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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

No. 120,017

STATE OF KANSAS,

Appellant,

v.

RONALD D. MORLEY,

Appellee.

SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.

When an appellate court is considering whether a sentencing court erred in 

granting or denying departure based on a nonstatutory mitigating factor, the reviewing 

court applies an abuse of discretion standard.

2.

Appellate review of a district court's decision granting or denying departure based 

on a nonstatutory mitigating factor should follow a three-step framework: (a) determine 

whether the sentencing court's nonstatutory factor can be a mitigating factor as a matter 

of law under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6815(c); (b) if it can be, then decide whether that 

nonstatutory factor's existence is supported by the record; and (c) if so, then determine 

whether the sentencing court acted reasonably when it concluded there was a substantial 

and compelling reason to depart in a particular case based on that nonstatutory factor by 

itself or collectively with other statutory or nonstatutory factors cited by the sentencing 

court.
2

3.

The term "substantial" in the sentencing departure context means something that is

real, not imagined, and of substance, not ephemeral. 

4.

A compelling reason to override the statutory presumptive sentence of 

imprisonment is one that forces a court—by the case's facts—to abandon the status quo 

and venture beyond the presumptive sentence. 

Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in 57 Kan. App. 2d 155, 448 P.3d 1066 (2019).

Appeal from Shawnee District Court; MARK S. BRAUN, judge. Opinion filed January 29, 2021. Judgment 

of the Court of Appeals reversing the district court with directions is affirmed. Judgment of the district 

court is reversed, sentence is vacated, and case is remanded with directions.

Stacy Edwards, assistant attorney general, argued the cause, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, 

was with her on the brief for appellant. 

James C. Heathman, of Heathman Law Office PA, of Topeka, argued the cause and was on the 

brief for appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

BILES, J.: Ronald D. Morley seeks our review after the lower courts disagreed 

about his entitlement to a dispositional departure to probation from a presumptive 

sentence of imprisonment. Morley pled no contest to one count of securities fraud and 

one count of acting as an unregistered issuer agent after the State charged him in 

connection with a high-risk investment scheme that cost four Kansas investors $845,900

in combined losses. The district court granted the departure, but a Court of Appeals panel 

reversed, vacated the sentence, and remanded the case for resentencing. State v. Morley, 

57 Kan. App. 2d 155, 448 P.3d 1066 (2019) (holding substantial competent evidence 
3

lacking to find Morley accepted responsibility, and substantial and compelling reason

lacking under the totality of the circumstances to support departure). We agree with the 

panel's outcome. In explaining our decision, we attempt to clarify the standard of review 

for departure cases such as Morley's. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The State charged Morley with 12 felony counts: four alleging securities fraud, 

four alleging he acted as an unregistered issuer agent, and four alleging sale of an 

unregistered security. Before trial, he entered a deal to plead no contest to one count of 

securities fraud and one count of acting as an unregistered issuer agent. He also 

acknowledged owing restitution to the four Kansas victims, but reserved the right to 

dispute how much he owed. In return, the State agreed to dismiss the remaining counts 

with prejudice, agreed to concurrent sentences, allowed Morley to argue about the

restitution amount, and allowed him to seek dispositional and durational departure 

sentences. 

The district court accepted the plea and found Morley guilty on the two charges. 

The appellate record does not include a transcript from the plea hearing, but the State

explained in a sentencing memo the factual basis for the plea that does not seem to be 

disputed. It stated: 

"In brief, Mr. Morley sold preferred stock shares in Summit Trust Company to four 

Kansas investors: [B.A.], [T.A.-F.], [L.H.], and [D.R.]. Mr. Morley counseled the victims 

the preferred stock was a safe investment with a guaranteed 6% quarterly dividend, and 

he further advised the victims the preferred stock was a good fit for their stated 

investment goals and avowed low risk tolerances. The victims relied entirely on Mr. 

Morley's representations in making their preferred stock purchases, as Mr. Morley failed 

to provide any of the victims with a prospectus or offering memorandum. Contrary to Mr. 
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Morley's representations, the preferred stock investment was high risk and low liquidity 

and was only open to accredited investors. Mr. Morley knew none of the Kansas 

investors qualified as accredited investors, and yet nonetheless sold the Kansas victims 

the preferred stock securities. In addition, Mr. Morley failed to notify the victims he had 

been permanently barred from the securities and investment advisory business in 

Maryland after a 2006 consent order issued by the Securities Commissioner of Maryland.

"Mr. Morley was not and never has been registered to sell securities in Kansas as 

an issuer agent. Mr. Morley earned between a 5.2% and 6% commission for the Kansas 

victims' purchase of preferred stock.

"[B.A.] invested a total of $352,500 in the Summit Trust preferred stock; [T.A.-

F.] invested $252,400; [L.H.] invested $150,000; and [D.R.] also invested $150,000. 

[T.A.-F.] redeemed $29,000 in preferred stock shares over time (leaving a remaining 

principal of $223,400), and [D.R.] redeemed $30,000 in preferred shares (leaving a 

remaining principal of $120,000).

". . . None of the Kansas investors have been able to recover any of their lost 

principal."

The State calculated the four investors lost $845,900 in total and said Morley 

received $50,154 in commissions for those sales. Morley admitted receiving about $3 

million in commissions over a 10-year period from Summit Trust Company stock sales

throughout the United States.

Because the crimes resulted in more than $25,000 in losses, both convictions 

carried presumptive prison terms under a special sentencing rule set out in K.S.A. 2019 

Supp. 17-12a508(a)(5) ("Any violation of K.S.A. . . . 17-12a402(a), . . . 17-12a501. . . 

resulting in a loss of $25,000 or more shall be presumed imprisonment."); K.S.A. 17-

12a501 (securities fraud); K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 17-12a402 (acting as an unregistered issuer 
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agent). At the sentencing hearing, three investors presented victim impact statements. 

Each directly or indirectly insisted Morley should be imprisoned.

As to restitution, the State sought $845,900 in lost principal. Morley initially 

insisted $50,154 would be "appropriate" because that was his actual gain from his

commissions on the four Kansas sales. But he expressed his "willingness to repay even 

more than that . . . whatever the Court indicates." In addressing his victims, Morley 

claimed: "I will take my last dying breath making certain that you get every dime of your 

money back and my responsibility of that and the only way that I can do that is to stay in 

the insurance business and enable my experience to be applied to my obligations that I'm 

committing to." The district court ordered $845,900 in restitution.

The court also sentenced Morley to 41 months' imprisonment for the securities 

fraud conviction and 32 months' imprisonment for his acting as an unregistered issuer 

agent conviction with both sentences to run concurrent. But over the State's objection, the 

court granted Morley dispositional departure and placed him on 36 months' probation "to 

truly give him the opportunity to make restitution." To justify this, the court explained:

"[T]he ground that I'm relying on is . . . the taking of responsibility. . . . [Morley] did 

agree to pay restitution as ordered and to me, that's part of the focus of responsibility. The 

other part is he did plea. He [pled] no contest, but he certainly acknowledged and he 

understood he was going to be found guilty.

. . . .

". . . It's the overall issue of accepting responsibility by entering a plea to the two 

offenses and agreeing to pay restitution is where I'm hanging my hat on."
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The court made clear it rejected all other grounds Morley advanced to support 

departure, i.e., he played a minor role in the offenses; similarly situated defendants have 

received downward departures; and he had no criminal history, was not a danger to the 

public, and was working to recover his victims' assets. The court repeated that acceptance 

of responsibility was the only substantial and compelling reason for departure when 

settling a dispute between the State and Morley over the journal entry. 

The State appealed the departure order. A Court of Appeals panel reversed, 

holding Morley's acceptance of responsibility was not supported by substantial competent 

evidence. It further held this factor alone did not constitute a substantial and compelling 

reason for the departure, even if the factual record demonstrated Morley had accepted

responsibility. Morley, 57 Kan. App. 2d at 168, 176. We granted Morley's petition for 

review to resolve the lower courts' conflict.

Jurisdiction is proper. K.S.A. 20-3018(b) (providing for petitions for review of 

Court of Appeals decisions); K.S.A. 60-2101(b) (Supreme Court has jurisdiction to 

review Court of Appeals decisions upon petition for review).

ANALYSIS

K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6815(a) requires a court to impose the presumptive 

sentence set by the revised Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act, K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-

6801 et seq., unless the court finds substantial and compelling reasons to impose a 

departure sentence. See State v. Bird, 298 Kan. 393, 397, 312 P.3d 1265 (2013) ("'To be 

substantial the reason must be real, not imagined, and of substance, not ephemeral.' A 

reason is 'compelling' when it 'forces the court, by the facts of the case, to abandon the 

status quo and to venture beyond the sentence that it would ordinarily impose.' [Citations 

omitted.]").
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K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6815(c) lists possible mitigating factors, but that listing is

nonexclusive. A court may rely on other factors to depart so long as that nonstatutory

factor is consistent with the KSGA's principles. In this case, the panel held the no contest 

plea and Morley's agreement to pay restitution could not be considered as substantial 

competent evidence to support the district court's nonstatutory mitigating factor that 

Morley had accepted responsibility. Morley, 57 Kan. App. 2d at 162-68.

As to his plea, the panel reasoned, "A no contest plea is 'a formal declaration that 

the defendant does not contest the charge.' K.S.A. 22-3209(2). It is not an admission of 

wrongdoing. . . . By his entry of no contest pleas, Morley avoided admitting his legal 

responsibility for the securities violations perpetrated on the four investors." Morley, 57 

Kan. App. 2d at 163. And the panel pointed out that while acknowledging he "misled" his 

Kansas victims, he also tried to minimize his own criminal wrongdoing. 57 Kan. App. 2d 

at 164. The panel found Morley's motivation to plead no contest was not to take 

responsibility but to obtain a favorable outcome in his criminal proceedings. 57 Kan. 

App. 2d at 164.

As to restitution, the panel made two points. First, under K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 21-

6604(b)(1), restitution to a victim is not optional unless a sentencing court finds 

restitution unworkable. And because of this, the panel stated, "[W]e do not understand 

the district court's finding that Morley's willingness to pay restitution—which is not 

optional but mandated by Kansas law—constitutes substantial competent evidence of his 

acceptance of responsibility." 57 Kan. App. 2d at 166. Second, in the panel's view,

Morley did not present any workable restitution plan and the district court merely 

referenced a "'general' restitution plan." 57 Kan. App. 2d at 167. The panel held 

restitution was illusory, especially when considering Morley's "extremely limited income, 

and pending bankruptcy proceedings," and his age of 64. 57 Kan. App. 2d at 167. The 
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panel found he had no real financial ability to make restitution as ordered. 57 Kan. App. 

2d at 167.

Based on its rejection of the plea and restitution factors, the panel concluded that 

"[u]nder the totality of these circumstances," it was "not persuaded" the record contained 

substantial competent evidence to support the lower court's finding that Morley accepted 

responsibility. 57 Kan. App. 2d at 165, 167-68.

In our review of the panel's analysis, some obvious questions arise about its 

application of the standard of review. For example, the panel said it would "analyze the 

evidence," and then began discussing at length portions of the record it believed were

contrary to the district court's finding. See 57 Kan. App. 2d at 162-67 (pointing to 

evidence the panel described as Morley's minimization of wrongdoing, discounting 

Morley's plea because it came with concessions from the State, and dismissing Morley's 

assurance that he would pay restitution because the panel did not believe he had a 

workable restitution plan and because he requested the district court impose the amount 

of the commission he had earned rather than the much higher amount of his victims' total 

losses). The panel also seemed to equate acceptance of responsibility with an admission 

of guilt. See 57 Kan. App. 2d at 163 (stating Morley's no contest plea allowed him to 

"avoid[] admitting his legal responsibility for the securities violations"). And after saying 

it was considering the "totality of [the] circumstances," the panel ultimately held it was 

"not persuaded" the record contained substantial competent evidence to support the 

district court's finding that Morley had accepted responsibility. 57 Kan. App. 2d at 165, 

167-68.

These observations suggest a need to revisit how our caselaw has explained

appellate review when considering a district court's decision to depart from presumptive 

imprisonment. In doing so, we acknowledge some fine-tuning appears appropriate.
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Standard of review

The panel correctly noted an abuse of discretion standard applies to determine 

whether a mitigating factor constitutes a substantial and compelling reason to depart. 

Morley, 57 Kan. App. 2d at 161. But it then recited the law from State v. Martin, 285 

Kan. 735, 744, 175 P.3d 832 (2008), and engaged in a lengthy evaluation of four 

considerations listed in Martin, i.e., the offenses of conviction, the defendant's criminal 

history, the departure reason stated, and the purposes and principles of the KSGA. 

Morley, 57 Kan. App. 2d at 169-76. The problem with this is that Martin reviewed each 

factor de novo in doing its analysis. See Martin, 285 Kan. at 739. And this is at odds with 

an abuse of discretion standard of review. That said, the panel's reliance on Martin, 

although misplaced, is understandable.

This court mentioned Martin's four considerations when addressing a similar 

departure issue in State v. Brown, 305 Kan. 674, 697, 387 P.3d 835 (2017). The Brown

court treated the issue as a legal question subject to an unlimited standard of review. 305 

Kan. at 693-94. But six years before Brown, our court noted that appellate courts had 

been obscuring the appropriate standard of review for sentencing departure. See State v. 

Spencer, 291 Kan. 796, 807, 248 P.3d 256 (2011). And in discussing the prior caselaw, 

the Spencer court mentioned Martin, which might have appeared to make Martin still 

viable. 291 Kan. at 806-07.

The Spencer court actually attempted to synthesize the prior cases' standards of 

review by rewriting them without specifically disapproving them. This was likely the 

wrong path. By way of explanation, the Spencer court outlined its synthesis as follows:
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"(1) When the question is whether the record supported a sentencing judge's particular 

articulated reasons for departure, an appellate court's standard of review is substantial 

competent evidence; (2) when the question is whether a sentencing judge correctly 

concluded that particular mitigating factors constituted substantial and compelling 

reasons to depart in a particular case, including whether those mitigating factors 

outweighed any aggravating factors if such a balance was necessary, the appellate 

standard of review is abuse of discretion; (3) when the question is whether a particular 

mitigating or aggravating factor can ever, as a matter of law, be substantial and 

compelling in any case, the appellate standard of review is de novo; and (4) when the 

challenge focuses on the extent of a durational departure, the appellate standard of review 

is abuse of discretion, measuring whether the departure is consistent with the purposes of 

the guidelines and proportionate to the crime severity and the defendant's criminal 

history." Spencer, 291 Kan. at 807-08. 

From this, it can be seen Martin's de novo analysis approach was implicitly 

disapproved by Spencer. And by the same token, Brown failed to consider Spencer's 

synthesis, which may have occurred because Spencer did not explicitly disapprove of 

Martin or the other cases the Spencer court referenced. In our view, the better approach is 

to explicitly disapprove of Martin, which in turn makes the Morley panel's reliance on it

error. That said, we also believe the Spencer synthesis can stand some retooling.

First, the language in Spencer stating "whether those mitigating factors 

outweighed any aggravating factors if such a balance was necessary," 291 Kan. at 807,

was disapproved in State v. Jolly, 301 Kan. 313, 322, 342 P.3d 935 (2015) ("[W]e 

disapprove of any language in our caselaw that would indicate aggravating circumstances 

can be weighed against mitigating circumstances when considering a departure . . . ."); 

see also Bird, 298 Kan. at 397 (court deleted the clause at issue from the synthesis).

Second, Spencer's next two inquiries are confusing. The second states "when the 

question is whether a sentencing judge correctly concluded that particular mitigating 
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factors constituted substantial and compelling reasons to depart in a particular case, . . . 

the appellate standard of review is abuse of discretion." (Emphasis added.) Spencer, 291 

Kan. at 807. But the third states "when the question is whether a particular mitigating or 

aggravating factor can ever, as a matter of law, be substantial and compelling in any case, 

the appellate standard of review is de novo." (Emphasis added.) 291 Kan. at 807. And 

with the phrase "substantial and compelling" used in both, they appear to ask the same 

question, even though each poses a different inquiry—the second asks whether a 

sentencing court's ultimate conclusion that particular mitigating factors rise to the level of 

substantial and compelling reasons to depart can be sustained, whereas the third asks

whether a particular factor can, as a matter of law, be a mitigating factor in any case. 

"'[M]itigating circumstances' are not necessarily synonymous with 'substantial and 

compelling reasons' under the statute." Jolly, 301 Kan. at 327.

Third, the Spencer synthesis lists three standards of review for processing its

respective questions, i.e., substantial competent evidence, abuse of discretion, and de 

novo. And abuse of discretion creates greater potential for internal intricacies because it 

can occur in one or more of three ways—when the judicial action is (1) based on an error 

of fact, (2) based on an error of law, or (3) unreasonable. Jolly, 301 Kan. at 325. So by 

indicating the second question is reviewed for abuse of discretion, the Spencer synthesis

implies it can be subject to unlimited review. This confusion is evidenced by how the 

Morley panel reviewed the departure issue by indicating it was "'a question of law with 

no deference given to the sentencing court,'" and then evaluating Martin's four 

considerations from scratch. Morley, 57 Kan. App. 2d at 168-69.

If a nonstatutory factor can be an appropriate mitigating factor under K.S.A. 2019 

Supp. 21-6815(c) as a matter of law, and if the existence of that factor is supported by 

substantial competent evidence, then it would be the sentencing court's discretion to 

either grant or deny a defendant's departure motion if the sentencing court finds that
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mitigating factor, either alone or in combination with other factors, is a substantial and 

compelling reason to depart. See State v. Wells, 296 Kan. 65, 94, 290 P.3d 590 (2012) 

("[A] district court has the discretion to either grant or deny the [departure] request."). 

And if this is true, Spencer's second question dealing with the sentencing court's ultimate 

judgment should not be a legal question subject to unlimited review. But see Brown, 305 

Kan. at 693-94 (unlimited review of whether the reasons are substantial and compelling 

reasons for departure in a given case); State v. Deever, No. 117,325, 2018 WL 2271408, 

at *4 (Kan. App. 2018) (unpublished opinion) ("Whether the reasons stated for departure 

are substantial and compelling is a matter of law over which we exercise unlimited 

review as to 'whether the reasons, as a whole, are substantial and compelling reasons in 

this particular case.'"); State v. Friend, No. 119,031, 2018 WL 4517346, at *2-4 (Kan. 

App. 2018) (unpublished opinion) (applying Martin; noting "we need not consider the 

second step under Martin or the State's argument about asserted amenability as a legally 

sufficient standalone basis for departure" in the instant case).

We think it is better to view the analytical problem differently. When an appellate 

court is considering whether a sentencing court erred in granting or denying departure 

based on a nonstatutory factor, the reviewing court applies an abuse of discretion 

standard. This means appellate review of the departure decision should follow a threestep framework: (1) determine whether the sentencing court's nonstatutory factor can be 

a mitigating factor as a matter of law under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6815(c); (2) if it can,

then decide whether that nonstatutory factor's existence is supported by the record; and 

(3) if so, then determine whether the sentencing court acted reasonably when it concluded

there was a substantial and compelling reason to depart in a particular case based on that

nonstatutory factor by itself or collectively with other statutory or nonstatutory factors

cited by the sentencing court.
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Viewed in this way, it remains clear the applicable standard of review is abuse of 

discretion by matching what is at issue with the traditional abuse of discretion analytical 

progression. For example, a sentencing court could abuse its discretion at the first step if 

its ruling was based on an error of law; at the second step, its discretion could be abused 

if its finding was based on an error of fact; and at the third step its discretion could be 

abused if its ruling was unreasonable. See Jolly, 301 Kan. at 325. Put differently, the 

respective inquiries on each analytical step are: (1) whether the determination of a 

nonstatutory factor was guided by an erroneous legal conclusion; (2) whether substantial 

competent evidence supported the factual finding that the factor existed, i.e., an error of 

fact; and (3) whether a reasonable person would have taken the view adopted by the 

sentencing court. And it is important to emphasize that only the first step involves a legal 

question, subject to unlimited review.

We now apply this process, framed as it is within our traditional review for abuse 

of discretion, to the district court's departure decision in Morley's case and the panel's 

error determination. 

Discussion

At the outset, we can see step one is easily resolved. The panel was correct in 

holding a defendant's acceptance of responsibility, as a matter of law, can be a mitigating 

factor supporting a sentencing departure in any case. Morley, 57 Kan. App. 2d at 161; see 

Jolly, 301 Kan. at 328; Bird, 298 Kan. at 398.

As to step two, the panel erred. What it did was improperly reweigh the evidence

when the record plainly includes evidence that Morley accepted responsibility for his 

crimes. Substantial competent evidence does not require evidence to prove a fact; rather, 

it simply requires evidence to sufficiently support the fact-finder's conclusion. Jolly, 301 
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Kan. at 325. For Morley's plea, the district court took into consideration the fact that it 

was a nolo contendere plea, as opposed to a guilty plea, by saying: "He [pled] no contest, 

but he certainly acknowledged and he understood he was going to be found guilty." See 

generally K.S.A. 22-3209(1) ("A plea of guilty is admission of the truth of the charge and 

every material fact alleged therein."); K.S.A. 22-3209(2) ("A plea of nolo contendere is a 

formal declaration that the defendant does not contest the charge. When a plea of nolo 

contendere is accepted by the court, a finding of guilty may be adjudged thereon. The 

plea cannot be used against the defendant as an admission in any other action based on 

the same act.").

A person does not always have to admit full wrongdoing or concede every 

material fact the State alleges to be credited with taking responsibility. One can show this 

acceptance without such sweeping admissions. In this case, Morley expressed 

responsibility for his actions, even though he tried to diminish his involvement in the 

offenses, in addition to his no contest plea. And, even though Morley filed for 

bankruptcy, he presented a "general plan" and showed a willingness to pay restitution. In 

doing so, he minimized the restitution amount based on his gain, but he still "indicated a 

willingness to repay even more than that." He also said, "I will take my last dying breath 

making certain that you get every dime of your money back and my responsibility of 

that." But whether he agreed to pay the victims' total loss or his actual gain, this should 

not detract from the point on review at this second step because the district court simply 

relied on Morley's general agreement to pay restitution—not to reimburse for the victims'

total loss.

The record supports the existence of the nonstatutory mitigating factor at issue. In 

Jolly, when the defendant asked for leniency arguing he did nothing wrong and later even 

denied his crimes, the court still upheld the district court's finding that the defendant

accepted responsibility as a departure factor. Jolly, 301 Kan. at 327-28; see also 301 Kan. 
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at 325 (substantial competent evidence is such legal and relevant evidence as a 

reasonable person might accept as being enough to support a judgment).

We hold the panel erroneously substituted its own factual findings for those of the

district court. Appellate courts do not consider other evidence that might support a 

different result so long as substantial competent evidence supports the district court's 

factual finding. Doing otherwise is an improper reweighing of evidence and reassessment

of credibility. As mentioned, when "an appellate court reviews the district court's factual 

findings, it generally does so only to ensure that substantial competent evidence 

supported those findings." (Emphasis added.) State v. Yazell, 311 Kan. 625, 627, 465 

P.3d 1147 (2020).

Moving to step three, the panel correctly held that the accepting of responsibility

factor by itself does not reasonably constitute a substantial and compelling reason to 

depart in Morley's case from the statutory presumptive sentence. This is true even though,

as explained, the panel erroneously engaged in a de novo analysis under Martin to reach 

that conclusion, i.e., "evaluating the offenses of conviction, the defendant's criminal 

history, the departure reason stated, and the purposes and principles of the KSGA." 

Morley, 57 Kan. App. 2d at 169. But an error in its analytical process does not warrant 

reversing the panel's ultimate outcome when applying the appropriate standard of review.

The term "'substantial'" in the departure context means "'real, not imagined, and of 

substance, not ephemeral.'" Bird, 298 Kan. at 397; see State v. Hines, 296 Kan. 608, 622-

23, 294 P.3d 270 (2013) ("A reasonable person would certainly not find much substance 

behind [victim's] request for leniency based on her belief that Hines is a loving husband, 

given the fact that he strangled her twice and cut her with a utility knife with the intent of 

killing her."). The applicable question at step three is whether a reasonable person would 

find Morley's acceptance of responsibility real, i.e., not imagined, and of substance, not 
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ephemeral. And in that context, a reasonable person admittedly would find some 

substance behind Morley's acceptance of responsibility, as evidenced by his plea and 

agreement to pay restitution.

But looking more deeply, would a reasonable person find Morley's acceptance of 

responsibility to be a compelling reason to override the statutory presumptive sentence of 

imprisonment? A compelling reason is one that forces a court—by the case's facts—to 

abandon the status quo and venture beyond the presumptive sentence. Bird, 298 Kan. at 

397. And when viewed as such, this reduces the issue in step three to whether a 

reasonable person would find Morley's specific actions that generically constitute 

acceptance of responsibility to be compelling enough under these circumstances to force

a court to abandon the status quo and reject the presumptive sentence the court would 

ordinarily impose based on the statutory directive.

We hold the answer to that question is no, especially since Morley accepted 

responsibility only to a limited degree, i.e., he pled no contest to two charges in exchange 

for the State's dismissing 10 others, minimized his involvement in the offenses, and was 

reluctant to pay restitution for the victims' entire loss. We cannot conclude a reasonable 

person would find Morley's accepting of responsibility alone could be a compelling 

reason to make his case an exception from the statutory presumptive norm.

In Bird, the court held the defendant's taking of responsibility, along with an 

additional mitigating factor, constituted substantial and compelling reasons to depart. 

Bird, 298 Kan. at 399-401. In Jolly, the court held the defendant's "pleading guilty" 

together with several other mitigating factors provided substantial and compelling 

reasons to depart. Jolly, 301 Kan. at 331. But unlike Bird and Jolly, in Morley's case the 

district court relied on a single mitigating factor that simply does not rise to a substantial 

and compelling reason for departure. See Jolly, 301 Kan. at 331 (individual factor does 
17

not need to be substantial and compelling by itself so long as the collective circumstances 

provide substantial and compelling reasons to depart).

That is, "'the facts of the case'" could not have reasonably "'force[d]'" the 

sentencing court to venture beyond the statutory presumed imprisonment. See Bird, 298 

Kan. at 397. The applicable sentencing statute directs a presumptive prison sentence

when the crimes of conviction result in losses of at least $25,000. And it goes without 

repeating that the financial losses to the Kansas investors exceeded that statutory trigger

by more than 3,000 percent. Plainly, Morley's case penetrates deeply into the class of 

securities crimes that the Legislature intended would ordinarily receive a prison sentence. 

In fact, his personal gain from these crimes alone exceed the minimum for presumptive

imprisonment. Spread against the limited responsibility Morley took, we hold no 

reasonable person would find this factor alone renders Morley's case a compelling

deviation from the norm the Legislature established.

This is not to suggest a defendant's taking of responsibility standing alone could

never serve as a substantial and compelling reason to depart in any case. Our abuse of 

discretion standard necessarily allows for a departure sentence when based on valid 

mitigating factors supported by the evidence, and there is room for reasonable 

disagreement whether the proven factors are substantial and compelling under the 

circumstances. But Morley's case lies outside that realm.

We affirm the panel's judgment, reverse the district court, vacate Morley's 

sentence, and remand for resentencing.

WILSON, J., not participating.