*

 This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of

law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the

citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under

the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

**Honorable Tom Stagg, Senior District Judge, United States District Court for the

Western District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAR 28 2002

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

ROBERTO BARRIO, a.k.a. Robert Barrio, 

and ELSA BARRIO, a.k.a. Elsa Lopez

Defendants-Appellants.

Nos. 00-6387, 00-6393

(D.C. No. 00-CR-25-R)

(Western District of Oklahoma)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before KELLY, Circuit Judge, McWILLIAMS, Senior Circuit Judge, and STAGG, Senior

District Judge.**

These two related appeals were separately briefed and separately argued in this Court,

each appellant being represented by his, or her, own counsel. However, both appeals will be

treated in this order and judgment.

Roberto Barrio and Elsa Barrio (husband and wife), and two others, were charged in
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a superseding indictment with various drug offenses. (We are not here concerned with the

“others.”) In Count 1 the Barrios were jointly charged with conspiring from 1996 to 2000

with each other, with their two co-defendants, as well as with 11 other persons who were

identified by name, to possess with an intent to distribute in excess of 5 kilograms of cocaine

powder, in excess of 50 grams of cocaine base (crack), and in excess of 100 grams of

phencyclidine (PCP), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). In Counts 3, 6, 7 and 9 Roberto

Barrio was charged with causing interstate travel in aid of an unlawful activity in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3). In Counts 8, 10 and 13 Roberto Barrio was charged with using

a telephone to facilitate cocaine distribution in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b).

As indicated, Elsa Barrio was jointly charged, along with her husband, Roberto

Barrio, and others, with the conspiracy alleged in Count 1. Elsa Barrio was individually

charged in Counts 4 and 5 with interstate travel violations, and in Count 13 she and 

Roberto Barrio were jointly charged with a telephone count. Only Roberto and Elsa Barrio

were tried, the other defendants in the superseding indictment, as well as the other defendants

in the original indictment, entering guilty pleas.

At the close of the government’s evidence, the Barrios calling no witnesses, the

district court, on motion, entered a judgment of acquittal for both Barrios on Count 13, a

telephone count. The jury thereafter convicted both Barrios on all remaining counts.

At sentencing, Roberto Barrio was sentenced to a mandatory sentence of life

imprisonment on Count 1, the conspiracy count. On Counts 3, 6, 7 and 9, Roberto Barrio
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was sentenced to 60 months imprisonment on each Count. On Counts 8 and 10, Roberto

Barrio was sentenced to 48 months on each count. All of the sentences imposed on Roberto

Barrio were to run concurrently.

At sentencing, Elsa Barrio was sentenced to imprisonment for 121 months on Count

1, and to 60 months imprisonment on Counts 4 and 5, all to be served concurrently. Both

appeal their respective convictions and sentences.

No. 00-6387, United States v. Roberto Barrio

Appellate counsel for Roberto Barrio, who did not represent Barrio at trial, frames his

first ground for reversal as follows: “The district court erred in permitting the government

to offer untrue evidence about its plea bargain with Ellis Stanton.” Stanton was a “leader”

of the drug operation and was admittedly a “key” witness for the prosecution. Stanton was

charged with some 51 drug offenses and, in a plea agreement with the government, he pled

guilty to two counts, one charging conspiracy to possess and distribute controlled substances,

and a second charging conspiracy to money launder, with the remaining 49 counts to be

dismissed. In that agreement, which consisted of some 16 typewritten pages, Stanton agreed,

inter alia, to testify “truthfully before the grand jury and at any trial or other court

proceedings, if requested to do so by the United States.”

As indicated, only the two Barrios out of all the defendants named in both an original

indictment and the superseding indictment went to trial. Stanton testified at length at the

Barrios’ trial to a jury. This testimony indicated that he was indeed a leader of a drug
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distribution operation in and around Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He testified that he

purchased various drugs, including cocaine powder, crack cocaine, and PCP from various

suppliers located in California, and elsewhere, the Barrios being two of the suppliers of

cocaine powder. The drugs were brought from California to Oklahoma by various and

assorted couriers, where the drugs were processed, distributed, and then sold on the streets.

In connection with this drug operation both Barrios, on occasion, traveled from California

to Oklahoma. 

As above stated, Stanton, represented by counsel, entered into a plea agreement with

the government and did not himself go to trial. He was a “key” witness at the Barrios’ trial,

and at that trial, Stanton’s plea agreement was fully explored, first by government counsel,

and then by counsel for the Barrios (each had his or her own counsel), the latter attempting

to show the jury that Stanton had a strong “motive” for testifying untruthfully, i.e.

concessions made by the government in exchange for his testimony against the Barrios. In

his direct testimony Stanton testified that pursuant to his plea agreement he pled guilty to

conspiracy to possess and distribute cocaine powder, crack cocaine and PCP and that the

potential sentence therefor was 10 years to life. He stated that he has also pled guilty to

conspiring to money launder and that the sentence on that charge was 1 to 20 years

imprisonment. In exchange, he testified, the remaining 49 charges against him were to be

dismissed on motion of the government. Under questioning by the government attorney,

Stanton testified that his attorney had advised him that the plea agreement would have no
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effect on the sentence he would receive based on his guilty pleas, and that the sentences

would be a matter for the district judge. Respective counsel for each of the Barrios thereafter

cross-examined Stanton at length concerning the details of the plea agreement and what he

expected from the government in exchange for his testifying against the Barrios. 

On redirect examination, the government asked Stanton the following question: “and

when those other counts were dismissed, as we agreed in the plea agreement, it has no effect

whatsoever on the sentence you’re facing; is that correct?” To which question Stanton

answered: “no, ma’am, it doesn’t.” At that point counsel for Elsa Barrio objected, at a sidebar discussion, saying it was a “misstatement of the law,” as “some of those counts the court

would have to be run consecutively, which would have a difference in his plea agreement and

his sentence if the counts are to be run consecutively without the court’s discretion.” The

colloquy culminated when the district judge asked the government attorney to “rephrase” her

question, whereupon the government attorney, in the hearing of the jury, put the following

question to Stanton: “Mr. Stanton, again, is it your understanding, from talking to your

attorney, that the dismissal of those counts has no effect on the sentence that you’re facing?”

There was no objection to this rephrased question, which Stanton answered: “Yes, ma’am.

That’s right.”

On appeal, present counsel for Roberto Barrio argues that Stanton, on redirect

examination by the government, testified “falsely” when he indicated that the dismissal of

the 49 counts “had no effect whatsoever on the sentence that . . . [he was] facing.” Counsel
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suggests that not only was Stanton’s answer “untruthful,” but that the government attorney

knew it was untruthful. We believe that counsel’s argument in this regard in this Court is a

bit extravagant, and not supported by the record. The particular argument regarding Stanton’s

testimony, now urged in this Court, was not made in the trial court. We frankly do not follow

the suggestion that since each of the 49 counts dismissed pursuant to the plea agreement

carried, inter alia, a mandatory special assessment of $100.00, such in some manner could

affect the sentence he was “facing,” i.e., the sentence on his guilty plea to two counts of

conspiracy. The role the plea agreement played in this trial was fully explored by counsel

for the government and by defense counsel and we reject the suggestion that Stanton testified

untruthfully in this regard, and that the government knew it was untrue. Stanton’s credibility

was fully explored by counsel, and it was a matter for the jury to decide. 

Counsel for Roberto Barrio next argues that the district court erred in failing to follow

the dictates of Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), which predated the trial of the

instant case by a couple of weeks. In that case the Supreme Court held that “[o]ther than the

fact of a prior criminal conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the

prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable

doubt.” Id. at 490. In response to Apprendi, the government on July 5, 2000, filed a

superseding indictment which, as stated at the outset, identified the conspiracy as one to

possess and distribute in excess of 5 kilograms of cocaine powder, in excess of 50 grams of

crack cocaine, and in excess of 100 grams of PCP. In finding the Barrios guilty of
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conspiracy (Count 1), the jury by special interrogatories found Roberto Barrio guilty of

conspiracy to possess and distribute in excess of 5 kilograms of cocaine powder, in excess

of 50 grams of crack cocaine, but not guilty of conspiracy to possess and distribute PCP. As

to Elsa Barrio, in a special interrogatory the jury found her guilty of conspiracy to possess

and distribute in excess of 5 kilograms of cocaine powder, but not guilty of conspiracy to

possess and distribute crack cocaine, or to possess and distribute PCP. 

If we understand it, counsel argues that because the jury found Elsa Barrio not guilty

of conspiring to possess and distribute 50 grams of crack cocaine, such somehow precludes

the jury from finding that Roberto Barrio and Elsa Barrio conspired to possess and distribute

in excess of 5 kilograms of cocaine powder. Be that as it may, counsel for Roberto Barrio

as his second ground for reversal argues that “in the aftermath of Apprendi, Mr. Barrio’s

conspiracy conviction was unsupported by sufficient evidence.” We are not persuaded by

counsel’s assertion that the government has identified no “second conspirator” who had the

same conspiracy objective which the jurors attributed to Mr. Barrio. As stated, Roberto

Barrio was not only charged with conspiring with his wife, Elsa, but was also charged with

conspiring with his two co-defendants and 11 other persons, (including Stanton), who were

all identified by name. Counsel, in our view, underreads the record and overreads Apprendi.

As the third ground for reversal, counsel for Roberto Barrio claims that “the district

court erred in permitting a non-unanimous verdict on the conspiracy count.” As indicated,

in Count 1 of the superseding indictment, the conspiracy count, the Barrios were jointly
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charged with conspiring with each other, and others, to possess and distribute in excess of

5 kilograms of cocaine powder, in excess of 50 grams of crack cocaine, and in excess of 100

grams of PCP. By it’s verdict, the jury found both Barrios guilty of Count 1. As stated, the

jury in answers to special interrogatories found Roberto Barrio and his wife Elsa guilty of

conspiracy to possess and distribute in excess of 5 kilograms of cocaine powder; found

Roberto Barrio, but not Elsa, guilty of conspiracy to possess and distribute in excess of 50

grams of crack cocaine; and found neither Roberto or Elsa guilty of a conspiracy to possess

and distribute PCP in any amount. Again, counsel would make much of the fact that the jury

found Roberto Barrio guilty of conspiring to possess and distribute in excess of 50 grams of

crack cocaine, but did not so convict Elsa Barrio. Such, argues counsel, proves that the

jury’s verdict was not “unanimous” when the jury found both Barrios guilty of conspiring to

possess and distribute five kilograms of cocaine powder and constitutes a fatal “variance”

between “pleading and proof.” 

In United States v. Hauck, 980 F.2d 611, 615 (10th Cir. 1992) we held that “it is

permissible to charge a single offense [conspiracy] but specify alternate means to commit the

offense.” An offense may be alleged in the conjunctive, but then proven in the disjunctive.

Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, 56 (1991); United States v. Vaziri, 164 F.3d 556, 566

(10th Cir. 1999); United States v. Hanzlicek, 187 F.3d 1228, 1235 (10th Cir. 1999). As we

understand it, counsel for Roberto Barrio does not disagree with such. Rather, counsel seems

to argue that because the jury found Roberto Barrio guilty of conspiring to possess and
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distribute more than 50 grams of crack cocaine and found Elsa Barrio not guilty of 

conspiring to possess and distribute more than 50 grams of crack cocaine, it could not

thereafter find both Barrios guilty of conspiring to conspiring to possess and distribute more

than 5 kilograms of cocaine powder. We disagree. As mentioned, under the government’s

theory of the case, Roberto Barrio was not just conspiring with his wife, Elsa, but he was also

conspiring with, including by way of example, Ellis Stanton, one of the alleged coconspirators, and the object of the conspiracy was not a single possession and distribution,

but one that continued over a period of some 5 years. Further, the instructions given the jury

on this matter were in our view adequate.

Counsel’s fourth ground for reversal is that “the district court erred in imposing a life

sentence under the erroneous belief that it was mandatory,” arguing that the United States

failed to comply with 21 U.S.C. § 851(a). 

21 U.S.C.§ 846 provides that “[a]ny person who attempts or conspires to commit any

offense defined in this subsection shall be subject to the same penalties as those prescribed

for the offense, the commission of which was the object of the attempt or conspiracy.” 21

U.S.C.§ 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) sets the sentence at not less than 10 years imprisonment or more

than life. That same statute provides that if a person commits such a violation “after a prior

conviction for a felony drug offense has become final,” the sentence shall be not less than

20 years and not more than life imprisonment. The statute then goes on to provide that if a

person “commits a violation of this paragraph . . . after two or more prior convictions for a
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felony drug offense have become final, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory term

of life imprisonment without release.”

21 U.S.C.§ 851 in pertinent part, reads as follows:

(a) Information filed by United States Attorney

(1) No person who stands convicted of an offense under

this part shall be sentenced to increased punishment by reason

of one or more prior convictions, unless before trial, or before

entry of a plea of guilty, the United States attorney files an

information with the court (and serves a copy of such

information on the person or counsel for the person) stating in

writing the previous convictions to be relied upon. Upon

showing by the United States attorney that facts regarding prior

convictions could not with due diligence be obtained prior to

trial or before entry of a plea of guilty, the court may postpone

the trial or the taking of the plea of guilty for a reasonable

period for the purpose of obtaining such facts. Clerical mistakes

in the information may be amended at any time prior to the

pronouncement of sentence.

On July 7, 2000, a Friday, the United States Attorney filed an “Information to

Establish Prior Convictions,” wherein she stated that Roberto Barrio had suffered three prior

drug trafficking convictions and that under 21 U.S.C.§ 841(b)(1)(A)(ii) “the penalty for

Count 1 of the superseding indictment is therefore increased to life imprisonment.” Attached

to that “Information” was a “Mailing Certificate” certifying that “a true copy of the foregoing

pleading was served on the parties hereto, Charles Douglas, Attorney for Defendant Roberto

Barrio, P.O. Box 472, Norman, Oklahoma 73070 by mailing the same to them on the 7th day

of July, 2000.” Trial commenced the following Monday, on July 10, 2000. 

On appeal, counsel argues that the district court was mistaken when it believed that
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it had to sentence Roberto Barrio to life imprisonment on Count 1 because, primarily, the

United States Attorney had failed to follow 21 U.S.C. § 851. So far as we can tell, this

precise matter was not raised in the district court. The presentence investigation report does

reflect that counsel did object, inter alia, to that part of the report which states that the

sentence on Count 1 was mandatory life imprisonment. In this regard, the district court

followed the presentence report, and sentenced Roberto Barrio to life imprisonment on Count

1, the conspiracy count. We are not persuaded by counsel’s argument in this Court that

Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure 49 and 45 and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5(b)

have particular present pertinency. This matter is governed by 21 U.S.C. § 851. Counsel

also argues that in any case the rationale of Apprendi dictates that these prior convictions

should have been alleged in the superseding indictment and proven at trial. Counsel

concedes that this particular argument was made, and rejected by us in United States v.

Wilson, 244 F.3d 1208, 1216-17 (10th Cir. 2001), but asserts that the argument was

nonetheless made “in order to preserve it for any later stages of review which may occur in

the case.”

As his fifth, and last, ground for reversal counsel asserts that: “The travel act counts

do not charge crimes, because they allege no post-travel activity.” The Travel Act counts are,

as indicated, Counts 3,6,7, and 9 of the superseding indictment, and are based on 18 U.S.C. §

1952. That statute, in pertinent part, reads as follows:
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§ 1952. Interstate and foreign travel or transportation in aid

of racketeering enterprises

(a) Whoever travels in interstate or foreign commerce or

uses the mail or any facility in interstate or foreign commerce,

with intent to–

. . . 

(3) otherwise promote, manage, establish, carry on, or

facilitate the promotion, management, establishment, or

carrying on of any unlawful activity,

and thereafter performs or attempts to perform–

(A) an act described in paragraph (1) or (3)

shall be fined under this title, imprisoned

not more than 5 years, or both or

. . . 

Counsel’s argument, as we understand it, is not that the government’s evidence

adduced at trial did not show a violation of the Travel Act by Roberto Barrio. In this regard,

the government’s evidence showed that at the behest of Stanton couriers on numerous

occasions flew from Oklahoma to California and Nevada, where they received cocaine

powder from Roberto Barrio and returned therewith to Oklahoma where they delivered the

drugs to Stanton, or his representatives. Quite obviously, the couriers “possessed” the drugs

in Oklahoma after their interstate travel and “delivered” the drugs in Oklahoma. Counsel’s

position, as we understand it, is that the government in Counts 3,6,7 and 9 of the superseding

indictment did not allege any “overt act . . . [occurring] after the interstate travel is

complete.” In this regard, we note, by way of example, that in Count 3 of the superseding

indictment the government alleged that Roberto Barrio and Stanton caused one Gandy to
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travel in interstate commerce from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to the Ontario, California area

and back to the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma area with an intent to promote an unlawful

activity, a business activity involving narcotics or controlled substances, “and thereafter

performed and attempted to perform acts to promote, manage, establish, carry on and

facilitate the promotion, establishment and carrying on of said unlawful activity, to wit: to

transport approximately two kilograms of cocaine powder to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma for

redistribution” (emphasis added). (Similar allegations are made in Counts 6,7, and 9.) Such,

in our view, is sufficient to charge a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952. In addition, in United

States v. Stevens, 612 F.2d 1226 (10th Cir. 1979), we spoke as follows:

Appellant’s argument that no overt act was charged in the travel

act count does not impress us. Overt acts are alleged and were

proved in connection with the conspiracy count. We do not

think it is necessary to reallege overt acts with respect to the

conspiracy in the travel act count, which fairly meets the

standard set forth in Levine. See United States v. King, 521 F.2d

61 (10th Cir. 1975); United States v. Levine, 457 F.2d at 1188

n.1.

Id. at 1230-31. In Count 1 of the superseding indictment in this case, charging conspiracy,

“overt acts” were set forth in detail. 

In conclusion we note that most of the matters raised on appeal were not raised in the

district court. And none, viewed in context, constitute “plain error” requiring reversal.

United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993); United States v. Cernobyl, 255 F.3d 1215,

1218 (10th Cir. 2001); United States v. Hishaw, 235 F.3d 565, 574 (10th Cir. 2000). 

Judgment affirmed.
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No. 00-6393, United States v. Elsa Barrio

Elsa Barrio appeals her convictions on Counts 1 (conspiracy), 4 and 5 (interstate

travel) of the superseding indictment. Counsel asserts two grounds for reversal: (1) “[a]n

impermissible variance existed between the indictment, which charged a single conspiracy,

and the proof at trial which established the existence of multiple conspiracies;” and (2) “[t]he

‘Travel Act’ convictions must be reversed because the government failed to allege an overt

act in furtherance of illegal activity performed after the interstate travel which is an essential

element of the crime.” We are not persuaded by either argument.

Count 1 charged a single conspiracy with multiple objectives, which is permissible.

See Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46 (1991); United States v. Pace, 981 F.2d 1123, 1129

(10th Cir. 1992). We reject the suggestion that there was a fatal variance between Count 1

in the superseding indictment and the proof presented by the government at trial. Nor was

there any so-called prejudicial “spill over” effect. The jury by its verdict and answer to

special interrogatories found that Elsa Barrio was guilty of conspiracy with others to possess

and distribute in excess of five kilograms of cocaine powder, and the fact that the jury found

her not guilty of conspiring with others to possess and distribute crack cocaine or PCP, does

not affect her conviction on the first. In other words, a single conspiracy may have multiple

objectives and it does not thereby become a multiple conspiracy. A defendant charged with

a single conspiracy with multiple objectives may be convicted upon a showing that he

conspired to commit any one, and not all, of the multiple objectives. United States v. Vaziri,
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104 F.3d 556, 566 (10th Cir. 1999); United States v. Bell, 54 F.3d 1205, 1209 (10th Cir.

1998). A single conspiracy with multiple objectives may be pled in the conjunctive and

proved in the disjunctive. Id. The gravamen of a single conspiracy with multiple objectives

is the conspiracy, not the objectives. See Braverman v. United States, 317 U.S. 49, 54 (1942)

where the Supreme Court said: “The allegations in a single count of a conspiracy to commit

several crimes is not duplicitous, for ‘the conspiracy is the crime, and that is one, however

diverse its objects.’” (Citations omitted.)

As above indicated, the interstate travel counts meet the requirements of 18 U.S.C.

§ 1952.

Judgment affirmed.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Robert H. McWilliams

Senior Circuit Judge