IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO 

EASTERN DIVISION 

 : 

KATHRYN POLLARD, : Case No. C2-11-CV-0286 

 : 

 Plaintiff, : JUDGE ALGENON L. MARBLEY 

 : 

 v. : Magistrate Judge Preston Deavers 

 : 

THE CITY OF COLUMBUS, OHIO, et al., : 

 : 

 Defendants. : 

OPINION & ORDER 

I. INTRODUCTION 

 This matter is before the Court on Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions Due to Defendant’s 

Destruction of Evidence (the “Motion”) (Doc. 37). Plaintiff, Kathryn Pollard, brings suit to 

recover for alleged violations of the Constitution and Ohio law related to the killing of her son, 

Abram Bynum, by officers of the Columbus Police Department (CPD). In this motion for 

sanctions, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants destroyed the 1994 white Cadillac driven by Mr. 

Bynum, a key piece of evidence in Plaintiff’s case. For the reasons set forth herein, the Motion 

is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. 

II. BACKGROUND 

This case concerns the death of Abram Bynum, who was killed after a high-speed police 

chase in Columbus in 2009.1 At that time, Bynum had become a suspect in a series of sexual 

assaults perpetrated in California, and the Columbus Police Department (“CPD”), at the behest 

of the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, began surveillance of Bynum, including 

 

1

 Given the nature of this motion, and the considerable briefing already filed, the Court focuses its narrative on those 

facts most relevant to the evidentiary value of Mr. Bynum’s Cadillac, and the events that preceded its destruction. 

In large part, the facts set forth here draw from the Court’s recent factual statement in its Order regarding 

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment (Doc. 66). 

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surveillance conducted by officers in unmarked police vehicles. On July 7, 2009, CPD officers 

followed Bynum throughout the day. That afternoon, however, Bynum and his twin brother 

Aaron each left Aaron Bynum’s house, in separate vehicles, and CPD officers followed both 

men. Four unmarked police cars, including those driven by several Defendants, followed 

Bynum’s 1994 white Cadillac. The officers activated their lights and sirens and signaled for 

Bynum to pull over; instead, Bynum accelerated, initiating a pursuit by CPD officers. 

 At approximately 3:55 pm, Bynum entered Interstate I-70 East, with unmarked cars as 

well as a CPD helicopter pursuing him. He drove at excessive speeds, weaving through traffic, 

and eventually crossing the median into the westbound lanes. Bynum’s Cadillac collided headon with a semi-truck, coming to a stop on the inside shoulder of the westbound lanes. The car 

was severely damaged, with the front end impacted, and the hood jammed at an upward incline. 

 The pursuing vehicles stopped near the Cadillac, and a number of officers approached it. 

Defendant Amstutz parked his cruiser roughly 25 meters from the Cadillac, facing its front. The 

cruiser’s dashboard camera recorded the following incident. At 3:59:22 p.m., a message on 

Channel 2 Radio informed the officers that Bynum held a concealed carry weapon (“CCW”) 

permit. That information was later discovered to be erroneous; only Aaron Bynum possessed a 

CCW permit. Amstutz approached the driver-side window, which had shattered, and radioed 

that Abram Bynum appeared to be unconscious. The subsequent autopsy found that Bynum had 

suffered a number of injuries as a result of the crash, including: a fractured clavicle; a fractured 

sternum; multiple rib fractures; and abrasions to the head. 

The video from Cruiser #91 shows that Defendant Estepp and Officer Kinney reached the 

Cadillac seconds prior to Amstutz. Amstutz crossed to the opposite shoulder in order to check 

on the driver of the semi-truck. Kinney attempted to open the passenger door of the Cadillac and 

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reached inside the vehicle. Estepp attempted to open the driver-side door and also reached inside 

the vehicle. Defendants Yinger and O’Donnell also approached the vehicle from the driver-side, 

stopping roughly ten feet distant. Defendant E. Edwards entered the frame of the cruiser video 

behind Yinger and O’Donnell. 

At 3:59:52 p.m., Abram Bynum apparently moved, in response to which the five officers 

around the Cadillac jumped and backed off the car. Although Defendants’ accounts differ 

somewhat, they agree that more than one officer yelled some form of command for Abram 

Bynum to show his hands. By 4:00:03 p.m., four officers (Kinney, Estepp, Yinger, and 

O’Donnell) stood in a rough semicircle approximately ten to fifteen feet from the Cadillac. At 

4:00:05 p.m. three officers, Estepp, Yinger, and O’Donnell, began firing into the Cadillac. 

Shooting stopped three seconds later. Defendant Estepp stated that prior to firing he saw that 

Abram Bynum “appeared to be reaching for something on the floorboard of the car” before 

“[Bynum] swung his hands toward the plain clothes officers.” (Estepp Affidavit, Doc. 33-8 at 4.) 

Defendant O’Donnell, however, stated that Bynum twice appeared to be reaching “for something 

near the rear waistband of his pants” in addition to reaching for the floor. (O’Donnell Affidavit, 

Doc. 33-5 at 6.) He also stated that he saw Bynum holding a “dark object.” (Id.) Although the 

details of Defendants’ accounts differ, all state that Bynum moved his arms in some way prior to 

the shooting. 

 When the first volley ended, Defendants E. Edwards, W. Edwards and Amstutz had 

arrived within approximately 20 feet of the driver-side of the Cadillac. Defendant Amstutz had 

returned to the scene when he heard the first volley. Amstutz also stated that he saw Bynum 

“with his right hand reaching down towards under his seat, towards his right leg, and then 

bringing it up as if he had a – as if he had a weapon.” (Doc. 33-13 at 7.) The second volley 

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began at 4:00:20 p.m. with four officers, Defendants Yinger, Amstutz, E. Edwards, and W. 

Edwards, firing. No one attempted to communicate with Bynum between the first and second 

volleys. 

 In total, Defendants fired 80 shots at the Cadillac, 23 of which struck Bynum. Bynum 

died at the scene of the shooting. Following his death, the Cadillac was towed to the Franklin 

County Coroner’s Office. The doors of his vehicle could not be opened, and were manually 

removed in order to extract Bynum’s body. Plaintiffs filed this suit against all six officers who 

fired at Bynum – Estepp, Yinger, O’Donnell, Amstutz, E. Edwards, and W. Edwards. Plaintiffs 

also sued the City of Columbus. 

 Prior to Plaintiff’s filing of this suit, attorneys for Bynum’s family sent a letter to the City 

Attorney for the City of Columbus, informing him of the investigation into the circumstances of 

Bynum’s death, and asking him to order the City and the CPD to preserve “any paper or 

electronic files and any data,” as well as “voice mail, video tape, dash board video, cruiser video 

or tape recordings.” (Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions, Ex. A, Doc. 37-1, at 1). This letter was 

forwarded to the CPD. (Id., Ex. C, Doc. 37-3). It is undisputed that the City placed some form 

of “hold” on the Cadillac in the second half of 2009. (Id., Ex. N, Doc. 40-18). 

The City continued to hold the vehicle through 2010 and 2011. At that time, the vehicle 

was stored at the City Impound Lot, where it was to be released only at the direction of the 

detectives handling the case. (See Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions, 

Doc. 40, at 17; id., Ex. M, Doc. 40-17). Throughout 2010, the Impound Lot sent disposition 

forms to the handling detectives, inquiring as to the status of the Cadillac, and each time was 

ordered to continue to hold the vehicle. 

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By December 2011, however, three officers – Detectives Bisutti and McCoskey, and 

Sergeant Sacksteder – who had been involved with the Bynum investigation had retired. 

According to Defendants, when the Impound Lot sent another disposition form to Detective 

Eppert, who was not aware of the civil case, he checked with his supervisor, Sergeant Pilya, and 

was directed to inform the Impound Lot that a “vehicle hold was no longer needed.” (Id. at 17-

18; id., Ex. O, Doc. 40-19). Once the hold was lifted, the Impound Lot, following its standard 

procedure, authorized the vehicle to be released. The Impound Lot attempted to contact Bynum 

and, when it learned that he was deceased, sent a certified letter to his last known address. (Id., 

Ex. P, Doc.40-20). It is not clear whether Plaintiff received the letter, and indeed the certified 

mail receipt was returned “unclaimed, unable to forward.” (Id., Ex Q, Doc. 40-21). After 

receiving this receipt, the Cadillac was removed and sent for destruction on March 8, 2012 (Id., 

Ex. R, Doc. 40-22). 

Plaintiff has moved for sanctions due to Defendants’ destruction of evidence. (Doc. 37). 

Plaintiff requests that sanctions take the form of an order for partial summary judgment on the 

issue of Defendants’ liability. The Motion has been fully briefed, and is ripe for review. 

III. LEGAL STANDARD 

A district court may sanction a litigant for spoliation of evidence if three conditions are 

met: (1) “the party with control over the evidence must have had an obligation to preserve it at 

the time it was destroyed”; (2) the party “must have destroyed the evidence with a culpable state 

of mind”; and (3) the destroyed evidence “must be relevant to the other side’s claim or defense.” 

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Byrd v. Alpha Alliance Ins. Corp., 518 F. App’x 380, 383-84 (6th Cir. 2013).2

 The party seeking 

sanctions bears the burden of proof in establishing these facts. Id. at 384. 

 An obligation to preserve evidence arises “when a party should have known that the 

evidence may be relevant to future litigation.” Beaven v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 622 

F.3d 540, 553 (6th Cir. 2010). 

 To prove a “culpable state of mind,” a party must demonstrate that the alleged spoliator 

“destroyed the evidence knowingly or negligently.” Byrd, 518 F. App’x at 384. A culpable state 

of mind, the Sixth Circuit has explained, “depends on the alleged spoliator's mental state 

regarding any obligation to preserve evidence and the subsequent destruction.” Beaven, 622 F.3d 

at 553. This factor may be satisfied by a showing that the evidence was “destroyed knowingly, 

even if without intent to breach a duty to preserve it,” but “even negligent conduct may suffice to 

warrant spoliation sanctions under appropriate circumstances.” Stocker v. United States, 705 

F.3d 225, 235 (6th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation omitted). Because spoliation may fall along a 

continuum of fault, ranging from innocence to intentionality, the degree of fault found should 

inform the severity of the sanctions imposed. Adkins v. Wolever, 554 F.3d 650, 652-53 (6th Cir. 

2009) (en banc). 

Finally, the Sixth Circuit has explained that evidence is “relevant” to a party’s claim or 

defense if the evidence is “such that a reasonable trier of fact could find that it would support that 

claim or defense.” Beaven, 622 F.3d at 553 (internal quotation omitted). The moving party must 

make “some showing indicating that the destroyed evidence would have been relevant to a 

 

2

 Federal law governs spoliation issues in a case pending in federal court. Adkins v. Wolever, 554 F.3d 650, 651 (6th 

Cir. 2009). 

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contest issue.” Id. at 554 (internal quotation omitted). A district court “can consider 

circumstantial evidence in analyzing the import or specifics of the destroyed evidence.” Byrd, 

518 F. App’x at 385. 

IV. ANALYSIS 

Plaintiff has brought this motion against all Defendants in this case, which include both 

the City of Columbus (“the City”) as well as the individual police officers involved in Bynum’s 

death (the “Individual Defendants”), sued in both their personal and official capacities. (See 

Complaint, Doc. 2, at ¶¶ 8-9). 

A. Individual Defendants 

As Defendants correctly point out, Plaintiff has made no allegations that the Individual 

Defendants had custody or control over the Cadillac. As stated by the Defendants in their 

Response, and uncontested by Plaintiff, the vehicle was in the custody of the City Impound Lot 

for several years, and remained so up until the time it was destroyed. (Doc. 40 at 16-18). While 

it is true, as Defendants admit, that the Impound Lot would only release the vehicle “at the 

directive of detectives handling the incident which caused the hold to be placed,” (id. at 17), 

there are no allegations that the Individual Defendants, i.e. Officers Amstutz, Edwards, E., 

Edwards, W., Estepp, O’Donnell, and Yinger, had any participation in the handling or disposal 

of the Cadillac. At most, it may be that the officers and detectives responsible for answering the 

hold letters from the Impound Lot, and for ultimately informing the Impound Lot that a hold was 

no longer needed, could be found to have constructive control of the vehicle. But the Individual 

Defendants did not have such responsibility. 

Accordingly, Plaintiff’s Motion is DENIED as to the Individual Defendants. 

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B. City of Columbus 

Plaintiff also requests sanctions against Defendant City of Columbus. 

1. Duty to Preserve 

All parties appear to agree that the City had “control over the evidence” at the time of the 

alleged spoliation. Defendants’ Response presents no evidence that the vehicle was ever under 

the control of any other party. Rather, it was transferred from the Columbus Police Department 

to the City Impound Lot, from which only a CPD detective handling the incident could release it. 

(Defendant’s Response, Doc. 40, at 16-17). When the vehicle was ultimately scrapped, it was 

sent to Columbus Auto Shredding, Inc., by the City. (See id., Ex. R, Doc. 40-22). 

Moreover, Defendants, including the City, were under a duty to preserve all relevant 

evidence at least by the time the Cadillac was destroyed in March 2012. Plaintiff’s counsel 

informed the City via letter on July 28, 2009, that his office had “been engaged by the family of 

[Bynum] to review the circumstances surrounding the July 7, 2009 fatal shooting,” and 

requesting that the City preserve “any paper or electronic files and other data generated and/or 

stored on their computers and storage media.” (Defendants’ Response, Ex. G, Doc. 40-14, at 1). 

While the letter does not specifically reference physical evidence, such as the Cadillac, that is not 

required to create an “obligation to preserve.” Rather, all that is required is that a party know, or 

“should have known” that the evidence “may be relevant” to “future litigation.” Beaven, 662 

F.3d at 553. That showing has been met here. 

2. Culpable State of Mind 

The Court finds that the City destroyed the Cadillac with a culpable state of mind. A 

party’s stated reason for destroying a piece of evidence is an issue of credibility for the Court to 

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decide. Id. at 553-54. The City has argued that the destruction of the Cadillac is the result of a 

“mistake,” without “any intention to deprive Plaintiff of evidence.” (Doc. 40 at 18, 20). Such 

intention, or lack thereof, does not absolve the City. “Knowing” destruction, even without intent 

to breach a duty to preserve, suffices to establish spoliation. Stocker, 705 F.3d at 235. 

Moreover, even if the City did not knowingly destroy the vehicle, the City acted 

negligently in its care and custody of it. The evidence presented to the Court has demonstrated 

that the City failed to take reasonable steps to ensure the vehicle’s preservation. The Court has 

seen no evidence of a general litigation hold, or memorandum to City employees explaining their 

duty to preserve key evidence. Defendants do not even allege that such instructions were issued, 

and can muster only the paltry assurance that there have been certain internal “oral and written 

attorney-client communications” and that the City has “attempt[ed] to preserve all evidence 

related to this litigation.” (Doc. 40 at 16) (emphasis in original). After the retirement from the 

CPD of certain officers involved in this case, the City did not take steps to brief new officers to 

ensure the retention of relevant evidence, with the result that Detective Eppert and Sergeant Pilya 

were unaware of any reason to continue to hold the Cadillac at the Impound Lot. (Id. at 18). 

Additionally, the City’s claim that it did not act with a culpable mind in destroying the 

Cadillac because the CPD merely “directed that the hold be lifted or released,” but did not 

actively order the vehicle to be destroyed, is unconvincing. The City was under an obligation to 

preserve the evidence, not merely not to destroy it. Arch Ins. Co. v. Broan–Nutone, LLC, No. 

09–319,2011 WL 3880514 (E.D. Ky. Aug. 31, 2011), aff'd, 2012 WL 6634323 (6th Cir. Dec. 21, 

2012) (approving sanctions for destruction of evidence and finding affirmative duty to preserve 

evidence in the custody of a third party). 

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3. Relevance of Evidence 

Finally, the vehicle was relevant to Plaintiff’s claims. Taking all the evidence before it, 

the Court is satisfied that Plaintiff has made “some showing” indicating that the evidence would 

have been “relevant” to a contested issue. Beaven, 622 F.3d at 553. A reasonable trier of fact 

could find that an opportunity to further examine and inspect the vehicle itself would support the 

claims asserted by the Plaintiff. 

Although Defendants have exhaustively listed alternative sources of evidence that the 

Plaintiff might employ in its case, that is not the proper inquiry. Rather, Circuit precedent 

requires only that the evidence be “relevant” to a claim or defense. See Beaven, 622 F.3d at 553; 

Byrd, 518 F. App’x at 385. Plaintiff has suggested a number of ways in which the actual vehicle 

would be relevant to its arguments. (See Motion, Doc. 37, at 14-15). Whether these arguments 

will convince a jury of the Defendants’ ultimate liability is not before the Court. But Plaintiff 

has established that the Cadillac is relevant. 

C. Appropriate Sanctions 

Having determined that spoliation occurred, the Court must now craft an appropriate 

sanction. A district court has in its “inherent powers” the broad discretion to create proper 

sanctions for spoliation, “‘including dismissing a case, granting summary judgment, or 

instructing a jury that it may infer a fact based on lost or destroyed evidence.’” Owner–Operator 

Indep. Drivers Ass'n v. Comerica Bank, 860 F.Supp.2d 519, 537–38 (S.D. Ohio 2012) (quoting 

Adkins, 554 F.3d at 651, 653). Nevertheless, the sanction must “serve both fairness and punitive 

functions.” Arch Insurance Co. v. Broan–Nutone, LLC, No. 11–6221, 509 F. App’x. 453, 457 

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(6th Cir. Dec. 21, 2012) (citation omitted). In addition, sanctions should have some correlation 

to the degree of fault. Adkins, 554 F.3d at 652-53. 

Plaintiff has requested a judgment of liability be entered against Defendants. In general, 

a dispositive sanction “should rarely be imposed and only when significant prejudice results 

from the evidence's destruction.” Byrd, 518 F. App'x at 386. Such a sanction is usually justified 

only in circumstances of bad faith or other like action, or if the prejudice to the defendant is 

extraordinary, denying it the ability to adequately defend its case. Id. at 386 (citing Silvestri v. 

General Motors Corp., 271 F.3d 583, 593 (4th Cir.2001)). 

In this instance, a judgment of liability is unwarranted. While Plaintiff has established 

that spoliation occurred, and that she would suffer some prejudice, this is not the sort of case 

where “significant” or “extraordinary” prejudice has resulted, or where the Defendants acted in 

bad faith. Cf. Beaven, 622 F.3d at 555 (where the intentional “destruction of [documents] 

severely compromised the Plaintiffs’ case by depriving the Plaintiffs of the most relevant piece 

of evidence to prove their claims.”). Plaintiff is not without evidence to prove her claims, 

considering the hundreds of pictures taken, detailed reports of the state of the vehicle and the 

decedent, and video evidence from the cruiser dashboard camera. Given the degree of prejudice 

to the Plaintiff, a finding of liability would be unfairly punitive. 

Instead, an instruction that the jury may draw an adverse inference from the destruction 

of the Cadillac more properly serves the dual objectives of fairness and punishment. The City 

had complete authority and control over the vehicle when it was destroyed. Cf. Adkins, 692 F.3d 

at 506 (declining to impose an adverse inference instruction where the offending party “was not 

culpable because he had no control over the evidence.”). The City acted with considerable 

negligence, if not intention, when it lifted the hold on the vehicle and allowed it to be destroyed. 

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Compare Owner-Operator Indep. Divers Ass’n, 860 F. Supp. 2d at 541 (finding no evidence of 

bad faith in the destruction of certain documents, but imposing, in light of the party’s culpable 

negligence, several adverse inferences of fact). And the evidence is relevant to a claim made by 

the Plaintiff. (See, e.g., Complaint, Doc. 2, ¶¶ 50-52). Given this spoliation by the City, and in 

light of its culpability, an adverse inference instruction is justified. 

V. CONCLUSION 

For the reasons stated above, Plaintiff has failed to prove spoliation of evidence by the 

Individuals Defendants. Thus, the Motion for Sanctions is hereby DENIED with respect to 

those defendants. However, Plaintiff has succeeded in establishing spoliation by the City of 

Columbus. Accordingly, the Motion for Sanctions is hereby GRANTED with respect to the 

City. Plaintiff’s request for a grant of summary judgment is DENIED. The Court hereby 

ORDERS that an adverse inference instruction against Defendant City of Columbus will be 

given at trial.

 IT IS SO ORDERED.

 s/ Algenon L. Marbley 

 ALGENON L. MARBLEY 

 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

 

DATED: September 23, 2013

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