[Cite as State v. Owens, 2018-Ohio-4884.]

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 MONTGOMERY COUNTY 

STATE OF OHIO 

Plaintiff-Appellee 

v. 

RICHARD OWENS 

Defendant-Appellant 

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Appellate Case No. 27827 

Trial Court Case No. 2017-CR-2112 

(Criminal Appeal from 

Common Pleas Court) 

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O P I N I O N 

Rendered on the 7th day of December, 2018. 

. . . . . . . . . . . 

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR. by SARAH E. HUTNIK, Atty. Reg. No. 0095900, Montgomery 

County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division, 301 W. Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, 

Ohio 45422 

Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee 

 

MICHAEL MILLS, Atty. Reg. No. 0092133, 371 W. First Street, 2nd Floor, Dayton, Ohio 

45402 

 Attorney for Defendant-Appellant 

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DONOVAN, J. 

{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant Richard Owens appeals his conviction for one count of 

robbery (use of force), in violation of R.C. 2911.02(A)(3), a felony of the third degree; one 

count of breaking and entering (unoccupied structure), in violation of R.C. 2911.13(A), a 

felony of the fifth degree; and one count of assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.13(A), a 

misdemeanor of the first degree. Owens filed a timely notice of appeal with this Court 

on December 5, 2017. 

{¶ 2} The record establishes that on June 28, 2017, Douglas Weng was at home 

alone at his farm located in Harrison Township, Montgomery County, Ohio. Weng 

testified that at approximately 12:00 p.m., he heard his dog begin barking just outside the 

house. Weng testified that he also heard a man yelling. Weng looked outside and 

observed a shirtless man wearing tan shorts who had a tattoo on his neck. Weng 

testified that he went outside to confront the man, later identified as Owens, who was 

yelling that “they’re shooting at me” and “[t]hey want to kill me.” Weng testified that 

Owens was sweating profusely and appeared disoriented. 

{¶ 3} At this point, Weng ordered Owens to leave the property. Weng testified 

that he walked back through his house and exited the front door. From his new vantage 

point, Weng observed Owens walk toward the back side of the house and attempt to wrap 

himself in some shrubbery located there. Weng testified that he then observed Owens 

come out of the shrubbery and attempt to run across the street, whereupon he was hit by 

a car. Paramedics and police arrived shortly thereafter, but Owens refused treatment 

and left the scene. Owens provided the police with his name before he left. After 

leaving the scene, Owens, who admitted to having used methamphetamine that day, 
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testified that he walked to a nearby automobile detailing shop and called his mother to 

pick him up. Owens testified that his mother, Shirley Owens, arrived shortly thereafter, 

picked him up, and took him home. Owens testified that he and his three children from 

a previous relationship lived with his mother and father at their home in Harrison 

Township. 

{¶ 4} Weng testified that, a day later on June 29, 2017, he was at home with his 

girlfriend, Cynthia Bowman. Bowman, who was in the backyard washing her dog, 

testified that she alerted Weng that she believed someone was in the barn on the 

property. Weng testified that he immediately grabbed a shovel and ran to the barn. 

Once he reached the barn, Weng testified that he recognized Owens, the man from the 

incident the previous day. Weng testified that Owens was standing in the barn holding 

a milk jug and an assortment of washing machine hoses. At that point, Owens ran out 

of the barn and around a large pit in the backyard, where he picked up a heavy metal 

plate. Owens threw the plate at Weng, striking him in the arm. Weng continued to 

chase Owens to the front area of the house. Once there, Owens picked up a pair of 

hedge trimmers and threw them at Weng, striking him in the leg. Weng testified that 

Owens then ran through a neighbor’s yard and left the scene. 

{¶ 5} Significantly, we note that Weng identified Owens as being the same man 

located on his property on both June 28 and June 29, 2017. Bowman also positively 

identified Owens as the man she observed on Weng’s property on June 29, 2017. 

Bowman also testified that on June 29, 2017, Owens was not wearing a shirt, and she 

observed a tattoo on his neck. 

{¶ 6} Shortly after the second incident at Weng’s property, Brandy Coffman was 
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riding his motorcycle on a nearby roadway. As he slowed down to avoid potholes in the 

road, Coffman testified that he observed a man walking on the side of the road. As 

Coffman watched, the man ran to the other side of the road and went into the woods. 

When Coffman passed by the area where the man ran into the woods, the same individual 

stepped out from behind a tree and threw a rock or a bottle at Coffman. The object struck 

the motorcycle’s windshield and shattered it. The broken windshield cut Coffman along 

the side of his head and on his hands. Coffman immediately stopped the motorcycle and 

yelled at the man, but he ran away. At trial, Coffman testified that the man was shirtless 

and sweating profusely. At trial, Coffman positively identified Owens as the man who 

threw the object at his motorcycle on June 29, 2017. After the incident, Coffman called 

911 and then drove over to Weng’s property, where he observed that the police and 

paramedics had already arrived. Once there, Coffman received treatment for his injuries 

and made a statement to police. 

{¶ 7} On July 24, 2017, Owens was indicted for one count of robbery (use of force), 

one count of breaking and entering (unoccupied structure), and one count of assault. At 

his arraignment on July 27, 2017, Owens stood mute, and the trial court entered a plea 

of not guilty on his behalf. Furthermore, the trial court set bail at $10,000. On August 

14, 2017, Owens filed a motion for reconsideration of bail; the trial court denied the motion 

in an entry issued on August 18, 2017. Owens filed another motion for reconsideration 

of bail on August 21, 2017. On September 5, 2017, the trial court granted the motion for 

reconsideration of bail. Owens was released on a conditional own recognizance (COR) 

bond, but he was confined to his parents’ house on electronic home detention (EHDP). 

{¶ 8} We note that the record establishes that Owens received discovery from the 
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State on August 7, 2017. Accordingly, Owens had a duty to provide reciprocal discovery 

to the State pursuant to Crim.R. 16. 

{¶ 9} A jury trial was held in this matter on October 5 and October 6, 2017, and 

Owens was found guilty as charged in the indictment. The trial court ordered a 

presentence investigation (PSI) and scheduled the matter for sentencing. On November 

6, 2017, Owens was sentenced as follows: Count I, robbery – 18 months in prison; Count 

II, breaking and entering – ten months in prison; and Count III, assault – 180 days in jail. 

The trial court ordered the sentences to be served concurrently for an aggregate prison 

sentence of 18 months of imprisonment. 

{¶ 10} It is from this judgment that Owens now appeals. 

{¶ 11} Owens’s first assignment of error is as follows: 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT ALLOWING THE DEFENDANTAPPELLANT TO PRESENT EVIDENCE OF HIS TATTOOS AT TRIAL. 

{¶ 12} In his first assignment, Owens contends that the trial court erred when it 

prohibited him from presenting evidence regarding the additional tattoos on his body. 

First, Owens argues that, because he never filed a discovery request, his reciprocal 

discovery obligation was never triggered. Thus, Owens argues that he had no obligation 

under Crim.R. 16 to disclose the number and location of the tattoos he has on his body. 

Furthermore, Owens argues that even if he had a reciprocal discovery obligation, tattoos 

are identifying features and therefore not subject to discovery pursuant to Crim.R. 16. 

{¶ 13} As previously stated, Bowman testified that the man she observed on 

Weng’s property on June 29, 2017, had short brownish gray hair, was wearing tan shorts, 

had no shirt on, and had a tattoo on his neck. On cross-examination, Bowman testified 
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that, although the man was running very fast when she observed him, she believed that 

he had a tattoo of writing on his neck. At this point, Owens’s counsel asked the trial court 

for permission to allow Owens to untie his necktie and unbutton his collar in order to show 

Bowman his neck. When she was questioned after the demonstration, Bowman testified 

that she could only recall seeing two script tattoos on Owens’s neck on the day of the 

incident. Bowman also testified that the tattoo she viewed on Owens’s neck at trial was 

not exactly how she remembered it from the day of the incident. Bowman testified that 

she recalled that the script tattoo on Owens’s neck began with a cursive “F.” Weng also 

testified that the script tattoo on Owens’s neck began with a cursive “F.” When 

questioned as to whether she recalled seeing any other tattoos anywhere else on 

Owens’s body, Bowman testified that she had not. 

{¶ 14} Thereafter, the following exchange occurred between defense counsel, the 

prosecutor, and the trial court at sidebar: 

Defense Counsel: I just wanted to make you aware of it before I do 

it, but I’m going to have the Defendant take off his shirt like the day in 

question because – to show, you know, what he looked like on the day in 

question. Because everybody says that he didn’t have a shirt on. 

The Court: Right now? 

Defense Counsel: Yeah. Because I don’t have a photo. 

The Court: (Indiscernible). 

Defense Counsel: Yeah, it is when you see his body. There’s no 

way they could’ve seen him. He’s covered in tattoos. 

The Court: Oh, you see – 
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Defense Counsel: We’ve had two witnesses now testify that they 

have seen him on two occasions, and now this lady [Bowman] here has fine 

vision and she says that there were no other tattoos. 

The State: I thought she said she hadn’t seen any other. 

Defense Counsel: Correct. 

The State: That she wasn’t exposed to that. 

Defense Counsel: Correct. 

The State: That she testified she didn’t notice any other tattoos 

because he was running and he was running so fast. 

Defense Counsel: Uh-huh. 

The State: Second, this is the first I’ve ever heard this. We’ve had 

absolutely no notice of this. We have no photograph of his back. If I’m 

going to – 

Defense Counsel: You know we are talking about the tattoos 

(indiscernible). 

The State: If I am going to come to trial and use a gun in evidence, I 

have to show her the gun, I have to tell her about it, she has to see it. There 

has to be some notice. We have – this is the very first time I’m hearing 

this. 

The Court: We don’t know – right now we have no foundation that he 

covered himself up two weeks ago with tattoos. 

Defense Counsel: (Indiscernible). 

The Court: So – 
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Defense Counsel: (Indiscernible). She – he has one on the back of 

his neck and now it’s – 

The Court: I understand if we did discuss this at pre-trial, but just I 

don’t think there’s sufficient foundation otherwise. 

Defense Counsel: I – I mean, we don’t have (indiscernible) and I will 

have another witness testify that there’s – the guy had no tattoos. 

The State: Well, we don’t that the next witness is testifying to it, but 

– 

Defense Counsel: Well, yeah, (indiscernible). 

* * * 

The Court: So then why didn’t you tell them, well, I’m going to show 

them a picture – 

Defense Counsel: Actually, I was going to do the picture. 

The Court: -- or – 

Defense Counsel: I was going to have a picture of him. 

The Court: -- I’m going to ask – 

Defense Counsel: But we’d never know. 

The Court: (Indiscernible). 

Defense Counsel: We know (indiscernible) that, you know, he said 

that there were a number of tattoos, but you never know (indiscernible). 

We don’t know the story. So I have a (indiscernible) to say he had tattoos. 

But there’s no way that you can see the – like some – from what she said, 

from three feet away. I mean, he’s covered. 
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The Court: Sustained. 

Defense Counsel: He has them on his legs too. 

The Court: Sustain the objection. 

Defense Counsel: All right. 

The Court: (Indiscernible). 

Defense Counsel: All right. Well, (indiscernible) that means 

tomorrow I’ll have to do it before closing. 

The State: No, Your Honor. Objection. Defense counsel has had 

notice about what these witnesses were going to testify to since they 

received the police report, and at least since the preliminary hearing on, I 

believe it was in early June or something like that, since early June there’s 

been discussion about the neck tattoos, and that was fine. We didn’t object 

when she questioned him on that, but one day is completely insufficient 

notice. 

The Court: Sustained. 

Defense Counsel: But we knew that there was – remember we [sic] 

talking about this as far as John Plummer1 (indiscernible) because he 

doesn’t have any tattoos besides the one on his neck. And I said he’s – 

The State: (Indiscernible). 

Defense Counsel: -- covered in tattoos. 

The State: This is trial by surprise. 

 

1 John Plummer is an individual with a neck tattoo who also lives in the Harrison Township 

area. Plummer’s booking photograph was not admitted into evidence at trial. 
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The Court: Sustained. 

Tr. 235-238. 

{¶ 15} The admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court. 

See State v. Obermiller, 147 Ohio St.3d 175, 2016-Ohio-1594, 63 N.E.3d 93, ¶ 61. We 

will not disturb a trial court's ruling on evidentiary issues on appeal absent an abuse of 

discretion and proof of material prejudice. State v. McKelton, 148 Ohio St.3d 261, 2016-

Ohio-5735, 70 N.E.3d 508, ¶ 181; State v. Belton, 149 Ohio St.3d 165, 2016-Ohio-1581, 

74 N.E.3d 319, ¶ 116. An abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court's decision is 

“unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable.” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 

219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). 

{¶ 16} Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any 

fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less 

probable than it would be without the evidence.” Evid.R. 401. All relevant evidence is 

admissible unless its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair 

prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. McKelton at ¶ 144, citing Evid.R. 

402 and 403(A). 

{¶ 17} Courts have found evidence that a defendant has a particular tattoo to be 

relevant for various purposes. Tattoo evidence can be used to establish motive. State 

v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St.3d 14, 2006-Ohio-5084, 854 N.E.2d 1038, ¶ 75; State v. 

Jenkins, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 05CA7, 2006-Ohio-2546, ¶ 53. Tattoo evidence can 

also be used to rebut a defendant's statements. State v. Adams, 12th Dist. Butler No. 

CA2009-11-293, 2011-Ohio-536, ¶ 35; State v. Chisolm, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 

05CA008782, 2006-Ohio-5051, ¶ 22. Finally, as in the instant case, tattoo evidence may 
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be relevant to the identification of the defendant. McKelton at ¶ 195-196; State v. Doan, 

12th Dist. Clinton No. CA97-12-014, 2000 WL 221963, *14 (Feb. 28, 2000). 

{¶ 18} In United States v. Dionisio, 410 U.S. 1, 93 S.Ct. 764, 35 L.Ed.2d 67 (1973), 

the Supreme Court upheld grand jury subpoenas ordering twenty persons to appear for 

voice recordings. The grand jury sought the recordings to compare with recordings of 

unknown voices obtained through legal wiretaps. The court held that neither the order 

to appear nor the order to provide voice recordings constituted a search or seizure within 

the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. The court held that an individual has no 

reasonable expectation of privacy in the sound of his voice. Id. at *13-14. “The physical 

characteristics of a person's voice, its tone and manner, as opposed to the content of a 

specific conversation, are constantly exposed to the public. Like a man's facial 

characteristics, or handwriting, his voice is repeatedly produced for others to hear. No 

person can have a reasonable expectation that others will not know the sound of his 

voice, any more than he can reasonably expect that his face will be a mystery to the 

world.” Id. at *14. Thus, if a defendant has no reasonable expectation of privacy for 

certain identifying characteristics, then that same defendant has no obligation to disclose 

those same characteristics to the State during discovery. 

{¶ 19} Upon review, we conclude that the trial court erred when it prohibited 

defense counsel from introducing evidence of Owens’s additional tattoos on the basis of 

a discovery violation. Owens testified that he had approximately 26 tattoos located on 

his neck, arms, and legs. Owens’s tattoos were not subject to discovery pursuant to 

Crim.R. 16. Rather, Owens’s tattoos were equivalent to other identifying features such 

as height, weight, eye color, hair color, and skin color. The State ostensibly had the 
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opportunity to photograph Owens while he was in custody pursuant to standard booking 

procedures, and there was no evidence that defense counsel withheld or even possessed 

any photographs of Owens’s tattoos, when she requested permission to allow Owens to 

remove his shirt. 

{¶ 20} At trial, Owens presented an alibi defense. Specifically, he adduced 

evidence, in the form of his own testimony and his mother’s testimony, that he was 

bedridden at his parents’ residence on June 29, 2017, and did not leave the residence at 

any point during that day. Thus, Owens argued that he could not have been the man 

who robbed Weng and attacked him and Coffman. Weng and Bowman testified that the 

only tattoo they observed on Owens was located on his neck. Coffman testified that he 

did not recall Owens having any tattoos on his body. Therefore, the fact that Owens 

purportedly had approximately 26 tattoos all over various areas of his body was relevant 

to the witness identification of him as the perpetrator of the instant offenses. 

{¶ 21} Having found error in the trial court’s decision to prohibit Owens from 

introducing demonstrative evidence of his additional tattoos, we must determine whether 

said decision excluding potential impeachment evidence constituted harmless error. 

{¶ 22} “[E]rror is harmless unless the substantial rights of a defendant have been 

affected.” State v. Harding, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20801, 2006-Ohio-481, ¶ 24. The 

Ohio Supreme Court has recently set forth the following criteria for determining whether 

an error in the admission of evidence affected the defendant's substantial rights: 

First, it must be determined whether the defendant was prejudiced by the 

error, i.e., whether the error had an impact on the verdict. [State v. Morris, 

141 Ohio St.3d 399, 2014-Ohio-5052, 24 N.E.3d 1153,] at ¶ 25 and 27. 
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Second, it must be determined whether the error was not harmless beyond 

a reasonable doubt. Id. at ¶ 28. Lastly, once the prejudicial evidence is 

excised, the remaining evidence is weighed to determine whether it 

establishes the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at ¶ 29, ¶ 

33. 

State v. Harris, 142 Ohio St.3d 211, 2015-Ohio-166, 28 N.E.3d 1256, ¶ 37. 

{¶ 23} After thoroughly reviewing the entire record, we find that the trial court’s 

decision to prohibit defense counsel from introducing demonstrative evidence of Owens’s 

additional tattoos was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Initially, we note that Weng, 

Bowman, and Coffman all identified Owens as having short brownish, blond, gray hair, 

no shirt, and wearing tan shorts. While Weng and Bowman, but not Coffman, testified 

that Owens had a neck tattoo, the record establishes that their identification testimony 

was consistent with one another. 

{¶ 24} We note that both Weng and Bowman testified that Owens’s neck tattoo 

consisted of script. Weng and Bowman also testified that the script of the tattoo on 

Owens’s neck began with a cursive “F.” Evidence was adduced at trial which established 

that Owens did in fact have a neck tattoo in cursive script which began with an “F.” In 

fact Owens testified himself to this fact. While Coffman testified that he did not observe 

any tattoos on Owens’s body, the windshield on Coffman’s motorcycle had just been 

shattered, and he was still in motion. Coffman testified that by the time he was able to 

stop the motorcycle and turn around, Owens had fled into the woods. Nevertheless, 

Coffman was still able to provide a description of the perpetrator that was consistent with 

the description provided by Weng and Bowman. Coffman also testified that the man who 
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threw the object at him had a goatee. This is consistent with Owens’s mugshot in which 

he had a goatee. Defendant’s Ex. A. 

{¶ 25} Significantly, Weng was able to observe Owens on both June 28 and June 

29, 2017. Weng identified Owens by his facial features and testified that he was positive 

that Owens was the same man that came to his house on both days. Additionally, 

Owens admitted during his testimony that he was present on Weng’s property on June 

28, 2017. Owens testified that he had attempted to purchase methamphetamine from 

his drug dealer in the late morning of June 28, 2017. Owens testified that his drug dealer 

began shooting at him, and he fled through a field eventually ending up on Weng’s 

property. Upon being ordered off the property by Weng, Owens testified that he ran into 

the street and was struck by an SUV. We also note that the defendant provided the 

police with the name Richard Owens III after being hit by a car on June 28, 2017. Shirley 

Owens testified that she drove to a local car detail shop and picked up Owens after he 

was struck by the vehicle near Weng’s house. 

{¶ 26} Weng testified that the direction that Owens had entered his property on 

June 28, 2017, led to an area on Birch Drive in Harrison Township called Eldorado Plat. 

Weng testified that Eldorado Plat is known in Harrison Township for its illegal drug activity. 

Owens’s testified that his drug dealer operated out of some type of shop located on Birch 

Avenue in Harrison Township. Given Owens’s testimony that he was buying drugs 

earlier that day, the jury could have reasonably inferred that Owens came from the 

direction of Eldorado Plat when he entered Weng’s property on June 28, 2017. 

Furthermore, Owens testified that he generally used methamphetamine approximately 

every eight hours. Eldorado Plat is near Weng’s property. It would not have been 
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unreasonable for the jury to conclude that Owens was likely buying drugs at Eldorado 

Plat on June 29, 2017, when he returned to Weng’s nearby property. A second reason 

for Owens to be back in the area was that his girlfriend was “staying” with his drug dealer. 

All of the eyewitnesses were able to positively identify Owens at trial as the man they 

observed committing the instant offenses on June 29, 2017. 

{¶ 27} Lastly, we note that, although Owens was not permitted to remove his shirt 

in the courtroom or present photographs of his tattoos, he was still able to present some 

evidence regarding all of his tattoos. Owens testified that he had a tattoo on his neck 

that said “always forever Deanna Tara.” This is consistent with Bowman and Weng 

describing the neck tattoo as some type of script with a cursive “F.” Owens also testified 

that he has two tattoos on his legs. Owens testified that, in total, he had approximately 

26 tattoos located on his neck, arms, and legs, and acknowledged adding another tattoo 

on his arm approximately six months before his trial began.2 Furthermore, defense 

counsel argued in closing arguments that Weng, Bowman, and Coffmann all testified that 

the man who committed the offenses on June 29, 2017, did not have any body tattoos. 

This argument was not objected to by the State, although two of the eyewitnesses did not 

assert that no body tattoos existed, just that they did not notice any beyond the neck 

tattoo. Defense counsel then argued to the jury that because Owens has 26 tattoos, he 

could not have been the perpetrator. In light of the significant eyewitness evidence of 

Owens’s guilt, coupled with Owens’s own admissions regarding his conduct on June 28, 

2017, we find that the trial court’s erroneous decision to prohibit defense counsel from 

 

2 Notably, Owens did not offer any testimony regarding whether any of the 26 tattoos that 

he had were located on his chest and/or back. 
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introducing evidence of Owens’s additional tattoos was harmless beyond a reasonable 

doubt. 

{¶ 28} Owens’s first assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶ 29} Owens’s second and final assignment of error is as follows: 

THE DEFENDANT-APPELLANT WAS SUBJECT TO INEFFECTIVE 

ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL AS GUARANTEED UNDER THE SIXTH 

AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS. 

{¶ 30} In his final assignment, Owens argues that his trial counsel was ineffective 

for: 1) failing to provide the State with reciprocal discovery including evidence of all of 

Owens’s tattoos; or 2) failing to request a less severe sanction other than exclusion of 

evidence of Owens’s additional tattoos. In light of our disposition with respect to 

Owens’s first assignment of error, we need not address his argument regarding reciprocal 

discovery, but we will address the merits of his less-severe-sanction argument. 

{¶ 31} “We review the alleged instances of ineffective assistance of trial counsel 

under the two prong analysis set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 

S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), and adopted by the Supreme Court of Ohio in State 

v. Bradley (1989), 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373. Pursuant to those cases, trial 

counsel is entitled to a strong presumption that his or her conduct falls within the wide 

range of reasonable assistance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. To reverse a conviction 

based on ineffective assistance of counsel, it must be demonstrated that trial counsel's 

conduct fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that his errors were 

serious enough to create a reasonable probability that, but for the errors, the result of the 

trial would have been different. Id. Hindsight is not permitted to distort the assessment 
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of what was reasonable in light of counsel's perspective at the time, and a debatable 

decision concerning trial strategy cannot form the basis of a finding of ineffective 

assistance of counsel.” (Internal citation omitted). State v. Mitchell, 2d Dist. Montgomery 

No. 21957, 2008-Ohio-493, ¶ 31. 

{¶ 32} An appellant is not deprived of effective assistance of counsel when counsel 

chooses, for strategic reasons, not to pursue every possible trial tactic. State v. Brown, 

38 Ohio St.3d 305, 319, 528 N.E.2d 523 (1988). The test for a claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel is not whether counsel pursued every possible defense; the test is 

whether the defense chosen was objectively reasonable. Strickland v. Washington, 466 

U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). A reviewing court may not secondguess decisions of counsel which can be considered matters of trial strategy. State v. 

Smith, 17 Ohio St.3d 98, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). Debatable strategic and tactical 

decisions may not form the basis of a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, even if, 

in hindsight, it looks as if a better strategy had been available. State v. Cook, 65 Ohio 

St.3d 516, 524, 605 N.E.2d 70 (1992). 

{¶ 33} Upon review, we find no merit to Owens’s argument that his trial counsel 

was ineffective in failing to request a less severe sanction than exclusion of demonstrative 

evidence of Owens’s additional tattoos. Specifically, the record seems to suggest that, 

after being prohibited from asking Owens to take off his shirt during trial, defense counsel 

alluded to the use of photographs of all of Owens’s tattoos, which ostensibly could have 

been taken after the trial concluded for the day. Defense counsel then seemed to 

suggest that she would enter the photographs into evidence on the next day of trial. The 

State objected to any alternative display on the basis that such photographs were not 
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provided during discovery, and it therefore did not have sufficient notice. As previously 

discussed, the trial court sustained the State’s objection. 

{¶ 34} In our view, defense counsel’s attempt to potentially use photographs of 

Owens’s tattoos as evidence after being prohibited from asking Owens to take off his shirt 

during trial constituted a request for a less severe sanction. Additionally, defense 

counsel was able to elicit testimony from Owens regarding the number (approximately 

26) and location of his tattoos. Therefore, we conclude that ineffective assistance is not 

demonstrated. 

{¶ 35} Owens’s assignments of error having been overruled, the judgment of the 

trial court is affirmed. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

FROELICH, J. and TUCKER, J., concur. 

Copies sent to: 

Mathias H. Heck 

Sarah E. Hutnik 

Michael Mills 

Hon. Timothy N. O’Connell