Record of Decision

Submitted by:

Arizona Department of Transportation

Multimodal Planning Division

Submitted to:

U.S. Department of Transportation

Federal Railroad Administration 

ARIZONA PASSENGER RAIL CORRIDOR STUDY

December 2016

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-1

Record of Decision

ROD.1 Introduction to the Record of Decision

This is the Federal Railroad Administration’s (FRA) Record of Decision (ROD) for the Arizona 

Passenger Rail Corridor Study: Tucson to Phoenix (APRCS) conducted by the Arizona 

Department of Transportation (ADOT). FRA is an operating administration of the U.S. 

Department of Transportation and is the federal Lead Agency for the Tier 1 Environmental 

Impact Statement (EIS) conducted under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Federal 

cooperating agencies for the process are the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and Federal 

Highway Administration (FHWA).

FRA and ADOT used a tiered environmental process for the APRCS. Tiering is a phased 

environmental review process that is commonly used in the development of complex projects. 

With a tiered approach, the Tier 1 NEPA document evaluates impacts of a broad-scale project. 

Following a decision concluding the Tier 1 NEPA process, Tier 2 NEPA documents are developed 

to evaluate at a project level the environmental impacts within one or more specific logical 

sections or phases of a project, which will be developed through separate but related studies.

FRA approves the Yellow Corridor Alternative with routing options (Orange Alternative), as 

described below, for further review in Tier 2 studies for passenger rail service between Tucson 

and Phoenix, Arizona. The Yellow Corridor Alternative follows existing ADOT or Union Pacific 

Railroad (UP) right-of-way (ROW), including the UP Phoenix Subdivision’s Southeast Branch. A 

passenger rail facility within the selected corridor alternative will meet the identified 

transportation need of providing an alternative mode to help address existing and future travel 

demand in the Pima, Pinal, and Maricopa tri-county area.

In selecting the Yellow Corridor Alternative, FRA considered the information and analysis 

contained in the Draft Tier 1 EIS dated September 2015 and the Final Tier 1 EIS dated December

2016. FRA also considered comments from agencies, tribes, and the public received during the 

scoping process and the public comment period for the Draft Tier 1 EIS.

Routing options will be considered at Tier 2 to address stakeholder input. 

The Yellow Corridor Alternative follows existing ADOT and/or UP ROW including the UP Phoenix 

Subdivision’s Southeast Branch. FRA considers a passenger rail system within the Yellow 

Corridor Alternative more cost efficient and better performing than a passenger rail system 

within the Orange Corridor Alternative. 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-2

Routing options will be evaluated at Tier 2 through Tempe using a portion of the Orange 

Corridor Alternative to avoid or minimize the potential use of Section 4(f) resources and/or 

potential adverse effects to historic properties that are known to exist within the Yellow 

Corridor. There will also be optional routing evaluated at Tier 2 within Pinal County utilizing a 

portion of what was the Orange Corridor Alternative, should an alignment avoiding known 

cultural resources along the existing UP ROW or elsewhere within the 1-mile-wide corridor 

alternative not be feasible.

FRA prepared this Final EIS/ROD in accordance with the Council on Environmental Quality’s 

(CEQ) regulations implementing NEPA (40 CFR parts 1500–1508) and FRA’s Procedures for 

Considering Environmental Impacts (64 Federal Register (FR) 28545, May 26, 1999). Specifically, 

this ROD:

 provides background on the NEPA process leading to the publication of the Final Tier 1 

EIS, including a summary of public involvement and agency coordination; 

 states and reaffirms the study’s Purpose and Need;

 identifies the alternatives considered by FRA in making a decision at the Tier 1 level;

 identifies the Selected Corridor Alternative;

 summarizes the environmental benefits and adverse effects of constructing and 

operating a passenger rail facility within the Selected Corridor Alternative;

 summarizes the comments received on the Draft Tier 1 EIS;

 discusses the measures to minimize environmental harm, and the future evaluations 

required for Tier 2 studies; and

 presents the FRA decision, determination, and findings on the study and identifies and 

discusses the factors that were balanced by FRA in making its decision.

The APRCS builds on statewide and regional planning efforts and initiatives investigating 

alternative approaches to implementing passenger rail service between Tucson and Phoenix,

Arizona’s two largest cities. 

ROD.2 NEPA Process

The Tier 1 NEPA process for the APRCS began formally in October 2011 when FRA published the 

Notice of Intent to prepare an EIS. Milestones for the EIS are shown in Table ROD-1. 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-3

Table ROD-1. Milestones in the NEPA Process for the APRCS

Milestone Date

Notice of Intent published in the Federal Register October 6, 2011

Public Scoping Meetings October 7 through 

November 1, 2011

Public Scoping Comment Period October 6 through 

November 14, 2011

Agency Scoping Meeting October 11, 2011

Draft EIS (DEIS) Notice of Availability published in the Federal Register September 11, 2015

Public Hearings on the DEIS September 15, 16, and 

17, 2015

DEIS Comment Period September 11 through 

October 30, 2015

ROD/Final EIS (FEIS) Notice published in the Federal Register Winter 2016/2017

The Draft Tier 1 EIS presented: the purpose and need for a passenger rail facility between 

Tucson and Phoenix; the range of corridor alternatives and the alternatives screening for these 

corridors; the existing environmental setting; potential adverse and beneficial effects from 

construction and operation of a passenger rail facility; and potential measures to avoid, 

minimize, or mitigate potential adverse environmental effects.

ADOT and FRA developed a range of corridor alternatives with the goals of serving key 

population and activity centers, maximizing potential ridership, minimizing environmental 

impacts, and being cost effective. An iterative planning and outreach process identified 

potential routes which are documented in an Alternatives Analysis (AA) report published 

October 7, 2014 and found in the Alternatives Analysis Appendix. Each alternative route

underwent multidisciplinary consideration, leading to a set of corridor alternatives. FRA and 

ADOT examined two corridor alternatives, in addition to a No Build Alternative, in the Draft 

Tier 1 EIS. 

The Tier 1 EIS examined the potential impacts on the environment that could reasonably be 

anticipated from construction and operation of a future passenger rail system within two 

1-mile-wide corridor alternatives, as well as the effects of the No Build Alternative. The tiered 

analysis used existing, readily available data to establish baseline conditions, often reporting 

ranges of impacts that could prevail, without reference to a specific alignment or project. To 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-4

give the public a full view of the potential impacts of the alternatives, the EIS reported worstcase assessments in some cases.

The Final EIS and ROD identifies programmatic and policy-driven mitigation measures, including 

measures to avoid sensitive resources during project siting, comply with air and noise emission 

standards, commit to regulatory requirements such as the Uniform Relocation Assistance and 

Real Property Acquisition Policies Act, and implement Best Management Practices. More 

specific mitigation measures will be identified and refined during project-level analysis. This 

ROD identifies the general types of potential mitigation measures that ADOT and FRA will carry 

forward in Tier 2 analysis. If funds are available, a detailed analysis will take place and be 

reported in subsequent Tier 2 NEPA documents for the segments selected for advancement.

ROD.3 Purpose and Need

The purpose of implementing passenger rail transportation between Tucson and Phoenix is to 

help meet future travel demand in the Study Area (Pima, Pinal, and Maricopa counties). State and 

regional planning initiatives have recommended implementing passenger rail to add travel 

capacity to what is already offered by highways. Having an additional travel mode for the trip 

between Tucson and Phoenix could enhance highway safety and reduce air pollutant emissions

by removing automobiles from already congested highways. ADOT’s 2010 Statewide Rail 

Framework Study and subsequent State Rail Plan identify a passenger rail vision linking southern 

and northern Arizona. The APRCS is the first phase in the proposed implementation of the State 

Rail Plan, linking Arizona's largest metro areas of Tucson and Phoenix. Such a line could connect 

intermediate locations within the region and be the starting point for later rail connections to 

other regions of the Southwest and beyond.

The purpose of proposed passenger rail service in Arizona includes:

a) Providing transportation alternatives to the automobile and reduce the congestion 

growth rate

b) Increasing access to existing and planned employment and activity centers

c) Supporting reliable travel times and safe travel in an increasingly congested region that 

currently affords few transportation alternatives to the automobile

d) Connecting the suburban and rural areas between Tucson and Phoenix

e) Facilitating continued development of a comprehensive, multimodal, and 

interconnected regional and multi-regional transportation network that provides 

mobility choices for existing and future needs and allows connectivity to systems 

beyond the Tucson-Phoenix corridor
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-5

Need for Passenger Rail Service

The need for passenger rail service between Tucson and Phoenix is driven by increasing travel 

demand from population growth and changing demographics along the Study Corridor, as well 

as the need for alternative modes of travel. In recent decades, population and employment 

within the Study Area have increased. With only 17 percent of Arizona’s land in private 

ownership, most of the state’s developable land is located between the Tucson and Phoenix 

metropolitan areas and is projected to develop as a continuous urban corridor between these 

two cities. 

The need for proposed passenger rail service (see Final Tier 1 EIS Section 1.1) in Arizona 

includes:

 Need for Commuter Travel (see Final Tier 1 EIS Section 1.1.1)

 Need for Intercity Travel (see Final Tier 1 EIS Section 1.1.2)

 Need for Improved Connectivity within the Region and Beyond (see Final Tier 1 EIS 

Section 1.1.3)

ROD.4 Alternatives

The AA report, developed as part of the APRCS, documents the assessment of transportation 

opportunities that led to the selection of the corridor alternatives evaluated in the Draft Tier 1 

EIS. The AA identified all reasonable connections between Tucson and Phoenix and initially 

considered all available transportation modes. In keeping with the Purpose and Need, 

automobile travel was eliminated from further consideration because it is not projected to fully 

satisfy anticipated demand, and does not satisfy the identified need for this study. Expanding 

existing bus services was deemed to have the same limitations as autos and life cycle costs 

indicated a higher cost in operation and maintenance in the long term; consequently, this 

alternative was also eliminated from further consideration. FRA and ADOT determined that air 

travel was not competitive in terms of time or cost and could not effectively serve destinations 

between the Tucson and Phoenix hubs. This left passenger rail and dedicated bus rapid transit 

(BRT) as the primary modal choices to be refined through further analysis.

The potential alignment and routing options between Tucson and Phoenix were screened based 

on broad assessments of land use compatibility, effect on the environment, travel markets, and 

estimated cost. The Level 1 screening criteria established a tiered ranking of these performance 

measurements and included input from the public, agencies, and professionals with pertinent 

expertise. 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-6

Within the selected alternative, optional routings will be considered in Tier 2 studies as 

potential solutions to address stakeholder input based on a high-level viability assessment. A 

routing option through Tempe using a portion of the Orange Corridor Alternative could be used 

to avoid or minimize the potential use of Section 4(f) resources and/or potential adverse effects 

to historic properties. An optional routing in Pinal County could use a portion of what was the 

Orange Corridor Alternative should an alignment along existing UP ROW or elsewhere within 

the 1-mile-wide corridor alternative not be feasible.

Alternatives deemed most viable by the initial analysis served population centers between the 

Tucson and Phoenix hub locations with a relatively direct route (i.e., minimal or no reverse 

direction travel). The initial screening analysis showed that from over 150 possible route 

alternatives, seven conceptual alternatives were most effective in terms of service, travel time, 

generalized cost (based on distance), accessibility, stakeholder and public input, and potential 

environmental effects. All seven conceptual alternatives follow either existing transportation 

corridors or the planned North-South Corridor in Pinal County to allow opportunities for

construction on previously developed land. Figure ROD-1 shows existing railroads within the 

study corridor. The seven conceptual alternatives are briefly described below: 

 Blue – BRT alternative along I-10 in dedicated lanes. The BRT Alternative was eliminated 

during second-level screening as it did not meet the Purpose and Need, being subject to 

the same external factors on I-10 as automobile traffic (i.e., temporary shutdowns due to 

weather and accidents), despite having dedicated lanes. In addition, the Blue Alternative 

was least popular among the public based on submitted comments and survey results. 

High-level operating cost estimates also indicated that operation and maintenance costs 

for bus service will be much greater in the long term than for a rail alternative, while 

having substantially lower passenger capacity.

 Green – A rail alternative connecting Tucson and Phoenix along I-10 and the UP Tempe 

Branch. This alternative initially emerged from the Level 2 screening as a final 

alternative; however, it was eliminated from further consideration in a third round of 

screening. While this alternative was the shortest in distance and projected travel time, 

it had less potential ridership and would serve fewer population centers compared with 

other alternatives. The Green Alternative also assumed future widening of the existing 

I-10 roadway, and would require additional ADOT easements through tribal land. 

Further development of the alternative and coordination during the course of the AA 

process raised uncertainties about the widening and its effect on tribal resources. 
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Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement/ROD ROD-7

Record of Decision

Figure ROD-1. Existing Railroads within the Study Corridor

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Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-8

Through coordination with the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC), complementary 

transit connections to the tribal community would be included with any selected APRCS 

corridor alternative.

 Orange – A rail alternative along I-10, the planned North-South Corridor, a designated 

transit corridor in the proposed Superstition Vistas master-planned community, and the

US 60 Superstition Freeway. This alternative was advanced as one of the corridor 

alternatives analyzed in the Draft Tier 1 EIS.

 Teal – A rail alternative along I-10, the planned North-South Corridor, the UP Phoenix 

Subdivision’s Southeast Branch, and Rittenhouse Road. Essentially a hybrid of the Yellow 

and Orange Alternatives, the Teal Alternative could serve as an option should conflicts 

arise with the selected corridor alternative. Analyses of the Teal Alternative in the Tier 1 

EIS were covered under the evaluation of the Yellow and Orange corridor alternatives.

 Yellow – A rail alternative initially planned to follow UP ROW, including the Phoenix 

Subdivision’s Southeast Branch. The alternative was later redefined as running within 

ADOT ROW where I-10 parallels the UP Sunset Route. This alternative was advanced as 

one of the corridor alternatives analyzed in the Draft Tier 1 EIS. ADOT recommended 

this alternative for locating passenger rail between Tucson and Phoenix, and FRA has 

approved the recommendation of this alternative.

 Purple – A rail alternative along I-10 from Tucson, turning north through the GRIC north 

of Casa Grande to join the UP Chandler Branch into Phoenix. The portion of the 

alternative through GRIC would require a new easement and presented potential 

impacts to Tribal land and cultural and historic resources, so this alternative was 

eliminated from further consideration in a third round of screening.

 Red – A rail alternative along I-10 from Tucson continuing along the Maricopa-Casa 

Grande Highway into the City of Maricopa, then following State Route (SR) 347 to the 

UP Tempe Branch into Phoenix, this alternative traveled over a longer distance than 

other alternatives, served fewer population centers, and had potential impacts on the 

GRIC similar to the Purple Alternative. Also, the public preference for this alternative was 

very low. It was therefore eliminated from further consideration.

The Tier 1 Draft EIS evaluated the alternatives at a corridor level, with the intent of providing a 

basis for identifying high-level impacts and understanding system performance. The Orange 

and Yellow alternatives were treated as 1-mile-wide corridor alternatives in the Draft Tier 1 EIS, 

reserving environmental evaluation of specific alignments within the corridors for future study 

phases. Figure ROD-2 shows the selected Yellow Corridor Alternative with corridor options 

described in Section 7.3 of the Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement.

The No Build Alternative assumes that existing, planned, and programmed projects within the 

study corridor would occur. There are no state funded planned initiatives for Intercity 
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Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-9

Record of Decision

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Sources: Esri 2014; Arizona Department of Transportation 2013;

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Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-10

Passenger Rail, Commuter Rail or Bus Rapid Transit to connect the three-county Study area. 

This alternative also includes all transportation facilities and services programmed for 

implementation within the three-county Study Area, including transit, roadway, and highway 

improvements identified in the Transportation Improvement Programs (TIPs) of Maricopa 

Association of Governments (MAG), Central Arizona Governments (CAG), the Sun Corridor 

Metropolitan Planning Organization (SCMPO), and the Pima Association of Governments (PAG), 

as well as other significant improvements in various stages of planning, design, or construction.

ROD.5 Selection of the Preferred Alternative

Based on the analysis conducted and findings reported in the Tier 1 EIS regarding 

environmental impacts, overall estimated costs, projected ridership, and agency and public 

input, FRA has selected the Yellow Corridor Alternative recommended by ADOT, with routing 

options, as the location of further study to implement a future Tucson-to-Phoenix passenger 

rail system.

Environmentally Preferred Alternative

The selected preferred alternative also is the environmentally preferred alternative, pursuant 

to CEQ 1505.2(b), for implementation of a future Tucson-to-Phoenix passenger rail system. The 

Yellow Corridor Alternative is environmentally preferred because it has lower impacts to 

wildlife corridors and wildlife linkages; fewer visual, aesthetic and scenic resource impacts; and 

fewer water resources including floodplains, rivers, washes, arroyos and potential wetlands. 

FRA also considers a passenger rail system within the Yellow Corridor Alternative more cost 

efficient and better performing than a passenger rail system within the Orange Corridor 

Alternative. 

Table ROD-2 compares potential environmental impacts of the two corridor alternatives 

analyzed with the No Build Alternative. 

Table ROD-2. Comparison of Environmental Criteria

Criterion Yellow Corridor Orange Corridor No Build

Potential need for conversion of nontransportation land usesModerate Moderate to High N/A

Compatibility with local plans Compatible Moderately

Incompatible

Compatible

Compatibility with underlying property 

ownership

Moderately 

Incompatible

Compatible Compatible

Compatibility of station areasa Compatible Moderately 

Incompatible 

N/A
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-11

Table ROD-2. Comparison of Environmental Criteria

Criterion Yellow Corridor Orange Corridor No Build

Existing population within station area districtb 851,713 717,329 N/A

Existing employment within station area districtb 796,426 726,212 N/A

Future population within station area districtb 1,188,103 1,027,518 N/A

Future employment within station area districtb 1,036,490 939,520 N/A

Existing minority population within station area 

districtb

481,916 404,114 N/A

Existing low-income population within station 

area districtb

296,018 265,145 N/A

Parksc

(200-foot ROW corridor)

151

(21)

146d

(20)

N/A

Daily reduction in NOX emissions (STOPS)d(kg.) 516 519 e

Daily reduction in CO emissions (STOPS) (kg.) 9,507 9,563 e

Daily reduction in VOC emissions (STOPS) (kg.) 340 342 e

Daily reduction in PM10 emissions (STOPS) (kg.) 6 6

e

Daily reduction in CO2 emissions (STOPS) (kg.)

242,072 243,504

Daily reduction in SO2 emissions (STOPS) (kg.) 2.39 2.40

Potential noise receptorsc

(within 1,800-foot sensitivity distance)

51,260

(39,450)

50,094

(34,155)

N/A

Potential vibration impact receptors 4,925 2,325 N/A

Hazardous materials sites 1,511 1,142 f

Rivers, washes, or arroyos (linear feet) 1,480,187 1,910,872 f

Potential wetlands (acres) 1,032 1,476 f

100-year Floodplain (acres) 9,330 9,876 f

Wildlife corridors 20 26 f

Wildlife linkage zones crossed (miles) 20.3 32.93 f

Annual reduction in gasoline usage (gallons) 3,037,000 3,058,000 e

Visual, aesthetic, and scenic resource impacts Minimal to 

Moderate

Moderate to

High

Minimal

Known archaeological resources 372 418 f

Historic resources listed on the National Register 

of Historic Places 

158 126d f

a Conceptual station areas at major intersections or activity centers; not specific sites 

b A 3-mile radius surrounding each conceptual station area

c Potentially affected parks and noise receptors were estimated for narrower corridors in addition to the mile-wide corridor

numbers; the estimated number in the narrower corridor appears in parentheses directly beneath the quantity for the milewide corridor.

d Routing options using segments of the Orange Corridor Alternative could avoid impacts to specific resources.

e Likely increases in pollutant emissions and gasoline usage from increased vehicular congestion not calculated for this Tier 1 

analysis

f Potential impacts from other reasonably foreseeable projects are not calculated for this Tier 1 analysis

CO = Carbon Monoxide kg. = kilograms VOC = Volatile Organic Compounds
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-12

ROD.6 Public and Agency Coordination

Public involvement efforts for the study began with project kickoff in March 2011. Agencies, 

nongovernmental groups, and the public were engaged throughout the federal environmental 

review process for the APRCS. 

To comply with Executive Order 12898, community demographics and socioeconomic impacts 

were considered in analyzing the alternatives, and the public participation process was 

designed to ensure “full and fair participation by potentially affected communities” throughout 

the duration of the study. Public outreach to minority and low-income populations was 

accommodated by hosting multiple public meetings in diverse locations and advertising the 

meetings in locations and through media that targets these populations. In addition, ADOT and 

FRA took numerous proactive steps to meet with and coordinate with the tribes and hold 

outreach activities at tribal fairs and public events.

All meetings were held in accessible facilities in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities 

Act (ADA). Every effort was made to respond to members of the public who require a sign 

language interpreter, an assistive learning system, a translator, or any other accommodations 

to facilitate participation in the planning process.

Opportunities for public comment and information sharing have been ongoing using ADOT’s 

project website and through a network of agencies and public contacts established for this 

study. 

Lead, Cooperating, and Participating Agencies

FRA was the lead federal agency for the EIS. ADOT is the local sponsoring agency and in 2009 

received $2 million – $1 million plus a $1 million state match – through FRA’s Capital Assistance 

to States – Intercity Passenger Rail Service Program, to prepare a Service Development Plan and 

the required environmental study. In addition to funding for these two studies, ADOT received 

$4,331,250 in 2011 through FTA’s New Starts program funds ($3,465,000 federal in an 80%-20%

state match), to conduct an Alternatives Analysis under FTA guidelines. No FRA funding is 

committed to final design or construction activities.

FTA and FHWA are cooperating agencies on this study because of the project’s potential effects 

on urban transit services, interstate and state highway ROWs, and planned transportation 

facilities. No other cooperating agencies were designated during the development of the Draft 

EIS; however, other federal agencies, including the National Park Service and Arizona State Land 

Department, have indicated an interest in becoming cooperating agencies in Tier 2 NEPA 

studies if alternatives are proposed on or near land administered by these agencies.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-13

Public Outreach Techniques

Because of the 120-mile length of the study corridor, major emphasis was placed on electronic 

communication and scheduled public participation events to maximize participation. 

Information on ADOT website and distributed at public events (including county fairs, festivals, 

on college campuses, etc.) has included meeting announcements, brochures, media releases, 

fact sheets, and surveys that helped indicate public preferences throughout AA and Tier 1 EIS 

development. ADOT held corridor-wide community status updates with the public and with 

federal, state, and local agencies as alternatives were refined and as ADOT and FRA removed 

alternatives from further study. 

Government and Other Stakeholder Coordination

Sixty-two federal, state, regional, and local government agencies interested in the project were 

invited to serve as participating agencies, in addition to the Ak-Chin, Gila River, and Salt River 

Pima-Maricopa Indian Communities. Agencies that accepted this role provided input to scoping, 

purpose and need development, and identification of potential effects.

Government agencies throughout the corridor were actively engaged in the APRCS, including 

opportunities to be participating or cooperating agencies in the study process. FRA and ADOT 

solicited stakeholder feedback through direct contact with elected officials, government 

agencies and stakeholders, interested organizations, and community groups.

Public Scoping 

FRA published the Notice of Intent for this study in the Federal Register on October 6, 2011. 

ADOT and FRA also relied on media releases, social media communication, and e-mail 

distribution, social media distribution, and media coverage to encourage interested 

stakeholders and the public to participate in the scoping process. 

Seven legal and display advertisements announced scoping open houses and events in local and 

regional newspapers between September and October 2011. Video and print media formed a 

primary element of public participation. A two-minute video, booklet, and 12-question survey 

were made available in DVD and hard copy, as well as online.

ADOT held 12 scoping events (four in each study county) between October 7 and November 1, 

2011. A total of 141 people registered attendance at the 12 scoping events, and hundreds more 

stopped by ADOT booths at community events and spoke with study team members. The 

public comment period for scoping ended on November 14, 2011.

Between October 7 and November 14, 2011, the study team received 2,784 scoping survey 

responses along with 291 additional comments submitted that did not follow the survey 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-14

format. In general, comments reflected a need for an additional transportation option between 

Tucson and Phoenix and a preference for rail. Respondents indicated that if they had a viable 

alternative to traveling by automobile via I-10, they would likely make the trip more frequently.

The primary themes identified from the responses, listed in Table ROD-3, helped the project 

team analyze the data.

Table ROD-3. Public Scoping Comment Themes

Comment Category # Unique 

Comments

% of Total Unique 

Comments

Financial Feasibility 1,199 8%

Operational Characteristics 1,841 13%

Safety and Security 1,720 12%

Mobility 6,858 48%

Environment 1,858 13%

Economy 742 5%

Slightly over 6 percent of the comments received indicated opposition to the concept of 

passenger rail between Tucson and Phoenix. The majority of the opposed comments cited: 

 The perceived need for higher taxes to fund the project;

 The existence of better uses for taxpayer dollars; and

 The need to fix problems on I-10 before building something that the commenters 

believed is not an absolute necessity.

Agency Scoping

In addition to public scoping, ADOT and FRA also directly engaged federal, state, and local

agencies. ADOT distributed 111 invitations to state and local agencies as well as to Tribes on 

October 4, 2011 for an agency scoping meeting on October 11, 2011. Attached to the meeting 

invitations was a meeting agenda, study segment map, description of the segment areas, 

schedule of study milestones, comment form, and a state map showing the three-county Study 

Area.

A total of 66 agency representatives attended the meeting in person, and 34 participated via 

webinar. 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-15

Additional Outreach

Public and stakeholder involvement extended beyond scoping and continued throughout the 

study. Two additional phases of extensive stakeholder and public outreach occurred while 

ADOT and FRA prepared the AA. This outreach occurred in fall of 2012 and spring of 2014 at 

public venues in conjunction with scheduled events in communities within the corridor. Input 

from these efforts helped to narrow the range of alternatives considered during the evaluation 

process from the approximately 150 possible original routes to seven, and eventually to the 

final two corridor alternatives evaluated in the Draft Tier 1 EIS. Having over 10,000 project 

preference surveys completed by members of the public during the development of the AA led 

to a better understanding of what individuals believe is important and which alternatives best 

meet those expectations.

Draft EIS Public Hearings

As part of the NEPA process, FRA and ADOT circulated the Draft Tier 1 EIS for a 50-day public 

review and comment period. During this period, the document was made available to 

interested and concerned parties, including residents, property owners, community groups, the 

business community, elected officials, and public agencies.

FRA and ADOT also held a series of formal public hearings during this 50-day period, with one 

hearing in each county of the study corridor. The purpose of the hearings was to give interested 

parties an opportunity to formally comment on the study and the Draft Tier 1 EIS analysis. 

Attendance at the hearings did not require participant to comment in-person. Responses to 

comments are incorporated in an appendix to the attached Final Tier 1 EIS.

ROD.7 Transportation Impacts

ADOT coordinated with local agencies to obtain readily available long-range transportation 

plans within the study corridor. Major existing and planned transportation facilities for each 

transportation mode were identified, including locations with substantial existing levels of 

congestion.

The concept for rail service within the Yellow Corridor Alternative assumes train operation at 

speeds between 80 and 125 mph and a blend of intercity and commuter operations. Service 

assumptions were developed to estimate ridership as well as the effect of resulting changes in 

vehicle miles traveled (VMT) on safety, energy use, and air quality. Ridership approximations 

were based on a passenger rail system built on hypothetical alignments used in the AA. A future 

alignment along one of the corridor options included in the selected Yellow Corridor 

Alternative may have different impacts and will need to be reevaluated in Tier 2 studies.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-16

Modeling software developed by FTA was used to estimate ridership for each corridor 

alternative. Travel times and service frequencies were developed for each corridor alternative.

Operating in an intercity pattern (i.e., stopping only at hub and regional stations), a passenger 

rail system in either corridor alternative was estimated to complete a Tucson-to-Phoenix trip in 

approximately 1 hour and 23 minutes. In a commuter pattern (stopping at every station), a 

passenger rail system within the corridor alternatives could complete the Tucson-to-Phoenix 

run in an estimated 2 hours and 10 minutes.

Projected automobile trip times between Tucson and Phoenix estimated for the No Build 

Alternative are compared to estimated passenger rail travel times for each corridor alternative 

in Table ROD-4 below.

Table ROD-4. Estimated Rail and Auto Travel Times between Tucson and Phoenix

Yellow Corridor

Rail Alternative

(Hrs:Min)

Orange Corridor

Rail Alternative

(Hrs:Min)

No Build Alternative

(Auto Travel)

(Hrs:Min)

2010 1:53

2035 1:23 (Intercity) 1:30 (Intercity) 2:22

2050 1:23 (Intercity) 1:30 (Intercity) 2:59

Ridership was estimated using a new FTA forecasting model called STOPS (Simplified Trips-onProject Software). “Unlinked” trips are all the component segments of a transit trip identified 

separately (i.e., a transfer from one bus route to another represents two unlinked trips), while 

“linked” trips count the entire trip from beginning to end as a single trip. This information is 

shown quantitatively in Table ROD-5.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-17

Table ROD-5.Year 2035 Tucson-Phoenix Commuter and Intercity Trip Demand

Yellow Corridor 

Alternative

Orange Corridor 

Alternative

No Build 

Alternative

Unlinked transit trips 476,000 475,000 451,000

Linked transit trips 343,000 343,000 324,000

Total Daily Rail Ridership 20,060 18,080 N/A

Intercity trips (>40 miles) 3,360 4,140 N/A

Commute trips (<40 miles) 16,700 13,940 N/A

Total by Service Type 20,060 18,080

Daily VMT reduction 566,914 570,268 N/A

Daily VHT reduction 17,522 17,655 N/A

With a rail system in either corridor alternative, overall safety in the corridor could improve 

because passenger rail service will divert some automobile trips to an alternate mode of travel. 

The safety risk to travelers will decrease, as rail travel is statistically safer per passenger mile 

than auto travel, resulting in the improvements shown in Table ROD-6.

Specific station locations have not yet been determined for this Tier 1 analysis. As ridership 

forecasts are refined, station area concept plans will be developed to allow the determination 

of required parking, transit amenities, and vehicular circulation. 

Table ROD-6.Safety Improvement (per 1,000,000 VMT in 2035)

Yellow Corridor 

Alternative

Orange Corridor 

Alternative

No Build 

Alternativea

Annual fatality reduction 2.2 2.2 N/A

Annual injury reduction 33.2 33.4 N/A

Note: Assumes trains run 300 days a year. 

a Potential increases in fatalities and injuries under the No Build Alternative were not estimated for this Tier 1 analysis.

Any impacts to adjacent properties resulting from station placement or configuration will be 

addressed during Tier 2 analysis.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-18

Station Locations

The Tier 1 EIS does not identify specific station locations. Conceptual locations were included in 

the AA to provide a basis for corridor definition and ridership forecasting. Various station 

typologies were developed to provide context for station decision-making and local 

commitments; however, exact station locations will require more analysis and further agency 

and community input. Passenger stations and maintenance facilities will require their own 

NEPA evaluation during Tier 2 project development.

ROD.8 Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts

This section summarizes the potential impacts of implementing a passenger rail system in the 

Yellow Corridor Alternative based on the detailed analysis of the social, economic, and 

environmental resources documented in Chapter 5 of the Final Tier 1 EIS. The potential impacts 

associated with each resource are listed in Table ROD-7.

ADOT and FRA conducted analysis for this Study for one-mile wide corridors; however, future 

construction activities will occur within a railroad ROW ranging from 66 to 400 feet wide. While 

alignment boundaries developed for Tier 2 analysis will initially address an area wider than the 

ultimate ROW required, to allow flexibility for avoiding environmentally sensitive areas, 

reducing costs, and addressing engineering constraints, the Tier 2 analysis will analyze an area

less than the one-mile wide corridor. More in-depth environmental analysis, as well as 

coordination and consultation with state and federal agencies (e.g., State Historic Preservation 

Office, US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)) on specific resource areas will be undertaken once

alignment boundaries are more firmly established and funding has been allotted. During Tier 2, 

FRA and ADOT will develop a specific project alignment utilizing input from engineers, transit 

demand planners, and government agencies, as well as environmental data.

Resources Not Analyzed in the Tier 1 EIS

The following environmental resources are usually examined in an EIS but were not analyzed in 

this Tier 1 EIS because they are not found within the study corridor. 

 Wild and Scenic Rivers

 Navigable Rivers

 Outstanding Arizona Waters

 Landmarks
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-19

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Land Use  Impacts on land use, primarily on 

residential and agricultural

 Minor impacts, compared to the Yellow 

Corridor Alternative

Potential Mitigation  The Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970, as 

amended, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 govern displacements and relocations. 

 Further engagement with local government entities and the public in the process of 

selecting specific locations for rail facilities such as rail stations to minimize the potential for 

land use conflicts.

Socioeconomics  Potential loss of jobs due to displacement

 Potential adverse impacts to established 

neighborhoods and protected populations

 Economic benefits provided through job 

creation, improved accessibility, and 

increased economic activity

 Impacts to socioeconomic conditions

associated with anticipated increases in 

highway congestion

 Economic benefits provided through jobs 

associated with planned and programmed 

projects not associated with passenger rail 

service

Potential Mitigation  Coordination with local job placement agencies will help mitigate the impacts of potential 

job loss associated with displacement. 

 Adverse impacts on the elderly and people with disabilities will be mitigated by compliance 

with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). 

 Further strategies to avoid, minimize, or mitigate potential impacts on socioeconomic 

conditions (neighborhoods, community facilities, businesses, employment) will be 

considered in the design process. 

Environmental Justice  Beneficial economic and mobility impacts

 Potential impacts on protected 

populations in areas with concentrations 

of minority, low-income, and elderly 

residents

 No disproportionately high and adverse 

impacts
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-20

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Potential Mitigation  Actively involving Environmental Justice (EJ) populations in the decision-making process 

during Tier 2 could help avoid, minimize, or mitigate disproportionately high and adverse 

health or environmental effects of the rail system on protected populations. 

 Public engagement will aid planners in preventing the denial of, reduction in, or significant 

delay in the receipt of benefits by EJ populations in accordance with Executive Order 12898.

Public Health and Safety  Potential construction-related injuries

 Potential noise and air quality impacts 

associated with construction activities

 Potential conflicts with vehicular and 

pedestrian traffic where rail traffic is 

increased or newly introduced

 Potential improvements to grade crossings 

and signals if aligned near UP

 Potential reduction in highway injuries

 No improvements to public health and 

safety that will be associated with 

passenger rail service

Potential Mitigation  FRA’s High Speed Passenger Rail Safety Strategy (FRA 2009) offers best management 

practice (BMP) guidance for the design and construction of a passenger rail system and 

should be considered for implementation, as necessary and practicable such as: 

• Prior to the start of construction, develop a Health, Safety, Security, and Environment Plan to 

address health and safety risks and requirements, safe work practices, worker training, dust 

control, use and storage of potentially hazardous materials, emergency response, 

implementation of safety procedures, incident investigation and reporting, and related topics.

• Where practical, consolidate public and private grade crossings along the route. Eliminate 

redundant and/or unsafe crossings (due to proximity of exiting road intersections, skewed 

geometry, etc.) where alternate access can be reasonably provided.

• For at-grade crossings, especially within and on the fringe of populated areas, install the 

most sophisticated traffic control/warning device appropriate for the location, such as 

median barriers, special signage, flashing lights, four-quadrant gates, etc. In general, 

private crossings should be treated the same as public crossings.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-21

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

• When feasible, close private crossings within industrial developments and rural areas with 

a prevalence of heavy trucks and farm equipment. If private crossings cannot be closed, 

consider provision of a locking device when not in use.

• Upgrade existing train traffic control systems to ensure safe interactions between existing 

rail facilities and traffic and between new rail facilities and traffic. 

• Clear trees and brush, as needed, to provide necessary sight distances for safe operation 

of the rail system.

• Implement measures to suppress fugitive dust during construction.

• Whenever possible, take measures to minimize noise related to construction.

• Use active warning systems for pedestrians where rail lines cross existing sidewalks, trails, 

and bike routes, particularly when crossings are near parks, schools, and other activity 

centers.

• Prepare road users for the challenges inherent at future crossings through educational 

and public outreach programs. Inform the public that passenger trains travel at 

significantly higher speeds than the freight trains currently operating in portions of the 

corridor alternatives and that relying exclusively on visual and/or audible cues to judge 

the arrival of trains can be extremely dangerous.

• Evaluate if Quiet Zones applicable to UP freight operations should be extended to 

passenger rail operations where the Yellow Corridor Alternative intersects the Tempe 

Quiet Zone and where both corridor alternatives pass through the existing Phoenix 

Downtown Quiet Zone. 

• Evaluate the need for and, where warranted, install additional security improvements 

such as extra lighting, surveillance cameras, and other security measures at train stations.

• Ensure that any future construction, operations, and maintenance of a passenger rail 

system meet the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1970, FRA safety requirements, 

the ADA, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act requirements, and other 

requirements to help protect the safety and health of workers and the public.

 Tier 2 NEPA studies will address safety measures and strategies to protect the health and 

safety of passengers, motorists, and pedestrians at grade crossings.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-22

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Parklands and Recreation Areas  Corridor intersects and has potential 

impacts to:

 99 parks

 45 public recreation areas 

 7 private parks and recreation areas

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

Potential Mitigation  Mitigation measures will be developed in consultation with the official with jurisdiction 

over the resource and might include avoiding Section 4(f) and 6(f) resources or minimizing 

the acreage of a physical take of these properties during alignment planning and design, 

selecting rail station locations that avoid public parks; Moving equipment and facilities to 

another location within existing parkland, Purchase of similar properties; Planting 

vegetation to offset removed vegetation and/or establish visual and auditory screening.

Section 4(f) and Section 6(f) Properties1

 Corridor intersects and has potential 

impacts to Section 4(f) properties1that 

include:

 144 parks and recreation areas

 165 historic properties

 66 schools2

 11 refuges

 29 Section 6(f) Resources

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

 

1

Resources include those within a 0.25-mile buffer around each corridor alternative to account for Section 4(f) resources that could be subject to potential constructive use

impacts (e.g., noise and visual impacts) that may extend beyond the corridor boundaries.

2

Athletic fields or other recreational facilities at schools must be publicly available to qualify for Section 4(f) protection. Availability of school recreational facilities will be

determined during Tier 2.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-23

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Potential Mitigation  In conjunction with the Tier 2 NEPA documents, Section 4(f) resources will be confirmed 

within 0.25 mile of the project footprint. Additionally, the project team will evaluate the 

design to determine where it is possible and practical to avoid or minimize impacts.

 Unless exceptions for de minimis Section 4(f) impact findings are applicable, a feasible and 

prudent alternative that avoids resources protected under Section 4(f) must be selected. If 

two or more alternatives affect Section 4(f) lands, the one causing the least relative harm 

to Section 4(f) resources must be selected.

 Where impacts on Section 4(f) resources cannot be avoided, all possible planning must be 

completed to minimize impacts.

 Mitigation measures for direct or constructive use of Section 4(f) resources will be 

determined, to the extent required, in consultation with the agency owning or 

administering the resource. 

 Minimization of harm could include alternative designs and/or mitigation measures that 

compensate for residual impacts. 

 Section 6(f) lands will be avoided to the extent practicable.

 Impacts on Section 6(f) Land and Water Conservation Fund lands could include 

replacement property of equal fair market value and of reasonably equivalent usefulness 

for recreation purposes.

Air Quality  Potential air quality impacts associated 

with construction activities

 Expected reduction in Vehicle Miles 

Traveled (VMT) and air pollutant emissions

 Expected increase in VMT and air pollutant 

emissions compared to Yellow Corridor 

Alternative because no passenger rail 

system would be built

Potential Mitigation  Short-term construction-related impacts can be mitigated using construction Best 

Management Practices (BMPs) such as providing clearly marked detour routes for vehicles 

and pedestrians such that access to adjacent land use is maintained during construction. 

Other construction BMPs include minimizing fugitive dust; reducing idling of construction 

vehicles and equipment; and communicating the construction schedule to public officials, 

emergency service providers, and other affected stakeholders. 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-24

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

 In Tier 2, mitigation will be investigated to reduce emissions of criteria pollutants

(particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead) to 

include using cleaner alternative fuels and implementing idling restrictions for construction 

equipment and locomotives. Conformity analysis modeling may be required to verify these 

findings.

 FRA-funded projects follow the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) General 

Conformity Regulation; FTA-funded projects follow EPA’s Transportation Conformity 

Regulation.

Noise and Vibration  Potential noise impacts associated with 

construction activities

 Estimated 51,260 sensitive residential land 

uses were identified at Tier 1. Actual 

number of sensitive receptors will be 

identified and evaluated for potential 

noise and vibration effects in Tier 2 once 

an alignment within the corridor is 

established.

 Greatest potential for noise will be at 

grade crossings where train horn is 

sounded for safety

 Potential for vibration impacts associated 

with passage through developed 

landscape

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, but ongoing and increasing noise 

within I-10 corridor from volume of 

automobile traffic

Potential Mitigation  During Tier 2, measures to mitigate noise and ground-borne vibration will be evaluated.

 Evaluate if future Quiet Zone implementations are applicable to UP freight operations, that

should be extended to passenger rail operations where the Yellow Corridor Alternative 

intersects the Tempe Quiet Zone and where both corridor alternatives pass through the 

existing Phoenix Downtown Quiet Zone. 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-25

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

 Adhere to established design specifications for rail vehicles and infrastructure because the 

specifications were developed to minimize the potential for added noise from project 

implementation.

 Noise mitigation measures at Tier 2 may include and are not limited to: vehicle and 

equipment design standards, use of resilient or damped wheels, track turning radii greater 

than 1,000 feet, rail lubrication, sound barriers, acquisition of buffer zones, ballast on atgrade aerial guideways. Additional measures can be and are not limited to: sounddamping devices on vehicles and equipment, regular maintenance such as wheel truing 

and rail grinding, minimum turning radii, sound barriers, buffer zones, acquisition of 

affected properties, and insulation.

 Other noise mitigation options include design and location of track turnouts and 

crossovers, modifications to track support systems and affected buildings, adjustments to 

vibration transmission paths such as barrier trenches, reduced train speeds, and 

minimizing train operations at night.

 Options to further reduce ground borne vibration at Tier 2 include: vehicle modifications 

to provide a soft primary suspension, minimum metal-to-metal contact of moving parts, 

and perfectly round smooth wheels; track support system modifications that soften the 

connection between tracks and their support structure.

 Operational changes during Project implementation may include reduced train speeds, use 

of lowest vibration equipment and minimizing train operations at night.

Hazardous Materials  Corridor intersects with and potentially 

impacts or will be affected by 1,511 

hazardous material facilities 

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

 Added highway congestion could increase 

traffic accidents and related fuel and other 

spills

Potential Mitigation  Potential impacts on or from National Priority List (NPL) Superfund and other sites will be 

further evaluated in Tier 2 to determine level of risk and potential mitigation procedures. 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-26

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

These include safety procedures and protection of human health and the environment to 

help ensure no further contamination of adjacent sites and to provide a safe working 

environment during construction. 

 Solid waste materials generated during construction could be recycled or will be disposed of 

properly.

 During individual Tier 2 NEPA studies, a site management plan will be prepared before 

construction to address known or potential hazardous material issues, including but not 

limited to: Measures to identify and address potentially contaminated soil and 

groundwater, as necessary or required; measures to identify and address lead-based paint 

and asbestos-containing materials including handling and disposal, as necessary or required.

 A site-specific health and safety plan will be developed for Tier 2 NEPA studies, prior to 

construction including measures to protect construction workers and general public and 

procedures to protect workers and the general public in the event that unknown 

contamination or buried hazards are encountered.

Geology, Topography, Soils, and Prime and 

Unique Farmland

 Corridor intersects with and potentially 

impacts:

 17,000 acres in subsidence areas

 235 fissures

 77,000 acres of prime and unique 

farmlands

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-27

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Potential Mitigation  During Tier 2, coordination will take place with the Natural Resources Conservation Service

(NRCS). Form NRCS-CPA-106, Farmland Conversion Impact Rating for Corridor Type 

Projects, will be required at project level, to determine if farmland impacts warrant 

consideration of farmland protection measures.

 Conservation measures and potential mitigation will be identified based on the Project 

assessment conducted during Tier 2 analysis; however, a number of BMPs and other 

measures to mitigate for effects can be anticipated. These include and are not limited to at 

Tier 2: Avoid steep slopes and known bedrock outcrops; minimize areas of new ground 

disturbance for access to construction areas by using existing roads where possible; avoid 

areas of known ground subsidence and fissures, when feasible develop and implement dust 

control and erosion control strategies; stockpile topsoil for use in reclamation; and develop 

and implement a reclamation and revegetation plan to minimize soil losses.

Biological Resources  Potential noise, habitat loss, and 

connectivity impacts on protected species 

and suitable habitat within corridor 

alternative

 Medium impact to habitats and wildlife 

estimated by Arizona Game and Fish 

Department (AGFD)

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

Potential 

Mitigation  Avoid impacts, when possible, particularly to protected and sensitive species and their associated habitat, and to wildlife 

corridors.

 Coordinate with USFWS and AGFD during Tier 2 Section 7 consultation with USFWS will take place to determine a project’s 

potential to affect a federally listed species and, if so, to what extent. Mitigation measures will also be determined as part of 

the consultation.

 Assess impacts on state-listed species during Tier 2. If these should occur, ADOT and FRA will coordinate with AGFD in 

determining potential mitigation measures. 

 Standard ADOT environmental commitments will be implemented during Tier 2 to address and minimize edge effects through: 

the use of existing infrastructure; monitoring of adjacent habitats for change; and the development of adaptive management 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-28

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

strategies for toxins, invasive species, and habitat conversion.

 Methods to minimize loss of habitat that will be considered during Tier 2include providing construction workers with 

environmental awareness training; maximizing the use of disturbed lands and minimizing habitat fragmentation; minimizing

construction impacts by limiting the disturbance zone as much as possible; using previously disturbed areas for staging and 

equipment storage; flagging or fencing sensitive habitats such as riparian areas or wetlands to prevent construction impacts 

from occurring within the area; and transplanting displaced vegetation to adjacent lands, when feasible.

 Methods to minimize impacts to plant and animal species that will be considered during Tier 2 include notifying the Arizona 

Department of Agriculture of the removal of protected native plants so plants may be salvaged; implementing seasonal 

restrictions on the removal of vegetation to protect nesting birds; implementing seasonal restrictions on the disturbance of 

sensitive wildlife areas; conducting preconstruction surveys for nesting birds prior to the removal of vegetation if ground 

clearing occurs during the nesting season; conducting preconstruction surveys for removal and translocation of Sonoran desert 

tortoise and western burrowing owl; providing wildlife escape options in open trenches and inspect trenches to remove 

wildlife prior to filling; checking under vehicles for wildlife seeking shade (especially reptiles, including the desert tortoise) 

before driving.

 Methods to minimize impacts to wildlife movement corridors that will be considered during Tier 2 include refining identified 

wildlife linkage corridors, movement corridors, and habitat blocks to reflect current state of knowledge; supporting studies to 

better understand the movement of mule deer and bighorn sheep in association with a passenger rail system within the 

corridor alternatives; supporting studies to better understand the movement and habitat use of Sonoran desert tortoise and 

Tucson shovel-nosed snake in association with a passenger rail system within the corridor alternatives; Not compromising the 

function of existing wildlife movement corridors or large habitat blocks; Design sufficient wildlife crossing structures to 

facilitate movement of large and small species of wildlife across the landscape, including appropriate funnel fencing associated 

with crossing areas, and appropriate ROW fencing to allow for, or restrict as necessary, wildlife movement; Locate crossing 

structures to enhance wildlife crossing of the existing transportation corridors associated with a passenger rail system; Provide 

for follow-through studies to assess the effectiveness of the wildlife crossing structures. 

 For Tier 2 projects, suggested ways to control the spread of nonnative and invasive species is to: Develop a Habitat Restoration 

Plan for all temporary impacts to native vegetation and provide it to land management/resource agencies for review prior to 

project construction; Address and minimize edge effects through: the use of existing infrastructure; monitoring of adjacent 

habitats for change; and the development of adaptive management strategies for toxins, invasive species, and habitat 

conversion; Prepare a site restoration plan identifying techniques, timing, and success criteria; Wash vehicles and equipment
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-29

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

to avoid potential transport of nonnative seed to construction areas; Rehabilitate disturbed ground as soon as possible 

following construction activities to minimize exposure of bare ground susceptible to colonization by nonnative plants; Use 

chemical or mechanical treatments on existing infestation areas within construction zones to prevent additional spread; 

Restore sites with native seed mixes certified as “weed free.”

Waters of the United States  Impacts to four major crossings of Waters 

of the US

 Likely to require Clean Water Act 

permitting

 Highway runoff pollutants could increase 

from increased traffic

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

Potential Mitigation  Impacts on waterways and waterbodies will be addressed in more detail during Tier 2.

 During design, coordination will take place with the US Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) 

and appropriate state agencies to develop mitigation strategies including: A jurisdictional 

delineation will be undertaken during Tier 2 to identify which washes will be recommended 

as Waters of the US and thus subject to Section 404 permitting and Section 401 

certification. Quantification of new, permanent impacts to Waters of the US and permit 

materials will be completed based on final design of the rail line, major structures, utility 

work, and other associated construction. Any mitigation measures included by the Corps in 

their permit verification letter(s) must be included in the construction documents. 

 Mitigation identified at Tier 2 in consultation with the appropriate permitting agencies 

could include in-lieu fees, and vegetation or habitat restoration. 

Wetlands  Corridor intersects with and potentially 

will likely affect 1,030 wetland acres, 550 

of these acres are likely jurisdictional

wetlands

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-30

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Potential Mitigation  During Tier 2, wetlands will be reviewed to determine where it is possible and practical to 

avoid or minimize impacts, using pilings or bridges or through other measures. If a Section 

404 Individual Permit is required, the permit application must include documentation of an 

alternatives selection process and efforts to avoid and minimize impacts to wetlands. 

Mitigation options for unavoidable impacts will be discussed in more detail and could 

include in-lieu fees and onsite or offsite permittee-responsible mitigation. 

 During design, ADOT and FRA will coordinate with the Corps and appropriate state 

resource agencies to develop mitigation strategies. 

Water Quality  Upper Santa Cruz & Avra Basin Sole Source 

Aquifer, 1 wastewater treatment plant, 24 

named washes, 1,030 wetland acres, 1,791 

well sites potentially affected

 Arizona Pollutant Discharge Elimination 

System (AZPDES) permit and Storm Water 

Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP)

required 

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

 Highway runoff pollutants could increase 

from increased traffic 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-31

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

 Potential Mitigation  Construction General Permits will be obtained prior to construction and will be addressed 

as required mitigation as part of the Tier 2 analysis to verify that stormwater discharges 

associated with construction of a future passenger rail system are authorized. 

 Best Management Practices (BMPs) for the SWPPPs will be confirmed in Tier 2. 

 The required Water Quality Certifications will be addressed prior to any work in 

jurisdictional waters. Mitigation for impacts on mapped or unmapped wells, including 

proper abandonment (such as plugging and sealing) to prevent groundwater pollution will 

also be addressed. No work shall occur within jurisdictional Waters of the US until the 

appropriate Clean Water Act Section 401 certification and 404 permits are obtained.

 For Tier 2 projects, consideration of secondary containment at rail maintenance yards 

where petroleum-based products may be stored or used and at rail station parking lots to 

control stormwater runoff to minimize the risk of contaminating surface and groundwater, 

particularly within the boundaries of the sole source aquifer.

 The following standard specifications also may be included as mitigation measures: ADOT’s 

Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, Section 104 Scope of Work, 

Subsection 09 Prevention of Landscape Defacement; Protection of Streams, Lakes, and 

Reservoirs (2008 Edition) 

 During construction, the construction contractor shall take sufficient precautions, 

considering various conditions, to prevent pollution of streams, lakes, and reservoirs with 

fuels, oils, bitumens, calcium chloride, fresh Portland cement, fresh Portland cement 

concrete, raw sewage, muddy water, chemicals or other harmful materials. None of these 

materials shall be discharged into any channels leading to such streams, lakes, or reservoirs.

The contractor shall give special attention to the effect of its operations upon the landscape 

and shall take special care to maintain natural surroundings undamaged.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-32

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Floodplains  9,330 acres of the mile-wide corridor are

within the 100-year floodplain

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

Potential Mitigation  At Tier 2 during the design phase flood control districts with jurisdiction will be provided the 

opportunity to review and comment on the design plans to ensure flood district 

requirements are met and that structures will not cause flood-related erosion hazards or 

aggravate existing flood hazards.

 After construction at Tier 2, all work sites and fills will be removed and the affected areas 

returned to former elevations. 

 Floodplain modifications may require a Letter of Map Revision (LOMR) to account for 

changes to areas that may be subject to floods. 

 Other mitigation measures could include restoring natural floodplain values by seeding with 

native vegetation and proper design of bridges and culverts to prevent flood flow 

restriction. 

 Specific mitigation measures will be identified during Tier 2 and implemented prior to 

construction.

Energy Use and Climate Change Annually:

 142 million fewer VMT

 66,710 fewer tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) 

emissions

 3.04 million fewer gallons of fuel 

consumption

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

 VMT in the three-county Study Area 

expected to increase substantially with 

population growth and the 142 million 

VMT savings projected with the Yellow 

Corridor Alternative would not occur
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-33

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Potential Mitigation  Mitigation may not be required for energy and climate change because diverting trips from 

other modes of transportation will be beneficial, lowering the overall generation of CO2

emissions. Further reduction of GHG emissions could be expected by employing BMPs 

associated with construction (e.g., conserving fuel and reducing GHG emissions during 

construction activities) and/or operations (e.g., improving fuel efficiency of locomotives, 

fueling with low-carbon footprint sources, etc.). Any efforts to increase displacement of 

riders from light vehicles (private automobiles/trucks) to rail (e.g., advertising, incentives) 

could be developed into project design or set up as additional mitigation. 

 Specific measures that can be incorporated into project design or developed at Tier 2 as 

mitigation measures during operation include identifying state-of-the-art locomotives to 

maximize fuel efficiency; target-marketing to drivers of single-occupancy vehicles to 

maximize the effects of rail modal use on energy conservation and reduction of GHG 

emissions; concentrating bus-service routes to feed passengers to train stations; and 

bringing dispersed riders to train stations through other methods (e.g., demand response 

systems [paratransit, taxi, shuttle, call-and-ride]). 

 Specific measures that can be incorporated into project design or developed at Tier 2 as 

mitigation measures during construction include limiting construction and operational 

equipment idling; encouraging workers to carpool; locating staging areas near work sites; 

and scheduling material deliveries during off-peak hours to minimize highway congestion.

Visual and Aesthetic Scenic Resources  Southern hub to Eloy: Minimal to 

moderate physical visual impacts

Eloy to northern hub: Variable physical 

visual impacts, depending on location 

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-34

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Potential Mitigation  Through continued public involvement during Tier 2, residents’ concerns about potential 

views will be identified. The mitigation at Tier 2 will not only address adverse visual 

impacts identified from the design but will also address concerns from the viewing 

audience identified during the public involvement process.

 Mitigation considered at Tier 2 will include restoring vegetation on areas disturbed during 

project construction; screening objectionable views of railroad facilities next to sensitive 

viewers such as residents or next to landmarks, cultural resources, or recreation areas; 

applying context-sensitive design to new or reconstructed rail stations that respects scenic 

resources in adjacent urban or natural surroundings; developing structure aesthetics to 

soften adverse visual changes for adjacent residents and other sensitive viewers; where 

appropriate, applying landscape design to blend new rail facilities into their surroundings; 

where the project would change the visual quality of existing landforms, shaping cut-andfill slopes and revegetate to blend into the surrounding landscape; designing new lighting 

to direct light to focus on where it is needed, minimize light intruding onto adjacent 

properties, and reduce light pollution of the night sky; where appropriate, providing light 

screening to shield adjacent sensitive viewers from the headlights of passing trains and rail 

facility lighting; minimizing nighttime construction lighting next to residents and other 

sensitive viewers; and screening staging areas where construction equipment and 

materials are stored.

Cultural Resources  Potential to impact cultural resources 

based on the following inventory within 

the mile-wide corridor

 372 known archaeological resources

 158 resources listed on the National 

Register of Historic Places

 Casa Grande National Monument

(further environmental studies 

required)

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-35

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Potential Mitigation  Municipalities or counties north of Eloy may require avoidance of certain archaeological 

sites because of established conservation or land use plans (e.g., Historic Homes of 

Phoenix: An Architecture & Preservation Guide, Pinal County Comprehensive Land Use 

Plan).

 Casa Grande Ruins National Monument is one of the most prominent cultural resources 

within the state. The monument should be avoided and close coordination with tribal 

communities and National Park Service should occur with regard to proximity of the 

passenger rail system and monument boundaries.

 If the alignment of a future passenger rail system resulted in an adverse effect to a 

property that is listed or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places, 

potential mitigation measures could include additional research to recover data or exhaust 

the information potential of a site, changes in project design, development of a 

Programmatic Agreement (PA), Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), or other options that 

may result from Section 106 consultation. 

 Specific mitigation measures could include a PA or an MOA with a public involvement 

component, archaeological data recovery, archaeological treatment plans, historic 

buildings surveys, and historic engineering record documentation.

 Consultation with all consulting parties over potentially affected properties will be key to 

developing a passenger rail system during Tier 2. As the study proceeds to a Tier 2 projectlevel NEPA process, avoidance of these properties and mitigation of potential visual and 

audible impacts will be considered.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-36

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Unavoidable Adverse Impacts / Irreversible 

and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources

 ROW may require conversion of 

substantial amounts of prime and unique 

farmland

 Substantial commitments of construction 

materials, financial resources, and energy 

consumption

 Financial resources will be committed for

Tier 2 NEPA documentation, project 

design, construction, operation, and 

maintenance. These financial resources 

would no longer be available for other 

projects.

 During Tier 2 analyses, a more complete 

review of the design and the specific 

alignment for a passenger rail system will 

be conducted, which may further refine 

the nature of or potential quantity of 

resources that may be irreversibly and 

irretrievably committed for 

implementation of a passenger rail system.

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

 Expected increase in VMT and air pollutant 

emissions because no passenger rail 

system would be built

 Energy consumption could be higher as 

VMT continues to increase

Short-Term Uses vs. Long-Term Productivity  Short-term construction impacts, including 

benefit of construction employment and 

economic activity

 Long-term benefits and productivity of 

passenger rail transportation and regional 

socioeconomic systems, reduced energy 

use, and reduction in air pollutant 

emissions

 No impacts related to a passenger rail 

system, as there are no such infrastructure 

programs currently planned.

 Minimal improvement in transportation 

network

 Less efficient transportation system

 Increased highway congestion

 Longer travel times
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-37

Table ROD-7. Potential Environmental Impacts Analyzed In the Tier 1 EIS and Potential Mitigation

Resource Topic Yellow Corridor Alternative No Build Alternative

Indirect and Cumulative Impacts  Reduced traffic congestion and pollutant 

emissions

 Reduced ridership of existing 

transportation modes

 Increased chance of hazardous material 

incidents and water pollution

 Transit-oriented development near 

stations

 Expected increase in vehicular traffic 

congestion and energy consumption, and 

decrease in air quality

Potential Mitigation  Specific mitigation measures for unavoidable adverse impacts, irreversible/irretrievable 

commitment of resources, short-term use of resources, and indirect and cumulative 

impacts, to the extent required, will be discussed in Tier 2 NEPA documents as specific 

impacts are identified.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-38

Environmental Impacts

Table ROD-7 summarizes the potential for impacts, assessed at a Tier 1 level, of constructing 

and operating a passenger rail system in the Yellow Corridor Alternative based on existing 

conditions corridor-wide, as compared to the potential impacts of the No Build Alternative. 

Project Commitments

The Final Tier 1 EIS identifies potential mitigation measures for each relevant environmental 

resource that could be used in Tier 2, and future funded planning and construction phases, in 

Chapter 5, Existing Conditions and Environmental Consequences. During Tier 1, the project 

sponsor has committed to continue consultation with the public, public jurisdictions, regulatory

agencies, and tribes to identify the need for specific mitigation measures to be developed 

during Tier 2 for implementation during construction and operation of a passenger rail system.

As a result, all practicable means to avoid or minimize environmental harm from the selected 

alternative have not been adopted at this stage of project development. 

Potential Mitigation

In the Tier 1 EIS, many of the mitigation measures represent commitments to further 

coordinate with the public, resource and regulatory agencies, and tribes during Tier 2 studies 

and project development. Table ROD-7 introduces types of mitigation to address impacts to 

resources that will potentially result from implementation of a passenger rail system within the 

Yellow Corridor Alternative. Site-specific mitigation measures will be identified and discussed 

during Tier 2 analysis after design details are known, recorded in NEPA documents as specific 

impacts are identified, and implemented at the appropriate phase of project delivery. 

Mitigation Planning

Because Tier 1 studies do not involve project implementation, most mitigation measures 

suggest the types of measures that will be more fully developed during Tier 2 studies. Some 

activities in Tier 1, such as public outreach, were conducted in accordance with the 

programmatic and policy-based mitigation that will be continued should funding become 

available to proceed with Tier 2 studies. The efforts to inventory the types of resources that 

occur within the mile-wide corridors provide data that will be used to established opportunities 

and constraints in the development of Tier 2 alternative alignments to avoid sensitive resources 

and minimize impacts.

Specific impact mitigation to be developed include wetland mitigation, construction timing 

restrictions, stormwater pollution and prevention plans, implementation of BMPs, and 

documentation of historic structures and other properties. Site-specific mitigation at Tier 2 will

be identified in consultation with federal or state regulatory agencies with jurisdiction over a 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-39

given resource. As needed, formal consultation will occur with resource agencies to address 

obligations to minimize and mitigate impacts (e.g., formal consultation under Section 7 of the 

Endangered Species Act). Tier 2 environmental reviews will also require analysis under Section 

4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act and Section 6(f) of the Land and Water 

Conservation Act and will include appropriate mitigation, if needed.

Comparison of Alternatives

As described above, ADOT and FRA completed a multidisciplinary evaluation of alternatives as 

part of the APRCS. The AA involved conceptual engineering of possible alternative alignments 

at a level appropriate for cost estimating, scheduling, operational analyses, and community 

involvement. The AA process resulted in a range of alternatives that were narrowed through 

multiple screenings to identify the alternatives evaluated in the FRA-led EIS for the Study. The 

findings of the AA are reported along with corridor-level analysis of potential environmental 

impacts to compare the potential performance and impacts of a passenger rail system within 

each corridor alternative with the No Build Alternative. 

A passenger rail system within the Yellow Corridor Alternative will provide shorter trip times to 

a larger total number of riders, with reductions in injuries and fatalities over the No Build 

Alternative similar to those for a passenger rail system within the Orange Corridor Alternative.

The No Build Alternative will not incur any of these costs, but it will not meet the identified 

purpose and need for an alternate transportation mode between Tucson and Phoenix.

Of the corridor alternatives considered, a passenger rail system within the Yellow Corridor 

Alternative is more compatible with existing local plans; serves a larger population; and 

potentially affects slightly fewer natural resources, sensitive noise receptors, viewers, and 

known archaeological (prehistoric) resources. However, at the Tier 1 level of analysis, the 

potential to affect known historic resources, hazardous materials, and parks appears to be 

slightly greater with the Yellow Corridor Alternative compared to a passenger rail system with 

the Orange Corridor Alternative, because the Yellow Corridor passes through more developed 

urban areas. Also at the Tier 1 level of analysis, the potential to affect known water resources, 

wildlife corridors, and potential species habitat appears greater with the Orange Corridor 

Alternative.

Although serving a smaller existing population, a passenger rail system within the Orange 

Corridor Alternative has a slightly greater potential to reduce gasoline consumption and criteria 

pollutant emissions than a passenger rail system within the Yellow Corridor Alternative because 

of the denser future land use patterns that would result from transit service promoting shorter 

trips, walking and cycling, and reduced car use and ownership. Compared to the No Build
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-40

Alternative, a passenger rail system within either corridor alternative offers increased access to 

transit for protected populations and economic generators as well as improved air quality and 

energy consumption.

Comparison Summary and Preferred Alternative

Potential impacts to the community and other environmental resources; financial feasibility, 

ease of implementation, and operating characteristics; and mobility and safety are compared in

Table ROD-8. Evaluating the overall estimated costs, projected ridership, and potential 

environmental impacts associated with implementing passenger rail within one of the corridor 

alternatives, FRA considers a passenger rail system within the Yellow Corridor Alternative more 

cost efficient and better performing than a passenger rail system within the Orange Corridor 

Alternative. FRA also finds that the potential impacts to the environment for each corridor 

alternative will likely be similar. Therefore, ADOT recommended and FRA has selected the 

Yellow Corridor Alternative with corridor options as the selected alternative.

Table ROD-8. Comparison of Community and Environmental Criteria

Criterion Yellow Corridor Orange Corridor No Build

Potential need for conversion of nontransportation land usesModerate Moderate to High N/A

Compatibility with local plans Compatible Moderately

Incompatible

Compatible

Compatibility with underlying property 

ownership

Moderately 

Incompatible

Compatible Compatible

Compatibility of station areasa Compatible Moderately 

Incompatible 

N/A

Existing population within station area districtb 851,713 717,329 N/A

Existing employment within station area districtb 796,426 726,212 N/A

Future population within station area districtb 1,188,103 1,027,518 N/A

Future employment within station area districtb 1,036,490 939,520 N/A

Existing minority population within station area 

districtb

481,916 404,114 N/A

Existing low-income population within station 

area districtb

296,018 265,145 N/A

Parksc

(200-foot ROW corridor)

151

(21)

146

(20)

N/A

Daily reduction in NOX emissions (STOPS)d(kg.) 516 519 e

Daily reduction in CO emissions (STOPS) (kg.) 9,507 9,563 e

Daily reduction in VOC emissions (STOPS) (kg.) 340 342 e

Daily reduction in PM10 emissions (STOPS) (kg.) 6 6

e

Daily reduction in CO2 emissions (STOPS) (kg.)

242,072 243,504

Daily reduction in SO2 emissions (STOPS) (kg.) 2.39 2.40
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-41

Table ROD-8. Comparison of Community and Environmental Criteria

Criterion Yellow Corridor Orange Corridor No Build

Potential noise receptorsc

(within 1,800-foot sensitivity distance)

51,260

(39,450)

50,094

(34,155)

N/A

Potential vibration impact receptors 4,925 2,325 N/A

Hazardous materials sites 1,511 1,142 f

Rivers, washes, or arroyos (linear feet) 1,480,187 1,910,872 f

Potential wetlands (acres) 1,032 1,476 f

100-year Floodplain (acres) 9,330 9,876 f

Wildlife corridors 20 26 f

Wildlife linkage zones crossed (miles) 20.3 32.93

f

Annual reduction in gasoline usage (gallons) 3,037,000 3,058,000 e

Visual, aesthetic, and scenic resource impacts Minimal to 

Moderate

Moderate to

High

Minimal

Known archaeological resources 372 418 f

Historic resources listed on the National Register 

of Historic Places 

158 126 f

Annual operating cost for commuter rail portion 

of service (2013 dollars) $67.0 Million $86.0 Million $0

Capital cost (2013 dollars) $4.5 Billion $7.6 Billion $0

Annual operating cost per commuter rail 

passenger (2013 dollars) $10.37 $15.99 $0

Annual operating cost per intercity rail passenger 

(2013 dollars) $14.73 $15.38 $0

Right-of-Way cost (2013 dollars) $144.9 Million $62.1 Million $0

Ease of Implementation Moderate Low N/A

Predictability and Dependability Moderate High Low

Urban stations (conceptual) 14 12 0

Rural stations (conceptual) 1 3 0

Daily commuter ridership 16,700 13,940 0

Daily intercity ridership 3,360 4,140 0

Reduction in automobile VMT (STOPS) 566,914 570,268 0

Transit and pedestrian connectivityg

D C F

Tucson to Phoenix commuter rail travel time 

(hours:minutes) 1:35 1:45 N/A

Tucson to Phoenix intercity rail travel time 

(hours:minutes) 1:23 1:30 2:22h
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-42

Table ROD-8. Comparison of Community and Environmental Criteria

Criterion Yellow Corridor Orange Corridor No Build

Estimated at-grade crossingsi

112 55 0

j

2035 reduction in fatalities per million VMT 

(STOPS) 2.2 2.2 0

k

2035 reduction in injuries per million VMT 

(STOPS) 33.2 33.4 0

k

a Conceptual station areas at major intersections or activity centers; not specific sites 

b A 3-mile radius surrounding each conceptual station area

c Potentially affected parks and noise receptors were estimated for narrower corridors in addition to the mile-wide corridor 

numbers; the estimated number in the narrower corridor appears in parentheses directly beneath the quantity for the milewide corridor.

d Simplified Trips-on-Project Software (STOPS) is a ridership modeling program utilized by FTA

e Likely increases in pollutant emissions and gasoline usage from increased vehicular congestion not calculated for this Tier 1

analysis

f Potential impacts from other reasonably foreseeable projects are not calculated for this Tier 1 analysis

g Graded on an A-F scale with “A” offering the greatest number of transit and pedestrian connections, and “F” the lowest 

number of connections

h Year 2035 Baseline. Travel time by automobile using I-10

i At-grade crossings inferred based on ADOT rail crossing database and aerial photography review

j Via I-10

k Zero reduction in fatalities and injuries; potential increases from traffic congestion not calculated for this Tier 1 analysis

CO = Carbon Monoxide kg. = kilograms VOC = Volatile Organic Compounds

Airport Connections

Throughout the development of the Arizona Passenger Rail Corridor Study Draft Tier 1 EIS 

corridor analyses, the public and stakeholder agencies identified airport access as an important 

consideration among their preferences as a feature of future passenger rail service.

All three major airports in the study corridor – Tucson International Airport (TUS), PhoenixMesa Gateway Airport (AZA), and Sky Harbor International Airport (PHX) – could have 

connections to a future passenger rail line, but a detailed evaluation of specific alignments, 

impacts, or other implications of how these connections will be accomplished was not a part of 

this study. These analyses will be undertaken as part of future studies. ADOT and FRA 

recommend studying passenger rail connectivity to TUS for future Tier 2 studies. As noted in 

the Draft Tier 1 EIS, ADOT anticipates that a passenger rail system between the Tucson and 

Phoenix metro areas will be funded incrementally, and that construction and operations will be 

implemented in phases. The specific phasing of a future passenger rail system is not known at 

this time but will be determined as funding is allocated and as part of Tier 2 NEPA review.
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-43

ROD.10 Next Steps

Tier 2 studies and NEPA documentation will need to occur before design and construction of 

any federally funded passenger rail facility can be completed. The additional analysis required 

for Tier 2 studies, NEPA documentation, and design needed to advance to the project level are 

described in this section.

Phased Implementation

ADOT anticipates that a passenger rail system will be incrementally funded and that 

construction and operation will be implemented in phases. Within the approximately 20-year 

planning horizon, ADOT will consider initial and successive phases through the interim 

implementation phase, which is the last phase that will be implemented using information from 

the existing Service Development Plan. 

For example, funding can be initially allocated for improving existing facilities to support higher 

speeds, or improve/construct particular stations and maintenance and layover facilities on 

existing freight railroads. Traditional and potential alternative funding sources include USDOT 

grant programs, federal loan programs, public-private partnerships, and 100 percent 

privatization. Service could initially start with fewer stations and with fewer round trips. As 

additional funding becomes available, further construction could take place to expand service. 

No individual section of a passenger rail system has been identified for implementation, but the

following proposed corridor sections, or any other functional configurations deemed viable,

could be evaluated as logical, independent sections subject to available funding and the source 

of that funding. These corridor sections could also be combined, modified, or revisited in the 

future based on available funding. Chapter 8 of the Final EIS describes potential phases and 

strategies for implementation of passenger rail service. ADOT may modify these phases as it 

continues to develop an approach to implementation and in response to factors such as the 

availability of funding. 

Tier 2 Operable Sections

If federal funding becomes available, Tier 2 studies and NEPA documentation will be advanced 

for logical operable sections of a passenger rail system. One or more operable sections of a

future passenger rail system between Tucson and Phoenix could be developed as individual 

projects. A separate Tier 2 NEPA document will be prepared for each project identified; 

depending on the potential for impacts, this could be an EIS, an Environmental Assessment 

(EA), or a Categorical Exclusion (CE). Any such segment will be required to have independent

utility, with or without construction of other segments. Preliminary design will be conducted to 

support Tier 2 studies and supply more detailed information necessary to identify specific 

resources affected by construction, and to what extent. 
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-44

Coordination and outreach will occur during Tier 2 studies to engage the public more fully 

regarding a project’s effects on individual properties and specific environmental resources, and 

issues such as the design of stations and other railroad facilities. Input from the outreach effort 

will be incorporated into the NEPA analysis and project design.

Figure ROD-3 shows the possible implementation phases. 
Florence

Marana

Tucson

Mesa

Gilbert

Phoenix

Oro 

Valley

PIMA COUNTY MARICOPA COUNTY PINAL COUNTY

GILA COUNTY

PINAL COUNTY

Tohono O'odham Nation

Ak-Chin

Indian 

Community

Gila River

Indian 

Community

Salt River 

Pima-Maricopa

 Indian Community

Santa Cruz River

Salt River

Gila River

Queen Creek

Verde River

Superior

Glendale

Peoria

Scottsdale

Goodyear

Sky Harbor International

Airport Phoenix-Mesa

Gateway

Airport

Tucson

International

Airport

MARICOPA COUNTY

Coolidge

Eloy

Casa

Grande

Surprise

Buckeye

Tohono O'odham

Nation San Xavier

District

Tempe

San

Tan

Valley

Guadalupe

Catalina

Foothills

Record of Decision

Figure ROD-3. Possible Implementation Phases

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement/ROD ROD-45

Commuter Service

Regional Commuter Service

Intercity Service

Airport

Railroad

Major Drainage

Conceptual Station

System Hub

Station

Interstate

State or US Highway

Federal Land

National Forest

Tribal Land

State Trust Land

City Boundary

Le g e nd

0 5 10

Miles

Sources: Esri 2014; Arizona Department of Transportation 2013; Arizona Land Information System 2013
Record of Decision

Final Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement ROD-46

Tier 2 Technical Studies

In addition to NEPA documentation, numerous technical studies will be completed as part of 

the Tier 2 process to acquire a more detailed understanding of the nature and magnitude of 

impacts. The analyses will consider avoidance of and minimization of impacts to sensitive 

environmental resources. For each Tier 2 section, the following studies and technical reports 

may be required: 

 Detailed site-specific alternatives analyses 

 Wetland delineations and identification of Clean Water Act Section 404 permitting 

requirements 

 Cultural resource surveys and National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 consultation 

 Threatened and endangered species or species of special status surveys 

 Noise and vibration analysis 

 Section 4(f) evaluation 

 Section 6(f) evaluation

 Phase I Environmental Site Assessments 

 Air emissions analysis in nonattainment areas 

 Station-area traffic studies 

 Engineering surveys

All final determinations on Section 4(f) resources, Section 106 consultation, Section 7 

consultation, and wetlands and floodplains will be completed at the Tier 2 analysis stage.

Coordination with Other Studies

To ensure consistency in planning and provide alternative mode opportunities in future or 

expanding corridors being studied, the ongoing APRCS will continue to be developed as Tier 2, 

project-level documents in coordination with other transportation planning studies whenever 

possible and appropriate, including the Interstate 11 Tier 1 EIS between Nogales and 

Wickenburg, and the SR 410 Sonoran Corridor Tier 1 EIS between I-19 and I-10 south of TUS. In 

addition, AGFD has requested that ADOT coordinate the APRCS with their analysis of the 

North-South Corridor’s potential impacts, and incorporate those results into the cumulative 

impacts analysis for this study.