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Optimizing Landfill Ground Water Analytes—New 

South Wales, Australia

1. Barbara F. Hart1

and

2. Janet Chaseling2

Article first published online: 22 FEB 2007

DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2003.tb00677.x

Issue 

Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation

Volume 23, Issue 2, (/doi/10.1111/gwmr.2003.23.issue-2/issuetoc) pages 111–118, May 2003

(http://www.altmetric.com/details.php?

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Additional Information

How to Cite

Hart, B. F. and Chaseling, J. (2003), Optimizing Landfill Ground Water Analytes—New South Wales, Australia. 

Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, 23: 111–118. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6592.2003.tb00677.x

Author Information

1

Barbara F. Hart is the principal environmental consultant for CodyHart Environmental Consulting (P.O. Box 

1073, Burleigh Heads 4220, Gold Coast, Australia; +61 755205532; fax +61 755206531; 

bhart@codyhart.com.au (mailto:bhart@codyhart.com.au)). CodyHart specializes in landfill environmental 

monitoring. The business was established due to stronger environmental legislation in New South Wales, 

Australia, requiring landfill operators to conduct environmental monitoring. Hart's research into landfill ground, 

water purging, analytes, and statistical warning limits provides the professional basis of the CodyHart business.

2

Optimizing Landfill Ground Water Analytes—New South Wales, Australia - Hart - 2007 - Groundwater ... Page 1 of 2

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2003.tb00677.x/abstract 11/7/2014
Janet Chaseling, associate professor (Australian School of Environmental Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan 

4111, Brisbane, Australia), is an applied statistician with extensive statistical analysis experience in natural 

environment, pollution issues, primary industry, and forensic science. Chaseling's mathematical interpretation of 

research, data, and legal evidence is sought by a broad range of specialists in Australia and overseas.

Publication History

1. Issue published online: 22 FEB 2007

2. Article first published online: 22 FEB 2007

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Abstract

A study of analytes for ground water monitoring was conducted at 10 municipal solid waste landfills in northern New South Wales (NSW), Australia. From 

literature review, analytes were proposed and then approved by the NSW Environment Protection Authority (EPA) for initial ground water and leachate 

monitoring. Eight rounds of initial baseline monitoring using traditional geochemical analytes were conducted in uncontaminated ground water at a new, lined 

landfill. Four rounds of initial assessment monitoring were conducted at nine unlined or only partially lined old landfills. Analytes for the old landfills were 

selected with a health risk emphasis because ground water may already be contaminated.

At the old landfill sites, analytes with values indicating contamination were often limited to one particular analytical group, although the analytical group 

represented differed from site to site. As a result, the most environmentally responsible suite of analytes for baseline monitoring is the traditional geochemical 

approach; free carbon dioxide for landfill gas; and organics in the form of volatile organic compounds for old landfills, but benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, 

and xylene when wells are close to a new landfill. The current Subtitle D (U.S. EPA 1991) analytes proved inadequate. They would not have detected the 

majority of contaminants or contaminant indicators at the old landfills, i.e., organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate, iron, and manganese.

After completion of initial monitoring at each site, reduced lists of analytes for ongoing monitoring were proposed and approved by the NSW EPA. The lists 

were based on literature evidence, contaminants, and contaminant indicators found in ground water at the old landfills, and in some cases leachate versus

ground water concentrations. For the new landfill, the principle of limited analytes representing a broad range of analytical groups was used to assure 

precautionary environmental outcomes. At present-day costs, cost savings for analyses alone at the new landfill are ÄD251, 160 over the 70-year life of the 

landfill.

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