25-1 June 2021

Chapter 25: References 

This chapter provides a listing of all the reference documents and other FRA consulted in the 

preparation of this EIS, including applicable laws and regulations guidance documents, reports, 

websites and databases, and other sources. The references FRA used are presented to 

correspond to the chapter of the DEIS and Draft Section 4(f) Evaluation where they were first 

referenced (the chapter references listed include any references from corresponding appendices). 

The stakeholders in the Proposed Action (WRY Tenant LLC, Amtrak, and MTA LIRR) developed 

the design criteria for the various project elements and provided design and construction 

information and assumptions for FRA’s use to prepare the analyses in this EIS and Draft Section 

4(f) Evaluation. 

25.1 INTRODUCTION 

MTA and CPC, Western Rail Yard Project – Final Environmental Impact Statement. October 

2009.

Amtrak and FRA, Finding of No Significant Impact, Environmental Assessment for Construction 

of a Concrete Casing in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York. May 2013.

Amtrak and FRA, Finding of No Significant Impact, Supplemental Environmental Assessment for 

Construction of a Concrete Casing Extension in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York. 

November 2014.

42 USC 4321 et seq. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2010-title42/USCODE-2010-title42-chap55-

sec4321. Accessed November 18, 2020. 

40 CFR parts 1500–1508, 23 CFR part 771, and 23 U.S.C. 139.Council on Environmental 

Quality NEPA regulations. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title40-vol33/CFR2011-title40-vol33-part-id1102. Accessed November 18, 2020.

FRA Procedures for Considering Environmental Impacts (FRA’s Environmental Procedures, 64 

FR 28545, May 26, 1999, as updated in 78 FR 2713, January 14, 2013). 

https://railroads.dot.gov/elibrary/fra-procedures-considering-environmental-impacts. Accessed 

November 18, 2020.

FRA, September 2020, Western Rail Yard Infrastructure Project Scoping Summary Report, 

found at http://westernrailyardinfrastructure.com/library.html or at www.regulations.gov (using 

Docket Number FRA-2020-0039). 

23 CFR Part 771. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA) Environmental Impact and Related Procedures. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR2016-title23-vol1/CFR-2016-title23-vol1-part771. Accessed November 18, 2020.

54 U.S.C. § 306108. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966. 

https://www.achp.gov/sites/default/files/2018-06/nhpa.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.

42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. Clean Air Act of 1970. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE2010-title42/html/USCODE-2010-title42-chap85.htm. Accessed November 18, 2020.
June 2021 25-2 

33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-138. Clean Water Act of 1972. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2015-title33/USCODE-2015-title33-chap26-

subchapI-sec1251. Accessed November 18, 2020.

49 U.S.C. § 303. Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act of 1966. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2012-title49/USCODE-2012-title49-subtitleIchap3-subchapI-sec303. Accessed November 18, 2020. 

16 U.S.C. § 1531. Endangered Species Act of 1973. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2011-title16/USCODE-2011-title16-chap35-

sec1531. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Executive Order 11988 and USDOT Order 5650.2 on Floodplain Management. 

https://www.fema.gov/executive-order-11988-floodplain-management-0. Accessed November 

18, 2020.

Executive Order 11990 on Protection of Wetlands. https://www.fws.gov/policy/613fw2.html. 

Accessed November 18, 2020. 

16 U.S.C. ch. 33 § 1451 et seq. Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2012-title16/html/USCODE-2012-title16-chap33-

sec1451.htm. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Executive Order 12898 on Environmental Justice. 

https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/eo12898.pdf. Accessed November 18, 

2020. 

2014 City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) Technical Manual, New York City Department 

of City Planning. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/oec/technicalmanual/2014_ceqr_technical_manual_rev_04_27_2016.pdf. Accessed on November 18, 2020. 

23 USC 139. Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act of 2015 (FAST Act). 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2011-title23/USCODE-2011-title23-chap1-

sec139. Accessed on November 18, 2020. 

MTA and CPC. Western Rail Yard Project – Final Environmental Impact Statement, October 2009. 

25.2 PURPOSE AND NEED

MTA – About Us – The MTA Network: Public Transportation for the New York Region. 

http://web.mta.info/mta/network.htm. Accessed January 15, 2021.

New York Times article, published November 25, 2020; Updated December 16, 2020.

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/25/nyregion/mta-budget.html. Accessed January 15, 2021.

MTA – Transparency – Financial & Budget Statements; “MTA 2021 Budget and 2021-2024 

Financial Plan Adoption Materials.” https://new.mta.info/document/25291 Accessed January 15, 

2021. 

MTA – Transparency – Financial & Budget Statements; “MTA 2021 Final Proposed Budget 

November Financial Plan 2021-2024.” https://new.mta.info/transparency/financialinformation/financial-and-budget-statements Accessed January 15, 2021. 

USDOT – What We Do – Mission: https://www.transportation.gov/about Accessed January 15, 

2021. 
Chapter 25: References

25-3 June 2021

25.3 ALTERNATIVES 

23 USC 139. Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act of 2015 (FAST Act). 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2011-title23/USCODE-2011-title23-chap1-

sec139. Accessed on November 18, 2020. 

40 CFR parts 1500–1508.Council on Environmental Quality NEPA regulations. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title40-vol33/CFR-2011-title40-vol33-part-id1102. 

Accessed November 18, 2020.

Amtrak Tunnel Encasement Final Report, May 2011. 

Tutor Perini Corporation and Parsons Brinckerhoff. Amtrak Gateway Project – Hudson Yards 

Study Final Report, 2012 (2012 Hudson Yards Study Final Report). 

https://railroads.dot.gov/sites/fra.dot.gov/files/fra_net/3051/HudsonYardsEA_AppendixA_TutorP

eriniPBstudy.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Penn Station New York Major Support Facilities and Potential Improvements between the 

Hudson River and Seventh Avenue, Preliminary Track Alignment Design and Impacted 

Disciplines, Phase I – Section 1 (2011). 

Penn Station New York Major Support Facilities and Potential Improvements Between the 

Hudson River and Seventh Avenue, Preliminary Track Alignment Design and Impacted 

Disciplines, Phase 1 – Section 2A (2012). 

Amtrak Gateway Project, High Speed Rail Penn Station, New York Feasibility Study, Phase 1 – 

Section 2B (2012). 

1989 MTA Master Plan. Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Master Plan, Caemmerer West 

Side Yard, New York, NY. August 1989. 

Design Report LIRR 30% Design Report (Resubmission), Hudson Yards – WRY Platform & 

Associated Project, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates. April 15, 2019.

Hudson Yards L.I.R.R. West Rail Yard- 30% Design Report (Resubmission). Related Oxford. 

April 15, 2019.

2402 Hudson Yards Platform-LIRR ”Building C” – 60% Design Submission Memorandum. Kohn 

Pedersen Fox Associates. December 21, 2018.

MTA and CPC. Western Rail Yard Project – Final Environmental Impact Statement, October 

2009. 

NFPA 130. National Fire Protection Association’s Standard for Fixed Guideway Transit and 

Passenger Rail Systems. 2020.

FRA, Emergency Preparedness Guidelines for Passenger Trains. https://railroads.dot.gov/railnetwork-development/passenger-rail/passenger-train-emergency-preparedness. Accessed January 

22, 2021. 

25.4 ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK

42 USC 4321 et seq. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2010-title42/USCODE-2010-title42-chap55-

sec4321. Accessed November 18, 2020. 
June 2021 25-4 

40 CFR parts 1500–1508.Council on Environmental Quality NEPA regulations. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title40-vol33/CFR-2011-title40-vol33-part-id1102. 

Accessed November 18, 2020.

23 CFR Part 771. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA) Environmental Impact and Related Procedures. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR2016-title23-vol1/CFR-2016-title23-vol1-part771. Accessed November 18, 2020.

23 USC 139. Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act of 2015 (FAST Act). 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2011-title23/USCODE-2011-title23-chap1-

sec139. Accessed on November 18, 2020. 

2014 City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) Technical Manual, New York City Department 

of City Planning.https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/technicalmanual.page. Accessed November 18, 2020.

MTA and CPC. Western Rail Yard Project – Final Environmental Impact Statement, October 

2009. 

Amtrak and FRA. Finding of No Significant Impact, Environmental Assessment for Construction 

of a Concrete Casing in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York. May 2013. 

Amtrak and FRA. Finding of No Significant Impact, Supplemental Environmental Assessment for 

Construction of a Concrete Casing Extension in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York. 

November 2014.

Correspondence with New York City Department of City Planning Manhattan Office related to 

future private development proposed in the Study Area (May 2020, June 2020, October 2020). 

25.5 LAND USE, LAND PLANNING, AND PROPERTY

42 U.S.C. 4601-4655. Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act 

of 1970, as amended. https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2015-18159. Accessed on January 22, 

2021. 

23 CFR Part 771. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA) Environmental Impact and Related Procedures. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR2016-title23-vol1/CFR-2016-title23-vol1-part771. Accessed November 18, 2020.

2014 City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) Technical Manual, New York City Department 

of City Planning. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/technicalmanual.page. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Amtrak, Amtrak Vision for the Northeast Corridor 2012 Update Report; A Vision for High-Speed 

Rail in the Northeast Corridor, 2010; and FRA, Northeast Corridor Future Program Studies, 2013. 

Amtrak, Penn Station New York Major Support Facilities and Potential Improvements Between 

the Hudson River and 7th Avenue, Preliminary Track Alignment Design and Impacted Disciplines, 

Phase I – Section 1, Final Report (2011). 

Amtrak, Penn Station New York Major Support Facilities and Potential Improvements Between 

the Hudson River and 7th Avenue, Preliminary Track Alignment Design and Impacted Disciplines, 

Phase 1 – Section 2A, Draft Report. 2012. 

Amtrak, Amtrak Gateway Project, High Speed Rail Penn Station, New York Feasibility Study, 

Phase 1 – Section 2B, Final Report. 2012. 
Chapter 25: References

25-5 June 2021

Amtrak and FRA, Northeast Corridor Infrastructure Master Plan (NEC Master Plan). May 2010.

https://nec.amtrak.com/project/the-gateway-program/. Accessed November 18, 2020.

New York Metropolitan Transportation Council’s (NYMTC) Regional Transportation Plan 2045. 

https://www.nymtc.org/Portals/0/Pdf/RTP/Plan%202045%20Final%20Documents/Plan%202045

%20Full%20Main%20document/Full%20Main%20Plan%202045_R_6-27-17.pdf. Accessed 

November 18, 2020.

NYC Zoning Handbook, 

https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/about/publications/zoning-handbook/zoninghandbook.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020. 

Mayor’s Office for Long Term Planning and Sustainability, OneNYC 2050. April 2019. 

New York City Department of City Planning, Vision 2020: New York City Comprehensive 

Waterfront Plan.

1989 MTA Master Plan, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, Master Plan, Caemmerer West 

Side Yard, New York, NY. August 1989.

NYC Dept. of City Planning MapPLUTO 20v7 and AKRF, Inc. Study Area Field Survey

25.6 TRANSPORTATION 

40 CFR § 1508.27. Council on Environmental Quality NEPA regulations. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title40-vol33/CFR-2011-title40-vol33-part-id1102. 

Accessed November 18, 2020.

2014 City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) Technical Manual, New York City Department 

of City Planning.https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/technicalmanual.page. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Port Authority of NY & NJ, Port Authority Bus Terminal Draft Environmental Impact Statement. 

2018.

2019 CBD Tolling ATR Central Business District (CDB) EIS – Metropolitan Transportation 

Authority, Central Business District Tolling Program Environmental Assessment

Metropolitan Transportation Authority, No. 7 Subway Extension–Hudson Yards Rezoning and 

Development Program. FGEIS, 2005.New York Times Building, In-Person Construction Survey, 

AKRF, Inc. (April 2006)

Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual, 2000.

NYCDOT Parking Regulations https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Transportation/Parking-RegulationLocations-and-Signs/xswq-wnv9 and WSP Field Observations (2020/2021) 

25.7 AIR QUALITY, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, AND 

RESILIENCE

2014 City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) Technical Manual, New York City Department 

of City Planning.https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/technicalmanual.page. Accessed November 18, 2020.

42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. Clean Air Act of 1970. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE2010-title42/html/USCODE-2010-title42-chap85.htm. Accessed November 18, 2020.
June 2021 25-6 

Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA), New York State, 2019. 

https://climate.ny.gov/. Accessed November 18, 2020.

USEPA. Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), User Guide for MOVES2014a, November 

2015.

USEPA. Compilations of Air Pollutant Emission Factors AP-42, Fifth Edition, Volume I: 

Stationary Point and Area Sources, Ch. 13.2.1, NC. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42, January 

2011.

NYSDOT. 2009 NHTS, New York State Add-On. Key Tables. Table 3: Average Travel Day 

Person-Trip Length By Mode and Purpose, trip-to work distance for SOV in NYMTC 10-county 

area (2011). 

EPA. Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 19 November 2015.

The Portland Cement Association. Life Cycle Inventory of Portland Cement Manufacture. 2006.

Arpad Horvath et al. Pavement Life-cycle Assessment Tool for Environmental and Economic 

Effects, Consortium on Green Design and Manufacturing. UC Berkeley. 2007.

USEPA. Inventory of U.S. Climate Change and Sinks: 1990–2009. April 15, 2011.

Arthur T. DeGaetano, Christopher M. Castellano. Future projections of extreme precipitation 

intensity-duration-frequency curves for climate adaptation planning in New York State. Climate 

Services, Volume 5. January 2017.

NRCC/NYSERDA. Intensity Duration Frequency Curves for New York State: Future Projections 

for a Changing Climate. http://ny-idf-projections.nrcc.cornell.edu. Accessed May 2017.

FEMA. Flood Insurance Rate Map, New York County, New York—Preliminary. Panel 69 of 457. 

Map 3604970069G. December 5, 2013.

USEPA, Additional Clarification Regarding Application of Appendix W Modeling for the 1-hour 

NO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standard, March 11, 2011.

New York State Air Quality Report Ambient Air Monitoring System, NYSDEC, 2017–2019.

Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth 

Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental 

Panel on Climate Change. 2014.

Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. U.S. 

Global Change Research Program. October 2014.

Advancing Tools and Methods for Flexible Adaptation Pathways and Science Policy Integration. 

New York City Panel on Climate Change 2019 Report. March 2019.

European Commission. Impacts of Climate Change on Transport: A Focus on Road and Rail 

Transport Infrastructures. Available: http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC72217.pdf. 2012. 

FHWA. U.S. Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.7: Impacts 

of Climate Change and Variability on Transportation Systems and Infrastructure: Gulf Coast 

Study, Phase I. March 2008.

The City of New York Mayor’s Office of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability. Inventory of New 

York City Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2019. https://nyc-ghg-inventory.cusp.nyu.edu/
Chapter 25: References

25-7 June 2021

25.8 NOISE AND VIBRATION

2014 City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) Technical Manual, New York City Department 

of City Planning. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/technicalmanual.page. Accessed November 18, 2020.

New York City Zoning Resolution. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/zoning/access-text.page. 

Accessed November 18, 2020. 

FTA Guidance Manual, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment (FTA Report No. 0123), 

September 2018. 

Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment, FTA-VA-90-1003-06, May 2006.

New York City Administrative Code, Section 24, Chapter 2, as amended by Local Law 113 for the 

year 2005, (commonly referred to as the New York City Noise Control Code), 

https://www1.nyc.gov/site/dep/environment/noise-code.page. Accessed January 15, 2021.

25.9 CULTURAL RESOURCES 

23 CFR Part 771. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA) Environmental Impact and Related Procedures. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR2016-title23-vol1/CFR-2016-title23-vol1-part771. Accessed November 18, 2020.

36 CFR § 800.8. Coordination With the National Environmental Policy Act. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2012-title36-vol3/CFR-2012-title36-vol3-sec800-8. 

Accessed on January 22, 2021. 

40 C.F.R. § 1508.8. Effects. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2002-title40-

vol28/pdf/CFR-2002-title40-vol28-sec1508-8.pdf. Accessed on April 13, 2021. 

54 USC § 306108. National Historic Preservation Act. 

https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:54%20section:306108%20edition:prelim)#:~:text

=%C2%A7306108.,of%20undertaking%20on%20historic%20property&text=The%20head%20of

%20the%20Federal,L.&text=Pub.,-L. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. NHPA: A Handbook for Integrating NEPA and Section 

106. March 2013. 

NHPA: A Handbook for Integrating NEPA and Section 106

National Register Bulletin 36, Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Archeological 

Resources, prepared by the National Park Service.

https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB36-Complete.pdf. Accessed 

November 18, 2020.

Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2004 Hudson Yards Final Generic Environment Impact 

Statement (FGEIS). 2004.

OPRHP, Kathy Howe, Resource Evaluation, New York Improvement & Tunnel Extension of the 

Pennsylvania Railroad from NJ to Manhattan to LIC Queens, USN: 06101.018103, March 11, 

2011.

Amtrak and FRA. Finding of No Significant Impact, Environmental Assessment for Construction 

of a Concrete Casing in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York. May 2013. 

TPPN #10/88 – New York City Department of Building’s Technical Policy and Procedure Notice 

#10/88
June 2021 25-8 

Preservation Tech Notes, Temporary Protection #3: Protecting a Historic Structure during 

Adjacent Construction – guidance document by the National Park Service, 2001.

Protection Programs for Landmarked Buildings – guidance document by the New York City 

Landmarks Preservation Commission

25.10 PARKS AND RECREATION AREAS

2014 City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) Technical Manual, New York City Department 

of City Planning.https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/technicalmanual.page. Accessed November 18, 2020.

NYC Parks, HRPT, Friends of the High Line. Block 675 East Final Environmental Impact 

Statement. April 2918. 

FRA and NJ TRANSIT. Hudson Tunnel Draft Environmental Impact Statement and Draft Section 

4(f) Evaluation. June 2017.

MTA and CPC, Western Rail Yard Project – Final Environmental Impact Statement. October 

2009.

U.S. Census Bureau. ACS 2014–2018 5-Year Estimates. 

https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/acs-5-year.html. Accessed November 

18, 2020. 

OnTheMap Application. https://onthemap.ces.census.gov/. Accessed November 18, 2020. 

LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics. https://lehd.ces.census.gov/data/. Accessed 

November 18, 2020. 

23 CFR Part 771. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA) Environmental Impact and Related Procedures. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR2016-title23-vol1/CFR-2016-title23-vol1-part771. Accessed November 18, 2020.

25.11 AESTHETICS AND VISUAL QUALITY

Federal Highway Administration. Guidelines for the Visual Impact Assessment of Highway 

Projects. January 2015. 

25.12 CONTAMINATED MATERIALS

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard E1527-13

Caemmerer Yard Phase IA Environmental Site Assessment, Parsons Brinckerhoff and Louis 

Berger and Associates, P.C. (LBA), July 2004.

Caemmerer Yard Phase II Environmental Site Investigation, Parsons Brinckerhoff, 2004

Phase I ESA for Western Rail Yard, LBA, January 2009

NYSDEC Technical and Administrative Guidance Memorandum (TAGM) #4046. 

https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/cpsoil.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.

MTA and CPC, No. 7 Subway Extension-Hudson Yards Rezoning and Development Program 

Final Generic Environmental Impact Statement. 2004. 

MTA and CPC, Western Rail Yard Project – Final Environmental Impact Statement. October 

2009.
Chapter 25: References

25-9 June 2021

Amtrak and FRA, Finding of No Significant Impact, Environmental Assessment for Construction 

of a Concrete Casing in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York. May 2013.

Amtrak and FRA, Finding of No Significant Impact, Supplemental Environmental Assessment for 

Construction of a Concrete Casing Extension in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York. 

November 2014.

25.13 UTILITIES AND ENERGY

23 CFR Part 771. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA) Environmental Impact and Related Procedures. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR2016-title23-vol1/CFR-2016-title23-vol1-part771. Accessed November 18, 2020.

DSNY Annual Report; New York City Municipal Refuse and Recycling Statistics: Fiscal Year 

2018, https://dsny.cityofnewyork.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/about_dsny-non-dsnycollections-FY2018.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Draft Amended Drainage Plan for Districts 3, 2 1⁄2, and 2 in the Hudson Yards Area, City of New 

York City Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water and Sewer Operations 

Engineering (October 2009).

Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan, September 2006; Attachment IV, Table IV 2-2.

Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan, September 2006; Attachment II, Table II 2-6.

Consolidated Edison Annual Report, 2019.

Design Report LIRR 30% Design Report (Re-Submission), Hudson Yards – WRY Platform & 

Associated Project, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates. April 15, 2019.

LIRR 30% Design Drawings (Re-Submission), (Potential Utility Conflicts, Removals) Hudson 

Yards – West Platform, Langan Engineering & Environmental Services, Inc. April 15, 2019.

2014 New York City Plumbing Code, Chapter 3, “General Regulations,” Section 301.3, 

“Connections to the Sanitary Drainage System.” (https://up.codes/viewer/new_york_city/nycplumbing-code-2014/chapter/3/general-regulations#3), accessed February 3, 2021.

25.14 SOILS AND GEOLOGY

New York City Building Code, 2014 edition. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/buildings/codes/2014-

construction-codes.page. Accessed November 18, 2020.

American Society of Civil Engineers 7-10, 2010 edition. 

Amtrak and FRA. November 2014. Finding of No Significant Impact, Supplemental 

Environmental Assessment for Construction of a Concrete Casing Extension in the Hudson 

Yards, New York, New York.

United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5 Minute Topographic Map

USGS National Seismic Hazard Map of New York

USGS maps for southern New York region (bedrock and surficial geologic maps)

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service 

(NRCS) Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO)

https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/
June 2021 25-10

25.15 WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Bain, M.B. 1997. Atlantic and shortnose sturgeons of the Hudson River: common and divergent 

life history attributes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 48: 347-358.

Briggs, P. T. and J. R. Waldman. 2002. Annotated list of fishes reported from the marine waters 

of New York. Northeastern Naturalist. 9: 47-80.

Brosnan, T.M., and M.L. O’Shea. 1995. New York Harbor Water Quality Survey: 1994. New York 

City Department of Environmental Protection, Marine Sciences Section, Wards Island, NY.

Cade, T.J., M. Martell, P. Redig, G. Septon, H. Tordoff. Peregrine Falcons in Urban North 

America. 1996. In: Ed. Bird, D.M., D.E. Varland, J.J. Negro. Raptors in Human Landscapes: 

Adaptation to Built and Cultivated Environments. Academic Press. San Diego, CA. pp. 3-14.

Coastal Environmental Services (Coastal). 1987. Television City Project: Characterization of the 

aquatic ecology of the site and assessment of potential impacts of the project on the aquatic 

biota. Prepared for Berle, Cass, and Case, New York, New York; McKeown and Franz, Inc.,

New York, NY; and The Trump Organization, New York, NY.

EA Engineering, Science, and Technology (EA). 1990. Phase I feasibility study of the aquatic 

ecology along the Hudson River in Manhattan. Final Report. Prepared for New York City Public 

Development Corporation, New York, NY. Newburgh, NY. 

EEA, Inc. (EEA). 1988. Hudson River Center Site Aquatic Environmental Study. Final Report. 

Garden City, NY.

Edinger, G.J., D.J. Evans, S. Gebauer, T.G. Howard, D.M. Hunt, and A.M. Olivero. 2014. 

Ecological Communities of New York State, Second Edition. New York Natural Heritage 

Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY.

FEMA. Flood Insurance Rate Map, New York County, New York—Preliminary. Panel 69 of 457. 

Map 3604970069G. December 5, 2013.

Geyer, W.R., and R. Chant. 2006. The Physical Oceanography Processes in the Hudson River 

Estuary. In: J.S. Levinton and J.R. Waldman (eds.) The Hudson River Estuary. Cambridge 

University Press, New York, NY.

Hudson River Park Trust (HRPT). 2002. Hudson River Park Trust Estuarine Sanctuary 

Management Plan. September 2002.

Loucks, B.A. and C.A. Nadareski. 2005. Back From the Brink. New York State Conservationist 

59:5. April 2005.

McGowan, K. J., and K. Corwin, eds. 2008. The Second Atlas of Breeding Birds in New York 

State. Cornell University Press. (Available from Buteo Books) 

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2020. Essential Fish Habitat Mapper. Available from: 

http://www.habitat.noaa.gov/protection/efh/habitatmapper.html.
Chapter 25: References

25-11 June 2021

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 2021. Endangered Species Act Section 7 Mapper. 

Available from: 

https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=1bc332edc5204e03b250ac11f

9914a27

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coast Survey. January 1, 2020. 

Chart 12335: Hudson and East Rivers Governors Island to 67th Street. Available from: 

https://charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/12335.shtml

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2016. Mean Sea Level Trend, 

8518750, The Battery, New York. National Ocean Service. Revised: 10/15/2013. 

tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?id=8518750

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2013. Current station locations and 

ranges. Available https://www.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/currents10/tab2ac4.html. Revised 

October 15, 2013. Accessed November 18, 2020.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Coast Survey. May 1, 2011. Chart 

12341: Hudson River Days Point to George Washington Bridge. Available from: 

https://charts.noaa.gov/OnLineViewer/12341.shtml

New York City Department of City Planning (NYCDCP). 2011. Vision 2020: New York City 

Comprehensive Waterfront Plan. March 2011.

New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP). 2018. New York Harbor 

Water Quality Report for 2018. Available from: 

https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/dep/downloads/pdf/water/nyc-waterways/harbor-water-qualityreport/2018-new-york-harbor-water-quality-report.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.

New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP). 2016. Green Infrastructure 

Performance Metrics Report. June 2016. NYCDEP 2011.

New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP). 2007. East River and Open 

Waters Waterbody/Watershed Facility Plan Report. June 2007.

New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYCDEP). 2005. “Citywide 

Comprehensive Floatables Plan – Modified Facility Planning Report,” prepared by HydroQual 

Engineers & Scientists, P.C. for the City of New York Department of Environmental Protection, 

Bureau of Environmental Engineering, July 29, 2005.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). 2019. Draft List Under 

Part 182.5 Pre-proposal – October 2019. Available from: 

https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/wildlife_pdf/preproposal182.pdf.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). 2020. Environmental 

Resource Mapper. Available from: https://gisservices.dec.ny.gov/gis/erm/

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). 2016. Draft 2016 

Section 303(d) List. January 2016.
June 2021 25-12

New York State Department of State (NYSDOS). 1992. Significant Coastal Fish and Wildlife 

Habitats Program: A part of the New York Coastal Management Program and New York City’s 

approved Waterfront Revitalization Program.

New York Natural Heritage Program. 2020. Online Conservation Guide for Bombus fervidus. 

Available from: https://guides.nynhp.org/yellow-bumble-bee/. 

Olson, A.M., E.G. Doyle, and S.D. Visconty. 1996. Light requirements of eelgrass: A literature 

survey.

PBS&J. 1998. The Hudson River Park, Natural Resources Appendix to Final Environmental 

Impact Statement. Prepared for the Empire State Development Corporation and the Hudson 

River Park Conservancy.

Smith, C.L. 1985. The Inland Fishes of New York State. The New York State Department of 

Environmental Conservation. 

Stegemann, E.C. 1999. New York’s Sturgeon. NY State Department of Environmental 

Conservation, Division of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources. 

United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2016. Report of Channel Conditions; Hudson 

River Channel, New York. April 13, 2016.

United States Army Corps of Engineers – New York District (USACE) and the Port Authority of 

New York & New Jersey (PANYNJ). 2009. Hudson-Raritan Estuary Comprehensive Restoration 

Plan. Draft. March 2009.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). Oct 1, 2020. National Wetlands Inventory 

website. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C. 

http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/

Woodhead, P.M. 1990. The Fish Community of New York Harbor: Spatial and temporal 

distribution of major species. Report to the New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program, 

New York, NY.

25.16 COASTAL ZONE CONSISTENCY

15 CFR Part 923. Coastal Zone Management Program Regulations. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2012-title15-vol3/CFR-2012-title15-vol3-part923. 

Accessed on January 22, 2021. 

NYC Planning. The New York City Waterfront Revitalization Program: Climate Change 

Adaptation Guidance. March 2017. 

https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/applicants/wrp/revisions-2017/wrp-usermanual.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.

New York City Panel on Climate Change (NPCC). 2015. Building the Knowledge Base for 

Climate Resiliency: New York City Panel on Climate Change 2015 Report. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 

1336(3-5). pp. 1-150.

New York State Department of State (NYSDOS). New York State Coastal Management Program 

and Final Environmental Impact Statement. 2017. Available from: 

https://www.dos.ny.gov/opd/programs/pdfs/NY_CMP.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.
Chapter 25: References

25-13 June 2021

New York City Department of City Planning (NYCDCP). The New York City Waterfront 

Revitalization Program. June 2016. Available from: 

https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/planning-level/waterfront/wrp/wrp-2016/nycwrp-full.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.

25.17 SOCIOECONOMICS 

23 CFR Part 771. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA) Environmental Impact and Related Procedures. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR2016-title23-vol1/CFR-2016-title23-vol1-part771. Accessed November 18, 2020.

MTA and CPC, Western Rail Yard Project – Final Environmental Impact Statement. October 

2009.

2010 US Census, Population, Income, Age Distribution, Language Proficiency, Employment and 

Business, Property, and Housing/Vacancy Data; U.S. Census Bureau. 

American Community Survey (ACS) 2006–2010 and 2014–2018 5-Year Estimates.

New York Times, January 5, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/05/nyregion/nyc-techfacebook-amazon-google.html. Accessed November 5, 2020.

https://theshed.org/. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Esri Business Analyst (private subscription-based ARCGIS economics information provider). 

NYCDCP FacDB, accessible at: 

https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/data-maps/open-data/dwn-selfac.page

NYPD Borough and Precinct Crime Statistics from CompStat 2.0 

https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/stats/crime-statistics/citywide-crime-stats.page. 

25.18 PUBLIC HEALTH

42 USC 4321 et seq. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA), 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2010-title42/USCODE-2010-title42-chap55-

sec4321. Accessed November 18, 2020. 23 CFR Part 771

23 CFR Part 771. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA) Environmental Impact and Related Procedures. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR2016-title23-vol1/CFR-2016-title23-vol1-part771. Accessed November 18, 2020.

2014 City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) Technical Manual, New York City Department 

of City Planning. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/oec/technicalmanual/2014_ceqr_technical_manual_rev_04_27_2016.pdf. Accessed on November 18, 2020

Appendix C of the New York City Zoning Resolution https://zr.planning.nyc.gov/appendix-ctable-1-city-environmental-quality-review-ceqr-environmental-requirements-e-designations. 

Accessed November 18, 2020.

25.19 ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

Executive Order (EO) 12898, “Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority 

Populations and Low-Income Populations,” February 11, 1994. 
June 2021 25-14

U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, American Community Survey 2014–2018 5-Year 

Estimates. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2019/acs-5-year.html. Accessed 

November 18, 2020.

25.20 INDIRECT, CUMULATIVE, AND OTHER IMPACTS

40 CFR § 1508. 40 CFR parts 1500–1508.Council on Environmental Quality NEPA regulations.

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title40-vol33/CFR-2011-title40-vol33-part-id1102. 

Accessed November 18, 2020.

MTA and CPC, Western Rail Yard Project – Final Environmental Impact Statement. October 

2009.

Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Plan, September 2006; Attachment II, Table IV 2-2. 

https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/green-building/green-building.page. Accessed November 18, 

2020.

https://www1.nyc.gov/html/gbee/html/plan/ll88.shtml. Accessed November 18, 2020.

New York City Department of Buildings. Construction permits issued http://a810-

bisweb.nyc.gov/bisweb/bispi00.jsp. Accessed November 2020.

Correspondence with New York City Department of City Planning Manhattan Office related to 

future private development proposed in the Study Area (May 2020, June 2020, October 2020).

2014 City Environmental Quality Review (CEQR) Technical Manual, New York City Department 

of City Planning.https://www1.nyc.gov/site/oec/environmental-quality-review/technicalmanual.page. Accessed November 18, 2020.

25.21 DRAFT SECTION 4(F) EVALUATION

49 USC 303. Section 4(f) of the US Department of Transportation Act of 1966. Accessed from 

https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/USCODE-2009-title49/USCODE-2009-title49-subtitleI-chap3-

subchapI-sec303/content-detail.html. Accessed November 18, 2020.

23 USC 138. Preservation of Parklands. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2011-

title23/html/USCODE-2011-title23-chap1-sec138.htm. Accessed on November 18, 2020. 

23 CFR 774. Parks, Recreation Areas, Wildlife and Waterfowl Refuges, and Historic Sites 

(Section 4(f) https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2012-title23-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title23-

vol1-part774.pdf. Accessed on January 22, 2021.

New York State Legislature, “Hudson River Park Act,” 1998 Sess. NY Legis Ch. 592 (S. 7845), 

Amended 2005, 2008, 2013, 2018, and 2020. 

2013 Amendment to Hudson River Park Act (Chapter 517 of the Laws of 2013), Section 3(m)(v).

https://hudsonriverpark.org/app/uploads/2020/03/HRPA_Amendment_-

_Chapter_517_of_the_Laws_of_2013.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Section 4(f) Policy Paper

OPRHP, Kathy Howe, Resource Evaluation, New York Improvement & Tunnel Extension of the 

Pennsylvania Railroad from NJ to Manhattan to LIC Queens, USN: 06101.018103, March 11, 

2011.
Chapter 25: References

25-15 June 2021

25.22 MITIGATION MEASURES AND PROJECT COMMITMENTS

40 CFR parts 1500–1508.Council on Environmental Quality NEPA regulations. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title40-vol33/CFR-2011-title40-vol33-part-id1102. 

Accessed November 18, 2020.

64 Federal Register 28545, May 26, 1999, as updated in 78 Federal Register 2713, January 14, 

2013. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1999-05-26/pdf/99-13262.pdf. Accessed 

November 18, 2020.

MTA and CPC, Western Rail Yard Project – Final Environmental Impact Statement. October 

2009.

Amtrak and FRA. Finding of No Significant Impact, Environmental Assessment for Construction 

of a Concrete Casing in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York. May 2013. 

Amtrak and FRA. Finding of No Significant Impact, Supplemental Environmental Assessment for 

Construction of a Concrete Casing Extension in the Hudson Yards, New York, New York. 

November 2014.

25.23 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND AGENCY COORDINATION

23 USC 138.Preservation of Parklands. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2011-

title23/html/USCODE-2011-title23-chap1-sec138.htm. Accessed on November 18, 2020.

23 CFR Part 771. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and Federal Transit Administration 

(FTA) Environmental Impact and Related Procedures. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR2016-title23-vol1/CFR-2016-title23-vol1-part771. Accessed November 18, 2020.

40 CFR parts 1500–1508, 23 CFR part 771, and 23 U.S.C. 139.Council on Environmental 

Quality NEPA regulations. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title40-vol33/CFR2011-title40-vol33-part-id1102. Accessed November 18, 2020.

49 U.S.C. § 303. Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act of 1966. 

https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2012-title49/USCODE-2012-title49-subtitleIchap3-subchapI-sec303. Accessed November 18, 2020. 

54 USC § 306108.https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2018-title54/pdf/USCODE2018-title54-subtitleIII-divsnA-app-dup4-chap3061-subchapI-sec306108.pdf. Accessed 

November 18, 2020.

59 Federal Register 7629, 1994. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1994-02-16/pdf/FR1994-02-16.pdf. Accessed November 18, 2020.

Executive Order 12898 on Environmental Justice. 

https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/eo12898.pdf. Accessed November 18, 

2020. 

FRA, September 2020, Western Rail Yard Infrastructure Project Scoping Summary Report, 

found at http://westernrailyardinfrastructure.com/library.html or at www.regulations.gov (using 

Docket Number FRA-2020-0039). 

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