NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RAJESH KUMAR,

 Petitioner,

 v.

LORETTA E. LYNCH, Attorney General,

 Respondent.

No. 12-74112

Agency No. A089-703-935

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted November 19, 2015** 

San Francisco, California

Before: NOONAN, WARDLAW, and PAEZ, Circuit Judges.

Rajesh Kumar, a native and citizen of India, appeals the decision of the

Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denying his application for withholding of

removal, asylum, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”),

based on the immigration judge’s (“IJ”) adverse credibility determination. We

FILED

DEC 08 2015

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 * This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent

except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.

 ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. We grant Kumar’s petition and remand it

to the BIA for additional proceedings.

The BIA’s factual findings are reviewed for substantial evidence, while

questions of law are reviewed de novo. Zhang v. Gonzales, 408 F.3d 1239, 1244

(9th Cir. 2005). Because Kumar filed his application after May 11, 2005, his case

is governed by the REAL ID Act of 2005. Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034,

1039-40 (9th Cir. 2010). Under that statute, negative credibility determinations

may be based on grounds that do not go to the heart of a petitioner’s claim. See 8

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). An IJ may base an adverse credibility determination

on any relevant factor that can reasonably be said to have a “bearing on a

petitioner’s veracity” in light of the totality of the circumstances. Shrestha, 590

F.3d at 1044. Although the REAL ID Act expands the bases on which an agency

may rest an adverse credibility determination, trivial inconsistencies “that under

the total circumstances have no bearing on a petitioner’s veracity should not form

the basis” of such a determination. Id. In addition, a petitioner must have the

opportunity to explain any inconsistencies upon which the BIA relies, and the BIA

must address these explanations in its opinion. Singh v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 1100,

1105 (9th Cir. 2006).

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Our review “is limited to the BIA’s decision, except to the extent the IJ’s

opinion is expressly adopted.” Hosseini v. Gonzales, 471 F.3d 953, 957 (9th Cir.

2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). The BIA reviewed the IJ’s adverse

credibility determination for clear error but did not expressly adopt its opinion. 

Instead, the BIA relied on three purported inconsistencies arising from testimony

regarding Kumar’s visa, passport, and caste.

We find that any inconsistencies regarding Kumar’s visa and passport are

trivial and not probative of his veracity. Ren v. Holder, 648 F.3d 1079, 1084 (9th

Cir. 2011). At immigration hearings between 2009 and 2010, Kumar testified that

he had applied for a passport and visas when he was on a high school weightlifting

team “quite some time ago” around 1995 or 1996. He explained that his coach

kept his passport after his visas were denied and that he subsequently forgot he had

ever applied for visas or owned a passport when asked about them during the

asylum interviews. Kumar’s failure to remember applying for visas he did not

obtain, and a passport he obtained more than a decade before but never physically

possessed or used, is well within “the normal limits of human understanding and

memory” that could plausibly make such “inconsistencies or lack of recall present

in any witness’s case.” Shrestha, 590 F.3d at 1044-45. They are thus so minor

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that they cannot constitute substantial evidence or serve as the bases for an adverse

credibility determination. Id. at 1047.

In addition, the BIA’s justifications for its rejection of Kumar’s explanations

were insufficient. First, the BIA’s statement that Kumar failed to explain why he

was more intimidated by the security guards at the asylum office than the police

officers in the immigration courtroom does not account for the drastically different

circumstances that prefaced each scenario. Second, the BIA’s statement that

Kumar failed to explain why his nervousness made him forget only certain facts

and not others does not take into account Kumar’s explanation that he had applied

for the visas and obtained his passport more than a decade before. Finally, the

BIA’s statement that one of the asylum officers credibly testified that Kumar did

not appear “confused” during an interview has no bearing on whether Kumar was

nervous during the interview, and thus does not properly address that explanation. 

Such a lack of consideration given to Kumar’s “proffered explanation[s] was error

and prevents the underlying inconsistenc[ies] from serving as substantial evidence

to support” the BIA’s upholding of the IJ’s adverse credibility determination. 

Soto-Olarte v. Holder, 555 F.3d 1089, 1091 (9th Cir. 2009).

We likewise find that any inconsistencies regarding Kumar’s caste were

trivial, given that the Valmiki and Mahasha castes are both classified as Dalit, and

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would therefore render him equally vulnerable to mistreatment. In addition, the

BIA’s failure to address some of Kumar’s explanations for the caste

inconsistency—i.e., his failure to understand the question and the asylum officer’s

angry demeanor—was also error. Id.

Though the BIA’s decision was erroneous, there remains “a reasonable

prospect from the administrative record that there may be additional reasons upon

which the IJ or BIA could rely” in finding Kumar not credible. Id. at 1095. In

such situations, “it is appropriate to remand in a way that permits the agency to

provide those reasons.” Id. 

We therefore GRANT Kumar’s petition and REMAND his case to the BIA

so that it may determine his credibility. Because neither the IJ nor the BIA

considered Kumar’s asylum, withholding of removal, or CAT claims independent

from his adverse credibility determination, if the BIA finds him to be credible on

remand, it is instructed to reconsider Kumar’s claims in the first instance. Id.

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