U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

JUVENILE JUSTICE 

STATISTICS

NATIONAL REPORT SERIES BULLETIN

Chyrl Jones, OJJDP Acting Administrator • Jennifer Scherer, NIJ Acting Director May 2021

 

Juvenile Arrests, 2019 

Charles Puzzanchera 

Highlights 

This bulletin documents the latest trends in arrests involving juveniles (youth younger than age 18) by 

drawing on arrest estimates developed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for 

Juvenile Justice based on analyses of data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime 

Reporting program. Overall, juvenile arrests have been on the decline for more than two decades, but 

patterns vary by demographic group and offense. 

In 2019, law enforcement agencies made an estimated 696,620 arrests of youth 

younger than 18—the fewest arrests of juveniles in nearly 4 decades 

Number of arrests, youth ages 0−17 

3,000,000 

2,500,000 

2,000,000 

1,500,000 

1,000,000 

500,000 

0 

Year 

•n	Arrests of juveniles (youth ages 0–17) peaked in 1996, at nearly 2.7 million. Arrests of juveniles have 

since declined—the number in 2019 was 74% below the 1996 peak. In comparison, arrests of adults 

fell 24% during the same period. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Juvenile Justice. 

(See data source note on page 13 for details.) 

Total arrests 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

n After increasing in recent years, the juvenile 

arrest rate for murder fell 6% in the last year, 

and the rates for robbery and aggravated 

assault reached a new low in 2019. 

n Juvenile arrest rates for property crimes have 

declined in recent years. By 2019, juvenile 

arrest rates for larceny-theft, burglary, and 

arson were at their lowest levels since at 

least 1980, while the rate for motor vehicle 

theft was above its 2013 low point. 

n In 2019, the violent crime arrest rate for 

older juveniles (ages 15–17) was lower than 

the rates for young adults (ages 18–20 and 

21–24). 

n Male and female juvenile arrest rates have 

declined in the last 10 years; however, the 

relative declines have been greater for 

males than for females across many 

offenses. As a result, the female share of 

juvenile arrests has grown since 1980. 

n Juvenile arrest rates involving violent crimes 

(such as murder and robbery) tend to be 

much higher for black youth than for white 

youth. Conversely, arrest rates for liquor law 

violations were higher for American Indian 

and white youth than black youth. 

ojjdp.ojp.gov nij.ojp.gov 
2 National Report Series Bulletin 

 

 

 

The FBI’s UCR Program provides 

data about juvenile arrests A Message From 

OJJDP and NIJ 

This bulletin summarizes recent 

trends in juvenile arrests in the 

United States based on data from the 

Federal Bureau of Investigation’s 

Uniform Crime Reporting program. 

The cumulative data in this bulletin 

reveal recent and long-term shifts 

in juvenile arrests based on 

offense, gender, and race. It is a 

useful tool for juvenile justice 

practitioners, researchers, 

policymakers, and others who seek 

to prevent, intervene in, and 

respond to juvenile delinquency. 

The number of arrests involving 

juveniles in 2019 was at its lowest 

level since at least 1980, and much 

of the decline has occurred in the 

past 10 years. Between 2010 and 

2019, the number of juvenile arrests 

fell 58%. Among violent crimes, 

arrests for robbery declined 13% 

and arrests for aggravated assault 

declined 6% between 2015 and 

2019, while arrests for murder 

increased 10%. In 2019, there were 

an estimated 83,690 juvenile arrests 

for larceny-theft. Four in 10 (40%) of 

these arrests involved females, 3 in 

10 (30%) involved youth younger 

than 15, and more than half (55%) 

involved white youth. 

Relative declines in arrests have 

been greater for boys than for girls 

across many offenses. As a result, 

the female share of juvenile arrests 

has grown since 1980. 

OJJDP and NIJ remain committed 

to supporting research, programs, 

and initiatives to combat juvenile 

delinquency and to provide positive 

outcomes for youth, their families, 

and their communities. 

Chyrl Jones 

OJJDP Acting Administrator 

Jennifer Scherer, Ph.D. 

NIJ Acting Director 

What do arrest statistics 

count? 

Findings in this bulletin are drawn from data 

that local law enforcement agencies across 

the country report to the Federal Bureau of 

Investigation’s (FBI’s) Uniform Crime 

Reporting (UCR) program. To properly 

interpret the material presented, the reader 

needs a clear understanding of what arrest 

statistics count. Arrest statistics report the 

number of arrests that law enforcement 

agencies made in a given year—not the 

number of individuals arrested nor the 

number of crimes committed. The number of 

arrests is not the same as the number of 

people arrested because an unknown 

number of individuals are arrested more than 

once during the year. Nor do arrest statistics 

represent the number of crimes that arrested 

individuals commit because a series of 

crimes that one person commits may 

culminate in a single arrest, and a single 

crime may result in the arrest of more than 

one person. This latter situation, where many 

arrests result from one crime, is relatively 

common in juvenile law-violating behavior 

because juveniles* are more likely than 

adults to commit crimes in groups. For this 

reason, one should not use arrest statistics to 

indicate the relative proportions of crime that 

juveniles and adults commit. Arrest statistics 

are most appropriately a measure of entry 

into the justice system. 

Arrest statistics also are limited in measuring 

the volume of arrests for a particular offense. 

Under the UCR program, the FBI requires law 

enforcement agencies to classify only the 

most serious offense charged in an arrest. 

For example, the arrest of a youth charged 

with aggravated assault and possession of a 

weapon would be reported to the FBI as an 

arrest for aggravated assault. Therefore, 

* In this bulletin, “juvenile” refers to persons younger 

than age 18. In 2019, this definition was at odds with 

the legal definition of juveniles in eight states—seven 

states where all 17-year-olds are defined as adults, 

and one state where all 16- and 17-year-olds are 

defined as adults. 

when arrest statistics show that law 

enforcement agencies made an estimated 

16,080 arrests of young people for weapons 

law violations in 2019, it means that a 

weapons law violation was the most serious 

charge in these arrests. An unknown number 

of additional arrests in 2019 included a 

weapons charge as a lesser offense. 

Crime in the United 

States Reports Data on 

Murder Victims 

Each Crime in the United States report, 

published by the FBI, presents estimates 

of the number of crimes reported to law 

enforcement agencies. Although many 

crimes are never reported, murder is one 

crime that is nearly always reported. 

An estimated 16,425 murders were 

reported to law enforcement agencies in 

2019, or 5.0 murders for every 100,000 

U.S. residents. The murder rate was 

essentially constant between 1999 and 

2006 and then fell 22% through 2014, 

reaching its lowest level since at least 

1980. The rate increased 19% through 

2017 then fell 6% through 2019. 

Of all murder victims in 2019, 92% (or 

15,065 victims) were 18 years old or 

older. The other 1,360 murder victims 

were younger than age 18 (i.e., juveniles). 

The number of juvenile murder victims 

declined 33% between 2007 and 2013, 

reaching its lowest level since at least 

1980. After reaching that historic low, the 

number of juvenile murder victims 

increased 16% through 2017, declined 

6% in 2018, and then increased 4% in 

the past year. As a result, the number of 

juvenile murder victims in 2019 was 13% 

above the 2013 low point and 53% below 

the 1993 peak, when an estimated 2,880 

juveniles were murdered. 

Of all juveniles murdered in 2019, 32% 

were younger than age 5, 73% were 

male, 42% were white, and more than 

half (58%) were killed by a firearm. 
May 2021 3 

In 2019, law enforcement agencies in the United States made 

fewer than 700,000 arrests of persons younger than 18 

2019 estimated number 

of juvenile arrests 

Percent of total juvenile arrests Percent change 

Most serious offense Female 

Younger 

than 15 White 2010–2019 2015–2019 2018–2019 

Total 696,620 31% 32% 63% –58% –24% –4% 

Violent Crime* 44,010 21 30 49 –40 –8 –5 

Murder and nonnegligent 

manslaughter 860 11 12 47 –15 10 –6 

Rape* NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Robbery 16,080 12 22 36 –41 –13 –7 

Aggravated assault 27,070 26 35 56 –40 –6 –3 

Property Crime Index 119,790 33 30 55 –67 –43 –9 

Burglary 20,700 14 33 57 –68 –42 –7 

Larceny-theft 83,690 40 30 55 –70 –46 –10 

Motor vehicle theft 13,610 20 27 47 –14 –7 –8 

Arson 1,800 15 57 69 –61 –33 –2 

Nonindex 

Other (simple) assault 126,130 38 44 59 –40 –4 1 

Forgery and counterfeiting 850 23 16 62 –50 –17 –18 

Fraud 3,690 33 25 50 –36 –18 –22 

Embezzlement 540 46 6 47 22 –8 –7 

Stolen property (buying,

 receiving, possessing) 8,940 18 21 35 –39 –14 –4 

Vandalism 31,950 20 43 70 –59 –23 4 

Weapons (carrying, possessing, etc.) 16,080 10 29 56 –49 –17 –6 

Prostitution and commercialized vice 290 71 14 47 –73 –51 9 

Sex offense (except rape and 

prostitution)* NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Drug abuse violation 81,320 26 20 75 –52 –18 –10 

Gambling 190 29 17 58 –86 –60 7 

Offenses against the family 

and children 3,060 41 37 67 –19 –11 –8 

Driving under the influence 5,570 26 2 89 –54 –16 2 

Liquor law violation 26,650 42 16 86 –72 –38 1 

Drunkenness 3,470 33 15 77 –73 –37 6 

Disorderly conduct 53,990 37 44 55 –65 –24 –7 

Vagrancy 350 25 30 72 –84 –68 –49 

All other offenses (except traffic) 144,160 30 30 67 –51 –14 3 

Curfew and loitering 14,650 34 34 66 –80 –59 –27 

•n	The number of arrests involving juveniles in 2019 was at its lowest level since at least 1980, and much of the decline has occurred in the past 10 

years. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of juvenile arrests fell 58%. 

•n	Among violent crimes, arrests for robbery declined 13% and arrests for aggravated assault declined 6% between 2015 and 2019, while arrests for 

murder increased 10%. 

•n	In 2019, there were an estimated 83,690 juvenile arrests for larceny-theft. Forty percent (40%) of these arrests involved females, 30% involved 

youth younger than 15, and more than half (55%) involved white youth. 

*Beginning in 2013, the FBI broadened the definition of rape, removing the phrase “forcible” from the offense name and description. (See the Notes on page 13 for more 

detail.) Due to differences in agency reporting practices, national estimates for the offenses of “rape” and “sex offenses” are not available after 2012. The “violent 

crimes” category (which includes murder, robbery, and aggravated assault) replaces the Violent Crime Index (which included “forcible rape”), as the latter category is no 

longer compatible with prior years. In any given year prior to the change in the rape definition, these three offenses accounted for more than 95% of arrests for Violent 

Crime Index offenses. 

Note: Detail may not add to totals because of rounding. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Juvenile Justice. (See data source note on page 13 for details.) 

The number of arrests of juveniles in 2019 was 58% fewer than the number of arrests in 2010 
4 National Report Series Bulletin 

 

Juvenile arrests for violent crimes reached a new low 

in 2019 

Juvenile arrests for violent 

crimes declined in the past 

2 years 

This bulletin uses a measure of violence that 

includes the offenses of murder, robbery, and 

aggravated assault.* Following 10 years of 

decline between 1994 and 2004, juvenile 

arrests for violent crimes increased through 

2006 and then declined through 2015. After 

2 years of stability, juvenile arrests for violent 

crimes fell 9% through 2019, reaching its 

lowest level since at least 1980, and 69% less 

than the 1994 peak. 

After falling 71% between 1993 and 2004, 

juvenile arrests for murder increased through 

2007, then declined 46% through 2012 to 

reach the lowest level in three decades. 

The number of juvenile arrests for murder 

increased each year between 2012 and 2018, 

then fell 6% through 2019. Juvenile arrests for 

robbery were cut in half between 1995 and 

2002, increased through 2008, and then fell 

*See the Notes on page 13 for differences in the 

definition of rape that prohibit it from being included in 

the measure of violent crimes for trending purposes. 

47% through 2015. The number of juvenile 

robbery arrests increased each of the next 

2 years then declined 17% through 2019, 

reaching its lowest level since at least 1980. 

The number of juvenile arrests for aggravated 

assault, which accounted for 61% of all 

juvenile arrests for violent crime in 2019, fell 

68% between 1994 and 2019 to the lowest 

level in the last 40 years. 

Juvenile property crime 

arrests declined each year 

since 2008 

Law enforcement agencies nationwide 

consistently report data on four offenses that 

form the Property Crime Index—burglary, 

larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and 

arson—to determine trends in the number of 

property crime arrests. 

For the period 1980–1994, during which 

juvenile violent crime arrests increased 

substantially, juvenile property crime arrests 

remained relatively constant. After this long 

period of relative stability, juvenile property 

crime arrests began a 25-year decline. 

Between 1994 and 2019, the number of 

juvenile Property Crime Index arrests fell 84% 

and reached its lowest level since at least 

1980. Between 2010 and 2019, juvenile 

arrests declined for individual property 

offenses: burglary (68%), larceny-theft (70%), 

motor vehicle theft (14%), and arson (61%). 

Percent change in juvenile arrests 

2010–2019 

Most serious offense Juvenile Adult 

Violent crime* –40% –7% 

Murder –15 0 

Robbery –41 –31 

Aggravated assault –40 –1 

Property Crime Index –67 –25 

Burglary –68 –33 

Larceny-theft –70 –26 

Motor vehicle theft –14 20 

Arson –61 8 

Simple assault –40 –17 

Weapons law violation –49 7 

Drug abuse violation –52 1 

*Includes murder, robbery, and aggravated assault. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center 

for Juvenile Justice. (See data source note on page 

13 for details.) 

Juvenile arrests for violent crimes and Property Crime Index offenses reached new low points in 2019 

Number of arrests, youth ages 0−17 Number of arrests, youth ages 0−17 

Violent crime 

160,000 800,000

140,000 700,000

120,000 600,000

100,000 500,000

80,000 400,000

60,000 300,000

40,000 200,000

20,000 100,000

0 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year Year 

0 

Property Crime Index 

•n	Juvenile arrests for violent crimes were down by more than half (54%) •n	Arrests for Property Crime Index offenses have declined annually since 

between 2006 and 2019. 2008, falling 73% by 2019. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Juvenile Justice. (See data source note on page 13 for details.) 
May 2021 5 

 

Juvenile arrest rates for robbery and aggravated assault 

fell to new lows, while murder declined for the first time 

in 6 years 

Murder rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Murder 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	The juvenile murder arrest rate fell 44% between 2007 and 2012, 

when it reached its lowest level since at least 1980. The rate increased 

annually through 2018 (up 27%), then fell 6% through 2019. 

•n	Despite the increase between 2012 and 2018, the juvenile murder rate 

in 2019 was 80% less than its 1993 peak. 

Aggravated assault rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

Aggravated assault 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	Unlike the pattern for robbery, the juvenile arrest rate for aggravated 

assault declined steadily for 25 years. Following a 39% decline in the 

past 10 years, the rate in 2019 was at the lowest level since at least 

1980 and 71% below the 1994 peak. 

•n	Since 2004, the relative decline in the number of juvenile arrests 

for aggravated assault outpaced that of adults (55% vs. 5%). As a 

result, 7% of aggravated assault arrests in 2019 involved a juvenile, 

compared with 14% in 2004. 

Robbery rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

200 

160 

120 

80 

40 

0 

Robbery 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	The juvenile robbery arrest rate in 2015 reached its lowest level in more 

than three decades. The rate increased over the next 2 years then fell 

16% through 2019 to reach a new low point. The rate in 2019 was half 

the 2008 rate and 74% below the 1994 peak. 

•n	Juvenile robbery arrest rates declined for all gender and racial 

subgroups since 2008: 54% for males, 41% for females, 57% for 

blacks, 49% for Asians, 45% for whites, and 28% for American Indians. 

Simple assault rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

Simple assault 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	The simple assault arrest rate was cut in half between 2004 and 2017, 

then increased 3% through 2019. Unlike the rate trend for aggravated 

assault, which reached a new low in 2019, the 2019 simple assault rate 

remained well above the 1981 low point. 

•n	The relative decline in juvenile arrest rates over the past 10 years was the 

same for simple assault and aggravated assault (39% each). 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Juvenile Justice and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau and 

the National Center for Health Statistics. (See data source note on page 13 for details.) 
6 National Report Series Bulletin 

 

Juvenile arrest rates for burglary, larceny-theft, and 

arson declined more than 50% since 2010 

Burglary rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

Burglary 

•n	The juvenile arrest rate for burglary declined steadily since 2008. By 

2019, the rate reached its lowest level since at least 1980, and was 

68% below the rate 10 years earlier. 

•n	The large decline in juvenile burglary arrests was not reflected in the 

adult statistics. For example, between 2010 and 2019, the number of 

juvenile burglary arrests fell 68%, while adult burglary arrests fell 33%. 

As a result, the juvenile share of burglary arrests declined from 23% in 

2010 to 12% in 2019. 

Motor vehicle theft rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

350 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

Motor vehicle theft 

•n	Like the larceny-theft pattern, the juvenile motor vehicle theft arrest 

rate declined considerably since the mid-1990s. However, unlike 

larceny-theft, the motor vehicle theft arrest rate reached its low 

point in 2013, then increased 39% through 2017. Following a 16% 

decline in the past 2 years, the 2019 rate was 17% above the 2013 

low point. 

•n	Juvenile motor vehicle theft arrest rates decreased for most 

demographic subgroups since 2017: 18% for males, 9% for 

females, 38% for Asians, 20% for blacks, and 13% for whites. The 

rate for American Indians increased 3% during the same period. 

Larceny-theft rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

1,800 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

Larceny-theft 

•n	The juvenile larceny-theft arrest rate declined steadily from the mid1990s through 2006. This decline was interrupted by 2 years of 

increase, and then declined steadily to reach a new low in 2019. In 

2019, the rate was 73% below the 2008 rate and 85% below the 

1991 peak. 

•n	Juvenile arrests for larceny-theft typically involve older juveniles (ages 

15–17). Since 2008, older juveniles accounted for 70% or more of 

juvenile larceny-theft arrests. 

Arson rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

Arson 

•n	The juvenile arrest rate for arson fell 63% since 2011, resting at a level in 

2019 that was 85% below the 1994 peak. 

•n	Arson is the criminal act with the largest proportion of juvenile arrestees. 

In 2019, 20% of all arson arrests were arrests of juveniles, and most of 

these juvenile arrests (57%) involved youth younger than 15. In 

comparison, 10% of all larceny-theft arrests in 2019 involved juveniles, 

but only 30% of these juvenile arrests involved youth younger than 15. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Juvenile Justice and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau and 

the National Center for Health Statistics. (See data source note on page 13 for details.) 
May 2021 7 

 

Juvenile arrest rates for weapons law violations, disorderly 

conduct, and drug abuse violations reached new lows in 2019 

Weapons law violation rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

Weapons 

•n	The juvenile arrest rate for weapons law violations declined 

considerably since the mid-1990s. This decline was interrupted 

between 2002 and 2006, when the juvenile weapons law violation 

arrest rate increased 32%. The rate has since fallen 65%, bringing the 

2019 rate to its lowest level since at least 1980, and 77% below the 

1994 peak. 

•n	Juvenile arrests for weapons law violations typically involve older 

juveniles (ages 15–17). Since 2005, older juveniles accounted for at 

least two-thirds of juvenile weapons law violation arrests. 

Disorderly conduct rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

Disorderly conduct 

•n	The juvenile arrest rate for disorderly conduct has declined 

annually since 2006. By 2019, the juvenile disorderly conduct 

arrest rate fell to its lowest level since at least 1980 and 77% 

below the 1996 peak. 

•n	Since 2006, the relative decline in the number of juvenile arrests for 

disorderly conduct outpaced that of adults (74% vs. 48%). As a 

result, 17% of disorderly conduct arrests in 2019 involved a juvenile, 

compared with 30% in 2006. 

Drug abuse violation rate 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

Drug abuse violation 

•n	In 2019, the juvenile arrest rate for drug abuse violations was 244.2 

arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10–17—the lowest rate since at least 

1980 and 64% below the 1997 peak when the rate was 684.5. 

•n	The juvenile drug abuse violation arrest rate was cut in half in the past 

10 years, falling 52% since 2010. 

Violent crime age rate 

Arrests per 100,000 population in age group 

1,200 

1,000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 

Age 

Violent crime offenses 

1994 

1980 

2019 

•n	Regardless of age, the violent crime (murder, robbery, and aggravated 

assault) arrest rate grew substantially between 1980 and 1994. During 

this period, the relative increase was greater for juveniles than adults. 

•n	By 2019, arrest rates for violent crimes fell substantially from the 1994 

peak for every age group younger than 50. Juveniles showed the largest 

decline, falling more than 70% in each age group from 10 through 17. In 

comparison, the rates dropped an average of 65% for young adults ages 

18–20, 53% for adults ages 21–24, 40% for ages 25–29, 30% for ages 

30–39, and 9% for ages 40–49. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Juvenile Justice and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau and 

the National Center for Health Statistics. (See data source note on page 13 for details.) 
8 National Report Series Bulletin 

 

 

In 2019, one-third of juvenile property crime arrests involved 

females and more than 4 in 10 involved minority youth 

Females accounted for 

31% of juvenile arrests 

in 2019 

In 2019, law enforcement agencies made 

212,650 arrests of females younger than age 

18 and 483,970 arrests of males. Although 

males accounted for the majority (69%) of 

juvenile arrests overall in 2019, the female 

share was relatively high for certain offenses, 

including liquor law violations (42%), larcenytheft (40%), simple assault (38%), and 

disorderly conduct (37%). Females accounted 

for 33% of juvenile Property Crime Index 

arrests and 21% of juvenile violent crime 

arrests in 2019. 

From 2010 through 2019, arrests of juvenile 

females decreased less than male arrests in 

most offense categories (e.g., robbery, 

aggravated and simple assault, burglary, and 

drug abuse violations). 

Percent change in juvenile arrests 

2010–2019 

Most serious offense Female Male 

Violent crime* –34% –41% 

Robbery –29 –42 

Aggravated assault –36 –41 

Simple assault –36 –42 

Property Crime Index –71 –65 

Burglary –61 –69 

Larceny-theft –74 –67 

Motor vehicle theft 8 –18 

Vandalism –45 –61 

Weapons –52 –48 

Drug abuse violation –24 –58 

Driving under influence –53 –54 

Liquor law violation –69 –74 

Disorderly conduct –62 –67 

*Includes murder, robbery, and aggravated assault. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center 

for Juvenile Justice. (See data source note on page 

13 for details.) 

Gender differences also occurred in arrest 

trends for adults. For example, between 2010 

and 2019, adult male arrests for robbery fell 

34% while adult female arrests fell 11%, and 

adult male arrests for burglary fell 37% while 

adult female arrests fell 11%. Therefore, the 

female proportion of arrests grew for each 

offense for adults, as it did for juveniles. The 

number of aggravated assault arrests 

declined more for juvenile males (41%) than 

females (36%) between 2010 and 2019, 

while it declined 3% for adult males and 

increased 3% for adult females. Over the 

same time, the number of simple assault 

arrests of juvenile females fell 36% while it 

fell 42% for juvenile males, and adult female 

arrests fell 7% while male arrests fell 20%. 

Juvenile arrests 

disproportionately 

involved black youth 

The racial composition of the U.S. juvenile 

population ages 10–17 in 2019 was 75% 

white, 17% black, 6% Asian/Pacific Islander, 

and 2% American Indian. In 2019, 55% of all 

juvenile arrests for Property Crime Index 

offenses involved white youth, 42% involved 

black youth, 2% involved Asian youth, and 

2% involved American Indian youth. For 

violent crime arrests, the proportions were 

49% white youth, 48% black youth, 2% Asian 

youth, and 2% American Indian youth. [Not all 

agencies provide ethnicity data through the 

Uniform Crime Reporting program; therefore, 

arrest estimates for juveniles of Hispanic 

ethnicity are not available.] 

Proportion of juvenile arrests in 2019 

Most serious offense Black 

Violent crime* 48% 

Murder 50 

Robbery 62 

Aggravated assault 40 

Simple assault 38 

Property Crime Index 42 

Burglary 40 

Larceny-theft 41 

Motor vehicle theft 50 

Vandalism 27 

Weapons 41 

Drug abuse violation 21 

Liquor law violation 7 

*Includes murder, robbery, and aggravated assault. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the 

Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center 

for Juvenile Justice. (See data source note on page 

13 for details.) 

In 2019, juveniles were involved in about 1 in 5 arrests for robbery and 

arson and 1 in 10 arrests for larceny-theft and weapons law violations 

Juvenile arrests as a percentage of total arrests 

Most serious offense All Male Female White Black Indian Asian 

Total 7% 6% 8% 6% 9% 6% 6% 

Murder 8 8 7 8 8 13 1 

Robbery 22 23 16 17 25 11 24 

Aggravated assault 7 7 8 6 8 6 4 

Burglary 12 13 8 10 17 18 13 

Larceny-theft 10 11 10 9 14 9 13 

Motor vehicle theft 17 18 15 12 29 19 10 

Arson 20 21 14 19 22 20 9 

Other (simple) assault 12 11 16 11 15 10 9 

Vandalism 18 19 15 18 18 16 11 

Weapon 10 10 11 11 10 13 12 

Drug abuse violation 5 5 5 5 4 9 6 

Liquor law violation 15 13 21 17 7 18 13 

Disorderly conduct 17 15 22 15 24 10 14 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for 

Juvenile Justice. (See data source note on page 13 for details.) 
May 2021 9 

Arrest rates for older juveniles were lower than the rates 

for young adults 

Age profile of older juveniles and young adults All offenses 

Ages 15−17 Ages 18−20 Ages 21−24 Arrests per 100,000 population in age group

All offenses 

Robbery 

Aggravated 

assault 

Simple assault 

Burglary 

Motor vehicle 

theft 

Drug abuse 

violations 

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 

Percent of arrests of persons ages 15−24 

19% 33% 48% 

35% 35% 29% 

19% 30% 51% 

28% 27% 46%

28% 32% 40% 

37% 28% 35% 

15% 38% 48% 

•n	Across most offenses, older juveniles accounted for a smaller 

proportion of arrests than young adults ages 18–20 or ages 21–24. 

For example, in 2019, juveniles ages 15–17 accounted for 19% of all 

aggravated assault arrests of persons ages 15–24, and 15% of drug 

abuse violation arrests. 

•n	Arrests for motor vehicle theft offenses did not follow this pattern. In 

2019, older juveniles accounted for 37% of motor vehicle theft arrests 

involving persons ages 15–24, compared with 28% for young adults 

ages 18–20 and 35% for those ages 21–24. 

Violent crime 

Arrests per 100,000 population in age group 

1,000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

Violent crime 

Ages 15−17 

Ages 18−20

Ages 21−24 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	Violent crime arrest rates for older juveniles and young adults ages 

18–20 followed a similar pattern between 1980 and 2019. Rates 

peaked for both age groups in 1994, then fell considerably (73% 

and 65%, respectively) through 2019. 

•n	Comparatively, the violent crime arrest rate for adults ages 21–24 

peaked in 1992, then declined 54% through 2019. Rates in 2019 for 

each age group reached their lowest level since at least 1980. 

20,000 

16,000 

12,000 

8,000 

4,000 

0 

All offenses 

Ages 15−17 

Ages 18−20 

Ages 21−24 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	The overall arrest rate for older juveniles and young adults ages 18–20 

followed a similar pattern. Rates peaked in 1996 for both groups, then 

declined (76% and 66%, respectively) to reach their lowest level in 2019. 

•n	Comparatively, the arrest rate for adults ages 21–24 peaked earlier (1989) 

then declined 54% by 2019 to its lowest level since at least 1980. 

Property Crime Index 

Arrests per 100,000 population in age group 

4,500 

4,000 

3,500 

3,000 

2,500 

2,000 

1,500 

1,000 

500 

0 

Property Crime Index 

Ages 15−17 

Ages 18−20 

Ages 21−24 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	Despite a brief interruption in the mid-2000s, Property Crime Index arrest 

rates declined steadily for older juveniles and young adults since the mid1990s. In the last 10 years, rates declined 67% for older juveniles, 63% 

for young adults ages 18–20, and 49% for young adults ages 21–24; by 

2019, Property Crime Index arrest rates for each age group were at their 

lowest level since at least 1980. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Juvenile Justice and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau and 

the National Center for Health Statistics. (See data source note on page 13 for details.) 
10 National Report Series Bulletin 

Females accounted for 3 of every 10 juvenile arrests 

in 2019 

All offenses 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 Percent of youth arrests involving females •n	After reaching a peak in 1996, the overall 14,000 All offenses 

Male 

Female 

50% 

All offenses 

juvenile arrest rate decreased substantially 12,000 40% through 2019 for males and females, falling 10,000 

8,000 30% to their lowest levels since at least 1980. 

6,000 20% •n	The relative decline in the overall juvenile 4,000 arrest rate was greater for males than 2,000 10%

females. Since 1996, the male arrest rate 0 0% 83 89 95 01 07 13 19 83 89 95 01 07 13 19 fell 78%, compared with 68% for females. Year Year As a result, the female share of juvenile 

arrests has increased, from 18% in 1980 to 

31% in 2019. 

Larceny-theft •n	Larceny-theft arrest rate trends were marked 

by two periods of substantial decline. From Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 Percent of youth arrests involving females 

2,500 

Larceny-theft 

Male 

Female 

the mid-1990s through the mid-2000s, the 

decline in the male rate outpaced that of 

50% 

2,000 40% 

Larceny-theft 

females (57% vs. 33%). In the more recent 

1,500 30% 10-year period, the female rate declined 

1,000 20% 73%, compared with 67% for males. 

500 10% •n	The net result was that the female share of 

0 juvenile larceny-theft arrests peaked in the 0% 83 89 95 01 07 13 19 83 89 95 01 07 13 19 

Year Year 

Simple assault 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 Percent of youth arrests involving females 

1,200 

Simple assault 

Male 

Female 

50% 

1,000 40% 

800 

30% 

600 

400 20%

200 10% 

0 0% 83 89 95 01 07 13 19 

Year 

Disorderly conduct 

Simple assault 

late 2000s, declined through 2017, then rose 

to 40% by 2019. 

•n	The male juvenile arrest rate for simple 

assault peaked earlier than the rate for 

females (1997 and 2004, respectively). Since 

their peaks, rates fell more for males (56%) 

than for females (42%). 

•n	By 2019, females accounted for nearly 4 in 

10 (38%) juvenile arrests for simple assault. 

•n	The disorderly conduct arrest rate for males 

and females declined annually between 2006 

and 2019; during that period, the relative 

83 89 95 01 

Year 07 13 19 decline was greater for males (75%) than for 

females (70%). 

•n	Females have accounted for at least onethird of juvenile arrests for disorderly 

conduct since 2006; in 2019, they 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 Percent of youth arrests involving females accounted for 37%. 

1,200 Disorderly 

Male 

Female 

50% 

1,000 40% 

800 

30% 

600 

20% 400 

200 10%

0 0% 

Disorderly conduct 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 83 89 95 01 07 13 19 

Year Year 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Juvenile Justice and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau and 

the National Center for Health Statistics. (See data source note on page 13 for details.) 
May 2021 11 

Arrest rates for murder and robbery were higher for 

black youth than youth of other races 

Murder 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

Murder 

Black 

White

Indian Asian 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	The murder arrest rate for white juveniles reached a historic low in 

2013, 82% below its 1994 peak, while the rate for black juveniles found 

its low point 1 year earlier, 87% below its 1993 peak. Since their 

respective low points, the rate for white youth increased 46% through 

2019, while the rate for black youth increased 47% through 2017 then 

declined 23% through 2019. 

•n	The disparity in black-to-white juvenile murder arrest rates peaked in 

1993, when the black rate was nearly nine times the white rate. 

Following the decline in the murder arrest rate for black youth, the ratio 

fell below 5 to 1 in 2019. 

Drug abuse violation 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

1,600 

1,400 

1,200 

1,000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

Drug abuse violation 

Black 

White 

Indian 

Asian 

•n	In the last 10 years, the drug arrest rate declined 56% for black 

youth, 51% for white youth, 46% for Asian youth, and 3% for 

American Indian youth. 

•n	The black-to-white ratio in the drug abuse violation arrest rate has 

narrowed in recent years, largely influenced by the considerable 

decline in the black arrest rate since the mid-1990s (79% vs. 52% 

for the white arrest rate). The ratio peaked in 1991, at nearly 6 to 1; 

by 2019, the black arrest rate was 1.3 times the white rate. 

Robbery 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

Robbery 

Black 

Asian 

Indian 

White 

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	Juvenile robbery arrest rates reached a historic low in 2013 for white, 

American Indian, and Asian youth. From their low points to 2019, rates 

increased 13% for white youth, 19% for American Indian youth, and 

49% for Asian youth. 

•n	Unlike the pattern for other race groups, the robbery arrest rate for 

black youth has been on the decline. Between 2008 and 2019, the 

robbery arrest rate for black youth fell 57%, and reached its lowest level 

since at least 1980. 

 Liquor law violation 

Arrests per 100,000 youth ages 10−17 

1,200 

1,000 

800 

600 

400 

200 

0 

Liquor law violation 

White 

Indian 

Black 

Asian

80 83 86 89 92 95 98 01 04 07 10 13 16 19 

Year 

•n	Liquor law violations are one of the few offenses for which rates are 

higher for American Indian juveniles than for other race groups. The 

American Indian rate in 2019 was more than twice the white rate, 

nearly 8 times the rate for black youth, and more than 14 times the 

rate for Asian youth. 

•n	White youth accounted for the overwhelming majority (86%) of 

juvenile arrests for liquor law violations in 2019, followed by black 

youth (7%), American Indian youth (6%), and Asian youth (1%). 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the National Center for Juvenile Justice and population data from the U.S. Census Bureau and 

the National Center for Health Statistics. (See data source note on page 13 for details.) 
12 National Report Series Bulletin 

Many factors can influence state variations in juvenile 

arrest rates 

Although state data are available from the Uniform Crime Reporting program, comparisons should be made with 

caution because of variations in jurisdictional standards and reporting 

2019 

reporting 

population 

coverage 

Arrests of juveniles under age 18 per 

100,000 juveniles ages 10–17, 2019 

2019 

reporting 

population 

coverage 

Arrests of juveniles under age 18 per 

100,000 juveniles ages 10–17, 2019 

State 

Aggravated 

assault 

Larcenytheft Drug 

abuse Weapons State 

Aggravated 

assault 

Larcenytheft Drug 

abuse Weapons 

U.S. total 77% 83 389 234 49 Missouri 63% 107 461 335 36 

Alabama 2 12 808 104 35 Montana 88 178 724 356 18 

Alaska 94 158 444 216 25 Nebraska 91 32 952 573 59 

Arizona 77 127 489 512 50 Nevada 96 212 414 591 93 

Arkansas 88 113 506 292 39 New Hampshire 94 31 208 291 3 

California 97 94 168 63 67 New Jersey 100 57 247 332 68 

Colorado 85 92 619 388 68 New Mexico 65 108 183 303 49 

Connecticut 100 34 400 162 43 New York 51 54 359 166 26 

Delaware 100 210 597 278 64 North Carolina 69 44 383 192 51 

District of Columbia 0 NA NA NA NA North Dakota 100 68 747 444 29 

Florida 100 89 597 202 45 Ohio 79 60 354 147 35 

Georgia 22 62 397 231 56 Oklahoma 99 62 357 241 40 

Hawaii 81 31 288 265 15 Oregon 88 80 465 378 21 

Idaho 98 65 439 467 49 Pennsylvania 25 144 377 223 50 

Illinois 1 140 441 822 160 Rhode Island 100 57 358 118 95 

Indiana 40 73 312 270 42 South Carolina 84 73 444 318 90 

Iowa 82 143 694 327 45 South Dakota 92 100 623 860 122 

Kansas 55 84 313 352 30 Tennessee 95 119 566 331 66 

Kentucky 97 34 272 91 23 Texas 90 85 312 282 25 

Louisiana 75 188 701 253 106 Utah 89 48 616 520 46 

Maine 100 20 462 240 6 Vermont 100 48 251 50 32 

Maryland 100 122 656 304 103 Virginia 96 39 345 230 34 

Massachusetts 86 70 122 21 18 Washington 93 62 276 124 33 

Michigan 96 67 278 42 31 West Virginia 53 18 33 60 2 

Minnesota 96 72 700 249 55 Wisconsin 94 91 699 489 77 

Mississippi 42 42 439 158 60 Wyoming 88 66 595 901 22 

NA = Arrest counts were not available for the District of Columbia in the FBI’s Crime in the United States, 2019. 

Notes: Arrest rates for jurisdictions with less than complete reporting may not be representative of the entire state. Although juvenile arrest rates may largely reflect juvenile 

behavior, many other factors can affect the magnitude of these rates. Arrest rates are calculated by dividing the number of youth arrests made in the year by the number of youth 

living in the jurisdiction. Therefore, jurisdictions that arrest a relatively large number of nonresident juveniles would have a higher arrest rate than jurisdictions where resident 

youth behave similarly. Jurisdictions (especially small ones) that are vacation destinations or that are centers for economic activity in a region may have arrest rates that reflect 

the behavior of nonresident youth more than that of resident youth. Other factors that influence arrest rates in a given area include the attitudes of citizens toward crime, the 

policies of local law enforcement agencies, and the policies of other components of the justice system. In many areas, not all law enforcement agencies report their arrest data to 

the FBI. Rates for such areas are necessarily based on partial information and may not be accurate. Comparisons of juvenile arrest rates across jurisdictions can be informative. 

Because of factors noted, however, comparisons should be made with caution. 

Data source: Analysis of arrest data from Crime in the United States, 2019 (Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2019) tables 3 and 22, and population data from the 

National Center for Health Statistics’ Vintage 2019 Postcensal Estimates of the Resident Population of the United States (April 1, 2010, July 1, 2010–July 1, 2019), by Year, County, 

Single-Year of Age (0, 1, 2, . . . , 85 Years and Over), Bridged Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex [machine-readable data files available online at www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race. 

htm, as of July 9, 2020]. 
May 2021 13 

 

Notes 

Data source 

Arrest estimates developed by the Bureau of 

Justice Statistics for 1980–2014 were 

retrieved from their Arrest Data Analysis Tool 

[available online at www.bjs.gov/index. 

cfm?ty=datool&surl=/arrests/index.cfm, 

retrieved December 12, 2018]; the National 

Center for Juvenile Justice developed arrest 

estimates for 2015–2019 based on data 

published in the FBI’s Crime in the United 

States reports for the respective years; 

population data for 1980–1989 are from the 

U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Population Estimates 

by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1980 

to 1999 [machine-readable data files 

available online, released April 11, 2000]; 

population data for 1990–1999 are from the 

National Center for Health Statistics (prepared 

by the U.S. Census Bureau with support from 

the National Cancer Institute), Bridged-Race 

Intercensal Estimates of the July 1, 1990–July 

1, 1999, United States Resident Population by 

County, Single-Year of Age, Sex, Race, and 

Hispanic Origin [machine-readable data files 

available online at www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/ 

bridged_race.htm, released July 26, 2004]; 

population data for 2000–2009 are from the 

National Center for Health Statistics (prepared 

under a collaborative arrangement with the 

U.S. Census Bureau), Intercensal Estimates of 

the Resident Population of the United States 

for July 1, 2000–July 1, 2009, by Year, County, 

Single-Year of Age (0, 1, 2, . . . , 85 Years and 

Over), Bridged Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex 

[machine-readable data files available online 

at www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm, 

as of October 26, 2012, following release by 

the U.S. Census Bureau of the revised 

unbridged intercensal estimates by 5-year 

age group on October 9, 2012]; and 

population data for 2010–2019 are from the 

National Center for Health Statistics (prepared 

under a collaborative arrangement with the 

U.S. Census Bureau), Vintage 2019 Postcensal 

Estimates of the Resident Population of the 

United States (April 1, 2010, July 1, 2010– 

July 1, 2019), by Year, County, Single-Year of 

Age (0, 1, 2, . . . , 85 Years and Over), Bridged 

Race, Hispanic Origin, and Sex [machinereadable data files available online at www. 

cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm, as of 

July 9, 2020, following release by the U.S. 

Census Bureau of the unbridged vintage 2019 

postcensal estimates by 5-year age group, 

retrieved on July 29, 2020]. 

Data coverage 

FBI arrest data in this bulletin are counts of 

arrests detailed by age of arrestee and 

offense categories from all law enforcement 

agencies that reported complete data for the 

calendar year. (See Crime in the United 

States, 2019 for offense definitions.) The 

proportion of the U.S. population covered by 

these reporting agencies ranged from 70% to 

86% between 1980 and 2019, with 2019 

coverage of 70%. 

Estimates of the number of persons in each 

age group in the reporting agencies’ resident 

populations assume that the resident 

population age profiles are like the nation’s. 

Reporting agencies’ total populations were 

multiplied by the U.S. Census Bureau’s most 

current estimate of the proportion of the U.S. 

population for each age group. 

The reporting coverage for the total United 

States (77%) in the table on page 12 includes 

all states reporting arrests of persons 

younger than age 18. This is greater than the 

coverage in the rest of the bulletin (70%) for 

various reasons. For example, a state may 

provide arrest counts of persons younger 

than age 18 but not provide the age detail 

required to support other subpopulation 

estimates. 

Changes in the definition 

of rape in the FBI data 

Since 1927, forcible rape was defined by the 

FBI as “the carnal knowledge of a female, 

forcibly and against her will.” Beginning in 

2013, the FBI adopted a broader definition of 

rape: “Penetration, no matter how slight, of 

the vagina or anus with any body part or 

object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of 

another person, without the consent of the 

victim.” Unlike the definition in place for more 

than 80 years, the new definition does not 

require force and is gender neutral. 

Under current reporting practices, law 

enforcement agencies may submit data on 

rape arrests based on either the new 

definition or the legacy definition. Due to 

differences in agency reporting practices, 

national estimates for the offenses of “rape” 

and “sex offenses” are not available after 

2012. Additionally, estimates for the Violent 

Crime Index (which included “forcible rape”) 

are not shown as this category is no longer 

compatible with prior years. More information 

about these changes can be found on the 

FBI’s website [https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-inthe-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/rapeaddendum/rape_addendum_final]. 

Visit OJJDP’s Statistical Briefing Book for More 

Information on Juvenile Arrests 

OJJDP’s online Statistical Briefing Book (SBB) offers access to a wealth of information about 

juvenile crime and victimization and about youth involved in the juvenile justice system. Visit 

the “Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime” section of the SBB at ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/ 

faqs.asp for more information about juvenile arrest rate trends detailed by offense, gender, 

and race, including a spreadsheet of all juvenile arrest rates used in this bulletin. 


National Report Series Bulletin NCJ 256032

U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

8660 Cherry Lane

Laurel, MD 20707-4651

Official Business

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Acknowledgments 

This bulletin was written by Charles 

Puzzanchera, Senior Research Associate 

at the National Center for Juvenile 

Justice, with funds provided by the 

National Institute of Justice to support 

the National Juvenile Justice Data 

Analysis Project. 

This bulletin was prepared under grant number 

2019–JX–FX–K001, awarded and managed by the 

National Institute of Justice with funding support 

provided by the Office of Juvenile Justice and 

Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice. 

The opinions, findings, and conclusions or 

recommendations expressed in this publication are 

those of the author and do not necessarily reflect 

those of the Department of Justice. 

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency 

Prevention and the National Institute of Justice are 

components of the Office of Justice Programs, 

which also includes the Bureau of Justice 

Assistance; the Bureau of Justice Statistics; the 

Office for Victims of Crime; and the Office of Sex 

Offender Sentencing, Monitoring, Apprehending, 

Registering, and Tracking.