a U visa petitioner who 

has been placed on the waitlist and granted deferred action. 

Revision of Stay of Removal Request Reviews for U Visa Petitioners, 

U.S. IMMIGR. & CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT (Aug. 2, 2019), 

https://www.ice.gov/factsheets/revision-stay-removal-request-reviews-u-visa-petitioners [hereinafter ICE Fact Sheet].

With the U visa scheme laid out, we turn to the present

case. Meza Morales is a native and citizen of Mexico. As a 

child, he entered the United States without inspection in December 2002, and he has lived in the United States ever since. 

In October 2013, Meza Morales was walking home through 

his neighborhood in Indianapolis when he encountered a 
6 No. 19-1999

group of men arguing. He ran from them, but one of the men 

shot him in the ankle while he was running. Meza Morales

recovered from the shooting and cooperated in the police investigation that followed.

As a shooting victim, Meza Morales applied for a U visa 

in August 2017. But before USCIS acted on his U visa petition, 

ICE initiated removal proceedings against him. In early 2018, 

DHS charged Meza Morales as removable under 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1182(a)(6)(A)(i) as a noncitizen present in the United States 

without being admitted and under 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) for a 2014 conviction for possession of 

marijuana. The immigration judge deemed him removable 

under both charges. Meza Morales, appearing pro se, admitted both charges but explained that he was a crime victim and 

had already applied for a U visa. The immigration judge 

agreed to continue the removal proceedings for thirty days to 

allow USCIS to adjudicate the pending visa petition. The immigration judge also granted a waiver of inadmissibility for 

purposes of his U visa petition under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(A), 

as permitted by L.D.G. Thirty days later, USCIS still had not 

made a decision on Meza Morales’s U visa petition. In his next 

appearance, Meza Morales asked the immigration judge either to continue the case further or to administratively close 

it—two procedural devices that allow an immigration judge 

to temporarily set aside a pending case. The immigration 

judge rejected both options and instead entered an order of 

removal. 

Meza Morales appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals, arguing that the removal order was inconsistent with 

the waiver and that the immigration judge should have en-
No. 19-1999 7

tered a continuance or administrative closure. The Board affirmed the removal order, and soon ICE began the process of 

removing Meza Morales. He applied to our court for an emergency stay of removal, which we granted. Then, collateral to 

the removal proceedings, USCIS adjudicated his U visa petition. The office deemed him eligible for a U visa but placed 

him on the waiting list due to the statutory cap. It then

granted Meza Morales deferred action, and accordingly, released him from detention. The removal order remains on the 

books, though, and Meza Morales continues to petition our 

court for review of it. 

II.

Before we can assess the merits of Meza Morales’s petition, we must assure ourselves of our jurisdiction. By statute, 

we have jurisdiction to address questions of law raised in a 

petition for review from a final removal order. 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1252(a)(2)(D). The government contends that this appeal became moot, though, when USCIS finally adjudicated Meza 

Morales’s U visa petition and placed him on the waiting list.

Federal court jurisdiction is limited to the resolution of 

“Cases” and “Controversies.” U.S. CONST. art. III, § 2, cl. 1.

“To qualify as a case fit for federal-court adjudication, ‘an actual controversy must be extant at all stages of review, not 

merely at the time the complaint is filed.’” Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 67 (1997) (citation omitted). 

If developments in a case make it impossible for a court to 

grant “any effectual relief whatever” to the prevailing party, 

then we must dismiss the appeal as moot. Mills v. Green, 159 

U.S. 651, 653 (1895). According to the government, it is no 

longer possible for our court to grant Meza Morales any effectual relief. 
8 No. 19-1999

The government misunderstands both the relief that Meza 

Morales requests and the effect of his U visa adjudication. The 

crux of Meza Morales’s appeal is that the immigration judge 

was wrong to order him removed instead of granting a continuance or administrative closure. The relief that he has requested all along is vacatur of the removal order. It is still possible for us to grant that relief because the removal order remains in place. By regulation, favorable adjudication of a U 

visa petition does not automatically cancel a removal order 

entered by an immigration judge. 8 C.F.R. § 214.14(c)(5)(i). 

Meza Morales may seek to cancel the removal order by filing 

a motion to reopen and terminate removal proceedings, but 

cancelation is not guaranteed. Id. (ICE retains the discretion 

not to join a motion to reopen, but the Attorney General understandably cannot promise that ICE would join a motion to 

reopen if Meza Morales filed one. Id.) Since the removal order 

remains in effect, it is still possible for us to grant Meza Morales the relief that he requests.

True, Meza Morales may not in fact be removed anytime 

soon because it is ICE policy not to remove a noncitizen who 

is placed on the U visa waiting list and granted deferred action. ICE Fact Sheet. But protection from removal is not guaranteed. USCIS retains discretion to remove him from the waiting list and withdraw his deferred action. 8 C.F.R. 

§ 214.14(d)(3). Meza Morales’s controversy therefore remains

live, and we proceed to the merits.

III.

Meza Morales raises three challenges to the Board’s decision affirming the order of removal. First, he contends that it 

is logically inconsistent for an immigration judge to enter a 

removal order on the same grounds of inadmissibility that the 
No. 19-1999 9

immigration judge has already waived. Second, he argues

that the Board misapplied relevant precedents in considering 

whether another continuance was warranted. And third, he 

asserts that the Board was wrong to hold that immigration 

judges lack the power to administratively close cases. We address each argument in turn.

A.

Meza Morales first argues that it is legal error to enter a 

removal order after granting a waiver of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(A). He asserts that the waiver nullified both grounds of inadmissibility with which he was 

charged, leaving no basis on which he can be removed. The 

government responds that the waiver is no more than a procedural step in the collateral U visa adjudication and cannot 

block removal. Meza Morales remains removable, the government contends, because he still lacks a lawful basis for residing in this country. Our task is to determine which understanding of the waiver’s effect is correct.

Meza Morales’s position has superficial appeal. It leans on 

the intuition that waivers of inadmissibility generally “relieve 

applicants of the effects of past conduct.” L.D.G., 744 F.3d at 

1028. If Meza Morales has been relieved of the effects of his 

past conduct, then one might think it contradictory that he can 

be removed on the basis of that same conduct. But in Meza 

Morales’s case, there is no contradiction between the two. A 

waiver of inadmissibility granted in a removal proceeding 

protects a noncitizen from removal only if the noncitizen otherwise has lawful immigration status—for example, if she has 

a visa or the status of lawful permanent resident. In that 

event, the waiver clears the only obstacle to the noncitizen’s 
10 No. 19-1999

lawful presence. Meza Morales, however, has no lawful immigration status; he is still waiting on a U visa. For him, the 

§ 1182(d)(3)(A) waiver is a necessary but insufficient step toward lawful presence. 

This makes his situation relatively unique. As we have already explained, our circuit allows immigration judges to 

grant waivers of inadmissibility under § 1182(d)(3)(A) to U 

visa petitioners in removal proceedings. See L.D.G., 744 F.3d 

1022. There is essentially no other situation in which an immigration judge would grant a § 1182(d)(3)(A) waiver to a 

noncitizen who needs—but does not yet have—a temporary 

visa. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3)(A)(ii) (covering noncitizens 

who are “in possession of appropriate documents or [are] 

granted a waiver thereof and [are] seeking admission”). In the 

usual course, an immigration judge reviews a § 1182(d)(3)(A) 

waiver application after the noncitizen has initially applied to 

DHS for a waiver at a port of entry, entered the United States 

pursuant to a grant of deferred inspection, and been placed in 

removal proceedings after DHS denies the waiver. See Matter 

of Khan, 26 I. & N. Dec. 797, 802 (B.I.A. 2016); see also Sunday, 

832 F.3d at 217. Then, once placed in removal proceedings, the 

noncitizen is permitted to renew her waiver application before the immigration judge. 8 C.F.R. § 235.2(d); id § 1235.2(d).

A noncitizen who secures a waiver from the immigration 

judge surmounts the only impediment to lawful temporary 

admission, because the only noncitizens who can apply for a 

§ 1182(d)(3)(A) waiver at a port of entry are those who are exempt from the visa requirement (Canadians, for example) or 

those who already hold nonimmigrant visas but who have an 

inadmissibility problem that invalidates those visas. 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1182(d)(3)(A)(ii); see also 8 C.F.R. § 212.4(b); id. § 1212.4(b).

So if the immigration judge grants the waiver, the noncitizen 
No. 19-1999 11

has everything required for lawful presence, because she either already has a visa or does not need one.

The waiver works the same way in the cases that Meza 

Morales invokes to support his position. He points out that in 

the context of other types of inadmissibility waivers, the 

Board has understood the grant of a waiver to foreclose removal. See Matter of Balderas, 20 I. & N. Dec. 389 (B.I.A. 1991); 

Matter of Mascorro-Perales, 12 I. & N. Dec. 228 (B.I.A. 1967); 

Matter of Edwards, 10 I. & N. Dec. 506 (B.I.A. 1963). Each of 

these cases involved a lawful permanent resident threatened 

with removal due to a conviction for crimes involving moral 

turpitude; in each, the Board terminated the removal proceedings after granting a waiver of inadmissibility, reasoning that 

“a waiver, once granted, should remain valid indefinitely for 

all proceedings, including both deportations and exclusion 

proceedings.” Balderas, 20 I. & N. Dec. at 393; see id. at 390 n.1

(explaining that a lawful permanent resident may pursue certain waivers of inadmissibility at removal if the grounds of 

removal are also grounds of inadmissibility). But in each of 

these cases, the waiver foreclosed removal because it protected the noncitizen’s status as a lawful permanent resident. 

The waiver was not itself the basis for lawful presence.

Meza Morales is differently situated because he lacks lawful immigration status. Being “relieved of the effects of [his] 

past conduct” renders Meza Morales eligible for a visa. But until he secures one, he still lacks a legal basis for lawful presence in the United States. Rather than protecting his status, 

the waiver is a step on the road to obtaining it. 

Ignoring that distinction, Meza Morales urges us to interpret a § 1182(d)(3)(A) waiver as effectively making him unre-
12 No. 19-1999

movable. But his interpretation is at odds with the U visa provision, which makes clear that it is the visa, not the waiver, 

that confers status on a noncitizen. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(U). 

Only the Secretary of Homeland Security, through his delegates, may grant a U visa, through the procedures laid out by 

statute. Id. The statute does not allow for the waiver to supplant the visa, so a waiver of inadmissibility alone cannot 

foreclose removal.

This understanding is consistent with L.D.G. In that case, 

we explained that a waiver of inadmissibility allows a noncitizen “to gain eligibility for a U visa.”2 744 F.3d at 1028. We 

characterized the U visa, not the waiver, as the procedure that 

allows noncitizens “to remain in the United States as lawful 

temporary residents despite being otherwise subject to removal.” Id. at 1024. Allowing the waiver to preclude removal 

is inconsistent with both our case law and the statutory regime. We therefore reject Meza Morales’s first challenge to the 

removal order.

B.

The case does not end here. Recall that Meza Morales 

asked the immigration judge to continue or administratively 

2 In this respect, a waiver of inadmissibility is not analogous to other 

forms of relief to which Meza Morales attempts to analogize, like asylum. 

Asylum can qualify a petitioner for the withholding of removal, see Matter 

of D-V-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 77, 80 (B.I.A. 1993), but in the case of a U visa, a 

waiver is only the first procedural step to relief.
No. 19-1999 13

close his case instead of ordering removal. Meza Morales argues that both procedural options were wrongly rejected.3

We’ll start with the continuance. When it declined to continue Meza Morales’s case, the Board cited to what was then 

its leading precedential opinion on U visa continuances, Matter of Sanchez Sosa, 25 I. & N. Dec. 807 (B.I.A. 2012).4 Meza Morales argues that the Board failed to properly apply the factors 

laid out in that opinion. 

The government initially responded that the Board had 

been correct to deny the continuance. But after the briefs in 

this case were filed, the government asked us to remand this 

3 Because Meza Morales continues to pursue a continuance or administrative closure, we address his arguments. But we note that each of these 

procedural options is a double-edged sword for Meza Morales. While continuing or closing the case would stave off entry of a final order of removal, both would also render the waiver of inadmissibility nonfinal. See 

Matter of W-Y-U-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 17, 17 (B.I.A. 2017) (explaining that neither a continuance nor administrative closure constitutes a final order); see 

also Vahora v. Holder, 626 F.3d 907, 914–15 (7th Cir. 2010). A noncitizen on 

the U visa waiting list can be granted a U visa only if he still remains admissible. 8 C.F.R. § 214.14(d)(2). A nonfinal waiver of admissibility might 

jeopardize Meza Morales’s pending U visa application—a risk that he may 

not want to take while he enjoys deferred action. Although we note the 

potential pitfalls of a nonfinal waiver of inadmissibility, we express no 

view on whether the government might be precluded from contesting the 

waiver on the basis of forfeiture, waiver, estoppel, or some other ground.

4 Meza Morales originally asked that his case be continued until 

USCIS could adjudicate his U visa petition. USCIS has since favorably adjudicated the U visa petition, but this claim is still live because on remand 

the immigration judge could continue the case until Meza Morales secures

the visa. Cf. Qureshi v. Gonzales, 442 F.3d 985, 988 (7th Cir. 2006) (deeming 

a case to be mooted in the converse scenario, when the collateral petition 

was adjudicated unfavorably and no basis for a continuance remained). 
14 No. 19-1999

claim to the Board to allow it to consider two relevant new 

opinions. After the Board rendered its decision in this case, it

issued a precedential opinion in Matter of Mayen, 27 

I. & N. Dec. 755 (B.I.A. 2020), clarifying the application of the 

factors in Sanchez Sosa. A few months later, our court issued a 

decision in Guerra Rocha v. Barr, 951 F.3d 848, 853 (7th Cir. 

2020), in which we emphasized that prima facie eligibility for 

a U visa was the most important factor to consider in deciding 

whether to grant a continuance. The government asks that we 

grant Meza Morales’s petition for review as to the continuance to allow the Board to apply those new precedents for the 

first time. Meza Morales does not object. We agree that the 

Board should be given the opportunity to apply Mayen and 

Guerra Rocha in the first instance. We grant the petition for review and remand to the Board to reconsider whether another 

continuance was in fact an inappropriate alternative to a removal order.

C.

Meza Morales has a final objection to the Board’s decision. 

In his removal proceedings, he had alternatively urged the 

immigration judge to administratively close his case rather 

than order removal. Administrative closure is a procedural 

device that temporarily takes a removal case off of an immigration judge’s calendar, preventing it from moving forward. 

Vahora v. Holder, 626 F.3d 907, 914 (7th Cir. 2010). Until recently, immigration judges used the procedural tool of administrative closure for a variety of reasons, including to permit a noncitizen to pursue alternative relief—such as a U 

visa—from USCIS. The use of administrative closure was 

blessed and clarified in Matter of Avetisyan, 25 I. & N. Dec. 688 

(B.I.A. 2012), and Matter of W-Y-U-, 27 I. & N. Dec. 17 (B.I.A. 
No. 19-1999 15

2017). But in Matter of Castro-Tum, the Attorney General employed administrative adjudication to overrule Avetisyan and 

hold that immigration judges and the Board lack the authority 

to administratively close cases “except where a previous regulation or settlement agreement has expressly conferred it.”

27 I. & N. Dec. 271, 283 (Att’y Gen. 2018). The immigration 

judge in this case held that he was bound by Castro-Tum to 

reject Meza Morales’s request for administrative closure, and 

the Board affirmed that conclusion.

We typically review the denial of administrative closure 

for abuse of discretion. Vahora, 626 F.3d at 919. Here, though, 

Meza Morales challenges the legal conclusion that administrative closure is disallowed, not the discretionary decision to 

deny closure. Abuse of discretion is therefore not the appropriate standard of review in this case. Although the Board’s 

decision in Meza Morales’s case was unpublished and nonprecedential, the Board and the immigration judge based 

their rulings on Castro-Tum, a precedential opinion authored 

by the Attorney General. It is therefore the legal interpretation 

in Castro-Tum that we review for error. See Arobelidze v. Holder, 

653 F.3d 513, 519 (7th Cir. 2011).

Castro-Tum holds that no statute or regulation gives immigration judges the general power to administratively close 

cases. Meza Morales argues that Castro-Tum is an erroneous 

interpretation of the immigration regulations, which he contends do grant that power to immigration judges. The government responds that Castro-Tum correctly interprets the clear 

text of the regulations; in the alternative, it argues that CastroTum is a reasonable interpretation of the regulatory language 

and is therefore entitled to deference under Auer v. Robbins, 
16 No. 19-1999

519 U.S. 452 (1997).5 Auer only applies, however, to agency 

interpretations of genuinely ambiguous regulations—and the 

Supreme Court has recently warned us not to leap too quickly 

to the conclusion that a rule is ambiguous. Kisor v. Wilkie, 139 

S. Ct. 2400, 2415 (2019) (“A court cannot wave the ambiguity 

flag just because it found the regulation impenetrable on first 

read.”). We can defer only if careful application of the “traditional tools of construction” yields no definitive answer. Id.

With the Court’s admonition in mind, we turn to the regulatory scheme that Castro-Tum interprets.

As Castro-Tum points out, no statute or regulation explicitly confers upon immigration judges a general power of administrative closure. The more difficult question is whether 

any of the immigration regulations that grant immigration 

judges their general powers is broad enough to implicitly encompass that authority. Castro-Tum analyzes and dismisses a 

few regulatory provisions that could arguably encompass a 

general administrative-closure power. The most salient is 8 

C.F.R. § 1003.10(b), which explains, “In deciding the individual cases before them, ... immigration judges shall exercise 

their independent judgment and discretion and may take any 

action consistent with their authorities under the Act and regulations that is appropriate and necessary for the disposition 

5 The government also invokes Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources 

Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), the deference regime applicable 

to agency interpretations of statutes. But Meza Morales does not argue 

that the Attorney General exceeded his statutory authority, which broadly 

covers the administration of immigration laws. 8 U.S.C. § 1103(a)(1). Instead, Meza Morales contends that Castro-Tum misinterprets the Attorney 

General’s own regulations. As such, Auer deference, which applies to 

agency interpretations of their own regulations, is the potentially relevant 

deference doctrine.
No. 19-1999 17

of such cases” (emphasis added). The provision goes on to 

provide a list—which does not purport to be exhaustive—of 

some of an immigration judge’s powers, such as the power to 

receive evidence. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b). It concludes that immigration judges shall resolve their cases in a “timely and impartial manner.” Id.

Castro-Tum parses 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b) and concludes that 

it does not grant immigration judges the power to administratively close cases. It contends that closure cannot be “appropriate and necessary” to the “disposition” of cases since 

closure is a suspension that delays the final resolution of a 

case. 27 I. & N. Dec. at 285. And it reasons that a general power 

to administratively close cases would conflict with the regulation’s requirement that immigration judges “timely” resolve their cases.

We disagree. On its face, 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b) grants immigration judges broad authority. It permits the discretionary 

exercise of “any action” that is “appropriate and necessary for 

the disposition of ... cases.” Administrative closure is plainly 

an “action.” And “appropriate and necessary” is a capacious 

phrase. See Michigan v. EPA, 135 S. Ct. 2699, 2707 (2015). Unsurprisingly, then, an immigration judge might sometimes 

conclude, in exercising the discretion granted by 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1003.10, that it is appropriate and necessary to dispose of a 

case through administrative closure. For example, in cases in 

which two coordinate offices in the executive branch are simultaneously adjudicating collateral applications, closing one 

proceeding might help advance a case toward resolution. See 

Romero v. Barr, 937 F.3d 282, 293 (4th Cir. 2019) (characterizing 

the facts underlying Avetisyan as presenting such a situation); 

see also Matter of Hashmi, 24 I. & N. Dec. 785, 791 n.4 (B.I.A. 
18 No. 19-1999

2009) (encouraging administrative closure in appropriate circumstances). Moreover, cases must be disposed of fairly, and 

granting a noncitizen the opportunity to pursue relief to 

which she is entitled may be appropriate and necessary for a 

fair disposition. See Vahora, 626 F.3d at 918.

Further, the regulation’s requirement that cases be resolved in “timely” fashion does not foreclose administrative 

closure. For one thing, “timeliness” is not a hard and fast 

deadline; some cases are more complex and simply take 

longer to resolve. Thus, not all mechanisms that lengthen the 

proceedings of a case prevent “timely” resolution. That is presumably why nobody appears to think that continuances conflict with the regulation’s timeliness requirement. See Memorandum 15-01 from Brian M. O’Leary, Chief Immigration 

Judge, to All Immigration Judges 3 (Apr. 6, 2015). And while 

Castro-Tum tries to draw reinforcement from the general policy of expeditiousness underlying immigration law, that policy doesn’t justify departure from the plain text of the rule. 

Immigration laws and regulations, like all laws and regulations, are the product of compromise over competing policy 

goals. Expeditiousness may be one such goal, but it is not the 

only goal. In our view, the text supports Meza Morales’s reading. 

Castro-Tum insists, though, that interpreting 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1003.10(b) to mean what it says would render other regulatory provisions superfluous. For example, a separate provision of the regulations explicitly grants immigration judges 

the power to continue cases. 8 C.F.R. § 1003.29. One might 

think that the existence of a specific continuance provision 

suggests that the general grant of authority in 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1003.10(b) does not implicitly encompass the power to grant 
No. 19-1999 19

continuances. Castro-Tum, 27 I. & N. Dec. at 289 (“[I]f immigration judges already possessed such authority, there would 

have been little point in expressly empowering immigration 

judges to grant continuances.”). And if the general authority 

provision does not confer the power to grant continuances, it 

wouldn’t implicitly grant the power to administratively close 

cases either. Id. But in fact, the specific continuance provision 

at 8 C.F.R. § 1003.29 is not redundant of 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b)’s 

broad grant. Castro-Tum does not acknowledge that 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1003.29 does more than grant immigration judges the authority to continue cases—that regulation also specifies that 

good cause is the standard for granting continuances. Thus, 

the specific continuance provision doesn’t give us reason to 

doubt the breadth of 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b). 

Nor do the regulations that explicitly mention administrative closure render 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b) superfluous. Several 

provisions direct immigration judges to administratively 

close certain cases. E.g., 8 C.F.R. § 1245.13(d)(3)(i) (mandating 

administrative closure in certain cases involving Nicaraguan 

and Cuban nationals); id. § 1245.15(p)(4)(i) (same for certain 

cases involving Haitian nationals); id. § 1214.3 (same for certain cases involving applicants for V nonimmigrant status). 

Castro-Tum claims that “[t]hese instances of limited, express 

authorization reinforce the conclusion that no broad delegation of authority exists.” 27 I. & N. Dec. at 288. We don’t see 

why. These provisions mandate administrative closure in 

specific circumstances with “shall” language, while 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1003.10(b) uses “may” language to grant immigration 

judges the general power to use administrative closure where 

appropriate. If anything, the directives in these other provisions that immigration judges “shall” administratively close 

certain cases imply a preexisting general authority to do so.
20 No. 19-1999

Castro-Tum places particular emphasis on the potential superfluity of a regulation providing that immigration judges 

“may” administratively close certain cases involving a pending application for a T visa—a visa for certain victims of human trafficking. 8 C.F.R. § 1214.2(a). What would be the point 

of such a specific regulation, the opinion posits, if the broader 

regulation at 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b) already conferred a general 

authority to administratively close cases? To answer this 

question, we first note that when 8 C.F.R. § 1214.2(a) was 

promulgated in 2003, Board precedent already permitted immigration judges to administratively close cases if both parties agreed to the closure. See Matter of Gutierrez, 21 I. & N. 

Dec. 479, 480 (B.I.A. 1996). Against that backdrop, it makes 

little sense to read the regulation as implicitly assuming that 

administrative closure is disallowed in other circumstances. 

Instead, 8 C.F.R. § 1214.2(a) appears to identify a particular 

class of cases—those involving T visas—in which administrative closure is especially appropriate. The specific regulation 

makes another contribution, too. It also provides for the automatic termination of the closed proceeding if the T visa is 

granted and for automatic reinstatement if it is denied. Id.

Neither consequence would otherwise automatically flow 

from USCIS’s disposition of the application. So 8 C.F.R. 

§ 1214.2(a) would not be mere surplusage under a plainmeaning reading of 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b).

In sum, Castro-Tum’s interpretive arguments fail to convince us that administrative closure is not plainly within an 

immigration judge’s authority to take “any action” that is “appropriate and necessary for the disposition of ... cases.” 8 
No. 19-1999 21

C.F.R. § 1003.10(b).6 See Romero, 937 F.3d at 297 (reaching the 

same conclusion). Because the regulation gives a “single right 

answer,” Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2415, Auer deference is unwarranted.7 The Attorney General may amend these rules 

through the proper procedures. But he may not, “under the 

guise of interpreting a regulation, ... create de facto a new regulation” that contradicts the one in place. Christensen v. Harris 

County, 529 U.S. 576, 588 (2000). We therefore reject CastroTum and hold that immigration judges are not precluded 

from administratively closing cases when appropriate.

* * *

The petition for review is GRANTED. If Meza Morales 

continues to pursue these forms of relief, the Board should reconsider on remand whether a continuance was appropriate 

6 Because we conclude that 8 C.F.R. § 1003.10(b) grants immigration 

judges the power to administratively close cases, we need not reach the 

other potential regulatory sources of that authority that Castro-Tum also 

considered and dismissed. See, e.g., 8 C.F.R. §§ 1003.1(d)(ii), 1240.1(a)(1), 

(c). Nor do we need to consider the argument rejected by Castro-Tum that 

immigration judges have a general administrative-closure power based on 

their inherent adjudicatory authority.

7 We note that deference might not be warranted at this stage even if 

we had found the regulation ambiguous. Castro-Tum is written as a clarification of the meaning of regulatory language that is thorny but not ambiguous. Courts tend to be skeptical of requests for deference made by an 

agency during litigation if the agency failed to acknowledge any ambiguity while exercising its delegated authority. See, e.g., Peter Pan Bus Lines, 

Inc. v. Fed. Motor Carrier Safety Admin., 471 F.3d 1350, 1354 (D.C. Cir. 2006) 

(finding a rule ambiguous but rejecting the agency’s request for Chevron

deference since the rule had assumed that the statute was unambiguous); 

see also Kisor, 139 S. Ct. at 2417 (“[A] court should decline to defer to a 

merely ‘convenient litigating position’ or ‘post hoc rationalizatio[n] advanced’ to ‘defend past agency action against attack.’” (citation omitted)).
22 No. 19-1999

in light of new opinions in Matter of Mayen and Guerra Rocha 

v. Barr. It should also reconsider whether to administratively

close the case.