NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy

Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.

Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308

Effect of Gasoline Properties 

on Exhaust Emissions from 

Tier 2 Light-Duty Vehicles—

Final Report: Phases 4, 5, & 6 

July 28, 2008 – July 27, 2013

K. Whitney and B. Shoffner

Southwest Research Institute 

San Antonio, Texas

NREL Technical Monitor: Matthew Thornton

Subcontract Report

NREL/SR-5400-61099

June 2014
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC

This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy

Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

15013 Denver West Parkway

Golden, CO 80401

303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov

Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308

Effect of Gasoline Properties 

on Exhaust Emissions from 

Tier 2 Light-Duty Vehicles—

Final Report: Phases 4, 5, & 6 

July 28, 2008 – July 27, 2013

K. Whitney and B. Shoffner

Southwest Research Institute

San Antonio, Texas

NREL Technical Monitor: Matthew Thornton

Prepared under Subcontract Nos. ACI-8-88613-01, AFT-9-99319-01, 

and AFT-9-99155-01

Subcontract Report

NREL/SR-5400-61099

June 2014 
This publication was reproduced from the best available copy

submitted by the subcontractor and received no editorial review at NREL.

NOTICE

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Cover Photos: (left to right) photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 16416, photo from SunEdison, NREL 17423, photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 

16560, photo by Dennis Schroeder, NREL 17613, photo by Dean Armstrong, NREL 17436, photo by Pat Corkery, NREL 17721.
SwRI Report 03.14993 i 

FOREWORD

This report covers work the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI®) Office of Automotive 

Engineering has conducted for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in support of 

the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct). Section 1506 of EPAct requires EPA to produce an 

updated fuel effects model representing the 2007 light-duty gasoline fleet, including 

determination of the emissions impacts of increased renewable fuel use.

This report covers the room-temperature, 95°F, and 20°F exhaust emissions testing of 

three ethanol fuel blends using six Tier 2 vehicles (Phase 4); room-temperature, 95°F, and 20°F 

exhaust emissions testing of three ethanol fuel blends using three high-emitting vehicles (Phase 

5); and the determination of oil consumption for a subset of the tested vehicles (Phase 6). This 

work was conducted as part of the EPAct Gasoline Light-Duty Exhaust Fuel Effects Test 

Program, which is also referred to as the EPAct/V2/E-89 Program. 

This effort was authorized by NREL Subcontract Nos. ACI-8-88613-01, AFT-9-99319-

01 and AFT-9-99155-01. The project was based on SwRI Proposal Nos. 03-55287 versions A 

through E. The overall program was identified within SwRI under Project Nos. 03.14175.03, 

03.14936.03, 03.14993, and 03.15777.01. 

The NREL project technical monitors were Dr. Douglas Lawson until his retirement, and 

then Mr. Matthew Thornton. The SwRI Program Manager was Kevin Whitney. Eugene 

Jimenez oversaw day-to-day emissions operations and Brent Shoffner coordinated oil 

consumption determinations. Testing occurred between May 2010 and July 2013. 
SwRI Report 03.14993 ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................... i 

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iv 

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................v 

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 

2.0 TECHNICAL APPROACHFOR PHASES 4 AND 5 .........................................................2 

2.1 Test Fuels .............................................................................................................................2 

2.2 Test Vehicles ........................................................................................................................2 

2.3 Test Procedure .....................................................................................................................2 

2.4 Regulated and Unregulated Emissions ................................................................................7 

2.4.1 Speciation of Volatile Organic Compounds ........................................................................9

2.4.2 Determination of NMOG ...................................................................................................10

2.4.3 Particulate Matter and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds .............................................10

2.5 OBD Data...........................................................................................................................11 

3.0 PHASE 6 TECHNICAL APPROACH AND RESULTS ..................................................12 

3.1 Test Matrix .........................................................................................................................12 

3.2 Fuel ................................................................................................................................12 

3.3 Engine Oil ..........................................................................................................................12 

3.4 Procedure ...........................................................................................................................13 

3.5 Results ................................................................................................................................14 

4.0 CLOSURE .........................................................................................................................15 

APPENDICES No. of Pages 

A VEHICLE CONDITIONING AND TEST EXECUTION REQUESTS ...........................16 

B EPACT NMOG CALCULATION PROTOCOL ................................................................5 

C PHASE 6 TEST VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................1 

D ANALYTICAL EVALUATION RESULTS OF FUEL BATCHES ..................................1 

E OIL CONSUMPTION RESULTS .......................................................................................2 
SwRI Report 03.14993 iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page 

1 Test Fuel Properties Determined From the EPAct/V2/E-89 Fuels Round Robin ...............3 

2 Repeatability Criteria for Triplicate Testing ........................................................................7 

3 Fuel Change, Conditioning, and Test Execution Sequence .................................................8 

4 Phase 6 Test Matrix ...........................................................................................................12 

5 Phase 6 Engine Oils ...........................................................................................................13 
SwRI Report 03.14993 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

SwRI acknowledges the following: 

• The Department of Energy Office of Biomass Programs and Office of Vehicle 

Technologies for their financial support provided through the National Renewable 

Energy Laboratory

• The Coordinating Research Council for technical support and for providing the 

test vehicles following the expiration of their leases

• The Lubrizol Corporation for supplying all crankcase lubricants used in this 

program 
SwRI Report 03.14993 v 

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

°F ....................degrees Fahrenheit

IBP .................initial boiling point

API .................American Petroleum Institute

ASTM ............American Society for Testing and Materials

Btu ..................British thermal unit

CARB.............California Air Resources Board 

CH4.................methane

CO ..................carbon monoxide 

CO2.................carbon dioxide 

CRC ...............Coordinating Research Council 

DTC ...............diagnostic trouble code

DVPE .............dry vapor pressure equivalent 

EPA ................U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

EPAct .............2005 Energy Policy Act

E0 ...................gasoline with no ethanol

E10 .................gasoline nominally containing 10 percent volume of ethanol

E15 .................gasoline nominally containing 15 percent volume of ethanol

E20 .................gasoline nominally containing 20 percent volume of ethanol

E85.............gasoline nominally containing 85 percent volume of ethanol

FBP ................final boiling point 

FTP.................Federal Test Procedure

g .....................gram

H2O ................water

HP ..................horsepower 

HPLC .............high performance liquid chromatography

IBP .................initial boiling point

kg ...................kilogram 

kPa .................kilopascal

lb ....................pound mass 

LOD ...............limit of detection

LOQ ...............limit of quantification

LTFT ..............long-term fuel trim

mg ..................milligram

MIL ................malfunction indicator light
SwRI Report 03.14993 vi

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (CONT’D)

MJ ..................megajoule

ml ...................milliliter

MON ..............motor octane number 

mph ................miles per hour 

NH3 ................ammonia

NMHC ...........non-methane hydrocarbons 

NMOG ...........non-methane organic gases

NO ..................nitric oxide

NO2 ................nitrogen dioxide 

NOX ................oxides of nitrogen 

NREL .............National Renewable Energy Laboratory

O2 ...................oxygen

OBD ...............on-board diagnostics 

PM ..................particulate matter

ppm ................parts per million

psi ...................pounds per square inch 

RON ...............research octane number

RPM ...............revolutions per minute 

RUL ...............regular unleaded

RVP ................Reid vapor pressure 

STFT ..............short-term fuel trim

SwRI ..............Southwest Research Institute

THC ...............total hydrocarbons 

VOC............volatile organic compounds

vol... ...............volume 

WA .................work assignment 

WAM .............work assignment manager
SwRI Report 03.14993 1 of 15 

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Since September 2007, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) has been conducting work 

on a series of tasks and assignments, the results of which are now collectively known as the 

EPAct/V2/E-89 emissions test program. The work began under the direction of the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to fulfill requirements for emissions modeling outlined 

in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct). Section 1506 of the EPAct requires the production of 

an updated fuel effects model representing the 2007 light-duty gasoline fleet, including 

assessment of the emissions impacts of increased renewable fuel use. By January 2009, SwRI 

had completed Phases 1 and 2 of the EPAct/V2/E-89 program. These phases, described in a 

separate report, involved testing of 19 light duty cars and trucks (subsequently referred to as the 

“EPAct fleet”) on three fuels, at two temperatures. 

In March 2009, SwRI began work on Phase 3, which was jointly supported by EPA, the 

U.S. Department of Energy through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), and the 

Coordinating Research Council (CRC). Phase 3 involved the testing of fifteen vehicles from the 

EPAct fleet using twenty-seven test fuels with ethanol content ranging from 0 to 20 percent by 

volume, and testing of four flexible-fuel vehicles (FFVs) from the EPAct fleet on an E85 fuel. 

Phase 3 testing was completed in June 2010 and was described in a separate report. 

This report covers work conducted for NREL as Phases 4, 5, and 6, which includes roomtemperature, 95°F, and 20°F exhaust emissions testing of three fuels using six Tier 2 vehicles; 

room-temperature, 95°F, and 20°F exhaust emissions testing of three fuels using three highemitting vehicles; and the determination of oil consumption for a subset of the tested vehicles. 
SwRI Report 03.14993 2 of 15 

2.0 TECHNICAL APPROACH FOR PHASES 4 & 5

2.1 Test Fuels

Twenty-eight test fuels were evaluated in Phase 3 of the EPAct/V2/E-89 Program. Fuel 

procurement is detailed in SwRI Final Report 03.14295/03-51563E “V2/EPAct/E-89 Fuel 

Blending,” which has been submitted separately. The properties of test fuel as determined from 

the EPAct/V2/E-89 Fuels Round Robin are listed in Table 1. 

 Twenty-seven of the twenty-eight test fuels were procured by SwRI from Haltermann 

Products. EPA established a fuel development protocol for this program. Using this protocol, all 

test fuels were formulated by Rafal Sobotowski of the EPA in conjunction with Haltermann, who 

provided EPA with data for all their blendstock components. The procurement of Fuels 1 

through 16, Fuel 30, and Fuel 31 was funded by EPA Contract No. EP-C-07-028, while NREL 

Subcontract No. ACI-8-88612-01 funded the procurement of Fuels 20 through 28. The E85 Fuel 

29 was provided to the program by the CRC. 

Phases 4 and 5 utilized Fuels 6, 7, and 20 for testing at room temperature and at 95°F. 

Fuels 4, 8, and 24 were boosted with butane to a nominal RVP of 13.4 psi for testing at 20°F. 

2.2 Test Vehicles

A total of nine vehicles were utilized during Phases 4 and 5 of the test program. The 

normal-emitting vehicles were leased by SwRI for two years at the initiation of Phase 1 of the 

V2/EPAct/E-89 program. Due to changes and additions to the overall program, the term of the 

two-year leases expired prior to the completion of all Phase 3 testing. The Coordinating 

Research Council then purchased the test vehicles and made them available to the test program 

for the remainder of its duration. The three high-emitting vehicles were procured by SwRI for 

use during Phase 5. 

2.3 Test Procedure

All vehicle/fuel combinations were tested using the California Unified Cycle, also known 

as the LA92. For this program, the LA92 was conducted as a three-phase, cold-start test in a

manner similar to the FTP, and FTP weighting factors were used to calculate composite emission 

rates.

All vehicle soaks and tests were conducted at the nominal test temperature of either 20°F, 

72°F, or 95°F. The representative bulk oil temperature of a vehicle’s sump was stabilized to ± 

3°F of the test temperature prior to conducting any emission test.

 
SwRI Report 03.14993 3 of 15 

TABLE 1. TEST FUEL PROPERTIES DETERMINED FROM THE EPACT/V2/E-89 

FUELS ROUND ROBIN

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Density, 60o

F g/cm3 D4052 0.7211 0.7220 0.7350 0.7346 0.7573 0.7342 0.7208 0.7191 0.7454

API Gravity, 60o

F o

API D4052 64.6 64.3 60.8 60.9 55.2 61.1 64.6 65.1 58.2

Ethanol vol. % D5599 10.03 <0.10 10.36 9.94 <0.10 10.56 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Total Content of Oxygenates 

Other Than Ethanol vol. % D5599 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Distillation IBP °F 92.9 83.5 106.4 89.9 94.1 106.7 100.1 83.7 85.3

5% evap °F 112.5 105.4 136.0 115.9 128.6 130.4 127.6 108.1 105.1

10% evap °F 117.3 121.7 141.7 126.3 145.4 135.9 137.0 123.4 115.1

20% evap °F 123.9 154.4 148.9 140.9 172.6 142.6 149.0 151.6 130.3

30% evap °F 131.2 190.6 155.0 151.7 199.4 148.3 161.7 185.1 147.2

40% evap °F 139.9 218.5 175.1 161.2 222.1 153.4 176.6 204.4 167.7

50% evap °F 148.9 236.7 217.5 221.9 237.0 188.5 193.1 221.1 192.8

60% evap °F 172.3 252.7 230.2 245.9 247.2 228.2 210.2 233.5 224.7

70% evap °F 224.1 271.7 243.6 270.0 258.5 267.7 228.6 246.4 260.3

80% evap °F 254.6 305.9 257.1 303.5 273.1 310.1 251.5 264.0 292.2

90% evap °F 300.2 340.1 295.9 337.5 300.0 340.4 298.4 303.1 341.8

95% evap °F 334.5 353.0 334.4 352.0 323.5 352.7 329.3 330.5 363.5

FBP °F 368.0 375.3 368.9 369.8 357.8 369.2 361.8 360.9 384.7

DVPE (EPA equation) psi D5191 10.07 10.20 6.93 10.01 6.95 7.24 7.15 10.20 10.30

Aromatics vol. % D1319 15.4 14.1 15.0 15.5 34.7 15.0 17.0 15.7 35.8

Olefins vol. % D1319 7.6 6.8 7.6 6.8 6.9 8.8 7.5 6.4 6.2

Saturates vol. % calculateda 67.0 79.1 67.0 67.8 58.4 65.6 75.5 78.0 58.0

Benzene vol. % D3606 0.62 0.51 0.61 0.54 0.51 0.68 0.55 0.50 0.54

Sulfur mg/kg D5453 30 23 22 21 24 23 23 23 23

RON - D2699 94.8 96.0 98.0 97.1 96.7 96.3 91.2 95.5 94.5

MON - D2700 86.3 88.6 87.6 87.6 86.3 86.6 84.2 87.8 84.8

(RON+MON)/2 - calculated 90.6 92.3 92.8 92.4 91.5 91.5 87.7 91.7 89.7

C mass % D5291 mod. 81.70 85.12 81.61 82.21 86.58 81.52 85.16 85.12 87.03

H mass % D5291 mod. 14.02 14.43 14.17 14.12 12.92 14.21 14.25 14.32 12.82

O mass % D5599 3.9 <0.1 3.9 3.7 <0.1 4.0 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Net Heat of Combustion MJ/kg D4809 41.950 43.960 41.536 41.952 42.948 41.785 43.735 44.037 43.209

Water mass % E-1064 0.071 0.010 0.059 0.077 0.014 0.073 0.019 0.020 0.009

Lead g/l D3237 - <0.001 - - <0.003 - <0.001 0.001 <0.001

Copper Strip Corrosion - D130 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A

Solvent Washed Gum Content mg/100ml D381 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

Oxidation Stability min. D525 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240

a

 Saturates = 100 - D1319 Aromatics - D1319 Olefins - D5599 Ethanol

NOTE: Properties in bold were varied within the fuel matrix.

FUEL

D86 

(OptiDist or 

equivalent for 

E10, E15 and 

E20 fuels)

PROPERTY UNIT TEST METHOD
SwRI Report 03.14993 4 of 15 

TABLE 1 (CONT'D). TEST FUEL PROPERTIES DETERMINED FROM THE 

EPACT/V2/E-89 FUELS ROUND ROBIN

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20 21

Density, 60o

F g/cm3 D4052 0.7644 0.7596 0.7517 0.7540 0.7223 0.7428 0.7636 0.7425 0.7754

API Gravity, 60oF oAPI D4052 53.4 54.6 56.5 56.0 64.2 58.8 53.6 58.9 50.8

Ethanol vol. % D5599 9.82 10.30 9.83 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 10.76 20.31 20.14

Total Content of Oxygenates 

Other Than Ethanol vol. % D5599 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Distillation IBP °F 104.7 92.0 91.3 96.6 100.4 84.7 104.5 107.9 106.3

5% evap °F 130.0 115.4 110.7 127.0 126.5 105.5 133.0 137.3 134.7

10% evap °F 136.3 124.4 116.9 139.8 135.5 115.6 139.2 142.6 141.3

20% evap °F 144.3 137.6 125.0 158.7 147.3 130.5 147.8 149.7 150.3

30% evap °F 151.0 148.1 133.8 178.2 160.0 146.6 155.1 155.3 157.1

40% evap °F 161.6 156.5 142.8 199.9 175.1 166.3 172.1 159.6 162.6

50% evap °F 217.1 189.3 152.2 222.5 192.8 189.7 218.8 162.7 167.6

60% evap °F 261.5 231.1 198.5 245.2 212.0 216.2 237.5 179.9 217.3

70% evap °F 290.4 251.4 275.1 269.8 237.3 243.0 251.9 234.8 255.2

80% evap °F 317.5 270.0 307.9 303.5 280.1 265.9 268.6 253.1 275.3

90% evap °F 340.2 298.6 339.8 337.9 338.5 299.4 300.6 298.7 305.0

95% evap °F 354.3 325.0 357.7 354.4 354.5 329.3 330.8 336.6 331.3

FBP °F 372.4 360.8 375.9 377.5 377.5 363.7 365.6 371.9 360.5

DVPE (EPA equation) psi D5191 7.11 9.93 10.13 6.92 7.14 10.23 7.12 6.70 7.06

Aromatics vol. % D1319 34.0 35.0 34.8 34.1 16.9 35.3 35.6 15.2 35.5

Olefins vol. % D1319 6.1 6.9 6.9 6.3 8.5 7.2 6.8 7.4 7.1

Saturates vol. % calculateda 50.1 47.8 48.5 59.6 74.6 57.4 46.9 57.1 37.3

Benzene vol. % D3606 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.62 0.61 0.61

Sulfur mg/kg D5453 25 24 19 23 24 24 23 22 22

RON - D2699 98.5 97.8 100.4 95.8 91.5 95.0 101.0 101.9 101.4

MON - D2700 87.2 85.6 88.0 85.8 84.6 84.9 88.3 89.3 87.5

(RON+MON)/2 - calculated 92.9 91.7 94.2 90.8 88.1 90.0 94.7 95.6 94.5

C mass % D5291 mod. 83.47 83.68 83.32 86.76 85.28 86.88 83.40 78.06 79.90

H mass % D5291 mod. 12.83 12.61 12.68 13.15 14.29 12.79 12.66 14.01 12.43

O mass % D5599 3.6 3.7 3.6 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 3.9 7.6 7.1

Net Heat of Combustion MJ/kg D4809 41.210 41.175 41.373 43.171 43.519 43.108 41.013 40.057 39.285

Water mass % E-1064 0.067 0.066 0.066 0.014 0.015 0.012 0.066 0.138 0.128

Lead g/l D3237 <0.003 - <0.003 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 - <0.003 0.009

Copper Strip Corrosion - D130 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A

Solvent Washed Gum Content mg/100ml D381 <0.5 0.5 <0.5 1.5 <0.5 0.5 1 <0.5 0.5

Oxidation Stability min. D525 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240

a

 Saturates = 100 - D1319 Aromatics - D1319 Olefins - D5599 Ethanol

NOTE: Properties in bold were varied within the fuel matrix.

PROPERTY UNIT TEST METHOD

FUEL

D86 

(OptiDist or 

equivalent for 

E10, E15 and 

E20 fuels)
SwRI Report 03.14993 5 of 15 

TABLE 1 (CONT'D). TEST FUEL PROPERTIES DETERMINED FROM THE 

EPACT/V2/E-89 FUELS ROUND ROBIN

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31

Density, 60oF g/cm3 D4052 0.7371 0.7476 0.7422 0.7702 0.7593 0.7434 0.7699 0.7508 0.7742

API Gravity, 60oF oAPI D4052 60.3 57.6 58.9 52.0 54.6 58.6 52.1 56.8 51.1

Ethanol vol. % D5599 20.51 20.32 20.51 20.03 15.24 14.91 14.98 9.81 20.11

Total Content of Oxygenates 

Other Than Ethanol vol. % D5599 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10 <0.10

Distillation IBP °F 89.8 109.0 89.7 89.0 88.7 104.8 103.9 90.9 105.8

5% evap °F 118.8 133.3 115.9 113.7 109.6 135.3 136.3 110.3 132.5

10% evap °F 129.6 138.9 126.9 125.5 117.1 142.3 144.2 116.7 139.1

20% evap °F 144.3 146.2 142.8 142.1 127.8 152.0 154.0 125.4 147.7

30% evap °F 153.7 152.3 153.2 153.3 138.6 158.0 160.2 133.9 155.1

40% evap °F 159.5 157.8 160.4 160.9 149.8 163.8 165.8 143.1 161.3

50% evap °F 163.2 162.5 165.1 166.9 160.3 221.5 216.6 152.9 167.3

60% evap °F 167.2 171.6 172.9 191.3 174.7 265.1 240.2 197.2 214.0

70% evap °F 233.9 270.9 266.1 281.6 277.0 274.9 251.6 267.3 271.6

80% evap °F 253.6 311.4 305.5 310.3 306.5 311.3 268.4 294.6 297.0

90% evap °F 297.3 338.2 338.1 337.9 338.7 340.3 298.8 323.8 325.2

95% evap °F 334.5 350.0 350.3 352.7 356.7 351.9 327.3 341.8 342.1

FBP °F 369.9 364.6 368.2 371.8 377.3 372.2 363.2 366.1 365.6

DVPE (EPA equation) psi D5191 10.21 6.84 10.12 10.16 10.21 6.97 6.87 10.23 6.98

Aromatics vol. % D1319 15.0 15.9 15.3 35.2 35.6 14.9 34.5 35.5 35.5

Olefins vol. % D1319 6.9 7.5 7.3 6.6 6.5 7.4 7.0 6.5 6.8

Saturates vol. % calculateda 57.6 56.4 56.9 38.1 42.7 62.9 43.5 48.2 37.6

Benzene vol. % D3606 0.59 0.63 0.62 0.65 0.62 0.56 0.59 0.58 0.60

Sulfur mg/kg D5453 21 21 21 26 23 26 24 23 25

RON - D2699 101.8 97.4 100.8 102.2 101.7 100.8 102.7 100.5 101.7

MON - D2700 89.3 86.8 88.6 88.3 88.5 89.2 89.4 88.1 88.2

(RON+MON)/2 - calculated 95.6 92.1 94.7 95.3 95.1 95.0 96.1 94.3 95.0

C mass % D5291 mod. 78.24 78.34 78.47 80.62 81.48 80.27 81.78 83.17 79.90

H mass % D5291 mod. 13.85 13.86 13.86 12.38 12.45 14.01 12.62 13.00 12.49

O mass % D5599 7.7 7.5 7.6 7.2 5.6 5.5 5.4 3.6 7.2

Net Heat of Combustion MJ/kg D4809 40.031 39.915 40.114 38.855 40.384 41.062 40.383 41.304 39.391

Water mass % E-1064 0.113 0.112 0.108 0.117 0.088 0.090 0.091 0.086 0.143

Lead g/l D3237 0.004 <0.003 0.005 0.001 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 - <0.003

Copper Strip Corrosion - D130 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A 1A

Solvent Washed Gum Content mg/100ml D381 <0.5 0.5 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.5

Oxidation Stability min. D525 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240 >240

a

 Saturates = 100 - D1319 Aromatics - D1319 Olefins - D5599 Ethanol

NOTE: Properties in bold were varied within the fuel matrix.

PROPERTY UNIT TEST METHOD

FUEL

D86 

(OptiDist or 

equivalent for 

E10, E15 and 

E20 fuels)
SwRI Report 03.14993 6 of 15 

TABLE 1 (CONT'D). TEST FUEL PROPERTIES DETERMINED FROM THE 

EPACT/V2/E-89 FUELS ROUND ROBIN

PROPERTY UNIT TEST METHOD FUEL 

29

Density, 60oF g/cm3 D4052 0.7797

API Gravity, 60o

F o

API D4052 49.8

Uncorrected Ethanol mass % D5501 mod. 79.59

Uncorrected Methanol mass % D5501 mod. 0.01

Ethanol vol. % D5501 mod. 77.15

Methanol vol. % D5501 mod. <0.01

Estimated Hydrocarbon 

Content

vol. % calculateda 22.14

Distillation IBP °F 99.0

5% evap °F 132.9

10% evap °F 154.3

20% evap °F 167.6

30% evap °F 170.3

40% evap °F 171.2

50% evap °F 171.8

60% evap °F 172.1

70% evap °F 172.5

80% evap °F 172.9

90% evap °F 173.9

95% evap °F 176.2

FBP °F 265.8

DVPE (EPA equation) psi D5191 8.92

Benzene vol. % D5580 0.12

S mg/kg D5453 16

C mass % D5291 mod. 57.74

H mass % D5291 mod. 12.80

O mass % D5501 mod. 27.19

mass % E203 0.93

vol. % E203 0.72

Net Heat of Combustion MJ/kg D4809 30.058

Solvent Washed Gum mg/100 ml D381 1.9

Unwashed Gum mg/100 ml D381 1.8

Acidity (as acetic acid) mass % D1613 0.0021

pHe - D6423 8.08

Inorganic Chloride mg/kg D7319 nd

Copper mg/l D1688b 0.02

a

 Estimated hydrocabon contenet = 100 - D5501 Ethanol - E203 Water

b

 D1688 modified as outlined in D4806

NOTE: Fuel provided by CRC

D86

Water
SwRI Report 03.14993 7 of 15 

Duplicate tests were conducted “back-to-back” for each vehicle/fuel/temperature 

combination, with the option for a third test based on repeatability criteria. Each 

vehicle/fuel/temperature combination was tested at least twice. After two tests were completed 

and the acquired data passed all quality control verifications, the need for a third test was 

determined by following the variability criteria shown in Table 2. If the ratio of any of the 

criteria pollutants (THC, NOX, or CO2) on a pair of tests for a given vehicle/fuel combination 

exceeded the levels shown in Table 2, a third test was conducted.

TABLE 2. REPEATABILITY CRITERIA FOR TRIPLICATE TESTING 

Dilute Gaseous 

Emission

Criteria For Requiring A Third Test 

(Composite Cycle Emissions)

CO2 Ratio of higher / lower > 1.03

NOX Ratio of higher / lower > 2.7

THC Ratio of higher / lower > 2.0

 The vehicle fuel change and conditioning procedure used for this portion of the study was 

developed during the conduct of Phase 3. The beginning of Phase 3 included a study to assess 

the vehicle conditioning procedure. Long-term fuel trim (LTFT) and short-term fuel trim 

(STFT) were monitored during the conduct of successive two-phase LA-92 test cycles and were 

analyzed by EPA for stabilization. Based on the results of this study, all vehicles were 

conditioned with three successive two-phase LA92s except for the Honda Civic, Chevrolet 

Cobalt, and Nissan Altima, which were all conditioned with five successive two-phase LA92s. 

The final vehicle fuel change and conditioning sequence is given in Table 3. Example test 

requests for vehicle conditioning and testing are given in Appendix A. 

2.4 Regulated and Unregulated Emissions

The emissions measured and reported were THC, NMHC (by FID), NMOG, NOX, NO2, 

CO, CO2, PM, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, and speciated hydrocarbons. 

Gaseous emissions were determined in a manner consistent with EPA protocols for lightduty emission testing as given in the CFR, Title 40, Part 86. A constant volume sampler was 

used to collect proportional dilute exhaust in Kynar bags for analysis of carbon monoxide (CO), 

carbon dioxide (CO2), total hydrocarbons (THC), methane (CH4), and oxides of nitrogen (NOX). 

For the determination of particulate matter (PM) mass emissions, a proportional sample of dilute 

exhaust was drawn through Whatman Teflon membrane filters. The PM sampling method was 

compliant to CFR, Title 40, Part 1065. 
SwRI Report 03.14993 8 of 15 

TABLE 3. FUEL CHANGE, CONDITIONING,

AND TEST EXECUTION SEQUENCE

STEP DESCRIPTION

1 Drain vehicle fuel completely via fuel rail whenever possible.

2 Turn vehicle ignition to RUN position for 30 seconds (60 seconds when switching to E85) to 

allow controls to allow fuel level reading to stabilize. Confirm the return of fuel gauge reading to 

zero.

3 Turn ignition off. Fill fuel tank to 40% with next test fuel in sequence. Fill-up fuel temperature 

must be less than 50°F.

4 Start vehicle and execute catalyst sulfur removal procedure described in Appendix C of CRC E60 Program report. Apply side fan cooling to the fuel tank to alleviate the heating effect of the 

exhaust system. Engine oil temperature in the sump will be measured and recorded during the 

sulfur removal cycle.

5a Perform four vehicle coast downs from 70 to 30 mph, with the last two measured. If the 

individual run fails to meet the repeatability criteria established in Phases 1 and 2 of the program, 

the vehicle will be checked for any obvious and gross source of change in the vehicle’s 

mechanical friction. 

6 Drain fuel and refill to 40% with test fuel. Fill-up fuel must be less than 50°F.

7 Drain fuel again and refill to 40% with test fuel. Fill-up fuel must be less than 50°F.

8 Soak vehicle for at least 12 hours to allow fuel temperature to stabilize to the test temperature.

9b Move vehicle to test area without starting engine. Start vehicle and perform three 2-phase (bags 

1 and 2) LA92 cycles. During these prep cycles, apply side fan cooling to the fuel tank to 

alleviate the heating effect of the exhaust system. Following the first two prep cycles, allow 

vehicle to idle in park for two minutes, then shut-down the engine for 2-5 minutes. Following the 

last prep cycle, allow the vehicle to idle for two minutes, then shut down the engine in 

preparation for the soak. 

10 Move vehicle to soak area without starting the engine.

11 Park vehicle in soak area at proper temperature (75 °F) for 12-36 hours. During the soak period, 

maintain the nominal charge of the vehicle’s battery using an appropriate charging device.

12 Move vehicle to test area without starting engine.

13 Perform LA92 cycle emissions test.

14 Move vehicle to soak area without starting the engine.

15 Park vehicle in soak area of proper temperature for 12-36 hours. During the soak period, 

maintain the nominal charge of the vehicle’s battery using an appropriate charging device.

16 Move vehicle to test area without starting the engine.

17 Perform LA92 emissions test.

18 Determine whether third replicate is necessary, based on data variability criteria (see Table 6).

19 If a third replicate is required, repeat steps 14, 15, 16 and 17.

20 If third replicate is not required, return to step 1 and proceed with next vehicle in test sequence.

a – Vehicle coastdown repeatability criteria referred to in Step 5 were provided by EPA as follows:

• maximum difference of 0.5 seconds between back-to-back coastdown runs from 70 to 30 mph

• maximum ±7 percent difference in average 70 to 30 mph coastdown time from the running average 

for a given vehicle

b – Conduct five 2-phase LA92 test cycles for the following vehicles: CCOB, NALT, and HCIV.
SwRI Report 03.14993 9 of 15 

In addition to the dilute, bagged exhaust samples, continuous raw exhaust mass emissions 

rates were measured on a second-by-second basis for THC, CH4, CO, NOX, CO2 and O2 at the 

tailpipe. These measurements were performed during the first test of each vehicle/fuel 

combination at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz. For Phase 4 tetsing at 72°F and 95°F, dilution air 

flow was measured with a smooth approach orifice, and a critical flow venturi measured 

bulkstream dilute exhaust flow. Measured dilution air flow was subtracted from the bulkstream 

flow to calculate raw exhaust flow to determine continuous raw mass emission rates. For tetsing 

during Phase 5 and during Phase 4 at 20°F, an exhaust flow meter manufactured by Sensors 

Incorporated was used to measure raw exhaust flow. 

 Select alcohols and carbonyls were also measured during emission tests. The 

measurement of alcohols in exhaust was accomplished by bubbling the exhaust through glass 

impingers containing deionized water after which samples were analyzed by gas 

chromatography. An HPLC procedure was utilized for the analysis of carbonyls. Samples were 

collected using DNPH cartridges and were extracted with acetonitrile. Speciated hydrocarbons 

were determined by gas chromatography.

Exhaust emissions were measured as shown below. 

Constituent Analysis Method

Total Hydrocarbon Heated Flame Ionization Detector (bag, modal)

Methane Gas Chromatography (bag, modal)

Carbon Monoxide Non-Dispersive Infrared Analysis (bag, modal)

Carbon Dioxide Non-Dispersive Infrared Analysis (bag, modal)

Oxides of Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Analysis (bag, modal)

Nitric Oxide Chemiluminescence Analysis (bag only)

Oxygen Magnetopneumatic Detector (modal only)

Particulate Matter Part 1065 Gravimetric Measurement (bag only)

Non-methane Hydrocarbons Calculated from THC and CH4 (bag, modal)

Non-methane Organic Gases Calculated as specified in Section 2.5.2 (bag only)

Nitrogen Dioxide Calculated from difference of NOX and NO (bag only)

C1 – C12 HC Speciation Gas Chromatography (bag only)

Alcohols Gas Chromatography (bag only)

Carbonyls Liquid Chromatography (bag only)

2.4.1 Speciation of Volatile Organic Compounds 

Phase-level (bag-by-bag) speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) included C1 - C12

hydrocarbons, light alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones. Sampling and analysis of C2-C12

hydrocarbons was conducted in a manner similar to CARB method 1002/1003, “Procedure for 

the Determination of C2-C12 Hydrocarbons in Automotive Exhaust Samples by Gas 

Chromatography”. Sampling and analysis of alcohols was done in a manner similar to CARB 

method 1001, “Determination of Alcohols in Automotive Source Samples by Gas 

Chromatography”. Sampling and analysis of carbonyl compounds was conducted in a manner 

similar to CARB method 1004, “Determination of Aldehyde and Ketone compounds in 

Automotive Source Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography”. Analysis of C2 - 

C4 HC samples was conducted within one hour of completion of an emissions test. Subsequent 
SwRI Report 03.14993 10 of 15 

analysis of the additional compounds of interest was done within 4 hours of emission test 

completion.

During the analysis of C2 - C4 hydrocarbons, special consideration was given to 1,3-

butadiene. Because of the instability of 1,3-butadiene, the analysis of C2 - C4 hydrocarbon 

samples collected during Bag 1 of a test cycle was initiated within one hour of collection. The 

speciation of C5 - C12 hydrocarbon samples collected in Bag 1 of the test cycle was completed 

within 4 hours of collection. 

Sampling and analysis of light alcohols was accomplished by bubbling exhaust through 

glass impingers containing deionized water, and samples were analyzed with a gas 

chromatograph. Analysis included the following compounds: methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, 

and n-propanol. Alcohol samples were sealed and stored at a temperature below 40o

F 

immediately following collection. Most of these samples were analyzed on the day they were 

collected, but no later than within six calendar days.

Samples of carbonyl compounds were collected in cartridge type samplers. These 

samples were extracted immediately following collection (within 15 minutes) and the extracts 

sealed and stored immediately at a temperature below 40oF. Most of these extracts were 

analyzed on the day they were collected, but no later than within three calendar days. An effort 

was made to detect the presence of a tautomer of acrolein, acrolein-x, which can be a 

measurement artifact. No acrolein-x was found in any exhaust sample. 

Storage of alcohol and carbonyl samples was segregated to prevent any crosscontamination of samples.

2.4.2 Determination of NMOG

An EPA-provided protocol for calculating NMHC and NMOG (Appendix B) was 

followed. Bag-level NMHC and NMOG were calculated for all bags. These bag-level NMHC 

and NMOG calculations were then used to calculate composite weighted NMHC and NMOG 

mass emissions.

2.4.3 Particulate Matter and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds 

 Constant volume sampling (CVS) systems, including stainless steel dilution tunnels, were 

used for all PM sample collection. A separate CVS system was used at 20°F and for the highemitting vehicles. All dilution air was filtered prior to entering the CVS systems. HEPA filters 

were used to remove particles from the dilution air and charcoal filters were used to adsorb 

background hydrocarbons. Multiple sample probes were used in each tunnel to facilitate the 

simultaneous collection of PM samples for subsequent analysis as follows:

• 47-mm Teflon membrane filters: PM mass emission rate, elements by EDXRF and 

ICP-MS,

• 47-mm glass-fiber filters: SOF

• 47-mm quartz fiber filter: OC and EC by TOR and TOT, sulfate by IC 

• 10-cm TIGF backed up by XAD-4: PAH, hopanes and steranes, higher molecular 

weight alkanes, cycloalkanes
SwRI Report 03.14993 11 of 15 

Proportional PM samples drawn from a dilution tunnel were simultaneously collected on 

all filter media and XAD cartridges. For integrated PM samples that were collected over 

multiple days, filters were stored in their holders in the weighing chambers when not in use. 

Following collection, all PM and SVOC samples were stored at -10°C prior to shipment to DRI. 

Samples were shipped overnight to DRI in coolers packed with Blue Ice. Analytical results as 

determined by DRI are reported separately. 

2.5 OBD Data 

Additional available data were acquired at 1 Hz from each vehicle’s onboard diagnostic 

(OBD) system during all emissions tests using a DBK70 data acquisition system. The data, 

when available, included:

• RPM

• Vehicle speed

• Engine load

• Short term fuel trim-bank 1 

• Long term fuel trim-bank 1 

• MIL status

• Absolute throttle position

• Engine coolant temperature

• Short term fuel trim-bank 2 

• Long term fuel trim-bank 2 

• Fuel/air commanded equivalence ratio

• Alcohol fuel percent (if available)

• Manifold absolute pressure 

• Spark advance 

• PID $42 Control Module Voltage

• Air flow rate from mass air flow sensor
SwRI Report 03.14993 12 of 15 

3.0 PHASE 6 TECHNICAL APPROACH AND RESULTS

3.1 Test Matrix 

Six test vehicles were designated for the program as noted in Table 4. Additional vehicle 

information is given in Appendix C. The “high emitter vehicles” were available for test in 

September of 2011 and the evaluation of these vehicles, designated “Segment 1”, was completed 

in December of 2011. The “normal emitters” were noticeable to testing in May of 2013. The 

evaluation of these vehicles is designated as “Segment 2”. When these three vehicles were 

available for test, the original batch of fuel used for the “high emitters” was no longer in storage 

at SwRI and the original batch of the 5W-30 engine oil used in the EPAct program was depleted. 

TABLE 4. PHASE 6 TEST MATRIX 

Matrix 

Test 

Number

Vehicle

Previous 

Program

NREL Oil 

Number Vehicle Test

Model 

Year Make Model

1 HEDDAK 1993 Dodge Dakota EPAct Phase 5 Test A

2 HECTAH 1996 Chevrolet Tahoe EPAct Phase 5 Test A

3 HEFTAU 1990 Ford Taurus EPAct Phase 5 Test A

4 EPA-TSIE 2008 Toyota Sienna EPAct Test A

5

EPA-JLIB 2008 Jeep Liberty 

EPAct Test A

6 EPAct Test B*

7

EPA-HCIV 2008 Honda Civic

EPAct Test A

8 EPAct Test B**

* Repeat of vehicle test A

**Repeat of vehicle test B with 5-hour soaks

3.2 Fuel 

Two fuel batches were used for the program: “Batch 1” for Segment 1 (matrix tests 1 

through 3) for the “high emitters” and “Batch 2” for Segment 2 (matrix tests 4 through 8). 

Analytical evaluations were performed on each fuel batch, the results were sent to the NREL 

Project Manager, and the fuel batches were approved for test. The analytical evaluation results 

of the fuel batches are given in Appendix D. 

3.3 Engine Oil

The original plan was to conduct Phase 6 with the 5W-20 and 5W-30 engine oil used in 

EPAct program. However, there was insufficient quantity of the 5W-30 engine oil (SwRI oil 

code LO-249418) to conduct the test on the Toyota Sienna (TSIE). The supplier of the EPAct oil 

was contacted, but the supplier did not have any remaining oil in storage and was not able to 

blend another batch in time to complete the program. Therefore, commercially available, non-
SwRI Report 03.14993 13 of 15 

synthetic Pennzoil 5W-30 was procured, co-mingled and used for the Toyota Sienna test. The 

lubricants used in Phase 6 are given in Table 5. 

TABLE 5. PHASE 6 ENGINE OILS 

SwRI Oil Code Number

LO-249419 LO-249418 LO-296236

EPAct Program EPAct Program Commercial Pennzoil

5W-20 5W-30 5W-30

NREL1 X

NREL2 X

NREL3 X

EPA-TSIE X

EPA-JLIB X

EPA-HCIV X

3.4 Procedure

The following procedure was used for the eight matrix tests.

 1. The vehicle’s engine exterior was cleaned and the vehicle was driven for 

approximately 10 miles on the SwRI campus and track. The vehicle was raised on a 

hoist and inspected thoroughly for engine oil leaks. The Dodge Dakota and the Ford 

Taurus had engine oil leaks that were repaired. 

 2. To enhance the accuracy of the oil consumption measurement the tires were set to 

specification and the vehicle parked in the same location on the drive-on hoist for all 

the oil drain operations in this program. Using a digital level the angles from 

horizontal (front-to-back and side-to-side) on a flat area of the engine or transmission 

were measured at the start-of-test and duplicated for the end-of-test oil drain. This 

was done to enhance the precision of the engine oil drain weights.

 3. At the start of test before the final engine oil fill for mileage accumulation, several 

drain and fill operations were performed to confirm that the weight of oil added to the 

engine was approximately the same as the amount drained. A new original 

equipment manufacturer (OEM) engine oil filter was weighed and installed prior to 

each engine oil fill. 

 After each engine oil fill operation, the engine was idled for 12 minutes prior to the 

drain operation. Engine oil drains were always made with a warmed-up engine and 

the drain continued until the oil stream turned to drips. 

 4. Each vehicle was set up for mileage accumulation dynamometer (MAD) operation, 

which included a safety that would have discontinued test if a tire had lost air 

pressure. This did not occur during the program. Limits were also set up in the MAD 

control software for engine speed, throttle position, coolant temperature, and 
SwRI Report 03.14993 14 of 15 

illumination of a malfunction indicator light (MIL). If the limits were exceeded or 

the MIL was illuminated, the control system discontinued mileage accumulation.

 5. The inertia weight settings for the MADs for all six vehicles were based on the 

equivalent test weight published on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

website. Because of the age of the “high emitter” vehicles in Segment 1, there were 

no published road load coefficients. The road load coefficients for Segment 1 were 

determined by simulating the published 50-mph horsepower with A, B, and C target 

coefficients. The road load coefficients for Segment 2 were the same as those used in 

the EPAct program. The inertia and coefficient values for this program are given in 

Appendix C, Results. 

 6. Mileage was accumulated on each vehicle using the Unified Cycle driving profile, 

which averages about 25 mph. During mileage accumulation the vehicles’ fuel tanks 

were filled using a dispenser at the appropriate MAD lane. During the pause for 

refueling the engine oil level was also checked with the dipstick. If during the 5,000 

miles, the verified (checked on level ground) oil level was below the “one-quart low” 

line on the dipstick, the mileage accumulation was discontinued and the oil 

consumption determined based on the vehicle test miles at that point.

 The vehicles in Segment 1 all indicated that the oil level was more than 1-quart low 

prior to reaching 5,000 miles. The Segment 2 vehicles all completed the 5,000-mile 

test.

 7. Mileage accumulation was conducted using the Unified Cycle driving profile. Matrix 

tests 1 through 7 were conducted by continuously repeating the Unified Cycle except 

when the vehicle was fueled. For Matrix test 8, one “cold” start Unified Cycle & 10 

more repetitions of the Unified Cycle were conducted followed by a 5-hour soak with 

the hood raised and an external fan directed at the engine compartment.

 8. The complete drain sample from the first end-of-test engine oil drain was retained. 

Samples of the 5W-20 and 5W-30 new oil were also taken and retained. 

 9. At the end of each test, fuel dilution on a sample of the post-mileage engine oil was 

determined by ASTM D3525. The approximate weight of the fuel in the oil was 

subtracted from the drain weight prior to calculating the oil consumption.

3.5 Results

The oil consumption results are given in Appendix E. 
SwRI Report 03.14993 15 of 15 

4.0 CLOSURE

SwRI conducted room-temperature, 95°F, and 20°F exhaust emissions testing of three 

fuels using six Tier 2 vehicles; room-temperature, 95°F, and 20°F exhaust emissions testing of 

three fuels using three high-emitting vehicles; and the determination of oil consumption for a 

subset of the tested vehicles as part of Phases 4, 5, and 6 of the EPAct/V2/E-89 test program. 

Vehicle testing for this phase of the program was carried out between May 2010 and July 2013. 

This work was conducted for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and was 

authorized NREL Subcontract Nos. ACI-8-88613-01, AFT-9-99319-01 and AFT-9-99155-01. 

All test results have been posted on SwRI’s secure file transfer site to which NREL has access.
SwRI Report 03.14993 

APPENDIX A

VEHICLE CONDITIONING AND

TEST EXECUTION REQUESTS
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-1
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-2
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-3
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-4
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-5
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-6
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-7
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-8
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-9
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-10
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-11
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-12
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-13
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-14
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-15
SwRI Report 03.14993 A-16
SwRI Report 03.14993 

APPENDIX B 

EPACT NMOG CALCULATION PROTOCOL
SwRI Report 03.14993 B-1 

EPAct NMOG Calculation Protocol

19-Feb-2009 

The series of calculations shown here (Equations (1) through (6)) must be performed separately 

for each test phase (bag). The NMOG mass results can then be weighed in the usual way to form 

a test cycle composite emission rate. 

First we calculate corrected NMHC concentration for dilute exhaust (subscript e) and dilution air 

(subscript d) as follows: 

e e CH4 e MeOH e EtOH Pre OH e AcetHO AcetHOe NMHC = r4CHrFIDHC rEtOHrMeOH Pr rOH ⋅−⋅−⋅−⋅−⋅− (1) 

d d CH4 d MeOH d EtOH Prd OH d AcetHO AcetHOd NMHC = r4CHrFIDHC rEtOHrMeOH Pr rOH ⋅−⋅−⋅−⋅−⋅− (2) 

Note that these values are all as ppmC (so speciation results for EtOH, PrOH, and AcetHO

reported in ppm of the particular chemical compound will need to be multiplied by 2 or 3 

depending on the number of C atoms in the compound). 

The following constant values shall be used for FID response factors: 

 rCH4 = 1.15 ppmC/ppmC (this program)

 rMeOH = 0.63 ppmC/ppmC (this program)

 rEtOH = 0.74 ppmC/ppmC (this program)

 rPrOH = 0.85 ppmC/ppmC (CARB)

 rFormHO = 0.00 ppmC/ppmC (various sources)

 rAcetHO = 0.51 ppmC/ppmC (this program)

Next, we must calculate the dilution factor to be used in generating the net NMHC concentration:

( )

( ) 4 2CO e NMHCe e MeOH4CH e Pr OHe EtOHe FormHOe AcetHOe e 10CO

z5.0y25.0x76.3y5.0x

x 100

DF − + +++++ + ⋅+





 





−+⋅++ ⋅

= (3) 

The parameters x, y and z in Eq. (3) are coefficients taken from the chemical formula CxHyOz of 

a test fuel. The procedure to calculate their values is provided in Appendix 2. 

Once the DF is determined, we calculate the net NMHC concentration as follows:





 



 −⋅−= DF

1 NMHCconc NMHCe d 1NMHC (4) 

Then we compute NMHCmass: 

6 NMHCmass Vmix DensityNMHC NMHCconc 10− ⋅= ⋅ ⋅ (5) 
SwRI Report 03.14993 B-2 

Equations (4) and (5) must be repeated for each emission being considered. Vmix is the volume of 

dilute exhaust collected during a given phase of the test cycle, measured in standard cubic feet. 

Density is the calculated gas phase density of a particular species treated as a C1HyOz ideal gas. 

The following values of gas phase density shall be used:

DensityNMHC = 16.334 g/ft3

DensityMeOH = 37.718 g/ft3

DensityEtOH = 27.115 g/ft3

DensityPrOH = 23.581 g/ft3

DensityFormHO = 35.345 g/ft3

DensityAcetHO = 25.929 g/ft3

To generate the NMOG figure, we need methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, formaldehyde and 

acetaldehyde mass emissions as computed using Eq. (4) and (5) based on measured 

concentration values form the speciation results (as in Eq. (1) and (2)). 

Finally, then, NMOG mass emissions can be computed as follows:

NMOGmass = NMHCmass + MeOHmass +EtOHmass +Pr OHmass +FormHOmass + AcetHOmass (6) 

Once NMOGmass calculations have been completed for all three phases (cold transient (ct), 

stabilized (s) and hot transient (ht)) of the LA92 test cycle they, calculate the total weighted 

NMOG emissions using the following formula:

































+

+

⋅+

+

+

⋅=

s

D ht D

mass.s

NMOG mass.ht NMOG

0.57

s

D ct D

mass.s

NMOG mass.ct NMOG

0.43

wm

NMOG (7) 

For tests where there is no bag 2 or 3 speciation data, NMOG shall be computed assuming 

emission levels for oxygenated species in bags 2 and 3 are zero.
SwRI Report 03.14993 B-3 

Attachment 1 

Definitions

NMHCe – Concentration of NMHC in dilute exhaust sample, ppm C equivalent 

FIDHCe - Uncorrected concentration of HC in dilute exhaust sample as measured by the FID, 

ppm C equivalent

CH4e – Concentration of methane in dilute exhaust sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

MeOHe - Concentration of methanol in dilute exhaust sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

EtOHe - Concentration of ethanol in dilute exhaust sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

PrOHe - Concentration of 2-propanol in dilute exhaust sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

FormHOe - Concentration of formaldehyde in dilute exhaust sample as measured, ppm C 

equivalent

AcetHOe - Concentration of acetaldehyde in dilute exhaust sample as measured, ppm C 

equivalent

CO2e - Concentration of carbon dioxide in dilute exhaust sample as measured, percent

COe - Concentration of carbon monoxide in dilute exhaust sample as measured, ppm

rCH4 - FID response to methane, ppmC/ppmC

rMeOH - FID response to methanol, ppmC/ppmC

rEtOH - FID response to ethanol, ppmC/ppmC

rPrOH - FID response to 2-propanol, ppmC/ppmC

rFormHO - FID response to formaldehyde, ppmC/ppmC

rAcetHO - FID response to acetaldehyde, ppmC/ppmC

NMHCd - NMHC concentration in dilution air, ppm C equivalent

FIDHCd - Uncorrected HC concentration in dilution air sample as measured by the FID, ppm C 

equivalent

CH4d - Concentration of methane in dilution air sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

MeOHd - Concentration of methanol in dilution air sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

EtOHd - Concentration of ethanol in dilution air sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

PrOHd - Concentration of 2-propanol in dilution air sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

FormHOd - Concentration of formaldehyde in dilution air sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

AcetHOd - Concentration of acetaldehyde in dilution air sample as measured, ppm C equivalent

DF - Dilution factor

x - Carbon-to-carbon ratio in formula CxHyOz determined as in Appendix 2 for the fuel used (by 

definition x=1)

y - Hydrogen-to-carbon ratio in formula CxHyOz determined as in Appendix 2 for the fuel used 

z - Oxygen-to-carbon ratio in formula CxHyOz determined as in Appendix 2 for the fuel used 

X – Carbon mass fraction of the fuel 

Y – Hydrogen mass fraction of the fuel 

Z – Oxygen mass fraction of the fuel 

NMHCconc – Concentration of NMHC in dilute exhaust sample corrected for background, ppm C 

equivalent

MeOHconc - Concentration of methanol in dilute exhaust sample corrected for background, ppm 

C equivalent

EtOHconc - Concentration of ethanol in dilute exhaust sample corrected for background, ppm C 

equivalent
SwRI Report 03.14993 B-4 

PrOHconc - Concentration of 2-propanol in dilute exhaust sample corrected for background, ppm 

C equivalent

FormHOconc - Concentration of formaldehyde in dilute exhaust sample corrected for background, 

ppm C equivalent

AcetHOconc - Concentration of acetaldehyde in dilute exhaust sample corrected for background, 

ppm C equivalent

Vmix - Volume of dilute exhaust collected during a given phase of the test cycle, scf

DensityNMHC – Density of NMHC treated as a C1Hy ideal gas at standard conditions of 293.16o

K 

and 760 mm Hg, g/ft3

DensityMeOH - Density of methanol treated as a C1HyOz ideal gas at standard conditions of 

293.16oK and 760 mm Hg, g/ft3

DensityEtOH - Density of ethanol treated as a C1HyOz ideal gas at standard conditions of 293.16oK 

and 760 mm Hg, g/ft3

DensityPrOH - Density of 2-propanol treated as a C1HyOz ideal gas at standard conditions of 

293.16oK and 760 mm Hg, g/ft3

DensityFormHO - Density of formaldehyde treated as a C1HyOz ideal gas at standard conditions of 

293.16o

K and 760 mm Hg,ft3

DensityAcetHO - Density of acetaldehyde treated as a C1HyOz ideal gas at standard conditions of 

293.16o

K and 760 mm Hg, g/ft3

MNMHC - Molecular mass of NMHC treated as a C1Hy, g/mole, calculated according to the 

formula provided in Appendix 3 

NMOGmass - NMOG mass, g/test phase

NMHCmass - NMHC mass, g/test phase

MeOHmass - Methanol mass, g/test phase

EtOHmass - Ethanol mass, g/test phase

PrOHmass - 2-propanol mass, g/test phase 

FormHOmass - Formaldehyde mass, g/test phase

AcetHOmass - Acetaldehyde mass, g/test phase

NMOGwm – Weighted NMOG emissions, g/mile

NMOGmass.ct - NMOG mass emitted during the cold transient phase of the test cycle, g/test phase

NMOGmass.s - NMOG mass emitted during the stabilized phase of the test cycle, g/test phase

NMOGmass.ht - NMOG mass emitted during the hot transient phase of the test cycle, g/test phase 

Dct - Distance driven by the test vehicle on a chassis dynamometer during the cold transient 

phase of the LA92 test cycle, miles

Ds - Distance driven by the test vehicle on a chassis dynamometer during the stabilized phase of 

the LA92 test cycle, miles

Dht - Distance driven by the test vehicle on a chassis dynamometer during the hot transient phase 

of the LA92 test cycle, miles
SwRI Report 03.14993 B-5 

Attachment 2 

Calculation of x, y and z Coefficients in Formula CxHyOz Using Fuel C, H and O Content Data 

The carbon-to-carbon ratio x in formula CxHyOz by definition equals 1. The hydrogen-to-carbon 

and oxygen-to-carbon ratios y and z, respectively, can be calculated using the following 

equations: 

 

12.011

X

1.008

Y

y = (A2.1) and 

12.011

X

15.999

Z

z = (A2.2) where: 

X – Carbon mass fraction of the fuel

Y – Hydrogen mass fraction of the fuel

Z – Oxygen mass fraction of the fuel

The values of X, Y and Z will be provided by the EPA for all fuels tested in the EPAct Program.
SwRI Report 03.14993 

APPENDIX C 

PHASE 6 TEST VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS
SwRI Report 03.14993 C-1 

TABLE C-1. PHASE 6 TEST VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS 

NREL1 NREL2 NREL3 EPA-TSIE EPA-JLIB EPA-HCIV

Vehicle make Dodge Chevrolet Ford Toyota Jeep Honda

Vehicle model Dakota Tahoe Taurus Sienna Liberty Civic

Model year 1993 1996 1990 2008 2008 2008

VIN 1B7FL23X2DS156882 1GNEC13R5TJ350825 1FACP52U3LA176843 5TDZK23C88S122102 1J8GP28K88W156753 2HGFA16538H313195

Tire size (wheel size) P205/70R15 235/75R15 P205/70R15 P215/65R16 P225/75R16 P205/55R16

Odometer 230,444 221,514 90,917 13,476 12,678 13,669

Engine displacement 3.9L 5.7L 3.0L 3.5L 3.7L 1.8L

Cylinders / Configuration (i.e. V6) V6 V8 V6 V6 V6 I4

Engine code (Engine family) * TGM5.75PGFEK LFM3.0V5FXD2 8TYXR0165P22 8CRXR0150GHH 8HNXR0106BBY

Engine evap code * TGM1098AYPBA TWC/H025/EGR/MPI 

(F0AE-9C485) 8TYXT03.5BEM 8CRXT03.7NE0 8HNXV01.8LKR

* The emissions identification sticker was no longer on the vehicle.
SwRI Report 03.14993 

APPENDIX D 

ANALYTICAL EVALUATION RESULTS OF FUEL BATCHES
SwRI Report 03.14993 D-1 

TABLE D-1. ANALYTICAL EVALUATION RESULTS OF 

THE FUEL BATCHES 

Batch 1

Matrix Tests 1-3

Description Tank #75>19 Run Tank 160 Run Tank 161

Bullet Sample Bullet Sample Bullet Sample

Date 2/7/2011 06/04/13 06/04/13

ASTM Method TEST PROPERTY/DESCRIPTION TEST UNITS TEST RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS

D5191 RVP by Grabner psi 10.85 7.16 7.17

RVP by Grabner (duplicate) psi 7.18 7.22

D381 Existent Gums

Unwashed Wt. mg/100 mL 17.5 17.0 18.5

Washed Wt. mg/100 mL <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

Duplicate GUMS

Unwashed Wt. mg/100 mL 17.0 18.0 17.5

Washed Wt. mg/100 mL <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

D4052 API Gravity -- 61.8 56.1 56.1

Specific Gravity -- 0.7321 0.7542 0.7544

Density @ 15°C grams/L 731.8 754 754

D5599 Oxygen and Oxygenates

Diisopropylether (DIPE) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Ethyl tert-butylether (ETBE) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Ethanol (EtOH) vol% 9.8 9.63 9.64

Isobutanol (iBA) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Isopropanol (iPA) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Methanol (MeOH) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Methyl tert-butylether (MTBE) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

n-Butanol (nBA) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

n-Propanol (nPA) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

sec-Butanol (sBA) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

tert-amyl methylether (TAME) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

tert-Butanol (tBA) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

tert-Pentanol (tPA) vol% <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

Total Oxygen wt% 3.69 3.52 3.52

D86 Distillation (°F)

IBP Deg. F 86 107 104

5% Deg. F 110 126 126

10% Deg. F 118 133 133

15% Deg. F 123 137 136

20% Deg. F 129 141 140

30% Deg. F 138 148 148

40% Deg. F 147 155 158

50% Deg. F 156 205 205

60% Deg. F 213 238 238

70% Deg. F 249 267 267

80% Deg. F 292 300 299

90% Deg. F 334 340 340

95% Deg. F 359 369 367

FBP Deg. F 397 424 422

Recoverd mL 98.6 97.5 98.4

Residue mL 1.1 0.6 0.6

Loss mL 0.3 1.9 1

D5453 Sulfur ppm 19.9 40.0 40.6

Sulfur ppm 0.0019% 0.0040% 0.0041%

D5291 Carbon % 82.79% 83.08 82.97

Hydrogen % 14.19% 13.45% 13.37%

Batch 2

Matrix Tests 4-7
SwRI Report 03.14993 

APPENDIX E 

OIL CONSUMPTION RESULTS
SwRI Report 03.14993 E-1 

TABLE E-1. NREL OIL CONSUMPTION RESULTS 

Vehicle HEDDAK HECTAH HEFTAU

Matrix Test Number 1 2 3

Vehicle Test Number Test A Test A Test A

Vehicle make Dodge Chevrolet Ford

Vehicle model Dakota Tahoe Taurus

Model year 1993 1996 1990

VIN 1B7FL23X2DS156882 1GNEC13R5TJ350825 1FACP52U3LA176843

Engine Displacement (liters) 3.9L 5.7L 3.0L

Engine oil viscosity grade 5W-30 5W-30 5W-30

Inertia weight (lbs.) 3750 5250 3500

F2 (lbs./mph2

) 0.0332 0.0372 0.0101

F1 (Lbs./mph) -0.3196 -0.3757 0.1614

F0 (Lbs.) 24.5 32.4 15.0

Start odometer (miles) 231,324 221,518 90,949

End odometer (miles) 232,065 222,119 94,751

Interval mileage 741 601 3,802

Oil installed (lbs.) 7.360 8.940 8.150

Oil drained including fuel dilution (lbs.) 3.480 5.840 5.500

Fuel dilution by D3525 (wt%) 4.2% 1.8% 5.8%

Oil drained minus fuel (lbs.) 3.33 5.73 5.18

Oil Consumed corrected for fuel dilution (lbs.) 4.03 3.21 2.97

Oil Consumption (lbs. per 1000 miles) 5.44 5.34 0.78

Oil Consumption (grams per 1000 miles) 2466.9 2422.7 354.3

* With fuel dilution

** Not yet corrected for fuel dilution

Unified Cycle with No Cold Soaks

Segment 1
SwRI Report 03.14993 E-2 

TABLE E-1 (CONT'D). NREL OIL CONSUMPTION RESULTS 

Unified Cycle w/Cold 

Soaks

Vehicle EPA-TSIE EPA-JLIB EPA-JLIB EPA-HCIV EPA-HCIV

Matrix Test Number 4 5 6 7 8

Vehicle Test Number Test A Test A Test B Test A Test B

Vehicle make Toyota Jeep Jeep Honda Honda

Vehicle model Sienna Liberty Liberty Civic Civic

Model year 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008

VIN 5TDZK23C88S122102 1J8GP28K88W156753 1J8GP28K88W156753 2HGFA16538H313195 2HGFA16538H313195

Engine Displacement (liters) 3.5L V6 3.7L V6 3.7L V6 1.8L I4 1.8L I4

Engine oil viscosity grade 5W-30 5W-20 5W-20 5W-20 5W-20

Inertia weight (lbs.) 4500 4250 4250 3000 3000

F2 (lbs./mph2

) 0.02946 0.02955 0.02955 0.01699 0.01699

F1 (Lbs./mph) 0.0249 0.404 0.404 0.1904 0.1904

F0 (Lbs.) 38.41 29.53 29.53 23.18 23.18

Start odometer (miles) 13,476 12,678 17,678 13,681 18,692

End odometer (miles) 18,476 17,678 22,678 18,692 23,692

Interval mileage 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,011 5,000

Oil installed (lbs.) 11.120 8.840 8.850 6.895 6.900

Oil drained including fuel dilution (lbs.) 11.150 7.690 8.390 6.635 6.805

Fuel dilution by D3525 (wt%) 1.5% 1.4% 1.1% 2.7% 2.1%

Oil drained minus fuel (lbs.) 10.980 7.580 8.300 6.460 6.660

Oil Consumed corrected for fuel dilution (lbs.) 0.140 1.260 0.550 0.435 0.240

Oil Consumption (lbs. per 1000 miles) 0.028 0.252 0.110 0.087 0.048

Oil Consumption (grams per 1000 miles) 12.7 114.3 49.9 39.4 21.8

Unified Cycle with No Cold Soaks

Segment 2